From Critical Reconstruction to Post-Residential Urban Renewal

From Critical Reconstruction to Post-Residential Urban Renewal Design Proposal for Wulumuqi Middle Road 乌鲁木齐中路

Benedikt Wieser June 2017

Abstract Shanghai is a city with a chequered history whose urban change of the last decades led to a loss of architectural heritage.

After years of neglect, the value of foreign-influenced Lilong buildings is increasingly being recognized and protected.

However, even when preserving these areas, neighbouring plots are often overbuilt with excessively tall high-rise buildings or other typologies which do not fit in the existing urban structure.

This thesis starts with the assumption, that historical neighbourhoods, beside their cultural and architectural value are increasingly generating monetary value for both the city and its developers. Identity is a locational advantage in times of globalization and internationalized architecture. Consequently, the market should be willing contribute to protective measures and accept a lower instant profit. In return, so the assumption, identity increases land values and keeps monetary return stable on a long-term basis. This thesis presents a design proposal for a market oriented solution of urban renewal with a focus on the production of commercial space, the protection of existing residential space and the interrelations between the two parts.

Three historical movements from Berlin, Germany, have been analysed, aiming to learn how new buildings can relate to the history of the site and how to apply them in the context of urban regeneration: International Building Exhibition 1987 (Altbau and Neubau) and Complex Reconstruction. The study of the three movements led, together with the analysis of the research area, to the production of design principles for both the built-up structure and typologies yet to build.

Moreover, these principles have been tested by directly applying them through design.

There are three main parts in this thesis: The first part examines the concepts of Critical Reconstruction, Careful Urban Renewal and Complex Reconstruction on the Berlin-case. The focus of interest is to understand which typologies where successfully implemented in existing structures and which were useful for bigger developments. Part B analyses the research area in Shanghai and investigates on the applicability of design principles, similar to the ones extracted in Part A. Part C illustrates the elaborated design principles, suggests different scales of implementation and finally proposes an architectural and urban design solution for the chosen neighbourhood.

Key Words: critical reconstruction, urban renewal, Shanghai, Berlin, Lilong, commercial, residential

Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Research Background................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Hypothesis and Research Question.............................................................................................. 14 1.3 Scope of Research – Why Post-Residential?................................................................................ 15 1.4 Significance of Research.............................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 16 1.5.1 Literature Research............................................................................................................. 16 1.5.2 Field Trips........................................................................................................................... 16 1.5.3 Design................................................................................................................................. 17 1.6 Structure........................................................................................................................................ 17

PART A 2. Re-orientation on History out of Modernism..................................................................................... 19 3. Three Approaches................................................................................................................................. 22 3.1 International Building Exhibition (IBA’87 – Internationale Bauausstellung).......................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 IBA ALT............................................................................................................................. 26 3.1.2 IBA NEU............................................................................................................................ 36 3.2 Complex Reconstruction in the German Democratic Republic (GDR)....................................... 44 3.2.1 Spandauer Vorstadt............................................................................................................. 45 3.2.2 Nikolaiviertel...................................................................................................................... 46 3.3 Conclusion the Chapter................................................................................................................ 53

PART B 4. Relevance of the Berlin Case................................................................................................................ 54 5. Site Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 65 5.1 Chronological development.......................................................................................................... 67 5.1.1 Pre-1948............................................................................................................................. 67 5.1.2 Post-1948........................................................................................................................... 67 5.1.3 Post-2000........................................................................................................................... 68

5.2 TYPOLOGIES.............................................................................................................................. 68 5.2.1 Detached courtyard buildings............................................................................................. 68 5.2.2 Lane houses........................................................................................................................ 72 5.2.3 Danwei houses.................................................................................................................... 76 5.2.4 High-rise buildings............................................................................................................. 76 5.3 Functions...................................................................................................................................... 80 5.3.1 Existing functions............................................................................................................... 80 5.3.2 Missing functions............................................................................................................... 81 5.4 Street-front atmosphere................................................................................................................ 82 5.5 Street-front wholeness.................................................................................................................. 83 5.6 Green Space / Open Space............................................................................................................ 84 5.7 Accessibility.................................................................................................................................. 87 5.8 Potential Area for Redevelopment................................................................................................ 89

PART C 6. Design Principles................................................................................................................................... 97 6.1 Typological division of the Area................................................................................................... 97 6.2 Priority of renewal........................................................................................................................ 99 6.3 Street front Changes..................................................................................................................... 100 6.4 Scales and measures..................................................................................................................... 103 6.4.1 Small Scale......................................................................................................................... 104 6.4.2 Medium scale..................................................................................................................... 105 6.4.3 Urban scale......................................................................................................................... 106 6.4.4 Large Scale......................................................................................................................... 107 6.5 React to the surroundings............................................................................................................. 109 6.6 Reactions to Wholeness................................................................................................................ 111 7 Design...................................................................................................................................................... 117 7.1 Aesthetic principles of the new development............................................................................... 118 7.2 Land use after renewal.................................................................................................................. 121 7.3 Master plan.................................................................................................................................. 124

7.4 Lot A............................................................................................................................................. 132 7.5 Lot B............................................................................................................................................. 158 7.6 Lot C............................................................................................................................................. 172 7.7 Lot D............................................................................................................................................. 180 7.8 Implementation Process................................................................................................................ 206 7.8.1 Financing............................................................................................................................ 206 7.8.2 Rules for a neighbourhood-compatible implementation.................................................... 210 8. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 212 8.1 Summary of the research outcome............................................................................................... 212 8.2 Research Questions in Relation to the Adapted Design............................................................... 213 8.3 Counter-check with the “Ten Principles for Urban Regeneration�........................................................................................... 216 8.4 Limitations and outlook for further research................................................................................ 218 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................... 220 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................. 222 Annex......................................................................................................................................................... 226

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1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background “Und kritisch hieß die Konstruktion, weil die Annäherung an die historischen Elemente der Stadt nicht schematisch vollzog, sondern als Ansporn für eine kreative Weiterentwicklung verstanden wurde“(Bodenschatz, 2015, p. 158)1 In Shanghai, concepts such as “historic-cultural conservation areas”2 have recently been implemented in order to protect the architectural heritage.

Many old buildings have been removed since the 1990s which was often connected to the relocation of original residents (Yung a) et al., 2014, p. 97). Nowadays the public interest on the topic increases as people appreciate the appearance of historical neighbourhoods. Nevertheless, the way conservation projects are being implemented is often not successful from an architectural point of view. Furthermore, high land values impede these projects to keep their residential character after renovation. This might me a consequence of general market development as well as the lower density of such neighbourhoods, compared to high-rise developments.

The most famous renewal projects in Shanghai are Xintiandi (新天地) and Tianzifang (田子坊). While the first one was realized by a developer whose concept was to demolish and rebuild great part of the historical neighbourhood, the latter was a local initiative from artists living on site and entirely kept the built environment. The questions how to renovate such historical neighbourhoods and which consequences developments have for original inhabitants are already being addressed by many researchers. Nevertheless, there are many areas which are neither protected, nor does their architectural status quo require protection. What makes such areas relevant for the elaboration of aesthetic guidelines, is the spatial relation to protected areas. Often these potential areas for redevelopment are close to historical neighbourhoods in protection. Furthermore, in some of these districts, the crucial question is not a social one anymore, since many neighbourhoods are already gentrified. Rather, profitability of new developments risk to forget about aesthetic responsibility towards historical typologies. However, both questions are equally important for the identification value of historical districts, the current real estate market pressurises both heritage and non-heritage areas towards a less aware architectural language.

This paper is particularly interested in those in-between areas amongst historical and contemporary parts of Shanghai. Market interdependencies can’t certainly be 1 English: “This construction has been denominated critic, because the re-orientation on historical elements of the city was not schematic, but an input for a creative development in the future.“ (Bodenschatz, 2015, p. 158) 2 original: lishi wenhua baohuqu (历史文化保护区)

Fig. 1. Urban Renewal site in Shangahi. September 2016. Between Laoximen and Xintiandi. source: author

8 ignored, but neither historical neighbourhoods can. For this reason, regardless of the protective status of such areas, clear design requirements need to be developed both in terms of physical space and functionality.

Contextualising the described challenge, similar problems of urban renewal can be found all over the world. Particularly Berlin shows clear parallels to tabula-rasa urban renewal approaches but changed its paradigms already during the late 1970s. The city experienced a great loss of its architectural heritage due to World War II, as well as due the later dogma of architectural modernism. As a reaction, principals of careful urban renewal and critical reconstruction, as well as complex reconstruction have been developed both in Berlin (East) and Berlin (West)3.

These parallels can demonstrate a serious potential to re-evaluate principles, values and applicability on nowadays urban renewal in Shanghai.

The approaches of Critical Reconstruction continued after the reunification of Germany and especially the transition of Berlin’s (East) economic system in the post-reunification period. The respective decade could be seen as a high-speed opening policy, leading to market-influenced urban regeneration - another parallel to Shanghai. The market’s expectations were so high, that Berlin’s first urban planner, Hans Stimmann, (1993, p. 158) emphasized the need of a comeback of the socially responsible investor.

Critical Reconstruction as a movement to learn from cannot be explained, if not on specific cases. This thesis doesn’t aim to include every detail of the Berlin cases and neither to copy aesthetic proposals, but learn from the way they have developed their design principles and how extract them from the historical city.

1.2 Hypothesis and Research Question The hypothesis of this thesis is, that Shanghai needs change of track in inner-city renewal. Not only foreign architecture along the Bund should be protected, but even everyday residential blocks from the former concession-period. Regarding Lilong4 buildings there is a great amount of research, while there is less about the surrounding blocks or on how nowadays’ developments should react to these old neighbourhoods.

Question 1

Question 1

The research question is therefore: (1) “How can existing buildings benefit, if principles of Critical Reconstruction are applied to new developments?”

Previous projects in comparable areas led to mainly non-residential developments. Consequently, it will be important to evaluate, which aesthetic values and functions these areas can embody in an eventual post-residential future.

(2) “How to preserve the spatial quality of historical residential neighbourhoods in Shanghai, without neglecting strong market interdependences?”

Moreover, the following sub-questions have been asked during the design process: (1) which kind of and how many of the existing buildings need to be preserved to achieve the best outcome in terms of (a) identification, (b) functionality

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There are many alternative forms of spelling. This paper will consequently refer to the former political part of the city by specifying East and West in brackets.

9 and (c) financial feasibility. (2) Which appropriate functions belong to the site before, during and after renewal? (3) How can renewal benefit from being incremental and how can the phasing be planned?

1.3 Scope of Research – Why Post-Residential?

The focus of this thesis is to produce design principles for areas in proximity to historical neighbourhoods in Shanghai. Design principles should aim for a better and more integrative urban renewal practice and lead to less evident gaps in the city by smoothing the transition in the urban structure.

“Post-residential” urban renewal as part of this thesis’ title does not refer to a city without people but rather to the flowing, site specific circumstances: (1) the research-site has been demolished more than 10 years ago and is still empty [and therefore by itself post-residential], (2) the circumstances relocation and demolishment happened on the specific research area, were particularly cruel - replacing of residential use would be rude for many of the relocated inhabitants. Furthermore, (3) areas in the city centre are often redeveloped for non-residential functions as they gain more monetary return compared to residential projects.

Rather than claiming for a different economic system, this thesis researches for a compatible composition of all non-residential functions with a focus on how they relate and interact with residential areas.

Aldo Rossi (1984, p. 49) argued, that “one of the fundamental elements in the urban landscape is the inhabited real estate”. This thesis agrees on the important status of residential use, not only for the inhabitants, but for a vivid and lively city. Erasing residential use from the inner city will not lead to success and is neither aim nor part of this thesis. On the other hand affordable housing is difficult

Post-residential circumstances

Fig. 2. American bombs falling towards the later area of Reconstruction. (source: corbis, in: www. spiegel.de, 2012)

10 to implement within the current renewal practices. Therefore this overall design proposal will focus on meeting the expectations of existing residents.

1.4 Significance of Research Nowadays’ Shanghai undergoes a dramatic market growth resulting in numerous developments and new renewal practices. Since the opening policy this development led to prosperity and growth and is thus a positive aspect. Nevertheless, He and Wu (2007) indicate this “property-led urban redevelopment approach” as directly connected to residential relocation and property production, pointing on high rates of return through a target group, which concentrates most of the high-income groups and foreigners/expatriates. In such an environment, residents are as much in danger as the local atmosphere is. Apart of fighting gentrification, avoiding the aesthetic damage of historical neighbourhoods through residential projects should be a point of interest for municipalities, investing in the attractiveness for tourism and consequently to further economic growth. Moreover, an equal distribution of residential and non-residential functions enables the residents to be part of the process and to benefit from it.

Finally, significant is what is realisable and a city’s capability to implement new policies is important for the realisation of the claim itself: Fan (2013, p. 4) emphasized that Shanghai’s extraordinary role as a mega-city and it’s self-responsible status makes it easier for the city to implement new approaches. Indeed, Shanghai’s capability of implementation does by itself increase the significance of this study. Shanghai can initiate a change of track in urban renewal, without neglecting the necessity of the real estate industry. This paper provides a site-specific proposal.

1.5 Methodology Methodologically, this thesis combines different ways of research to aim for a more comprehensive picture. A review of literature provides inside and generates a basis for the later architectural elaboration. Site visits, observations and informal interviews were done in order to react on the fast-changing nature of the two cities. Consequently, the observant part of this thesis will reflect the status quo of both Berlin and Shanghai and not provide universal knowledge.

1.5.1 Literature Research The primary and secondary sources show the current state of research and structure the different approaches on critical reconstruction in Berlin, as well as the reasons of its development. Aware of the fact that a multiple-case research in a master’s thesis is not able to explore the single cases to their very end, in part A it is important to gather knowledge about the way of translating architecture in principles, rather than completely analysing the single projects.

1.5.2 Field Trips Field trips are an important part of this thesis, since they reflect personal observations, as well as the current situation of the two cities. On the one hand, in Berlin, it is interesting to see how approaches of critical reconstruction still influencing

11 the city today. On the other hand, in Shanghai, field trips provide insight about the different building typologies on the site.

Moreover, spontaneous, informal interviews during the field trips provided precious insight of the area and its inhabitants. Most of the conversations could happen either in English or in German, others were hold in Chinese and then translated to me. Nevertheless interviews are not listed here as an own methodology, nor have they been transcribed as they were only used to gain general knowledge about the area before the design process.

1.5.3 Design Designing as a way of research is always subjective, since every designer solves problems in a different manner. To make sure that the design reflects an academic way of working, this thesis includes an intermediate step, where design principles are created from the research. Later, these design principles directly influence the design and make the process understandable.

Of course, design as a research methodology solves especially specific problems, rather than providing general applicable knowledge. However, design-solutions can contribute to research by showing the historical, cultural and typological interdependencies during the design process.

1.6 Structure The present thesis is structured in three main parts. Part A focuses on Critical Reconstruction in Berlin and shows specific cases with their design approaches.

Part B states on urban renewal practices in Shanghai, their relevance to Critical Reconstruction and analyses the chosen site for the design. Finally, Part C will convert the gained knowledge in Shanghai-specific design principles and provide a design proposal. A conclusion will examine possible answers on the given research questions and draw future prospects.

1.Introduction

PART B 4. Relevance of the Berlin Case 5. Site Analysis

Design

6. Design Principles 7. Design 8. Conclusion

Focus Shanghai

PART C

Focus Shanghai

Reflection

2. Re-orientation on History out of modernism 3. Three Approaches

Focus Berlin

Research

PART A

Fig. 3. Thesis structure source: author

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Fig. 4. Appreciation of the opening of the Cityhighway in 1963.

Source: Alliance/ DPA, cited in Tagesspiegel 2017

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PART A Critical Reconstruction in Berlin 2. Re-orientation on History out of Modernism History appears in a sometimes contradicting way in Berlin. While many visitors observe a lack of historical elements, others are amazed from the crude and unfinished nature of the city. On an international scale, Berlin became a point of interest as late as in the 19th century due to rapid industrialisation. Later, highly emotional moments, such as the second world war or the encounter of a Soviet and an American tank got burned in the collective history of Berlin. Today, static beauty or aesthetic integrity are probably not qualities visitors would describe Berlin with but rather use those words of the art critic Karl Scheffler (1910, p.266), who argued, that Berlin was unfinished and crude, “condemned to always become and never be”.

This statement came after 60 years of intensive urbanisation of Berlin. The fast-growing city needed regulative interventions. Old building regulations were still from 1641, so that the building police of the Kingdom of Prussia released new building regulations in 1853 which reduced the street width [since the state had to pay for them] and greatly privatized deep blocks with incredibly small courtyards (Hegemann, 1963, p. 207ff).

Later, the liberal spirit of the Weimar Republic was a brilliant starting point for advanced views on modernity. Stern (2011, p. 74) argues, that Berlin’s modernist identity has been defined in these very first years of International Modernism and Metropolitanism during Weimar Republic and influenced the city’s physical environment.

Over time, the high degree of density led to a negative relation towards historical perimeter blocks. Planners neglected the historical structure and aimed for a modern city with separated functions. This architectural modernism has characterized German cities especially in its post-war reality: The block was perceived as the embodiment of an unhealthy and old-school environment. Architectural modernism was ready to give answers and accelerated the implementation of the modern city. Many parts of the inner-city which survived the war have been demolished under the spirit of progress and modernity. Furthermore, the car-friendly city, which has been perceived as progress and success, needed broad axes through the city to implement infrastructural projects.

From the same era came the idea, that demolishment could be the nature of every building and thus a sort of normal circle of life accelerated and legitimated the aims for demolition: “At that time, planners and politicians cultivated the idea that every building, like a human body, had a “life span” after the completion of which it becomes “obsolete” and has to be torn down and rebuilt.” (Urban, 2006, p. 71)

Fig. 5. Densest possible outcome from the building regulations of 1853.

Source: Hegemann 1963

Fig. 6. Densest possible outcome from the building regulations of 1853.

Source: Hegemann 1963

14 As a consequence to these ideas, the first reactions to architectural modernism, as a re-evaluation of history happened since the 1970s (Schmid n.n., cited in: Brichetti, 2009, p. 138). Scepticism against top-down modernist planning increased drastically, both in public and professional public and criticism against disturbing post-war elements started to push for a change of track in the city development (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 19). The more tabula-rasa projects demolished, the more people realized, that the high amount of destruction was not necessary, but depending on modern views and a discrediting manner against the historical architecture. Hennecke (2010, p. 128) argues, that the awareness of planners [in this case Stimmann and Hoffmann-Axthelm], that the prevalent destruction happened in the post-war years and not during World War II, was one factor, leading to Critical Reconstruction. Furthermore, she argues that even the ‘Charta of Berlin Mitte’5 defines the post-war planning [including the construction of the Berlin Wall] as another destructive period, after the 12 years of Nazi dictatorship and 6 years of war.

Universal architectural appearance and the abolition of its individuality led to a loss of historical relations. This initiated the first critical movements and protests, both from urban professionals and the public. Basically the initial critique consisted of three topics: (1) the socio-psychological, (2) the morphological and (3) the ecological (Brichetti, 2009, p. 139f).

Especially two ‘academic parties’ approached the debate in Germany: At Technical University Berlin Aldo Rossi’s ‘The Architecture of the City’ initiated a discussion. The second approach was created at the “architectural days” in Dortmund, led by Josef Paul Kleihues (Lampugnani, cited in: Brichetti, 2009, p. 142).

Later, both influenced critical reconstruction as a policy and an architectural practice. A different approach in claiming for a change of track, was incorporated by Hoffmann-Axthelm’s (1988) publication ‘Strassenschlachtung’. He documented urban renewal practices in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The term redevelopment6 meant in fact the demolition of the entire areas in Berlin-Kreuzberg. People were relocated and existing residential potentials were destroyed in favour of the modern city. Later, this process became known as “Kahlschlagsanierung” which means urban renewal basing on the complete eradication of the built past.

Since modernist city planning was mostly led by distances, accessibility and the division of functions, many critics of such renewal policies pointed out that functionality alone can’t be a valuable approach for urban renewal. One of them was Aldo Rossi (1984, p. 46f) who claimed for an emotional relation to the city. He emphasised, that urban artefacts did not include functionality. He rejects to describe the latter in relation to its function, as there would be so many artefacts which never had a definite role in the city. The only way Rossi accepted functionality, is as an accumulation of several urban characteristics.

That accumulation of urban characteristics to overcome functionality has been similarly describe by other theorists, who couldn’t imagine modernism as some-

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The authors of the “Charta für die Mitte von Berlin” (Gruppe 9. Dezember, 1991) remained undercover. Only Hoffmann Axthelm could be identified as involved (Hennecke, 2010, p. 125). The 12 propositions presented in the Charta, will be analysed in Chapter in the Context of IBA 1987.

6 orig. Sanierung

15 thing else if not a transitional status. Rowe and Koetter (1978, p. 50f) predict the modern city to be only a temporary status on its path to a genuine natural environment. Hoffmann-Axthelm (1991, p. 565) instead imagines the correlation of economic and technical inventions with modernism as obvious as the comeback of a liberal imagination of City (origin. “liberale[n] Stadtvorstellung”) due to new approaches of production and social changes in society. This implies that only the possibility by itself to build such a city, led to its realization. Furthermore, it would mean that the comeback of historical characteristics depends on a productive and social progress of society. Certainly, the satellite towns didn’t lead to social progress but were strongly connected to technical knowledge, such as the improvement of reinforced concrete.

By looking back to how critical reconstruction appointed to those problems, Hoffmann-Axthelm (1991, p. 567) gave “suggestions for a damaged metropolis”7 : He pointed out, that “decisions taken in the city centre do co-influence the periphery”. His good friend, Hans Stimmann (1993, p. 158) went even one step further by defining the suburb as the main environment for residential construction. This vision stays in opposition to the main slogan of International Building Exhibition of 1987 (see chapter 3.1) which aimed for residential use in inner-city neighbourhoods. Both has been considered: In Berlin Hoffmann and Stimmann claimed for a relation between the centre and the periphery and not completely detached realities, far away from any urban feeling.8 Nevertheless, the reference projects illustrated in this thesis are all from the city centre, because there was the most to-protect city structure. Stimmann (1993, p. 158) emphasized the important role of this Gründerzeit9 -Architecture, by pointing out its importance to the city in terms of an architectural model: “When in Berlin new suburbs need to be planned, within the scope of residential construction, the architect’s task is the suburb. Not the big settlements of the 20s, 50s and 70s, but those successful suburbs from around the turn of the century” (Stimmann, 1993, p. 158)10 Urban destruction due to modernist approaches apply to Shanghai as well as they do to Berlin. The local research area of this thesis is still characterized by historical buildings; however, many contemporary high-rise compounds are penetrating the neighbourhoods. Partially people from these sites have already been relocated to then live far from their previous homes. The interrelation between downtown and suburban sites is therefore as desirable as is was in Berlin. The city centre should not lose its identity but 7 origin. Title: Hinweise zur Entwicklung einer beschädigten Großstadt 8 However, it is important to mention that the suburbs from the turn of the century did not correspond with what was suburb in the 1990s. Stimmann means rather the initial suburbs which have been integrated in the city-area under the administration of Berlin only at the turn of the century.

9 Referring to the industrialization period (approximately post 1840s) in Germany 10 Quotation translated to English by the author

Relevance to Shanghai

16 get ready for nowadays uses.

As well as Berlin, great parts of Shanghai have been influenced by foreign powers. After over 100 years of their impact on the former French Concession (where the site of this thesis is situated), the architectural heritage includes in great part foreign architectural products. Furthermore, the affected sites in Berlin (at the times, 1980s) were considered peripheral. Similarly many parts of the former French Concession are far away from the Bund, where most of the most appreciated historical buildings are located. However, nowadays the whole former French Concession is perceived as a part of the city centre and became one of the most international and expensive districts. Regarding the centralisation of the periphery, similarities between Shanghai and Berlin are evident.

The following analysis concentrates on the pre-1989 period. An interesting focus of study would as well be the post-1989 period and the re-orientation on historical structures in the reunified Berlin.

3. Three Approaches Berlin provides different movements regarding the typological re-orientation of buildings on history. On the one hand, they differed because of the political differences of the “two Berlins”, on the other hand both Berlin (East and West) had different concepts on how to interpret the historical city. This thesis often uses the term “Critical Reconstruction” both in its title and as a summarizing descriptive term, not only in relation to their initial advocates. Theoretically Critical Reconstruction refers in part to the architecture realized during IBA’87 and to the post-reunification-Berlin city planning. The other leading concept in Berlin (West) was Careful Urban Renewal. Planners of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) used instead the term Complex Reconstruction.

When speaking about the reorientation on the historical city in the years before 1989, this would include the immediate post-war years as well. Already in the 1950s, the first big renewal project of the GDR, Stalinallee, kept the perimeter structure, even though many buildings have been demolished. Later the GDR government replaced this architecture with the international modernism (Urban, 2006, p. 30). Nevertheless, this chapter will consider the later approaches taken after 1970s, both in Berlin (East) and Berlin (West).

After these first historicising approaches, modernism shaped the city’s structure both in East and West. Bodenschatz et.al (1995, p. 10) emphasized the difference between good urban development and modernism in Berlin: He called it a revolution, which was an artistic and politic, symbol of the division of Berlin, but not expression of an urban development: „Diese Revolution war eine künstliche, politische, Ausdruck der Teilung Berlins, nicht Ausdruck eines städtebaulichen Entwicklungsprozesses. Nach der Überwindung der Spaltung stellt sich die Frage wieder neu: Wo ist das Zentrum von Berlin, und wie ist es strukturiert?“

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3.1 International Building Exhibition (IBA’87 – Internationale Bauausstellung) Beginning from the 1970s both public and professional public started to be sceptical on inner city renewal and especially tabula rasa urban renewal projects. For decades, this has been the dogma of Berlin’s (West) planning elite. In the spirit of the post-war modernity they “renewed” whole neighbourhoods and aimed for the car friendly city. As a “West-Berlin invention” Critical Reconstruction started to be a professional topic, when architect Josef Paul Kleihues addressed mismatches in the Berlin urban structure. He defined areas where elements of 1950s and 1960s would disturb the historical city. First claims for a different approach on urban renewal arose. Historical fragments as an anchor for identity took place when planning the “International Building Exhibition 1987” (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 19). Beside the preservation of the urban texture of the 19th and early 20th century, other layers of the city should be kept in relation to their functions. These thoughts became the core of IBA’87 (Bocquet, 2010, p. 471), and their main slogans became the “inner-city as a place to live” and “saving the broken city” (Dame et al., 2012, p. 6).

Since planners initiated a real paradigmatic change, soon their preservation approach included other buildings than the prevalent ones from the imperial era.

Even modern buildings with characteristics of the “not-to-do” have been kept and improved (Bodenschatz 1984 in: Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 132). This flexibility matches to the described slogan “The city as a place to live”, which reflects the exhibition’s aim to state examples, rather than producing single pieces of architecture (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1984, p. 6).

Typological flexibility should here be taken as a good example for non-biased concepts.

Chapter 5 will show the different typologies on the research area in Shanghai and their spatial and functional characteristics. Most of them have the potential to be integrated in further planning. This will make the development cheaper and reduce relocation.

