Bees for Development Journal Edition 142 - March 2022

Bees for Development

JOURNAL

No 142 March 2022

• BATWA BEEKEEPING • CORNSTALK HIVES • RESOURCE CENTRE

The Journal for sustainable beekeeping

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Dear friends tripled. At least 50 nations depend on Ukraine for 30% or more of their wheat supply, with developing nations of north Africa, Asia and the middle east the most reliant.

With the war in Ukraine dominating the news, our thoughts are with beekeeping colleagues in the nation.

Our cover picture features a tree beekeeper at work in an oak forest outside Kiev – a picture taken during happier times in 2013, when Ukraine proudly organised their huge Apimondia Congress, enabling beekeepers from all over the world to meet and enjoy the nation’s warm hospitality. Ukraine has a rich beekeeping culture which includes a huge range of skills and traditions, generating great volumes of honey every year – many beekeepers using the sturdy Ukrainian hive with hinged roof, insulating cushions and 24 large frames, closely resembling the Golden Hive mentioned on page 14.

As always, it is people in the poorest nations who will be hit hardest, at a time when many already face grim financial situations because of the pandemic.

Bees cannot solve all the world’s problems, yet we know that beekeepers everywhere can harvest nutritious honey for their families and create useful income from bees’ wholesome produce. We hope that by the time you read this, beekeepers in Ukraine have been able to begin thinking about returning to their bees and resume spring planting with confidence.

The current war has repercussions for people far beyond Ukraine too, as food supply chains and global stability are tested. Ukraine has in recent years been the biggest producer of sunflower oil and one of the main suppliers of wheat to the world market.

Nicola Bradbear, Director Bees for Development

The world now faces food crisis, with soaring prices and millions of people again likely to face hunger. Covid-19 already caused food price rises, and this war could tip the global food system into disaster. Wheat prices have reached an all-time high, rising by nearly a third, while rapeseed and sunflower oil prices have increased by 60%. The price of urea, a key nitrogen fertiliser, has

March 2022

From poverty to beekeeper: Beekeeping with Batwa people in Uganda......................................

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News.............................................

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BfD Resource Centre.....................

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Practical Beekeeping: Acacia and cornstalk hives in Nigeria.............

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News & New Books.......................

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Look ahead.................................... 15 BfDJ Hub update............................ 16

Bees for Development Journal Produced quarterly and sent to readers in 128 countries Editor: Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson BSc Subscriptions cost £30 per year – see page 15 for ways to pay

Bees for Development Works to assist beekeepers in developing countries.

Readers in developing countries may apply for a sponsored subscription. Sign up to our Resource Centre and apply online: resources.beesfordevelopment.org/sign-up/ Bees for Development Trust gratefully acknowledge: ADM, Artemis Charitable Trust, Bees for Development North America, Briogeo, British Wax Refining Co Ltd, Charles Hayward Foundation, Didymus Charity, E H Thorne (Beehives) Ltd, Ethiopiaid, Euromonitor International, Eva Crane Trust, Healing Herbs, Hiscox Foundation, Koster Keunen, National Lottery Community Fund UK, Neal’s Yard Remedies, Nelsons Homeopathic Pharmacy, Rowse Honey Ltd, Wales and Africa, Waterloo Foundation, Welsh Government, Yasaeng Beekeeping Supplies and many other generous organisations and individuals Copyright: You are welcome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in Bees for Development Journal as part of our Information Service. Permission is given on the understanding that the Journal and author(s) are acknowledged, our contact details are provided in full, and you send us a copy of the item or the website address where it is used.

Image © Bees for Development

Edition 142

Cover image: In peaceful times, a Ukranian beekeeper at work in an oak forest

1 Agincourt Street, Monmouth NP25 3DZ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1600 714848 info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org 2

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

From poverty to beekeeper: Beekeeping with Batwa people Project objectives in Uganda The main objective is to help the Batwa who live in south-western Uganda, to improve living conditions through beekeeping. A further objective is to reduce local prejudice and discrimination against the Batwa and promote cooperation and integration.

Ole Hertz and Lise Hansted, Project Coordinators, Danish Beekeepers Association, Denmark In November 2020 a new two-year beekeeping Project began in Uganda, funded by the Civil Society in Development, CISU (part of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The Danish Beekeepers Association is responsible for execution of the Project in collaboration with a local NGO. The Uganda National Apiculture Development Organisation (TUNADO).

