Bees for Development Journal Edition 101 - December 2011

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ISSUE NO 101, DECEMBER 2011

APIMONDIA Feeding bees Value of beekeeping

WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG

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COVER PHOTO © ANNA GREENWOOD

Bees for Development Journal 101

Dear friends

In this edition you will see our report of the 2011 Apimondia Congress that took place in Argentina. The Congress is the largest beekeeping event of its kind, with people from around the world meeting to learn the latest news and catch up with current trends. Participants include beekeepers (of course), and researchers, traders and retailers, product manufacturers, authors, conservationists and anthropologists, and people with all sorts of esoteric interests in apiculture, not forgettgin the culture and research of non-Apis bee species too.

Apimondia is the World Federation of Beekeeping Organisations, with headquarters in Rome, and organises its work into seven scientific and five geographic Commissions. The Scientific Commission Beekeeping for Rural Development addresses aspects of this important sector, and we will organise Symposia at the next Apimondia Congress taking place in Kiev, Ukraine, in September 2013. Plans are already in place, and next time we will address the important issue of ethics in apiculture.

ISSUE No 101 December 2011 In this issue

page

A simple method for feeding bees ........3 Poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation..........................................4 Researcher nets green prize...................7 Apimondia in Argentina.........................8 Letters ...................................................9 News around the World .......................10 Trees Bees Use....................................11 Look and Learn Ahead .........................12 Notice Board .......................................12 Bookshelf ............................................14 Notice Board .......................................15

BfD Journal The quarterly publication from Bees for Development and distributed to readers in over 130 countries Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc Subscriptions cost £26 per year - see page 15 for ways to pay Readers in developing countries: can apply for a sponsored subscription using the form on page 16 or through our website Bf D Trust works to assist beekeepers in developing countries. Please become a Supporter UK Registered Charity1078803 Copyright: You are welcome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in BfDJ as part of our Information Service. Permission is given on the understanding that BfDJ and author(s) are acknowledged, Bf D contact details are provided in full, and you send us a copy of the item or the website address where it is used.

Of course for many people it is impossible to attend these international events, and the financial and carbon costs of travel cannot be always justified. Therefore in these pages we aim to keep you up to date, and please see our website too for longer editions of many of the articles featured here.

With best wishes from the Bees for Development team for fruitful beekeeping in 2012.

Bees on tap

I am teaching in the school at the Sera May temple which is 90 km south west of Mysore near Bylakuppe in Karnataka State, South India. The temple is part of the Buddhist Sera Monastery complex within a large Tibetan settlement area. I noticed the bees on the taps at the school as shown in the cover picture and there are over 30 active colonies of Apis dorsata hanging from the eaves of the temple.

PHOTOS © ANNA GREENWOOD

Apis dorsata find water at the Sera May temple (see below right)

The Apimondia Congress takes place every second year – in the intervening year there are now many other Apimondia Symposia, as well as regional meetings such as the Asian Apiculture Association taking place in Malaysia, and the ApiTrade Africa meeting in Ethiopia, both in September 2012 (all details on page 12).

Anna Greenwood

Bees for Development Post

PO Box 105 Monmouth NP25 9AA, UK Phone +44 (0)16007 13648 info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org

SUPPORT: Bees for Development Trust acknowledge: Panta Rhea Foundation and the many beekeeping groups and individuals who support our work. Please encourage your friends and colleagues to help.

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PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING

Bees for Development Journal 101

A simple method for feeding honey bees

Hossam Farag Abou-Shaara, Baqshan’s Chair for Bee Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Keywords: feeders, robber bees, sugar syrup

Many different methods are used by beekeepers for feeding sugar to honey bee colonies. Some use external feeders while others place feeders inside the hive. Each feeding method has its own advantages. In external methods, the sugar syrup is exposed to environmental factors and other insects, for example ants. With internal feeding there is the problem of the beekeeper having to open each hive - this is time consuming and extra work if there are many colonies. Some beekeepers used to spray empty combs with sugar syrup and then add these combs to the hives: this method takes too much time and effort. In this article, I present a simple method to feed honey bee colonies.

PHOTOS © HOSSAM FARAG ABOU-SHAARA

Hossam Farag Abou-Shaara

The external part fixed to the hive side and attached to the internal feeder

When adding sugar syrup the beekeeper removes the cover, and then adds the sugar syrup through the external part. The level of sugar syrup inside the feeder can be monitored by watching the liquid level inside the external part.

Other ideas

• Connect the external part with many hives together with a long plastic tube to feed sugar syrup to all hives at the same time.

• The external parts and the feeder are removable which means that the beekeeper can control them. Also, a small tube can be fixed at the lower part of the feeder to remove any undesirable liquid.

Common types of feeders used by many beekeepers take a lot of time and effort

Benefits of this method

Using my method honey bee colonies are fed externally without the need to open hives. It is easy and can be done at any time of day without fear of robber bees. The method can be used on any hive size and helps beekeepers to feed their colonies easily and fast. The method depends on connecting the internal feeder with an external part as shown in Figure 1.

This allows sugar syrup to be added externally to reach the internal feeder.

• Combines the best of external and internal feeding.

• Allows feeding at any time during the day without fear from robber bees.

• Many colonies can be easily fed at the same time.

• Anyone can add feed - there is no need for beekeeping experience.

• Feeding can be done during any season without problem.

• No problem transporting the hives as the external parts are removable.

• Bees are prevented from falling into the feeder by the wire net.

A hole is made on the hive side to fix the external part with a cover to protect it. A small wire net is fixed inside the internal feeder, at the connection point with the external part, to prevent bees from escaping. The external part is made of plastic and is connected to a plastic or wooden internal feeder. Liquid beeswax can be used as waterproofing if using a wooden internal feeder. The internal feeder is fixed inside the hive using small nails.