The difficulties in terms of a residential use of Shanghai inner-city areas have already been addressed. Nevertheless, “inner-city as a place to live”, as a core slogan of IBA’87 needs to be transferred to a Shanghai-reality. However, Berlin (West) was a highly-subsidised city and supported ideas which could not have been implemented in a totally market-oriented economy. As described in “1.4 Significance of Research” subsidised economies can much better implement new ideas and push new, sometimes utopian ideas.

Relevance to Shanghai

Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West (1984, p. 7f) emphasizes that many problems are very Berlin-specific and the works need to solve local issues. A repetition of Interbau 195711 is neglected, one-project-interventions would not be able to meet the crucial questions anymore. Furthermore, the polycentric nature of Berlin would be a contribution to the international debate, as many other cities face comparable problems. Siedler (cited in: Kleihues, 1987, p. 49) argued, that only a very new approach with new procedures could answer the problems at the time of IBA’87.

Focus of IBA ‘87

11 Previous building exhibition in the post-war Berlin (West) in the spirit of architectural modernism.

18 Interbau 1957 instead, focused mainly on the neighbourhood Hansaviertel and was a purely modernist statement with many residential high-rise towers. What was needed was another exhibition, which had to go beyond Berlin and beyond residential questions.

The IBA’87 focused mainly on the following conceptual points: “(1)balance of values, between city district, (2)regeneration of the city, (3)art and architecture as a contribution to increase the quality of life, (4)energy-saving approaches, (5)ecological building, (6) resources saving, (7)participation of inhabitants, (8)decentralisation and polycentric city structure, (9)use and change of use of existing buildings, (10)humanization of traffic, (11)interconnections of areas to live and to use, (12)living and working of cultural single standing groups, (13)living and working of handicapped people, (14)new residential approaches for new forms of families, (15) public space to live and (16)urbanisation problems off underdeveloped countries in their relation to industrialised countries” (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1984, p. 8).

Fundamentally there were two different branches of IBA’87: As a part of the designation of the areas to work on, IBA got split in the two branches of IBA-Altbau12 and IBA-Neubau13 (Polinna, 2012, p. 43). While “the focus of IBA Alt is situated at the socially compatible renovation of existing Altbau -buildings”(Herold, 2012, p. 15), the branch IBA Neu had the task to generate new structures on the existing historical patterns of the city and to integrate them in the city (Salgo, 2012, p. 26). While the central concept of IBA Alt under the organisation of Hardt-Waltherr Hämer was Careful Urban Renewal, IBA Neu, organized by Josef Paul Kleihues concentrated on critical reconstruction.

There was no official aesthetic, so that the outcome of IBA’87 does vary a lot.

Therefore, hereinafter there will be a selection of projects, showing exemplary design approaches, to emphasize the concepts and solutions of IBA architects.

The heritage of IBA’87 is the re-orientation on the historical city structure, limitation of height and a conservative approach on urban design and architecture.

However, the exhibition is being sometimes accused of formalism and rigid urban codes. Therefore, the shown projects will be those which managed to combine the ideas of IBA’87 with innovative architecture which does not limit itself to not stand up from the perimeter block.

12 hereinafter referred to as “IBA Alt”. Altbau (lit. old-built) is an inconsistent German term to describe old buildings. Today it mostly refers to renovated buildings from the 19th century with stucco and plank flooring.

13 hereinafter referred to as “IBA Neu”. Neubau (lit. new-built) is an inconsistent German term to describe new, mostly post-war buildings.

19 Pure imitation should not be the architectural aim. Particularly interesting are similarities to the concept “One city – nine towns”, which was an urban policy answering to increased inner-city density in Shanghai (Plottel, 2013). The towns have been built corresponding to European cities, by imitating their architecture and urban structure.

Nine of such towns have been created around Shanghai and in order to decentralize the city. Pedersen (2011) argues, that probably because of real estate speculation many of these towns didn’t become inhabited until today.

Nevertheless, these towns aimed for solving the current problem with urbanization in Shanghai, by giving the new towns local touches. Whether it was good to address European aesthetics rather than Shanghainese ones is another story, but the polycentric nature of Shanghai is for sure and will require identity and locality beyond the CBD.

Relevance to Shanghai

As an overall planning movement, both IBA Alt and Neu had similar functions and financing concepts. Mixed-use typologies were a crucial part of IBA’87 and were often denominated “Kreuzberger Mischung”, which cites a living and working environment in older housing typologies. This image might have been transfigured, as the living conditions of the working class in these buildings were problematic. Even though these mixed buildings and neighbourhoods have been explicitly demanded, Polinna (2012, p. 45) argues that due to the subsidy policy, only housing got supplemented and therefore many private developers wouldn’t have implemented commercial ground floor uses, even where it would have made sense economically. This shows the clear focus on residential development in IBA’87. Some projects included infrastructural uses, but housing was the first use of all the exhibition’s main works.

IBA’87 represented a re-orientation on the historical urban structure. However, there are three different urban typologies: (1) the perimeter block, (2) special types and (3) public space (Liepe et al., 2010, p. 7). In the common perception, IBA’87 was the movement which enabled the comeback the historical city structure and re-appreciated historical fragments. Nevertheless, the urban, architectural and functional outcome is more nuanced. Many interventions didn’t only imitate the image of a former city, but further-developed it. Liepe et al (2010, p.

8) argues, that the approaches on realizing these typologies either closed missing buildings in the perimeter block or further developed the inner block structure out of deterioration.(Mueller, cited in: Aureli, 2011, p. 34)

Functions

The Atelier Tower in Charlottenstrasse (Fig. 6) is one example for a special urban typology. The building goes beyond the perimeter structure, by only closing it on the eastern and western site, while leaving the courtyard open towards south.

Two partial-perimeter-like buildings frame the higher, tower-like building (Fig. 5) which is placed in the middle of the courtyard which is used as a collective open space and access to the site.

As mentioned before, Polinna (2012, p. 47) argues, that both IBA Alt and IBA Neu were heavily subsidized: While IBA Neu depended on social housing funds, IBA Alt has been subsidized by urban planning funds. Furthermore, IBA-Alt planners integrated self-help as a crucial part of their concepts: “up to 85 percent of the costs were covered by public funds, 15 percent (…) had to be elaborated by the inhabitants themselves. However, IBA’87 followed a combined approach

Typology

Financing

20 of financing; self-help was only one factor to contribute: Bauaustellung Berlin GmbH (1984, p. 4) named three different approaches to work on projects: (1) buildings under complete survey and planning from IBA architects, (2)buildings with consulting actions from IBA architects and (3)buildings with own modernisation concepts, where IBA is not involved.

Self-help, as a core-part of IBA’87, was intended to both contribute financially (Polinna, 2012, p. 47) and in terms of identification; institutions tried to not copy previous approaches of self-help, but to find new ways and to activate people’s capacities (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1984): “(1) Mediation of contacts to administration and institutions, (2) advices in terms of legal hedge and constructional realisation, (3) building-permit-exempt to enable self-help and (4) public relations” Even though IBA’87 had the clear aim to enable inner city social housing, Polinna (2012, p. 46) argues, that rents were often too high to be affordable for those who really needed it. Rather IBA [Neu] would have produced apartments mostly for the middle class.

Relevance to Shanghai

The mixture between top-down approaches and consulting activities of planners leads to variety. In Shanghai, where most of the new developments are characterized by projects aiming for a high monetary return this variety might be in danger. Mediations, consulting of inhabitants and planned self-help activities might be realisable only if complementary to large-scale projects. Since projects like Tianzifang are not only alternative approaches on city development but represent a monetary value, identity becomes a point of interest to large scale projects as well. Condition for the allowance of big urban renewal projects could be the financial support for these identity cores of lower density.

3.1.1 IBA ALT In the early years of protests, the Senate of Berlin charged a private re-development agency on preparing the relocation for the realisation of a competition, resulting in demolition and rebuilding of various perimeter block buildings. The former top-down approach resulted in vandalism and the squatting of residential buildings. Intensive contact with the inhabitants and minimal interventions were promoted, as well as self-help approaches. Redevelopment should become socially compatible and ecological (Herold, 2012, p. 16). The 100-year-old renovation area consisted of 50 blocks with 36 thousand inhabitants. The neighbourhood lacked in terms of green spaces, was characterized by a problematic social environment and had a [too] high percentage of foreigners (Bauausstellung Berlin GmbH, 1984, p. 1).

After the creation of IBA Ltd.14 in 1978, the Senate of Berlin charged the incorporated with conception, educational and executive tasks (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 32). After starting their work, Bauaustellung Berlin GmbH (1984, p. 2ff) ascertained that conventional urban renewal practices are not applicable anymore to this area and cited the key points of the renewal strategy: 14

orig. Baausstellung GmbH

21 “(1) Participation and communication with the inhabitants during the planning process, (2) smaller and decentralised implementation of infrastructure (by explicitly mentioning, that bigger project are not rejected a priori), (3) increasing the usage of ground-floor flats and mixed backyard functions, integration of infrastructure in the block-structure, (4) support of neighbourhood-initiatives and (5) connection of single infrastructures, especially considering poor language skills of residents”.

As specific outcomes the paper of Bauaustellung Berlin GmbH (1984) names several micro-interventions, such as improving general conditions of the buildings, façades to improve the overall appearance of the latter, traffic calming methods and implementing of additional green spaces. However, even bigger projects, such as “Bonjour Tristesse” (see below) were part of IBA Alt. However, Kleihues (1987, p. 50) recognizes the problem of high density and tight courtyards, as well as social problems in the areas supposed to be renewed.

Dame et al. (2012, p. 5) argues, that the key concerns of IBA Alt were (1) “the participation of the population involved and [2] the preservation of both built and social structures”.

However, IBA’87 didn’t have a booklet of single interventions, but step by step adopted its principles. Polinna (2012, p. 51) argues, that IBA Alt Architects formulated many of their proposals only during the process of implementation. Furthermore, many claims of the inhabitants have been adopted as IBA-claims, such as greening of inner courtyards.

A few years after the planning process has been started, the major of Berlin (West) formulated a change of paradigm for that time: “Modernization before Demolishment”. Consequently political recognition of Careful Urban Renewal happened.

One year later Twelve Principles for Cautious Urban Renewal have been published by a team around Hardt-Waltherr Hämer (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 18) and became an outstanding criteria of IBA’87: The Twelve Principles for Cautious Urban Renewal 12 Grundsätze der behutsamen Stadterneuerung (1)“Urban renewal must be planned and – fundamentally – realised with the current residents and entrepreneurs.

(2) Planners must reach an agreement with residents and entrepreneurs about the aims of the renewal measures. Technical and social plans will go hand in hand.

(3) The special character (of Kreuzberg) must be preserved. In parts of the city that are under pressure, confidence must be reawakened.

Fundamentally threatening damage to housing should be redressed immediately.

(4) The careful change of floor plans will enable new housing types.

(5) The renewal of houses and buildings must be gradual and must be completed little by little.

22

Heritage Greening

Community

(6) The physical situation must be improved by minimum demolition, by green development in courtyards, and by the decoration of facades.

(7) Public facilities such as streets, squares and parks must be renewed and preserved in accordance with public needs.

Community (8) The rights of participation and tangible rights of persons affectHeritage Community ed by the social planning must be settled.

(9) Decisions about urban renewal must be made in an open way and preferably be discussed on location. The participation of affected people is to be reinforced.

(10) After confidence has been generated, urban renewal needs solid financial commitments. Money must be available quickly.

(11) New forms of project responsibility must be developed. The responsibility for the commissioning and the responsibility for the actual work of the renewal measures must be separated.

(12) Urban renewal according to this concept must be secured for the duration of the International Building Exhibition.� (Karssenberg, n.d.).

The spine of IBA was the re-appreciation of the Berlin-block. Until the change of track was politically recognized, thousands of people have been relocated. Hämer developed an alternative approach on Block 118 in Berlin Charlottenburg. 400 units have been improved by applying concepts of renovation rather than renewal (Karssenberg, n.d.).

Numerous projects of IBA Alt worked with existing block structures and implemented mostly small scale participatory projects. Nevertheless, the perimeter block was mostly supposed to be kept, further demolishment was neglected.

Completely new buildings have been implemented but were not in the centre of attention. The projects of IBA Alt in SO36 and Luisenstadt15 focused mostly on the renovation of existing buildings by participatory approaches and the production of community-oriented and green areas.

The actions of IBA Alt were thought to be implemented on a block-scale. Therefore, various blocks have been numbered and different approaches were implemented. Good examples of IBA Alt are the blocks 73, 78, 103 and 104. Due to the minimalist approach of the mentioned interventions it is, however, difficult to address principles of block-renewal in a general manner. A few examples of how IBA Alt dealt with the block are visualized in the images below. Generally, the re-appreciation of the historical structure led to an increasing quality of the built space. Bodenschatz et al (2010, p. 99) describes a positive development of this area, however, he addresses social problems which could not be solved by architecture alone.

Fig. 7. Courtyard greening, gap-closing, detached interventions and improving the status quo.

Source: author self-drawing

15 SO36 was a former part of Kreuzberg, denominated by its postcode. Luisenstadt is a historical extension of the imperial Berlin.

23 A very typical observation of the Berlin Block, shows the accentuation of the corner buildings. Those exposed houses have always had an increased presence in the reality of the streets of Berlin. Many projects in both IBA Alt and Neu have taken this approach. Buildings are clearly different basing on their location. Generally, those who are located “somewhere” in the perimeter are less present than the corner buildings. Often, they have an increased height, more decoration or a “louder” architecture.

The building “Bonjour Tristesse” is one of those corner buildings which took the prominent place after years of a only one storey commercial building on the site.

It received its name from a graffito after its construction and is part of a bigger project including 46 new apartments, more than 65 renovations, a Kindergarten and a centre for elderly people. Criticized were the monotonous configuration of the façade and its colour (Herold, 2012, p. 19f). The complimentary project, where the newly built is just part of a whole concept and its location clearly identifies the project as part of IBA Alt. Its location in Berlin, which is nowadays characterized by strong gentrification forces, was close to the border to Berlin (East). It is considered one of the most important projects of IBA’87:

Bonjour Tristesse

“Siza’s design offers a meaningful precedent in urban densification, demonstrating a delicate balance between contextual awareness, creative freedom, and progressive vision.” (Pascucci, 2014, para. 1) The gap in the perimeter block hosted smaller, one storey retail facilities (Pas cucci, 2014, para. 3), before they’ve been substituted with “Bonjour Tristesse” which interpreted the Berlin perimeter block in its own way. Leoni (2009, cited in: Pascucci, 2014, para. 5) argues, that “the rigid window pattern is meant to blend in with its surroundings, the curvilinear form is intended to be a reference to German Expressionism”.

Those who responded with the graffito, might not have been too convinced about this. The initial design idea would probably have had a much better impact on the building and its neighbourhood. Different window sizes, a brick-façade instead of a simple plastered one and higher ceilings would probably have changed the common perception of the building and not have led to its name. However Dame et al. (2012, p. 14) continues, that after all these saving measures the building would still be elegant.

Considering the two branches of IBA’87, Bonjour Tristesse is part of a bigger complex of renewal and renovation. Therefore, the building should be a complimentary part of IBA Alt to close the missing parts in the perimeter block and not as a new building.

Another corner building from IBA Alt is part of block 70 (see Fig. 11) and has been designed by Inken and Hinrich Baller. While the block was part of a modernization project with many self-help approaches, the corner building and another in-perimeter building of Baller architects was built to serve as social housing.

(Open-IBA, n.d.)

Fig. 8. Bonjour Tristesse.

Elevation. Source: Siza and Brinkert in Pascucci 2014)

Fig. 9. Bonjour Tristesse.

Floor plan. Source: Siza and Brinkert in Pascucci 2014)

24

Fig. 10. Pictograph of a corner building of Baller architects.

Source: author.

Conversion of use

Fig. 12. Car park before renewal. Source: Strecker and Frowein + Spangenberg, 1982

Fig. 13. Architectural model of the car park after renewal. Source: Strecker and Frowein+Spangenberg, 1982

Fig. 14. Section through greenhouse.

Source: Strecker and Frowein+Spangenberg in: Internationale Bauausstellung 1982 Greening

„Dieses krumme Haus hat Hinrich Baller gebaut. Er hat immer krumme Häuser gebaut, weil das interessant war. Er hat so krumme Häuser gebaut, weil die anderen Häuser für ihn langweilig waren und diese Häuser waren eine Phantasie von Herrn Baller.“ (Neslihan, 2002)16 The quote above is the reaction of an elementary school girl during in a project of exploring the own neighbourhood. However, it is questionable who taught the girl this subjective perception, the quote stands for the special appearance of the building and the subjective association with it. Vocabulary like fantasy, crooked, interesting and boring brings the a very subjective layer to this IBA building.

The car park in Dresdener Strasse (Fig. 16) has been built in 1974 but never been used as such. Instead of its demolishment the building has been changed for its new function as a Kindergarten (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1987, p. 254).

The focus of converting the existing use, rather than demolishing the car park and place a new building was typical for IBA Alt. Strecker and Frowein+Spangenberg (1982, p. 49) argued, that everything in the area of Luisenstadt should be protected, including negative outcomes of urban renewal. Furthermore, they proposed a greenhouse-style atrium, which would penetrate the building, “anticipate the spring and extend the summer”. The roof, the authors argue, would give the Kindergarten the necessary green space and contribute to general wellbeing.

In their report for IBA’87 the architects Frowein+Spangenberg (in: Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1982, p. 7) conclude, that the car park can be changed to a Kindergarten and provide standardised spaces which couldn’t be created by a new building.

Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West (1987, p. 352) argues, that planners dealt with the lack of green space in the core areas of IBA Alt by using the given potential: Courtyards, façades and rooftops. The approaches taken in these areas upgrades even tight courtyards, by applying colourful arrangements. On a longterm development, the planners argued, that instructions on how to self-care green space would be crucial to keep the results and improve self-help approaches.

Block 78 for example, has been saved from demolishment. 444 units have been renewed and many small interventions in the courtyard took place (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1987, p. 212). Approaches of energy saving insulation and the implementation of energy saving measures have been implemented in Block 103. Greywater has increasingly been collected and reused to decrease the consumption of portable water. Building materials and techniques were sup16 This crooked building was built by Hinrich Baller. He always built crooked buildings, because it was interesting. He built crooked buildings, because other buildings were boring for him and these buildings were a phantasy of Mr. Baller. (Neslihan, 2002)

25 IBA ALT claims

Relevancy for this design proposal

Fig. 19. Relevancy of IBA Alt approaches to this design proposal.

Source: author

Fig. 11. Corner building at AdmiralbrĂźcke. Architect: Hinrich Baller.

Source: author Fig. 15. Rooftop greenhouse in a self-help approach.

Source: Internationale Bauausstellung 1987

26 posed to be environmentally safe. The principle for the elaboration of block 103 was participation from the inhabitants an help from local unemployed people strengthened the construction work (Beck, 1987).

Particularly interesting is, that the typical corner building or the perimeter block have been implemented less consequently in IBA Alt. Often on such locations, green spaces have been created or left. Especially on already demolished sites, IBA Alt did not automatically suggest new buildings and densification. The corner of Block 73 (Fig. 18) for example, has been changed to a small corner-park, which is still in use today.

Collective / commercial use

Restructuring the open space around the metro station “Schlesisches Tor� was part of IBA Alt. One perimeter block facing the metro station was already heavily destroyed and used by small stores or restaurants. Planners have chosen to not close the block here in order to preserve affordable commercial space at the intersection (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 114)

Relevance to Shanghai

The lack of open space can be seen all over the inner city of Shanghai. Even though, green space is increasingly being provided on a larger scale, what is missing are the small spaces inside a neighbourhood. Courtyards are mostly private in Shanghai and thus not comparable to the cases in Berlin. However, roofs and façades can be used to improve the built environment. In terms of implementation process, greening and gardening can definitely be done on a self help approach.

27

Fig. 16. Concept for a corner garden in block 78.

Source: Bodenschatz et al 2010

28

Heritage Heritage

Community Aims andCommunity Feelings 1. Making a difference and influence the outcome on built space 2. Increased availability of infrastructure 3. No dead corners 4.

5.

Community Community Greening

Community

Greening

Fig. 18. Pictographs explaining the sideward classification.

Source: author.

1.

2.

3.

Physical Characteristics The block 1. Participation, neighbourhood initiatives

2. De-central infrastructural projects 3. Better usage of ground-floor flats and backyards Better provision of infra4. Integration of infrastructure in structure the block-structure Continuity on a street scale 5. Closed perimeter block. Conand harmonic integration text- oriented height, which in the structure. (Bonjour connects the neighbourhood Tristesse) and increases gradually (Bonjour Tristesse) The corner Verticality and importance of 1. Higher corner-part and vertithe place cality-increasing ornaments, forms, windows.

Link to existing structure 2. Stepped height towards the Dominant, self-confident existing appearanceHeritage Community 3. Reasonable materiality. Extroverted message.

Conversion of use

1. Sustainable use of the built 1. Re-use of the existing 2. No demolishment space 3. Rooftop garden and green2. Protection of everything house through building “already there” 4. Kindergarten 3. Well-being and green space 4. Availability of Infrastructure Urban greening 1. Greening of courtyards, fire1. Improving spatial conditions walls, roofs, façades as well in densely built courtyards as placing plant tubs on the 2. Improving of participatory streets. approaches and self-help 2. Self-help and Self-responsible processes care of the green spaces.

Heritage

Community

29 Participation and inhab- Participation as a key factor on a small scale. The itants’ agreement on focus in this design is the negotiation between the planning-aims large-scale and the preservation area.

Good communication is rather important in those cases.

People need to know what they must expect and they need to have choice. The choice might not be in favour or not for the renewal, but a several options how the renewal affects their life.

Preserving the character Self-organization and the protection of existing inhabitof the site ants will contribute to the character of the site. However structural characteristics be treat more in detail from IBA Neu. Gradual renewal Incrementalism on already existing structures as a sustainable and user-integrative approach. Challenging is the connection between large and small scale interventions.

Minimum demolition Too much of the area has already been destroyed. The still but addition existing old typologies need to be preserved and integrated in a larger scale. Furthermore, gaps of the existing areas, especially towards the street will be filled, in order to protect the inner areas. However, the free plot should develop as free as possible to gain monetary returns.

Financial commitments Since the market prices are high, financial commitments won’t be needed for commercial developers. High returns of large-scale projects can, nevertheless, be used to demand subsidizes of the preserved site.

30

3.1.2 IBA NEU

Fig. 20. Lützowplatz Floor plan of the realized planning Source: Internationale Bauausstellung 1987

Fig. 21. Lützowplatz Streetfront. Source: Funk and Kaden n.d

Fig. 22. Lützowplatz Building Entrances Source: Funk und Kaden, n.d.

Perimeter

As mentioned above, disturbing elements from the 1950s and 1960s have been emphasised by Josef-Paul Kleihues and their “healing” became a guiding concept of IBA Neu. In contrast to IBA Alt, the Neu-branch focused not only on preserving built structure, but in building typologies with historical fragments. Kleihues claimed for a reconstruction of the historical city by considering current needs (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 19): (1) Preservation, renewal and improvement of the city structure, (2) the geometrical shape which is formed of public, semi-public and private spaces, (3) the city in context to landscape and (4) an image of city which explains its history (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 21; Kleihues, 1984, p. 36).

The four areas of IBA Neu were südliche Fiedrichstadt, südliches Tiergartenviertel, Prager Platz and Tegel. Both minimal and larger interventions happened (Salgo, 2012, p. 26).

In contrast to IBA Alt, IBA Neu should achieve complexity and identification (Dame et al., 2012, p. 9) through the production of new buildings. Therefore, while IBA Alt produced concepts and encouraged people to self-help, preserve buildings and neighbourhoods, IBA Neu concentrated mostly on the production of new buildings. These two branches are particularly important for the present design proposal, since both approaches are needed on the site chosen for the design. This re-orientation on the roots of the city had, however, no operations guide. Every architect involved in projects of IBA’87 had to find their own way to make the design meet the exhibition’s aims. Bodenschatz et al (2010, p. 22) emphasized, that „ no guidelines in terms of style and materials, no architectural policy” has been released. The only requirements the architects needed to meet is to “accept the subordinate from the city structure”. Furthermore, involved architects brought their own approaches and often didn’t want to fit in the requirements and couldn’t meet the high technical standards (Polinna, 2012, p. 45).

In both IBA Alt and Neu, the Berlin block was symbol of a overall aim. Due to the production of new buildings within IBA Neu, this approach was probably more experimental. In no project, the perimeter block was rebuilt as a copy of previous buildings, but often some of the characteristics have been translated to basic design principles and collaged together with other, more contemporary needs.

A prominent example for the interpretation of the block front is an apartment complex at Lützowplatz. The architect, Oswald Matthias Ungers emphasized the importance of a frame for the entire square: “It is unelectable, that Lützowplatz needs a wall-kind of building, if one should somehow recognize the site as a square. “ (Ungers, cited in: Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1987, p. 47). Consequently, the building should provide a closed street front facade with roof forms corresponding to the opposite side of the square, while the backyard emphasized the introverted theme, by 5 tower-like proportionate buildings (Bodenschatz et al, 2010, p. 75).

The street-front volume was further supposed to protect the inner courtyard from the traffic. Many entrances on the street-front façade claim a small-scale town-

31 house idea. The brick materiality strengthens this image.

After total destruction due to car-friendly city planning (Funk and Kaden, n.d., pt. 3) the introverted design approach, high density and a mixture between private and public spaces in green backyards (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1987, p. 46) based on the concept “City in the City – Berlin as a Green Archipelago” (Funk and Kaden, n.d., pt. 25). The concept has been developed previously by Ungers, Kollhoff, Koolhaas, Riemann and Ovasaka.

The project was characterized by much green or open space for the inhabitants.

Upper floor apartments were given big terraces, while ground floor units hat their own garden access. The courtyard buildings were built as detached units. On the one hand, they carefully cite courtyard buildings, on the other they form a typology which was not basing on historical facts. Bodenschatz et al. (2010, p. 76) questions if the project was able to solve the situation of the previous car-friendly (and thus pedestrian unfriendly) planning, and ascertains, that the buildings were still not on a pedestrian scale and were not able to create relations to the opposite site of the square. Furthermore, the street would still be too wide. Nevertheless, he interprets the presence of a neighbourhood initiative against demolishment as appreciation of the inhabitants. The building has been demolished in 2013.

A fill-in in an existing perimeter block is shown by the ‘Apartmenthaus am Checkpoint Charlie”, one of Berlin’s former checkpoints. The aim of the whole area was to (1) to re-establish the block structure, (2) implement a functional mixture and (3) to react on the special situation to the border to Berlin (East) (Salgo, n.d., pt. 1).

Dame et al. (2012, p. 12) describes the filling of the gap in the block as “rich in contrast”, it would be a test how to work with modern architecture in an existing structure. The “cheap” architecture in the ground floor, which was dedicated border-controls would have shown the “temporary character” of the wall. The strong contrast may depend as well on the set-back from the existing old-buildings and the raised up first floor (Salgo, 2012, p. 30). Furthermore, many citations have been identified on the building. Salgo (2012, p. 30f, n.d., pt. 12) determined Grace Rainey Roger’s annex to MOMA New York as well as ironic quotations of the American-highway architecture in the ground floor and camouflage-style walls, citing the border or the Cuba-crisis.