History The Batwa belong to Africa’s indigenous population in central Africa’s vast rainforests, who lived as hunters and collectors. They hunted small game using nets, bows and arrows, collected wild fruits and roots, and harvested honey from wild honey bees and stingless bees.

The Batwa lived in small family groups without leaders and with common ownership of everything.

Most families had fixed exchange relationships with the Bantu farmers, who lived outside the forest. The most important exchange item for the Batwa was honey from honey bees and ten species of stingless bees. The honey was exchanged for agricultural products, clothes and utensils. Beehives were not used; honey was harvested by ‘stunning’ the bees with smoke from a specific grass species. The Batwa lived in the rainforest for thousands of years in an ecological balance with no ruthless exploitation of anything - partly because they never collected supplies. Now the situation is completely different.

TUNADO is the umbrella organisation for beekeepers and people who trade with beekeeping products. They help with certification and organising beekeeping courses. The Project collaborates with Bees for Development, close partner organisation with TUNADO for many years, and includes their joint Project to ensure that disabled people have access to training.

Image © Steven Muwamguzi

Image below: Local style hives are easy to make.

Some students have made so many that they can sell some - their first opportunity to earn some money

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Image © Steven Muwamguzi

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Students are making cylindrical hives and top-bar hives. All are made from local materials - nothing has to be bought Today the Batwa pygmies are one of the most discriminated ethnic groups in Africa. About 35 years ago, their habitat in the forests of south-western Uganda was turned into National Parks. Rainforest areas had become smaller as a result of agriculture, and the last populations of mountain gorillas were threatened with extinction due to poaching and deteriorating habitats. It was therefore decided to create reserves for gorillas with the help of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The Batwa were banished from the forests, and the army was sent to force them out. If they tried to come back, they would be shot.

The government and several NGOs promised them compensation in the form of places outside the forest where they could build their huts, as well as schooling and medical care, but only few of the promises have been kept. As the Ugandan Government does not recognise joint ownership of land, there was said to be no reason to pay compensation for the loss of the forested areas.

Local style hives are carried up the steep mountain slopes

A Batwa beekeeper gently holds a queen honey bee

Image © Janet Lowore

Image © Janet Lowore

There are about 6,400 Batwa living in Uganda. Two thousand have been banished from the forests, and now live in south-western Uganda outside the large gorilla reserves.

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Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

parts of the surrounding farming community also participated.

Today, most of these Batwa have to survive through begging and prostitution. 60% of children die before the age of five due to malnutrition and lack of health care.

TUNADO is responsible for local education and organisation in the two districts of the Project, Bunyangabu and Kisoro. A permanent beekeeping instructor is employed, often supported by trainers from TUNADO. Smaller groups are taught in turn, as only five people can meet due to Coronavirus restrictions.

Discrimination is widespread and there is mistrust between the Batwa and local farmers.

To be allowed to build a cabin on a farmer’s land, the Batwa have to work as day labourers, poorly paid with little food and old clothes. They do not have opportunities to earn money for medicines and other necessities. Chronic food shortage characterises most Batwa households and Batwa often experience difficulty in finding permanent, well-paid employment due to their marginalised status and lack of literacy.

Positive outcome At the start of the Project we met with demands for payment to rent land for apiaries and a ban on retrieving bee swarms and hive materials from rainforest reserves.

This attitude has now been reversed, as the Project has progressed and beekeeping has become a widespread topic of positive conversation. There has been a growing interest from some of the farmers, who have made Eucalyptus forests and other areas available for Project apiaries. It is recognised that bees are providing better pollination of their coffee and vegetable crops, and it is thought that the bees are protecting crops from destruction from wild animals including monkeys.

Beekeeping Project The Batwa are known for their knowledge of honey bees and stingless bees, however this knowledge is being lost. Beekeeping training will help the Batwa to make money, to gain a new local identity as beekeepers and to have the opportunity to organise themselves through TUNADO.

Through negotiation with the forest authorities, TUNADO has succeeded in obtaining permission for the Project participants to collect swarms and hive materials free of charge from the rainforest reserve.

To reduce tension between the ethnic groups of the local community and local prejudice and discrimination against the Batwa, women and men from the poorest

Bataringa is preparing a local style hive made from branches and clay. The hive is sited horizontally with the entrance at the narrow end. Honey is harvested from the opposite end once the bees are subdued using smoke

Image © Janet Lowore

Positive outcomes

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Image © Steven Muwamguzi

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Measuring for bee suits: It is important that the students do not get too many stings! African honey bees can be defensive, but the higher up in the mountains the calmer they become Local style cylindrical hives are covered with clay, then dried and smoked before being smeared inside with beeswax to attract a swarm

Through negotiation with the forest authorities, TUNADO has succeeded in obtaining permission for the Project participants to collect swarms and hive materials free of charge from the rainforest reserve.