Figure 1. The external part (C) is fixed to the hive wall through the opening (B) to connect with the internal feeder

The general shape of the feeder and the hive 3

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Bees for Development Journal 101

Beekeeping for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation Angela R Mwakatobe, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania Raphael M Machumu, Forestry Training Institute Olmotonyi, PO Box 943, Arusha, Tanzania

involved in the honey beer business and in producing equipment and protective clothing. For about 70% of beekeepers interviewed, income from selling bee products subsidised household economies by at least 30%.

Keywords: beeswax, honey, income generation, Manyoni District, Tanzania

Introduction

Beekeeping in Tanzania plays a major role in socio-economic development. It is an important source of income especially for communities living close to forests and woodlands (BfD Journal 89, 2008). In Tanzania current honey and beeswax production stand at 3.5% of estimated potential figures (Mwakatobe & Mlingwa, 2005). This low production indicates an opportunity to increase beekeeping activities to raise income and reduce poverty. Despite its significance, there is little empirical evidence of the value of traditional beekeeping for income generation. Our research aims to assess the contribution of traditional beekeeping to poverty reduction in Manyoni District. The results will contribute to appropriate policy for beekeeping and its role in poverty reduction.

Honey production

The major areas of honey production in Tanzania are Dodoma, Iringa, Singida and Tabora Regions (NWRC, 2007). Manyoni District has a high beekeeping production potential (Table 2), as it was reported by Village Beekeeping Development Groups that income accrued per individual beekeeper increased from an average US$150 (€112) in June 2000, to US$691 (€516) in June 2003. With an average of four beekeepers at household level, income per household increased from US$450 (€336) to US$2,764 (€2,064).

Manyoni District

Manyoni District has a total of 20,000 beekeepers and 42 beekeeping groups who manage 320,000 colonies with a production potential of 1,313,910 kg of honey and 314,875 kg of beeswax per year (Tables 3 and 4), harvested from 99.8% local style hives made of bark or logs (personal communication Divisional Beekeeping Officer, 2009).

Beekeeping in Tanzania

We estimate that the beekeeping sector generates US$ 1.7 (€1.3) million each year from sales of honey and beeswax, and employs about two million rural people. Mwakatobe and Mlingwa (2005) contend that besides its domestic role, beekeeping is a good source also of foreign exchange earnings for Tanzania (see Table 1). It is estimated that production potential for bee products in Tanzania are 138,000 tonnes of honey and 9,200 tonnes of beeswax per annum from 9.2 million honey bee colonies.

Current national production figures are approximately 4,860 tonnes honey and 324 tonnes beeswax per year - only 3.5% of potential production.

Research

From 21 administrative wards of Manyoni District, seven wards were randomly selected based on their potential for beekeeping. From each ward, one village was randomly selected. From each village a list of beekeepers was obtained and these formed the sampling frame for each village. A sample of beekeepers’ households to be interviewed was randomly selected using sampling intensity at 5% level (Msuya et al, 2006) (Table 5).

Contribution of beekeeping

Most bee products are for home consumption, but any marketable surplus can provide a safeguard and security against crop failures or for use between crop harvests (Nair 1993). Income generated from beekeeping can be used to pay for education, health, transport and housing.

Beekeeping provides further employment for urban and rural people

Primary data was obtained through structured questionnaires and checklists of probe questions used to interview household heads and key

continues on page 6

Table 1. Tanzania honey and beeswax exports trends July 1995 to January 2008 Year

1995/1996

Tonnes

Beeswax

226

Value in TZS

477,424,113

Value in US$

782,662

Tonnes

Honey

56

Value in TZS

45,420,532

Value in US$

74,459

1996/1997

326

836,303,796

1,359,843

310

227,607,933

370,094

1998/1999

403

1,014,211,975

1,440,678

39

24,184,518

35,533

1997/1998

449

996,153,837

1,532,544

190

154,163,826

237,175

1999/2000

643

1,897,251,766

2,405,550

156

132,581,766

167,698

2001/2002

235

555,856,200

617,618

-

-

-

2000/2001

370

845,432,000

1,056,790

2002/2003

592

1,776,000,000

1,776,000

2004/2005

288

1,166,384,698

1,241,100

2003/2004 2005/2006

2006/2007

2007/2008

Source: Kiondo (2010)

332 302

261

57

1,165,490,000 1,645,246,568

1,355,013,643

350,655,711

12

823

11,800,000 905,443

14,760

905,443

1,165,490

1,821

1,091,861,639

1,087,657

1,403,794

147

187,616,236

159,809

1,132,063 295,911

4

465

282

264

544,513,855

428,420,976

496,136,539

779,718

340,345

419,034

TZS = Tanzania shillings

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Table 2. Actual and potential honey production in selected districts of Tanzania High producing area District

Kahama

Medium producing area

Actual (tonnes)

Potential District (tonnes)

4,000 Kondoa

500

Mpanda

1,500

Sikonge

1,400

Tabora

1,200

Nzega

250

2,000 Songea

50

6,000

300

150

250

1,200 Iringa

3,000 Newala

15

6,000 Arumeru

100

1,500 Tunduru

50

50

52,000

1,400

Year

2000

Beekeepers Beekeeping Local style Frame groups hives hives 8,900

2001

204

275,760

9,500

9,500

17

260,838

356

12,500

33

288,000

917

2006

14,000

2008

11,500

180

11,000

2007

139,000

161,000

17,000 22,000

17 27 35 40 42

220,000 271,000 298,000 300,000 320,000

655 947

1,050 1,250

93,000

1,500 Hai

1

Itigi

3

Manyoni

2 4 5 6 7

Ward

Village

Sanjaranda

Sanjaranda

Aghondi

Aghondi

Kilimatinde

Makuru

Kilimatinde

Solya

Itigi

Rungwa

Itigi

Manyoni

Total

Mgandu Manyoni

156,000

Type of hive

Log

Bark

Tanzania transitional

11,716

7,800

1,313,910 314,875

6

137,880

2004

180,000

Kilimatinde

4

76

4

312

3

50

72

2006 2007

131,400

28.5 20

0.8

Other hives in use are made from gourds, grass, straw and tins (Key informant).