Even though the building does not copy the style of the historical perimeter buildings, it somehow addresses their rough characteristics. The building height as well as the courtyard situation, integrates the building in its immediate surroundings. Nevertheless, the form of the roof, the style of the façade and the elevation of the whole building above a border protection checkpoint, shows a neither superior nor devote approach towards historical architecture.

Like in IBA Alt, corner-located buildings have been outstanding works, already because of their typology. An example for it, is one of Zaha Hadid’s early works, a residential complex at Stresemannstrasse, close to Potsamer Platz. This building does not limit itself to the Berlin Block but rather emphasizes the corner

The block

Fig. 23. Front view.

Source: Gunnar Klack in Funk and Kaden

Fig. 24. Backyard view Source: Andreas Salgo in Funk and Kaden n.d.-b

32

Fig. 25. Apartment building. Visualization of the border structure.

Source: OMA, n.d. in: Salgo 2012

33 situation of the building and gives a statement to the street situation. Neither in terms of matmateriality, nor typologically the corner connects to a possible predecessor. The project consist of two parts: a tower building and attached a three storeys high row. The façade is partially in aluminium and glass. The building has a dominant form and appearance. Two sharp wings, divided by a stair and elevator shaft, embrace the construction. The lower building is part of more buildings which form an inner courtyard. Nowadays the courtyard and the building still give the appearance to be taken care of. Neat green spaces frame the walking paths in the courtyard.

Even more cubic is a mixed-use building at the former Checkpoint Charlie. Demanded was both the respect for the block raster and a creative architectural approach. Bodenschatz (2010, p. 90) argues, that Peter Eisenmann won the competition “by both orienting the building on the local street and on the global mercator-raster. Eisenmann wanted to connect the place to the world and emphasize its superior meaning.”

Not only the raster by itself, but colourful accents and a very present corner claim for urbanity (Liepe et al., 2010, p. 26). Indeed, the raster is visible again on the façade, structuring the building and giving a red, grey white and light-blue pattern to the building.

While initially the building was planned to be a mixed used development and hosts both residential and commercial functions, the environment changed soon after the fall of the Berlin wall and thus the removal of the border checkpoint between Berlin East and West. Bodenschatz (2010, p. 90) argued, that the building managed the transition of its location and acknowledges how worth it is for a building exhibition to “realize special and unusual architecture”.

The cumulus of IBA Neu first seems to be obvious, however, the most outstanding projects were those who just cited a few historical characteristics and for the rest, kept their own personal approach.

The corner

Generally green and open space was more the focus of IBA Alt, but even the new buildings’ branch offers various projects, where open space played a special role in the design process. One of these projects is Ritterstrasse Nord. The project overview (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, West, 1987, p. 184) describes the focus as the rebuilding of the block structure as well as reducing the street width by partial demolishment. The single blocks would be divided and structured by residential roads as well as through inner-courtyard greening. Children should be able to play in the streets and the micro-climate should improve.

Parking facilities below the courtyards and buildings and improved relations of single units to the outside were core-claims of the projects. Marina Bereri (n.d.) argues, that many requirements of building and planning regulations have been exempted from implementation, because of special urban conditions. Especially density and overbuilt area were higher than allowed and nevertheless, the project is known for its green and well-being atmosphere.

Green and open space

34

Fig. 26. Corner building Stresemannstrasse.

August 2016 Source:author

35

Fig. 27. Detail corner building Stresemannstrasse.

August 2016 Source:author

36

Aims and Feelings

Physical Characteristics The Block

Fig. 29. Block analysis.

Source: author

1. The Restoring of the historical structure and generating both a square(outside)and an intimate (inside) feeling.

1. Closed perimeter block towards the street and the former square.

Placing of courtyard buildings which careful cite the inner block.

2. Aesthetics and materials with identification value

2. Gable-roof and brick materiality 3. Differentiation of entrances and staircases between accentuation of single building parts.

3. Effect of individuality

The Corner

Fig. 30. Corner analysis.

Source: author

1. Urbanity

1. Concrete and glass materiality

2. Re-apply characteristics of the closed perimeter block

2. Closed urban street front with cosy backyard.

3. Honest integration in the existing 3. Purposely set demarcation from structure the existing building.

Usage 1. Urban peak 2. public life 3. Comfortable courtyard situation 4. Deconstructivism

1. Strong corner-position and tower, grown out from a block-kind of basis 2. Ground-floor commercial use 3. Some outstanding works already initiated to overturn postmodernism by deconstructivist approaches.

Greening 1. Connective nature of green 2. Garden, city/ town centre feeling 3. n.n.

Fig. 31. Corner analysis.

Source: author

4. “grown” historical city 5. materials with identification values

1. Continued north-south green axis with facing 3 to 4 storey buildings.

2. Square situations at intersections 3. Commercial spaces towards Oranienstrasse 4. Connecting of existing old buildings 5. Brick façade (outside), plastered façade (inside) the block (Bereri, n.d.)

37 IBA NEU claims

Relevancy for this design proposal

Preservation, renewal and im- The old city structure, where existing, should be provement of the old city structure preserved to prevent further loss. However, this thesis holds the hypothesis that preservation in its further meaning does not exclude partial demolishment – if needed.

Furthermore, empty areas and new to build areas should interpret the characteristics of the greater surroundings. These characteristics can, however, reach further than the volumetric copy.

Careful shape of public, semi-pub- Public space of the existing residential part lic and private spaces will be given in self-organization to the inhabitants, Nevertheless, commercial spaces are perceived and used as public spaces in China. Since the commercial core will be a crucial part of this thesis, public space is going to be important in the context of a commercial building.

Context to landscape Green spaces, connected to both residential areas and vivid public streets with commercial uses are the have led to good outcomes and an increased use of such spaces. The relevancy for this design proposal will therefore be to connect these spaces to both the existing residential parts and to make it entrance-zone for the commercial use.

Subsidises On the site in Shanghai there is only very few potential for new buildings. New residential productions either have to be excessively high subsidized or typologically far from any historical predecessor. Therefore, Subsidizes won’t follow the IBA Neu –example for the production of new residential space. Rather the IBAAlt example to protect what is there is an interesting approach.

Fig. 32. Relevancy of IBA Neu approaches to this design proposal.

Source: author

38

3.2 Complex Reconstruction in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Until 1990 the eastern part of the city was territory of the German Democratic Republic. In the years after 1980 a change of paradigms in architecture and urban planning arose: Complex Reconstruction. Similarly to Critical Reconstruction and Careful Urban Renewal, this approach can be seen as the socialist counterpart to Berlin’s (West) IBA’87. Two main examples will be shown in this part: (1) The renewal project around Sophienstrasse in today’s district of Berlin Mitte and (2) Nikolaiviertel – the very historic part of the centre of Berlin which has been destroyed during World War II. The beginnings of critical positions towards modern architecture were characterized by different reasons than in Berlin (West) but led to comparable outcomes.

The human scale became increasingly important and historical citations have been in used to characterize architectural and urban design. Comparable to Berlin (West), the 750th anniversary of Berlin demanded a program of celebration.

Bodenschatz (2015, p. 158) argues, that what happened there was, “said with western words, a critical reconstruction”. Furthermore, he emphasizes the project’s role in revolutionizing socialist inner city urban planning and creating new approaches regarding the historical city centre.

A final rehabilitation of Berlin’s (East) historical neighbourhoods could thus only happen, after the political change of track, initiated by Erich Honecker in 1979 by condemning unnecessary demolition of residential buildings (Bauakademie der DDR, cited in: Urban, 2006, p. 103).

In fact, reasons for reconstruction a preservation are often very pragmatic reasons: On the example of the redevelopment around Arkonaplatz , Urban (2006, p. 208f) identified the following reasons for re-approaching historical neighbourhoods in GDR architecture: (1) housing shortage and slowness of suburban housing production, (2) infeasible demolition due to resource-shortage and (3) inapplicability of high-rise buildings on small historical parcels.

For decades, prefabricated mass housing characterized public housing provision in the German Democratic Republic and their typological appearance did not differ much from West-German modernist mass housing typologies.

On a larger scale, the urban design guidelines for Prenzlauer Berg suggested to remove all backyard situations, even where historical buildings where thought to be preserved (Urban, 2006, p. 160). However Fig. 33 shows, that only the street front was supposed to show a historical aesthetic. By removing courtyard buildings and keeping the street front façades, both modernist claims such as air, sun and light and preservation of the historical image could have been achieved. In great parts the plan has not been implemented.

The aim of the following analysis is to understand how the counterpart to IBA’87 rethought inner-city renewal. It will help to get an idea on the instruments applied in both parts of the city and lead to a comprehensive image before creating design principles for the design in Shanghai.

39

3.2.1 Spandauer Vorstadt Between 1983 and 1988 the urban renewal project of Spandauer Vorstadt resulted in a reorientation on historical architecture. Windows, roofs and the perimeter-nature of the buildings have either been kept or newly built in that area. Newly built buildings, interpreted their surroundings and the predecessors by using prefabricated modules (Rietdorf, cited in Urban, 2006, p. 204).

The prefabricated nature of these buildings can be observed at the first look. The modules often included other facilities and building parts, such as windows, insulation doors and decoration as well as risalits, bays and dormer give the buildings a historical look. Just as the older buildings, the new ones have overbuilt accesses to the backyard to achieve a closed perimeter at the street front. Compared to their historical predecessors, these buildings have a much rougher appearance but closed, however, the wounds of already damaged neighbourhoods and inserted themselves with respect.

More buildings of the same construction project are situated along Rosenthaler StraĂ&#x;e. These buildings showed a similar prefabricated aesthetic, but have recently been renovated with energy saving measures. Due to the modernisation, smaller slabs have been used to cover the insulation material. Originally a slab was big enough to range half an axis and include one window. The newly applied slabs seem almost occasionally distributed without a clear concept how to deal with their joints. The projecting alcoves are highlighted by using a different colour of slabs and the previous axis joint are accentuated by darker joint, but without making sense with the smaller slabs.

This case shows, how different façades styles immediately affect the building’s

Fig. 33. Urban Design Guidelines for Prenzlauer Berg district. Source: BArch DH 2 F2/117 cited in: Urban 2006

40 appearance to the street. Compared to the new slabs, previously fabricated concrete elements had an almost historical appearance. The modernisation process took several months and was directed by the public housing agency of the district Berlin Mitte. Beside the chosen design, the ground floor areas are increasingly used for commercial renting space (WBM, n.d.).

3.2.2 Nikolaiviertel Nikolaiviertel is it good example for the great loss of historical architecture in Berlin. Only few buildings remained after the aerial bombing to the historical city centre of Berlin. One of the remaining buildings was the oldest church of the City, Nikolaikirche. In the spirit of the 750th anniversary the GDR initiated an urban renewal project the church became the historical anchor for one of the most ambivalent reconstruction approaches of that time. The unbiased approach on historical stereotypes and the free handling of ornaments and decoration led to controversies and critique of the chosen style of reconstruction.

In the history of Berlin, Nikolaiviertel represents the oldest germ of the city. Kieling (2001, p. 9) argues, that documents have been destroyed due to a town fire in 1380, however, in the middle of the 20th century early tombstones have been found which appeared to be older than the first stone-built church from the first part of the 13th century.

In this context, East Berlin’s architectural collectives designed a new approach on urban renewal. Their proposal should on the one hand remind the neighbourhood’s past, on the other hand remain coherent to the GDR prefabricated building policy. Indeed, Kieling (2001, p. 7) describes this as a change of track in urban planning, since the GDR leadership agreed on the planning for a historicising reconstruction. Various styles, such as “historical, pseudo-historical and limited modern buildings have been created”. However, the task of reconstruction was not to build up a museum-style neighbourhood, for Günter Stahn (1986, p. 5) – head of the architectural collective in charge - the most difficult part of the architect’s was to find the right way between preservation (which in this case, meant more reconstruction) of the old and making the site ready for up-to-date uses.

The awareness of previous planning mistakes becomes very clear in Stahn’s second publication. Just as modernism has been criticised in Berlin (West), both Stölzl in the preface of Stahn and Paul (1991, p. 8) and the authors themselves see the project as a late change of track in GDR city planning. The Architect justified his approach with the historically relevant site (Urban, 2006, p. 291) and still existing memories of the past in the society. These memories would legitimate reconstruction even after complete destruction (Stahn, 1986, p. 8): “Auch bei völliger Zerstörung sollte man sich nicht mit dem Verlust historischer Bauwerke abfinden. Solange diese Gebäude noch als bildhafte Erinnerung im Bewusstsein der Bürger lebendig sind, ist deren sinnvolle Einbeziehung beim Wiederaufbau und der weiteren Ausgestaltung der Stadt kulturpolitisch legitim.” (Stahn, 1986, p. 8)

41

Fig. 34. Closing of the perimeter block in Rosenthaler Strasse.

Source: Urban 2006

Fig. 35. Rosenthaler Strasse perimeter block (2017), after energy saving measures. Source: author

42 When it comes to the established functions, residential use prevailed. The development has been opened by offering 780 apartments, 33 stores and 22 gastronomical services (Kieling, 2001, p. 115). Today the area is a hotspot for tourists, searching for the only old germ of the city of Berlin and sometimes not realizing to be in a reconstructed neighbourhood. The existing or destroyed medieval buildings were equally defined as “Altbauten” as the block worker-tenements of the 19th century, which shows a certain historical impreciseness (Urban, 2006, p. 22). Some of the buildings have been rebuilt with the same building techniques and materials as their predecessor buildings, while others were completely new creations, showing a historicising approach.

Another typology is completely detached from any of the historical predecessors.

Stahn (1986, p. 20) emphasizes, that certain “guiding buildings”, together with precious urban core areas are forming the centre of the reconstruction project.

The renewal project united several reconstruction approaches, which were often much different one from another. Hereinafter these approaches are summarized in groups: Urban scale

Fig. 36. Square with prefabricated gable-roofed residential buildings.

Nikolai Church in the background. Source: Stahn & Paul 1991

Careful approach

On an urban design scale, the aim was to create an urban place, which contains important and well known pictures with identification value (Kieling, 2001, p.

115). One approach was to combine different typologies, such as prefabricated buildings, historical copies and combined approaches on the neighbourhood’s borders. Both the medieval image and the modern socialist city were important for the architectural design. Stahn (1986, p. 54) argues, that towards the large square of Alexanderplatz and Marx Engels Forum a new typology was needed.

This typology shows clear parallels to the modernist modular buildings, but in contrast concrete-built arches in the ground floor, citing historical typologies.

Indeed, Urban (2006, p. 291) argues, that the historicising design could be seen as complementary to the earlier modernist city planning from the 1960s and not thought as contrasting it.

While the open space towards Alexanderplatz was thought to express modernism, the development inside the neighbourhood aimed to cite the imagination of a medieval European city. Gable-roofed buildings surround open squares and interpretations of a medieval market square characterised the project.

As mentioned above, almost the entire neighbourhood has been destroyed due to heavy bombing. The first stone built church was built in the first part of 13th cen-

43 tury. Afterwards the church changed its appearance many times (Kieling, 2001, p. 26ff). It is thus not clear why the architects decided to rebuild the version with two symmetric towers, which was not the latest version.

Nikolaikirche was rebuilt by using mostly old materials and hand-craft. The old square around the church was instead rearranged in its historical scale (Stahn 1985, p.47). However, compared to the residual area, the church received (beside its towers) a relatively “true” reconstruction, which makes it less relevant to this thesis. It is notable though, that the church is always defined as a crucial part of the redevelopment (Kieling, 2001; Stahn, 1986; Stahn and Paul, 1991). Nikolai church might have been one of the anchors of the whole project.

Fig. 38. Square around Nikolai Church.

Prefabricated residential buildings in the background.

Source: Stahn & Paul 1991

Some buildings have already been copied previously to the reconstruction project of Nikolaiviertel. Gerichtslaube, has been replaced in the imperial park in Berlin-Babelsberg and then copied again in Nikolaiviertel, without considering its original appearance, nor its original space (Kieling, 2001, pp. 38, 121). The building’s history goes back until the second part of 13th century and has been demolished and rebuild several times. The way it was rebuilt in Nikolaiviertel, shows its Gothic arches in the ground floor. These arches were only found at its early demolishment in 1871, when is has been removed to Berlin Babelsberg (Stahn 1985, p.30). Strong critique came from Kieling (2001, p. 33) who argues that neither the reconstruction in Babelsberg during the 19th century, nor Stahn’s project (Fig. 42) in Nikolaiviertel are historically accurate. Both location and architecture would not correspond to any of Gerichtslaube’s historical predecessors (Fig. 41). On a street scale Stahn (1985, p.50) emphasizes the high integration of art and architecture due to a relief installation showing the history of Berlin.

Collaged Approach

This is probably the less historical case and the most ecclesiastic. Many thought be historical symbols have been put into concrete reliefs, trying to give the prefabricated typologies a more historical look. The ground floors are mostly characterized by arches, which are prefabricated elements as well (see Fig. 40). Kieling (2001, p. 117) doesn’t appreciate these “pseudo-historical” buildings, but accepts the fact, that beside it’s historical and identification value, Nikolaiviertel had to fulfil the function of inner city residential use and therefore be financially feasible.

The invented nature of these buildings should be evident at the first look. There are basically two branches of this type. The ones towards Alexanderplatz have up to seven storeys and follow the concept of reacting to the modern city as described previously. The lower typologies, built in the perimeter around the Nikolai-church show modular loggias and concrete-reliefs, identifying them very clearly historicised mass housings. Stahn (1986) in fact, never connects a certain buildings to a previous architectural typology. He emphasizes the scale of these buildings whose task would be to negotiate between the old and the new.

This can be a proof, that historical preservation has not been the only approach taken in the reconstruction of Nikolaiviertel. Even if being more critic on the historicizing approach, Kieling (2001, p. 120) emphasizes the immediate acceptance of Nikolaiviertel among the population, but sees this at the same time as “helplessness” on regard the built space.

Political aligned

Fig. 39. Collaged approach. Gerichtslaube.

Source: Stahn 1986

approach

Fig. 37. Bottom left: Historicizing facades facing arx Engels Forum. Lower, more „original“ parts in the middle.

Source: Stahn 1985

44

Aims and Feelings

Physical Characteristics Spandauer Vorstadt

1. Restoring of the historical structure 2. Aesthetics with identification value 3. Reference to later, “modern� era and honest approach 4. Effect of individuality 5. Collective nature and socialist living 6. Mixed Use

1. Building height and roof-form oriented on the predecessor buildings 2. Decoration, risalits, bays and dormers on the facades 3. Decoration has been interpreted in a reinforced-concrete aesthetics, which is clearly visible.

4. Differentiation of the facade (see point 2.). Improved appearance from modernist buildings.

5. Evident prefabricated building method as the previous mass housing projects.

6. Just as the historical predecessors, the buildings often provided commercial space in the ground floor, which is still in use today.

Nikolaiviertel

Fig. 41. Corner analysis.

Source: author

Urban Scale

Urban Scale

1. Medieval city, cosiness, small town-perception

1. Limited height, tiny alleys, historical materials and aesthetics,

2. Enclosed historical germ

2. Closed street front perimeter

3. Socialist city with historical progressive aesthetics

3. Step-by-step increasing building heights and combination of modular, prefabricated techniques with historical symbols.

4. Counterpart to the modernist urban space, facing the site.

4. Historicising ground floor area with arches in concrete

Careful approach 1. Original, historical appearance 2. Clear stylistic direction

1. Only few modifications from the original version and heritage-aware renewal 2. No eclecticism

Fig. 42. Corner analysis.

Source: author

Merge 1. Historical environment of the oldest kind.

2. Symbol of jurisdiction

Fig. 43. Collage analysis.

Source: author

3. Last element in the transition of history

1. Reconstruction of a gothic, romantic eclecticism, even though the gothic arches were not the last type.

2. Reconstruction of building. Ancient function: court.

3. The building is one of a row which goes from the more modern typologies to

Political Aligned Approach 1. Socialist [residential] city 2. Further development of history Fig. 44. Corner analysis.

Source: author

1. Use of materiality and modules which were know from previous housing programs.

2. Historicising symbolism set n concrete

45 Complex Reconstruction

Relevancy for this design proposal

Relatively large scale developments

Probably the choice to renew on a larger scale was a pragmatic decision to simplify the production of prefabricated building modules. Nevertheless, the bigger size of reconstruction projects compared to IBA’87 can contribute to a smoother realization.

The way of re-thinking the historical city in Berlin (East) was more liberal and led to many different, sometimes eclecticism, outcomes.

Stylistic liberty can, however, bring much identity and history.

Modular elements can, however, be a promising way to implement for self-help processes. The use of prefabricated materials can make the production cheaper and repeatable. Nevertheless, planners should avoid uniformity.

Complex reconstruction took place in a socialist state. Chinese special economical approach can earn from the free market but then subsidize those who really need it.

Typological Mixture

Prefabricated elements

Financing

Fig. 45. Relevancy of Complex-reconstruction -approaches to this design proposal.

Source: author

Fig. 46. Nikolaiviertel with television tower in background. June 2016.

Source: author

46

Fig. 47. Prefabricated buildings next to historical typologies.

Nikolaiviertel on the left with 15 years previously built Fischerinsel in the background. June 2016.

Source: author

47

3.3 Conclusion the Chapter Different approaches on how new buildings oriented themselves on historical fragments as well as renewal approaches of grown historical neighbourhoods have been shown in this chapter. These approaches are not only interesting ways to refer to the historical city, but even to think beyond conventional architectural solutions. All three movements took place in a city, heavily demolished in World War II, further degraded by unnecessary demolishment in the spirit of modernism. Necessary measures went therefore beyond urban renewal, building quality and the provision of public housing units.

Some examples focused on materiality, while others cite a former urban structure.

In the spirit of less dominant and more integrative buildings, each architect aimed for the right way between preservation and keeping a self-conscious position.

Finally, what all these approaches have in common, is their aim for identification with the historical city.

Beyond the re-orientation on history, it is difficult to find common aesthetic characteristics between IBA Alt, IBA Neu and Complex Reconstruction. None of these movements had a to-do list, or a catalogue of interventions. Every involved planner set own priorities and understood the task in an own, very personal way.

No project could be found which only copied the old structure without further aims and messages to communicate through architecture.

However critical reconstruction focused on residential use (either because of political reasons or simply out of a necessity) the most important outcome for this thesis, is the aesthetic change of track. Residential use was strongly connected to the historical predecessor - the Berlin block - and core theme of IBA’87.

Nevertheless, often new developments of IBA’87 could not achieve a mixed use development due to subsidizing restrictions. Complex Reconstruction, as a topdown development in a planed economy, realised much better the former groundfloor-working / upper-floor-living functionality. After all, none of the movements needed residential use to achieve the planners’ aims in terms of aesthetics. Only IBA Alt was indivisibly connected to the residential use, but rather because inhabitants were a crucial part within the process of implementation than in terms of the residential outcome itself. Residents were integrated in the whole building process, not only as affected people, but as decision makers and construction men as well. Furthermore IBA Alt took place in a low income district of Berlin, in part as a consequence to protests against demolition.

A highly fragmented urban structure, high speed demolishment and rough relocation policies were the basis for these revolutionary urban renewal practices. Parallels to this starting position are evident in Shanghai’s post 1979 urban renewal practices. Typologically Shanghai offers even a much broader catalogue of historical buildings (site analysis in chapter 5). Relevant for the following design proposal will be the way of thinking of the three approaches, by applying concepts of how to translate the local historical fragments to new architectural principles (see design principles, chapter 6).

Relevance to Shanghai

48

PART B 4. Relevance of the Berlin Case This chapter evaluates how the model of critical reconstruction can be applied to Shanghai and how the approaches need to be modified in order to meet local needs. How can we connect a mainly residential approach to a design oriented thesis which focuses on non-residential functions?

Generally, the number of housing units required to really give an impact in the centre of Shanghai can only be achieved under all of the following conditions: (1) large scale demolition (2) new large scale development (3) restricted typologies (high-rise) This assumption has been taken, by (1) recognizing the lack of available areas in the inner-city, (2) the extraordinary high land-value and (3) strict building regulation of residential uses.

Consequently, by prioritising the production of heritage compatible low to midrise typologies, neither financial feasibility nor large numbers of units can be achieved anymore. On average inner city construction sites, only few options of new developments seem to be possible.

Option I

Surely, the production of low-rise residential space could get increased by (1) subsidizing developers or (2) invest directly in public developments. The land is owned by the state and wouldn’t need to be purchased. However, the loss of income, the government experienced in that case, would be extraordinarily high and have a relatively small impact in terms of numbers. Most people would still live in the outskirts and the crucial question would be, who gets access new inner-city residential developments. Arkaraprasertkul (2012, p.142) describes a “dual-track system” within the housing provision: While the market would supply the “upper- and middle-class”, public housing policies would supply existing residents through relocation to new units or government grants.

Since property-led developments have already become normal urban renewal practice and the production of a large amount of housing units has in great part been given in the hands of private developers (Arkaraprasertkul 2012, p.141).

This thesis focuses on improving urban renewal concepts within this existing renewal practice.

Option II

Another way is to invest in typologies which don’t require the nominated conditions: non-residential developments. Partial demolishment might still happen, but in contrast to residential space spaces they provide facilities for everybody; accessible, green, commercial and private. Successful projects already exist in terms of industrial reuse. M50 for example, a former industrial neighbourhood,

49

Fig. 48. Atelier Tower.

Berlin 2013.

Source: author

50 has been reused with the contribution of inhabitants and became a creative and social hub for the whole city. Bertolino and Delsante (2015, p. 18) argue that bottom up approaches from the inhabitants, together with preservation and re-use of the existing, was the right mixture to make M50 a successful project.

However, re-use is only possible when the built structure can be kept. In the case of this thesis the research area has already partially been demolished (see chapter 5). While re-used areas can built on identity and atmosphere, created over many years, areas after demolishment lose any connection to people and space. Restoring these spaces will be the task for so many areas in the Shanghai inner city.

Consequently the focus after demolishment should be, how to restore the lost identity. However restoring does not mean to restore the area accurately in its original appearance, but to follow some aesthetic principles for renewal. These principles cannot be given as an overall approach for Shanghai but differ from case to case, depending on the present and previous typologies of the site.

Re-use of historical areas and de-industrialised sites is increasingly being implemented both in Shanghai and other Chinese cities. Bertolino and Delsante (2015 p.15) argue, how the overall planning of both historical and new-to-build areas affects the morphological outcome of such developments. Often, these neighbourhoods would become a leisure and commercial centre, representing only a platform for these activities. Examples suggest the commercial hub 1933, Bridge 8 and Tianzifang, an artist-inhabitants collaboration project.

Many of the case studies cited by Bertolino and Delsante (2015) focus on commercial interests and point for the commodification of space. However Tianzifang still has a different atmosphere and a more lively and individual organisation of space, aims and functions correspond almost entirely highly commercialised projects. Stores there may vary in terms of products and prices but their functions are always commercial. A positive aspect of such developments is the re-appreciation

Fig. 49. Agricultural land meets new residential developments. Along metro line 16. March 2017.

