Bees for Development Journal Edition 37 - December 1995

ekeeping cugeve l opmen t

OFFICE COPY Please return to the file

>

J

NUMBER 37

PAWPAW WAX MOULD = 1995 INDEX # BITTER ALBIZIA BASKETS FOR BEES = PROBLEMS WITH BEES

DECEMBER 1995

BEEKEEPING

DEVELOPMENT

&

37

FIRST PRIZE A COMPLETE STRAINAWAY® HONEY FILTERING SYSTEM

SECOND PRIZE WORTH OF Bees for Development BOOKS, VIDEOS OR T SHIRTS

50

THIRD PRIZE

WORTH OF Bees for Development BOOKS, VIDEOS OR T SHIRTS

25

WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO What image best depicts this magazine's title Beekeeping & Development?.

You are asked to provide a picture which shows the idea of Beekeeping & Development in action. The picture shuld be an illustration or a photograph by you.

Strainaway” honey filtering system: one vacuum assisted 40 mesh filter with plastic tap, and a handpump. It will be delivered to you.

~lor super smooth ligeids« {te filter tar sects

eff your

PRUPOCTS

Strainaway® is an hygienic two-part filter made from polyethylene and stainless steel. A partial vacuum created by using the hand pump draws liquid honey from the upper

chamber through the stainless steel mesh leaving a clean, clear honey ready for packing and marketing. The system does not require electricity and does not involve any heating process. The system does not adversely affect the honey’s appearance, flavour or moisture content.

To quote from a technical report by Professor Peter Kevan and Graham Roberts:

The winning entries will be featured on the cover of a future edition of Beekeeping & Development.

“We recommend Strainaway® system to beekeepers whose operations are even up to 300 hives. The system would be of interest to beekeepers’ associations with

SEND YOUR ENTRY TO

membership comprising mostly hobbyists, and educational institutions.

Individual hobbyists would find the system useful as well. Its light weight, ease of

B&D COMPETITION, Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom.

Entries must arrive by 29 February 1996.

IN THIS

Second and third prizes will be vouchers to the values of 50

and respectively to be used for any books, videos or T shirts sold by

Bees for Development.

ISSUE

INSIDE INFORMATION ff W

Competition

Practical Beekeeping

OO

News Around the World

Beekeeping & Development, the journal, is a publication by Bees for Development, the organisation.

We run an active beekeeping network linking people interested in bees and sustainable beekeeping everywhere. Contact us if you have information to share, or need information.

We welcome your contributions for publication in this journal.

sa

Trees Bees Use

Look & Learn Ahead

yA

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Notice Board Problems with Bees...

set-up, speed of processing, compactness for operation and storage, simplicity for cleaning, and durability make the system convenient and versatile’.

25

All entries should be available for use

by Bees for Development.

....

Practical Beekeepi g

10

Marvellous Mail Order Bookshelf

12

Index 1995

14

Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson

A

SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT The subscription rate for 12 months (four editions) is 16 by airmail to any address.

Back issues are available at 5 each.

Readers in developing countries may pay by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency.

QW

COVER PICTURE

PUBLISHERS

Top-Star meets Top-Bar!

Bees for Development,

Pop star and actor David Essex recently met with beekeepers in Nyika National Park,

Malawi where he is making a film of their work. One of the beekeepers is holding a

top-bar and bees’ comb. The comb is built

Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom

44(0) 16007 13648

Telephone: Fax: 44(0) 16007 16167 E-Mail: |00410.2631@CompuServe.COM

by bees in one of the top-bar hives which are

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

widely used inside the National Park.

B&D is published four times every year and is on sale by the first of March, June, September and December. 4000 copies of each edition are printed and distributed world-wide.

David Essex works as Ambassador for the development aid charity

Service Overseas.

TWO

LAM WA Ne

First Prize The complete

VSO, Voluntary

ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements and enclosures in B&D reach readers in many countries. The rates are: Quarter page 50; Half page 90; Full page 160.

Enclosures 40 per kilogram.

REPRODUCTION Information in B&D is intended to help beekeepers everywhere. We are happy for items to be reproduced or translated. Please give acknowledgement to B&D and the author of the item you are using, and send us a copy of the reproduced or translated item.

ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

B&D is the official newsletter of the Asian Apicultural Association (AAA).

SPONSORS The journal has been sponsored in part by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. We have also received sponsorship from CTA, The Netherlands.

We are grateful to our sponsors and the many beekeeping groups and individuals who are supporting Bees for Development.

We need more sponsors urgently. Please contact. us direct if you can help.

A Bees fer Development publication

BEEKEEPING

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DEVELOPMENT

37

MAKING CANDLES IN BAMBOO by

Naomi Saville

In Sierra Leone we tried out the bamboo candle moulds described in B&D 14, we used threads hand spun from locally grown cotton as wicks. A section of bamboo with inner diameter about 20 mm was used.

Naomt Saville worked in Sierra Leone during 1994 She is currently in Nepal working on behalf of

Two small slits are cut at each end for holding a very thin splinter of bamboo on to which the wick is tied. The cotton string wick is tied from the bottom piece to the ton where the wick will trude.

A Figure

1

ODA at ICIMOD, Kathmandu.

Pouring beeswax into

the bamboo candle mould

THE SIERRA LEONE GREEN PAWPAW BEESWAX MOULD

& Figure

3.4

wax mould made

This was invented by Mr Abu Ansumana.

Take a green pawpaw and hollow out the

from a green

pawpaw (papaya)

centre, removing the seeds. Try to make a smooth and even surface inside the pawpaw. If the mould will not stand on its own, cut the bottom flat, without spoiling the beeswax cup.

Pour clean, molten beeswax into the mould and rest it in a cool place for a few hours until the wax has set hard. The mould can be easily split or the wax may just slip out.

The pawpaw mould could be used to make a candle, (use a sufficiently large wick), as described above for bamboo moulds.

Otherwise the pawpaw serves as a usefully sized, clean container for making beeswax blocks of convenient size.

A Bees for Development publication

ALL PHOTOGRAPHS THIS ARTICLE (except picture of Naomi) NAOMI SAVILLE

A Figure

4. Pouring in the mollen beeswar

THREE

BEEKEEPING

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37

NEWS AROUND

\.)

CAMEROON “4 Barnabus Bonu, the Senior Trainer for NOWEBA (North

West Beefarmers’ Association) discusses with workshop

participants the advantages and disadvantages of the two forms of hives commonly used in the North West Province of

Cameroon. The July workshop was organised by

NOWEBA

with funding from

HELVETAS

“4

Training farmers how

to

strain honey in a hygienic

way to maintain honey quality.

MOZAMBIQUE Amru is the Mozambican Association for Rural Women’s Development. It was formed in 1991.

In Changalane 45 women working in three groups of 15 undertake beekeeping activities.

Beekeeping is carried out within a credit scheme, where we hand over the hives and equipment and provide technical support a: well as training. This project has support from AFRICARE, CIDAC and MESERIOR. With MESERIOR we are also negotiating a project in agriculture, and water and environmental hygiene. This will be starting up in January.

Amélia Zambeze, Amru

PHILIPPINES BEENET Philippines,

a National Beekeeping Network was formally inaugurated on 15 August 1995 during the First Beekeeping Symposium and Techno-fora held in Davao

,

City.

The BEENET Network aims to: @ Co-ordinate national research, training

and extension activities; @ Promote beekeeping as a productive

®@

& Marrying

cylindrical log hive with top-bars, made by Bambui Beefarmers’ Club. the old and the new: a

business operation and an important component of forest and agricultural ecosystems; Establish standards for bee products and equipment;

PICTURES PROVIDED BY MR MZEKA PAUL,

CO-ORDINATOR OF THE NORTH WEST BEEFARMERS' ASSOCIATION

KENYA Our work at Baraka Agricultural College is progressing very well with a new honey refining facility being built and about 500 kg of honey in stock. Our beekeeping courses are becoming very popular. In August we held an advanced beekeeping course which attracted 35 participants from all over Kenya, and 25 people attended an introductory course.

