Bees for Development Journal Edition 27 - June 1993

OFFICE COPY

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Please return to the file

JUNE 1993

NUMBER 27

Dear Friends

journal represents

This journal is now brought

to

a

month's salary or more, and we will do our best to

locate sponsorship for your subscription.

you by a new organisation -

Bees for Development. Helen Jackson and are running this |

together, and producing this journal on a not-for-profit basis.

Many of you live where there are plenty of other beekeeping journals available. We know you enjoy this journal because of the entirely different

Bees for Development will.

approach we have. By subscribing to Beekeeping & Development you are also helping us to assist beekeepers with fewer resources.

Provide advice and information on beekeeping in developing countries.

e

Promote beekeeping as a worthwhile and sustainable rural activity.

It is

e

Stimulate the use of appropriate technology for beekeeping.

specific goals.

e

Maintain an active network between interested people.

We are open

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e

subscribing to this journal, and encouraging your friends

e

sharing your expertise; purchasing books from us:

We are pleased related topics.

to offer a

All income

sending us updates on information we publish.

agreed for me to continue

publication of Beekeeping & Development.

to do so.

sponsoring an additional subscription:

—®

had much work planned for the future.

IBRA Council

your communications, suggestions and ideas.

can help us by:

in developing countries. Last October we were informed that IBRA Council had taken a policy decision to end our work at IBRA. This news

The good news is that

to

We hope that individuals and organisations will support our efforts. You

This journal was previously published by IBRA where Helen Jackson and had worked for many years providing information to beekeepers

filled us with shock and dismay: we know how many beekeepers in developing countries depend upon the information we provide, and we

very exciting to be forming a new organisation, and we have clear and

We look forward

to

hearing from you, new friends and old!

mail order service for books on beekeeping and we generate from book sales will be used

towards providing a free information service to beekeepers in developing

countries.

We know that

any of you practise beekeeping with little or no other assistance, and are often involved in teaching beekeeping to others. We want you to feel part of a larger network, whose collective experience is available to you We realise that for some readers a subscription to this .

Unless stated otherwise

sterling. S refers

to

In addition to producing this journal we are continuing our commitment to beekeeping development work in many ways. have taken over teaching of the Diploma in Apiculture course at the University of Wales College of Cardiff. and hope to continue my involvement with the ODA-funded research on hive design in Arusha, Tanzania, and other projects. |

refers to pounds

US dollars.

Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson Four editions of Beekeeping & Development are published every year in March, June, September and December.

Advertisements in Beekeeping & Development reach a wide audience. Various sizes of advertisements are available. Write to us for

Beekeeping & Development is

Our new organisation, Bees for Developme seeks to assist beekeepers in developing countries. If you have any enquiries then write to us and we will try to help you.

Bees for Development.

World Vision Award for Development Initiative 1990.

Beekeepi development _ WE ARE BACK!

.

FINDING

FUNDING

LOSTWAX CASTING

published by

4000 copies of Beekeeping & Development are printed and distributed to individuals, projects, organisations and associations world wide.

We need to build a new and active beekeeping network and we want you to feel part of it. We welcome your contributions.

Write to us about methods you have found useful, your events and activities, your questions and news of interest or concern to other readers.

ZOOM

NON CHINA

BOOKS GALORE

Cover picture:

A

woman in Shewa

Province, central Ethiopia offers comb honey for sale. In this area of Ethiopia rural women keep bees in basket hives and honey selling is a worthwhile source of income.

REINHARD FICHTL

Items appearing in Beekeeping & Development are intended to help beekeepers. We are happy for these to be reproduced but please give full acknowledgement to Beekeeping & Development and the author of the item you are using. All items are written by Nicola Bradbear and are Bees for Development unless stated otherwise. We also ask you to send us a copy of the reproduced item.

rates.

ENE

Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NPS 4AB, UK. Telephone: 010 44 (0)600 713648 Fax: 010 44 (0)600 716167 Details are on page

16.

Beekeepers living in financially poor and remote areas of the world receive Beekeeping & Development without payment through the generosity of sponsors.

This edition of Beekeeping & Development is produced with support from UK beekeeping groups and individuals.

Beekeeping & Development's production is assisted

by World Vision UK. Beekeeping & Development has been adopted as the official newsletter of the Asian Apicultural

Association.

‘

BEES NEED WATER Honeybees nesting in the wild choose nest sites close to water supplies.

Beekeepers must ensure that honeybees kept in hives have adequate water supplies available. Honeybees cannot survive without water. These are the reasons: Honeybee colonies must maintain their nest temperature around 35°C. Young bees developing in the brood nest need to be kept at the right temperature and humidity.

If the nest temperature was allowed to rise without control, wax combs would melt and the colony would be reduced to chaos.

Honeybees collect water to keep the colony cool: water is brought into the nest and evaporative cooling keeps temperatures down.

*

Wide mesh netting can be placed over water troughs for bees, to prevent other animals from using them.

®

Bees drown if they become waterlogged. This is a risk if they are collecting water from an open water source.

Provide plenty of floats in the water (straw, pieces of wood, cork, branches} for the bees to land on.

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Water is also needed for feeding developing bees. The brood food they receive is secreted by worker bees and contains 70% water. To produce this brood have honey, food, worker bees need pollen and water.

t

Toe

Te

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bees feed on honey, sugar syrup or nectar supplies (containing more than 50% sugar) water is needed for dilution

Warer

oo

epner

Some honeybees’ main task in life is carting water. Each bee may make typically 50 trips a day, each time collecting about 25 mg of water.

When the colony is very short of water other 9ers will divert from collecting nectar and en to join in the effort.

very hot climate one colony will need several litres of water every day To obtain two litres of water, bees will have to make around In a

80,000 water-collecting trips.