In beekeeping development projects, it is absolutely crucial to teach how to ensure that bee hives are populated by honey bee colonies. Swarms must be caught in swarm traps, and it is uncertain if it is possible to obtain enough bees for both students and for teaching.

Fortunately, this has gone very well. By the end of October 2021, 200 hives were made and placed in apiaries and, half of them are colonised. Some hives have been made that will be sited later after the rainy season, which is a period with few swarms.

The first honey harvest has been sold, and some Batwa have started selling homemade hives to people in the area on their own initiative.

Ninety-two Batwa and 54 Bafugas (farmers) are currently participating in the training. At the beginning of the Project, the use of honey bees was taught, and now lessons in the use of stingless bees, of which there is particular interest from the Batwa, has started. Honey from stingless bees can be sold for a much higher price than honey from honey bees, however each colony produces only 0.5-5.0 kg per year. Local honey bees produce 5-15 kg a year.

Image © Janet Lowore

The Project has got off to a good start. We are already training all the beekeepers promised in the application, a large number of hives have been produced and are colonised, honey production is underway, TUNADO is doing a good job and there is great cooperation between the Project partners.

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Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

NEWS CHILE

SIERRA LEONE

Protest about loss of bees

Prior to Covid-19, food access in Sierra Leone was already constrained due to inflation and the depreciation of the local currency for the past three years, with below average crop production and high dependency on imported foodstuffs.

Four beekeepers were detained following a demonstration in Santiago calling for government support. A prolonged drought has affected food sources (flowers and crops) ravaging beekeeping in Chile. To highlight their cause, beekeepers set up 60 hives in front of the presidential palace blocking a main thoroughfare. Several police officers were stung as they tried to remove the hives.

There is urgent need to address the health, social and economic conditions of the most vulnerable people.

Following the first cases of Covid-19 in March 2020, the Government put in place restrictive measures, including two periods of total lockdown, market closures and curfew.

One of the protesters told journalists the death of bee colonies is devastating not just for them, but for the whole world. Protesters want government reform to improve honey prices or provide subsidies for honey producers. Ministry of Agriculture officials say they share the protesters’ concern about the effect of the drought, and that they had been providing aid to 20 communities experiencing severe water shortages.

Fear of contracting the virus (remembering the Ebola Crisis) led to over 60% of the population staying at home - resulting in further economic slowdown.

As there are now many widows, the National Women’s Fellowship in the Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone is implementing an Income Generating Beekeeping Project for female-headed households. Training is in Firawa village in northern Sierra Leone as part of the pilot project, and we will send updates as we progress.

Source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/latin_america (January 2022)

All images © Joseph Kalie Sesay

PHOTOS FROM SIERRA LEONE

Mrs Kumba Sesay is the National Women’s Fellowship Leader in the Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone

Many young children help their parents in the project and will learn to become beekeepers 7

Give your bees shade to help keep hives cool and to protect them from severe weather

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Resource Centre Bees for Development’s new free to access Resource Centre is online!

All our bee and beekeeping publications are available.

Designed for beekeepers, bee enthusiasts, development practitioners and academics, you simply need to register to enjoy all of the benefits. The Resource Centre’s key aim is to empower beekeepers and trainers in building a sustainable living.

With thousands of articles, 350+ downloadable PDFs, MP3s, instructional videos and training manuals. Of great importance, the Resource Centre is now home to every edition of Bees for Development Journal.

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Beekeeper trainers and project managers Many of our users are members of beekeeping groups, cooperatives or businesses that train other beekeepers.

We have tools and resources including guides, posters and training manuals that can help support your beneficiaries.

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Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

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Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING

Acacia hives and cornstalk hives

our area, like the World Bank’s fadama project, but they lacked sincerity of purpose. Trainers, with no or little beekeeping experience were engaged and consequently the projects came to a dead end. Common experience made us aware that a problem that reduces the possibility of beekeeping projects supporting people in rural areas to get out of poverty, is that trainees are mostly after how much money is allocated to buy hives, and how much money is available for training allowances and refreshments.

Yahya Musa, Dukku-Zego Beekeepers Cooperative Society, Dukku, Gombe State, Nigeria

Our organisation limits its activities to working with individuals with zeal and determination or those already beekeeping by inheritance or adoption. Also [honey] hunters are often the best colleagues to join hands with apiculture and engage in beekeeping training – these are people already accustomed to bees in their natural environment, on what plants they feed, the best time to harvest honey; and when it comes to hive-making are good to work with.