W

Ey &O.ME a

BEENET

SYMPOSIUN Tou

AE Mindange heseiect

ba.

ono

ECHNOFORA

geod

Shes Foundation

<

3a Zz <x

> om

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im

= o 9

Tom Carroll

FOUR

A Bees for Development publication

&

DEVELOPMENT

37

mt

BEEKEEPING

LETTER TO

B&D

lam the Chairman of the Israeli Conference on “Bee Products: Properties, Applications and

THE WORLD @

Apitherapy” (26-30 May 1996). am in the process of writing a book on bees and bee products. The book is going to be published in Hebrew.

Establish regional centres for quality evaluation of bee products, equipment and supplies;

Introduce a national breeding programme to meet local demand for

CLEO CERVANCIA

@

good quality queens; @

@

Facilitate exchange of information and resources related to beekeeping; Formulate policies concerning foraging rights, quarantine, and pest control operations harmful to bees.

Exhibition of

pee products

|

If you have any story, experience, or unique pictures, relating to bees, hives or bee products you believe to be worth including in the book please send it to me (ona complimentary basis) to the address below.

Needless to mention that any materials sent to me that are published in my book it will be written that it is published with your courtesy.

I

will highly appreciate your fast response to my call.

Professor Avshalom Mizrahi, 32 Gordon Street,

Demonstrations at the Techno-fora included disease detection, a quick test for honey quality, and candle making. There were also exhibits of bee yducts and a ney contest.

Tel Aviv 63414, Israel.

Fax: 972

3

524 1633

CLEO CERVANCIA

}

a

aae

aA

Dr Cleo Cervancia Honey analysis demonstration

ZIMBABWE The African honeybee in August, September, October be worse-tempered than normal and with little provocation we will always cause trouble We are actively rearing our brood

We may

and cannot always collect enough forage.

Towards October we will be busy collecting water

to cool

our hives.

CARTOON BY THOMAS A CHALE, UNV VOLUNTEER

A Bees for Development publication

.

FIVE

BEEKEEPING

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37

THE BITTER ALBIZIA

Albizia amara subspecies sericocephala by

Reinhard Fichtl

Cultivation Occurs in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan southwards to Zambia and Zimbabwe. The subspecies Albizia amara amara occurs mainly in India and Sri Lanka and may have similar apicultural value.

Habitat Found at altitudes of 1000-1800 m in wooded

grassland and scrub, on rocky slopes and in Acacia woodland. Very often along dry river beds with an annual rainfall of at least 350mm.

Uses The wood is widely used as fuel and for charcoal making. The wood is durable and suitable for construction work, farm implements, digging sticks and frames for huts.

Saponins are extracted from the roots and leaves. Tannins and gums are extracted from the bark.

valuable tree for soil conservation measures. As with Acacia species, other plants near the tree benefit from the nitrogen fixing abilities of the roots. It is also soil-improving and provides mulch.

It is a

-

Albizia amara

References Hedberg,]; Edwards,S (eds) (1989) Flora of Ethiopia. Volume 3: Pittosporaceae Araliaceae. National Herbarium,

to

University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Sweden.

Amanuel G (ed) (1994) Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of Eritrea. Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea.

Seed pods of Albizia amara

Apicultural value Honeybees collect the abundant nectar and pollen produced by Albizia throughout the day. Bees can produce a surplus of honey if there are dense stands of Albizia amara.

Recommended for planting to increase honey production.

Leaves are browsed by livestock.

This attractive Albizia could be more widely grown as an ornamental tree and boundary marker.

Family

In traditional medicine the roots are chewed and applied to an eye infection of cattle. Fruits are also used as an emetic and for treating coughs and malaria.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae) subfamily Mimosoideae

Practical notes

Description A deciduous shrub or more commonly a tree,

Propagation is carried out by direct sowing, seedlings, cuttings and wildlings. The tree coppices well.

growing up to 8 m tall with a rounded crown.

Bark: rough, dark-brown and furrowed, young branchlets grey-brown.

Leaves: pinnae 4-46 pairs, leaflets 12-48 pairs, oblong to linear, thinly silky.

Flowers: fragrant, white or flushed pink, peduncles clustered at the nodes of short lateral branches.

Pods: papery, pale-brown, oblong, 10-28cm long and 2-4cm broad.

Flowering: trees can be found in flower from April to August.

ALL PHOTOGRAPHS

SIX

REINHARD FICHTL

A

bee forages in flowers of

Albizia amara

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING

LOOK AHEAD BELGIUM APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 1-6 September 1997, Antwerp Further details from. APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, [-00186 Rome, Italy

UNITED KINGDOM Under-utilised Crops

MEETING?

Third West African Bee Research Seminar

VENEZUELA

11-15 December 1995, Cotonou

Manejo y Utilizacion de Pastos y Forrajes en Sistemas de Produccion Animal

BRAZIL XI Congresso Brasileiro de Apicultura 21-24 May 1996 Further details from: Prof Dr Ademilson Espencer Egea

Soares, Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina - USP, 14.049-900 Ribeirao Preto - SP, Brazil

CANADA Seventh International Pollination Symposium 24-28 June 1996, Lethbridge Further details from: Agriculture and Agri-Food

inada, Lethbridge Research Station, Lethbridge, niberta, Tl] 4B], Canada Fax: 403 382 3156

APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 13-21

September 1999, Vancouver

Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, |-00186 Rome, Italy Fax: 39 6685 2286

CUBA Symposium on Melliferous Flora and Pollination 21-25 August 1996, La Habana Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, }-00186 Rome, Italy

Fax: 39 6685 2286

GERMANY Third Symposium on Apiculture 22-26 August 1996, Jena Further details from: Dr Ursula Horn, Friedrich Schiller Universitat, Am Steiger 3, D07743 Jena/Thiiringen, Germany Fax: 36 4] 635 382

ISRAEL e Products: Properties, Applications and itherapy 26-30 May 1996, Tel Aviv Further details from: Congress Secretariat, Dan Knassim Ltd, POB 1931, Ramat-Gan 52118 Israel Fax: 972 3613 3341

ITALY XXth International Congress of Entomology 25-31 August 1996, Florence Further details from: The Organising Secretariat, Via A la Moarmora 24, 50121, Florence, Italy

(Management and utilization of Pasture and Forage

in Animal Production Systems) 15-17 February 1996, Estado Portuguesa

Further details from: Programa de Produccion Animal

VIETNAM Third Asian Apicultural Association Conference 6-10 October 1996, Hanoi Further details from: Third

Ms Nguyen Thu Hang, Bee Research and Development Centre, Lang ha, Dong da, Hanoi, Vietnam Fax: 84 435 2725

Training in Tropical Beekeeping Short courses in February, April and June 1996, Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, Tanzania Further details from: Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania

13-18 September 2001, Sun City Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy Fax: 39 6685 2286

A Bees for Development publication

INTERAISE This Project aims to identify and locate environmental and natural resource documents and make them available to those who require them in developing countries.

Fax: 255 57 8240 or from Bees for Development

UNITED KINGDOM AND TANZANIA Beekeeping in Rural Development | September - October 1996, University of Wales Cardiff, United Kingdom and Nijiro Wildlife Research Centre, Tanzania |

INTERAISE Project, HED, 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1LH ODD

Contact:

Further details from: Glynis Hudson,

Continuing Education Facilitator, University of Wales Cardiff, 51 Park Place, Cardiff CFI 3AT, United Kingdom Fax 44 (0}1222 874953 UNITED KINGDOM Women and Agricultural Development 29 April

LOW PRICE BOOKS The UK Overseas Development Administration funds The Educational Low-

July 1996, Reading

Further details from: John Best,

AERDD,

The University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 238, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom Fax: 44 (0)1734 261244

Priced Book Scheme to make textbooks available to students in 54 developing countries at one third the normal price.