Sources

waver

The ideal source of water is a permanent supply of clean, flowing water. Of course this is not always possible and if there is no permanent water source nearby (certainly within 05 km of the hive) beekeepers need to provide water for their bees

Water

«

proven

The container must be as large as possible, at least one metre in diameter. Bees find water sources by the increased humidity in the air above the water Small dishes of water are therefore unlikely to be found by bees and similarly, supplies which are covered over are unlikely to be found

*

Water sources should be as near to the colony as possible The further it is from the hive, the greater the energy used by bees in obtaining water, and the smaller the honey surplus available to the beekeeper at the end of the season!

Hive uta pond! Here an

Apis cerana

nesting in an oil drum placed in a pond and therefore with is water supply colony

is

very conveniently close Although unconventional this must also be a good way to protect bees from ants

Water must be clean. Normally surface tension prevents bees from sinking into water, but if there is any trace of detergent or other chemicals in the water, this can change the surface tension and cause bees to drown.

5 2PRACTICAL

EEKEEPING

Water sources must not be allowed to dry up - bees need water daily.

Water

haewders

If you have only a few colonies of bees then in hot weather it is possible to provide water inside the hive using a syrup feeder or other container devised to prevent bees drowning.

Omer

wy

Inside information

Bees are sometimes regarded as a nuisance when they obtain water from village water taps or bathing areas.

Sometimes bees can be enticed away by providing a slightly salted source of water, nearer to the hive This substitute source must then be kept in continuous supply or the bees will return to their previous site.

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Lost-wax CaStING ...0...0

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Finding funding

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Letters to the

Editor...

Drone congregation areas News around the world

Notice Board

the source at which they have become a nuisance can be covered up, the enticing effect is more likely to work. \f

Once honeybees have located a good source of water they tend to continue using it, even when other sources become available.

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Practical beekeeping

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2.9

9 10 11

Look and Learn ahead

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Zooming in on China

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Bookshelf

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Subscription form |_

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The artist forms a solid mass of clay and allows it to dry in the sun until it is very hard. The shape of the clay needs to be roughly the shape of the item to be created. The item being made here is a model fish. Once the clay has hardened a thin layer of beeswax is fitted around it.

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Items required

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Beeswax:

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bellows;

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burlap (sacking):

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clay; tice husks or straw to

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teinforcetheclay,

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cow dung:

charcoal: a metal file,

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a metal grid;

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scraps of metal: a soft cloth:

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tongs, ;

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Lost-wax casting: a practitioner's manual

by W Feinburg (1983) 74 Pages. Paperback.

Tapermac

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people with limited money, and is based on the author's of in experience working countries where the ideal materials and equipment are not always readily available. The manual is designed to encourage resourcefulness in building equipment, and to stimulate new interest in

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This manual is available from

Bees for Development price |

8.30.

For details of how

to

order

Books to Buy (enclosed) Bookshelf, page 4.

see

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The worker waits until it becomes clear that the wax is melting. The figure is then lifted from the fire with long metal tongs and turned upside down. About half the beeswax can be drained and saved for future use.

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An odd assortment of metal pieces collected by the family serves as the “bronze”. All the pieces are broken into small, manageable chunks.

Workers use trial and error to determine the weight of metal required to produ a

particular object.

It is

always better to have too much metal than too little. .

The metal chunks are placed in a deep bow! made of reinforced clay.

This bow! containing the metal is now attached to the clay mould, and it is allowed to harden in the sun for a day. The mould is then placed in a fire with the bowl downward. After about seven hours, the sound of metal can be heard sloshing inside: the metal has liquefied.

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nual has been

this valuable technique. i

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vinitron fon craft vvorkers and

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The clay-covered beeswax form is now placed in the sun for two days to harden. After this it is then put on a grid above a charcoal fire in a pit that is two feet deep. The fire is insulated with large scraps of metal. Its intense heat is enhanced by the constant pumping of bellows made from welded pipes and animal skin.

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Some more clay is now prepared and reinforced with cut burlap (sacking) pieces, rice husks or straw for added strength. A rod-shaped of beeswax about 2 cm in diameter is attached to the fish. This will serve piece as a spout to drain the beeswax out and to then allow the hot metal to enter.

The reinforced clay is packed tightly around the fish and the rod. Using the clay a shallow bowl with a 2 cm hole is moulded at the end of the beeswax rod.

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The artist moulds the features from softened beeswax working on an oiled board. Fish scales are represented by intricate spirals made from thin rolls of beeswax. The artist keeps the beeswax soft while working by long, occasionally warming it near a fire (but not too near!). The parts are applied to the wax model of the fish’s body, and the model hardens.

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The form is lifted from the fire and turned upside down. The liquefied metal flows down through the spout into the mould.

After cooling, the clay mould is broken away. The bronze fish emerges and is left to cool completely. The metal spout is removed and rough surfaces are filed smooth. The filing gives the surface a shiny finish. Some workers prefer an antique finish - painting the surface with burned millet stalks that are ground into a powder and mixed with water. After the sixth coat, the bronze is buffed with a soft cloth until shiny.

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Patricia Thomas and William Wright Lost-wax casting is a method of making metal objects, whether ornaments, pieces of machinery, tools, jewellery or religious items. The process converts a wax model into a finished metal product of the same size and shape. The wax model is melted away or “lost” during this casting process, producing metal parts to precise dimensions. Lost-wax casting enables metal items to be made profitably, on a small-scale

and using local resources. It is a very easy and satisfactory technique which has stood the test of time: used by the ancient Egyptians and still widely practised today. Tourist markets in many countries sell metal ornaments made by this time-honoured technique.