5

40,000

Angela Mwakatobe

Total

Total (US$)

156,880

94,270

4,947

184,947

111,186

240,348

144,483

97,900

32,500 35148

2008 1,751,880 1,259,500

48.4

1.6

180

2,500

19,000

273,000

Response (%)

Stingless bee honey

51,400

208,000

205,200

1,419

Hives for stingless bees

3,000

428,467

285,000

503

0.8

5

712,250

346,770

82

16

25

2005

46,500

120

Tanzania commercial Cement

2002

Number of beekeepers

276

Table 6. Local-style hives used in Manyoni District 2009

17,250

9,500

14

Mwamagembe

69,500

520,155

Msemembo

Manyoni

2000

2003

Interviewees

Kayui

Beeswax

13,000

205,160

4,000

5

21,700

Honey

197,100

1,649

4,000

15

2,500 Singida

Year

2001

270,075

4,000

Table 4. Value of bee products for Manyoni District 2000-2008

25,700

Table 5. Administrative area surveyed and number of beekeepers N Division

Wax (kg)

120

15

9500

2004 2005

144,000

9,000

2002 2003

9

Honey (kg)

5,000

4,000

5

Production ratio of honey to beeswax per colony per year is estimated to be 15 : 1 Source: MNRT (2001) Table 3. Traditional beekeeping and production trends 2000-2008

8,000

40

15

3,000 Kasulu

100

50

4,000 Biharamulo

150

5,000 Nkasi

7,800

3,000 Lindi

4,000 Handeni

8,000 Rufiji

800

Total

Potential (tonnes)

5,000 Kigoma

600

Bukombe

Actual (tonnes)

6,000 Babati

400

Manyoni

Potential District (tonnes)

6,000 Kibondo

400

Chunya

Actual (tonnes)

8,000 Kiteto

2,000

Urambo

Un-exploited areas

163,900 631,770 12,000

493,000

58,853 98,530

379,785 296,363

3,011,380 1,810,271

TZS 10,000 = US$6.1

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Table 7. Beekeeping in Manyoni District 2000-2009 Year

Number of Traditional beekeepers hives

Frame hives

Honey produced (tonnes)

Wax produced (tonnes)

93.0

25.7

2000

8,900

144,000

120

2002

9,500

220,000

204

275.8

655

270.1

2001 2003

9,000 9,500

2004

11,000

2006

14,000

2005 2007 2008 2009

12,500 17,000 22,000 20,000

161,000 260,838 271,000 288,000 298,000

180 356 917 947

300,000

1,050

320,000

1,250

320,000

1,250

139.0

11.5

9.5

197.1

13.0

520.1

9.5

1.6

205.2

11.7

1,313.9

314.9

156.0

Chart 1. Some of the benefits accrued from beekeeping

Chart 2. Livelihood improvement for beekeepers in Manyoni District

7.8

Source: District Beekeeping Office, Manyoni (2009)

informants (individuals who were willing to talk and with great knowledge about the issues raised). Also, direct observations and field visits to bee reserves and other forest areas were made to comprehend the information obtained during discussions. Checklists of probe questions were designed to collect information from key informants, other members of the households, and beekeeping and extension officers from village to district levels. Information secured included: materials used for hive construction, instruments used in making hives, local management techniques, harvesting techniques, gender roles in beekeeping, tools for processing, storage of honey and beeswax, and conservation issues. The data collected were summarised and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Secondary data was obtained through literature review from various documents.

Chart 3. Contribution of beekeeping to household income

Results

Information on indigenous beekeeping knowledge and practices, how the practices influence the relationship between indigenous knowledge and biodiversity conservation, and how it contributes to the livelihoods of the people living in Manyoni District.

Income realised from beekeeping was the major benefit as testified by 37% of the respondents. The income is used to enable beekeepers to acquire social services, meet school fees, buy clothes, build houses, buy bicycles for transportation, supplement food (thus relieving hunger) and attend to other family issues (Chart 2).

Results reveal an estimated 19,258 beekeepers (27.8% women and 72.2% men). Over 55% of beekeepers are aged 36-50 years.

The type of beekeeping practised is mostly local, traditional style with a small infusion of frame hive beekeeping (Table 6).

Other uses of bee products mentioned by key informants included ceremonies, rituals, paying dowries and use during food shortages.

Survey outcomes

The study revealed that beekeeping contributes 27.4% of a beekeeper’s total cash income per year, second only to agriculture (60.4% in 2009 see Chart 3). From a study conducted by Ngaga et al (2005), Chunya, Songea and Nachingwea Districts had 30% of the households’ economy subsidised by income derived from selling bee products.

• 91.7% of local-style hives are sited on trees and 5.6% on stands. Siting hives in trees is preferred over stands for safety from pests and predators, vandalism, theft, attack from wild animals and for catching swarms.

• 48.6% of beekeepers practised only traditional beekeeping, 38.9% practised both traditional and frame hive beekeeping and 11.1% only frame hive beekeeping.

• 59.7% of the beekeeping population kept only honey bees while 33.3% kept both honey bees and stingless bees in bee reserves (76.4%), general lands (13.9%), and reserved land (1.4%).

Conclusions

• Manyoni people have a rich and useful indigenous knowledge of beekeeping, which makes significant contribution to the management and sustainability of the sector.

• The beekeeping sector makes a significant contribution to the socio-economic development of people in Manyoni District from the household to district levels in terms of income generation, food security, health, material well being, employment and agricultural development.

According to the data, income for individual beekeepers in the District reached an average of US$856 (€639) in 2009. This was an increase of 22.4% from the 2003 figure of US$691 (€516). FBD (2004) reported that the average income per individual beekeeper rose from the year 2000 figure of US$150 (€112) to US$691 (€516) in 2003. There was an increase in the number of beekeepers and activities during 2000-2009 (Table 7). The contribution of beekeeping to poverty reduction and sustaining livelihoods in the sampled villages is significant (Chart 1).