Tropical Forest Management, Tropical Agroforestry 27 June

-~

Order from: TOOL Publications,

20 September 1996, Edinburgh

Sarphatistraat 650, 1018 AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Participatory Rural Appraisal Techniques

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Univ Ed Technologies Ltd, 16 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh EH8 OLN, United Kingdom Fax: 44 (0)131 650 3474

For your event or Notice Board item to appear here, send advance details to: Bees for Development, Troy; Monmouth NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Fax: 44(0) 16007 16167

Lam a beekeeper and BSc

Please contact:

LEARN AHEAD

- 4

WORK WANTED

Aleem Nabighodss, No I, Valley 3, Takhty Avenue, Gorgan 49177, Iran

TANZANIA

Further details from: Catherine Bancroft,

SOUTH AFRICA APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress

participants.

graduate interested in beekeeping work in Australia, Canada, Spain or South Africa.

AAA Conference,

KENYA

Further details from: Dr August B Temu, ICRAF,

Bees for Development might provide you with past editions of B&D and other material for use by participants. Send (at least three months ahead of the date) details of your workshop and likely numbers of

Edo Portuguesa, Venezuela Fax: 57 68157

8-12 July 1996, Edinburgh

PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya

If you are planning a beekeepers’ workshop then

UNELLEZ, Mesa de Cavacas 3323, Guanare,

Fax: 55 500 1912

Inventory of Non-Timber Forest Products 19-23 February 1996, Nairobi

37

PLANNING A

BENIN

Further details from: Dr S J} Kokoye, Co-ordinator, ANAB, BP 03-4148 Cotonou, Benin

DEVELOPMENT

NOTICE BOARD

17-19 June 1996, Southampton University, Further details from: Dr Nazmul Haq, International Centre for Under-utilised Crops,

Department of Biology, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU, United Kingdom

Fax: 39 6685 2286

&

Foundation for Sustainable Development in Africa encourages the exchange of information between dynamic,

self-sustaining, agricultural communities throughout Africa.

i

Write

to:

FSDA, PO Box 22415, Nairobi, Kenya

SEVEN

BEEKEEPING

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DEVELOPMENT

37

TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS of honey hunting and keeping bees in bark hives provide thousands of small-scale farmers in the Project area with considerable income from sales of honey beer (mbote).

SUSTAINABILITY Bark hive beekeeping and honey gathering are methods that cannot be developed further because of limitations regarding quality, yields and workloads. Moreover these methods are destructive: trees are usually cut for a small amount of honey, and debarked trees die. With increasing loss of woodlands through charcoal burning and agricultural use, beekeeping is becoming more difficult.

We must ask how long these traditional systems will be sustainable.

amet ®

A

beekeeper attends his bark hive, lodged in a tree Notice the

large bundle of twigs being used to produce smoke. The beekeeper has already removed the end of the hive and combs are visible inside.

STARTING AN INDUSTRY Local craftsmen are now manufacturing topbar hives, swarm boxes, protective veils, bellows smokers, queen cages and other items. Farmers were trained in beekeeping and received loans to start their own hives.

INCREASING HIVE NUMBERS Attempts to become more commercially orientated were hampered by unforeseen obstacles. It is well-known that the local bee, Apis mellifera adansonii, has a high tendency for absconding. It migrates easily to other areas where there is more food, and it does not store very large amounts of honey. Such features are not welcomed by beekeepers.

Nevertheless, years of experience in Zambia have shown that with good management, colonies can be kept over many years and will regularly give good honey yields.

If

a

beekeeper wants to expand numbers there

are three basic methods: @

Dig out wild colonies from holes, ant hills, or remove the bees from cavities, under roofs or from workshops.

Catching bee clusters.

This method is more fruitful as the bees are normally in a more passive mood. They can be easily brushed from any place or shaken from branches into cardboard boxes. Catching the queen is an easy task.

If she is initially confined, the bees will not leave. The box is put into a sack and transported to the hive site. However, there are many problems with the occupation of the hive particularly if no brood and honeycombs from other colonies are available. The absconding rate is also high.

@

Suspending empty swarm boxes 3-5m above ground in the branches of trees.

This is the most successful way of getting colonies started in hives. Depending on the season and location it might take hours or months until a box becomes occupied. There is no hard or fast rule.

Once the bees have entered and settled the best time to collect the boxes is dusk.

The entrances are closed, the box is carried to the hive site and by next morning the bees are used to their new environment.

To ensure a smooth transition, the swarm box is usually left on top of the new hive for some days before the combs, togethr~ with the bees, are transferred into the n hive.

essential to check the suspended topbar hive swarm boxes every week. If the box is collected too early and the bees have not built combs or have not developed larvae or brood, the risk of It is

subsequent absconding is again high.

It is even possible to use well-established colonies hanging from tree branches.

These methods are the least successful because the combs usually break when they are removed and often the bees abscond during the operation. If the queen has been caught and caged (which is at best difficult and at worst impossible), the

Harvesting from a bark hive on the ground

EIGHT

subsequent rate of absconding is very high. Out of ten colonies caught in this way, usually about two continue to develop as a colony inside the hive.

Beekeepers of the Smallholders’ Development Project

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT ALL PHOTOGRAPHS THIS ARTICLE

37

HORST WENDORF

method had worked well once the queen was confined and the cluster transferred. The queen cage was fixed to one top-bar and the bees shaken into the hive. After some days the queen was released, but only if the bees had started to construct combs.

CHAOS! lf the bees have remained for a long period, the combs may be big and might

even have honey, leading to breakages during transport. The emerging mess of broken combs and mashed honey and brood is also not favourable. However, if everything works well the absconding rate is very low.

PROBLEMS ARISING at are the obstacles to starting many new es with colonies? If there are enough swarm

boxes available why should there be a problem? The answer is simple: it takes time.

The 25 swarm boxes used by the Project remained unoccupied for nearly half a year.

This was probably due to the prevailing drought which caused low reproduction during the previous swarming season.

There are certain times of year when swarms or clusters appear in bulk. The two swarming seasons are April and October. During these periods there are mainly reproductive swarms.

At the end of the rainy season in February plenty of bee clusters emerge, flooded and driven out by late rains from their easily accessible nesting sites. July is the cold season when there is little food. This leads to many clusters of bees in search of greener nactures and warmer places. In between times re are the rough cropping methods used by traditional beekeepers and honey hunters that also lead to homeless clusters of bees.

BEES EVERYWHERE Suddenly at the end of February, as usual, bee clusters were seen everywhere. This led to the idea of exploiting this opportunity to test hive occupation from clusters. The aim was to expand the number of occupied hives as quickly as possible before the start of the flowering season. A team was established and equipped with sufficient boxes, sacks, queen cages and long sticks with swarm shaking bags. New hives were prepared.

Small financial rewards were offered for reports of bee clusters. The number of clusters reported far exceeded those which could be caught!

This procedure presented unforeseen problems. The behaviour of the local bee frustrated most of our efforts. Previously our A Bees for Development publication

On this occasion everything was different. The large number of swarms made hive occupation very difficult. Either the bees left their confined queen exposed to death from starvation and joined any cluster nearby, or another swarm entered the hive and after some time both united swarms left the place, leaving the caged queen alone and struggling for her life. Bee clusters were found hanging outside the swarm boxes, often leaving again after some days or sometimes building combs.

All kinds of conceivable variations occurred.

While a cluster was being placed in a new hive by the beekeeping team, a swarm arrived and entered the hive, interfering in the operations.

3

A

top-bar with comb Worker brood is visible

on the left, drone brood on the right.

MUTINY! Although hard to believe at an apiary with established colonies, bees even left their brood and joined clusters hanging from branches. Many bees from different hives or clusters fought each other. Some hives were found after one day with thousands of dead bees, the only live bee being the queen in the queen cage. Feeding created even more conflict. Almost every colony with a feeder was robbed within hours.

MULTIPLE QUEENS We found that in hives with caged queens sometimes second queens were also present.

It is a feature of the local bee to have several queens for a while during the reproductive season. On one occasion five queens were found in one cluster of bees! Since there was no swarming season at the time of our experiments, such hives must have been joined by another swarm. Newly occupied hives were found empty with the confined queen dead. If we released the queen the absconding rate was usually higher. The trial was improved by separating the hives and putting them into individual places some distance apart. All management steps like occupation, release of queens, or feeding were implemented at dusk giving the bees time to get used to their new environment or conditions at night. These measures led to a higher rate of well-established colonies but the increased workload far outweighed these benefits. The approaching flowering season will be a testing time to see if these new

The Smallholder Development Project is a European Union and Government of Zambia funded agricultural venture. It is operating in the rural area of the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. In 1993 a beekeeping support programme was integrated into the Project. It focused on honey marketing, beeswax marketing and the introduction of top-bar hive beekeeping.