How we began Beekeeping is one of the key enterprises for employment creation and poverty reduction in rural areas. It is an agricultural activity with no damaging effects on the environment. We began learning and to develop an interest in beekeeping from the radio programmes of National Radio Kaduna.

Positive outcomes

We use honey as a sweetener and as a medicine.

People commonly say that honey sold at local markets is adulterated. Our beekeepers need to work to increase interest in the quality and quantity of local honey.

Beekeeping is an activity that can go together with farming schemes and provide a platform for supplementary income generation among rural families. The practice is simple and relatively easy to start, it enhances the environment and biodiversity through pollination and requires low levels of inputs (capital, labour and land). It is an ideal activity for resource-poor farmers in rural areas. We hope our apiculture project contributes immensely to the society in terms of poverty reduction and increased income generation.

Hive making The support from various stakeholders in promoting natural resource conservation through beekeeping, forestation and other activities is hopeful. Beekeeping is a low-technology activity - hives and equipment can be constructed from local materials and hive management is easy.

Acacia ataxacantha - the stems are used to make hives

Here we introduce a step-by-step guide to hive construction from the shrub Acacia ataxacantha, and another local hive made from corn stalks - the procedure is the same for both types of hive.

Image © JMK, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Hive making involves cutting down the thin stalk of the shrub and peeling off the thorns leaving a smooth stem that is cut through before being woven into a cylindrical hive. Though many trees can be used to make a hive in this way, Acacia ataxacantha is preferred as its stems are more flexible (the procedure is used in many parts of the guinea savannah of north-eastern Nigeria). The two outer covers of the hive are woven from fibres of the sisal plant (calabash can be used but it is easily damaged). A plastic sheet is wound around the hive to make it waterproof. Some beekeepers will use cow dung for this rather than plastic. Grass is the final outer material to cover the hive and is attached with jute fibres or ropes.

Group work We realised that working as a group offers more advantages than working individually. We registered as a society with the appropriate authorities. Our organisation Dukku-Zego Beekeepers Cooperative is aimed at the agri-economy, focusing on the development of beekeeping becoming an industry.

In the past beekeeping projects were encouraged in 10

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Image © Yahya Musa

In Gombe North District there is a rich flora of nectar and pollen resources. The diverse flora honey harvested is a multi-blend, with a unique colour and aroma and desired in domestic and international markets; yet it maybe lacks the quality to be exported. This lack of quality results from the lack of adoption of appropriate beekeeping production and processing equipment. Our project aims to improve this.

Image right: The stems of the Acacia ataxacantha are bound together to form this cyclindrical hive, complete with woven lid

Making and using cornstalk hives Dauda Sani Abbas, Audu Bako College of Agriculture, Dambatta, Kano State, Nigeria The cultivation of different varieties of corn in Mirini District, Kano State and other parts of northern Nigeria resulted in the availability of cornstalks (usually left to decay). some beekeepers were motivated and voluntarily trained to make different designs and styles of hives using cornstalk, subsequently generating income for both the famers and beekeepers, leading to poverty alleviation in the area.

and cut according to the length of the hive. The stalks are also divided into two halves along the length of the stalk to enable the cow dung to be applied and to provide a smooth surface for the bees to attach their comb easily. The half corn stalks are woven into a flat mat-like structure using Kenaf as the thread.

The tree thinnings are used to form ring shaped structures of different sizes (one bigger than the other) to help in forming the tapered shape of the hive when the above mat-like structure of the corn stalk is rolled and tightened over and against them. These rings are usually seven in number depending on the length of the hive.

Introduction

Grasses or straw are then thatched and applied on the corn stalk to cover it fully. A sheet of polythene is applied between the corn stalk and the grass to serve as waterproofing.

Cornstalk is used to make hives in Mirini District and other areas of Kano State because of the availability of the stalk due to corn farming in the area. A small river passes through Mirini which during the rainy season attracts bees as it makes the area conducive for their habitat. There is loam soil that gives an added advantage of practising both dry and wet farming as well as the opportunity to cultivate sorghum. The staff of Audu Bako College of Agriculture decided to motivate beekeepers in the area to use locally available materials to make different designs and styles of hives.

They are tightened fully with Piliostigma reticulatum bark.