Aluminium, brass, bronze, copper, gold, iron, platinum, silver, steel, tin or zinc may all be used in a pure or alloyed state.

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This item was first published in Vita News, and we thank them for their kind permission to reproduce a modified version of the item here.

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a E “eee!

Nicola Bradbear

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A clear proposal which displays well

At the Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates held in Trinidad and Tobago last September, people asked for this journal to provide information on how to prepare requests for funding.

Such requests are also known as project

thought-out and realistic plans can be your key to success.

There is no standard format for project proposals and some funding organisations will ask you to complete their own forms.

Different projects will require slightly different approaches but the format given here provides a good starting point.

Vide The title should provide a clear statement of your aim, but not be too long.

proposals.

If you or your group

have plans for future activities, but these plans cannot be achieved without some extra funding, your success in finding funding will depend not just on the value of your idea but also on the quality of your proposal.

In this article I give some g uidelines for preparing a good

pr‘oposal.

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ay

deal.

as

The objectives are the matters which must be achieved to arrive at your aim stated in the title. You are likely to have several objectives, but each one must be stated in a single sentence.

Try to be specific. List your objectives one after another - do not present them strung together in a paragraph.

If you need to explain more about the objectives and why they are important the.. list them again, adding a few sentences of explanation for each one.

6

Methods

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State who the proposal is intended for, and who it is being submitted by. Give your name and your address or that of your

Accurately and carefully describe the methods you will use to achieve each

organisation.

objective.

State the date of application. It is good idea to provide separately some additional information about your organisation and its activities. a

You must give details here: a statement such as “increase numbers of bee colonies” does not provide enough detail.

7. Work olan

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you are applying for funding as an individual give a brief CV* and the names If

and addresses of referees: make sure they are aware of your proposal and agree to their name being used! *

CV

or

Curriculum vitae

objectives. is latin

meaning “the course of one’s life’. A CV clearly and systematically states your personal details, your educational and employment history and other relevant information.

All

details should be itemised with suitable headings

and dates in chronological order.

3.

Show a timetable of events for the project activities. Remember that beekeeping is a seasonal activity. Be realistic about how long it will really take to achieve the proj

Abstract

if your proposal is several pages in length, it is good to summarise it at the beginning: not more than four or five sentences.

4. lntroduction

Give the background to your proposal and summarise the current situation. For example, is this a continuation of previous work, or is it intended to address a new problem facing beekeepers?

8. Inputs required

Summarise here all the resources you will need. For example: number of persons, transport, workshop facilities and the time required.

9. Budget

For each resource list the costs involved. If your project extends over more than one year, provide an annual total in addition to the total project budget.

Your budget can be shown in local currency but provide a current (and dated) exchange rate to a widely-known currency, preferably that used by the organisation for whom you are preparing the proposal.

»

This is concluding paragraph. You can mention likely “spin-offs” in addition to your main objectives, and any documentation that will arise from the a

to have it checked by someone who knows the language well.

project proposal it is good to state what inputs you, your organisation or another donor are also providing towards the project: these need not be financial inputs, they could be in terms of labour, access to facilities, or the provision of suitable apiary sites.

In any

project. if you are successful in obtaining funding then it is important that you prepare reports as requested by the donors and

acknowledge their support.

Vile Number the various sections of your proposal.

None of the statements in your proposal should be repeated in different sections. Make sure that you have clearly separated objectives from methods. For example:

.

2.

Assisting

in honey marketing.

Providing containers for selling honey.

3.

Increasing consumer awareness of honey.

4.

Teaching honey filtration techniques.

(1) and (3) are objectives while (2) and (4} are methods by which the objectives

«

«

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tow

Try to keep your proposal as concise as possible. The shorter it is, the more

chance it has of being read! eo

ee

Ao

No grant-providing organisation can be familiar with every activity for which they provide funding and beekeeping is a subject which is often not well understood or appreciated.

You will need to emphasise the importance and value of beekeeping.

However, do not just copy information from a standard text: try to give local facts, for example:

Which sector of your community practises beekeeping?

Unless it is quite impossible, do present a typed proposal.

What are the local products of beekeeping?

Check the final document very carefully for spelling or other typographical

Which local crops or habitats require honey bee pollination?

Be ready to prepare several drafts of your proposal until you arrive at a version with no errors.

Use A4 paper (the size of a page in this journal) and type on one side of the

paper only. «

Apa

could be attained.

errors. «

lf you are preparing a proposal ina language which is difficult for you, try

you are preparing a proposal for an organisation where many employees use a language different from your own, |f

try to present a translation of your proposal, or at least a translation of the

summary.

How will your project benefit your

community?

Too often beekeeping project proposals list all the benefits of beekeeping some of which may not be appropriate. For example, do not suggest royal jelly production if your beekeeping methods and markets are not appropriate for this product.

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The outline will not given above guarantee in success locating funding. However it you will help to ensure that your proposal has as good a chance as any other. Good Luck!

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COMING SOON...

FINDING FUNDING 2 SOURCES OF FUNDING

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The Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) assists communication and the exchange of information between bee scientists and beekeepers in Asia.

The administrative headquarters of AAA are in Japan, but communication between countries is also assisted by AAA Representatives (Chapters) throughout Asia.

AAA CHAR

TY 3

AAA Members will meet during the 33rd

The AAA Membership fee is $20 per year. This includes four issues of Beekeeping & Development posted to you from Japan and AAA Newsletter supplements. If you live in one of the countries listed below please send $20 or the equivalent in loca! currency to one of the persons named for your country. People in other countries send $20 directly to the AAA Office, Institute of Honeybee Science, Tamagawa University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan.

ow

Dr Alamgir Mati, Bangladesh Apicultural Association,

135

Shantinagar,

Dhaka 1217.