Horst Wendorf works with the Project.

Have other readers

/

experienced this kind of bee behaviour? Write to B&D if you have good advice to

share

_

.

colonies can thrive.

NINE

BEEKEEPING

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37

BASKETS CAN BE USED FOR BEE HIVES by

Sam Manga,

Training Officer, Beekeepers’ Co-operative Association, The Gambia

TURN TRADITIONAL WAYS INTO MODERN

A

basket. This one is a large type

often used for carrying fruit or

WAYS.

vegetables, about 0.7 m across.

The volume is about 50 litres.

Here is how to do it!

C28 PRACTICAL

“CCS BEEKEEPING

The basket is now turning into a hive. It has supporting legs, and a frame to support the top-bars. A hole has been made to serve as an entrance for the bees.

Top-bars have been placed along the top of the hive. Each top-bar must be longer than the width of the hive and the right width for the species and race

of honeybees you are using. Combs in a hive need to be the same distance

apart as combs in a wild nest. This

is

because bees need enough space to live

and work, while at the same time they must be able to keep the temperature

just right.

See Beekeeping & Development edition 33 for more information on how to make and use top-bar basket hives.

TEN

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING

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DEVELOPMENT

37

MARVELLOUS MAIL ORDER T SHIRTS...

AND VIDEOTAPES

ADULT T SHIRTS

Excellent videos for purchase from Bees for Development

HANDS & BEES T SHIRT An original design presented to Bees for Development by Bernhard Clauss.

The design is printed in rainforest green on premium quality, fair traded, unbleached 100% Egyptian cotton.

Manufactured by a workers’ co-operative specialising in screen printing using ethical techniques and materials (for example, all inks are non-animal tested and water soluble).

Rafter beekeeping with Apis dorsata in Vietnam Running time 30 minutes. VHS

“BSD

brings you

best views on

beekeeping and this gold medal winner from

Some of you have heard of the wonderful new range of Bees for Development T shirts, and have been asking how to get them.

Here they are, available by mail order:

Apimondia 1995

Available in large and extra large sizes.

certainly does just that)”

HOW TO ORDER

RAINFOREST T SHIRT

24.85

The Penan Man design on this T shirt is also ted in rainforest green.

includi postage and packing.

List your requirements and order in the same way as for books as shown on page 13.

Hand printed on 100% natural cotton as described above.

For immediate airmail dispatc

Available in large size.

29.00

BATIK TREE T SHIRT

African honeybees how to handle them in top-bar hives ~-

A full colour design taken from a batik picture

by Angela Newport depicting the Tree of Life.

Hand printed on fair traded, unbleached cotton as described above.

Script by Bernhard Clauss Running time 22 minutes. VHS “A brilliant introdu

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THIRTEEN

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT

37

INDEX FOR BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 34-37

Figures in BOLD denote issue number followed by relevant page number(s) for that issue.

A

Asian Apicultural Association,

AAA, 34,2; 35,2,10,15; 36,2; 37,2 chapter, 35,10,13 Third Conference, 34,11; 35,12; 36.11; 37,7 absconding, see management Abu.A, 37.3 Acacia spp, 34,4; 36,10 woodland, 37,6 acaricides, 34,10 Acarapis woodi, 36,6,14 acarine, see Acarapis woodi ACIAR, 34,11 AddiA, 346.12; 35,5 Adey,M, 34,10 A frame for the Kenya top-bar hive, 35,3.

36,4,5 Africa, 35,5; 36,10 2000, 35,12 central, 36,7 east, 35,5; 36,10 honey plants, 34,6; 35,5; 36,10 northern, 36,10 west, 35,5, 36,7,10 african honeybees, see bee

African honeybees - haw to handle them in top-bar hives, 36.13: 37,11

africanized honeybees, see bee African pencil cedar, see Juniperus procera

Africare, 37,4 Agnes, 36,5 Agrecol, 36,11 Agri-Africa, 36,11 Agricultura paro o futuro, 35,14 Agritech 95, 36,11 Agroccology, 37,12 Agroforestry, 35,14

agroforestry, 35,14 Research & Development, 34,11; 35,12 Resources Inventory Techniques to support, 34,]1; 35,12; 36.11 Agromisa, Foundation, 37,13 Newsletter, 37,13 Ahn,W-S, 35,10,13 Aidoo,K S, 35,12; 36,6 Albert Schweitzer Ecology Centre, 34,11 Albizzia spp, 36,14; 37,6 Albizzia amara amara, 37,6 Albizzia amara sericocephala, 37,6

Allan.M, 36,15 Allium spp, 34,9 Allsopp,M, 36,6 Al-Mughrabi}, 35,10 Alot,M, 35,6 Altieri.M, 37,12 Amanuel,G, 36,10; 37,6 America, central, 34,9; 35,5 south, 35,5; 36,12,14 _Amtu, 37,4 Anacardium excelsum, 36,14 Angola, 34,6 aphid attack, 34.8 Apiacta, 37,12 Apicultura prdctica

en América

Latina,

apiculture, see beekeeping Apiculture in China, 36,12

Apiculture sans Frontieres, 35,11 Apimondia, 34,11; 35,12,16: 36.2,3,5,11.13; 37,7,11,12 Congress, see International Beekeeping Congress Bronze Medal, 34,2; 35,2; 36,2 Gold Medal, 34,2; 35,2; 36,2 Standing Commission, for Beekeeping Economy, 36,3 for Beekeeping in Developing Countries, 36,3 for Beekeeping in Rural Development, 36,3 for Bee Product Trading and Commerce, 36,3 «

Apimondia: welcome

to

Switzerland, 36,3

Api-Promo, 36,6 Project, 36,6 Apis, 36,3 Apis cerana, 34,5,13; 35,13; 36,3 Apis dorsata, 34,14; 35,8,9; 36,8,9,13 migration, 36,9 Apis mellifera, 34,2,14; 35,13 introduction of, 34,14 Apis mellifera adansonii, 37,8 Apis mellifera capensis, 36,6 Apis mellifera mellifera, 34,15 Apis mellifera scutellata, 36,14 apitherapy, 34,11; 35,12,15; 36.611; 37,7,12 appropriate, equipment, 34.11 technology, 36,4 Arabian coffee, see Coffea arabica ashes, 34,5 Asia, 35,5,9,13; 36,8 south-east, 35,13

FOURTEEN

see

Astragalus spp, 35,13

Australia, 34,11,13; 35,13 AyeeboA, 36,6 Azadirachta indica, 34,14

B bactericides, 34,10 back issue, 37,7 Baird.N, 34,[1 Balough.S, 34,11 bamboo, 37,3 Bamenda, 34,13 Bangladesh, 35,10 Institute of Apiculture, 35,10 Baraka

agricultural college, 34,4; 37,4 beekeeping project, 34,4; 37.4 Barbour,M 36.6 basket, 37,10 Baskets can be used for bee hives, 37,10 Bas-Zaire, 36,6,7 batik, 34,12; 35,15 tree, 37,11 bee, 37,10 african, 36,4,13; 37,5 africanized, 36,14 asian, 34,13; 35,9; 36,3 clusters, 37,8 development work, 36,15 disease, 34,14; 35,13 european, 36,14 black, 34,15 flora, 34,6,12; 35,5,13,14; 36,10,14; 37,10 importation, 36,6 indigenous, 36,3 introduced to new areas, 36,3 louse, see Braula packages, see management plants, see bee flora poisoning by pesticide, 34,7 race, 37,12 research, 35,7 space, 35,3; 36,5; 37,10 species, see Apis sting therapy, 37,12 stingless, see stingless bees subrace, 34,15 tree, 35,8,9, see also Koompassia excelsa

tropical, 35,9 western, 35,13 Bee Health Ltd, 34,16; 36,15; 37,16 bee hive, see hive beekeepers, African, 34,13 Bondolfi, 34,5 forest-dwelling, 34,4 Kanyakumari, 34,14 low-technology, 37,10 Ndorabo, 34,4 Ruai co-operative, 34,4; 35,3 subsistence level, 36,3 traditional, 36,4,5 women, 36,7; 37,4 Zambian, 36,4 beekeeping, asian, 37,12 association, 35,13; 36,3 co-operative, 34,7; 36,7 economics, 36,14 fearless, 36,4; 37,11 forest, 34,5 management, see management migratory, 34,14; 35,13; 36,7 museum, 36,14 network, 37,4 project, 34,4,5; 36,6,7; 37.4.6 rafter, 36,1,2,8,9,13 sustainable, 36,3 traditional, 34,1; 36,8; 37,8 training, see training warm weather, 36,12 with stingless bees, see Meliponiculture workshop, 34,5 Beekeeping courses in French, 35,11 Beekeeping for honey production in

