Race and the Control of Public Parks

Race and the Control of Public Parks 1/16/2015

Race and the Control of Public Parks The Oxford English Dictionary defines “public” as “open or available to all members of a community”, and, “not restricted to the private use of a particular person or group”. A public park is viewed as a shared resource for all citizens to engage in the life of the city and a variety of planned and spontaneous recreational activities. This view, while technically accurate, does not reflect the far more nuanced reality of public parks. The idea that all are automatically welcome in a public park ignores the ways in which the design, construction, programming, use, and alteration/renovation of the space can reinforce divisions, both physical and perceived, between populations. In this way, parks can be used to control citizens, as well as sites where controls are exerted. This exhibit provides the tools to interrogate the physical city and reveal the multiple ways in which we plan, build, and interact with it, exercising these tools through the lens of public parks and race.

This exhibition is composed of four pieces:

1. a series of 10 historic maps and 1 contemporary map that trace the movement of different

races across Dallas in relation to the development of the city’s park system

2. an annotated timeline of the evolution of Dallas parks and park typologies over the last 100 years

3. a series of diagrams that illustrate parks as tools for or sites of 9 types of social, economic, infrastructural, and civic controls.

4. a series of snapshots that illustrate the impact of these controls as they relate to specifically to parks and race in the City of Dallas.

Visitors should use the exhibition to find links between the different aspects of the research. Viewing any single aspect of the exhibition will be revealing in its own right with regard to race or parks in Dallas, but when understood together the visitor will gain a method by which to start to discover how and why places are designed, programmed, and used the way that they are. Parks will no longer be viewed simply as the green spaces on the map but will be recognized as places of recreation, conflict, celebration, engagement, protest, and daily life. Public parks will be seen as tools used to control social, cultural, economic, infrastructural, and civic activities.

How to Read these Maps The following ten maps track segregation and racial geography, and expansion of the park system in Dallas by decade for the past century. Demographic data was drawn from the decennial census and City of Dallas GIS data was the basis for the chronology of parks expansion. Parks are represented by their current size and shape, they do not reflect growth or removal of parks over time except when noted. To depict degrees of segregation, each of four racial or ethnic groups was assigned a color and pattern, the pattern is made increasingly dense relative to the intensity of segregation in an area. If a single race made up a majority of the population in a given geography, that geography received the respective color and pattern.

Several geographic units - the ward, the census tract and the block - were used to allow for a neighborhoodlevel examination of segregation in Dallas. The 1910 map uses the ward as its geographic unit of measure, the smallest area in Dallas for which data was compiled that year. Compiled data is only available at the city scale in 1920 and 1930 for Dallas so additional historical sources were utilized to approximate the racial geography of those decades. Starting in 1940, use of the census tract was extended to Dallas, and is used here through the year 2000. While tracts have been consolidated, subdivided or expanded over time, they provide the best means for analyzing neighborhood level phenomena. It is worth noting that, despite the fine-grain lens the census tract offers, the complex relationships among populations within the city and the ways in which they overlap or separate, are not always apparent. To make these relationships more visible, 2010 depicts data at the census block level, which frequently correspond to city blocks, the smallest unit of census geography available.

The U.S. Census Bureau’s contemporary language is used for each race and ethnic group. Changes over time to the racial and ethnic categories and nomenclature are chronicled on the maps.

1910 Dallas was still a small city in 1910, with a population of 92,104 and city limits that had only recently crossed the Trinity River to include Oak Cliff. Dallas was also a substantially white and American-born city, a demographic that made up 75% of the total population. 20% of the city was African-American, by far the largest minority group.

The smallest type of tabulated subdivision in 1910 was the ward, and among Dallas’s ten wards only the 3rd Ward, an area stretching northeast from just above Harwood St to the city limits, bounded by Thomas Ave on the north and Bryan St on the south, was more than one-third African American, encompassing the Freedmanstown neighborhood (also known as North Dallas or Short North Dallas). The 1st and 5th wards also had relatively high concentrations of black residents, and smaller black neighborhoods existed in every ward. In 1910 the city had a limited park system, sporting Marsalis and Robert E. Lee Parks, recently acquired in 1909, Fair Park, City Park, and several others.

Footnote: In 1910, race was referred to in the census as Color. The racial categories presented were White, Negro (with the subcategories Black and Mulatto), Indian (referring to Native Americans), Chinese, Japanese, and all ot

In 1910, race was referred to in the census as Color. The racial categories presented were White, Negro (with the subcategories Black and Mulatto), Indian (referring to Native Americans), Chinese, Japanese, and all other.

En 1910, raza fue referida en el censo como color. Las categorías raciales presentadas eran blancos, afroamericanos (con las subcategorias negros y mulatos), indios (en referencia a nativos americanos), chinos, japoneses, y otros.

trinity river bachman lake turtle creek

white rock creek

mill creek

Approximate location of Shady View Park

Approximate location of Colored Fair Grounds

Private park that was available for both white and black use

On the property of the new century cotton company

Approximate location of Booker T Washington High School Approximate location of Mexican Park

Land leased by the city for community use by Mexican immigrants

1904 Fair Park

1876 City Park (1st public park in Dallas)

Fair Park will be the site of many instances of segregation with designated days for a single race, Klan rallies, segregated football games, and celebrations for all occuring in this public park.

“The negro population of Dallas was generally barred from using City Park, so a privately owned park came into existence for their use. No legal barriers segregated the races in Dallas and no ordinance of the period ever mentioned separation of the races, but local society generally accepted segregation as a rule of order. Little mention is made of Colored Folks Park in the local newspapers, but a license was granted in 1890 for the sale of beer in the park.” Centennial History of the Dallas Texas Park System 1876 - 1976 prairie creek

m

ou

nt

ain

cr ee

k

oak cliff annexed in 1904

five mile creek trinity river

contemporary city boundary

Legend Percentage of Race by Tract 1910 - 2000

Map Features

Plurality

Population Total 92104 White 74043, 80.39% Black 18024, 19.57% Asian 36, 0.04% Latino *not counted

Hispanic 50 - 60 %

Black 50 - 60 %

Hispanic 61 - 70 %

Black 61 - 70 %

Hispanic 71 - 80 %

Black 71 - 80 %

Hispanic 81 - 90 %

Black 81 - 90 %

Hispanic 91 - 100 %

Black 91 - 100 %

White 50 - 60 % White 61 - 70 % White 71 - 80 % White 81 - 90 % White 91 - 100 %

Water Body

Park

Trinity River

Location of Interest for parks, landform, or infrastructure

Creek

City Limit 2014

New Park in the Last Decade

Location of Interest

Major Roads

1920 Between 1910 and 1920 Dallas grew by more than 70%, and its white population grew by more than 80%.

Census data was not compiled at the ward-level for Dallas in 1920, but a variety of sources identify the locations of substantially black neighborhoods at the time, including a handful of more rural black communities located outside of the city limits. The city expanded rapidly in every direction between 1910 and 1920 and the municipal government made an effort to expand park facilities accordingly, as did private interests. Notably, the city designated three segregated parks over the decade in the black neighborhoods of Freedmanstown, Wheatley Place and in Oak Cliff, established Turtle Creek Parkway and its anchor, Reverchon Park, and purchased the former amusement park at Lake Cliff for a public facility.

Footnote: In 1920, race was expanded from “Color” to “Color or Race”. The subcategories of “Black” and “Mulatto” leaving Negro as a stand alone category. Hindu, Korean, and Filipino were added as racial categories.

trinity river upper white rock

1913 Park Cities established

turtle creek

white rock lake

m

ill

cr ee

k

elm thicket

fields community

b. t. washington addition

1913 Turtle Creek Parkway established Reverchon Park is created in 1914 through the clearance of the Woodchuck Hill neighborhood

lower white rock freedman’s town (north dallas)

1913 Summit Play Park (Pike Park) created * see park snapshot

1915 Hall Street Negro Park (Griggs Park) established * see park snapshot

Approximate location of Mexican Park

little mexico

The Hispanic community is not allowed to use Summit Play Park at the time west dallas (cedar village)

eagle ford

bear creek

Wah Hoo Lake Club is used as a private recreational area by various groups

mill city

the prairie

1919 Ferris Plaza established as a gateway to the city of Dallas

1920 South Dallas Negro Park (Wheatley Park) estabished

wheatley

the bog

queen city

1915 Oak Cliff Negro Park (Eloise Lundy Park) established

lincoln manor oak cliff

joppy

thomas hill estate

trinity river

Population Total 158976 White 134888, 84.85% Black 24023, 15.11%% Asian 61, 0.04% Latino *not counted

1930 The city of Dallas continued to grow at a rapid clip between 1920 and 1930, and anticipated future urban growth through its parks planning by annexing White Rock Lake and purchasing parkland beyond the city limits, including what would become Kiest, Roosevelt and Gateway Parks. In 1930 the city remained heavily white, although its black and Latino enclaves densified and solidified. In the Freedmanstown area, Booker T. Washington High School was moved to a new and larger campus at its current site and a new brick building was constructed for the Moreland YMCA, among other neighborhood additions. Again, no census data was compiled at the wardlevel in Dallas in 1930.