Source: author.

51 of historical typologies and their integration in a city, which normally focuses on internationalized architecture, malls and high-rise-high-density developments.

Typological carefulness means, however, that some aims may stay behind the goal. Arkaraprasertkul (2009, p. 11f) for example aimed for an interpretation of the old Lilong typologies, even though high-rise developments would be the better alternatives in terms of numbers of people to shelter. He claims for a “low-/ medium-rise high-density, multi-functional, community-oriented urban housing (LMRHD)”, thought to preserve the unique characteristics of such areas. Arkaraprasertkul (2007, p. 17) further argues, that today, new high-rise buildings put historical buildings in danger of demolition and their inhabitants in risk relocation. Interestingly the previously built, western-influenced, Lilong buildings were invented by pointing on a high profitability.

It is ironic to see the same reason exterminating historical buildings, as initiating their construction about 100 years previously; history seems to repeat itself.

However the upcoming need for residential space wont increase with the same rates as it did in the previous years. The population of Shanghai will not grow exponentially anymore. Wang (2016) argues, that the vision “Shanghai 2040” plans to limit the city’s population at 25 million people.

While many cities in the world tried to stop urbanisation and failed, it can be expected that the Chinese government might instead be successful because of its special legislative situation and central administration. Consequently, the need for further housing will soon decrease and the demand can be expected to switch towards an increased quality of spaces and commercial developments. The site does therefore not demand further implementation of housing but the integration of non-residential within residential functions in order to make the city ready for tomorrow.

As pointed out in Part A there is no such critical aesthetic which could be followed step-by-step. In the centre of attention was the Berlin block (IBA Alt & Neu), participation (IBA Alt) and restoring history (Complex Reconstruction).

Hämer (1982, p. 12) argued, that a “dogmatic following of the perimeter block was equally wrong as <no perimeter>” at all. This shows, that the goal is more an abstract image, rather than an exact expected outcome.

The researched cases from Berlin can be divided in two main groups: (1) While IBA-Alt invested on the given potentials of the site, (2) both Critical and Complex Reconstruction focused on the production of in-scale buildings.

For the Shanghai case both groups of action can be interesting. While the large scale complex reconstruction and single critical inserts are best for new developments, the insights from IBA Alt are the most valuable for built up areas to protect.

Furthermore, polycentricism is the declared planning aim of the administration of Shanghai. Zuang (2016) explains, that community is in the centre of this planning. Many facilities shall be accessible within a 15 minutes walk and more

Compromise

52

Fig. 50. Wedge-shaped builing. Source: Xiangning, 2013

53

Fig. 51. Wedge-shaped building in consruction.

Shaanxi South Road 2017.

Source: baidu map.

54 centres shall not only provide daily goods but identification with the place. As mentioned, the policy of decentralization started with the concept “One City – Nine Towns” back in 2001. And there is a direct parallel to IBA’87: Back in the 1980s Berlin (West) was a shrinking city, whose urban structure was damaged on different scales; World War II, the wall and failed urban renewal practices. The emphasis of the district scale and historical sub-centres aimed for a healing of the urban structure from the inside, rather than applying overall concepts to the city as a whole.

An interesting approach of setting guidelines for urban regeneration has been elaborated by the Urban Land Institute under the editorship of Clare Jacobson (2014). Hereinafter the 10 points for a successful urban renewal shall be named : “(1) Establish a Long-Term vision, (2) Design for People, (3) Conserve Cultural Heritage, (4) Create Integrated Network, (5) Optimize Land Use, (6) Vitalize Public Space, (7) Foster Collaboration, (8) Build Healthy and Sustainable Communities, (9) Integrate Economic Development, (10) Promote diversity - and make IT Beautiful!”17 Despite the fact this thesis concentrates on the production of aesthetic guidelines, the ten principle for urban regeneration will be used in the conclusion to demonstrate the applicability of the design proposal regarding additional requirements.

The design proposal for the research area has been elaborated by considering both Shanghai-specific requirements (research and site analysis) and gained insight from the research of the three approaches in Berlin. Some of the latter can directly be translated to a Shanghai reality, while others are being adapted in a useful way. At the end of this adaptive process a whole catalogue of principles forms the starting point for the design. Others are completely new, in order to meet the specific requirements of the area.

Before coming to the site analysis, hereinafter Fig. 52 and Fig. 53 provide a forecast of the working method of the author, showing how the research outcome of part A has been adapted to design principles in part C. This forecast should give an idea on the focus of the author, before coming to the site analysis. A full version of design principles is shown after the site analysis in chapter 6 “design principles”

17

No. 1-10 subitles in (Jacobson 2014)

55

IBA Alt IBA Alt IBA Alt

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai

roof top addition

roof top addition

roof top addition

roof top addition

roof top addition facade greening

roof top addition balcony addition

urban furniture

facade greening

balcony addition

urban furniture

facade greening open space

balcony addition tubs and unsealing

urban furniture corner spaces

open space

tubs and unsealing

corner spaces

open space

tubs and unsealing

corner spaces

courtyard greening

courtyard greening

courtyard greening

courtyard greening

courtyard greening

courtyard greening

new “greener” buildings

greening of new roofs

new “greener” buildings

greening of new roofs

new “greener” buildings

greening of new roofs

IBA Neu IBA Neu IBA Neu

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai

filling gaps, keep height

close row houses

filling gaps, keep height

close row houses

filling gaps, keep height

close row houses

connect new typologies

high-rise above low-rise

connect new typologies

high-rise above low-rise

connect new typologies

high-rise above low-rise

emphasis on corners

historicizing corner

emphasis on corners

historicizing corner

emphasis on corners

historicizing corner contemporary corner contemporary corner contemporary corner

Complex R. Complex R. Complex R.

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai

preservation

no demolishment

preservation

no demolishment

preservation stepped height

no demolishment 3 heights

stepped height

3 heights

stepped height identification elements

3 heights large scale

identification elements

large scale

identification elements

large scale

old look, new technique

historicizing elements

old look, new technique

historicizing elements

old look, new technique

historicizing elements

Fig. 52. Forecast of some design principles and how they relate to the research done in part A. Design Process in March 2017.

Final Design principles follow in Chapter 6.

Source: author Fig. 53. Next page: Forecast of some design principles and their application on the map.

Process in March 2017.

Final Design principles follow in Chapter 6.

Source: author

Large /Medium Scale IBA Alt

56

Large Scale Nikolaiviertel

IBA Neu

SHANGHAI

SHANGHAI Corner building with historical identification

Building Forms

Underground parking

IBA Alt

SHANGHAI

IBA Neu

Corner building with historical identification

lane housing volumes merge in large-scale development

Closing / generating of the perimeter. Protetion fro inner-site residential use.

Welcoming, insight leading corner to compensate the high-rise compound

57

Large Scale

IBA Alt

SHANGHAI

Small Scale

rebuilding of detached volumes, mixed use Strengthen already existing self-gardening approachess, provide material, unseal.

Escalators: Permeability

Accessibility and Borders Shanghai

Improve green space in courtyard and provide benches Street front commercial area frames housing streetfront-feasible green spaces Protecting residential Metro exit buildings from the street integrated in Building

Higher and present cornder building. Attracts attention, commercial use.

58

Maggie Lane Anfu Lu Xin Li

Wuyuan Xin LiQu Xiao Changshu

d e h

Changshu Road

Wulumuqi Road

Anfu Road

is l o

m e D

Xiao Qu

Wuyuan Road

59

5. Site Analysis The site is in Shanghai’s district Xuhui and considered part of the former French Concession18. The built-up areas consist of several neighbourhoods such as Wuyuan Xiaoqu (五原小区), Anfu Lu Xinli (安福路新里) and Changshu Xiaoqu (常熟小区). These parts single neighbourhood have their own characteristics but are especially provide different building typologies, which have been analysed apart. Furthermore, the site can be distinguished in a previously demolished part and a built-up part. The surrounding of the neighbourhood, is mostly characterised by historical residential buildings. Foreign influences can clearly be determined in most parts of the area, however, many different historical typologies are present. Collective housing units (danwei) which have been added in the 1960s are situated at the eastern side of the area and characterize the intersection with Changshu Road and Wuyuan Road. However their volumes are much bigger than the once from the historical buildings, they don’t influence the surrounding negatively. On the other hand, newly developed high-rise compounds or office towers stay in clear opposition to the urban structure of older typologies. Highrise buildings are mostly build on the northern side of the area, along Anfu Road.

The spatial relations to the site are problematic there. One side of Anfu Road goes along with a fence, gating the residential compound. On the other side of the street there is a concrete wall surrounding the already demolished part of the research area.

Generally, the environment is clean, well maintained and seems to have a relatively high social pattern. Furthermore, the area appears international. Many foreigners live in the immediate surroundings and many local stores have English menus and price lists.

The area is characterized by both Chinese and foreign cafés, restaurants an facilities, such as sports and educational infrastructure. The functional mixture appears deeply natural and seems to always have existed.

18 The term “former French Concession “ is only used in order to emphasize foreign influences on the local architecture on the specific site. It is beyond doubt that the area has been given back to the PRC and further developed in its own, Chinese, reality.

Fig. 54. Left: Diagrammatic overview of the research area.

Source: author Fig. 55. Site in 1948 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghaimap.net

60

DETACHED COURTY.

LANE HOUSES

DANWEI HOUSES VILLA STYLE

61

5.1 Chronological development Regarding the history of the neighbourhood, there is very few information available about this specific block, even when searching in Chinese language. Residents and various Chinese blogs mention a building era between 1920 and late 1930, a time when the French concession was still expanding westwards.

On aerial photographs of that time a mix of different row- and lane houses can be seen and make the neighbourhood and its surroundings appear densely overbuilt.

Hereinafter the most important acts are shown in their chronological order.

5.1.1 Pre-1948 The first available aerial photographs are from 1948 (see Fig. 55). As visible the area had a clear structure with different typologies of buildings. The eastern part of the area was not yet overbuilt. In the western part of the area there were basically two typologies: The first one represents detached residential buildings with courtyards towards the south (black), the second typology consists of typical lane houses which are densely built next to each other (grey). Furthermore, there are some detached buildings which look slightly informal, or at least less planned (light grey). The detached villas (black) in the north-east of the area are another gable-roofed typology with a big garden. These buildings are still present and seem to be the most luxurious ones. Some of them have nowadays been changed to commercial uses. The lane houses which have already been demolished, represent the early mass housing, as developed by the foreign powers. The more detached buildings seem to have always hosted higher-income inhabitants.

These buildings provide a courtyard for each (initial) unit and much vegetation in the inner-streets around the houses. Nevertheless, there are slightly different detached typologies which fill the gap in between the very dense lane houses and the villa-like detached buildings on the eastern side of the area.

5.1.2 Post-1948 The area (see Fig. 57) kept changing over time and during the 1960s so-called worker’s villages have been built in eastern corner of the area, while the previously described, foreign influenced typologies survived in a great number. Newly added buildings belong to an important typology which can be found all over Shanghai. Nowadays these buildings are among the densest

Fig. 56. Left: Typological Distribution of buildings. source: author Fig. 57. Site in 1979 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghaimap.net

62 typology on the site. It is not completely clear if any buildings have been built between the aerial photographs of 1948 and 1979. If there were no further buildings, we could conclude, that the row houses didn’t destroy any of the older buildings.

Even if the typology of these danwei is very different from the one of the historical row houses, their volumetric appearance does not differ much. In fact, these worker’s villages are higher than lane houses, but do not interfere negatively their environment.

5.1.3 Post-2000 At the beginning of the 2000s, approximately half of the area has been declared for urban renewal. Fig. 58 shows how much built structure has been demolished.

With few exceptions, all the historical lane houses have been removed from the declared area. Basically, half of the western part of the site is empty since then.

Unfortunately, relocation measures led to an incident which is still very present in many people’s recordings(Tay, 2013, para. 3). Probably because of this – highly political reason - the site remained empty for all those years. When visiting the area, the whole demolished part was surrounded by a high concrete or brick wall.

In the inside, there are a few people but it’s not clear, whether they are security guards or do rent the area for their own business activities. However, accessing the site leads to immediate requests from both people inside and outside the area.

5.2 TYPOLOGIES 5.2.1 Detached courtyard buildings

Fig. 58. Site in 2016 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghaimap.net

Characteristic for the site are detached more-party buildings along an inner-streets network. Two lanes of five to six buildings go along the street towards the inner part of the area. Every unit used to have its own courtyard and balconies. The alleys are tight and don’t allow much traffic. Nevertheless, as in many gated communities in Shanghai, there is a self-regulation on regard. Security checkpoints can be found at every entrance to the site and, contrary to other communities, parking lots are not rented to outsiders. Almost every “lot” is occupied in the area, however, there is no abusive parking. The first impression of the streets a visitor gets, is a much greener environment, compared to other historical neighbourhoods in the surroundings.

63 Generally, the buildings have three storeys plus sometimes an additional attic floor. Some of the attic floors seem to have been planned before construction, as they are well integrated in the general appearance of the buildings. Every of these buildings has its own courtyard which was initially planned to be used by one party. As many buildings in the former concession areas, these buildings have soon been used by more people than their typology was thought for. Nowadays, the courtyard as an additional entrance sometimes just provides access to the ground floors, while the back entrances accesses the apartments’ upper floors.

Few courtyards still seem to have their original appearance without any additional fences, roofs or other additions. The respective buildings often seem to be owned by one party and look well maintained.

Other buildings often show obvious self-help approaches. Many courtyards have been provided with a roof construction. Some of them act as roofed terraces, others have been completely integrated in the floor plan.

Building appearance

Fan (2013, p. 259) emphasized the contradicting relation of high socio-cultural values an low economic and use values in Lilong neighbourhoods. She pointed

Problems

out, both positive and negative futures of such areas: Positive Futures

Negative Futures

Cultural Quality

Rich history and urban identity Architectural Quality Unique architecture between east and west Urban Quality Unique layout, good facili- ties, central location Social Quality

Neighborhood communication

-

Housing Quality

-

Housing Availability

-

Lack of maintenance and improvement Over-crowding, increases deterioration Expensive renovation with limited affordability

Housing Affordability -

Even though Fan’s classification addresses problems in typical Lilong and Shikumen neighbourhoods, all her conclusions are applicable on the respective part of the site. Especially the lack of maintenance leads to deterioration and overcrowding. Nevertheless, the quality of the built space, appears to depend much on the building’s owner or tenant. Most of the buildings on the site have an obvious overused look, while others look much better maintained. However, there are several problems to address and to solve, the situation is far from the deterioration and lack of maintenance which can be observed in other historical neighbourhoods.

Fig. 59. Positive and negative futures in Lilong neighbourhoods. Source: Fan, 2013

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Fig. 60. Detached buildings are mainly characterised by open courtyards and projecting alcoves. The original windows have tin metal frames and a clean design.

Stucco is missing but the plastered facade has vertical line ornaments.

February 2017 Source: author

65

Fig. 61. Same typology as on the left. However this building shows a lack of maintenance. Tubes and air-conditioner impact the facade. February 2017 Source: author

66

Problematic is especially new infrastructure which is added to the buildings. This “improvement” of the buildings is sometimes implemented rather careless regarding the historical architecture. Problematic are especially air conditioners, water tubes, electricity cables (see Fig. 61) and security infrastructure. These appliances are often added to the façades, without any technical knowledge. On the one hand, physical appearance is being influenced negatively, on the other hand maintenance becomes more expensive when caring more about the built structure. Finally the detached courtyard buildings are very typical for the specific neighbourhood and have not been built or survived as frequently as other Lilong typologies. Consequently protection measures should aim for the best possible preservation of the built structure, without neglecting the need of certain improvements and the inapplicability of in-wall appliances or similar expensive measures which are suitable mostly for new building and less for preservation cases.

5.2.2 Lane houses Most of the former lane houses have been destroyed, due to the redevelopment plans in 2002. The remaining typologies are not the most famous Shanghai Lilong typologies, as they don’t provide any courtyards. Three lane-style buildings still exist on the site, even though they don’t correspond to the Shikumen buildings which have been demolished. The present lane houses range between two and three storeys, while some of them have further additions on the roof. The high density results in dark alleys but at the same time a cosy and familiar environment. The appearance of some alleys look so private, that visitors wouldn’t choose to access them. The environment is clean and seems to be taken care of.

Some lane houses (see Fig. 65) show the brick materiality in horizontal lines between the entire height of the windows. Moreover, one specific lane house has gabled roof additions alternating on the rooftop. This interesting lane house faces directly to the post-demolishment built wall. However the wall communicates demolishment and relocation, the removal of previous buildings, provides now increased sunlight and more privacy on the expense of a lost walk-through connection. Nevertheless, along the wall a green corridor has been implemented by the inhabitants and improves the spatial quality of the alley. Just as in the alleys along the detached buildings, the ground is mostly sealed and inhabitants place necessary plant-tubs themselves.

Surrounding neighbourhoods

However, the surrounding neighbourhoods go with the lane typology, often there is only a lane-style street front, while in the backyards there are other detached courtyard buildings. In other cases, even some of the famous shikumen courtyard lane houses have survived. Characteristic for the whole is district is the slow transition towards an international and creative neighbourhood. Especially ground floor areas are by their nature fragmented and offer small scale retail and commercial units.

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Fig. 62. Schematic typological overview of the detached buildings. Source: author

Fig. 63. Schematic typological overview of the existing lane houses.

Source: author

Fig. 64. Schematic typological overview of the demolished lane houses.

Source: author

68

Fig. 65. One of the last survived lane houses inside the study area.

February 2017.

Source: author

Fig. 66. Lane house along Wulumuqi Road.

March 2017.

Source: author

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Fig. 67. Inner street with well maintained houses and green courtyards.

March 2017. Source: author

Fig. 68. Anfu Lu Xin Li. Air-conditioners and shadow -making elements are influencing the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s appearance.

Lack of maintenance February 2017. Source: author

70 By night some bars welcome their guests on the pedestrian path, where may young people gather and have drinks and food. This small scale usage deserves to be taken in consideration for the upcoming design of existing typologies.

5.2.3 Danwei houses These buildings have been built as residential complexes in 1962 and enjoy 70 years of property rights on public land. While previously facilities such as kitchen and bathrooms have been shared, today the land prices keep increasing in value.

A property comparing website (Wuyuan district housing prices, 2017) illustrates real estate offers, reaching 100.000 ¥ (equivalent to 14.000 $) - per square metre.

Moreover the diagrams showing the development of the previous years, communicate exponential growth rates.

The buildings’ materiality is mostly concrete. Less important parts or residents’ additions are often done in bricks. Since these buildings have been placed all over the city, their appearance is familiar to the Shanghainese. They seems to follow accurate modular rules and only few sub-types can be found among the city. As usual in Shanghai, heating is not provided. Therefore, the high number of units and the otherwise minimal painted facade result in the very present appearance of air conditioner machines and self-help balcony additions on the facade.

This typology has a big impact on the site, as is faces the area’s eastern border directly to Changshu Road. Nevertheless, the presence of the building is not disturbing, but it is rather well integrated in the area. Unfortunately, many of the inner streets are no-through-roads. Opening these paths could have a positive impact on the accessibility but at the same dime decrease the subjective feeling of security and well-being of the inhabitants.

The function of such buildings is exclusively residential. Just one building, located on the northern part of the area shows commercial ground floor uses. During field trips relatively young residents have been observed, who extended their ground floor spaces into shop-fronts. The environment was not influenced negatively by it, but rather lively, young and dynamic.

Only few self-extensions of the living space can be determined in those buildings: (1) metal-grid extension of the window space, (2) roof-top additions and courtyard-like extensions of the ground floor units.

Many inhabitants increased their private space by extending their apartment to the outside and adding a courtyard style space. Some of these spaces have later been roofed and became consequently a part of the apartment, while others are used as gardens.

5.2.4 High-rise buildings High-rise buildings frame the area on its northern and southern borders. The buildings on the northern side seem to be much more recent, while the residential towers on the souther end are less tall but older. Four residential towers and one commercial tower are located in the immediate surroundings. Especially the commercial development is extraordinarily high and completely out of scale. The

71 older residential high-rise buildings are located behind the intersection of Wulumuqi Middle Road and Wuyuan Road. They are far enough from the street, in order to (1) allowing street-front buildings to stay and frame the tower development and (2) to consequently not affect the street front uses.

The high-rises northern of the empty demolished area are built very close to the street and the increased building height makes any context to the area impossible.

The residential towers have a fence towards the street and a car-oriented roundabout behind it. Any connection, both to their forecourt and the residential units is blocked and the remaining public street (Anfu road) remains between a wall and a fence with no context to any of the areas behind.

More ahead on Anfu road, a commercial high-rise building left a public square as its forecourt, which is intensively being used during day and night. Even though the building itself is too tall to be in scale, the big forecourt has been given back to the inhabitants, which compensates a lot.

Due to its size, the research area might be a good location to place further highrise buildings and connect the compound of the northern to the compounds of the southern part. Moreover, the area would be big enough to ensure, the single residential units would meet the severe Chinese regulations regarding sunlight and shadowing hours. However, this thesis claims for a more context-related approach next to historically grown areas. Consequently the typology â&#x20AC;&#x153;high-riseâ&#x20AC;? is a determining factor for the design, as they exist in the immediate surroundings but not thought be placed within the renewal projects. Nevertheless, it cannot be neglected, that high-rise buildings are a natural outcome of (too) high land values. Therefore, some higher parts will need to be placed in order to increase density, but the focus lies on the street-front appearance of low-rise typologies.

By avoiding high-rise buildings from the list of typologies to consider, residential use would become automatically a high-end development, as it would need to compensate the expensive land right acquisition back of the investor.

Fig. 69. Schematic typological elevation of the relation between high-rise buildings and the historical site. Source: author

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Fig. 70. Shop-front of a skater-shop in the ground floor of a danwei building.

March 2017 source: author

73

Fig. 71. Two scales come together. Research area with walled construction site in the foreground.

Residential and Commercial high-rise buildings in the background.

April 2017 source: author

74

5.3 Functions 5.3.1 Existing functions

Fig. 72. Entrance to a taylor‘s shop. February 2017 (source: author)

Fig. 73. Back side of Anfu Road Lane House, November 2016.

Source: author

The area is generally characterized by residential use. Most buildings on the site embody residential functions. Nevertheless, the site’s location brings a very international lifestyle with many bars and restaurants. Especially along Wuyuan Roan there are clothing shops and many gastronomical services. On the other hand, there are many smaller services such as tailors, but especially street front snack sellers. Almost every street front courtyard has been changed to a shop-front, bar or café, while the upper floors are still used as apartment. While these shops do advertise themselves with creative shop-fronts, the services offered in the inner streets host only few commercial firms, which seem to be equally “trendy”, but less evident from the outside. Some of them have almost an informal appearance.

Furthermore, there is one Kindergarten on in the sub-hood Anfu Lu Xin Li. Unfortunately the area is not accessible and guards are closing the gate as soon an cars arrive or leave. The model of cars suggest, however, high-income clients.

The sub-part Wuyuan Xiao Li hosts more inner services. A Chinese language school for foreigners as well as sport and dancing classes are available in the heart of the neighbourhood. Moreover, at the built up part of Anfu Road many restaurants are located, offering both western and Chinese cuisine, however foreign cuisines prevail. More towards Wulumuqi Road but still in Anfu Road, there is no street-life left due to the walled demolished area on one and a high-rise residential compound on the opposite side of the street. Generally along the other streets in the neighbourhood, smaller ground floor businesses prevail. Most of the stores are food or service oriented. Only few of them focus on retail.

75

5.3.2 Missing functions The area is a good example for mixed use. Beside the prevailing residential use, many every-day services including 24 hour shops are available.

Surprisingly only few office and education spaces as well as larger retail facilities are located in the area. The social pattern as well as the location in the inner-city centre offer best market conditions for such typologies, which are - in contrast to many European countries - increasingly demanded by the inhabitants of Shanghai. Whether the typology “department store” or “shopping mall” is really of a public nature is a question which goes beyond this thesis. Fact is, that due to the previous demolishment such a development on the empty would not lead to immediate relocation. Moreover the social structure on the area seems to by high enough to have access to all kinds of commercial spaces, so that no big groups of inhabitants from the immediate surroundings would be excluded.

As shown previously, any further exponential growth in terms of population is not to be expected for Shanghai. The task will consequently be to increase the quality of the existing residential spaces, rather than extending them in the inner-city.

The area offers enough space and demand to implement a new sub centre on a district level. In the spirit of the master plan “Shanghai 2040”, every household should have access to facilities such as green space, education spaces and provision with daily goods. Consequently, the following design proposal will take the status quo and add those functions which are (1) answering these non-residential demands and (2) promising high financial return for developers. The latter is not the consequence of prioritizing commercial on residential interests, but a reaction to the aim to keep the building height low.

Fig. 74. Courtyards and Entrances change to shopfronts. February 2017 Source: author Fig. 75. Functions red: commercial yellow: community orange: education Source: author

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5.4 Street-front atmosphere Every border of the area has its own characteristics and deserves its own design

Functional Change considerations and principles. Hereinafter these characteristics are describes with a focus on land-use.

Functional Change Anfu Road Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

The border along Anfu Road is characterised by a tall wall (grey), which separates the demolished part of the site and the surroundings. On the other side of the street a gated residential (green) community is fenced towards the street, so that Anfu Rd. the street became a “canal” without any qualities. Further ahead there are lane houses with ground-floor commercial (red) activities.

Functional Change

Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Road On the opposite side of the demolished area, Wuyuan road is equally facing a wall Wuyuan onRd. its western end. However, in contrast to Anfu road, the mixture of activities is more present and the street offers a more lively atmosphere. Residential (green) and ground-floor commercial (red) functions prevail. Single buildings offer cultural-educational (blue) functions which deserve to be extended.

Wuyuan Rd. Wulumuqi Road The wall around the demolished area is very present along Wulumuqi Road, since its the longest border of the demolished site. Nevertheless, the opposite side of the street is a vibrant mixture of residential and commercial spaces and compensates the wall’s overwhelming presence.

Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

AnfuWuyuan Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Extend

MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BE

Extend

MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BE

Extend

MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BE

5.5 Street-front wholeness The percentage of wholeness of the built perimeter around the neighbourhoods varies between the different typologies and the different streets. While the gated community (north of Anfu Road) and the walled area are 100% closed towards the public street, the image such walls and fences gives to its inhabitants is far from the closed and cosy residential characteristics of the surroundings.

On the other hand many surrounding streets have a perimeter around each block which is (unlike the Berlin block) not composed by single buildings in a row, without any gaps, but rather by many detached buildings with many but tiny gaps. This way of buildings along the street front, shows an interesting approach of how to place single buildings and still achieving a differing and “closed” face of the block. Furthermore, the gaps, detached buildings leave on the street are often continued inside the area and working as alleys to access the buildings behind. The lowest percentage of wholeness is created by north-south oriented lane danwei houses, which only face the shorter side to Changshu road and leave large gaps.

0% 90%

50% 100%

70% 80%

80%

80% 100%

100% 100%

Fig. 76. Left and right: Pictographs about streetfront functions.

Source: author Fig. 77. Bottom Left: Spacial qualities of the street-front.