Sri Lanka, 34,13

Beekeeping in a nutshell, 35,15 Beekeeping in India, 37,12

BEENET, Asia, 36,13 Philippines, 37,4 beer, see honey beer Bees and beekeeping: science, practice and world resources, 36,12 Bees and Pesticides, 34,7

Bees for Development, 34,2; 35,2.

36,2; 37,2,16 beeswax, 34,3,4, 35,14,15; 36,8;

373,16

buying. 34,4 casting, 35,14 cosmetics, 34,12 foundation, see foundation marketing, see marketing

mould, 37,3 ointment, 34,12 polish, 34.4 production, 35,3 quality, 36,12 recipies, 34,12 sheet, see foundation soap, 34,4 solar wax meltor, 34,12 Beeswax Barter, 34,15, 35,16; 37,2,16 Beeswax crafting, 34,12 Beeswax Global Contest, 36,16 Begor Han, 35,6 Belgium, 34,11; 35,11; 36,2,3,11; 37,7 Bellamy,D, 35,8 Benin, 34,11; 35.12; 36,11; 37,7 Berthold.R, 34,12 Bianchi,E M, 36,12 Bierna,M, 35,11 Biesmeijer,K, 35,12 bilharzia, 34,6 biodiversity, 36,3

conservation, soil, 37,7 Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, see CGIAR

Biogeography and taxonomy of honeybees,

Control de calidad de la miel y ta cera,

34,13; 37.12 biological control, 34,8 bitter albizia, see Albizia amara bitter leaf, see Vernonia amygdalina black locust, see Robinia pseudocacia blacksmith, 36,7 Bolga Na-aba, 36,6 Bolgatanga, 36,6 Bolivia, 35.11 Bonu,B, 37,4 Bookshelf, 34,12; 35,14, 36,12, 37,12 Books to Buy, 34,12; 35,14, 36,12, Bosnia, 35,6 Bradbear,N, 34,2; 35,2; 36,2; 37,2 Brandwijk.M, 36,5 Brassica spp, 35,13 Braula spp, 36,14 Brazil, 35,14 British Beekeeping Convention, 34,11 Isles Bee Breeders’ Association, 35,14 Brils.C, 35,14 Brokensha,D, 36,12 brood, drone, 37,9 worker, 37,9 Brown.R, 35,14 Brunei Darussalam, 35,10 Buranapawang,S, 35,10 Burkino Faso, 34,11 Burundi, 34,6 Butea monosperma, 34,12 buying, see marketing Cc

Calver,C, 35,2 Calver,D, 35,2 Calver,G, 35,2 Cambodia, 35,12 Cameroon, 34,6,11,13; 35,6; 37,4 Canada, 34,11; 35,12: 36,2,11; 37,4 Canadian International Development Agency, see CIDA Candle Currency, 34,15; 35,16;

37,216

candle, 37,3, 16 bamboo, 37,3 making, 34,12; 35,14; 36,8; 37,3 wick, 37,3 Capensis, 36,6 Capuchin Brothers, 36,7 carbamates, 34,10 Cardiff University, 37,16 CarrollT, 34,4; 37,4 cassava bacteria wilt, 34.8 Casearia hirsuta, 36,14 Cassia spp, 36,14 Castanea pubinervis, 35,13 CBRI, see Central Bee Research Institute Center for international Forestry Research, see CIFOR Central African Republic, 34,6 Central Bee Research Institute, India, 34,14; 35.7,10 cera rica, 36,16 Cera Rica Noda Co Ltd, 36,16 Cervancia,C R, 35,10; 37,4,5 CGIAR, 35,11 Chadwick,L E, 35,14 Chale,T A, 34,5; 37,5 chalk brood, 35,13 Chang.Y-D, 35,13 chaphuagul, 35,13 charcoal, 37,10 Chaudhary,O P, 35.7 Cheju Island, 35,13 chestnut, see Castanea pubinervis chew sticks, 34,6 China, 35,10; 36,8 Chinh,P H, 36,8,13 Cho,K-T, 35,10,13

Christian Aid, 36,7 Christs’s thorn, see Ziziphus spina-christi Chromolaena adorata, 36,7

CIDA, 34,4,13 CIDAC, 37,4 CIFOR, 35,11,12 Clauss.B, 36,4,13

Butea monosperma

Coffea arabica, 35,5 coffee, see Coffea arabica

comb, 35,3 movable, 36,4 Combretum spp, 36,14 compensation, 34,9 competition, 37,2 conference, 34,11; 35,10,12: 36,11; 37,7 Congo, 34,6 congress, see conference Congresso Brasileiro de Apicultura,

36,12 Cornejo,L G, 36,12 cosmetics, 34,12 cost accounting, 37,13

Costing and pricing for export, 37,13

Céte d'ivoire, 34.9 cotton, 34,9 courses: 34,1]; 35,11,12; 36,11; 37,4,9,16 beekeeping, 35,11; 36,11;

37,.4,9,16 in rural development, 36,11;

37,7,16 tropical, 36,11; 37,7,16

in French, 35,11

rural management, 36,11 train the trainers, 36,11 training, 34.4.11, 35.1112; 36,6,11: 37,7 tropical forest management, 37,7 UK, 36,11; 37,7 Crane,E, 34,10; 369,12 Crescentia cujete, 36,14 crop rotation, 34.8 CTA, 34,2; 35,2; 36,2; 37,2 Cuba, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11; 37.7 Cupania americana, 36,14 Curatella americana, 36,14 customs, 34,3

D Dance language and orientation of bees,

35,14 DANIDA 34,10 Daniel} N. 34,12 Danish Beekeepers’ Association, 34,10 Darchen,R, 36,1} Davao City, 37,4 Davilia nitida, 36,14 defotiant, 35,11 Denmark, 34,9,15; 35,11 1

Destroying beekeepers: Thai sacbrood virus,

4,14

development, issues, 37,12 sustainable, 37,12 digestion, 35,13 Doebel.R, 36,13 Dong wi po gam, 35,13

flora, see bee flora flora, multipurpose, 37,10

Flora of Ethiopia Val 3, 36.10; 37,6 floral calendar, 36,14 fly killer, see insecticides Fondation Roi Baudoin Award, 35,12 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, see FAO forest, fires, 36,9 management, 36,11; 37.7

Melaleuca, 36,8,9,13

non-wood products, 36,11: 37.7 tropical, 36,3 Forest and forest trees of north-east tropical Asia, 36,6

Forest Management Foundation, 35,12 forestry, 36,1] for rural development, 34,11 policy solutions, 34,11 Forestry research management, 35,14 Fougeres, 36,8 foulbrood, American, 35,13 European, 35,13 foundation, 36,4 starter strips, 35,4; 36,5 frame, 35,3; 36,5 Ruai, 36,5 Franco,!, 34,11 Free} B, 36,11 french text, 35,14 Fries,!, 34,6 Frisch von, K, 35,14 FUNDACITE-ORIENTE, 36,14 fungicides, 34,10

G Gambia, see The Gambia Germany, 34,12; 35,12; 36,4.6,11, 37,7,12 Ghana, 34,6,11; 35,12; 36,6,11 Beekeepers’ Association, 36,6 National Beekeeping Congress.