Recommendations

• To promote efforts in the production and marketing of bee products through strengthening and empowering beekeeping groups and associations.

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• To provide training programmes in beekeeping with emphasis on gender awareness.

KIONDO, M. R. (2010). Marketing and export of bee products.

Beekeeeping and Environment No 4. pp: 5-8.

MNRT (2001). National Beekeeping Programme 2001- 2010. 90pp MWAKATOBE,A.; MLINGWA,C. (2005). Tanzania - The status of Tanzanian honey trade: domestic and international markets. Bees for Development Honey Trade Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, August 2005.

NAIR, P.K.R. (1993). An introductory to agroforestry. ICRAF. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp 499: 95, 120.

NGAGA Y.M.; OTSYINA R.; SENKONDO E.; MPUYA P. (2005). Economic survey on the role of beekeeping in poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Chunya, Songea and Nachingwea Districts of Tanzania.

MNRT, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

NWRC (2007). Marketing of honey in Tanzania. pp 42.

• To support beekeeping in Manyoni District, the Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD) should support villages in the process of participatory management of forests and bee reserves.

Acknowledgements

We thank the FBD through the Participatory Forest Management grant for funding this survey.

References

FBD (2004). Beekeeping Development Project Report. Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

This report describes a field survey conducted in seven villages from seven wards of Manyoni District in Singida Region, Tanzania. The full report can be found on the BfD Website Information Portal www.beesfordevelopment.org/portal

BEE RESEARCHER NETS GREEN PRIZE

special rumble to warn their fellows of the danger. They used the findings to construct barriers where hives are woven into a fence, keeping the elephants away from places where people live and grow food. A two-year pilot project involving 34 farms showed that elephants trying to go through the fences would shake them and disturb the bees.

The fences were adopted by farming communities in three Kenyan districts - who also increased their incomes from selling honey.

A British scientist has won a coveted environment research prize for showing how bees can be used to reduce conflict between people and elephants. Lucy King's work proved that bee hive "fences" can keep elephants out of African farmers' fields and compounds.

Working with the UK charity Save the Elephants, Lucy King now wants to see whether the Kenyan technique will work in other parts of Africa and perhaps, eventually, in Asia. "I cannot say for certain it is going to work elsewhere, but there is potential to take it down to southern Africa which has the largest elephant population and an increasing humanelephant conflict problem," she said.

The elephants are scared of bees, which can sting them inside their trunks, and flee when they hear buzzing. Dr King received the UNEP/CMS Thesis Prize at the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) meeting in Norway. "Her research underlines how working with, rather than against, nature can provide humanity with many of the solutions to the challenges countries and communities face," said Achim Steiner, executive director of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). "Dr King's work spotlights an intelligent solution to an age-old challenge, while providing further confirmation of the importance of bees to people and a really clever way of conserving the world's largest land animal for current and future generations."

Source: Richard Black, BBC News, 23 November 2011 www.bbc.co.uk/news

Editor’s note: In BfDJ 65 the article Guardian bees discussed using bees to reduce human conflict with elephants. This article is on our information portal - see website address above,

STOP PRESS

The African-born scientist, whose research was supervised at Oxford University, said she was delighted and surprised to receive the prize, which is given every three years to a particularly outstanding PhD thesis in the conservation field. "I could not believe it when I heard - it was such a boost, and a wonderful thing to be recognised at that level," she told BBC News. "Especially after spending five years out in the bush bouncing around in a Land Rover - it was wonderful."

Bees for Development Journal 65

Guiding Hope wins Award

Bf D partner organisation) Guiding We are pleased to announce that (B Hope of Cameroon has won first prize in the prestigious Best New Business category at the 2011 Africa Small Medium and Micro Enterprise Awards.

The Award is a major recognition for over five years of hard work from a team of six, and over 1,000 beekeepers in the remote savannah and highland forests in the Congo basin.

Guiding Hope sells over 120 tonnes of beeswax, propolis and honey a year to buyers in the UK, Europe and Canada and is working hard to keep up with demand. The organisation’s core trading principles are to support local communities, trade fairly and profitably, and to look after the environment.

Working in Kenya, Dr King and her team showed that more than 90% of elephants will flee when they hear the sounds of buzzing bees. Subsequently, they also found that elephants produce a

More at www.beesfordevelopment.org/news

Send us your articles and reports on innovative and improved beekeeping techniques, information about beekeeping in your country and your events.

Comments on, and responses to, articles we have published are encouraged. We may also include your information on our website and add it to our databank on beekeeping worldwide.

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Bees for Development Journal 101

HOLA! Apimondia Congress in Argentina Gladstone Solomon, President, Association of Caribbean Beekeepers’ Organizations, 11 Farm Road, Hope Village, Mesopotamia, Tobago Keywords: beekeeping, European honey bees, South America, Varroa

PHOTOS © GLADSTONE SOLOMON

Apimondia’s 42nd International Congress was held at the spacious “La Rural” facility in Buenos Aires, Argentina during 21-27 September 2011.

timeliness of presentations. Round table debates, new to the format, covered a range of topical issues and generated lively discussion. One of the identified emerging concerns was the impact of genetically modified crops on honey.

Proposed changes to Apimondia’s constitution were approved by the General Assembly. Perhaps the most significant of these are limiting the President’s term in office to two sessions, and the addition of five new Regional Commissions, each headed by an elected President, to Apimondia’s Executive Council. These Commissions are to provide support to national and regional beekeeping associations, and to collaborate with the established Scientific Commissions in implementing regional programmes and projects.

As informative as the sessions and meetings were, the two day technical tour which I attended (one of four offered) added value to the Congress experience and ensured lasting memories of my Argentine sojourn.

‘Sampling’ beekeeping with colonies of European bees located amidst blossoming Acacia was indeed a delightful experience. We were told that Varroa is present and colonies are treated twice a year and requeened every two years.

Mr Lucas Daniel Martínez, President of the 42nd Congress, and his Committee did an excellent job in planning and staging this international event which attracted 8,500 delegates from over 100 countries.