Congress in Beijing. Please. come and see us and discuss AAA activities. We will have important notices about the Second Conference which is held in Indonesia ne

Bangladesh Institute of Apiculture, BCA 23/12 Khilji Road, Shyamoli, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207.

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Mr S M Latif Dewan, c/o Bee Research Unit, School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, Cardiff, CFl 3TL, UK. Professor G H Yang, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing.

Dr Wei-Yi Wang, Hangzhou Pollen Co Ltd, 5 Baoling Road, Shan, Hangzhou.

Central Bee Research Institute, Khadi & Village Industries Commission,

INSTA

1153 Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 016.

Dr V K Mattu, Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171 005.

Ile

,

Dr C C Reddy, Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Jnaha Bharati, Bangalore 560 056.

Ms Soesilawati Hadisoesilo, PO Box 4/BKN Bangkinang 28401, Riau, Sumatra.

Mr Adjat Sudrajijat, Ministry of Forestry, Manggala Wanabakti Bldg, F13, Jl Gatot Subroto-Senayan, Jakarta, 10270.

Dr Kun-Suk Woo, Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Suwon 440 744.

Mr Ki-Tae Cho, Korean Beekeeping Association, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126.

301

Sambo Bldg,

Mr Woo-Suk Ahn, Cheju Branch, Korean Beekeeping Association, Sambo, 2-dong 1024, Cheju, 690 032.

Dr M Hj Muid, Plant Protection Department, Agricultural University of Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor.

Mr Krishna K Shrestha, Beekeeping Training & Extension Support Project, Godawari, Kathmandu.

who

Dr Rafiq Ahmad, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, NARC, PO NIH, Islamabad.

Dr Cleofas R Cervancia, Departme at of Entomology, College of Agriculture, UP Los Banos, College, Laguna.

BEEKEE PY)

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LARK,

Pov

NEWSLETTER !

OF AAA

VIFTNAM

Mr Jassim M Al Mughrabi, PO Box 42332, Riyadh, 11541, Ministry of Agriculture & Water, Training Depa tment, Riyadh.

Dr R W K Punchihewa, Agriculture Research Station, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP).

Dr F K Hsieh, Taiwan Apicultural & Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuan-nan, Kung-Kuan, Miaoli.

Mr S Buranapawang, Bee Researc Section, Thailand Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok.

Mr Tran Duc Ha, Director, Bee Res 2arch Centre, Lang Ha, Dong Da, Hanoi.

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WHAT ARE DRONE CONGREGATION AREAS? David Cramp

Research has shown that during fine weather, at definite times of the day, drone bees leave the nest and fly to certain areas where they congregate on the wing to await queen bees.

When a queen flies into the area, many drones “Il chase her and a number of them will mate th her. These areas, known as drone congregation areas, may hold advantages for the bees, particularly the queen. Her mating flight is a very vulnerable period for the queen She is in danger from birds and other predators, changes of weather conditions, and accidents. Therefore if there is a special area to which she can fly directly, and where she can find sufficient drones to mate with in as short a time as possible, her time outside the nest will be reduced, thus increasing her chances of survival. It is also important that drones from many different colonies will congregate together, thus helping to ensure a varied genetic mix for the queen and avoiding the chances of inbreeding.

eeeenoeveveeeaeneeeoe?

0

Many drone congregation areas appear in the same place year after year One at Selbourne in Hampshire, UK was first described in 1789 and still exists today. Drones in congregation areas tend to fly at certain heights and within certain boundaries Other insects entering the area such as butterflies and even small birds are avidly chased by drones. Outside of these boundaries, the drones’ interest in queen bees is believed to diminish. The bees are very numerous in these areas and can sometimes be heard from the ground. they are often

dismissed by beekeepers as swarms.

The existence of drone congregation areas raises many questions in the minds of beekeepers and researchers For instance: how do drones, which are new each year, know where these areas are? How do queens know where they are? How far will drones and queens fly to such an area? How do drones define the aerial boundaries of the areas? Are topographical features such as hills or valleys relevant? Are landmarks such as treelines or woodlands associated with them? Are they dependant upon any climatological factors such as temperature, light levels or atmospheric pressure? If so, how do queens get mated during periods when conditions are not right - is there an alternative system?

2

Here balloons filled with helium and carrying an artificial queen honey bee are raised in to a drone congregation area the drones can be seen

flying towards the artificial queen

climatological factors required for the formation of a drone congregation area.

eceoeoseeeaseovvvee Deeeceveeasevusevnveveeveevsveevueeenneeaeeevevuvee

usually try to find out about the local beekeeping in the various countries | visit.

On my return from a visit to Guyana had arranged to spend two days in Trinidad. My hostess decided to take me to visit Mount St Benedict. was introduced to Brother Calamus who when explained that was a beekeeper, immediately asked why had missed “The Conference”. Having recently become a subscriber to Beekeeping & Development realised he was referring to the International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates which had been held in Trinidad and Tobago in September 1992.

Brother Calamus said he would be happy to take us to see the apiary When asked if the bees were Africanized he assured me that they were yellow bees {American-ltalian) cross. He said that it was lucky we had come in the afternoon, the morning air had been thick with “Sahara dust” which would have made the bees too defensive.

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David Cramp is a Diploma student at University of Wales, College of Cardiff His research is focused on the

AN UNEXPECTED ENCOUNTER WITH CARIBBEAN HONEYBEES

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DAVID CRAMP.