2nd, 34,1] National Beekeeping Project, 36.6 GHABA, see Ghana Beekeepers’ Association Ghosh,G K, 37,12 giant bee, see Apis dorsata Gibson,N, 35,15; 36,13; 37,13 Gliricidia sepium, 36,14 Goebel.R, 36,12 GTZ, 36.6 Guinea, 34,6 gums, 34,12

.

H Hadisoesilo.S, 35,10 Hajidand,K, 35,10 Hamill ,],36,6 HamiltonJ, 35,13 Hang,N-T, 34,5; 35,10 Harubang, 35,13 Haverkort,B, 35,14

Don’t fiddle with the top-bar hive, 36,4

Drivdal,N |, 34,15 Dupriez,H, 34,10 Duffin.E, 34.12 dyes, 34,12

Eade,S, 37,12 East Indies, 35,5 Educational low-priced book scheme, 37,7 Edwards,S, 36,10: 37,6 ECHO, 2nd Agricultural Conference,

36,11

Ecolabelling and international trade, 36,12 ecotourism, 35,8,9 encaustic art, 34,12 Ende van de,P, 35,14 entomology, international congress, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11, 37,7 environmental management, 35,12 Eritrea, 34,6; 36,7,10; 37.6 Essex,D, 37,1,2 Ethiopia, 34,1,2,6,12; 35,5, 36,10; 37,6 European Black Bee Symposium, 34,11; 35,12 export market, 37,13 pricing, 37,13 extractor, see honey

fair trade, 36,3

Fair Trade Fair, 35.7 false acacia, see Robinia pseudoacacia FAO, 34,2; 35,2; 36.2; 37,2 Farming for the future, 35.14 FichtLR, 34,2,6,12; 35,5: 36,7,10: 37,6 Finland, 34,15 flame of the forest tree, see

Health and the honeybee, 35,15

Hedberg |, 36,10; 37.10

Heede.N G, 34.12 HELVETAS, 34.13; 35,6; 37,4 herbicide, 34,10 Herren,H, 35,7 Hertz,O, 34,2,7 Himachal Pradesh, 34,14 hive, appropriate, 36,6 bark, 34,5; 36,2; 37.7.8 basket, 34,5; 37,10 brick, 36,7 entrance, 36,5 frame, 35,4; 36,4 increasing numbers of, 37,8 Kenya top-bar, 34,4; 35.3.4;

36,45

frame for, 34,4; 35,3: 36.4 Langstroth, 36,14 log, 34,4,5; 36,2,5, 37,4 making an increase, 37,8 materials, 36,7 Tanzania top-bar, 36,4 tap-bar, 34,4,5; 35,3,4.6; 36,4,5,7,13; 37.2.6,7,10 basket, 37,10 for Apis cerana, 34,13 log, 37,4 Hive Aid, 36,6 honey, 34,3.4,6,12; 35.5.7; 36,10: 37,4 alcoholic beverage, 34,6 analysis 34,12; 37,4 beer, 34,6; 37,8

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING Lausanne, 36,2 Learn Ahead, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11; 37,7 Lebanon, 36.11 Leede de,B, 35,14 Leener de,B, 34,10 legislation, 34,9 Letters to B&D, 37,5 Letters to Bees for Development, 34,15; 35,11; 36,5 Liberia, 34.6 Licania apetala, 36,14 Limbe Project Forest Conservation Programme, 35,6 Lindaeur,M, 35,14 lindane, 34.8 Lohr,W, 36,6

buyer, 34,3 coffee, 35,5

composition, 34,12 per capita, 35,7 contaminated, 34,7 cut comb, 35,5 display, 34,3 doctor, 35,8 extractor, 34,5; 36,4 electrical 34,5 Festival, 35,7 filtering, 34,5; 37,2 gathering, see hunting granulated, 34,3 harvesting, 36,9 in daylight. 36.4 hunting, 35,8,9; 36,6; 37.8 jar, 34,3 labels, 36,3 liquid, 34,3 market, 34,3 marketing, see marketing medicinal value, 35,7 mellisopalynological analysis, 34,12 mixed flower, 35,13 packaging, 34,3 poisoned, 34,7 production, 35, 7,13, 36,3,10,14; 37,10 ecological, 36,3 properties, 34,12 quality, 36,12 season, 36,9 selling, 34,3 tangerine, 35.13 thieves, 36,14 Venezuelan, 36,12 Honeybee flora of Ethiopia, 34,6,12; 35,5 Honeybee Healing, 37,12 Honeybee Science Research Centre, News,

34,13

the 10 people spent

tree,

night

33,8

How well are you willing

to

bee?,

undera

bee

37,12

Hseih.F K, 35,10 hydrocarbons, chlorinated, 34,10 Hyptis suaveolens, 36,14 iCIMOD, 37,3 ICRAF, 35,1] IFS, 35,12 India, 34,11,12,14; 35,10,12; 36,11;

37,1112 indigenous knowledge, 36,12

indigenous trees and shrubs of Eritrea,

36,10; 37,10 Indonesia, 34,11; 35,10,11 information exchange, 36,3 Insect conservation biology, 36,13 insecticide, 34,7,9,10 repellent, 34,10; 35,1113 Inside Information, 34,2; 35,2, 36,2; 37,2 Interaise, 37,7 International Beekeeping Congress, XXXIV, 34,11; 36,2,3,9,12 XXXV, 36,2,11: 37,7 XXXVI, 37,7 XXXVI, 37,7 Internationa! Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology, 35,7 International Foundation for Science, see IFS Internationa! Trade Centre, see ITC Tran

277

aa 34,11; 35,12; 36,11; 37.5,9 24,11; 35,11,12; 36,2,3.11; 37,7 ITC, 37,13

sont 2, 35,2, 36,2; 37.2 japan, 35,10; 36,16 jha,V, 36,12 Johansen,C A, 34,10 journals, 35.13; 36,14 juniperus procera, 35,3 J

Lonchocarpus pictus, 36,14

Look Ahead, 34,11; 35,12; 36.11; 37,7 Lossau von,A, 36,6 Luckhurst,M, 34.4; 35,3; 36,4

M Madaha,|, 35,7 mail order, 37.11 Making candles in bamboo, 37,3

Malawi, 34,6; 37,2 Malaysia, 35,2,8,9,10 Malaysian Bee and Research Development Team, 35,9 Mali, 34.6 management, 37.7.8 absconding, 37,7,8 importation, 36,6 making an increase, 37,8 migrating, 37,8 packages, 35,13 queen cage, 37,8 robbing, 37,9 swarming, 36,9 Manega,S, 37,10 Mardan,M, 35,9; 36.9 marketing, beeswax, 37,8 honey, 34,3; 35,13; 37.8 Masvingo, 34,5 Mati,A, 35,10 Max Havelaar, see The Max Havelaar Foundation Maydell von,H |, 36,10 Mbanza Nzunda, 36,7 mbote, 37,8 McHarry,], 35,15 medicinal plants, uses, 34,6 medicines, 34,12,13 ayurvedic, 34,13 indigenous, 34.13 ointment, 34,12 traditional, 36,10 Mekong River Delta, 36,13 Melaleuca forests, 36,8,9,13 meliponiculture, 35,12; 36.6 Melittiphis alvearius, 35,13 melliferous, flora, 34,6,12; 35,5,13,14; 36.10; 37,10 vegetation, 36,14 MESERIOR, 37,4 Middle East, 36,10 Miel de abejas, 34,12 migratory beekeeping, see beekeeping milgamgul, 35,13 milk vetch, see Astragalus spp Mimosa spp, 36,14 Minh,N H, 36,8 mite, tracheal, 36,6 miticides, 34,10 MizrahiA, 37,5 molluscides, 34,10 moneoculture, 34,7 monsoon, 36,9 Moong, 34,5 Morley,A, 36,3,15 mosquito, 34,7 Mount Cameroon Echo,