Source: author Fig. 78. Street-front wholeness; estimated percentages Source: author

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Road The area’s border along Changshu road is characterized by an almost residential-only use, regardless of the street’s role as an important arterial road. On the northern part of the site, detached buildings are characterising the street-front, while more southwards, danwei lane houses prevail. On the opposite side of the street, ground-floor usage shows mostly commercial activities.

Wulumuqi R

Wulumuqi R

77

78

5.6 Green Space / Open Space

Fig. 79. Green spaces on the site and demolished area as wasteland.

November 2016 Source: author

The research area provides only few green spaces, however most of the old detached buildings have private courtyards. Nevertheless, many courtyards have been overbuilt by the inhabitants themselves and do not contribute anymore to the micro-climate of the site. Moreover, some spaces between two buildings have been settled informally and became to normal housing units over time. Self-help in housing is very common in the neighbourhood and has many positive aspects, but led in some parts of the area, to an increasing overbuilt area and a reduction of sunlight and green space.

It is notable, that inhabitants of the mass housing typologies (danwei) have considerable more green space, than those living in historical buildings. Evidently self-help approaches are being limited more than in the older parts of the area.

Due to their modernist approaches these buildings have an increased distance between each other and consequently more open space. A negative aspect of the respective green space is, that however it is accessible, officially it is located behind a gate and only available to inhabitants. Moreover, green space often only frames parking lots and is either too small to stay or doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t offer spatial qualities which invite to stay. An exception represents Wuyuan Xiaoqu, where parked cars often frame a green space, furnished with benches and shadowing trees.

Many participatory and resident-initiated gardening approaches can be observed in the north part of Anfu Lu Xin Li. Residents have their own plants along the wall which separates the empty site from the still inhabited area. Some of the plants are edible, while others seem to be pure decoration. Outdoor-aquariums are placed along the wall as well as benches. Since the ground is almost entirely

79

sealed, residents help themselves with tubs or even plastic containers to cultivate plant. Finally the neighbourhood shows many different kinds of green spaces.

Beside some public green spaces, approaches of self-help greening prevail. Especially the lane houses source their green space out on public land, while the courtyard buildings have their private green space. Nevertheless inhabitants from the upper floor of the courtyard buildings have no access to green space. For all of these topologies public green should be produced in order to increase the spatial quality as well as the immediate micro-climate.

Providing green space and unsealing concrete ground would already have a large impact and should become a small but important design approach.

Fig. 80. A residents takes care of self-greened open space. April 2017 Source: author

Fig. 81. Self-greening at the back side of Anfu Road Lane House, November 2016 Source: author

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81

5.7 Accessibility The site is located approximately one kilometre south of the East-West elevated highway and connected to it through Changshu Road, which frames the site on its eastern border. The other three roads around the site (Anfu Road, Wulumuqi Road and Wuyuan Road) have less impact from traffic. Furthermore, two metro lines connect the area to the Shanghai transportation system. Metro exit 8 of Changshu Road station is located at the corner Changshu Road / Wuyuan Road at the eastern end on the area and provides access to both line seven and line one.

For this design, the metro access is a crucial, because it provides the area with a potential high number of visitors and costumers for the commercial part, while it improves the residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mobility to the rest of the city and decreases commuting times. Like elsewhere in Shanghai, cars and motorbikes play an important role in the individual mobility. Nevertheless, the area is not overcrowded and the surrounding street-networkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capability seems high enough to ensure a good traffic flow even after a potential increase of traffic. Regardless, the street network, new transportation methods, such as bike sharing systems become more prominent all over Shanghai and are intensively being used in the area.

Principles for the design in terms of accessibility will be to (1) improve the connection from the metro station through the area and (2) providing more parking facilities in relation to functions and the eventual loss of parking lots due to design ideas.

Fig. 82. Left: Surrounding street network and metro lines.

Source: author Fig. 83. Maggie Lane Demolished part of the neighbourhood, within the walls. November 2016 Source: author

Whole area built structure 35.500 m2

demolished 23.500 m2

overall area 59.000 m2

intensity of use

mixed us 2.500 m2

residential 21.400 m2

mixed us 5.500 m2

small scale co 1.500 m2

retail 9.500 m2

intensity of us

82

Existing structure after renewal (

83

5.8 Potential Area for Redevelopment The demolished area has been declared for “urban renewal” and consequently been demolished in 2001. Back then, the city of Shanghai promoted the transformation of old areas and started with the relocation policy to modernize the place and initiate an “old city reconstruction project”. Only afterwards the policy moved towards a complete demolition for which a monetary compensation has been provided to the residents. After residents moved out, the area has been closed and fenced by a wall (Duan, 2005).

Due to the demolishment, many people are now critical on regard any further development. Consequently, and as a result to the research done in Part A of this thesis, demolishment will be limited to the smallest possible part and the integration of the two sites will be the focus of the thesis. The wall characterizes the place and the empty part doesn’t contribute to the well-being or development of the area. Along the western and southern (Wulumuqi road and Wuyuan road) side of the wall, many restaurants and bars attract inhabitants and visitors. Contrary to those vivid streets, Anfu road and Changshu road offer less activities by night and the general character is more of a residential nature. A dead corner of the area is approximately half of Anfu Road, coming from the intersection with Wulumuqi Road. Previously mentioned high-rise towers are almost exclusively used for residential purposes and consequently fenced towards the pavement.

Other parts of the neighbourhood include lane houses and the previously described detached villa-style building. By the presence of walls and fences and the absence of a forecourt, half of Anfu Road has a negative appearance.

On the other hand, the wall does something with the street front appearance, a fence could never do. Sine the wall, as a solid elements blocks any view insight the area, the street front seems boring but not unframed. The atmosphere along the wall of Wulumuqi Road, Anfu Road and Wuyuan Road is of a human scale and as a pedestrian the feeling is secure. However the focus of view, leads consequently away from the plane wall and towards the shop fronts on the other side of the streets.

Therefore, the wall might not be the main problem to solve, but, au contraire, the wall should be integrated as a characteristic in new to develop buildings. These buildings should provide street front façades which keep the flow of the pedestrians as it currently is.

It has already been several years, since the area behind the wall has been demolished. The neighbourhood seems to have accepted the status quo and the walled area took place in the area as is was a natural part of it. Moreover its appearance is being kept very clean. The wall doesn’t show any temporary nature, seems to be frequently over-painted with fresh colour and consequently creates a clean environment.

Fig. 84. Left page top: Size of the affected research area. Source: author.

Fig. 85. Left page bottom: Potential are of the demolished Maggie lane.

Aource: author.

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Fig. 86. Wulumuqi Road. Wall separates the pedestrian path from Maggie lane.

Source: author.

85

Fig. 87. Anfu Road.

Forecourt fence of the highrise (left) compound and solid wall of Maggie lane (right). Source: author.

86

87

Fig. 88. Left: Wulumuqi Road / Anfu Road. Wall separates the pedestrian path from Maggie lane.

Source: author.

Fig. 89. Outstanding corner building at Wulumuqi road / Fuxing road.

Source: author.

88

89

PART C What is the aim of the following design? What does the author want to achieve?

And which are the interdependencies between the very differing parts of the area?

Part C will answer these questions by stating design principles as a guideline for the design process. Not only the built up area on the eastern side of the area but even the empty part will be given a comprehensive plan for the future.

To achieve a clear overview of the actions to take, these principles cover the following topics: (1) Typology specific urban renewal. What does each typology need, deserve and require?

(2) Scale oriented plan of actions. Which typology needs larger actions and where instead can smaller approaches achieve the most?

(3) Interdependencies with the surrounding structure. Each street which frames the research area, shall influences the actions the designer takes. As a consequence on the site analysis, a plan for the change or non-change of functions has been elaborated for every specific side of the street.

These questions have been addressed prior starting the design process. Special attention has been given to the concept of learning from approaches of Critical Reconstruction in Berlin and the developed design principles have been established in a balancing process of the literature review of cases from Berlin an the specific requirements on the site.

The different textures of each part of the site require both an understanding of present typologies on the site and an accurate selection of new architectural typologies - able to allow development but at the same time showing respect to the architectural history of the site. One discrepancy was, for example, that the height of surrounding historical buildings is low, while the downtown location of the site would obviously lead to increased building heights. These two interdependencies are opposing each other and beside architectural typologies, functions with lower densities needed to be developed.

This part of the thesis will split in two main chapters: The development of design principles and the actual design. An emphasis has been given to the explanation of single decisions on design principles. Nevertheless, the design outcome might include decisions which mainly represent the authors architectural style and not which lead to the outcome, that not every corner, materiality or form has a particular academic reason. The design as a whole needs to be understood as a continuous negotiation between architectural creativity and the knowledge gained from the research done in part A and B.

Fig. 90. Design Visualization. Behind Anfu Road. Walk-through.

Source: author.

90

PERIMETER FRAME

DETACHED

LANE

LANE

COURTY.

ORIENTED FILLING

HOUSES

HOUSES DETACHED HOUSES

DANWEI HOUSES VILLA STYLE

91

6. Design Principles Hereinafter design principles deliver first concepts of how to deal with the architectural heritage on the site and how to set standards for buildings yet to built.

Places of particular interest are therefore those in-between spaces in the existing area, the potential, demolished area and the street front changes the neighbourhood would undergo, if the development would be implemented as proposed in this thesis. The actual geometrical principles have been summarised regarding their scale of implementation.

6.1 Typological division of the Area For a comprehensive design of the site, it is necessary to divide the area in different parts, depending on their architectural typologies. In the site analysis this has already been done for the existing areas of the site and their characteristics, advantages and problems have been described. As a first step of design principles typological counterparts needed to be stated on the potential (previously demolished) part of the area. In this context, the following categories have been established, giving a rough overview on the first design ideas: Existing structure Detached courtyard buildings

Design Restoring demolished

Recreational areas

detached structure New interpretation of lane houses Upgrade surroundings close street-front Improve and extend recreational areas

Villa-style buildings

- no need of action -

Lane houses Danwei, new mass housing

Fig. 91. Left page: New and old typologies on the renewal site.

Source: author Fig. 92. Site in 1948, highlighted by author.

Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghaimap.net

92

MAINTENNEW

ANCE

DEVELOPENT MAINTENANCE

IMPROVE CONDIT. -

93

6.2 Priority of renewal Different parts of the area have different spatial qualities and different necessities of renewal. Therefore, both a functional and typological plan of action has been elaborated in order to understand where actions need to be taken and where instead the status quo is acceptable. Many parts of the areas in need for renewal are, however, only residential. Together with a big potential on the already demolished site, there is consequently a need to set priorities.

The priority of action depends both from the research in part A, on-site observations and fundamental decisions: (1) Lane houses and detached courtyard houses require maintenance the most.

These typologies should be included in an overall renewal strategy by improving living conditions of the inhabitants and street front commercial spaces.

(2) Danwei buildings still have high quality built structure with a high potential for self-help improvements. The necessity of renewal is more of a volumetric kind: The existing buildings face both Changshu and Wuyuan road without creating a proper urban street-front appearance. Therefore needs of renewal lead to the placing of further buildings, able to frame the site.

(3) The existing residential use should be kept. Social structure shows no or not visible poverty. Households can be included in the maintenance process.

(4) A combination of a commercial oriented development and the preservation of existing residential use is the best way to prevent from out-of-scale high rise compounds.

(5) Identity can be achieved by historical characteristics. While the built structure needs to be protected, the buildings yet to build need to adapt themselves on the historical predecessors.

Office 1 Cultural-educational 1 Residential -

!! !!

-

Existing Structure Measure 1 (perimeter) 3 (core) 3 2 3 (improve)

Recreational

!

2

Functions Commercial

New Development Measure Priority Retail 1

1

!!!

Priority ! !! ! !! !!! !!!

Fig. 94. Distribution of functions with their priority: 1=new implementation 2=strengthen/extend 3= keep without extension Source: author

Fig. 93. Left: Priority of renewal on the map.

Source: author

94

6.3 Street front Changes

Functional Change

The most present element on the site is the wall placed in 2001 after the complete demolishment of half of the area. Regarding street fronts, the focus for design should be, to activate the street front again, while elsewhere on the site, new buildings should close the street front and protect residential use behind. The change of every side of the area is described in the following table Street front appearance

Functional Change The wall (grey) needs to be removed and offer place to a large-scale commercial Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Functional Change Functional Change Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd.

Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

STRUCTU

Change of use Similar programmatic as above. Wall is removed for commercial development which is framed by independent commercial tenants. Commercial activities in the central residential area should move to the existing area’s borders, while the residential use in the inner-site is strengthened. Cultural-educational (blue) use forms the transition between the two areas.

STRUCTU STRUCTU Lane-typology

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd.

Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Anfu Rd.Rd. Wuyuan

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Anfu Rd.Rd. Wuyuan

Wulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd.

Anfu Rd.

STRUCTU

development (yellow). The latter should be framed by smaller independent commercial units (red). Residential use (green) should be protected in the centre of the existing built-up area.

Fig. 95. Left and right: Pictographs illustrating changes on the street-front level.

Source: author

Street front appearance The wall gets removed and the appearance of the other site of the street is being interpreted. The large scale development is situated between a perimeter block which goes along the whole site for renewal.

Lane-typology

Lane-typology

Create a perimeter Lane-typology The area’s border along Changshu Rd. is characterized by an almost residential-only use. However, Changshu Rd. is an important arterial road. Therefore Extending existing educational use non-residential buildings are place on the public land along Changshu Rd. The MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) pedestrian path / public green is here wide enough to make space for| BENEDIKT another WIESER building. Furthermore the new buildings should create a welcoming atmosphere Extending existing educational use for who eaves the area and be area’s entrance gate.

MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BENEDIKT WIESER

Extending existing educational use Extending existing educational use MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BENEDIKT WIESER MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BENEDIKT WIESER

95

URAL PRINCIPLES

URAL PRINCIPLES

URAL PRINCIPLES URAL PRINCIPLES Detached typology

Detached typology

Detached typology ©B. Wieser Detached typology

©B. Wieser

Perimeter TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN

Perimeter ©B. Wieser

TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN ©B. Wieser

Perimeter TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHEPerimeter UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN

Fig. 96. Street situation along Wulumuqi Road. source: author

96

LARGE SCALE MEDIUM SCALE SMALL SCALE

97

6.4 Scales and measures Working with different typologies requires different scales of action. Therefore the area has been divided in three main scales regarding the measures to take.

Important on the small scale is to improve living and spatial conditions as well as taking care of the architectural heritage. Consequently the respective measures include mainly maintenance, which can be implemented by the residents themselves or a smaller private businesses. Since problems are various and the area is big, the design will show mostly exemplary measures, rather than in-detail plans of every measure. The proposal is supposed to grow and further developed from the inhabitants themselves, since they know the best, where the specific problems are. Especially for the small scale will be more important how the process of implementation takes place. Furthermore, financing of the small scale and tits integration in the greater planing of the area are crucial parts to make the outcome successful.

On a medium scale the architectural proposal shows more direct measures to implement. New buildings are proposed to be placed in a complementary way to the whole area. The medium scale concentrates mostly on easy to restore Danwei buildings. Their built structure is very stable to support additional floors or balcony additions. At the same time needs of the urban structure changed over time. The street appearance and street life is now more important and the author claims for filling the gaps in the perimeter with other, non residential functions to achieve a lively and distinctive street front. Furthermore the danwei buildings would automatically create a big public inner courtyard, if they were closed on one side. The street itself could benefit from a more continuous appearance in order to create a closed courtyard of the danwei buildings and at the same time restore a more lively street live.

The large scale interventions are mostly limited to the already demolished area.

A new development should take place and provide both non-residential functions, infrastructure and green spaces. In order to answer typologically to the neighbouring buildings, a high amount of land is proposed to be overbuilt with only few floors. A commercial and retail oriented redevelopment demands exactly these large but low-to-mid-rise spaces.

Nevertheless, in the interest of further functional mixture different typologies have been proposed: (1) Just as on the historical aerial photographs, a small number of detached buildings will again be located in the north-eastern corner of the area. Their low-rise nature and tiny alleys should form a transitional path from the existing area towards the new development.

(2) A continuous perimeter never existed on the specific site. Therefore the perimeter might be interrupted by gaps. Nevertheless, previous street front buildings have been interpreted as a kind of perimeter.

(3) Lane house interpretation in the centre of the area (4) Higher buildings parts on the common low-to-mid-rise basis.

Fig. 98. Typologies affected by small scale interventions. nts.

Source: author

Fig. 99. Typology affected by medium scale interventions. nts.

Source: author.

Fig. 97. Left page: scales of measures. source: author.

98

6.4.1 Small Scale

Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage

Improve street front courtyard roofs Many courtyards have been closed by the owners or tenants of the units. When it comes to street-front buildings these roofs should be improved in order to host (1) stores below and (2) balconies above.

Commercial

Community

Commercial Commercial Commercial

Community Community Community

Un-roof inner courtyards Inner-area courtyards are often roofed to extend the living space of the inhabitants. This design proposal provides lighter roofs which affect the building’s appearance less and still provide a covered courtyard. Best for the site would be to un-roof the courtyards and restore them to green spaces.

Commercial

Community

Improving appearance of ACs Most of the buildings are characterized by numerous air conditioners. Often precious facade details aren’t visible anymore or damaged by the appliances them self. The author suggests to repair, upgrade and cover partially these machines in order to improve the buildings’ appearance.

Community

Combine tubes and cables on façades Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd. Many technical additions and appliances have been added by the resident‘s. Often tubes and cables cover the whole facade and affect their appearance negatively. Both tubes and cables should be combined in shared shafts and canals.

Functional Change

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Improve general facade appearance Anfu Rd. Anfu Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.on the facade. Such Restructuring of plaster and windows, asRd. well as metal parts maintenance work are not being consequently implemented. A centralised unit should be responsible for maintenance in the area.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Regulation of roof additions Roof additions areWuyuan welcome to increase efficiency and comfort. Nevertheless, Rd. Wuyuan Rd. rules are being applied, such as a obligatory setback from the building‘s edge.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Re-opening of closed windows Some windows have been close in to change the floor plan behind. If possible these windows should be reopened in order to restore the building‘s appearance.

Changshu Rd.

Provide plant-tubs Many parts of the area have been greened under self-help process. These activities should be strengthened.

Changshu Rd.

Community

Functional Change

Unseal soil Most of the area has a sealed ground. opening of the first layer in order to plant directly in the ground.

99 Provide benches or building materials Public sitting facilities are rare. Where the place permits, they should be improved by the residents.

Heritage Heritage 6.4.2 Medium scale

Commercial Commercial

Community areas on the roof Especially the mass housing typologies are predestinated to host community spaces on their flat and well accessible roofs. These spaces can be perfectly implemented in self-help approaches

Heritage Heritage

Commercial Commercial

Private rooftop spaces Similarly to rooftop community spaces, rooftops can further be used for private activities. Pigeon-houses as well as parasite buildings can be implemented on the roof and for a little rent subsidize other, investments for the community.

Community Community Community Community

Balconies Additional to the rooftop areas, balconies can form semi-public spaces for the inhabitants. The way of implementation can vary, regarding the wishes of the community Niche spaces The detached buildings leave many gaps which are used as parking for bicycles and motorcycles. These spaces are needed, however in part they could be converted to niche spaces.

Fig. 101.

Mediumscale design principles.

Source: author Fig. 100.

Leftandright page: Small scale design principles.

Source: author

Commercial Commercial

Commercial Commercial

Community

Functional Change

Community

Community 6.4.3 Urban scale Community

Functional Change

100

Functional Change AnfuAnfu Rd. Rd. FunctionalAnfuChange Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd. Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Parking Car parking is problematic in the existing part of the site. Streets widths are thin and parking space canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be further increased. However, the potential commercial part of the area can host functions needed for both parts.

Elevated walkways These walkways are often used to solve problems of traffic. In the case of this thesis their task will be to create connection without disturbing the residential use below and to provide pedestrian connections to the cmmercial hub.

Concentration of both commercial and residential This thesis concentrates on non residential use. However, in order to protect existing residential use, the two functions should be condensed.

Community

Functional Change

Enable ground floor commercial activities The ground floors of the 1960s mass housing units are already partially used as Rd. commercial spaces. While redesigning the area as a whole these spacesAnfu will be strengthened to form pleasant public places as well as to protect the residential areas behind.

Fig. 102.

Urbanscale design principles.

Source: author

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Commercial

Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Metro access, commercial frame Rd. Anfu Rd. The whole site benefits from a direct metro access. TheAnfuexisting stationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exit Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd. should connect passengers directly to the site. At the moment the closest exist, number eight, is situated along Changshu road without and leds directly to the Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. street and pedestrian path. A new building should frame the residential danwei-ar-Wuyuan Rd. ea and at the same tiem create a lively entrance to the area.

The utilisation of the Wuyuan Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. Rd. place will be ensured by enabling commercial and office functions to the place.

Functional Change Functional Change

6.4.4 Large Scale

Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd.

Lane house typology The site, prior to demolishment, had an almost entire perimeter street front buildAnfu Rd. Anfu Rd. ing. The restoring of the street front buildings is rather a new interpretation than Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd. historical accurate. The aim is to create a balanced atmosphere on the street and respond to the neighbouring buildings.

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd. Wulumuqi WulumuqiRd. Rd.

Closing of the street front perimeter As shown in the site analysis, the demolished part of the area had a kind of perimeter building, framing almost the entire area. This principle will be taken and Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. applied to (1) the large development site on the astern part and (2) by closing gaps Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. between the existing structure. However, the perimeter is not the one of a Berlin nature. A â&#x20AC;&#x153;closedâ&#x20AC;? appearance has been achieved i Shanghai by placing single detached buildings next to each other.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd. Wulumuqi WulumuqiRd. Rd.

Heritage

Functional Change Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd. Changshu ChangshuRd. Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd. Changshu ChangshuRd. Rd.

Corner buildings In the 1920s and 1930s, when the district has been developed, corner buildings often had an important public function or representative value. This tradition Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd. should be translated and integrated in the perimeter. Eclecticism is neglected.

Required are citations in terms of volumes and materials.

Green spaces The roof of the new development should be used a green space, be a recreational area and moreover improve the micro-climate of the cite. Apart from green-roofs, in-between green spaces should be protectedWuyuan and further developed.

Wuyuan Rd. Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Community and education There are existing buildings ans spaces on the site, which are already being used as community spaces, kindergartens and educational uses. Some of these areas should get improved and further developed. Moreover, one of these spaces is located between the residential space and the

Changshu Rd.

Stepped building height New buildings necessarily need to be higher to meet increased land values. Nevertheless, this height is being limited in oder to respect the neighbouring buildings. Consequently both the new development area and eventual roof-top additions on residential buildings, follow a stepped height concept.

Changshu Rd.

nity

101

Wulumuqi Rd.

nity nity

Fig. 103. principles.

Source: author

Largescaledesign

102

100% 100%

0% 90%

1

4

3 5

50%

1

2 1

100%

4

80%

70%

80%

80% 100%

5

103

6.5 React to the surroundings The built structure affects especially the borders of the area in different ways.

The spatial quality of the street front and neighbouring spaces has been perceived very diversified as already been describes within the site analysis. Hereinafter the design approaches react on the observed conditions. Many principles applied base on the attempt to face the different spatial characteristics by reacting with opposing spatial interventions to compensate the situations: (1) Walled demolished area: There cannot be another solution, which would not include the removal of the wall. Even though the wall is relatively accurate and clean its negative spacial affects need to be changed. Creating an open street front would, however, not meet the urban typologies of the surrounding streets.

(2) The Corner Changshu road, Wuyuan road offers some limited open space and greened street sides. However, these areas do not contribute to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recreational aims. They are not usable. On the other hand, traffic rumours affect the residential corner. This corner should be closed and overbuilt with non-residential functions to attract street life. The resulting inner courtyard will achieve a cosy and protected atmosphere. Distances are high enough to ensure lighting from the south.

(3) New connections should be established and create a permeability of the neighbourhood. The new path should on the one hand lead more visitors to the new development on the empty site of the area, on the other hand ensure accessibility for the inhabitants. Along this paths there will be located several community spaces in order to reach the inhabitants with different centralised measures.

(4) Existing buildings, providing a mixed use street-front with commercial ground floor uses and upper floor residential uses, provide already a very positive atmosphere along these streets. No bigger physical change is need, but rather smaller interventions to improve the built space.

(6) Existing educational and community spaces should be improved by investing on the respective locations and extend them through the addition and integration of new buildings. The location of educational space is chosen by already given potentials. Some are located within the residential-only core in the eastern part of the area, while the biggest complex should be developed at the border between the large scale redevelopment and the existing residential part

Fig. 104.

Spatial quality Source: author

Left top:

Fig. 105.

Left bottom: Predicted reactions on the atmosphere, within the planning.

Source: author

104

0% 90%

50% 100%

80%

80% 100%

100% 100%

70% 80% 0% 90%

50% 80%

70% 80%

80%

80% 80%

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105

6.6 Reactions to Wholeness With the same principle as the general atmosphere on the street, the wholeness of the new to build needs to negotiate with the immediate surroundings. Where, for example, the opposite site of the street is fully closed, further closure would lead to canal-like streets rather than positive situations. On the other hand, even in this densely overbuilt neighbourhood, there is potential for further densification. The money-maker part should here concentrate on the new development; densification within the built structure has instead the primary aim to better the immediate street life.

(1) A closed facade is important to re-achieve street life and protect inner residential use from negative impacts, such as traffic, pollution and noise.

(2) Creating aesthetically satisfying façades, is not limited to the street front buildings, but should (where necessary) continue within the neighbourhood: - Inner-site connections can equally be closed and improved - No overall-street front line. Buildings can step back and forward (3) Where the street front is completely closed, the reaction within this design, should be to create a more permeable façade.

(4) In the research area, even a “closed” perimeter consists of single detached buildings, placed next to each other. The density is so high, that the tiny alleys are not really perceived as such, but the perimeter block has the appearance of a closed street front element.

(5) Full overbuilding of land is legitimate, where the function is not of a private kind. Due to the public perception of commercial hubs in China, such developments can be considered part of the open space. Therefore a high amount of indoor space would be used in any case. The high degree of usage of indoor spaces within commercial developments can be observed all over Shanghai.

However, where possible green spaces should be implemented. In the new perimeter block along Wulumuqi road, set backs provide both, small scale outdoor spaces and outdoor-roofed spaces for the residents and visitors.

Fig. 106.

Left top: Wholeness before renewal.

Source: author Fig. 107.

Left bottom: Predicted reactions on the atmosphere, within the planning. red=new interventions Source: author

106

107

6.7 Functions When it comes to the question of what to develop on the research area it is useful to interpret the site analysis and invest on the given potentials of the single parts of the area. As illustrated previously, the area has been divided in two main parts: (1) a development core on the empty part of the site and (2) a preservation core on the built-up area. Generally residential use prevails in the existing built up structure, while the demolished area is only wasteland and materials store. Nevertheless, the street front buildings of the existing structure show a high degree of commercial use in their ground-floor units.

For this the existing part of the area the following statements in terms of function are taken: (1) Residential use is precious and should be kept.

(2) Small scale commercial use and other non-residential functions make the neighbourhood to a lively and vivid neighbourhood and should be strengthened within the existing street-front buildings.

(3) Densification is possible. New buildings should aim to close the street front appearance.