Footnote: 1930 Color or Race categories included Mexican as a standalone category for the first and last time. Any mixed race person who was some part white was to be listed as the appropriate non-white race.

upper white rock

elm thicket

fields community

b. t. washington addition lower white rock

1926 Mexican residents are allowed to use Summit Play Park for fiestas *

freedman’s town (north dallas)

* see control - Celebration

1921 The location of Mexican Play Park is proposed to be redeveloped for industrial & infrastructural development

1930 approximate location of the Moorland YMCA established for the black community

little mexico

west dallas (cedar village)

eagle ford

mill city

the prairie

bear creek

1924 Wah Hoo Park (Juanita Craft Park) is established as a public park wheatley

the bog

queen city lincoln manor oak cliff

joppy

thomas hill estate

Population Total 260475 White 215720, 82.82% Black 38742, 14.87% Asian 71, 0.04% Latino 5901, 2.27%

Parks are purchased outside the city boundary to preserve a resource or plan for growth

1940 While Dallas still restricted where blacks could live in the city, the 1939 addition of Lincoln High School signaled the city’s intent to allow black expansion in South Dallas, among some of the Dallas’s densest white neighborhoods. Between 1910 and 1930, the proportion of black residents in the city had dropped from 19.57% to 14.87%, resurging in 1940 to 17.10%. While black populations in Freedmanstown and Elm Thicket grew in number and concentration, these areas did not physically expand, giving them far and away the densest populations in the city. In contrast to Freedmanstown, which historically entrenched and relatively hemmed in and Elm Thicket, isolated and remote, the expansion of black population in South Dallas was met with resistance and even violence by the area’s working class whites. Unsurprisingly, exclusion was greatest in majority white neighborhoods. A handful of census tracts, mostly in newer parts of Oak Cliff, had fewer than five black residents, and nearly 70% of all census tracts had a white majority over 90%; only one census tract, Elm Thicket, was over 90% black Footnote: In 1940, Mexican was removed as a racial category and Mexicans were again classified as White. All other “Color or Race” categories were unchanged.

Notes: In 1940, Mexican was removed as a racial category and Mexicans were again classified as White. All other “Color or Race” categories were unchanged.

Nota: En 1940, “mexicano" fue removido como categoría y mexicanos fueron clasificados como blancos. Todos los otros colores y razas se mantuvieron iguales.

Elm Thicket (North Park) has the highest percentage of black residents in the city

The old Trinity River meanders remain The area is transformed into an industrial district

1934 Trinity River is channelized between levees Moved 1 mile from downtown to prevent flooding

The first established segregated parks are now located in majority black neighborhoods

1938 Wah Hoo Park is officially segregated

The shift is reported to be made at the request of black community leaders

1939 Lincoln High School is opened as a black high school

1938 Eighth Street Negro Park (Moore Park) is established

This newly established segregated park is in a census tract that is still majority white, but in an area planned for more black housing

mountain creek lake

1937 Cockrell Hill incorporated

Population Total 294734 White 244246, 82.87% Black 50407, 17.1% Asian 53, 0.02% Latino *not counted

1950 Between 1940 and 1950 the City of Dallas aggressively annexed territory, ballooning from 41 to 112 square miles.

The city was larger and whiter than it had ever been with blacks making up only 13.1% of the population. 80% of all census tracts had a white majority of 90% or more and ten census tracts, most of them newly developed and annexed, lacked a single black resident- a first since the Census began tracking minor civil subdivisions for Dallas in 1910. Segregation was increasing. The modest black growth in the city did trickle outside of the historically black neighborhoods, particularly in South Dallas - where violent reactions to new black neighbors continued and in Arlington Park, a newly planned black neighborhood.

Footnote: In 1950, “Color or Race” was abbreviated to just “Race.” Hindu and Korean were removed as racial categories and Indian was expanded to “American Indian”.

expandido a “indio americano”.

Major parts of the Central Expressway are completed and lead to many changes in residential patterns across the city

1946 Arlington Park is established as a black neighborhood

Although it is part of a census tract that is 90% white, the neighborhood is entirely black

1944 North Hampton Park (Mattie Nash/Myrtle Davis Park) established The purchase of park lands outside of the city to meet planned city growth continues, including areas where black and Hispanic populations already live or are planned

1942 Roseland Homes is opened by the Dallas Housing Authority Segregated public housing

1940’s Mill Creek is culverted to prevent flooding, not transformed as proposed in the Kessler Plan

1945 Rochester Park (William Blair Jr. Park) is established as a segregated park The purchase of park lands outside of the city to meet planned city growth continues, including areas where black and hispanic populations already live or are planned

Camp Moorland, YMCA camp for “negroe boys” established

Population Total 434462 White 377199, 86.82% Black 56958, 13.11% Asian 202, 0.05% Latino *not counted

1960 Dallas again more than doubled in area from 1950 to 1960. In contrast to the previous decade, it was the black population that grew most quickly in the 1950s. In fact the percentage of whites in Dallas has never grown again. A new black neighborhood was planned and developed at Hamilton Park in North Dallas and the black population boomed in West Dallas (annexed in 1954) with the construction of the Edgar Ward Place housing project. The westward extension of city limits also brought sizable Hispanic communities into the municipality.

By 1960 the transformation of South Dallas from a mixed race community to an all black community was complete. Four South Dallas census tracts went from being 90% white to 90% black between 1950 and 1960, marking the first major instance of white flight and predating busing by over a decade. New public housing projects, the transference of Madison High School from white to black and the designation of Exline and Lagow Parks as black parks cemented South Dallas’s place as the new epicenter of black life in Dallas. Freedmanstown experienced jarring effects from the construction of Central Expressway and the development of newer black neighborhoods; while the population remained solidly black, the density of the neighborhood west of Central Expressway fell by 24%. The intensity of segregation continued to grow between 1950 and 1960. In 1960, 78% of all census tracts had a 90% white majority and 15 census tracts had a 90% black majority. 35 census tracts located primarily in South and West Oak Cliff and Pleasant Grove did not have a single black resident.

Footnote: In 1960, the category Race or color included the new options Hawaiian, Part Hawaiian, Aleut and Eskimo. Counts of “Spanish Surname” were used a primitive measure of the Hispanic ethnicity. ”

density of the neighborhood west of Central Expressway fell by 24%. The intensity of segregation continued to grow between 1950 and 1960. In 1960, 78% of all census tracts had a 90% white majority and 15 census tracts had a 90% black majority. 35 census tracts located primarily in South and West Oak Cliff and Pleasant Grove did not have a single black resident.

La intensidad de segregación continuó creciendo entre 1950 y 1960, marcando la primera instancia de la “huída blanca”. En 1960, 78% de las zonas de censo contenían 90% mayoría de blancos, y 15 zonas de censo contenían 90% mayoría de afroamericanos. 35 zonas de censo ubicadas primordialmente en el sur y oeste de Oak Cliff y Pleasant Grove no tenían ni un residente afroamericano.

Notes: In 1960, the category Race or color included the new options Hawaiian, Part Hawaiian, Aleut and Eskimo. Counts of “Spanish Surname” were used a primitive measure of the Hispanic ethnicity.

Nota: En 1960, la categoría "raza o color" incluyo nuevas opciones: hawaiana, parte hawaiana, aleut y esquimales. El apellido español fue usado como medida primitiva de la etnicidad hispana.

1956 Willowdell Park (Hamilton Park) is established as part of the Hamilton Park addition, an entirely black subdivision

Polk Park (site of future city park and recreation center) cited as a site of black athletic events in the 1950’s

1950 -1954 Elm Thicket Park & Hilliard Golf Course

* see park snapshot Although the map shows a 90% majority white area, the black community in Elm Thicket is still present, it disappears on the map due to changes in census tract boundaries

Sleepy Hollow Park in the Arlington Park neighborhood

Exall Park * see park snapshot Griggs Park * see park snapshot 1954 West Dallas annexed

1956 Madison High School is reopened as an all black school 1952 Dallas Housing Authority opens 3 segregated housing developments

1955 Mildred C. Dunn Park (Lagow Park) is transitioned to be a segregated park

Edgar Ward Place - 1500 units for blacks , George Loving - 1500 units for whites, & Elmer Scott - 500 units for Hispanics

1953 Exline Park is transition to be a segregated park

Kidd Springs Park * see park snapshot

* see park snapshot

The Tenth Street community is divided by I-35

1952-53 Dallas Housing Authority opens Turner Courts and Rhoads Terrace

1952 Dallas Housing Authority opens Brakins Village

Legend Percentage of Race by Tract 1910 - 2000

Map Features

Plurality

Population Total 679684 White 548473, 80.7% Black 129242, 19.02% Asian 359, 0.05% Latino *not counted

Hispanic 50 - 60 %

Black 50 - 60 %

Hispanic 61 - 70 %

Black 61 - 70 %

Hispanic 71 - 80 %

Black 71 - 80 %

Hispanic 81 - 90 %

Black 81 - 90 %

Hispanic 91 - 100 %

Black 91 - 100 %

White 50 - 60 % White 61 - 70 % White 71 - 80 % White 81 - 90 % White 91 - 100 %

Water Body

Park

Trinity River

Location of Interest for parks, landform, or infrastructure

Creek

City Limit 2014

New Park in the Last Decade

Location of Interest

Major Roads

1970 Dallas’s century-long explosive population growth finally slowed in 1960s. In the same period expansion of the parks system was significant, particularly in areas along the Trinity River. Major parkland was added to the city at L.B. Houston along the Elm Fork in northwest Dallas and the Trinity River floodway was set aside for park purposes as a hundred-year desire to channelize the river for shipping purposes was abandoned. Racially, the proportion of white residents in the city continued to fall as nearly the exact same number of black and white residents were added to the city. The city’s Hispanic population also doubled, bringing the percentage of white residents below 80% in this historically homogenous city for the first time since the turn of the century.