3

HONEYBEES always mate on the wing, usually well away from the nest and often high enough off the ground to be out of sight. These two facts alone explain why most beekeepers know little about the mating process. Most know that a virgin queen will leave the nest on one or more mating flights and will return sometime later, usually mated. What beekeepers generally do not know is where the queen goes and how and where drones mate with her.

The hives are arranged in a very practical way.

Two timbers about two feet above the ground supported on concrete blocks provide a stand from which the hives can be easily lifted.

Standing about eight feet from the flight path of the first hive took out my camera. |

As took the photograph noticed first one bee and then another bouncing off my hands. By the time closed the lens | realised it was time to move: within a few seconds over twenty bees were following me and letting me know was intruding! By the time we reached the house had been stung on the scalp, nose, wrist, finger I

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

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and lower lip. “I didn’t expect you said Brother Calamus.

to

get so close!”,

recalled the words of an experienced beekeeper who advised me that there is always something new to learn about bees: they are guaranteed to act in a way you do not expect |

Arthur William Aplary al Mount St Benedict

NINE

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caught fire The Nevis Fire Brigade and the Police did what they could, but the beehouse was gutted and all the equipment lost, including all the extracting equipment.

Nevis Beekeepers’ Co-operative have launched an Appeal in an effort to get their beehouse reestablished and to renew the extraction of honey and the candle making The stone structure was undamaged by the heat and it can be repaired. Cost of the repair work is

+

OABELEAME AR

ee

SP ad

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A two day Beekeeping & Development training programme was held in March in Bangladesh.

The programme was organised by Abu Bakar Siddique and chaired by Dr Mokarram Hossain of the Bee Researcl. and Development Institute Professor Azadur Rahman was the chief speaker

session underway al Bangladesh's Beekeeping & Development Day

A

estimated in the region of $10,000 The government is to help with this Candlemaking and straining equipment will cost $1000 The cost of replacing the extracting equipment is estimated at $3000 This is needed urgently as the honey will need extracting soon.

Your assistance would be greatly valued at this time of loss. Please send any donation to: Kirsty Henderson, 37 Heslinglon Road, York, YO| SAR, UK, and it will be forwarded

The safety of neem (Azadirachta indica) for honey bees is being established at the Coconut Research Station, Veppankulam in India. The efficacy of neem derivatives against the various major pests of coconut palm has already been proved However the safety of neem derivatives to the pollinating honey bees Apis cerana, Apis florea and also the stingless bee Melipona iridipennis has not been explored For this reason sprays with neem oil at concentrations of 6% and 3%, neem seed extracts at 10% and 5% and neem seed kernel extracts at 10% and 5%, were given to newly opened coconut spathes, and spathes having receptive female flowers (buttons) with nectar, in the crown of individual palms We used a hand operated, high volume sprayer during the late evening. Observations at 0800 and 0900 hours on the next and subsequent days revealed that the neem sprays did not deter the normal visits of the three bee species to the treated palms Source. S Sadakathulla

in the early hours of 2 February 1993, for reasons not yet entirely clear, the beehouse

to

Nevis Beekeepers

Farmers in the Lambayeque area of Peru have developed an IDB-financed beekeeping project from being simply a source of extra income into their principal livelihood

Participating in the project are some 500 small-scale farmers from the valleys of La Leche, Chancay and Zafia The farmers have been producing and exporting their honey since receiving [DB financing in 1982. Because of their success, the IDB, through Peru's National Foundation for Development, is helping to expand their activities.

Now, with 10 years of experience and new technology, and with additional financing from the IDB, the beekeepers will produce a range of derivatives for use in the production of soap, shampoo, creams and even wine.

The farmers plan to expand the number of beehives by 6000 and bring in an additional 500 farmers as new beekeepers They will then be able to produce some 500 tonnes of honey per year, or 20% of the national production.

The product is marketed both domestically and abroad.

Source: Jorge Zavaleta, The IDB, January/February

1993

Refined honey

-

produced, processed below 45°C, moisture content of 17% drained through four sieves to give clear and pure honey 2000 kg available for export

~

aban5

|

Beeswax - warmed under moderate temperature, drained though tiny holed sieves to let out clear and pure beeswax 1000 kg avatlable Samples and price can be sent if requested Contact Odhiambo Otieno, Johcell Enterprises, PO Box 53276, Nairobi, Kenya Fax 010 254 2 330170

Mew

-

ty

We are improving our activities In Monaragala District in Sri Lanka Already about 400 members in remote villages are practising low-input beekeeping methods Before 1975 this area was the major honey producing area of Sn Lanka Due to forestation and the use of insecticides by multinational companies the honey bees have been badly affected The government did not inform people how to keep bees in their own

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Very reasonable rates ees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, UK ae

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Next be ekeeping course begins in Mexico on 15 September Request

Sunil, Co-ordinator, The Organisation for Sn Lanka

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Ten issues yearly 7 75 (UK non-Members) 9 25 overseas Subscriptions or sample from The Subscriptions Secretary, Mrs Grant, Leat Orchard, Grange Road, Buckfast, Buckfastleigh, Devon, UK

workshop Source

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The journal of the Devon Beekeepers’ Association

gardens

So our duty Is to let people know how to live with bees and how to make a good environment for the bees We publish a free newsletter for members, schools, libraries and social institutes in Monaragala District Last December we held a one-day seminar and

we

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Carlos Eché zerreta, AP Post 4-]

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JOrMaLON from

16,

Merida 97100, Yucatan, Mexico

the Canservation and Protection of Bees in

ANTENNAE| foe

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Bees for Development is building a new and

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beekeeping Make sure you and your colleagues are involved.