Apimondia’s President, Mr Gilles Ratia must also be complimented for exceeding his goal of expanding Apimondia’s membership to 100 countries: it now stands at 103 - an increase of 34 countries since 2009.

There is much to look forward to at Apimondia’s 43rd Congress to be held in Kiev, Ukraine in 2013. South Korea’s selection as the venue for the 2015 Congress (after a keenly contested bidding contest with China) also suggests a strong and healthy future for Apimondia.

The author welcomes you to the 42nd Apimondia Congress

I felt several compelling reasons to not miss this Congress. I was given the nod to be the Association of Caribbean Beekeepers’ Organizations’ (ACBO) First Representative at the General Assembly of Apimondia Members since ACBO became an Associate Member of Apimondia earlier this year. The Congress presented a unique opportunity to visit Argentina; a country that is relatively close to the Caribbean in terms of past and projected venues for these Congresses, and one that is amongst the world’s top honey producers and exporters.

I am indeed grateful for the opportunity provided by Apimondia and our Argentine hosts to tangibly connect with my brothers and sisters in the global beekeeping community, and I wish to thank Vita Europe Limited for their financial assistance towards making this possible. My dream is that one day a Caribbean State will welcome the international beekeeping community to an Apimondia Congress in the region.

Gladstone is BfDJ’s Correspondent in the Caribbean

The number of bee hives in Argentina is 4,500,000. This is about the same as the combined human populations of the four biggest English speaking Caribbean Island States: Barbados, Jamaica, St Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago. The 28,000 registered beekeepers in Argentina is equivalent to half of the population of Tobago, the island where I live.

Further information about the 43rd Apimondia Congress will feature in this Journal - see Look Ahead, page 12

With the experience of five Apimondia Congresses under my belt, I had a fair idea of how such congresses were organised: opening and closing ceremonies, scientific presentations, ApiExpo, poster displays, mini courses, technical visits, cultural evenings, opportunities to renew and establish acquaintances, and so on. This Apimondia Congress lived up to those expectations and provided more.

In retrospect, the persistence of the Argentine Beekeepers’ Association in submitting bids since 2001 to host their second Apimondia Congress was indicative of their commitment to stage a Congress that would distinguish itself as being well organised, and moreover, positively enhance Argentina’s image as a global leader in the beekeeping sector. At the onset, the smooth organisation of the Congress’ registration procedure signalled the efficiency with which all elements of the Congress were to be executed. The Chairpersons of the sessions I attended ensured the

A Gaucha (a popular Argentine icon) 8

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Left to right: Gladstone Solomon (President of ACBO), Gilles Ratia (President of Apimondia) and Lucas Daniel Martínez (President of the 42nd Congress)

LETTERS

It is sad to say that the list could go on and on. And the impact of this global situation on the small-scale beekeepers and their environments could be very serious. The commercial beekeepers may have to transfer their activity to areas free from different types of pollution, which are the areas where traditional and small-scale beekeeping exist in harmony with the environment. In many cases commercial management practices are not compatible with traditional, organic or small-scale beekeeping.

Congratulations on the 100th edition of Bees for Development Journal. The tremendous effort and energy that the team put into this publication is a wonderful example of what it is possible to achieve with lots of good will and not much money... maybe beekeeping would be taken more seriously by our ‘authorities’ all over the world if everybody involved in the activity worked with the same idealism, ethics and enthusiasm that Bf D puts into the job.

We can deduce from these considerations that the concept of ‘Ethics’ in beekeeping means respect, on the part of all actors in the chain, for the environment, the bees, the beekeepers, the traders and the consumers. But how can we keep a balance? It would be great to receive comments and ideas from colleagues in different countries and situations on what can be done to conserve the ‘sustainability’ of beekeeping activities, and return to more ethical beekeeping systems.

Bf D shows us that with due respect to local environments, the bees, the local people and their culture, beekeeping is a sustainable activity that can provide a source of income while helping to preserve the natural resources that make life possible, and the world such a wonderful place to live.

However, the problem with beekeeping is that many people consider it just as a ‘job’ that has to be done to produce the money that we all need to assure a reasonable livelihood for ourselves and our families. Somewhere along the line the unscrupulous have started to meddle about with the environment, the bees, the beekeepers, the markets and have got us all into a situation in which this natural sustainability is crumbling away.

Harriet Eeles, Regional Beekeepers’ Network, Lakes Region, Chile

100 plus

Congratulations on making it to the 100th edition of BfD Journal. May you continue to excel and grow in all your endeavours. I am very pleased to learn that Bf D Trust has continued sponsoring my copies of the Journal.

Just a few examples: • How have bee diseases spread all over the world? By the illegal trafficking of bees.

• How have we managed to risk bee populations in many regions of the world? Through indiscriminate deforestation.

• Why is it now necessary to analyse our honeys and other bee products to ensure that they are fit for human consumption, when the bee’s working methods guarantee a 100% natural and pure product?

Because we have contaminated bee products and the environment with chemical treatments for disease, pesticides, GMOs, etc.

• How have we achieved the disappearance of up to 40% of bee colonies in many parts of the world due to Colony Collapse Disorder?

A combination of factors that originate from our manipulation of the bees and their environment to make them more ‘productive’ and to suit our own purposes (for example: stress from migratory beekeeping, forced pollination of commercial crops, artificial feeding with ingredients not meant for bees, etc).

• Why are the honey industries in the most important exporting countries facing such a serious crises right now? Because the European Court of Justice has recognised the consumers’ right to choose between eating pure natural foods, or foods that have been artificially manipulated for economic purposes.

• Why do so many beekeeping development projects fail? Because ‘modern’ beekeeping practices promoted by many projects are often neither adapted to, nor suitable for, local situations.

Mike Ukattah, Nigeria

I am honoured to have had the lead article in issue 100 of BfD Journal.

Dr Sara Robb, Bath Potions Ltd, UK

We congratulate you on the 25 years of publication of our favourite Journal. We encourage you to continue with the publication of our activities.