Geographically, the growth of minority populations in the city followed the trends of the previous decade: black neighborhoods growing outward from South Dallas, and the intensification of minority concentrations in West Dallas. Neighborhoods in East Oak Cliff without a single black resident in 1960 were now 99% black. In West Dallas, the George Loving housing project quickly lost its majority white population following new rules by HUD enacted to combat the ongoing segregation in public housing in accordance with the rejection of the “separate but equal” concept in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. These rapid changes were the second stage of a white flight that would begin in earnest during the 1970s.

Footnote: The category “Color or Race” returned as did Korean as a choice. Part Hawaiian, Eskimo and Aleut were removed as categories. The Negro option was expanded to Negro or Black. In 1970, Hispanic appears for the first time.

Outside of the Color or Race question, the census contained a question about “origin or descent” with the following options: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, Other Spanish, or None of these.

with the rejection of the “separate but equal” concept in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. These rapid changes were the second stage of a white flight that would begin in earnest during the 1970s.

concepto “separados pero iguales” del acto de derechos civiles de 1964. Estos cambios fueron la segunda etapa de la “huída blanca” que comenzó en los años 1970.

Notes: The category “Color or Race” returned as did Korean as a choice. Part Hawaiian, Eskimo and Aleut were removed as categories. The Negro option was expanded to Negro or Black. In 1970, Hispanic appears for the first time. Outside of the Color or Race question, the census contained a question about “origin or descent” with the following options: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, Other Spanish, or None of these.

Nota: La categoria “color o raza” regresó, igual a la categoria koreana. Parte hawaiano, aleut y esquimales fueron removidas como categorías. La opción negra fue expandida para incluir “negro” o “black”. En 1970, "hispano" apareció por primera vez. Fuera de la pregunta de color o raza, el censo contenía una pregunta sobre “origen o ascendencia” con las siguientes opciones: mexicano, puertorriqueño, cubano, centroamericano, suramericano, español, o ninguno de estos.

Although still in a majority white census tract, Hamilton Park remains a segregated black community

1970 The Trinity River Greenbelt becomes a park The parks sits in the lowest area of the city adjacent to, but disconnected from many poor communities, communities of color, and industrial areas

Areas in historic north Dallas appear to be gaining black and Hispanic population The changes actually reflect white flight north along Central Expressway and the Toll Road

1963 Roosevelt High School, a segregated black only school, opens

Black populations continue to move south as housing opportunities open, white populations move north, east, and west

Population Total 844401 White 626247, 74.16% Black 210238, 24.9% Asian 1381, 0.16% Latino 63806, 7.56%

1980 In terms of racial geography in the city of Dallas, the 1980 was a watershed year. The 1970s marked the first decade in which the city of Dallas lost white residents, more than 70,000 of them. 1980 was also the first census year where in some census tracts no single race made up the majority of the population. The expansion of majority-black neighborhoods in southern Dallas expanded both to the east and west along the southern edge of the city. Hispanics for the first time made up more than 10% of the city’s population, a number of more than 100,000. The city’s Asian population quadrupled. 1980 was also the first decade where substantial white majorities were essentially limited to North Dallas and East Dallas, a condition that continues today. 1980 was also the final census where a Hispanic majority was present in the Little Mexico neighborhood, one of the city’s oldest Hispanic neighborhoods, and the first census where majority-Hispanic neighborhoods appeared in Old East Dallas and Oak Cliff. The park system grew largely with the extension of existing parkland including the Grover Keeton golf course north of the Roosevelt and Devon Parks, and park additions along White Rock and Five Mile creeks.

Footnote: The 1980 Census had the most options up to that point for Race. Negro or Black became Black or Negro and new options for Asian Indian, Guamanian, Samoan and Vietnamese were added. Aleut and Eskimo returned as categories. The question of ethnicity was further formalized in 1980, although the specific categories were more limited, the census asked “Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent?”

Notes: The 1980 Census had the most options up to that point for Race. New options for Asian Indian, Guamanian, Samoan and Vietnamese were added. Aleut and Eskimo returned as categories. The question of ethnicity was further formalized in 1980, although the specific categories were more limited, the census asked “Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent?”

Nota: El censo de 1980 tenia mas opciones. “Negro” o “Black” cambio a “Black o Negro”, y nuevas opciones para indios asiáticos, guameños, samoanos, y vietnamitas fueron agregados. Aleut y esquimales regresaron como sus propias categorías. La pregunta de etnicidad fue formalizada en 1980, aunque las categorías especificas fueron mas limitadas, el censo preguntaba “esta persona es de origen español o hispano?”

Census tract boundary changes reveal the majority black Hamilton Park community in north Dallas

For the first time there is a purality of race and ethnicity in 5 census tracts within the city of Dallas

Population Total 904078 White 514401, 56.9% Black 265594, 29.38% Asian 7678, 0.85% Latino 111083, 12.29%

1990 By 1990, more than one million people resided in Dallas. More than 50% of them were Black or Hispanic. The number of census tracts with a 90% white majority was cut in half between 1980 to 1990 and became restricted to a narrow section of north Dallas and Lakewood and its surrounding neighborhoods. The number of census tracts with a 90% black majority fell by nearly 20%. There was still no census tract with a 90% Hispanic majority but large swaths of north and west oak cliff became Hispanic neighborhoods. The number of census tracts without a single race majority quintupled, located in every part of the city. For the first time since census tracts were recorded in 1940 Freedmanstown was no longer majority black. In fact, the neighborhood, once the densest in the city, had gone from a peak population of 12,027 in 1950 to only 433 in 1990. Although no census tracts in the city had a majority of Asian residents, in one neighborhood in northwest Dallas more than 40% of residents were Asian. There were a number of new parks added in the 1980s, primarily small neighborhood parks and pocket parks downtown. More significant parkland established in southeast Dallas along the Trinity River.

Most notably, was the opening of the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, a special park on the southeastern banks of White Rock Lake.

Footnote: Consideration of race and ethnicity in the 1990 census was essentially identical to in 1980, but for the first time Asian or Pacific Islander was used as a grouping, although the individual options (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, etc.) remained.

a special park on the southeastern banks of White Rock Lake.

botanico de dallas, un parque especial junto a las orillas del lago White Rock.

Notes: Consideration of race and ethnicity in the 1990 census was essentially identical to in 1980, but for the first time Asian or Pacific Islander was used as a grouping, although the individual options (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, etc.) remained.

Nota: Consideración de raza y etnicidad en el censo de 1990 fue casi idéntica al de 1980, pero por primera vez “asiático o isleño del pacifico” fue usado como grupo, aunque las opciones individuales (chino, japonés, filipino, etc.) permanecieron.

Major changes occur in the tract level demographics of the entire northwest area of the city

Major changes occur in the tract level demographics of the entire southwest area of the city

Population Total 1006877 White 479980, 47.67% Black 296994, 29.5% Asian 21952, 2.18% Latino 210240, 20.88%

Major changes occur in the tract level demographics of the entire southeast area of the city

2000 In 2000 the city was at its most racially balanced. Hispanics accounted for 36% of the population, whites for 35% and blacks for 26%. This balance was best represented all along the eastern edge of the city, from Pleasant Grove to the border of Richardson were all racially diverse neighborhoods. The large influx of Hispanic residents shifted more than forty census tracts to majority Hispanic during the 1990s, with seven census tracts composed of 90% or greater Hispanic residents. This growth continued as before in North and West Oak Cliff and in Pleasant Grove, Old East Dallas, Bachman and Northwest Dallas. Only about 3% of Dallasites were Asian in 2000, and but in a handful of census tracts in northeast and northwest Dallas more than one in five residents was Asian. The neighborhoods in South and East Oak Cliff that had been majority black since the 1960s continued to have a strong black presence while the black community in several neighborhoods along the border of Mesquite grew significantly. Beyond the Katy Trail, the most recognizable addition to the park system during the 1990s, the majority of new parks in Dallas were neighborhood and community parks. Many of these new neighborhood parks were along greenbelts at Coombs, Five Mile and White Rock creeks.

Footnote: The 2000 census asked respondents whether or not they were Spanish/Hispanic/Latino before asking about race.

The Black or Negro category expanded to Black, African Am., or Negro. American Indian became American Indian or Alaska Native. Respondents were also permitted to check as many races as they believe applied to them, resulting in the first instance of data being tabulated for “Two or More Races�.

White Rock creeks.

verde de arroyos Coombs, Five Mile y White Rock.

Notes: The 2000 census asked respondents whether or not they were Spanish/Hispanic/Latino before asking about race. The Black or Negro category expanded to Black, African Am., or Negro. American Indian became American Indian or Alaska Native. Respondents were also permitted to check as many races as they believe applied to them, resulting in the first instance of data being tabulated for “Two or More Races”.