Cow dung is coated thickly on the inside and lightly on the outside. Bee entrances are made on the smaller end and the wider end is used for inspection and honey harvesting.

Rolled-up and tapered cornstalk hive

Materials needed Cornstalk (fresh/wet for thinning), cow dung, Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus, bark of Piliostigma reticulatum, dried grasses (straw), polythene.

Method Image © Yahya Musa

A sorghum stalk is what is referred to as a cornstalk for this article. Sorghum is a cereal Sorghum vulgare or Sorghum bicolor, the grains of which in are used to make flour and are used also in cattle feed. In West Africa, sorghum is known as guinea corn – hence cornstalk.

Strong, straight and good-sized corn stalks are selected 11

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

Image © Yahya Musa

Method

Top-bar cornstalk hive

Top-bar hive made with cornstalks

Image © Yahya Musa

Corn stalks are tightened and thatched to the shape of a top-bar hive. The two ‘’V’’ shaped panels are made first, then the front and back panels are thread fitted to the V shaped sides. This is followed by fitting the bottom of the hive. The hive is then coated thickly on the inside with cow dung. The cover is made separately to overlap the hive body.

Training targets: Encourage, motivate and guide the community on how to make different cornstalk hives.

Semi-circular bar hive

Coach trainees in ways of managing bees and harvesting honey with little interference.

Image © Yahya Musa

Help farmers to make valuable use of cornstalks and those who are not interested in beekeeping can sell the stalks to beekeepers rather than leaving them to decay.

Semi-circular cross bar hive 12

Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

NEWS POLLINATOR CHALLENGE BADGE The Pollinator Challenge Badge is designed to help empower children and young people about the importance of pollinators for people and the planet. The badge includes a wide range of activities and ideas to stimulate learning about protecting pollinators and how to help safeguard these important friends from extinction. A set of modules has been developed to allow the badge to be used in schools, Guide and Scout groups, and other contexts.

The badge is perfect to be used around international theme days, for example World Bee Day on 20 May. The badge was made possible with contributions from: FAO, Commission for Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Convention on Biological Diversity, Slovenia Beekeeping Association, International Centre for Young Beekeepers, Government of the Republic of Slovakia, UNESCO, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and The Scout Association To receive regular updates contact YUNGA@fao.org

All Images © PAEDE

PHOTOS FROM DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Processing beeswax using the bain-marie water bath method. Gervais Munyororo Yade, PAEDE, Goma, Nord Kivu

PAEDE ASBL are establishing apiaries for training beekeeping instructors in Masisi and Rutshuru districts 13

Bees for Development Journal 141 January 2022

BOOKSHELF Common Sense Natural Beekeeping: sustainable, bee-friendly techniques to help your hives survive and thrive Kim Flottum (with Stephanie Bruneau) 2021 128 pages Softcover. Published by Quarry Books (UK) Many beekeepers want to prioritise the health and welfare of their bees. This colourful book, intended primarily for beekeepers in North America and therefore keeping honey bees of European, temperate-zone origin, presents the range of hives and practices currently in use.

It serves well as an introduction to putting the bees’ needs first, discusses the advantages of various common beehive designs, and advocates for minimal interference without any use of introduced chemicals. Full of useful practical tips, and beautifully illustrated.

Honeybees Vision: recent discoveries Adrian Horridge 2021 20 pages Softcover. Published by Northern Bee Books (UK) This is a useful summary of the findings discussed in Professor Horridge’s ground-breaking book The Discovery of a Visual System - the honeybee (2019). It begins by settling the unanswered anomalies in von Hess’s and von Frisch’s experiments on bees’ perception of colour. Then it briefly explains what drove the evolution of worker bee vision and lists visual features that they do and do not recognise based on evidence from easily replicable experiments. An essential book for anyone who is interested in understanding how honey bees see the world, yet who does not have to delve into the history of how we know what we know on this subject.

The modified golden hive David Heaf 2021 42 pages Softcover. Published by Northern Bee Books (UK) The Golden Hive or Einraumbeute is a well-insulated, double-walled, horizontal hive, with 22 deep frames, covered with a deep quilt for insulation and a roof. It was developed by the Mellifera Association in Germany, as a very bee-friendly way to house bees. This useful book

by David Heaf describes how to make the hive, and his experience of using it over six seasons in the UK. The main design features of the hive are its insulated cavity double walls, ceiling and roof, the entrance at one end – therefore at right angles to the combs (i.e., ‘warm way’), and with a solid floor. The bees build their combs naturally within the hive’s frames - which do not contain foundation. The deep combs allow for an uninterrupted, natural brood nest, and the crown of honey (as would happen if the bees were nesting in a tree cavity) – provides insulation and food during winter. This book is packed full of useful pictures and detail to help you get started with this interesting bee hive.