Jean Kakule Musubao, CEPANKI, DR Congo

Thanks for the famous BfDJ 100; I really enjoyed the articles. Well done!

Bf D’s Correspondent in Ghana Kwame Aidoo,B

Thank you very much for sending me the 100th issue of BfD Journal. It has come up very well, and as always is very informative. Congratulations for the same. I take this opportunity to thank you for including information about the ICIMOD ‘honey bees’ project. Both text and photos look great.

Uma Partap, ICIMOD, Nepal

We have received issue 100 and we can say like Mr Gladstone Solomon One hundred not out is not easy (myself I enjoy reading the Journal because I learn more about bees and bee products). So we are celebrating together with you for the past 100 editions and thank you for supporting poor countries. Please keep it up.

John Harawu, AAATU, Malawi

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NEWS AROUND THE WORLD DR CONGO

logo. I would like to receive one of these shirts for me to wear when conducting seminars on bees and honey harvesting.

The picture was taken during one of our recent training activities for women beekeepers. We hope it will be possible to receive another set of resources for use in our March 2012 programme.

Ewaldi Innocent Mushi, Mbeya, Tanzania

PHOTOS © CEPANKI

Bf D replies Dear Ewaldi Innocent Mushi We can provide you with a continued sponsored subscription to BfDJ and resources to use in your training workshops. However we do not have funds to provide T shirts! These are available for purchase from our website store www.beesfordevelopment/catalog

PHOTO © POU CONXI

THE GAMBIA

Jean Kakule Musubao, CEPANKI

OMAN

Training underway... and the golden result

Congratulations to the delegation from Oman representing the Oman’s Royal Court Affairs attending the UK National Honey Show held in November. Their entry won the prestigious First Prize in Class 6 which is for two containers of clear honey, and is open to the world except for the British Isles, the Channel Isles and the Republic of Ireland.

PHOTO © STEVE TURNER

For information about the 2012 Show and the classes to enter see www.honeyshow.co.uk

At the beginning of June we experienced our first honey harvest. From 16 hives we harvested over 100 kg of honey which filled the entire village with happiness. We can say that our idea has been successful primarily through the efforts and perseverance of the people who have helped with this project.

Pou Conxi, ABFIS Beekeepers’ Association, Berefet

UGANDA

Anyim Pwod Lac organisation ran a five day training course and distributed top-bar hives presented by Apac Town Council. Founder of the organisation, Willy Chong, long time recipient of BfDJ, writes “During the course we used the training modules and cards donated by Bf D Trust, but these are not enough. We need more copies to cover our work in other Districts including Kole and Oyam. We have also applied for funding from the FAO Telefood Special Fund (see Notice Board page 12) to support our work”.

PHOTO © WILLY CHONG

Willy Chong, Anyim Pwod Lac, Apac, Uganda

Mr Keith Ferguson part of the winning Omani delegation with Mr John Chapple, President of the London Beekeepers Association, and BfD Supporter

TANZANIA

This year we had insufficient rain to enable the crops to reach maturity.

The trees that bees forage upon did not flower so we have had a very small honey harvest with only enough honey for domestic use and none to sell.

I have 30 hives and when there is good rainfall I can harvest 10-15 kg of honey per hive. This year my total harvest from all the hives was 8 kg.

The rainy season begins at the beginning of October so we prepared our fields in good time for the next planting season and we hope to have plenty of rain for the trees to blossom and to attract our bees.

I received the September edition of BfDJ. When I turned to page 2 I saw Mr Gladstone Solomon wearing a very nice yellow T shirt bearing the Bf D

Participants on the training course run by Anyim Pwod Lac 10

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Trees Bees Use: Velvet leaf soldierbush Heliotropium foertherianum

Reinhard Fichtl, Weissgerbergraben 5, 93047 Regensburg, Germany

Leaves provide abundant mulch on atolls and are often eaten as a vegetable, especially in India and Kiribati. They also provide fodder for pigs, particularly throughout Micronesia. The leaves are widely used in traditional medicines and rituals, from curing rashes and diarrhoea, to medicinal teas, steam baths, and to stop bleeding and cover bruises. They are also used to cure diseases caused by the violation of sea taboos. The leaves are used for fish poisoning in Nauru and as bait in Tokelau.

Keywords: Africa, Asia, bee forage, honey production, Pacific Tree

Boraginaceae

PHOTOS © REINHARDT FICHTL

Family

heliotrope

The wood is used for house construction, making canoe parts, handicraft items, knife and other tool handles, canoe bailers, and unfortunately, as an important source of firewood.

Heliotropium foertherianum

Apicultural value

Heliotropium foertherianum is an important source of nectar and is recommended for honey production.

Description

Heliotropium foertherianum flowers throughout the year

An erect shrub or small to medium-sized spreading tree growing up to 5 m high. The bark is light brown to grey, deeply corrugated. Leaves are light green, silky, pubescent, with a silvery grey sheen, obovate to oblanceolate, simple and alternate, and spirally arranged at the tips of branches. The flowers are small and white, arranged in multi-branched, terminal, paniculate cymes. Fruit is greenish-white to brown and globose, with two to four seeds enclosed in a corky tissue. Heliotropium foertherianum flowers throughout the year.

Distribution

Heliotropium foertherianum occurs in equatorial to subtropical maritime climates of the Indian and Pacific oceans as a strand shrub or tree of sandy or rocky shores, often found near to the water’s edge, on sandy beaches and rocky coral limestone slopes where soils are very thin.

Heliotropium foertherianum fruit

The tree can be found growing in Australia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Niue, northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga and Vietnam.

Practical notes

Slow growing Heliotropium foertherianum tolerates salt spray and can grow close to the ocean, even surviving occasional waves washing over its roots. It is also resilient in drought conditions. The tree is easily propagated by seeds, cuttings, or air-layering.

Uses

Heliotropium foertherianum is an attractive ornamental tree in home gardens or along streets. It is also an excellent stabiliser of shorelines, offers good protection against the wind and provides a salt spray barrier.