Nota: El censo del año 2000 preguntó si eran españoles/hispanos/latinos antes de preguntar sobre raza. La categoría “Black or Negro” fue cambiada a “Black, African American or Negro”. Indio americano cambió a “indio americano o nativo de alaska”.

Una persona fue permitida escoger cuantas razas aplicaban a ellos, resultando en la primera instancia que datos fueron colectados para dos o mas razas.

Legend Percentage of Race by Tract 1910 - 2000

Map Features

Plurality Hispanic 50 - 60 %

Black 50 - 60 %

Hispanic 61 - 70 %

Black 61 - 70 %

Hispanic 71 - 80 %

Black 71 - 80 %

Hispanic 81 - 90 %

Black 81 - 90 %

White 410777, 34.56%

Hispanic 91 - 100 %

Black 91 - 100 %

Black 307957, 25.91%

White 50 - 60 %

Asian 36665, 3.08%

White 61 - 70 %

Latino 422587, 35.55%

White 71 - 80 %

Population Total 1188580

Two or more races 210240, 2.72%

White 81 - 90 % White 91 - 100 %

Water Body

Park

Trinity River

Location of Interest for parks, landform, or infrastructure

Creek

City Limit 2014

New Park in the Last Decade

Location of Interest

Major Roads

2010 Looking at the city by block, as opposed to census tract, affords the opportunity for much closer look at the racial composition of the city; where there are truly mixed areas and where stark segregation remains. This is particularly apparent among white majority. For the most part, areas with 90% of more white residents are heavily insulated from more diverse parts of the city. This is particularly apparent around White Rock Lake and throughout north Dallas. The most significantly  diverse parts of the city appear to be towards Mountain Creek, parts of Pleasant Grove, Kleberg and the area along I-30 east of White Rock Creek. Despite some growth in the Hispanic population, many historically black neighborhoods remained majority black in 2010, not just in South and southeast Dallas but also at Hamilton Park and at Roseland Homes, the last remnant of the black Freedmanstown community. The demographics in Elm Thicket and Arlington Park appear to be changing more rapidly. Major linear parks were added to the Dallas system in the 2000s including extensions of the greenbelt along the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, the old Trinity River channel, the Preston Ridge Trail. Large additions to the Great Trinity Forest came under the purview of the Parks Department, as well.

Footnote: There was virtually no change in race and Hispanic origin data collection from the 2000 census to 2010 census.

Notes: There was virtually no change in race and Hispanic origin data collection from the 2000 census to 2010 census.

Nota: No hubo ningún cambio en la colección de datos de raza u origen hispano en el censo del año 2000 hasta el censo del año 2010.

Legend Percentage of Race by Block 2010

Map Features

Plurality

Population Total 1197816

Hispanic 50 - 60 %

Black 50 - 60 %

Hispanic 61 - 70 %

Black 61 - 70 %

Hispanic 71 - 80 %

Black 71 - 80 %

Hispanic 81 - 90 %

Black 81 - 90 %

White 345205, 28.82%

Hispanic 91 - 100 %

Black 91 - 100 %

Black 294159, 24.56%

White 50 - 60 %

Asian 50 - 60 %

Asian 33609, 2.81%

White 61 - 70 %

Asian 61 - 70 %

Latino 507309, 42.35%

White 71 - 80 %

Asian 71 - 80 %

White 81 - 90 %

Asian 81 - 90 %

White 91 - 100 %

Asian 91 - 100 %

Two or more races 31733, 2.65%

Water Body

Park

Trinity River

City Limit 2014

Creek

Major Roads

New Park in the Last Decade

Dallas Parks System - 2013 This map illustrated the 378 parks in the Dallas Park System and represents them by typology, showing the distribution of the eight classifications of parks in Dallas today; mini, neighborhood, community, linear, metropolitan, regional, special, and conservation parks. The location and distribution of these parks reflects the growth of the city, changes in park planning trends, and the needs of Dallas’ citizens for parks and recreation opportunities, both perceived and real.

Dallas Park System Sistema de parques de dallas

367

293

356

295

296

294

301 300

308

353

This map illustrated the 378 parks in the Dallas Park System and represents them by typology, showing the distribution of the eight classifications of parks in Dallas today; mini, neighborhood, community, linear, metropolitan, regional, special use area, and conservation parks. The location and distribution of these parks reflects the growth of the city, changes in park planning trends, and the needs of Dallas’ citizens for parks and recreation opportunities, both perceived and real.

297

376

88

252

222 358

344

223

271

Este mapa ilustra los 378 parques en el sistema de parques de la ciudad de dallas, y los representa por tipología, enseñando la distribución de ocho clasificaciones de parques en dallas hoy día: mini, vecindario, comunidad, linear, metropolitano, regional, especial, y parques conservados. La ubicación y distribución de estos parques refleja el crecimiento de la ciudad, cambios en tendencias de planificación, y la necesidad de los ciudadanos de tener oportunidades para parques y recreación percibida y real.

205 178 189 157 265 216

354 351 117 246

245

118

179

365 95

153

119

96

374

116

242

180

145

152

196

136 217

191

247

212

232

204 361

151

224

337

135

190

115

144 98

104

213

109

82

185

269

373

137

124

230

146

128

43

149

352

56

44

51

40

52 360 355

2 36

334

290 328 226 368

154 54 22 274 315 323

140

57

359

203 256

3

28

186

263 276

58

303 257

324

187

272

254

283 72

4

35

239

134

9

48

370

36

32

77

309 174 2982

6

166

50

75 81

345

121

150

80

Neighborhood Park

194

Metropolitain Park

292 159 304

148

142

310

164

343

268

211

318

195

143

264

288 342

299 236

175

162

311

165

341

322

108

132

210

209 113

Special Use Areas

336

231 176

Regional Park

120

161

64 350

Conservation Park Linear Park

112 139

127

122

340

Community Park

250 228

198 219

156

339

114

160

163

306

126

280

87

229 237

330 102 97

260

251

67

215

241

221

208

240

346

366

47

331

357

Briar 188Gate

Mini Park

69 101

170

287

92

333

349

282

183

286

94 49

90

329

141

338

74 131

85 100

78

214 41

348

155

27

65

291

34

227 25 193 39 199 249

62

76

103

2787

169

375

275

63

181 184 99

319 147 267

207 10

138 225

377

23 129

317 20

202

61

2

192 182

86

307

327

235

130

Park Typology

285

320

18 206

79

200

30

316

312

59

106

372 84 105

289

313

60

37 253

4982

2506

26

24 16 19

1

259

363

1031

15 14

111 83

277 305

332 5 326 12 167 218 13 7 21 325 53 364 17 233 8 378

261

248

15 785

38

Pueblo 91 255

266 258

3680

29

11

314

55

Shaw 278 172

125

Park Acreage by Typology

45

42 33

369

66

123

234 173 243 244

71

158

177 89

335

284 201 371 298

93

46

31

Downtown Parks

171

107 197

321 279 273 302

110

168

73 68 70

220

133

238

347

281

270

Parks numbered by year created Community Parks 5 13 17 18 20 26 27 29 31 33 34 40 46 50 51 56 61 62 64 72 8 85 86 89 90 91 92 96 97 98 102 104 105 107 109 111 114 116 117 118 120 121 124 125 128

Robert E. Lee Reverchon Exall Lake Cliff Eloise Lundy Randall Exline Cole Grauwyler Tietze J.J. Craft Norbuck Lake Highlands Martin Weiss Bachman Creek Greenbelt Samuell-Garland Samuell-Grand Moore Glendale Nash/Davis Pike Parkdale Kidd Springs Weichsel Lawnview Hattie R Moore Beckley Saner Crown Umphress Walnut Hill Pleasant Oaks Brownwood Tenison Park Picnic Area Ridgewood R.P. Brooks Harry Stone St. Augustine Northaven Park & Greenbelt Valley View Hamilton Pemberton Hill Pecan Grove California Crossing Jaycee-Zaragoza McCree

130 133 135 142 143 144 148 153 155 157 159 161 163 164 170 174 192 197 198 199 200 208 210 218 221 222 246 264 265 269 271 288 293 294 295 304 329 335 337 341 346 347 349 373 377

Arcadia Danieldale Churchill Miller Family Tommie M. Allen Lake Highlands North College Marcus Westhaven Fretz Fireside Cummings Thurgood Marshall J.J. Lemmon Devon-Anderson Mountain Valley Martin Luther King Jr. K.B. Polk John C. Phelps Opportunity St. Francis Sargent Singing Hills Stemmons Roosevelt Campbell Green Anderson Bonner Wheatland Bert Fields B.B. Owen Keller Springs Park in the Woods Rosemeade Timberglen Katie Jackson Kleberg Willie Mae Butler Arlington Audelia Emerald Lake Doris Berry Hulcy Scyene Trail Watercrest White Rock Hills

Conservation Areas

Metropolitain Parks

Neighborhood Parks

47 149 203 282 292 309 310 336 343 345 355 360 362

44 45 49 52 63 108 137 176 212 220 241 311

4 14 19 21 28 32 36 38 39 41 42 48 55 57 59 66 68 69 70 71 73 75 79 82 83 84 87 88 93 94 99 100 101 103 106 110 112 113 115 119 122 126 127 129 131