Existing part

For the potential part of the area the following thoughts influenced the selection of functions: (1) The new-to-build structure should embody functions which enable a heritage-responsible urban renewal. Since residential buildings would need to be high-rise buildings in order to be financially feasible, residential use drops out.

(2) Commercial use brings high returns by low building heights. However, a one-sided development is neglected.

(3) People-related functions vitalize the area. Office-use, services and educational as well as green spaces are valid complementary functions.

Potential part

Furthermore, the functions should be different enough to keep the area alive during different times of the day. Nevertheless, the whole area is located within a residential district, which needs to be taken in consideration: Needs are the highest during daytime, when residents require educational and recreational areas, services and retail, restaurants and cafĂŠs.

The elaboration of a design proposal will include the prediction of expected uses within the area by imagining potential uses during different times in a day

Fig. 108.

Left top: existing functions. Grey: mostly residential, yellow: mixed use (residential commercial ground floor). orange: community/ education Source: author Fig. 109.

Left bottom: new functions.

Grey: mostly residential, yellow: mixed use (residential commercial ground floor). orange: community/ education Source: author

108

LOT LOT B LOT LOT D

C

A

109

6. 8 Notation symbols and reading of the plans Existing structure without modifications Existing and untouched structures, without any modifications within the proposed renewal process are shown in black or grey. The same applies in a conceptional way to objects, such as trees, cars and people as well.

Demolishment Very few parts of the area are planned to be demolished in order to achieve the conceptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aims. Respective building parts or objects are clearly highlighted in yellow.

New-to-build structure Every new addition or change to the built structure is highlighted in red. Even expected people to come or trees to plan are emphasized in red. Even green spaces are green surfaces with red hatches need to be considered as new.

However, since lot D is a completely new development, the colour distinction doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t apply anymore, since the whole lot is being built on already demolished land.

Building lots Due to the large area of the whole site, reconstruction approaches have been subdivided in different building lots. They mostly coincide with the typological division, however it is important to consider their division to fully understand the plans. Every further plan is given a definition, the letter of the respective building lot and eventually a consecutive numbering: e.g. plan A1, plan A2, section C1, elevation D2, ...

Moreover specific comments on the design are numbered consecutively on the same page as the drawings. e.g. #1, #2 Note: Plans listed on Fig. 119 are not treated as figures and have their own numbering. See the overview in the next chapter.

A-13 A-12

Fig. 110. Notation symbol explanation.

Exemplary drawing.

Source: author Fig. 111. Left: Division of the research area in building lots.

Source: author

110

GSEducationalVersion

111

7 Design The visualisation on the left shows a first, very subjective, interpretation of the authors design aims. The new volumes are shown in colours, while the existing structure is either black or grey. Connections and visual axes are shown with pink cones. The relation between the new development and the existing structure is almost 50/50, which illustrates the huge impact of this development. The core of the eastern part of the site has a focus on large commercial use, while the street front buildings along Wulumuqi Road are designed with much smaller floor areas in order to host smaller and independent commercial units and keep the big chains in the inner part of the development.

In contrast to this large scale reality, the western side of the area is supposed to be protected. The focus is on several detached measures. Most of them (the small scale measures of chapter 6) should take place wherever the inhabitants think they might be useful. Furthermore, these measures are only a proposal of how to approach renewal in the respective parts of the area. On a longer term, the concept is to encourage inhabitants and the neighbourhood committee to develop own principles of renewal and to implement them under their own responsibility.

However, there is the intermediate scale, which is being implemented as in a topdown approach, but in return often hosting community related functions.

Existing area

The general assumption of this design is, that a potential commercial developer takes a great interest in developing a project in an area with an own identity which demarcates itself from the other ordinary, mediocre developments throughout the city. Consequently the developer must be willing to support this identity and use it for their personal interest.

Rather than protecting the area from commercial influences from outside the standing of this design is, to use these market dynamics as a cash cow for the area. On an immediate scale, the developer pays the government for the land-use rights. This money should be ring fenced from the government to invest in the area and to subsidize the inhabitants and their self-help approaches. Furthermore the neighbourhood committee should get power and capital in order to directly invest where money is needed.

Therefore the design concentrates on the following points: (1) Healing of the demolished urban structure (2) Creation of new buildings, citing historical typologies (3) Preservation of historical typologies (4) Integration of mass housing typologies in the overall planning.

(5) Implementation of non-residential functions, complementary to the existing (6) Increasing the permeability of the site.

(7) Improving the accessibility of the whole neighbourhood

Fig. 112. Left: Conceptional Plan. with flow of functions in the area. nts.

Source: author

112 Hereinafter the elaborated design proposal is mostly shown in drawings and visualizations with short descriptions. Moreover, every building lot has a short description of the design intents.

Since the research area has a considerable size of 59.000 m2, the master plan serves mostly as an overview of the single focuses of action. Over-planned areas are marked in red colour. The master plan refers to four building lots. Each building lot refers further to more detailed plans. Where necessary construction details have been provided to give an idea of the design intents.

However, construction details as well as most of the small scale measures serve as exemplary actions. The measures to take are many and are thought to be extended over time within the aimed cooperation government - developer - inhabitants - neighbourhood committee. The following aesthetic principles have been developed. Not all of them are visible in the plans and visualisation, since materiality would go beyond the requirements on such a big scale.

7.1 Aesthetic principles of the new development Most of the following approaches aim for a neighbourhood, which is ready for its future in the city but at the same time consciously inserted in the historical context. Therefore, the following criteria have been established and structure the design approaches: (1) Historical Structure (2) Corner Buildings (3) Careful contemporary inserts (4) Large Scale small spaces.

As analysed prior demolishment typical lane houses have been situated on the area. These lane houses are characteristic for Shanghai and especially the district of the area. Therefore the lane structure has been recovered for this design, However, successful cases such as Xintiandi are not the aim of this design. Rather only partial citations in terms of materiality, volume or structure should be set.

Any ecclesiastic copying of historical ornaments or accurate restoring of the historical typology is neglected. Considered important for achieving identification are instead (a) urban structure, (b) materiality.

Lane houses

Perimeter block

(a) Urban Structure The built structure analysed in part b is and was characterized by (1) lane houses (2) street front building and, on a greater scale, (3) prominent corner buildings.

For this design, and especially the new development the lane houses are a crucial part to implement. Since the new development will be situate on an area where many residents disagreed on the demolishment, the structure of the building should carefully cite and remind on the previous structure.

Perimeter buildings were often only slightly modified lane houses, with differ-

113 ent ground floor functions. Commercial use to the street-front, working places and retail can still be observed in the survived historical lilong structure. In this design the perimeter block should first of all frame the area and restore a lively street-front. After demolition an wall took place and affects the atmosphere on the street front negatively. Nevertheless, bigger structures are needed for a highly likely commercial development. The street fron structure chosen for the design enables both perimeter structure, surrounding the whole site, and, behind the street front a bigger built structure When the district has been developed in the 1920s and 1930s, corner buildings had an important public function and representative value. This tradition is being integrated in various parts of the design, even thought these buildings have not existed earlier on this specific site. The author hopes, that identification with the area and with Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history can be improved by these buildings. The aesthetic for corner buildings should be slightly transistorizing, without becoming ecclesiastic. Window divided by thin metal frames and a rasterized facade with a round corner are the aesthetic to achieve in this case.

While the typical street front perimeter is not continuous as we know it from the Berlin block, detached elements are often very different from their neighbouring buildings. Often inserts have been added later and in different aesthetics. This heterogeneous appearance should be kept even when it comes to a new development. Therefore, more contemporary building arrangements and facade styles should explicitly being placed between critical citations on the past. These buildings might have a different appearance, but should, nevertheless fit in the structure in terms of volume and height. In the present design these inserts appear both as detached parts of the street front and as consciously highlighted parts where the street front in closed. Another building is placed at the border between the potential area and the build structure, aiming to extend the existing educational function in the neighbouring buildings and create a transitional place between the two parts.

The building height is a crucial argument on the site. Most of the present buildings are below 20 meters and the demolished structure was about 7 meters high.

Too tall buildings would damage the spacial quality of the site. Just as in many analysed cases from Berlin a stepped height development with known volumes creates density in the project.

Theoretically stepped height would be flexible enough to grow until it reaches high-rise building height. Unfortunately the site is not big enough to enable buildings, higher than 10 floors, by at the same time, step down to a responsible and neighbourhood related height. In terms of height there are therefore two directions to step towards: a part of the large scale development steps in the underground providing retail space without the need for much daylight. On the upper floors, more food oriented parts will take place, while three tower like-office units are place on the top of the development. Office use should on the one hand add another function to the development, on the other hand increase density and return for the developer. (Return in important to pay for the processes to ensure protection of the historical parts

Corner buildings

Fig. 113. Example for a corner building in the project. Source: author Contemporary inserts

Building height

114

Fig. 114. Detail on a brick of a still existing lane house on the area. source: author

(b) Materiality The design take s advantage of the natural mix of materials on the site and mixes the different materials in its proposal. The most historical material is brick. Bricks have been used all over the area. Some buildings show visible brick faรงades (full and partially). Often bricks are only used to structure the facade or to highlight columns and windows.

Most of the faรงades are plastered with a clear white or beige plastered layer. Often the structure of the plaster differs between smooth and rough. The author has chosen to choose the part of the demolished lane houses as an location of reconstruction. Volume and materiality are take from the predecessors, while decoration and form as well as courtyard will not take place in the design.

ee

use use

intensity intensity ofuse use intensity of use of

Existing structure after renewal (ground coverage)

Existing Existing structure structure after after renewal renewal (ground (ground coverage) coverage)

N Ground coverage *N-x (number of floors - 10-15%)

public publicgreen green public green 1.000m2 m2 1.000 m21.000

office office&&co-woring co-woring office & co-woring minimal minimal minimal

education &&community education education & community community 2.000m2 m2 2.000 m22.000

mixed mixed use22 mixed use 2 use 7.500m2 m2 7.500 m27.500

residential residential residential 64.500 64.500m2 m2 64.500 m2

mixed mixed use11 mixed use 1 use 19.000 19.000m2 m2 19.000 m2

small scale small scalecommercial commercial small scale commercial 1.500m2 m2 1.500 m21.500

Demolished Demolished area area after after renewal renewal (gound (gound coverage) coverage)

retail retail retail 9.500m2 m2 9.500 m29.500

Ground coverage *NN-x (number of floors - 10-15%)

public publicgreen green public green 8.000m2 m2 8.000 m28.000

office office&&co-woring co-woring office & co-woring 8.500 m28.500 8.500m2 m2

education &&community education education & community community 6.000m2 m2 6.000 m26.000

mixed mixed use22 mixed use 2 use 7.500m2 m2 7.500 m27.500

residential residential residential

mixed mixed use11 mixed use 1 use

small scale small scalecommercial commercial small scale commercial 1.500 m21.500 1.500m2 m2

retail retail retail 30.500 30.500 m2 30.500m2 m2

intensity intensity intensity of use of ofuse use

public publicgreen green public green 8.000 m28.000 8.000m2 m2

office office & co-woring office&&co-woring co-woring 2.500m2 m2 2.500 m22.500

education &&community education community education & community 1.500m2 m2 1.500 m21.500

mixed mixed use mixed 2 use use22 2.500m2 m2 2.500 m22.500

residential residential residential

mixed mixed use11 mixed use 1 use

small scale small scalecommercial commercial small scale commercial 1.500m2 m2 1.500 m21.500

retail retail retail 9.500m2 m2 9.500 m29.500

Demolished area after renewal (gound coverage)

intensity intensity ofuse use intensity of use of

public publicgreen green public green 1.000 m21.000 1.000m2 m2

office office & co-woring office&&co-woring co-woring minimal minimal minimal

education &&community education community education & community 1.000 m21.000 1.000m2 m2

mixed mixed use mixed 2 use use22 2.500m2 m2 2.500 m22.500

residential residential residential 21.400 21.400m2 m2 21.400 m2

mixed mixed use11 mixed use 1 use 5.500 m25.500 5.500m2 m2

small scale small scale small commercial scalecommercial commercial 1.500m2 m2 1.500 m21.500

retail retail retail 9.500m2 m2 9.500 m29.500

intensity intensity ofuse use intensity of use of

115

7.2 Land use after renewal

The area embodies a large surface of land, which is almost by its half demolished and not in use. The other 50 percent of the area are still a lively residential neighbourhood and mainly under residential use.

After renewal, the potentials of the empty part should be converted in a commercial use, while the existing residential part should be protected but made ready for its future within the city. Therefore the following basic points shall be mentioned: (1) Residential use is kept but not extended (2) Commercial use has two scales: a) large scale and b) smaller scales (3) Mixed use has two mixtures: a) residential focused mixed use and b) service focused mixed use (4) Green space is rare on the area. Therefore, corner spaces and rooftops shall be used as green and recreational spaces for the neighbourhood.

New buildings include mixed use (2) by combining services, retail and gastronomical offers. On the other hand, mixed use (1) of existing buildings shall be limited to the street front buildings and include various commercial offers in the ground floor and keep or

restore residential use in the upper floors.

Fig. 115. Left: Land use map. source: author

Fig. 116. Diagrammatic land use distribution in relation to the map. source: author.

Ground Ground coverage coverage **NN-x -x (number (number of of floors floors -- 10-15%) 10-15%)

Ground Ground coverage coverage **NN-x -x (number (number of of floors floors -- 10-15%) 10-15%)

afternoon activities

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evening activities

117

7.2.1 Predicted activities around the clock During an0% average day on the site after renewal, 100% 0% different focuses of action are predicted. Actions and uses highly depend on the specific time. While shopping 90% 80% 90% activities might be few in the morning, people go to class and have breakfast or use the open space close to their buildings. In contrast z midday local people will either be at work or in their homes preparing lunch. At this time of the day, gastronomical facilities might be used increasingly by outsiders and the shopping 80% activities 80% 70% 70% 70% slowly arise. The afternoon can be seen as the commercial or retail peak in the area. People have time to go shopping and the first inhabitants already 80% 80% arrive home from work. At this time of the day most of the possible actions are 0% increasingly 100%being used. 0% 100% 0% do the daytime activities, during the evening people will increasingly 90% In contrast 80% 90% 80% 90%and limited recreational areas. Therefore, the heart of use gastronomical facilities the area will be more quite, while people gather along the street front buildings.

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Fig. 117. Left: Activities around the clock. source: author Fig. 118. Left: Location of activities around the clock. source: author

118

7.3 Masterplan

Master plan

• •

Master plan Functions

LOT A

• • • • • • • • • •

Plan A1 Plan A2 Elevation A1 Section A1 Elevation A2 Section A2 Section A3 Section A4 Section A5 Section A6

LOT B • • • • •

Elevation B1 Elevation B2 Section B1 Detail DD2 DD4

LOT C

• • • •

Elevation C1 Detail DD1 Detail DD3 Detail DD5

LOT D

Fig. 119. Table of drawings „design part“ source: author

• • • • • • • • •

Plan D1 Plan D2 Plan D3 Plan D4 Plan D5 Elevation D1 Section D1 Elevation D2 Section D2

G

MASTERPLAN LOT C Anfu Road

Plan • D1 Plan D1 Plan • D2 Plan D2 Plan • D3 Plan D3 Plan • D4 Plan D4 Plan • D5 Plan D5

Changshu Roa

d

Wulumuqi Road

• • • • •

A-18

Wuyuan Road

LOT D GSEducationalVersion

LOT B

LOT A

120

residential

green

community

commercial mix mixed use 2

community

mixed use 1 education

retail

food courtyard

parking

N

office

mixed use

121

Functions One third of the area is dedicated to a new development. The rest of the area shall be conserved as residential area. However, one waling path through the area is kept and ground floor services area highly wished there. Short description about the single functions: (1) On the street-front and towards the existing area, smaller commercial units should react to the lower buildings. In the centre of the new development and towards existing high-rise buildings, volumes can become bigger. A side-effect of such two different scales of retail space is, that big international chains move to the inner side, while at the borders of the area, the gross floor area is not enough for such stores. Automatically a different kind of supply is achieved.

Retail

(2) Food-courts and other gastronomical facilities should concentrate on the most prominent spaces of the area. Corner-buildings and smaller street front units will attract most people and create a sort of lively entrance to the area.

Food

(3) Concentrated on the tower additions on the rooftop. The taller building parts are based on a lower basis. Office use does not require immediate street access and neither big outdoor spaces. Nevertheless, the single towers are based on a shared rooftop for the whole neighbourhood.

Office

(4) Roof-top greening as well as green spaces next to the lane houses are a central part of the development. Land is so precious, that further loss of overbuildible ground floor area would mean a loss of cross-financible money for the residential area as well.

Green space

(4) The first category of mixed use buildings describes existing residential buildings with other, commercial, ground floor functions. This version of a mixed use development should be strengthened and further developed on the borders of the area.

Mixed use 1

(5) The second mixed use category of is applied on new buildings, which should embody different commercial and service oriented functions but no further residential spaces.

Mixed use 2

(6) Extension of existing use close to the large scale development.

Education

(7) Roof-top spaces, as well as in the new detached buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; core.

Community

(7) Ground floor facilities next to Wulumuqi Road in order to avoid traffic in side streets.

Parking

122

courtyard An open path leads from the street down until the level -3. The whole alley is public, provides direct shop and street access and urban furniture.

street-front

office

The very street-front have a mixed commercial use with a focus on services and food. Retail is possible but should not be of a large scale nature. In order to achieve a fragmented street front, the respective floor areas are held small, mostly below 200 m2.

On-the-top placed buildings host office functions. They are detached from the commercial core and provide green space as recreational area.

retail

SMALL

The core of the development is characterised by retail. Towards the eastern facade, were the existing area is, shops should again get smaller in site and host smaller commercial units.

ES

CA

COMMERCIAL

MIXED

EXISTING

SCALE

TIGHT

ALLEY

WALK TRHOUGH

LA T OR

COMMERCIAL

FOOD FOOD

MALL

LARGE

SCALE

123

Transition of Functions

residential The existing area is kept residential only. Exceptions are the street front ground-floors and one path through the area and ending with an escalator leading to a community centre and later to the commercial part.

street-front Within the residential core, there is a serious potential for densi-

COMMERCIAL

EXISTING

RESIDENTIAL

PEDESTRIAN

BRIDGE

THROUGH RESIDENTIAL SPACE

ETFR STRE

OR

NEIGHBORHOODS

ESCALAT

EXISTING

fication. The street front will be closed be single buildings creating, together with the existing buildings, a closed perimeter and a lively street front.

SPACE

ONT

METRO STATION not to scale

124

commercial residential mixed 2 mixed 1

125

Fig. 120.

Left: Residential vs. mixed and commercial use.

Source: author Fig. 121.

Maintenance (blue) vs. construction (red) Source: author

126

7.4 Lot A As referred in the site analysis, buildings from the 1960s represent early mass housing approaches as a public housing policy. This does not mean, that inhabitants belong to a lower income class. After all these buildings represent the same rise of real estate prices as other typologies. Real estate advertisement shows a very dynamic market for these typologies, even though it is considered mass-housing.

Functional ChangeThe most important aim for lot A, was to improve the connection of the area to Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Fig. 123.

Nostreetfrontline but alternating building positions. Secion-elevation from Changshu Road. n.t.s Source: author

Fig. 122.

Aimedchange along Changshu Road.

Residential (green) vs. nonresidential areas. Source: author“ design principles

Fig. 124.

Streetfront building with metro exit. nts. Source: author

both the surrounding streets (Changshu Rd., Wuyuan Rd. and the new development on the western part of the neighbourhood. Due to the prevalent residential nature of this lot it was further necessary to protect the residential use of the inner “block” and reduce negative impact from the city. Therefore, where possible, the borders of the area are planned to be framed with new buildings. These buildings should be high enough to form a street-front appearance, but not higher as the existing buildings in order to not limit lighting to reach the courtyards. According to the self-set general functions of the redevelopment, this new perimeter is supposed to host mainly non-residential functions, such as retail and office spaces as well as gastronomy and food.

The materiality of the existing buildings is mainly of a economic reinforced concrete structure, while the façade is characterized by many self help interventions, such as shading elements, air-conditioners and metal frames to extend the window space and increase the perception of security.

STRU

Lan

The new buildings should not connect themselves in terms of materiality to these mass housing typologies but, as they are located at the street front, to the facing buildings on the other side of the street. These buildings are characterized by modern façades and partially ribbon windows with metal frames. The proposed buildings have clear volumes with open ground floor plans. Windows will be rastered along the façades and partitioned in smaller parts by metal frames.

No clear street front border, the volumes provide different setbacks. A vivid street front is aimed to enclose the residential use. At their back, the new buildings will have only few windows and the façades can be used by the respective residents.Extending existing educ Balconies are planned at the back side of the new THESIS street |front buildings.

The | BENEDIKT WIESER MASTER LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) building frames the inner-courtyard and provides open space to the residents, directly accessible from their floors. Moreover it would be possible to provide elevators between the single levels in order to ensure access for elderly as well as handicapped people.

The metro station of Changshu Road is directly below the street and exit eight is already located, where the new corner buildings is supposed to be placed. Therefore the exit should be included in the new buildings, making the space an entrance for those who arrive by metro. Furthermore, the existing aarrangement of buildings on a prominent road and close to a metro station ensures a natural flow

127 of people and makes a commercial development reasonable. In order to enable pedestrians to walk through, few walls need to be demolished. A side effect of this demolishment will create an increased inner street width and consequently more sunlight for the inhabitants. The author is aware of the fact, that some residents would oppose the plan of opening the street to outsiders as their private space would be penetrated. However, the chosen corridor to open for public is already more open than others, and some young companies and start-ups could be observed during field trips. Along the corridor, commercial use should be allowed in the ground floor, while clearly dedicating upper floors to continue to serve as residential space. The concept is to strengthen commercial use, where it already exists and to prevent new spread in the inner-area.

Nevertheless, the corridor should not be established at the expense to demolish historical buildings. Therefore a stair and escalator connection has been placed at the end of the planned walking path, in order to over-walk these buildings. A second use for this connection is, that there is an existing cultural hub, where the escalator will end on the roof, can be accessed by more residents than previously.

The respective roof will be extended and used for community purposes. Both a rooftop addition and greening would be possible on the roof. This design proposes a small additional story plus outdoor space.

Fig. 125.

Escalatorsensure mobility without any necessary demolitions.

Source: author

Fig. 126.

Commercial corridor through residential area. New parts = red, demolished parts = yellow. nts. Source: author

Fig. 127.

Overall view of lot A Source: author

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Fig. 128.

Corner situation Wuyuan road, Changshu road Source: author

Section A6

Plan A2

Section A1 Elevation A1

LOT A

Section A2

Plan A1

Section A3

A-13 A-12

Elevation A2 Section A5 GSEducationalVersion

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Fig. 129.

Strategic location of a community centre between residential buildings. Source: author

Fig. 130.

Small scale commercial walkthrough (source: author)

131

Fig. 132.

Greened rooftop with escalator and community rooftop in the background. Source: author

Fig. 131.

Escalator accessed walk.through with community rooftop in the background. Source: author

Core interventions 1. Metro exit should be integrated in a building and offer a prominent entrance to the site.

4. Compensation of parking lots, by demolishing a useless wall.

2. At the intersection an urban forecourt should be place. Bike sharing or benches should be places in order to increase the spatial qualities.

5. Extension of two restaurants.

6. A connection between several building on a balcony-level would be possible in order to ensure barrier-free access.

3. Removal of parking lots and extension of the existing green space. Placing of balconies above.

#4

#6

#5

A-13 A-12

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Plan A1 The closing of the corner at Wuyuan Road / Changshu road is necessary in order to protect the residential space from the loud road and to restore the street front, which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a clear focus at the moment. The ground floor embodies the metro exit 8 as well as small services such as food and 24-hour markets. Upper floors are unplanned and should embody functions the market requires.

Office use would be make sense due to the prominent location.

#1

#3

#2

N scale 1:300

Core interventions 1. New community centre with quite, green space behind.

4. Roof-top greening and community place for the whole neighbourhood

2. Demolishment of thre community spaces in bad conditions.

5. Renewal of trash-collectors and compensation with new parking lots and green space

3. Placing of escalators to enable walkthrough.

#4

#2 #3

#5

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Plan A2 A newly created walking path will lead through the residential area and towards the new development.

As mentioned in the site analysis many ground floor spaces already changed to commercial uses (small scal). This very small neighbourhood related business should get strengthened by extending the courtyards and allowing ground floor commercial use. Furthermore three community buildings in very bad conditions should get demolished in order to increase open space. Compensation should get build along Changshu Road and frame the area.

#1

N scale 1:300

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Elevation A1 After renewal, the closed street front is supposed to improve the spatial quality of both the street and the residents behind. The inner parts will become more quiet and private. The building has been put in a U-shape in order to increase natural lighting behind. Since the buildings have windows to the south, the renewal seems to be legally realisable even under severe Chinese building codes.

The corner building should be on pillars with a semi-open ground floor in order to attract more people to the ground floor units due to its public nature. The volumes should aesthetically react to the facing neighbouring buildings from the 1930s.

Clear volumes connected to each other, thin balconies and steel window accentuate the development as an entrance to the site, for who arrives by metro.

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Section A1

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Elevation A2 Filling the gaps along Wuyuan Road. The corner building on the eastern side with direct metro access and two restaurant buildings are extended and connected to the existing residential buildings on Wuyuan road.

The fill-ins are not supposed to be higher in density but should rather complement the perimeter block and fill it with public functions.

Consequently the street will become more frequented but at the same time the inner-block areas would be more protected from outside influences.

Furthermore these buildings are connected to the residential units through balconies on their back side. These balconies provide outside space and barrier free access through elevators.

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Section A2 This section shows small scale commercial extensions in the ground floor area of a danwei building and its integration within a walk through connection. The commercial extensions were already used as informal commercial spaces during the field trips.

The ground should get unsealed wherever possible in order to plant vegetation directly in the ground.

Benches should be provided and an escalator access is being placed to enable a wally-thorugh the area.

Especially the mass housing typologies are able to host community spaces on their flat and well accessible roofs. These spaces can be perfectly implemented within self-help approaches.

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Section A3 The whole site benefits from a direct metro access.

The existing stationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exit should connect passengers directly to the site. At the moment the closest exit, number eight, is situated along Changshu road and leads directly to the street and pedestrian path. A new building should frame the residential danwei-area and at the same time create a lively entrance to the area. The utilisation of the place will be ensured by enabling commercial and office functions to the place.

In the 1920s and 1930s, when the district has been developed, corner buildings often had an important public function or representative value. This tradition should be translated and integrated in the perimeter. The building is slightly higher than the neighbouring ones in order to emphasize the location.

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Section A4 Additional to the rooftop areas, balconies can form semi-public spaces for the inhabitants. The way of implementation can vary, regarding the wishes of the community. The implementation goes hand-inhand with the construction of the new corner buildings. Since the back wall can be used, both resources and construction time can be saved.

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Section A5 Mass housing typologies are able to host community spaces on their in-between spaces and well as on their accessible roofs. Similarly to rooftop community spaces, rooftops can further be used for private activities. Pigeon-houses as well as parasite buildings can be implemented on the roof and for a little rent subsidize other, investments for the community.