35,6

Mozambique, 37,4 Mraz,C, 35,15 Muid.M Hi, 35,10 Mulder,V, 36,9, 13 Muntingia calabura, 36,14

Kaftanoglu., 33,10 Karnataka, 34,14 Kathmandu, 37,3 Kenya, 34,4.6,11; 35,3,7,12,16; 36,4,5,11,15; 37,.4,9 Ministry of Livestock, 34,4 Kerala, 34,14 Kerr, WE, 34,11 Kevan,P, 37,2 Keystone, 34,14; 37,11 Kikuyu, 34,4 Kituo Cha Utafiti Nyuki Njiro, 34,6,13 Koeniger,G, 34,13 Koeniger,N, 34,13 Komet Oil Production Plant, 34,15 Koompassia excelsa, 35,8 Korea, 35,10, 13 Beekeepers’ Association, 35,13 Institute of Beekeeping Science, 35,13 Krell,R, 35,3] KWT Netherlands, 36.13

L

Langstroth hive, see hive Latham,P, 36,7

NINA, 34,13 Nitro Wildlife Research Centre, 34,13; 36,11; 37,7,16 Noor,S M, 35,1,2 North West Beefarmers’ Association

Robinia pseudoacacia, 35,13 rodenticides, 34,10 Romania, 36,2 Royal, Agricultural Show, UK, 34,11;

Norway, 34.11,13; 35,12,15

Warrant Holders’ Association, 36.6 Rutiner.F, 34,13; 37,12 Rwanda, 34,6

see NOWEBA Nosema, 35,13

Notice Board, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11; 37,7 NOWEBA, 34,13, 35,6; 37,4 Nyika National Park, 37,2 oO

O'Brien,P, 35,11 Oceania, 35,5 ODA, 34,4,13; 37,3,9 ofl, 34,12 onion, see Allium spp organochlorines, 34,10 organophosphates, 34,10 organophosphorus compounds, 34,8,10 Overseas Development Administration, see ODA Oxfam, 34.7; 37,12 staff, 37,12 Oyedae verbesinoides, 36,14

P Paap,P, 35,14 Pakistan, 35,10 Pak Teh, 35,2 Partap,U, 34,10 participatory rural appraisal, 37,7 pastos y forrajes, 37,7 Pawan Lebah, 35,8 pawpaw, 37,3 Peace Corps Volunteers, 36,7 Pedu Lake, 35,2 Pegone, 35,12 Penan Man, 37,11 Permaculture Institute, Zimbabwe,

345

Petrea glandulosa, 36,14 pesticides, 34,7,8,9,10,12; 35,11 alternatives, 34,9 forbidden, 34,7 legislation, 34,9 poisoning, 34,7,8,9,10, producers, 34,7 protection of bees, 34.7,10 protective equipment 34,7 residual toxicity, 34,10 resistance, 34,9 types, 34,10 warnings, 34.9 Petrea glandulosa, 36,14 Philippines, 35,10; 37.4 plants, see flora Platymiscium diadelphum, 36,14 Pollalesta condensata, 36,14 pollen, 35,13; 37,10 toxic, 34,8 pollination, 34,7 cross-, 34,9 in glass houses, 35,13 in orchards, 35,13 meeting on, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11.

37,7 services, 34,9 tangerine, 35,13 pollution, 34,7 portuguese, 35,14 poverty allevation, 34,5 Practical Beekeeping, 34,3. 35,3: 36,4; 37,310 predators, natural, 34.9 pricing policy, 37,13 Problems with bees, 37,8 project, see also beekeeping project, 34,11; 36,6,7 reforestation, 34,1} Project Apicole/Agricole, Zaire, 36,7

Promotion of non-wood forest produce through social forestry, 34,12

propolis, 34,16; 36,15: 37,16 use, 36,14 Protium quianensis, 36,14 Plerocarpus acapulensis, 36,14 Punchihewa,R W K, 35,10 pyrethroids, 34,10

Muzaffar,N, 35,10 Mazeka,P, 37,4

Q

Nabighodss,A, 37,7 Ndirangu,C, 35,3,4 Near East, 36,10 nectar, 37,10

queen, 37,8 cell, 36,9 European, 36,6 multiple, 37,9 Queen Elizabeth Scholarship, 36,6 questionnaire, 35,5

flow, 35,5 Nectar and pollen plants of China, 36,12

neem, see Azadirachta indica, nematicides, 34,10 Nepal, 35,10 Netherlands, 34,11, 37,7,13 Royal Embassy, 34.4 New Delhi, 35.7 New Forests Project, 34,11

NewportA, 37,1] New Zealand, 35,13 News Around The World, 34,4; 35,6; 36.6; 37,4 newsletter, see journal, Ng.F, 35,12 Nigeria, 34,6 Nightingale Family, 36.4 Nilgiris, 34,14

A Bees for Development publication

Rafter 71)

sacbrood, 35,13; 36,14 Thai, 34,14 Sahel, 36,10 Salvation Army, 36,7 Samanea saman, 36,14 Samways,M, 36,13 Saudi Arabia, 35,10 Saville,N, 37,3 Seeds for beekeepers, conservationists and gardeners, 35,14

Seeley,T D, 35,14 ten tips for roadside Selling honey selling, 34,3

Senegal, 36,10 Shrestha,K K, 35,10 shrub, hedge-forming 34,6 siam weed, see Chromolaena adorata Sierra Leone, 34,6; 37,3 sign, 34,3 sinhala, 34,13 text, 34,13 slash and burn, 34,11 Slikkerveer,L |, 36,12 sloping sides, 36.4 Smallholder Development Project,

37,78

Smithsonian Institution, USA, 36,11 Snelgrove,L E, 36,12 soil conservation, 37,10 Solomon,G, 34,5 South Africa, 36,2,6,11; 37,7 National Beekeeping Symposium 36,1]

1

soya bean, 35.11 spanish, 34,12; 36,12 text, 34,12; 36,12 Specialisation en apiculture, 34,11 spices, 34,12 Spore, 35,7 Sri Lanka, 34,13; 35,10; 37,10 stingless bee hive, 36,14 stomach upsets, 35,5 Strainaway, 37,2 filters, 34,5; 37,2 Sudan, 34,6; 37,10 Sulistianto,A, 35,10 sustainability, 37,8 sustainable agriculture, 37,12,13 swahili, 34,13 swarm, 37,9 boxes, 37,7,8 swarming, see management Swarming: its control and prevention,

36,12 Swaziland, 35,12; 36,11 Sweden, 34,15; 35,12; 36,5 Switzerland, 34,11, 35,12; 36,2; 37,13 Symposium in Apiculture, Third, 35,12; 36,11, 37,7 Tabebuia chrysantha, 36,14 Tabebuia rocea, 36,14

Tabota, 35,7 Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society, 7

Taegu City, 35,13 Taiwan, 35,10 Tam,D Q, 35,10 Tamil Nadu, 34,14 Tan,N Q, 36,8,13 Tanzania, 34,6,13; 35,7; 36,11; 37,7,16 Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, see CTA tej, 34.612 tela, 34,6 termite, resistance, 34,6: 35,3 resistant wood, 36,10 Thailand, 34,11; 35,10,14 Thai,P H, 36,9,13 Thai sacbroad, see sacbrood The bee book: beekeeping in the warmer areas of Australia, 36,12 The cultural dimensions of development,

36,12 The Gambia, 34,10; 37,10 The Hive Honey Shop, 36,6 The Max Havalaar Foundation, 36,3 The Oxfam Handbook on Development and

rafter bee, see bee rainforest, see forest beekeeping in Vietnam,

Ss

Retief,

36,13;

Raftering, 36,8 tape, see Brassica spp

recipes, 34,12 recycling, 35,15 Reddy,C C, 35,10 resins, 34,12

Reuse, Recycle, Repair, 35,15 tesolutions, 36,3 Resurgence, 35,12 Rio Convention 1992, 34,15 tobbing, see management Roberts,G, 37,2

37.12

The Sierra Leone green pawpaw wax mould,

37,3 Thimann,R, 36,14 Tobago, see Trinidad and Tobago Apicultural Society, 34,4,5 TOOL, 37,7 totumas, 36,14 tourist, 34,3; 35,8 traditional, beekeepers, see beekeepers beekeeping, sée beekeeping training, 34,11; 35,6,11,12; 36,6,11.14; 37.4,9,16 film, 36,13; 37,11

&

DEVELOPMENT

37

Transfair International, 36.3 Tredwell,J, 36.11 trees, see also forest and woodland debarking, 37,8 multipurpose, 34,6; 36,10 Trees and shrubs of the Sahel: their characteristics and uses, 36,10

Trees Bees Use, 34,6; 35,5; 36,10;

37,6 Trinidad and Tobago, 34,4,5 Tropical Bees and the Environment Conference, 35,8 Tropical Tree Seed Technology, 34,11 Tropilaelaps clareae, 35,13 T shirts, 37,11 Turkey, 35,10 turmeric, 34,14 Tygrinia, 36,7

U Uganda, 34,6 UK see United Kingdom Uminh Forest, 36.9 UNCTAD/GATT, 36,12; 37,13 Under-utilised crops, 34,11; 35,12; 36,12: 37,7 UNELLEZ, 36,14 United Kingdom, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11.