White Rock Greenbelt South L.B. Houston Nature Area Trinity River Greenbelt Genaro McCommas Bluff Keeneland Escarpment Greenbelt Prairie Creek Greenbelt Chestnut Runyon Creek Ledbetter Escarpment Greenbelt Hines Elm Fork Greenbelt - Fishing Hole Lake Elm Fork Greenbelt

Flag Pole Hill White Rock Lake Kiest Bachman Lake Samuell-New Hope Crawford Memorial Fair Oaks Boulder Harry S. Moss Simonds Lake Gateway Joppa Preserve

Linear Parks

Mini Parks

12 37 43 67 74 76 77 95 166 171 189 196 211 213 231 280 322 324 327 332 334 348 350 351 358 359 364 365 370 372 375 376

16 23 25 53 60 123 172 177 179 190 206 207 227 233 236 237 240 247 250 255 259 261 276 305 307 326 338

Turtle Creek Parkway Kessler Parkway Olive Shapiro Five Mile Creek Greenbelt Renner Greenbelt Elmwood Parkway Gannon White Rock Greenbelt North Wynnewood Parkway Dixon Branch Greenbelt Kiowa Parkway Forest Meadows Peacock Branch McCree Annex Ricketts Branch Greenbelt Boren- Hilseweck Fox Hollow Bernal Greenbelt Ash Creek Greenbelt Katy Trail Katy Trail Coombs Creek Greenbelt Five Mile Creek Greenbelt Valley View West Preston Ridge Trail Trinity Strand Trail Goat Hill Katy Trail Easement Cottonwood Trail Chalk Hill Trail Santa Fe Trail Santa Fe Trestle Trail Preston Ridge Trail

Munger Parkview Wheatley Walford Samuell-Beaumont Sleepy Hollow Shaw Jones Willow Square Crestline Stone Lawrence Playlot Liberty Anita Harris Phelps Grove Oaks Maryland Derek Geter Arbor Rain Forest Pueblo Stafford Helen C. Emory Ledbetter-Eagle Ford David R. & Mayme Graham Heights Garden Monarch Cadillac Heights

Central Square Garrett Buckner (Samuell) Griggs Craddock Greiner Ruthmeade Cochran Mildred L. Dunn Herndon Lakewood Moss Tokalon Maria Luna Oak Cliff Founders Cherrywood Midway Manor Urbandale Field-Frazier Glencoe Blu ff View Thomas Hill Beverly Hills Preston Hollow Casa Linda Lindsley Deerpath Preston Green Casa View Wynnewood Wahoo Bisbee Parkway Glover Westmoreland Ferguson Lochwood Apache Beckley Heights Glen Meadow Webb Chapel Lizzie Oliver Cheynne Veterans Owenwood Renner

132 134 136 138 139 141 145 146 147 156 158 160 162 165 168 169 175 178 180 181 182 187 188 191 194 195 204 205 209 214 216 217 223 224 225 228 229 230 232 238 242 245 248 251 252

Arden Terrace Arcadia Heights Northwood Hillview South Central Urban Royal White Rock Valley T.G. Terry Bushman Cotillion Fruitdale Seaton Indian Ridge Bel-Aire Kimble Woodland Springs Arapaho Cox Lane Everglade Forest Tipton Briar Gate Peter Pan Meadowstone Alta Mesa Betty Jane Lane Kiowa Twin Falls Wonderview Cottonwood Pagewood Salado Friendship Lakeland Hills Bitter Creek Sun Valley McCree East Netherland Sugarberry Orbiter Jamestown Bishop Flores Miller Twin Lakes

253 254 258 260 263 266 268 272 275 278 281 285 286 287 296 297 299 300 301 306 308 316 318 325 330 331 333 339 340 342 344 352 353 354 356 374

Westmount Bickers Frances Rizo Holcomb Emma Carter Eladio R. Martinez Ricketts Branch Pointer Tama Benito Juarez Willoughby Old East Dallas Work Yard Bonnie View West Trinity Heights Bentwood Old Renner Kensington Rose Haggar Frankford Sand Springs Bent Tree Meadow Crockett Teagarden Place J.W. Ray J.P. Hawn Peary Cedar Run Forest Cliff Blue Bird Foxhaven Wagging Tail Overlake Barry H. Barker Hillcrest Moss Glen Timberleaf

Regional Parks

Special Use Areas

65 78 150 262

1 2 3 6 7 9 10 11 15 22 24 30 35 54 58 80 81 140 151 152 154 167 173 183 184 185 186 193 201 202 215 219 226 234 235 239 243 244 249 257 256 267 270 273 274

Samuell-East (Farm) William Blair Jr. Mountain Creek Lake Elgin B. Robertson

City Park Fair Park Stone Place Mall Dallas Zoo Turtle Creek Blvd. Median Stemmons Plaza Turner Plaza William B. Dean Dorothy & Wallace Savage Ferris Plaza Swiss Avenue Medians Tenison Park Golf Course Stevens Golf Course Dealey Plaza Main Street Garden Cedar Crest Golf Course Ewing Service Center Pioneer Cemetery Elm Fork Gun Club Luna Vista Golf Course Martyr's Freedman's Memorial Cemetery Elm at Pearl Butler-Nelson Cemetery Beeman Cemetery City (Paupers) Cemetery Pegasus Opportunity Cemetery Pacific Plaza Eighth & Davis Triangle Pleasant Mound Cemetery Bulova/Homecoming Cemetery Four-Way Place Mall John Carpenter Plaza Grover C. Keeton - Golf Merrifield Cemetery Julius Schepps Julius Schepps Confederate Cemetery Marilla, Akard,Young Triangle Majestic Theatre South Dallas Cultural Center Cedar Ridge Preserve San Jacinito Plaza Reunion

277 279 283 284 289 290 291 298 302 303 312 313 314 315 317 319 320 321 323 328 357 361 363 366 367 369 368 371 378

Harrell Federal Plaza La Reunion Cemetery Celebration of Life Abrams Road Triangles Akard I.C. Harris Service Center James W. Aston Energy Plaza Browder St. Mall J.J. Craft House Exposition Plaza Dallas Arboretum Lubben Plaza Martin Luther King Median Fitzhugh Medians Cullum Boulevard Medians Betty Marcus Founders Square Pegasus Plaza Great Trinity Forest Elm Fork Athletic Complex Joey Georgusis Grady Niblo NorthBark Katy Trail Belo Garden Pacific Plaza Klyde Warren

Comparison of Park Typologies from 1911 - 2014

Comparison of Park Typologies 1911 - 2014 Comparación de tipologías de parques desde 1911 al 2

The following chart details the changes in typologies (classification based on common characteristics) used to describe Dallas’ parks since the Kessler Plan in 1911. While this does not capture every change in definition, it does capture major changes in classification and type that reflect contemporary thinking about spaces for urban recreation and the needs of the city. This diagram is helpful thinkorganigrama aboutenseña how, why, anden tipología where parksbasada were El siguiente en detalle los cambios (clasificación en características comunes) The following chart details the changes in typologies (classification based on common characteristics) used to as we usadas para describir parques en dallas desde el plan Kessler en 1911. Mientras esto no captura todos los cambios en describe Dallas’ parks since the Kessler Plan in 1911. While this does not capture every change in definition, it designed and built as Dallas grew.

What is meaningful about a park being purchased and designed as a parkway definición, si captura los cambios mayores en clasificación y tipo que reflejan pensamientos contemporáneos de does capture major changes in classification and type that reflect contemporary thinking about spaces for espacios para recreación urbana y las necesidades de la ciudad. Este diagrama es util e importante al pensar como recreation and the needs of the city. This diagram is helpful as we think about how, why, and where parks in urban thedesigned 1950’s oras60’s, butWhat the sameabout space considered park orparques linkage today?

Howaldo porque, y cuando fueron diseñados y construidos crecershifting la ciudad de dallas. ¿Que es lo significante de were and built Dallas grew. is meaningful a park being being purchased and designed as aa linear comprar un parque y diseñarlo como via en los años 1950 y 1960, pero el mismo espacio hoy es considerado un parque parkway in the 1950’s or 60’s, but the same space being considered a linear park or linkage today? definitions indicate the intended roles for places and how does our understanding of these intended roles linear o articulado?

How do shifting definitions indicate the intended roles for places and how does our understanding of these impact the city and our experience of it? ¿Como indican las definiciones cambiantes sus funciones indicadas para sus lugares, y como afecta nuestro intended roles impact the city and our experience of it? entendimiento de estas funciones el impacto de la ciudad y nuestra experiencia de ello?

In 1909, the Dallas City Plan and Improvement League hired city planner George E. Kessler to draw up Dallas’s first long term plan. Included in the plan was a “comprehensive system of parks, parkways and connecting boulevards.” This system actually comprised two different types of systems an inner one and an outer one. The inner system addressed the existing needs of the city - parks for neighborhoods. The outer system was proposed with city expansion in mind, a way to both anticipate and guide the future growth of Dallas.

Kessler also made recommendations for controlling the flooding of the Trinity River through straightening it and for addressing the daily dangers posed to pedestrians as they tried to cross the congested Dallas streets.