The tree is an important provider of nesting sites for many ocean birds.

Bark of Heliotropium foertherianum is light brown/grey and deeply corrugated

WHICH TREES DO YOUR BEES USE? Send information to the address on page 2

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LOOK AHEAD CANADA

APIMONDIA Symposium Queen Breeding, Selection & Honey Bee Health 15-18 November 2012, Quebec City Further details Pierre.Giovenazzo@bio.ulaval.ca

ETHIOPIA

3rd ApiExpo Africa 26-29 September 2012, Addis Ababa Further details www.apitradeafrica.org.uk

GERMANY

EurBee 5th European Conference of Apidology 4-6 September 2012, Halle an der Saale Further details www.eurbee2012.uni-halle.de

IRELAND

APIMONDIA Symposium Bee Health 20-22 March 2012, Dublin Further details www.beehealth2012.ie

MALAYSIA

11th Asian Apicultural Association Conference 28 September - 3 October 2012 Kuala Terengganu Further details see page 16

SAN MARINO

APIMONDIA Symposium ApiEcoFlora 4-6 October 2012 Further details apimondia@sanmarinoconvention.sm

NOTICE BOARD

SERBIA

Apimondia Symposium The role of beekeeping technologies, health care of bees and the environment in the quality of bee products 18-19 February 2012, Belgrade Further details www.apiecotech2012.com

SOUTH KOREA

APIMONDIA 44th International Apicultural Congress 2015 Further details will appear here

UK

BBKA Spring Convention 20-22 April 2012, Harper Adams College, Shropshire Further details www.britishbee.org.uk

Scottish Beekeepers’ Centenary Celebration 15-16 September 2012, University of Stirling Further details www.scottishbeekeepers.org.uk

UKRAINE

APIMONDIA 43rd International Apicultural Congress 15-20 September 2013, Kiev Further details www.apimondia2013.org.ua

If you want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here and on our website send details to Bees for Development address on page 16

LEARN AHEAD IRELAND

Irish Beekeepers Summer Course 22-26 July 2012, Gormanston Further details www.irishbeekeeping.ie

Bf D UK Courses

Strengthening livelihoods in developing countries by means of beekeeping 30 March and 19 October 2012 Monmouth Sustainable Beekeeping Course 31 March - 1 April 2012 and 13-14 October 2012 Ragman’s Lane Permaculture Farm Gloucestershire Mead Making 12 October 2012

Bf D Beekeepers' Safaris

Turkey 7-19 July 2012

Trinidad & Tobago 14-24 January 2013

Further details for all on our website www.beesfordevelopment.org

VOLUNTEER REQUESTS Boyo Association for Rural Development in Cameroon are seeking a volunteer to exchange knowledge and ideas with bee farmers in Boyo Division. This area, surrounded by the Ijim Forest, is famous for its white honey. Contact Chairman Chia Benard Ful through Bf D.

AAATU an NGO in Malawi is looking for volunteers. “If someone is interested to work with us please come and join us” says John Harawa.

Contact via Bf D. PROJECT FUNDING FAO (the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) supports beekeeping projects in developing countries.

TeleFood Special Fund Beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for project funding of up to US$10,000. Request documents should include a brief description of project objectives, proposed food production or income-generating activities, work plan, number of participants, detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and reporting arrangements. Submit your request to t he FAO or UNDP office in your country. See www.fao.org

1% for Development Fund Small grants to enable community based beekeeping projects in developing countries to get off the ground. Applicants must define clearly objectives and describe how they are to be attained. Send an email to One-Per-Cent-Fund@FAO.org Bf D is always pleased to hear the outcome of your application

CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSIVE GRANT Set up by the Commonwealth Foundation to promote international or intercultural exchange, co-operation and sharing of skills, knowledge and ideas between people from developing Commonwealth countries. Registered or incorporated non-profit or cultural organisations are eligible to apply for funding to support activities such as short training courses, workshops, conferences, exchanges and study visits. The funding can be used for airfares and travel costs. To qualify the activities should involve the participation of people and organisations from more than one developing Commonwealth Foundation member country. Applications can be submitted four times a year. See www.commonwealthfoundation.com GRANTS TO SCIENTISTS IFS Research Grants are for citizens of a developing country who are scientists under 40 years old, with at least a Master's or equivalent degree or research experience and attached to a university, national research institution or a research-orientated NGO in a developing country. See www.ifs.se 12

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AVAILABLE FROM Bf D NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG

BOOK SHELF

BEECONOMY - what women and bees can teach us about local trade and the global market

Tammy Horn 2011 392 pages Hardback £26.95 (€337) H100

Just as we go to press, this fresh and original new book has arrived. From its title (illustrated left) onwards, this is an imaginative telling about women and bees. Tammy Horn has read and travelled widely - across five continents - to create this social account of beekeeping. It is not a listing of women who have contributed to apiculture; rather it is a fresh take of beekeeping history and the status of the sector today. The journey begins with Horn working with beekeepers in Africa, and moves to Asia, Europe, Australasia, North and South America. From her interviews along the way, and her extensive historical research of this field, Horn provides a book full of apicultural charm and interest – describing how women today and in the past have built livelihoods around bees. Nice, for example, to have the heroic St Gobnait’s life related – a famous woman beekeeper from the 6th Century, and concerning the heroine of our own era, Horn relates her meeting with Eva Crane. Horn is a gifted author who has, along with interesting illustrations and apicultural explanations, provided an alternative perspective of our bee world.

SOME HONEYBEE PLANTS OF BAS-CONGO PROVINCE, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Paul Latham and Konda ku Mbuta 2011 (2nd edition) 248 pages £35 (€550) L115

A beautifully produced manual. After an introduction to the top-bar hive beekeeping practised by many of the 11,000 beekeepers in Bas-Congo Province, the main part of this text is a listing of 190 plant species. Each species is devoted one page with colour photographs and a description of its value to bees, its distribution, uses, and for some plants, propagation and management. A chart shows when these plants are foraged by bees for nectar and/or pollen.