Bees and beekeeping Tiffany Francis Baker 2021 64 pages Softcover. Published by Shire Publications (UK) A well-presented introduction to beekeeping intended for people in UK, and an exploration of the intriguing relationship between bees and humans and what we can all do to protect bees.

An easy-to-read text with beautiful photographs.

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Bees for Development Journal 142 March 2022

LOOK AHEAD CHILE

UK

FINLAND

BBKA Spring Convention 8-10 April 2022, Harper Adams College Further details www.bbka.org.uk

APIMONDIA: 48th International Apicultural Congress 2023, Santiago Further details will appear here XXVI International Congress of Entomology 17-22 July 2022, Helsinki Further details www.ice2020helsinki.fi

ITALY

Apis Silvatica: The western honey bee’s place in nature 16-20 May 2022, Pantelleria Further details http://www.parconazionalepantelleria.it/international_meeting_apis_silvatica.php

Welsh Beekeepers Association Convention 26 March 2022, Builth Wells Further details www.wbka.com

91st National Honey Show 27-29 October 2022, Epsom Race Course Further details www.honeyshow.co.uk

BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT EVENTS Beekeeping Taster Course 20 April 2022 @ Wakelyns, Suffolk

NETHERLANDS

Honey bee and Insect Session World Congress for Genetics for Livestock Production 3-8 July 2022, Rotterdam Further details www.wcgalp.com

Bees for Development Sustainable Beekeeping Course 21-22 April 2022 @ Wakelyns, Suffolk Sustainable Beekeeping Weekend Course 18-19 June and 24-25 September 2022 Ragman’s Lane Farm GL17 9PA

RUSSIA

APIMONDIA: 47th International Apicultural Congress NEW DATES 5-10 September 2022, Ufa Further details www.apimondia2021.com

Monmouth Bee Festival 3 July 2022 Chippenham Fields, Monmouth

SERBIA

Straw Skep Making Course with Chris Park and Bees for Development 23 July 2022 Ross-on-Wye HR9 6JZ

EurBee 9 Congress NEW DATES 20-22 September 2022 University of Belgrade Further details www.eurbee9.bio.bg.ac.rs

Skep Hackles and Floors with Chris Park and Bees for Development 24 July 2022 Ross-on-Wye HR9 6JZ

SLOVENIA

12th International Meeting of Young Beekeepers DATES TO BE CONFIRMED 5-9 July 2023 Ivančna Gorica Further details www.icyb.cz

Introduction to Skep Beekeeping with Chris Park and Bees for Development 30 July 2022 Westmill Farm, Watchfield (Swindon)

TURKEY

APIMONDIA: 47th International Apicultural Congress 24 - 28 August 2022 Istanbul Further details www.apimondia2021.com

If you want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here and on our website, send details to Bees for Development.

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Bees for Development Journal Distribution

We are pleased to report that Bees for Development Journal has readers in 128 countries.

We recognise that it is important to provide printed copies of our Journal. Despite struggles with international mail delivery, we are pleased that BfD Journal Distribution Hubs are established in co-operation with the following organisations: 1. Bees for Development Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2. Bees for Development Ghana, Saltpond, Ghana 3. Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India 4. Under the Mango Tree (UTMT) Society , Mumbai, India 5. BfDJ T&T Hub, Mesopotamia, Trinidad & Tobago 6. The Uganda National Apicultural Development Organisation (TUNADO), Kampala , Uganda 7. Working for Bees, Rusape, Zimbabwe Printed copies of BfD Journal will be handed out at local and national beekeeping events and made freely available for pick-up.

Please contact us if you wish to help with distributing BfD Journal by becoming a Hub. Paying subscribers will continue to receive BfD Journal by post.

Image © Paolo Fontana

If you are in any of these countries and would like printed copies of BfD Journal email info@beesfordevelopment.org

We continue to work with our partners in other countries and regions to establish more Hubs and will provide details as these are confirmed.

http://www.parconazionalepantelleria.it/international_meeting_apis_silvatica.php Bees for Development, 1 Agincourt Street, Monmouth NP25 3DZ, UK Telephone +44 (0)1600 714848 info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org © Bees for Development 2022 ISSN 1477-6588 Printed on environmentally friendly paper and delivered in a fully compostable wrapper made from potato and corn starch.