The Ulrickson Plan was a review and update of the progress made on the Kessler Plan. It outlined 81 projects including public buildings and service improvements and in contrast to other plans, was accompanied by a series of bond proposals that would fund the proposed work. An ambitious plan, it was hampered by political conflict, and only a small portion of the bonds needed to finance the projects were ever issued. Of those that were issued, very little of the money went to parks projects. 30 years later, only 5 projects from the Ulrickson Plan had been completed, and 25% had never been started. The plan called for a strategic expansion of the city’s park system, with an emphasis on increasing available recreational options.

“At the prompting of Mayor J. Woodall Rodgers, the city council hired St. Louis city planner Harland Bartholomew to draft a new master plan for Dallas. The plan was initiated in December 1945 after voters approved $40 million worth of improvement bonds. The city expanded Love Field, began work on the expansion of the Garza-Little Elm Reservoir (renamed Lake Dallas and later, Lake Lewisville) and built Central Expressway, Memorial Auditorium and the Dallas Public Library. As well as quality of life matters, the Bartholomew Plan attempted to streamline government and augment the economic development capacity of Dallas. Bartholomew’s comprehensive plan for the City treated Dallas government as a “system of systems” needing structure and coordination. Though a long way from equality, the plan marked the first time the City of Dallas sought to improve African American neighborhoods and housing.”

This report was pre Committee by the D Recreation as a gui and open space are park creation, cap administrative polic the City of Dallas. Th of parks in urban ar inventory of current future population gr typologies, and reco proposes detailed p

1911

1927

1942

1959

A City Plan for Dallas George Kessler

Forward, Dallas!

Report of the Ulrickson Committee

Your Dallas of Tomorrow Harland Bartholomew with Hare and Hare Landscape Architects

Parks and Open Spac Departments of City

PLAYGROUND

PLAYGROUND

SQUARE

PLAYLOT

Provides ornamental value.

For pre-school age childre place for active recreation high-density areas. Priv managed.

LARGE PARKS

SMALLER PARKS

PLAYGROUND

PLAYGROUND

Kessler specified that parks and playgrounds should be distributed such that, as much as possible, they were within walking distance from where people lived.

Serves children less than 14 years old in congested areas

Serves residents of all ages. Includes parks and playgrounds. Often inconveniently located for most of the population.

PARKWAYS

Connectors, boulevards, parks, and playgrounds.

Serves children, also found at schools as well as in the community.

Can host active sports. Enticing for developers as a means to increase neighborhood attraction.

Serves children, found at schools as well as in the community

MAJOR PARKS

PLAYFIELDS

Larger than 25 acres. Has the widest range of ages and classes. Linked by boulevards.

CONNECTING BOULEVARDS

Connects major parks along highways and water courses. Encircles the city.

Serves older children and adults.

NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS

Primarily creates landscape beauty.

Parkways, attractive drainage features.

PLAYFIELD

Serve 1 mile radius or a mile area around the par for all ages. Contains activ areas, as well as rustic land placed at the intersection thoroughfares, enabling t several neighborhoods.

LARGE PARK BOULEVARDS

PARKING CREEKS

Serve 1/2 mile radius or mile area around the par elementary age chidlren. neighborhood facility nea neighborhood and schoo

Connects the principal units of the park system

Size of over 100 acres. P 3 miles of areas with 50 people. Because of its lar placement also depends open land. Contains activ areas, as well as rustic land

RESERVATION & PRE

Placed in a large area on t of an urban area, located to natural features. Land i intensively developed. Fe greenbelt or buffer from o development.

REGIONAL RECREAT

Located a 1-3 hour drive high-density developmen accessibility by automobi The park area must be acq ahead of urban developm Provides an outdoor area

PARKWAY & ORNAM

Located with respect to p density. Provides scenic d spots in urban areas. Crea buffer between differen use. The primary benefi adjacent property owne

SPECIAL PARK AREA

Zoological and botanic ga museums, golf courses, p athletic centers. Can be in into large large park areas

2014

) n e o, e e

o

epared for the Dallas Area Master Plan Departments of City Planning and Parks & ide to the future development of parks eas in Dallas. It is meant to guide future pital improvement expenditure and cy on public and private open spaces in he plan includes reports on importance reas, benefits of long range planning, an t parks and open spaces, projections of growth and needs, an explanation of park ommended park plans for the future. It park plans for 41 communities in Dallas.

ce: Dallas Metropolitan Area y Planning and Parks & Recreation

en. Provides a n in vately

r 1 square rk. Serves All-around ar center of ol.

a 4-5 square rk. Provided ve and passive dscape. Often n of major the service of .

Places within 0-100,000 rge size, on available ve and passive dscape.

ESERVE

the periphery with respect is not eatures a outside

TION AREA

e from nt, ile is essential. quired well ment. for all ages.

MENTAL AREAS

population drives and open ates a desirable nt types of land fit is felt by ers.

AS

ardens, plazas, special n incorporated s.

A thorough inventory of all the existing parks and recreation facilities owned and/or operated by the City of Dallas Parks and Recreation Department. It details the types and uses of parks in the city.

A thorough inventory of all the existing parks and recreation facilities owned and/or operated by the City of Dallas Parks and Recreation Department. It details the types and uses of parks in the city.

Dallas Parks are categorized into eight Park Classifications based upon the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) guidelines. Each classification serves a specific need in the community.

1980

1984

2014

Facilities Inventory City of Dallas Parks and Recreation

Site & Facilities Inventory City of Dallas Parks and Recreation

City of Dallas Parks and Recreation National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) guidelines

PLAYLOT

MINI PARK

A single lot, serves school age children

NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

2500 square feet to 1 acre in size.

Serves a concentrated population with a specific need.

2-10 acres in size, serves a 1 square mile area. Has active and passive areas to serve a variety of uses and needs.

Greater than 3 acres, with 1 acre per 1000 residents. It is essentially an extension of the residential yard.

NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

COMMUNITY PARK

COMMUNITY PARK

COMMUNITY PARK

10-30 acres in size, serves a 3-5 squre mile area. Located on major streets.

Serves a variety of recreational needs through active and passive areas.

15-30 acres, with 1.5 acres per 1000 residents.

LARGE COMMUNITY PARK/ATHLETIC COMPLEX

Over 30 acres in size, serves many recreational needs through active, passive and natural areas. Located on major thoroughfares.

REGIONAL PARK

Over 250 acres in size, serves an area within 1 hour driving distance.

Is the park type with the widest variety of recreational needs served. May also contain other types of parks

GREENBELT

Connects parks and public spaces.

Provides a buffer between residential developments and/or commercial areas.

1-15 acres in size, serves all age groups within 1/4-1/2 mile radius. Serves a limited area or single neighborhood.

16-99 acres in size, serves the community within a 1-2 mile radius.

For use by several neighborhoods, meets many recreational needs.

METROPOLITAN PARK REGIONAL PARK

Over 50 acres, with 1.5 acres per 1000 residents. Serves several communities of similar population characteristics

LINKAGE

Connector between 2 or more geographic points - parks or open spaces, public or private, drainage or utility corridors.

SPECIAL PARKS

100-499 acreas, serves the entire city, including all communities.

Meets many recreational needs and can contain natural areas.

REGIONAL PARK

Over 500 acreas in size, serves an area within 1 hour driving distance.

Has a wide selection of facilities for all ages. Can include nature preserves.

LINEAR PARK / LINKAGE

Built connections or natural corridors, can link parks together, protect a resource & be used on its own as an open space.

Serves 1 function or 1 population group.

SPECIAL USE AREA

OPEN SPACE

CONSERVANCY

SPECIAL PARKS

One of a kind place with a specialized purpose or activity.

One of a kind places and experiences.

PLAZAS

Ornametnal parks that provide places for landscape, art and historical markers.

CEMETARIES

No more burials premitted and the city maintains the grounds.

Natural or undeveloped with rural and urban typologies.

Management of a natural or cultural environment, should protect a resource as well as be useful.

Controls Even the most seemingly disordered metropolis is organized by implicit and explicit rules, controls that dictate how citizens inhabit and behave within a city - from how to cross the street to where to build a home. Some of these implicit rules may not be deliberate, while others reflect the intended outcomes of policy, design, and custom. Public parks have been both tools for and the sites of huge efforts to exert controls on urban populations. Presented here are nine illustrated examples of controls as they relate to public parks.

L LANDFORM

park

creek area where children of another race play the creek forms a buffer

it creates a spatial control

area where children of one race play

park

undifferentiated, even ground unifies previously separated land

creek

Geography influences the development of all aspects of a city - from residential settlement patterns to transportation infrastructure to public spaces such as parks. Features like waterways, ridges, and valleys - all elements that help to define the geography of a city - can be used by planners and designers to influence how people perceive or use a city. A creek can be the boundary that separates two neighborhoods. A hill can separate a commercial area from a residential one. Modifying these features - bridging a river, leveling a hill - can radically alter how a place is used, and its relationship to its surroundings.