37,7,12,16 UN volunteer, 34,5; 37,5 USA, 34,9,11,12; 36,11; 37,12

Vv Varroa, see Varroa jacobsoni Varroa jacobsoni, 35.13. 36,14 Varroa underwoodi, 35,13

Venezuela, 34,12; 36,14; 37,7 veppam, see Azadirachta indica Vernonia amyadalina, 34,6 Vernonia brasiliana, 36,14 video, 36,9,13; 37,11 Videos to Buy, 36,13 Vietnam, 34,5,!1; 35,10,12; 36,2,.8,9,11,13: 37.7 Villanueva,G.R, 34,12 virus, 34,14 Vitex spp, 36,14 Vit,P, 34,12 Voluntary Service Overseas, see VSO Vossenaar,R, 36,12 VSO, 34,4; 35,16; 36,15; 37,2 Ww

Wagner,P, 37,12 Walker,P, 34,10 Walker,P T, 34,10 Warhurst, 36,12 Warren,D M, 36,12 Wang.W-Y, 35,10 Wanlin.X, 36,12 wasp, parasitic, 34.8 Waters-Bayer,A, 35,14 wax, see beeswax wax foundation, see foundation wax moth, 36,14 wax sheets, see foundation Wendorf,H, 37,7,8 West Africa Bee Research Seminar Third, 34,11; 35,12; 36,11; 37,7 West Indies, 35,5 wetlands, 36,3 whistling thorn, see Acacia spp Williams,S, 37,12 women and agricultural development, 36,11: 37,7 with respect to beekeeping 34,5: 36,7; 37.4 World Conference on, 35,12 Woo,K-S, 35,10,13 workshop. 34,5 work wanted, 37,7 World Health Organization, 34,7 World Vision, Award for Development Initiative, 34,2; 35,2; 36,2 UK, 35,6 Wren.C, 36,6

Y Yang,G H, 35,10 Yanomami Indians, 36,14 Yaochun,C, 36,12 Yemen, 34,6; 36,10 Yuchegul, 35,13

Z Zaire, 34,6; 36,6 Zambeze,A, 37,4 Zambia, 34,6; 36,5,13; 37,8,10 North West Province, 36.4 Zarrilli,S, 36,12 Zenica-Doboj Canton, 35,6 Zimbabwe, 34,5,6; 36,11; 37,5,10 Women’s Bureau, 34,5 Ziziphus

fruit, 36,10 spina christi, 36,10

Zooming in on, 35,13; 36,14

Index prepared by Helen Jackson.

Bees for Development 1995

FIFTEEN

REMEMBER TO MENTION Beekeeping & Development WHEN RESPONDING TO ADVERTISEMENTS

als

Bez

DEVEL

UNIVERSITY AND BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT This course is a must for you if you want to quickly learn more about tropical beekeeping and its special role in rural development.

COURSE CONTENT Subjects will include: appropriate technology; running projects; effective extension; hive design; pollination; honey and beeswax processing.

Lectures will be given by Dr Nicola Bradbear and other international specialists. Course content will vary to match the backgrounds and special interests of course participants.

COURSE DATES September -

1

October 1996

The course has two venues

Two weeks intensive lectures within the University of Wales at Cardiff, United Kingdom Two weeks practical experience with tropical bees and beekeeping at Niiro Wildlife Research Centre in Tanzania.

COURSE FEES 3840 per person. Includes tuition, travel to and from Tanzania and accommodation fees.

The closing date for registration is 31 May 1996.

10% deposit required.

FURTHER INFORMATION Ms Glynis Hudson, Education Facilitator, University of Wales, Continuing Cardiff, 51 Park Place, Cardiff, CF1 3AT, United Kingdom

s gs

Telephone/Fax: 44(0) 1222 874953

E-mail: HudsonBD@Cardiff.AC.UK

of

Beekeepers in developing countries (only!) may pay their subscription in pure beeswax or with pure beeswax candles.

ENT

A UNIQUE COURSE OFFERED BY CARDIFF

1

BEESWAX BARTER... ...CANDLE CURRENCY

FOR NG

TRAINING

_

Since candles are of higher value than beeswax, only 2 kg of candles are needed to buy one subscription, and the lower weight of candles will also give savings in postage costs.

The rates are: 5 kg beeswax or 2 kg candles to pay one subscription.

25 kg beeswax or 10 kg candles to pay ten subscriptions to one address.

These are the conditions for paying in beeswax or candles: I. Beeswax must be reasonably clean and of good quality. It must be presented in solid form and not as scraps of wax or pieces of comb.

Candles must be of saleable quality.

Beeswax from any species of Apis will be accepted as long as the name of th species from which it is collected is stated.

4. Inside the parce! state your name and address, the weight and origin of the beeswax, and the number of subscriptions you are paying. On the outside of the parcel state “BEESWAX RAW (OR CANDLES) FOR BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT" and the weight in kilograms.

2.

3.

Any parcel containing comb, very dirty wax or otherwise unusable wax will be destroyed on arrival at Bees for Development. It will not be returned and will not be accepted for barter.

6. Arrangements for costs of carriage of beeswax or candles are the responsibility of the sender and Bees for Development wil! not be responsible for any postage or other costs whatsoever.

5.

EXTRA INCOME

<<

an,

?

FROM PROPOLIS #2 WHAT IS PROPOLIS OR BEE GLUE?

times Propolis is that brown black sticky stuff that bees seal up their nest with. In modern and propolis is often thrown away. But times have changed and it is now worth collecting selling added value to the honey crop

THE

CITY. Collected from trees Propolis from the Greek literally means DEFENDER OF and plants by the bees, this largely resinous substance is worked on in the hive to produce the hive too large t glue with which they seal up the hive against infection. Intruders into remove physically are first stung to death then are coated in propolis and can then remain is the Bee Colonies perfectly preserved for years preventing danger of infection. Propolis external immune system.

HOW IF IS USED Propolis has been used by man as a natural medicine since Egyptian times. Over the last fifty years modern scientific and medical research has shown that propolis has antibiotic antiviral - anti-fungal - anti-inflammatory - antiseptic and analgesic properties and is now used to treat illnesses like arthritis - asthma - skin complaints and fungal infections.

BEE HEALTH LTD. in the UK have done more than any other company in the last three years world and tohelp “rediscover” PROPOLIS. They are offering to buy propolis from around the at the same time support the

BEES

for

DEVELOPMENT.

HOW TO COLLECT [T can collect propolis either by scraping it from the frame or by inserting screens in the hive containing smal holes which the bees fill with propolis again to seal the hive. At the end of the season the screen is removed. There is no standard method for

If you

use frame

hives you

harvesting propolis from traditional hives: perhaps you can invent one!

CARDIFF

For further information contact James Fearnley at

BEE HEALTH LTD.

1, Racecourse

:

Road, East Ayton

Scarborough, North Yorkshire YO13 9HT

TEL. 01723 864001 FAX: 01723 862455

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