Bees for Development Beekeepers in

the Province of

Cordoba, Argentina, assisted

by IDB funding

Troy, Monmaoutth NPS 236 Uk

LOOK AH EA D CHIME

The XXXIII International Apicultural Congress - APIMONDIA

NFT International Workshop on Dalbergia spp (Rosewood)

20-26 September 1993. Beijing International Convention Centre.

Further details from: Apimondia, General Secretariat, PO Box 69, 1-00124, Rome Caal Palocco, Italy Telex: 612533. Fax: 010 39 6 685 2286.

Information regarding Apiexpo 93, pre- and post-Conference tours, accommodation and travel arrangements contact: Mr Li Wei or Ms Xu Youjing, The XXXIll Internationa! Apicultura! Congress, No 33 Nonfengli, Dongdagqiao, Chao Yang District, 100020, Beijing, China. Telex: 22233 MAGR CN. Fax: 010 86 500 5670. §

GRA Second West Africa Beekeeping Research Seminar 28 November - 4 December 1993, Aburi Botanical Gardens.

Further details from Mr Ralph

A Hoyte-Williams, General Secretary, Ghana

31

May - 4 June 1993, Hetauda.

details from: Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, 1010 Holomua Road, Paia, Hawaii 96779, USA.

Further

Arusha Beekeepers’ Association Workshop and Annual Conference 27 September - October 1993. Arusha International Conference Centre. |

Mr AY Kimishua, Co-ordinator, Arusha Beekeepers’ Association, PO Box 2005, Arusha, Tanzania.

Further details from:

Partnership for Change 20-22 September 1993, Manchester.

Pollination

Hosted by the UK Government, this Conference wil! enable voluntary bodies, local government and the business community to exchange experience on the practical implementation of the Earth Summit agreements.

Further details from: Department of the Environment, Room A302, Romney House, 43 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 3PY, UK Telephone: 010 44 71 276 8168. Fax: 010 44 71 276 886].

University of Agricultural Sciences, GAVK Campus, Bangalore, 560 065, India.

Telex: 8458393 UASKIN.

National Honey Show 18-20 November 1993, Kensington and Chelsea Town Hall.

Global Forum on Environmental and Development Education

Further

Beekeepers’ Association, PO Box 9581, Airport-Accra, Ghana.

International Symposium on Pollination in the Tropics 8-13 August 1993, Bangalore.

Further details from: Dr K N Ganeshaiah, Secretary International Symposium on in the Tropics, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,

details from: Rev F Capener, Honorary Secretary, National Honey Show.

Baldric Road, Folkestone, CT20 2NR, UK.

24-28 August 1993, New Delhi Further details from. Desh Bandhu, President, Indian Environmental Society, U-112 (3rd Floor), Vikas Marg, Delhi, 10.092, India

Bees for Development Official Launch

INDON DSL Second Asian Apicultural Association Conference

Further details from: Bees for Development. Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, UK. Telephone: 010 44 600 713648. Fax: 010 44 600 716167

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18-20 November 1993, National Honey Show, London.

1

Juneuly

1994.

Agroforestry Training Materials Workshop 2-5 November 1993, Nairobi

The Training Materials Co-ordinator, ICRAF Training Programme, PO Box 30677. Nairobi. Kenya.

Further details from::

Fax: 010 254 2 521 001. Telex: 22048.

MALAY. 14th Commonwealth Forestry Conference “People, the Environment and Forestry - Conflict or Harmony”

IX International Congress of Acarology 17-22 July 1994, Ramada University Hote! and Conference Center, Ohio. |X International Congress of Acarology.

Further details from: Acarology Laboratory, Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA. Fax: 010 614 292 7744. |

13-18 September 1993, Kuala Lumpur.

If

The Secretary General CFC-14, Forestry Department Headquarters, Peninsular Malaysia, lalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50660 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Fax: 010 60 3 22292 5657.

Further details from:

AUST

|

Lis

International Short Course on Land Use Management for Tropical

Agriculture 2-10 June 1994, Brisbane.

Director General, Attn C Searle, International Consultancies, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, GPO Box 46, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia. Telephone: 010 6] 72 393302.

Fax: 010 61 72 213896.

Further details from:

GERM

you want details of your event included here, in either of these regular features, please send details to the Editor at the address shown on page 2.

A

international Training Course on Rural Development in Tropical and Subtropical Zones 4 November - 14 December 1993, Feldafing.

Further details from: Food and Agriculture Development Centre of the German Foundation for international Development, Wielinger Str 52,W-8133, Feldafing, Germany. Fax: 010 49 081 5 738227.

PRELArI Summer Course 26-31 July 1993, Gormanston.

Programme includes the Irish National Honey Show and lectures in modern beekeeping.

Mr Mi Woulfe, Summer Course Convenor, Railway House, Further details from.

Midleton, Co Cork, Ireland. Telephone: 010 353.2! 631 O11.

Postgraduate Diploma Course in Forestry and Rural Development - New Approaches and Survey Techniques August 1993 - May 1994, Enschede.

Mrs A Scheggetman, ITC Student Registration Office, Further details fram: PO Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands. Telephone: 010 3! 53 874 444, Fax: O10

31

53 874 400.

International Course on the Design of Community Forestry September -

December 1993, Wageningen International Agricultural Centre (IAC), PO Box 88, Lawickse Allee 11, 6700 AB, Wageningen, Netherlands. Telephone: 010 31 837 090 III. Fax: 010 31 837 018 552.

5

11

Further details from:

Courses in Tropical Forest Management and Tropical Agroforestry July - 24 September 1993, Edinburgh. details from: Edith Field, Tropag Course, UnivEd Technologies Ltd, 16 Further Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, FG8 9LN, UK. Telephone: 010 44 316 503473.