I

INFRASTRUCTURE separation between neighborhood & park space

neighborhood

neighborhood

neighborhood

sidewalk

road sidewalk

park

highway

access road

park

access road

park

highway

The infrastructural needs of a city change as it evolves. In the early 20th century, streets that had previously been well suited to travel by horse and carriage were all of a sudden too narrow as more and more cars appeared on the road. To address this, roads were widened to accommodate vehicular traffic. Over the years, roads and highways have gotten wider and wider. The extra space needed for cars has to come from somewhere, often from existing neighborhoods adjacent to the roadway. Sometimes, even larger pieces of infrastructure, like sunken or raised highways, have required the demolition of entire neighborhoods. Projects like these greatly affect access to, and the character of the surrounding residences, businesses, and public amenities, like parks.

Similar effects on access occur as a result of the construction of other forms of transportation (airports, rail lines, rivers) as well as municipal infrastructures such as water and sewer systems, electric and telephone lines.

U URBAN RENEWAL

In a densely populated area citizens utilize shared private spaces and the streets and sidewalks for recreation and gathering when there are no dedicated park spaces to use.

Urban renewal can bring wholesale change to entire sections of the city, the need for park land can be one justification for the clearing of neighborhoods.

“Urban renewal” is a phrase often used synonymously with the term “slum clearance” to describe the process of displacing businesses and residences for public works like parks and highways. These projects are usually initiated by the local, state or federal government. Often urban renewal has occurred in low-income neighborhoods and has been responsible for destroying or isolating areas under the auspices of public good.

R REAL ESTATE

r

p

p

iv

t

p

op

t or y rp

s er se o f r d e ase pu a le k a r

A property owner allows their lands to be leased by the city for park purposes in an area where there is a demonstrated need for parks, the owner receives a financial benefit.

p

n im i ga

e

iv

t

p

op

ty

n er ed um i c r lop x e ve ma om a d or o f ec r

As the city grows and development conditions change, the property owner develops the land and the community is left without a dedicated park space.

Parks have been both created and destroyed as a result of real estate negotiations. Cities sometimes provide financial incentives, like tax breaks, to developers in exchange for building a park in an area where there hadn’t been one. As an amenity, a new park can increase the desirability and property value of a neighborhood, a goal of any developer trying to entice people to move to a new development. Conversely, parks can take up valuable land

C CELEBRATION

er

s

ly al

p

m i

of

off

pa

k

fi

m em b

ce c ra pi c y t to i ea ts ec r a i l as r

S M T W Th F S

br f a i

o t on

el e

s ce a sp c

On special occasions and celebrations, communities are given permission to use specific parks.

In the past, when parks were explicitly segregated through name and/or practice, certain exceptions were made for access on special days like Juneteenth or Mexican Independence Day, or for special uses like football or baseball games. Annual use built tradition and connections between communities and parks. These traditions are still important today in defining a cycle of when and how communities use parks and public spaces.

Allowances are still made for holiday celebrations, remembrances, and special events in parks across the city.

P PROGRAMMING

passive space

active space multiple uses

The park space in a neighborhood is designed to meet the majority of the everyday recreationonal needs of the community. Some activities take place outside of the neighborhood.

active space single use

The park is redesigned to meet a need in the system, but may not meet the needs of the surrounding neighborhood. Area residents must find new areas for recreation, while people from other areas of the city travel to their neighborhood to use the new facility.

Parks are used for all different kinds of activities that often dictate who can, or is intended to use the park. Some parks have sports fields. Some have field houses where groups or clubs can meet or hold events. Some have band shells where performances are held. Depending on the activities available at a park, participants and audiences may be drawn from a neighborhood nearby, or from clear across the town, maybe even from another city. Reservations, and even a fee or membership, might be needed to participate in a park program.

D DEMOGRAPHICS

A single demographic living near a park can determine its use and programing.

As the demographics change, so do the uses of the park.

The initial community may be actively forced to stop using the park or may choose to find a new park.

Depending on the type of park and its location, the demographics of the city or neighborhood where it is located can have a huge impact on its use, and vice versa. If a park is located in a neighborhood that is home to a single race this can factor into how the park is used and who uses it. As demographics shift and population characteristics (race, age, class) change, so too can the use of the park. A once popular activity might be designed or programmed out of the space as a new use is necessitated.

A ACCESS mobility barriers

park

sidewalk

physical & pyschological barriers

road

I don’t think we are welcome in the park

park

financial barriers

sidewalk

road

sidewalk

road

concert in the park $15

park

There are many things, both physical and psychological, that can limit individual or group access to a public park. The location of a park relative to the rest of the city can determine who can access it. A park that’s removed from the city center might require a car or good public transportation to reach. Steep topography, dense woods, fences or gates can control people’s ability to use a park. Maintenance can control the public’s ability to enjoy a park. Costs associated with specific events or programs can also limit the ability of the public to access parks.

Although parks are public, one must be able to access them to gain benefit from them.

S SPECIAL FACILITIES

specialized sports facility communities from outside the area travel to use the 18

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travel to parks that meet their needs or use the parks for activities it is not designed for

Parks with special facilities have a very specific use, like a golf course or a zoo. These types of spaces are located and designed in order facilitate that one activity or appeal to niche constituencies. This specificity of use can cause a public park to be inaccessible on a regular basis.

Six Parks and the Shifting Demographics around Them Follow the shifting demographics from 1930 until today around the six parks that are highlighted in the following snapshots. These parks can be the heart of a community or on the line between communities; they can be constant centers of activity or reminder of a once vibrant community. Use the maps on the other side of the gallery to trace demographic shifts in your neighborhood or around your favorite park.

constant centers of activity or reminder of a once vibrant community. Use the maps on the other side of the gallery to trace demographic shifts in your neighborhood or around your favorite park.

Elm Thicket Park 1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Exall Park

comunidades. Pueden ser centros constantes de actividad o recuerdos de una comunidad que alguna vez fue activa. Use los mapas del otro lado de esta galerĂ­a para ver los cambios demogrĂĄficos en tu vecindario o alrededor de tu parque favorito.

Exline Park

Pike & Griggs Parks

Kidd Springs Park

Elm Thicket Park shows us how parks and neighborhoods can be valued or undervalued, when a new use for land is proposed and how the need for specialized facilities can drive the development of park resources.

Construction of Elm Thicket Park was begun in 1944 on land owned by neighboring Love Field Airport. It was stipulated that the land could be used only temporarily until needed for airport expansion. The Elm Thicket Neighborhood was between 90 & 100 % black at this time and was isolated from the core of the city and from parks accessible to black residents at the time. In 1950 a 9-hole golf course was constructed in the Elm Thicket Park for the black residents of Dallas who were excluded, except on special occasions such as Juneteenth, from Dallas’ other municipal golf courses. At other times golf courses for black residents existed in both Griggs Park and Moore Park. In 1954 the course and park were destroyed, along with over half of the Elm Thicket neighborhood, due to the expansion of the airport and the rerouting of roads to serve the expanding city. The neighborhood did not have another city park until Polk Park was dedicated in 1969. In the following articles and maps you can trace the creation and destruction of the park and the evolution of the form of the Elm Thicket neighborhood.

1930 The approximate boundary of Elm Thicket and the location of the future Elm Thicket Park. To the east Greenway Parks is visibly taking shape.

1945 The community of Elm Thicket continues to expand, as does Love Field Airport to the northwest.

1958 The expansion of Love Field destroys a large part of the Elm Thicket neighborhood and displaces its residents.

1973 Infrastructure around the airport continues to grow as does the industrial/commercial area south of the airport. Residential areas directly south of the airport are almost entirely destroyed.

2014 A view looking west across Lemmon Ave towards Love Field Airport to the area where the Elm Thicket Park and Hillard Golf Course would have been.

2013 Elm Thicket is still a vibrant neighborhood at the edge of an ever growing Love Field. There is no residential area left directly south of the airport, but Elm Thicket has a new park, Polk Park.

Elm Thicket Park & Hilliard Golf Course Area Unknown • Special Use Area (Golf Course) • 1944 - 1950 • destroyed 1954 Elm Thicket Park shows us how parks and neighborhoods can be valued or undervalued when a new land use is proposed and how the need for specialized facilities can drive the development of park resources. Construction of Elm Thicket Park was begun in 1944 on land owned by neighboring Love Field Airport. It was stipulated that the land could be used only temporarily until needed for airport expansion. The Elm Thicket Neighborhood was between 90 & 100 % black at this time and was isolated from the core of the city and from parks accessible to black residents at the time. In 1950 a 9-hole golf course was constructed in the Elm Thicket Park for the black residents of Dallas who were excluded, except on special occasions such as Juneteenth, from Dallas’ other municipal golf courses. At other times, golf courses for black residents existed in both Griggs Park and Moore Park. In 1954, the course and park were destroyed along with over half of the Elm Thicket neighborhood, due to the expansion of the airport and the rerouting of roads to serve the expanding city. The neighborhood did not have another city park until Polk Park was dedicated in 1969. In the following articles and maps, you can trace the creation and destruction of the park and the evolution of the form of the Elm Thicket neighborhood.

I

Elm Thicket Park nos enseña como parques y vecindarios son valorados o subvalorados cuando un nuevo uso del terreno es propuesto, y como la necesidad de facilidades especializadas pueden fundarse en el desarrollo de recursos del parque. Construcción del parque Elm Thicket comenzó en 1944 sobre terreno que pertenecía al aeropuerto Love Field.