Together with a detailed list of references this is a very useful guide that will assist beekeepers, farmers and tree planters in many African countries. The authors deserve congratulation for this excellent work.

THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BOOK OF BRITISH INSECTS

Peter C Barnard 2011 400 pages Hardback £45.00 (€660) G100

The epigraph to this book, a quotation from Wendell Holmes, (1882) The poet at the breakfast table contains the line: “No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp”.

Yes indeed, this new text is a guide to insects of the British Isles, taking the reader through the 558 families of British insects, 6,000 genera and 24,000 species - of which only 55 are protected by law. However, being a temperate-zone nation, Britain has relatively few species of insect compared with numbers in the tropics. There are well over one million species of insects, and many more which have not been named by science - for comparison, there are ‘only’ about 5,500 species of mammal on earth. This beautiful, systematic book is the type of work that ought to exist for every nation, so that we could begin to comprehend the true complexity and meaning of biodiversity.

KEEPING BEES

Pam Gregory and Claire Waring 2011 256 pages £10.99 (€115) G100

These days in the UK there are many excellent new books on beekeeping: indeed we reviewed another good one by one of these authors in the last issue of BfD Journal ! Keeping bees is a beautifully produced and an imaginatively designed, readable guide to keeping bees in UK national frame hives. It is easy to read and with an abundance of pictures, will quickly enable readers to understand what is involved in the craft. Many pages have ‘top tips’ - short swatches of text that help beginners to learn fast. A fresh take for British beginner beekeepers who now have a great selection of books from which to choose.

KEEPING BEES

Ashley English 2011 136 pages Hardback £15.99 (€222) E005

And here is another one, even with the same title. This book has been written for North American beekeepers, and again with an abundance of excellent pictures, provides plenty of detail and encouragement. A novel aspect of this book is the use of profile interviews with people practising beekeeping for varying reasons, which intersperse the text. Another good book for beginners.

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NOTICE BOARD

AWARDS Candidates for a TWAS Prize must be scientists who have worked and lived in a developing country for 10 years or more. The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World awards eight prizes of US$15,000 each year. More details at twas.ictp.it

CONTEST Any aspect of apiculture with “special preference to photographs emphasising humanity's relationship with bees”. Closing date 30 April 2012. See www.aulaapicolazuqueca.com AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL The oldest English language beekeeping publication in the world.

See a digital copy and subscribe at: www.americanbeejournal.com

APIACTA For the beekeeper and bee scientist Apiacta the Apimondia Journal.

Available online from www.apimondia.org

BEE CRAFT UK Beekeeping Journal for beginners and seasoned apiarists. View a digital copy and subscribe on line at www.bee-craft.com

BEE CULTURE The magazine of American beekeeping. 140 years experience. Today’s techniques. Tomorrow’s ideas. US$15 for a digital subscription See www.BeeCulture.com ULUDAG BEE JOURNAL News, practical information and research articles Published quarterly in Turkish with English summaries. See www.uludagaricilik.org IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE BfD Journal offers a great opportunity to reach thousands of readers.

Prices start from GBP35 (€42, US$60), various size ads available.

PROJECT PLANNERS Remember to include an allowance for publications and BfDJ subscriptions in your budget when writing proposals. We can help with expert advice and supply you with an appropriate beekeeping library.

Also include participation costs for beekeeping meetings, such as the biennial Apimondia Congresses - see Look Ahead, page 12.

BEE FRIENDS Join our Network Centre Go to www.beesfordevelopment.org and then Network Centre. Search for beekeepers in your own nation or any other country worldwide. Visit us on Facebook or Twitter to keep in touch with latest developments at Bf D

Buying from Bf D

Order through our web store Secure Payment System Or send us an e-mail, or post us a note of what you want, or we can send you an order form Payment is required with order Delivery UK addresses: FREE delivery on publication orders up to 1 kg Outside UK: Orders dispatched by airmail post. Add 15% for delivery to Europe; 30% for outside Europe Orders over £500 please request our quote Ways to pay • Secure order and payment at www.beesfordevelopment.org/catalog • to store@beesfordevelopment.org • Credit/Debit card Maestro/MasterCard/Visa. We need card number, name on card, valid from and expiry dates, card issue number (if given), security number on back of card.

• Cheque/bank draft in GBP or Euros payable to Bees for Development 15

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11th ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE

28 September - 2 October 2012

Primula Hotel, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

• Bee biology, pests and diseases

• Bee pollination • Beekeeping and honey hunting with indigenous bees • Beekeeping and honey hunting technology and equipment • Bee products • Apitherapy

• Beekeeping conservation and the environment More information

www.asianbeeconference.org/11thaaaconference/

Support Bees for Development Trust

• Make a regular donation • Subscribe to BfD Journal

• Sponsor a subscription

• Sponsor a Resource Box

Visit www.beesfordevelopment.org and see How to help

ISSN 1477-6588

Printed on environmentally friendly paper © Bees for Development 2011

SUBSCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE

Sponsored subscriptions to Bees for Development Journal are available for resource-poor beekeepers, projects, schools and groups in developing countries.

Supported with funds raised by Bees for Development Trust

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Additional copies of this form are available from our website

Email journalrequest@beesfordevelopment.org Post BfD Trust, PO Box 105, Monmouth NP25 9AA, UK

Support for training

Bf D Training Booklets and Training Cards are for use by beekeeper trainers in Africa.

Each booklet provides one day of training on one topic. The cards provide pictures and plans illustrating techniques discussed in the booklets. These are included in our Resource Boxes for training events and workshops.

Projects and associations in developing countries are welcome to apply for a Sponsored Resource Box by filling out an application form on our website, or request the form by email. Projects in other areas can purchase Resource Boxes through our website store.

www.beesfordevelopment.org

Telephone +44 (0) 16007 13648

Bees for Development

www.beesfordevelopment.org

NP25 9AA, UK

info@beesfordevelopment.org

PO Box 105, Monmouth