Fax: 010 44 316 503474 |

Diploma in Apiculture October 1993 - 30 September 1994, University of Wales College of Cardiff.

Further details from: Diploma in Apiculture Co-ordinator, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 915, Cardiff CFI 3TL, UK. Telephone: Q10 44 222 874147, Fax: 010 44 222 874305. Telex: 498635.

1

ZOOMING IN ON... CHINA Size China spans northern temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. It is huge country extending from high plateaux in the West to vast plains in the East. Mountains occupy one third of the land.

Beijing e

KOREA

PAKISTAN

a

CHINA

TIBET

East China Sea

Population

Shanghai

1,057,210,000: a quarter of the world’s population. 80% live on small holdings farming less than 0.5 hectares.

INDIA

BHUTAN

Main crops Only one tenth of China is suitable for agriculture. Main crops are rice and cereals.

BURMA

TAIWAN

Honeybees

VIETNAM LAOS

Apis cerana is native and present throughout

China.

Apis mellifera ligustica was introduced in 1893. ; andreniformis, Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis wuvriosa and Apis mellifera ligustica are present in

south-west frontier areas.

Beexecping Apiaries are generally run by families, with typically 50-80 colonies. There are some largescale beekeeping operations with thousands of colonies.

There is much migratory beekeeping ie the moving of colonies by truck or train to different plants as they come into flower. It is also necessary to move bees frequently to protect them from pesticides, which are used extensively. In the winter and spring there is mass production of Apis mellifera colonies in the tropical and subtropical zones: many of these are then used elsewhere in China.

Apis cerana are preferred to the introduced Apis mellifera in the subtropical areas: it is found that native Apis cerana are better suited to predators and the prevailing weather conditions.

“-mnber of beekeepers

000 beekeepers.

Number of frame hives 6.8 million colonies of Apis mellifera in frame hives. 2.5 million colonies of Apis cerana in frame hives. Although the majority of Apis cerana colonies are housed in frame hives some are still kept in round, wooden buckets.

Melliferous vegetation China is such a huge country that there is a great range of plants for bees to live on.

However the plants most important for large

honey crops include: acacia, buckwheat, chaste tree, Chinese tallow tree, citrus, clover, cotton, eucalyptus, jujube, linden, lychee, melilot, milk vetch, oil seed and sunflower.

Total annual honey production: 204,000 tonnes of which about 70,000 tonnes (34%) is exported.

Annual honey production per colony Apis cerana in frame hives: 15-20 kg.

Nae

A large packing plant

in Shanghai processes about one fifth of the whole honey harvest of China, Although China is producing considerable amounts of honey, for most Chinese people it is still a luxury, expensive item which is not widely available. It is generally taken for medicinal purposes.

Other products

|

|

~

Royal jelly: 800 tonnes per year (80% of world production).

Pollen: 1000 tonnes per year.

Beeswax and propolis are also harvested on a large scale.

China produces a great number of foods, medicines and ointments containing honey or other hive products.

AAA Chapter

|

|

:

Professor G H Yang, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing.

Dr Wei-Yi Wang, Hangzhou Pollen Co Ltd, 5 Baoling Road, Shan, Hangzhou.

Many beekeepers will be zooming in on China for the 33rd Apimondia International Apicultural Congress in September. For six days there will be discussions and presentations of information on all aspects of bees and beekeeping. There will also be technical visits to apiaries, institutes and honey packing plants. See Look Ahead for further details.

As the world’s major honey exporting country, China has much to interest beekeepers.

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,

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published by the Institute of Apicultural Research.

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i

i I

i

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body. It can relieve pain and quench thirst, and prolong life for a long

time’. ‘

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DL (an ar cient pharmacopoeia of Chinese medicinal herbs) DOMENHONY

Cidssits,

2

Four year courses in apiculture are run by the Fujian Agricultural University. Many other universities and secondary diploma schools offer courses in apiculture.

Journal

|

.

Training

Chinese Apiculture,

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“Honey tastes sweet and without toxicity. It is good for the human

,

Apis mellifera in frame hives: 25-40 ke

|

. [

Beekeeping Associations The Chinese Beekeepers’ Association, The Apicultural Association of China, Chinese Bee Products Society, Chinese Bee (Apis cerana) Co-ordination Committee, and Regional Beekeepers Associations.

Beekeeping Centres Institute of Apicultural Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiang Shan 100093, Beijing. This Institute has five departments and employs over 120 staff.

There are regional beekeeping institutes and government beekeeping departments in most provinces.

Apis cerana in wooden buckets: 5kg.

(3-4 extractions).

South China Sea

Royal jelly mixed with ginseng worldwide as a health food

is

exported

THIRTEEN

1

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BOOKSHELF offers you an invitation to reach potential readers in nearly every country of the world. To improve the network of information available on beekeeping and development our aim is to review as many books on the subject as we can. To help us please send copies of your publications to Bees for Development and we will do our best to review these in a future edition of this journal. We may also stock them for sale: we are particularly interested to expand our range of books and visual aids on tropical beekeeping.

by

B Free

|

Academic Press, London, UK (1993 2nd edition) 684 pages. Hardback.

88.50

The amount of data contained in this revised and updated edition of Insect pollination of crops can be described as truly awesome. It is an extremely valuable compilation of current information for all who need to know about crop pollination. Approximately 3000 references are cited, and the pertinent information they contain is distilled in the text.

The first part of the book describes insects and ways in which man can employ them to bring about pollination. Honeybees, bumble bees, solitary bees and other species are described.