Niche spaces in the ground floor areas can be used for high quality spaces. Some old deteriorated community buildings should be removed a be slightly extended. These buildings are being placed where there is further need for renewal, for example new trash collectors and parking lots.

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151

Section A6 Walkways are often used to solve problems of traffic. In the case of this thesis their task will be to create connection without disturbing the residential use below and to provide pedestrian connections to the commercial hub. Same could be achieved by demolishment of single buildings, but bridges are further a good instrument to connect spaces on the third dimension an demolishment and thus relocation can be avoided.

Ground floor commercial activities are already present in the 1960s mass housing units. While redesigning the area as a whole these spaces will be strengthened to form pleasant public places as well as to protect the residential areas behind.

Moreover these spaces are irrelevant for big retail chains and strengthen thus smaller, owner-led economies.

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7.5 Lot B

Fig. 133.

Typological overview of the detached courtyard houses.

Source: author

Unlike as the former lane houses, detached typologies have not been demolished due to the redevelopment plans. As shown in the satellite photographs, this part of the neighbourhood did not undergo any changes through history. The buildings from the pictures from 1948 are still on the site. Since this part of the site is very homogeneous, the author does not see the necessity to propose bigger changes to the built structure.

According to the site analysis the street front ground floors will be changed to commercial spaces, following to the immediate development in the whole district. In contrast, inner parts of the area are supposed to remain residential only.

These buildings show a good built structure, however the problems determined in the analysis should be solved as soon as possible in order to prevent a loss of architectural heritage. While a roofing of street-front courtyards is acceptable, inner courtyards should remain or become open and thus contribute to the general appearance and the micro-climate of the site. Furthermore, upcoming roof additions have to stand back from the façades, in order to not increase shading of the street and not affect the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appearance negatively. These buildings appear to be those with the highest architectural value and are very rare in Shanghai.

Nevertheless they could not be found on any of the available heritage lists.

Many of the small and medium scale design principles apply to the typology and should be implemented step by step: both in self-help as in non self-help approaches. In this context it is important to follow the implementation concept, where the investor, as well as inhabitants and the neighbourhood committee divide the work amongst themselves and improve the spatial conditions of their environment.

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24 x 22 x 21

LOT B

see lot D

see lot C

Section B1

Detail DD3 Detail DD4 Elevation B1

A-13 A-12

Elevation B2

see lot A N scale 1:500

154

Fig. 134.

Courtyard roofing and balcony-openings Source: author

155

Fig. 135.

Un-roofing of inner courtyards and rooftop additions Source: author

Un-roof inner courtyards Inner-area courtyards are often roofed to extend the living space of the inhabitants.

This design proposal provides lighter roofs which affect the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appearance less and still provide a covered courtyard. Best for the site would be to un-roof the courtyards and restore them to green spaces.

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Regulation of roof additions Roof additions are welcome to increase efficiency and comfort. Nevertheless, rules are being applied, such as a obligatory setback from the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s edge.

157

Re-opening of closed windows Some windows have been close in to change the floor plan behind. If possible these windows should be reopened in order to restore the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s appearance.

Elevation B1

scale 1:200

Un-roof inner courtyards Inner-area courtyards are often roofed to extend the living space of the inhabitants. This design proposal provides lighter roofs which affect the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appearance less and still provide a covered courtyard. Best for the site would be to un-roof the courtyards and restore them to green spaces.

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Improve general facade appearance Restructuring of plaster and windows, as well as metal parts on the facade. Such maintenance work are not being consequently implemented. A centralised unit should be responsible for maintenance in the area.

159

Elevation B2 Improve street front courtyard roofs Many courtyards have been closed by the owners or tenants of the units. When it comes to street-front buildings these roofs should be improved in order to host (1) stores below and (2) balconies above.

scale 1:200

Many technical additions and appliances have been added by the resident‘s. Often tubes and cables cover the whole facade and affect their appearance negatively. Both tubes and cables should be combined in shared shafts and canals.

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Improving appearance of ACs Most of the buildings are characterized by numerous air conditioners. Often precious facade details aren’t visible anymore or damaged by the appliances them self. The author suggests to repair, upgrade and cover partially these machines in order to improve the buildings’ appearance

161

Section B1

see lot A

scale 1:200

DETAIL DD2

desu srenoitidnocria stnemele gnidahs sa

srenoitidnocria fo gnirevoc

combined element, window board - oover

covering of airconditioners

162

163

DETAIL DD4

existing window

glass or sythethc transparent cover

new window

removing of solid courtyard roofs

light in courtyards enables vegetation

steel shape glass or sythethc transparent cover

scale 1:20

164

combining of different tubes in common shaft

removing of single tubes

scale 1:50

165

DETAIL DD3 DETAIL DD2 Most of the buildings have many air conditioners on their façades. Two problems can get solved in different ways: (1) Air conditioners should get covered in order to affect the buildings’ appearance less and have a longer life. Existing machines can get upgraded and covered.

(2) Usage of uniform window boards (3) Use as a shading element and removal of the shading elements.

DETAIL DD3 Many technical additions and appliances have been added by the resident‘s. Often tubes and cables cover the whole facade and affect their appearance negatively. Both tubes and cables should be combined in shared shafts and canals. only one outside shaft along the facade

12

removing of single tubes combining of different tubes in common shaft 60 12

3 12

These shafts are not expensive and can be added without any further work. At that point the tubes don’t need to disappear from one day to another.

Step-by-step the cables and tubes can be transferred in the new canals and shafts.

3

only one outside shaft along the facade

scale 1:20

166

7.6 Lot C

Fig. 136.

Regulation of rooftop additions. Source: author

Fig. 137.

Rooftop addittions to remain allowed, but limited at the same height is order to achieve consistency among the building. Source: author

Since most of the former lane houses have been demolished, the protection of the remained houses is very important for the preservation of the general character of the site.

The remained lane houses are not shikumen lilong buildings, as the demolished ones. The units neither have balconies nor courtyards and are higher than their older predecessors. The quality of the street space is high and gardening approaches, described in the site analysis, characterize the environment and should be an integral part of the self-help approaches.

Part of the overall planning is the elevated connection path, including a community centre od a nearby rooftop. An escalator on lot C connects the ground to the elevated path and consequently until Changshu road. Lot C is the last historical germ, before the new development of lot D. The key factors of the planning on lot C are (1) to regulate rooftop additions, (2) enable the connection from the metro station to the new development and (3) improve the green space to avoid balcony self-implementation on the lane houses.

Rooftop additions

(1) Rooftop additions are very common in the whole area. Especially the apartments in the last floors tend to extent their living space by extending the tower-like roof top parts. These additions affect the appearance of the buildings, however for many residents they represent the only way to have a higher floor area.

The design proposal suggests to allow eventual additions, by limiting their height in order to have a consistent appearance through the whole building (see Detail DD1). Eventual balcony additions should be avoided, compensation (see point 2 and 3) is offered.

Elevated path

(2) As shown previously a connection from the metro station through the whole area is part of the concept to lead people inside the area. This connection has to pass by one of the remaining lane houses. The gap, where the walkway could pass through is very tight but only over a short length. Acceptance of the residents can be achieved by allowing them to use the rooftops of the new to build mixed use buildings on the other side. Since many self-gardening approaches haven been observed, residents might welcome the removal of the existing wall and the provision with rooftop green space at the expense of some outsiders walking through the neighbourhood. Furthermore, the walking path improves not only mobility in favour of the new commercial development but as well for existing residents.

The spaces thought to deliver green space are on the western side of the area.

Residents might know the volumes of the buildings there, since they have only been demolished 15 years ago. These buildings are part of the new development and will be explained in detail within lot D.

Greening

Important for lot C is the implementation of recreation areas and green spaces.

Residents show a high degree of self-organisation regarding green spaces and

LOT C

Elevation C1

Detail DD1

24 x 22 x 21

24 x 22 x 21

Detail DD5

see lot C

see lot A

N scale 1:500 GSEducationalVersion

Wulu Wul

Wulu Wul

168

Fig. 138.

Provision of plant tubs and unsealing of soils. Source: authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s design principles

Changshu Changshu Rd.Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd.Rd.

should therefore be provided with further space to implement self-greening. At the places, where the wall divides the demolsihed from teh built up area, a new green speace should get implemented an the rooftop spaces of the detached buildings in lo D should be accessible from outside, in order to provide 24-hour access and support extensively greened roof.

Furthermore as an immediate reaction the plant tubs should be distributed and, wherever possible the soil should get unsealed to provide recreational areas and planting space. These unsealed areas are located between lot C and D. New to build detached buildings are therefore arranged in order to forms a courtyard, behind the corner building on Anfu Road.

Another green space goes along the walking paths towards the commercial development, leads the flow of pedestrians and provides increased privacy for the eople living there. The green spaces affect positively both the lane house and the new detached buildings.

The area is supposed to act as a buffer between the residential and commercial part. Therefore the detached buildings (see lot D) will focus on a mixed development, providing space for co-working spaces, gastronomy and collective gardening.

Fig. 139.

Overview lot C. Rooftop additions and walk-through.

Source: author

Lane-typology Lane-typology

169

Detached typology Detached typology

©B. Wieser ©B. Wieser

Extending existing educational use Extending existing educational use

MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BENEDIKT WIESER MASTER THESIS | LATEST DRAFT (DESIGN) | BENEDIKT WIESER

Fig. 141.

Community rooftop addition connected to lot C via walk-through.

Source: author

Perimeter Perimeter

TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN TONGJI UNIVERSITY SHANGHAI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN

Fig. 140.

Greening roofs and extending roofs.

Source: author

Improve general facade appearance Restructuring of the plastered faรงade and maintenance of windows, as well as the metal parts on the faรงade.

Such maintenance work are not being consequently implemented. A centralised unit should be responsible for maintenance in the area.

Detail C1

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171

Elevation C1 Regulation of roof additions Roof additions are welcome to increase efficiency and comfort. Nevertheless, rules are being applied, such as a obligatory setback from the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s edge.

see lot A

scale 1:200

DETAIL DD1 Roof top additions on lane houses are often added to existing gable roofs. Often these additions do not respect the built structure at all. Therefore new approaches are needed. Residents should get professional help of people who can show them how to extend their spaced without hurting the existing structure.

Materials should be provided and and a “corporate design” for every typology needs to be followed.

The present detail uses very few material and aims to be cheap. However isolation is often a crucial and difficult point for inhabitants. This part should be outsourced to respective companies.

sealing sheet eavestrough leading to main drainage glass or Synthetic covering

2.20

5

steel profile removing unnecessary tiles

172

173

DETAIL DD5 This detail belongs technically to lot D. However it proposes the easy realisation of rooftop gardens on the new detached buildings. These buildings are located next to lot C and their roofs should be open for the inhabitants of lot C. The inhabitants show a high degree of self-organisation and have already greened some roads within the area.

Consequently these roof spaces should be provided with extensive green space. Moreover the roof-top should be framed by higher plant areas to improve gardening for elderly.

raised bed ďŹ&#x201A;ashing

12

steel shape

3% slope insulation sealing sheet

30

15-20

45

3% slope insulation

scale 1:20

174

7.7 Lot D The market in Shanghai is very dynamic and has high land values. A commercial development can meet the self-set requirements of a low-rise development. The development interprets the previous structure, so lane houses, perimeter street front and detached buildings in its own way and develops in great part in the underground. The idea to include three floors below the ground level, was to ensure, the development would have enough density by keeping a relatively low building height in order to not fall out of scale.

Plan D1

Plan D2 Plan D3 Plan D4

Fig. 142.

Overview lot D from west.

Above Wulumuqi rd.

Source: author

Plan D1 puts an emphasis on the rooftop green spaces and shows where the tower-like building parts are located on the roof. Furthermore, a brief explanation on each part of lot D is provided.

Plan D2 zooms on the entrance of the courtyard-like staircase which steps down until a big round courtyard on level -3 Plan D3 zooms in the courtyard on level -3 Plan D4 concentrates on the detached buildings on the eastern end of lot D. Mostly gastronomical services and co-working spaces are supposed to frame semi-public garden spaces for the residents of the remaining lane houses.

Plan D5 finally shows the location of one education hub and it relation to the commercial development on the A few images are shown below. More explanation can be found directly on the plans.

LOT D Detail DD5

Section D2

Elevation D2

see top view Plan D1

see lot B

1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 10 6 9 7 14 x 245 x 18

8

8

1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 10 6 9 7 14 x 245 x 18

Plan D4

Plan D5

Plan D2

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Plan D3

-10.00 -5.00

±0.00

±0.00 ±0.00

Elevation D1 -15.00 -10.00

-5.00

±0.00

8

14 1 13 2 12 3 11 4 10 5 9 6 7 14 x 245 x 18

8

8

8

14 1 13 2 12 3 11 4 10 5 9 6 7 14 x 245 x 18

14 1 13 2 12 3 11 4 10 5 9 6 7 14 x 245 x 18

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14 1 13 2 12 3 11 4 10 5 9 6 7 14 x 245 x 18

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±0.00

33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

33 x 345 x 15

±0.00

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Section D1

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176

Fig. 143.

View from the roof-top on Anfu rd, Wulumuqi rd.

Source: author Fig. 144.

Overview from south-west.

Source author Fig. 145.

Right above: overview from south entrance.

Source author Fig. 146.

Right below: 3D section through courtyard. Source: author

177

178

Fig. 147.

Open niche-space in Wulumuqi rd.

Source: author Fig. 148.

Inner-staircase-courtyard.

Viewpoint from a bridge and towards two connections to the street.

Source author Fig. 149.

Right top: Wulumuqi rd., viewpoint from a Wuyuan rd.

Source author Fig. 150.

Right bottom: Overview north-entrance above Anfu rd.

Source: author

179

180

Fig. 151.

Office tower on top of a large scale basis. Roof-top landscape of interpreted lane houses in the background. Source author Fig. 152.

View over courtyard and open staircase towards Wuyuan rd. Source: author Fig. 153.

Right above: bird view on underground courtyard, roof-top landscape and three office towers on top.

Source author Fig. 154.

Right bottom: Underground courtyard. Source author

181

182

#2

8

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14 x 24 5 x 18 7 56 34 19 12 1110 11432 8

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Plan D1 The top shows the single parts of the large scale development.

The aim was to dissolve a bigger building in many smaller parts but still keep a consecutive large development.

1. Almost all roofs of the large buildings have green roof tops and are connected to each other by one straight walking path.

2. Greened roof -tops and in-between spaces of the detached buildings are planned to be given to the people from the lane houses and allow them to extend their gardening activities. A niche space to Anfu Road should enable the connection with the outside and form a green window to the street.

3. Stepped terraces shall increase connection to courtyard below and the higher floors.

4. The highest park serves as an outside area for the gastronomical services of the department store below and as recreational area for the office employees in the three towers.

N

#1 scale 1:600

#4 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

17

33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18

33 x 345 x 15

184

#2

#1

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Plan D2 The corner of Wulumuqi Road and Wuyuan Road is one â&#x20AC;&#x153;faceâ&#x20AC;? of the of the large development and needs to be understood as an entrance to the commercial part.

1. Limited store size at the entrance in order to attract smaller businesses or chains.

2. Gastronomical Services at the intersection.

Food and drinks always attract people and have a much more lively appearance than an a random retail unit. This should be used to welcome inhabitants and visitors.

3. Parking as a necessary facility has been allocated in Wuyuan Road, not fare from the intersection of the bigger Wulumuqi Road. However the location is not optimal close to the entrance to the big courtyard, the priority was to avoid further traffic inside the area and to keep individual mobility close to Wulumuqi road.

4. The courtyard steppes down until the level -3 and has single interconnections with Wulumuqi Road, either by stairs, escalators or bridge crossing above at a ground-floor level.

N

Q2

scale 1:200

#2

#1

#4 33 x 345 x 15

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186

187

Plan D3 The square at the end of the large courtyard is supposed to represent a sort of centre for the large scale development and unite connection to the street, facilities and gathering in one place.

1. Round courtyard should have some trees and mostly be used from gastronomical services insight. Furthermore the courtyard is provides insight with natural light and acts as a patio for the whole development.

#3

2. The staircase of one office tower arrives until the very end to the courtyard. The combination of entrance for work, commercial and food should attract different kinds of people to enjoy the area.

3. Facilities and technical appliances can get hidden behind the open staircase.

4. Another outside staircase connects the courtyard to the 3 levels above street level.

5. Exit from the parking levels directly to the courtyard.

4

N

#5

scale 1:200

14 13 12 11 10 9

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14 x 245 x 18

n

188

#3

#1

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Plan D4 The newly created walk-though from Anfu Road to Wuyuan Road represents an iportant entrance to the area too. The respective buildings have the following functions to embody: 1. Gastronomical use in order to use the square like outside space the best. Moreover the green space at the back can be used as â&#x20AC;&#x153;gardenâ&#x20AC;?.

2. Smaller office and co-working area. These detached buildings are only one to two storeys high and thought to attract innovative and young people to the area.

3. Entrance to the larger commercial development.

4. Garden of lot C. The use of this space shall be shared within all the affected people on the corner.

N

#4

scale 1:500

#1

14 13 12 11 10 9

14 x 245 x 18 8

#2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

#3

Plan D5 Exiting educational use along Wuyuan Road shall be extended and a new building should extend it to the north. A long and thin building of 4 floors as been chosen for this purpose. It consists of two wings. One a staircase and the other embodies class rooms and offices. In the groundfloor a gate to the inner courtyard is overbuilt. During the breaks, both the open space in the courtyard and towards the commercial development can be used.

The small square towards the commercial development is supposed to become an encounter of both visitors, inhabitants and students.

1. Forecourt.

2. Staircase and gate to the inner courtyard.

N

3. Inner courtyard

scale 1:500

#4

#3 office

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Elevation D1 1. Corner building cite historical volumes and have a slightly increased building height to emphasise their location as an entrance to the area.

2. Contemporary, contrasting glass or concrete faรงades should fill the in-between space from one corner to another. This perimeter block is of a permeable nature and consists by several detached buildings.

3. Corner building. Part of the greater commercial unit. Increased building height and stepped terraces. Set back in ground-floor.

4. Placed-on -top office units. Contemporary aesthetic and contrasting materials to make themselves visible from distance.

#3

#2

#1 food retail services

scale 1:500

roof-top garden roof-top garden

office

office retail (large)

courtyard

GSEducationalVersion

office

Section D1

retail (small)

The open staircase works at the same time as a courtyard. It starts at the intersection of Wuyuan road with Wulumuqi road ant steppes down to lower located courtyard. The buildings which embrace the staircase follow the height difference and develop an increased height, compared to their street-front height. The inside of the developments follows the same transition of height in order to make place for underground parking facilities.

At the lowest point, a round courtyard should work as a square, where visitors, customers and inhabitants can come together.

roof-top garden

open staircase

parking

scale 1:500

food retail services

Elevation D2 The elevation from Wuyuan Road shows relatively low building heighbt in the foreground. On the right side there is a corner building, working as an entrance to the site and to the open staircase. Additionally placed office buildings should increase density and achieve a connection between the lowrise neighbourhood and the high-rise residential towers in the background.

office

education

scale 1:500

courtyard-togroundfloor escalator courtyard

Section D2 Section D2 shows the interconnection with the surroundings as well as the spatial organisation of the inner space of the commercial development.

The connection from Wulumuqi Road is achieved by a large stair case arrangement. Furthermore, the long stepped courtyard brings visitors from Wuyuan Road to the courtyard.

walk-through Anfu-Wuyuan Road

Once the visitors arrived at the courtyard level -3, there are retail facilities, services a, but first of all gastronomy with outdoor spaces. From there, escalators bring the visitor in the upper floors of the development.

There is one escalator which is placed in order to serve as a quick access directly between the entrance at Anfu Road and the inner courtyard. This escalator create a walk-through experience.

From the entrance at Anfu Road, the newly created connection brings visitors either in the detached core or along the lane interpretation towards Wuyuan Road .

scale 1:500

200

7.8 Implementation Process 7.8.1 Financing Places of identity are appreciated from both inhabitants and tourists. The first project to initiate a change of track is Xintiandi. Located in a the inner city of Shanghai, it demolished, upgraded and rebuilt Shikumen Lilong buildings and turned them into a large-scale shopping mall. Even though, the design approach in XIntiandi was everything but careful, today it is often considered one of the first heritage oriented urban renewal project.

Re-development of inner city areas is one of the main incomes of Chinese municipalities and governments. Developer purchase land-use rights for a previously set amount of time and get in change a building permit for their project. Obviously, the project is supposed to pay for the expenses of construction and land-use acquisition in order to ensure amortisation within a certain time-frame. After all, the developers expects profit from their investment.

Fig. 156.

Renovation works in a historical neighbourhood behind Nanjing East road. source: author

The financing structure depends on the political intend of the local authorities and a responsible developer. This project suggests two main parts: (1) a profitable money maker part and (2) and non-profitable residential part. The stakeholders are on the one hand the government and the developer, and on the other hand the residents and the neighbourhood committee theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re represented in.

FINANCING buying power

¥

Customer

building permit

¥ development identification Investor Mall Retail Food

PROFITABLE PART

Fig. 155.

Financing Diagram and integration of different stakeholders.

Source: author

¥

GOV

identification ring-fenced

identification

government

¥

¥

return

development small private investors

appreciation

return

improving spatial quality

decision making debate community committee subsidize micro- interventions

Interventions Renewal Rennovation

NON-PROFITABLE PART

Residents

commitment self-help

IMPLEMENTATION 202

delegates allows

Investor Mall Retail

send representatives send money

trust fund

manages

subsidies

construction focus

Construction firms implement

Option II

makes decisions

infrastructure

hire

Residents

community committee private investor

Option I

send representatives

self-help

social services

green keeping

heritage keeping

Fig. 157.

Financing Diagram and integration of different stakeholders.

Source: author

203 (1) Approach on large scale The first assumption is, that the developer seeks for a site with high identification value. Other examples throughout the city have shown, that commercial hubs next to lively historical residential neighbourhoods have a high spatial quality and are highly requested.

As a consequence for the large scale proposal the author tried to design a commercial development with the clear object to be profitable by - at the same time - integrate itself in the historical structure and reverse. To ensure further development of the existing area, a cross financing approach needs to be taken in consideration. At least a part of the money for land-use rights needs to be ring-fenced exclusively to the development of the greater site. On a short term this capital is being transferred to the neighbourhood committee, which holds it as a trust-fund for the residents and their interventions.

Furthermore, in order to ensure an ongoing capitalisation of the residents and their neighbourhood committee, the operating company of the commercial hub, subsidises the neighbourhood committee on a regular basis.

(2) Mid-scale smaller businesses The large scale development would gain the biggest profit. Nevertheless, in the mid-scale interventions, many insert in the street front perimeter are being proposed. These inserts are not suitable for big developers. Consequently the landuse fees should be relatively low and the process of dedication of the rights should not be led by the highest possible profile for the government. Nevertheless a commercial development should fill the gaps between the residential street front buildings and close the area to the outside.

(3) Small Scale renovation Small scale interventions have the aim to (1) better the spatial conditions for the residents and (2) upgrade the identification value for visitors from outside.

Residents should be able to decide how to improve their buildings. A few guidelines: (1) Residents decide themselves if improving the space by self-help or by hiring a construction firm. Subsidies are pay in any case, (2) the design guidelines (neighbourhood committee develops them further) need to be respected, (3) the neighbourhood committee holds money as a trust fund and distributes it upon request, (4) the commercial investor subsidizes the committee and enables construction works and (5) residents enable the construction works.

Identity = profit

Ring-fenced immediate support Long-running capitalisation

Economical assumption

Economical assumption

204

7.8.2 Rules for a neighbourhood-compatible implementation In order to promote non-residential development, within and compatible to historical residential neighbourhoods, political intend and the goodwill of both inhabitants and investors are necessary. The following rules determine a framework: Neighbourhood oriented governance

(1) Land-use-compensation to the government shall be ring-fenced to the affected neighbourhood.

Self - administration

(2) A community committee shall hold money as trustee and invest it in neighbourhood related expenses. They know the best how money should be spent.

Transparent expenses

(3) Legitimate expenses are: a) maintenance of the existing building structure b) subsidizing of heritage-responsible extensions c) greening policies and provision with plant tubs and other appliances d) - conversion to commercial spaces {street front }

- conversion to residential spaces {inner-site} e) improvement of accessibility throughout the area

Outcome oriented subsidies

(4) Residents get subsidized when they invest in the built structure.

Subsidies shall get paid, regardless if the improvement happens by self-help or commercially. (direct action, rather than participation)

Representative top-down

(5) Superordinate measures are directly implemented by the neighbourhood committee. (representative participation)

Representative top-down

(6) All functions of within the project are equally important.

205

206

8. Conclusion This chapter reviews the research outcome and examines how the aims of the design have been achieved by using the respective methodologies. Moreover a framework of principles of urban regeneration will be used to counter-check the achieved design. Finally, difficulties, problems and some of the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own questions lead to possible further research questions.

8.1 Summary of the research outcome The research of critical reconstruction in Berlin has provided valuable examples how to refer to the historical city. The gained knowledge characterized many design decisions in terms of process and translation: Residents-oriented Small scale

(1) IBA ALT concentrated on the inhabitants and on its living conditions, pushed for self-help approaches and enabled participation. As the most independent and residents-oriented of the three approaches, it did not provide aesthetic principles, but rather insight about implementation processes and self-help approaches.

Even without the help of designers, these self-help approaches are by themselves already an integral part of building processes in Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low-to-mid-rise typologies. Where IBA Alt could instead provide precious knowledge, was on the selection of areas for small scale upgrading, by considering the local interdependencies in its realisation.

Architecture-oriented Mid-scale

(2) IBA Neu produced valuable architecture which related new buildings in an abstract way to their past. This approach went often far from the historical city and its aesthetics. The overall aim was a brave and unique architecture, consciously inserted in a given context. In this context the design proposal concentrated on the urban scale. Since the area demanded to limit design ideas on a bigger scale, some architectural questions needed to be stopped before going too much in detail. However, even on a medium scale, several buildings could be placed on strategic points, aiming to better the respective historical context. IBA Neu was an outstanding example for showing contemporary design ideas without damaging the old. Together with the experience from IBA Alt, it led to the decision to limit new buildings to the filling of gaps, rather than further demolishing.

Effect-oriented Large scale

(3) Complex Reconstruction rebuilt the past almost in a fake way, which was supposed to remind the inhabitants on the destroyed city structure. Due to its centralised top-down planning approach it was, however, an interesting case for large scale developments. Even if one doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t agree on the questionable aesthetics of Nikolaiviertel, the way the urban scale related the modern city to a (rebuilt) history in danger to be forgotten was definitely a strength of the project. Consequently the gained insight has only been taken in consideration for the overall, volumetric

207 planning of the new development part, but not for the aesthetics of single buildings. The successful transition of heights and volumes provided valuable insight of how to relate low-rise typologies to close-standing high-rise compounds.

Finally, Nikolaiviertel, developed around only few original buildings. Those were, in contrast to the project as a whole, protected and carefully renewed. The reason of them to be the anchor for identity and meaning of the project was particularly interesting on the specific site in Shanghai. Where about 50% of the built structure got already lost, it is - regardless the new functions to implement important to keep at least the remaining buildings in order to donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t loose the connection between the city and its residents.