Usefully detailed information is given on how to conduct pollination studies. The second part of the book discusses crops (presented by family), their flower structure, insects which normally pollinate them, whether honeybees improve their pollination and if so, number of colonies needed per hectare. The behaviour of the insects on the crop, and the value of the crop (in terms of nectar and pollen) to honeybees is also given.

Understanding of the pollination science of temperate-zone crop plants is considerably greater than that of tropical crops. Throughout the book the author informs us when data is lacking. As just one example, no published information on the pollination of Euphoria longan could be found. Yet longan fruit is grown widely as a cash and export crop in south-east Asia and is known to benefit from honeybee pollination. Researched, documented and accessible information on the number of honeybee colonies required to achieve optimal pollination in this crop would be of value to both crop growers and beekeepers. represents Professor Free’s lifetime of both undertaking pollination research and bringing together the work of other scientists This is an important reference text and is likely to remain as one of the definitive works on the subject for many years. insect pollination of crops

by

|

Madeley.

Intermediate Technology Publications, London,

UK

(1992) 160 pages. Paperback.

13.25

This is an interesting book, full of facts which illustrate the unjust nature of the current international trading system. It provides a good understanding of developing countries’ need for international trade, the major ‘commodities involved and why prices have declined.

The author argues that if developing countries co-operate amongst themselves they could command higher prices for important commodities. One sign of hope in recent years has been the growth of alternative trading organisations (ATOs) in the North which buy direct from producers and aim to offer them a better deal from international trade. A useful list of 49 ATOs is provided.

H Smith, T Williams, D L Plucknett, and J P Talbot

by

NJ

|

Cornell University Press, Ithaca,

USA (1992)

568 pages. Paperback.

25.00

This book describes some of the abundant produce of tropical crops - drinks, fruit, starch, oil, resins, fuelwood, fodder, spices, timber and nuts.

The history of the domestication of various crops is given, their modern uses, and the known extent of their gene pools, both domesticated and in the wild. It is an informative guide to tropical products, providing fascinating details about well-known crops used all around the wurld, as well as those which are still only favoured locally.

A list of over 200 perennial species (excluding medicinal and ornamental plants) includes many of our most widely used crops - citrus, cocoa, coffee, rubber - and reminds us of how many tropical forest plants have been domesticated. By contrast the forested areas of temperate and cold climates have provided only a handful of crops, such as apple, cherry, pear and some timber species. Tropical forests represent only 7% of the Earth's surface, but the rich diversity they support explains why tropical deforestation has far more serious consequences than destruction of a similar area of temperate forest.

This book will be much enjoyed by anyone interested in tropical forest products - it is well illustrated and fascinating to “dip into”. The pollination requirement of a crop is discussed where it is known. Honey and beeswax are clearly not considered as tropical forest crops within the remit of this book and are mentioned only in passing.

compiled by

|

B Free

Cardiff Academic Press, Cardiff, UK (1993) 172 pages. Paperback.

12.75

Mobus and C de Bruyn

Northern Bee Books, Hebden Bridge UK (1993) 160 pages. Paperback

9.00

An excellent compendium of information on the varroa mite. It is up-to-date (the authors cuss findings up to February 1993) and cumprehensive. It will provide beekeepers with the information they need: what varroa is, how it lives, how it harms a colony of honeybees, how to detect it and most importantly, how to help honeybee colonies to survive its presence.

All the well-known treatment methods are reviewed biological, physical and mechanical, and chemical. A comprehensive list of the chemicals and their various trade names is provided, but the book explains in an understandable way that it is not just the choice of chemical, but also its strength, timing and length of application which are important. Both authors write in a readable style and, while they are primarily speaking to beekeepers in the UK who are newly facing the prospect of varroa, this book will be of help to beekeepers everywhere who have assist their bees to vive in the presence of this

Not all of the lectures are recent ones, but they have been selected for the useful knowledge they impart. Only two of the lectures relate directly to UK beekeeping: this is an informative text of interest to beekeepers

everywhere.

Prices include packaging and postage to any address, by surface mail, worldwide or in the UK. |

For a complete list of all books available from Bees for Development please see BOOKS TO BUY which is produced quarterly and sent free of charge to readers of

this journal To order books use either the form included with BOOKS TO BUY or simply write to us listing your requirements. We are also able to obtain other beekeeping books not mentioned on this list.

To have your order sent by airmail, please add 20% to the total order cost.

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Please send payment with your order. A pro forma invoice can be issued but we must receive payment before books are dispatched.

parasite

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ou

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Books wil! be dispatched to you immediately You will be advised if any items are out of stock or no longer available. Publications will as far as possible be supplied at the prices quoted, however these are subject to alteration.

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by B

The Central Association of Beekeepers is a British organisation which aims to increase understanding of the science of beekeeping This new volume compiles 18 lectures which have been presented to the Association by well-known scientists from a variety of disciplines To select a few of the lectures Brother Adam discusses honeybee breeding, Rob Paxton reviews the biology and behaviour of Africanized honeybees and concludes that the detailed studies of these bees has improved our knowledge of honeybees generally, Len Heath discusses the enigma of chalk brood, and Ron Brown reflects on beeswax

—

beekeepers in developing countries.

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APO A

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WaA¥S TO PAY Please use the same payment methods as shown in Bookshelf overleaf (unless you are paying by Beeswax Barter).

This meeting is organised by Ghana Beekeepers’ Association and will be held in Aburi Botanical Gardens, between 28 November and 4 December 1993.

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The Seminar will continue debate started in The Gambia in 1991 on the problems facing beekeepers in West Africa, and will discuss solutions towards these problems. Approaches to beekeeping projects and the implementation of appropriate technology will be discussed.

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Suitable for Bee-Keepers with ! to 100 colonies

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