All three approaches had their own understanding of the historical city and showed promising approaches for the fragmented urban structure of Shanghai.

Even though approaches of Critical Reconstruction were born in Berlin, an equally fragmented and wide spread city, these approaches were not fully applicable to the case of Shanghai and the research question of this thesis. All three movements focused on the production of highly subsidised residential spaces with some mixed use beside. Apart from the given research topic is was soon clear, that the priorities on the specific site were not limited to housing, but a new sub-centre was needed to replace the demolished area.

In the spirit of a functionally mixed city, the design outcome shows many different functions, assembled around a large scale retail development. The latter has been chosen because it represents a prominent redevelopment practice in Shanghai and promises therefore both applicability and feasibility in terms of its realisation. Nevertheless, many other small and medium scale solutions are thought to only be possible if cross-financed and located within a greater re-development project.

8.2 Research Questions in Relation to the Adapted Design After the research of critical reconstruction, typologies on the site have been analysed and became the basis for the creation of urban renewal principles. However, design as a creative process included many subjective decisions as well.

Since none of the three examined movements followed clear guidelines, the creation and documentation of design principles was an important step to make design actions understandable. Hereinafter the outcome of the given research questions has been evaluated: (1) How can existing buildings benefit if principles of Critical Reconstruction are applied to new developments?

At the end of the whole design process the author came to the conclusion, that existing buildings can benefit from applied principles of critical reconstruction.

Even though one wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t agree on the chosen functions, urban renewal practices in Shanghai require site-sensitive approaches and the (re)appreciation of the built past. Too often mass-produced high-rise typologies of a poor structural

208 quality are being placed next to historical communities in a cruel way.

It is important that appreciation does not mean to copy older typologies: rather basic characteristics should be kept, such as (1) building height, (2) building volume, (3) basic urban grid and (4) use. Not all of these characteristics need to come together in a single building. Some of the buildings on the site have a strong citation of historical façades, while others only cite their volumes or the distances between them. Moreover, “use” doesn’t necessarily mean to re-apply the previous function of the buildings, but how the site has been used in general.

This might be the possibility to walk-through the area or general gathering points.

To summarise, old buildings benefit from (1) a better inclusion in the contemporary built structure, (2) up-to-date uses in their surroundings, (3) the possibility to develop dynamically by adapting buildings and functions and (4) the integration in a long-term financing model (see question 2).

Design-influencing factors

Difference to similar projects A single case

(2) How to preserve the spatial quality of historical residential neighbourhoods in Shanghai, without neglecting strong market interdependences?

What is fact, is that the market in such inner-city-located sites is very dynamic and expectations on potential profits reach very high. It has been shown, that even in mass housing typologies, real estate prices have already reached 14,000$ per square meter. Where land values are that high, new developments mostly result in the implementation of high-rise buildings in order to achieve the highest possible density.

When dealing with existing low-rise buildings, two interdependencies can be concluded: (1) existing residential areas are in danger of demolition and (2) the post-regeneration functions highly determine the architectural outcome and its effects on the existing buildings.

Moreover, historical residential neighbourhoods can benefit, if they allow commercial re-use: By focusing on the most profitable low-rise typology on the market, a commercial and retail hub, the achievement is to develop (1) in-scale buildings and (2) add complementary functions to improve the existing residential core itself.

Nevertheless, the author is aware of the fact, that the problem exists throughout the inner-city of Shanghai. Comparable problems cannot always be answered by implementing commercial hubs. Neither there is always a need for such developments, nor does it - randomly placed - contribute to society and identification.

It would rather become to a façade without inside. Indeed, during this design, the author critically asked himself, whether he was creating a purely speculative real estate development or if the outcome would have further positive impact to neighbourhood and district. Two conclusions can be taken on regard: (1) almost no demolishment was suggested and thus immediate relocation avoided, (2) the existing structure has been kept, protected and integrated.

To be fair, the site provided a helpful starting position: Half of the area has already been demolished years ago and offered a relatively big area for development, without causing further demolishment. However, when counting the demolish-

209 ment of 2001, this would not be an argument. Finally on other sites in Shanghai, demolishment would equally happen and in those cases, questions such as relocation would become crucial to answer.

The following sub-question have been asked before starting the research and design process and shall now be evaluated: (1) which kind of and how many of the existing buildings need to be preserved to achieve the best outcome in terms of (a) identification, (b) functionality and (c) financial feasibility? (a) Since already half of the research area has been demolished, this design suggested almost all of the existing buildings to be preserved. Only few buildings in extraordinarily bad conditions and those who would have influenced the outcome in a negative way have been marked as for demolition. (b) On the specific site, a high degree of preservation didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t oppose affect functionality. Due to the already happened demolition enough space for new developments was available. Some bigger changes within the residential core have been avoided through more complex solutions, such as the walking bridge, which ensured permeability without demolishment. (c) The first assumption when starting the research, was that a developer might want to demolish the whole area to place high-density buildings. Finally, when observing the most frequented commercial hubs in the inner city, it became evident, that many retail hubs in close proximity to historical (or pseudo-historical neighbourhoods) were famous and well frequented. The assumption has consequently been adapted. The author argues, that even preserving the local character can result in high financial feasibility, as more people appreciate to visit neighbourhoods with high identification values.

(2) Which appropriate functions belong to the site before, during and after renewal?

Due to the site analysis, the historical mixture of functions became evident. Even though, the site is a residential neighbourhood, it shows a high degree of non-residential functions, especially in the street front buildings. Therefore, inhabitants are used to have shops close to their buildings and seem to appreciate the different services as well. What was missing, are larger commercial spaces, bigger retail and grocery stores or office buildings. By following the plan of Shanghai 2040 , where every Shanghainese should find all necessary services in close proximity to their homes, an implementation of these missing functions was requested.

Finally it cannot be neglected, that the neighbourhoodsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; values will automatically rise if these function are implemented. To be fair, this could lead to further gentrification. Nevertheless, it needs to be taken in consideration, that the same typology would equally bring employment and prosperity which could result in an increasing purchasing power.

(3) How can renewal benefit from being incremental and how can the phasing be planned?

Regarding large and medium scale interventions incrementalism should be

Evaluations of sub-questions

210 planned by the architects of the single buildings. Generally these scales are thought to be implemented as soon as possible in order to “heal” the urban structure of the site.

In contrast, the design guidelines show a high number of exemplary small scale and self-help proposals and clearly claim for further development by the inhabitants and their representatives. Consequently, phasing can only be enabled by public policies, but the planning of single interventions should be done by the affected people themselves. They know best, when and where to take an action.

The role of the designer will be to provide technical insight and offer professional council. In the implementation process, the neighbourhood and the whole community shall be independent and decide by themselves, which actions to take and when.

8.3 Counter-check with the “Ten Principles for Urban Regeneration” Within this thesis, principles of urban renewal focused rather one aesthetic guidelines, than on political and social claims. It is therefore important to counter-check the respective content, with claims which go beyond architectural appearance.

The Ten Principles for Urban Regeneration, developed from the Urban Land Institute - Asia Pacific under the editorship of Clare Jacobson (2014), have already been named Chapter 5. Hereinafter some of the respective contents have been taken for comparison, in order to evaluate the design outcome from another point of view and determine if the design could meet those requirements: (1) Establish a Long-Term vision19 By quoting Singapore as successful example for efficient land use, Jacobson et al.

(2014, p.9) asked specifically “How will new development better the area? (...), create jobs, ((and)) (...) offer opportunities for cultural enrichment and exchange?”

The project offers long-term perspectives within its two branch development: It keeps existing housing and allows commercial renewal. Generally there is no lack of housing units in Shanghai but a rapid price development. Within the longterm plan of Shanghai 2040, population should be limited to 25 million. Non residential developments point on delivering a broader range of activities to existing residential neighbourhoods.

(2) Design for People “Sites should be developed to their projected future population with a commensurate level of infrastructure and services” (Jacobson 2014, p.13)

The addition of new functions is, just as the removal of some other functions, integral part of every development. However, only making an area commercially usable doesn’t meet the requirements of local residents. In this context, the proposal combines commercial redevelopment with a the protection of the build structure. When it comes to existing residential use, the design guidelines go as far as they aim to enable residents to improve their own conditions. Finally it

19

No. 1-10 subitles in (Jacobson 2014)

211 cannot be neglected that further, social measures will be necessary for a fair togetherness of all stakeholders. However, in China, eventual social measures need to achieve first of all political intent.

(3) Conserve Cultural Heritage Jacobson et al (2014, p.17) argues, that “cultural heritage” goes beyond the built space: The residential character of inner city neighbourhoods should be kept.

While it is easy to claim for a complete protection, proposals need to be financially feasible. Therefore the design keeps the existing quantity of housing, but does (a) not implement new housing and (b) develop the surroundings to a new sub-centre, complementarity to residential use.

(4)Create Integrated Network For Jacobson (2014, p.21ff) networks include transportation, but even connecting homes to cultural infrastructure. As an example she names the mid-levels escalator in Hong Kong.

The design approach of an elevated path through the area shows such a network, which connects without space consumption. Furthermore, various new entrances to the area have been created. The commercial development shows a high number of ground-floor accesses, while the mid-scale extensions include a direct metro access.

(5) Optimize Land Use “The “re” in “regeneration” suggests redoing. There is no point in regenerating a site only to re-create its existing problems. The highest and best use of a site is (...) that is appropriate for its place, able to respond to changing needs, and built for the long term” (Jacobson 2014, p.25)

In this spirit, the present thesis tried to find a way between the residential history of the site and nowadays uses. By critically evaluating the outcome, the spatial integration between the two sites could be better, but at the same time a (too) high permeability of residential neighbourhoods is perceived as unsafe in China. Often re-developments seem not properly connected, because of this reason.

(6)Vitalize Public Space “Public space is only as good as it is usable” argues Jacobson (2014, p.30) and claims for open spaces with embodied functions.

Vitalizing requires first of all users. To increase the number of users a prominent function needed to be developed. Moreover, walls are tore down in order to increase inner street width and old community buildings are being relocated in the public space and made accessible for everybody in the neighbourhood. Even the commercial courtyard is supposed to be open day and night.

(7)Foster Collaboration Jacobson (2014, p.33) claims for a collaboration between all stakeholders in charge, including the interests of residents and developers.

Collaboration between affected people can built great. However, the bigger a project is, the more difficult it is to bring people together and make them agree on each topic. Therefore, the project is clearly divided in scales. While in the small

212 and medium scale participation is highly recommended and self-help should produce a serious part of the project, the large scale is first of all thought planned to be implemented at the beginning to ensure financial feasibility for the remaining site. In order to ensure people’s interests are represented, a neighbourhood committee should make sure, the inhabitant’s get a voice.

(8)Build Healthy and Sustainable Communities A greener environment contributes to better, and more lively neighbourhoods, Jacobson (2014, p.38) argues.

At the same time due to the inner city location of the area, a high gross floor area was required to achieve financial feasibility. Therefore most of the roofs are proposed to be greened and made accessible for people who can enjoy the public space. Finally, even more important for the residents is the help within the communities, investment in small scale greening and unsealing of the ground.

(9) Integrate Economic Development “Existing uses of an area do not necessarily need to be repeated(...). Instead urban regeneration should aim for the best use of land for the people who use it, bringing forth higher productivity, greater vibrancy, and more jobs.” (Jacobson 2014, p.41).

This assumption justifies the non-residential use the most. In Shanghai, often two extreme realities face one and another. Some residential neighbourhoods (not this one though) are still relatively poor, while new developments - regardless of their functions - concentrate on the high-end sector. This thesis found a good starting point to implement this condition: (a) the assumptions taken embody a positivist view on prosperity through property-led developments, (b) the neighbourhood is not characterized by poverty and (c) the site offers excellent conditions for commercial developments. To be honest, it has to be said, that not every site in Shanghai can provide this starting position. Many sites are completely overbuilt and inhabited by people who might not have access to the economic development and consequently not benefit from prosperity. However, even in such cases, stagnancy and no-development cannot be an alternative.

(10) Promote diversity - and make it Beautiful!

Jacobson (2014, p.46) argues to make the city diverse and accessible for many different groups of people. Furthermore she addresses keywords of barrier free planning: “affordable housing, housing for elderly, and varying forms of rental property”.

The negative impact of many modernist projects taught us, that mixed, diverse and colourful developments are needed for a lively city. This design sees diversity on several scales: (1) Relation between commercial and residential ground floor coverage is approximately 50/50, (2) non-residential functions are spatially mixed in order to ensure diversity in terms of hours of use, (3) residential spaces focus on self-help and building upgrading and achieve accessibility for elderly.

213

8.4 Limitations and outlook for further research (1) One of the main characteristics of a good research are repeatable outcomes.

However, designing represents a special case. Even though the author aimed for a realistic approach, in the interest of a strong architectural proposal, there has been given a higher priority to the concept, than to local building codes. An interesting further research question could consequently be, how to adapt local building regulations in the interest of a new standard of urban renewal on historical sites.

(2) It has been shown, that commercial developments can be taken as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;cashcowâ&#x20AC;&#x153; for the improvements of residential sites. Equally promising for further research would be the focus on new (commercial or residential) developments on fully overbuilt areas. Questions this thesis did not have to answer, such as relocation, could be asked in the context of high land values and high-density typologies. How can a planner react to the (partial) demolition of historical residential neighbourhoods with the obligation to work on high-density typologies on lowrise, high-density sites? How new housing take responsibly place on previously demolished residential neighbourhoods?

(3) The present thesis started by examining three cases from Berlin who dealt with the historical city. Traditionally, Berlin-specific typologies embody a high degree of mixed use. Nevertheless, internationalised architecture and large shopping malls are increasingly being implemented throughout the city.

Based on the experience in both cities and after the research of this thesis, the author thinks, that compared to Shanghai, the atmosphere in Berlin seems often more critical, if not partially biased, against the production of property and non-residential (commercial) developments. A further promising design research question could therefore be: How to better integrate large and medium scale non residential developments within the inner city and aim for acceptance of the public and professional public. How should such developments react to the homogeneous and traditionally mixed-use city structure? How can such uses better connect non-residential and residential functions? How can public housing be relaunched as a part of the development? How can commercial development be used to balance missing public funds?

214

Acknowledgements I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair of both Tongji University and Technical University Berlin and my supervisors from both universities, Prof. Li Zhenyu and Prof. Misselwitz Philipp for their intensive support during my research.

Moreover, I am indebted to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), for granting a generous scholarship for this double master program.

I wish to thank my classmates Jennifer, Madeleine and Rico for going through this year with me. What started with mutual support became a sincere and intimate friendship. In addition I like to thank my classmates from Tongji University who became an important social anchor and everyday support during my stay in China.

I am further indebted to my friends and my partner who always believed in me and gave me an additional motivation during this year.

Finally, who I owe the most is my family. Without them this would indeed not have been possible.

Benedikt Wieser June 2017

215

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219

Table of Figures Respective complete citations in the bibliography.

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Urban Renewal site in Shangahi. September 2016. Between Laoximen and Xintiandi.

Source: author American bombs falling towards the later area of Reconstruction. Source: corbis, in: Stegelmann 2012 Thesis structure. Source: author Appreciation of the opening of the City-highway in 1963.

Source: Alliance/ DPA, cited in Tagesspiegel 2017 Densest possible outcome from the building regulations of 1853. Source: Hegemann 1963 Densest possible outcome from the building regulations of 1853. Source: Hegemann 1963 Courtyard greening, gap-closing, detached interventions and improving the status quo.

Source: author self-drawing Bonjour Tristesse. Elevation. Source: Siza and Brinkert in Pascucci 2014) Bonjour Tristesse. Floor plan. Source: Siza and Brinkert in Pascucci 2014) Pictograph of a corner building of Baller architects. Source: author.

Car park before renewal. Source: Strecker and Frowein + Spangenberg, 1982 Architectural model of the car park after renewal.

Source: Strecker and Frowein+Spangenberg, 1982 Section through greenhouse.

Source: Strecker and Frowein+Spangenberg in: Internationale Bauausstellung 1982 Relevancy of IBA Alt approaches to this design proposal.

Source: author Corner building at Admiralbrücke. Architect: Hinrich Baller.

Source: author Rooftop greenhouse in a self-help approach.

Source: Internationale Bauausstellung 1987 Concept for a corner garden in block 78. Source: Bodenschatz et al 2010 Pictographs explaining the sideward classification.

Source: author.

Left: Aims and characteristics of IBA Alt. Source: author Lützowplatz Floor plan of the realized planning Source: Internationale Bauausstellung 1987 Lützowplatz Streetfront. Source: Funk and Kaden n.d Lützowplatz Building Entrances Source: Funk und Kaden, n.d.

Front view. Source: Gunnar Klack in Funk and Kaden Backyard view Source: Andreas Salgo in Funk and Kaden n.d.-b Apartment building. Visualization of the border structure. Source: OMA, n.d. in: Salgo 2012 Corner building Stresemannstrasse. August 2016. Source:author Detail corner building Stresemannstrasse. August 2016. Source:author Block analysis. Source: author Corner analysis. Source: author Corner analysis. Source: author Left: Aims and characteristics of IBA Neu. Source: author Relevancy of IBA Neu approaches to this design proposal. Source: author Urban Design Guidelines for Prenzlauer Berg district.

Source: BArch DH 2 F2/117 cited in: Urban 2006 Closing of the perimeter block in Rosenthaler Strasse. Source: Urban 2006 Rosenthaler Strasse perimeter block (2017), after energy saving measures. Source: author Square with prefabricated gable-roofed residential buildings. Nikolai Church in the background.

Source: Stahn & Paul 1991 Square around Nikolai Church. Prefabricated residential buildings in the background.

Source: Stahn & Paul 1991 Collaged approach. Gerichtslaube.

Source: Stahn 1986 Bottom left: Historicizing facades facing arx Engels Forum. Lower, more „original“ parts in the middle. Source: Stahn 1985 Corner analysis. Source: author Corner analysis. Source: author Collage analysis. Source: author Corner analysis. Source: author Left: Aims and characteristics of Complex Reconstruction. Source: author Relevancy of Complex-reconstruction -approaches to this design proposal. Source: author Nikolaiviertel with television tower in background. June 2016. Source: author Prefabricated buildings next to historical typologies. Nikolaiviertel on the left with 15 years previously built Fischerinsel in the background. June 2016. Source: author Atelier Tower. Berlin 2013. Source: author Agricultural land meets new residential developments. Along metro line 16. March 2017. Source: author.

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Wedge-shaped builing. Source: Xiangning, 2013 Wedge-shaped building in consruction. Shaanxi South Road 2017. Source: map.baidu.com.

Forecast of some design principles and how they relate to the research done in part A. Design Process in March 2017. Final Design principles follow in Chapter 6. Source: author Next page: Forecast of some design principles and their application on the map. Process in March 2017.

Final Design principles follow in Chapter 6. Source: author Left: Diagrammatic overview of the research area. Source: author Site in 1948 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghai-map.net Left: Typological Distribution of buildings. Source: author Site in 1979 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghai-map.net Site in 2016 Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghai-map.net Positive and negative futures in Lilong neighbourhoods. Source: Fan, 2013 Detached buildings are mainly characterised by open courtyards and projecting alcoves. The original windows have tin metal frames and a clean design. Stucco is missing but the plastered facade has vertical line ornaments. February 2017. Source: author Same typology as on the left. However this building shows a lack of maintenance. Tubes and air-conditioner impact the facade. February 2017. Source: author Schematic typological overview of the detached buildings. Source: author Schematic typological overview of the existing lane houses. Source: author Schematic typological overview of the demolished lane houses. Source: author One of the last survived lane houses inside the study area. February 2017. Source: author Lane house along Wulumuqi Road. March 2017. Source: author Inner street with well maintained houses and green courtyards. March 2017. Source: author Anfu Lu Xin Li. Air-conditioners and shadow -making elements are influencing the building‘s appearance. Lack of maintenance February 2017. Source: author Schematic typological elevation of the relation between high-rise buildings and the historical site. Source: author Shop-front of a skater-shop in the ground floor of a danwei building.

March 2017. Source: author Two scales come together. Research area with walled construction site in the foreground. Residential and Commercial high-rise buildings in the background. April 2017. Source: author Entrance to a taylor‘s shop. February 2017 (source: author) Back side of Anfu Road Lane House, November 2016. Source: author Courtyards and Entrances change to shop-fronts. February 2017 Source: author Functions. red: commercial, yellow: community, orange: education. Source: author Left and right: Pictographs about street-front functions. Source: author Bottom Left: Spacial qualities of the street-front. Source: author Street-front wholeness; estimated percentages. Source: author Green spaces on the site and demolished area as wasteland. November 2016. Source: author A residents takes care of self-greened open space. April 2017. Source: author Self-greening at the back side of Anfu Road Lane House, November 2016. Source: author Left: Surrounding street network and metro lines. Source: author Maggie Lane - Demolished part of the neighbourhood, within the walls. November 2016.

Source: author Left page top: Size of the affected research area. Source: author.

Left page bottom: Potential are of the demolished Maggie lane. Aource: author.

Wulumuqi Road. Wall separates the pedestrian path from Maggie lane. Source: author.

Anfu Road. Forecourt fence of the high-rise (left) compound and solid wall of Maggie lane (right). Source: author.

Left: Wulumuqi Road / Anfu Road. Wall separates the pedestrian path from Maggie lane.

Source: author.

Outstanding corner building at Wulumuqi road / Fuxing road. Source: author.

Design Visualization. Behind Anfu Road. Walk-through. Source: author.

Left page: New and old typologies on the renewal site. Source: author Site in 1948, highlighted by author. Source: 上海市测绘院 in:http://www.shanghai-map.net Distribution of functions with their priority: 1=new implementation, 2=strengthen/extend, 3= keep without extension. Source: author Left: Priority of renewal on the map. Source: author Left and right: Pictographs illustrating changes on the street-front level. Source: author Street situation along Wulumuqi Road. Source: author Typologies affected by small scale interventions. nts. Source: author Typology affected by medium scale interventions. nts. Source: author.

Left page: scales of measures. Source: author.

Medium scale design principles. Source: author Left and right page: Small scale design principles. Source: author Urban scale design principles. Source: author Large scale design principles. Source: author Left top: Spatial quality. Source: author Left bottom: Predicted reactions on the atmosphere, within the planning. Source: author Left top: Wholeness before renewal. Source: author

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Left bottom: Predicted reactions on the atmosphere, within the planning. red=new interventions Source: author Left top: existing functions. Grey: mostly residential, yellow: mixed use (residential commercial ground floor). orange: community/ education. Source: author Left bottom: new functions. Grey: mostly residential, yellow: mixed use (residential commercial ground floor). orange: community/ education. Source: author Notation symbol explanation. Exemplary drawing. Source: author Left: Division of the research area in building lots. Source: author Left: Conceptional Plan. with flow of functions in the area. nts. Source: author Example for a corner building in the project. Source: author Detail on a brick of a still existing lane house on the area. source: author Left: Land use map. Source: author Diagrammatic land use distribution in relation to the map. Source: author.

Left: Activities around the clock. Source: author Left: Location of activities around the clock. Source: author Table of drawings „design part“. Source: author Left: Residential vs. mixed and commercial use. Source: author Maintenance (blue) vs. construction (red). Source: author No streetfront line but alternating building positions. Secion-elevation from Changshu Road. n.t.s Source: author Aimed change along Changshu Road. Residential (green) vs. non-residential areas.

Source: author Street front building with metro exit. nts. Source: author Escalators ensure mobility without any necessary demolitions. Source: author Commercial corridor through residential area. New parts = red, demolished parts = yellow. nts.

Source: author Overall view of lot A. Source: author Corner situation Wuyuan road, Changshu road. Source: author Strategic location of a community centre between residential buildings. Source: author Small scale commercial walk-through (source: author) Greened rooftop with escalator and community rooftop in the background. Source: author Escalator accessed walk.through with community rooftop in the background. Source: author Typological overview of the detached courtyard houses. Source: author Courtyard roofing and balcony-openings. Source: author Un-roofing of inner courtyards and rooftop additions. Source: author Regulation of rooftop additions. Source: author Roof-top addittions to remain allowed, but limited at the same height is order to achieve consistency among the building. Source: author Provision of plant tubs and unsealing of soils. Source: author‘s design principles Overview lot C. Rooftop additions and walk-through.Source: author Community rooftop addition connected to lot C via walk-through. Source: author Greening roofs and extending roofs.Source: author Overview lot D from west. Above Wulumuqi rd. Source: author View from the roof-top on Anfu rd, Wulumuqi rd.Source: author Overview from south-west. Source author Right above: overview from south entrance. Source author Right below: 3D section through courtyard. Source: author Open niche-space in Wulumuqi rd.Source: author Inner-staircase-courtyard. Viewpoint from a bridge and towards two connections to the street.

Source author Right top: Wulumuqi rd., viewpoint from a Wuyuan rd. Source author Right bottom: Overview north-entrance above Anfu rd. Source: author Office tower on top of a large scale basis. Roof-top landscape of interpreted lane houses in the background.

Source author View over courtyard and open staircase towards Wuyuan rd. Source: author Right above: bird view on underground courtyard, roof-top landscape and three office towers on top.

Source author Right bottom: Underground courtyard. Source author Financing Diagram and integration of different stakeholders.

Source: author, purchased pictographs royalties Renovation works in a historical neighbourhood behind Nanjing East road. Source: author Financing Diagram and integration of different stakeholders. Source: author Source: author, purchased pictographs royalties

Heritage Heritage

Commercial

Community

Commercial Commercial

Annex Community Community

Community Community

Functional Change Functional Change

222

I Small Scale Interventions

Community

Improve street front courtyard Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd. roofs

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Functional Change

Un-roof inner courtyards Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Community

Provide plant-tubs

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Changshu Rd.

Re-opening of closed windows

Changshu Rd.

Regulation of roof additions

Changshu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Improve general facade appearance

Changshu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Combine tubes and cables on faรงades

Wulumuqi Rd.

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Rd. Improving appearanceWuyuan of ACs

Functional Change

Unseal soil

Community Functional Change Community Provide benches orFunctional Change building materials Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Balconies

d.

Niche spaces

Changshu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd. Changshu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

d.

Private rooftop spaces

Wulumuqi ulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Community areas on the roof

Wulumuqi Rd.

Anfu Rd. Anfu Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

II Medium scale InterventionsChange Functional

Wulumuqi ulumuqi Rd. Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Community

Anfu Rd.

MA

III Urban scale Interventions

Metro access, commercial frame

Parking

Functional Change Functional Change

Elevated walkways

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd. Heritage

Concentration of both commercial and residential

Functional Change Enable groundFunctional floor commercial activities Change Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Functional Change Lane house typology

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd.

Anfu Rd. Wuyuan Rd. Closing of the street front perimeter Wuyuan Rd.

Corner buildings

Green spaces

Wuyuan Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Anfu Rd. Wuyuan Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd.

Anfu Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

nity

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

IV Large Scale Interventions Anfu Rd.

Wulumuqi Wulumuqi Rd. Rd.

Wuyuan Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd. u Rd.

Wulumuqi Rd.

Changshu Changshu Rd. Rd.

Community and education

u Rd.

nity nity

Commercial

223

Wulumuqi Rd.

nity nity

Heritage

Commercial