Fue estipulado que la propiedad solo podia ser usada temporalmente, hasta que se necesitara el terreno para crecer el aeropuerto. El vecindario Elm Thicket era del 90% al 100% afroamericano durante estos años y estaba separado del centro de la ciudad y de parques accesibles a afroamericanos. En 1950 un campo de golf fue construido en el parque Elm Thicket para residentes afroamericanos que fueron excluidos, excepto en ocasiones especiales, como el dia festivo “Juneteenth”. En otros tiempos los campos de golf para residentes afroamericanos existían en los parques Griggs y Moore. En 1954 el campo de golf y el parque fueron destruidos, al igual que mas de la mitad del vecindario Elm Thicket, por crecer el aeropuerto y crear nuevas carreteras en la ciudad. El vecindario no tenia otro parque hasta que el parque Polk fue dedicado en 1969. En los siguientes artículos y mapas se puede ver la creación y destrucción del parque, y la evolución de la forma del vecindario Elm Thicket.

R REAL ESTATE

S SPECIAL FACILITIES

INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure expansion gave way to a temporaryseparation between benefit for a community, but eventuallyneighborhood this & park space expansion displaced a community.

The need for specialized facilities, in this case a golf course, gave rise to the construction of Hilliard Golf To print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image only, image and citation, or citation only.

Course.

Changing real estate and infrastructural needs for the growing city cause large scale changes in neighborhood.

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Headline: Request for Negro Golf Course Ok'd;; Article Type: Headline: New Negro Park Planned by City;; Article Type: News/Opinion Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure your printer settings match. Then click your browser's Print function.

Headline: City to Shut Street for Airport Job;; Article Type: News/Opinion communities from outside area travel to usePage: the Paper: Dallas Morning News;; the Date: 02-­02-­1949;; 12;; Location: Dallas, Texas Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 04-­02-­1944;; Page: Page Five;; Location: Dallas, Texas Headline: City Adds Park Acreage during Year of Heavy Use;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­18-­1954;; Page: 1;; Location: Dallas, Texas Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 01-­02-­1950;; Page: 6;; Location: Dallas, Texas

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neighborhoods may not

neighborhood

access

access road

road April 2nd, 1944

highway

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February 2nd, 1949

travel to parks that meet their needs or use the parks for activities it is not designed for

As the city grows and development conditions change, the property owner develops the land and the community is left without a dedicated park space.

January 2nd, 1950

May 18th, 1954

December 14th, 1944

April 14th, 1949

Exall Park illustrates how landform and demographic changes can influence a public park.

Since 1914, Exall Park has been a centerpiece of recreation in East Dallas; Mill Creek, which originally ran through the park, was beautified and showcased. In addition to creating a place for recreation, Exall Park’s construction displaced the “squalid negro shacks” (Park and Playground System Dallas , Texas 1921-1923) that once lined the creek in the area. The park has always been situated between white and black neighborhoods, with the creek creating an extra layer of separation. By 1950 the creek had been culverted to try to prevent flooding, but this change in the landform removed a natural barrier between races and caused conflict when playground equipment for black children was placed in the north east area of the park, recently connected with the rest of the park where white children played. The Exall Park Civic League proposed removing the play equipment and replacing it with a rose garden, with the justification that, “Our primary object will be to suggest to the Park Board the planning of future programs for Exall Park which we believe will more fully meet the needs and desires of the neighborhood.” (see DMN article 10/9/1948) As evidenced by letters to the editor and to the Dallas Parks Department, many Dallasites believed that parks should be for all citizens to use and enjoy.

1930 Exall Park is at the center of a densely populated residential area of East Dallas.

1945 The black community referenced to the north and west of Exall Park is visible in red colored pencil on this hand colored City of Dallas Public Works Department Map.

1958 By this time Mill Creek is only a remnant and Hall Street has cut off the southern section of the park.

1995 The hospital site is redeveloped into Bryan Place and Hall Street no longer runs through the park.

2013 Exall Park is positioned between the dense Bryan Place development and large institutions and apartment buildings. Central Expressway has cut it off from the west.

2014 The northeast area of the park is now dominated by the recreation center and basketball court.

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Exall Park Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure your printer settings match. Then click your browser's P 10.5 acre • Community Parkfrom • 1914Readers;; Headline: Letters

Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­28-­1950;; Page: 6;; Location: Dallas, Texas

Exall Park illustrates how landform and demographic changes can influence a public park. Since 1914, Exall Exall Park ilustra como el terreno y los cambios demográficos pueden ser influencias en un parque publico. Desde 1914, Park ha sidoonly. la pieza central de la recreación en el este de dallas. El arroyo Mills Creek, que originalmente Parkbelow. has been a centerpiece of recreation in Eastto Dallas; Mill Creek, which originally throughand the park, was To print, select from the options First choose what print: image only, ran image citation, orExallcitation and showcased. In addition to creating a place for recreation, Exall Park’s construction displaced the corria dentro del parque, fue embellecido y presentado. La construcción de Exall Park desplazó viviendas pobres Next choose a paper size andbeautified page layout, making sure your printer settings match.

Then click your browser's Print function. “squalid negro shacks” (Park and Playground System Dallas , Texas 1921-1923) that once lined the creek in the afroamericanas (Park and Playground System Dallas, Texas 1921-1923) que alguna vez se encontraban junto al arroyo. area. The park has always been situated between white and black neighborhoods, with the creek creating an El parque siempre ha estado entre vecindarios blancos y afroamericanos, con el arroyo creando la separación entre los extra layer of separation.

By 1950 the creek had been culverted to try to prevent flooding, but this change in the dos. Para el año 1950 el arroyo había sido entubado para prevenir inundación, pero este cambio en terreno removió la Headline: Letters from Readers;; Article Type: News/Opinion removed a natural barrier between races and caused conflict when playground equipment for black barrera natural entre razas, y causó conflicto cuando los juegos de los niños afroamericanos fueron movidos hacia el Paper: Dallas Morning News;; landform Date: 06-­02-­1950;; Page: 2;; Location: Dallas, Texas children was placed in the northeast area of the park, recently connected with the rest of the park where white area noreste del parque, recientemente conectada con el resto del parque donde jugaban niños blancos. La liga cívica children played. The Exall Park Civic League proposed removing the play equipment and replacing it with a rose de Exall Park propuso remover los juegos y remplazarlos con un jardín de rosas, con la justificación que “nuestro primer garden, with the justification that, “Our primary object will be to suggest to the Park Board the planning of future objetivo es sugerir a la administración del parque la planificación de programas para el parque, los cuales puedan programs for Exall Park which we believe will more fully meet the needs and desires of the neighborhood.” (see atender las necesidades y deseos del vecindario.” (DMN article 10/9/1948) Como se puede ver en las cartas al editor y DMN article 10/9/1948) As evidenced by letters to the editor and to the Dallas Parks Department, many Dallasites al departamento de parques de la ciudad, muchos ciudadanos creyeron que parques deberían de estar para el uso de todos. believed that parks should be for all citizens to use and enjoy.

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Headline: Mill Creek Storm Sewer Bids Opened;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 03-­31-­1948;; Page: Page 18;; Location: Dallas, Texas

L LANDFORM

P PROGRAMMING

Landform and Infrastructure changes define the challenges in Exall Park during the late 1940’s and early 50’s.

A ACCESS

Play is an essential program for children in urban settings.

Access to Exall Park was proposed to be limited through the removal of playground equipment

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(program) for black children and replace it with a mobility barriers

Headline: Negro Area in Park Protested to Council;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­09-­1950;; Page: 1;; Location: Dallas, Texas

rose garden.

Transcribed letters from the Dallas Municipal Archive

park

passive space

active space multiple uses

creek it creates a spatial control

the creek forms a buffer

The park space in a neighborhood is designed to meet the majority of the everyday recreationonal needs of the community. Some activities take place outside of the neighborhood.

Mr. Joseph Ross c/o Neiman-Marcus Dallas, Texas

To Whom It May Concern:

I am in receipt of your letter enclosing one from Mrs. Brannin about the Exall Park Negro matter, and we are still working on a solution for this question, not only in the Park, but all of our Parks, and we are going to try to hold segregation as long as we can.

I will be glad to discuss it with you for a few minutes the first time we see each other.

Thanks for referring this letter to me and we will get in touch with Mrs. Brannin.

Very truly yours, REH:m Ray E. Hubbard

2847 W. Brooklyn Dallas Texas June 14, 1950

park active space single use

Dear Sirs:

undifferentiated, even ground unifies previously separated land

I’m writing regarding the playground equipment for negros in the east end of Exall Park.

Without knowing just what the “near-by residents” are objecting to, I think they should reconsider, and certainly the City Council should consider the welfare of these children who benefit from the use of the park. These children need a place to play and shouldn’t be pushed out to play in the streets, encouraging juvenile delinquency.

March 31st, 1948

creek

The City Park Department:

Dear Joe,

area where children of another race play

area where children of one race play

June 16, 1950

The park is redesigned to meet a need in the system, but may not meet the needs of the surrounding neighborhood. Area residents must find new areas for recreation, while people from other areas of the city travel to their neighborhood to use the new facility.

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Reportafor the Year 1914 and making Recreation Department

This is in regards to the Negro children and Exall park.

All Dallas’ Negro population is watching to see just what your disposition will be regarding this affair. They believe that in as much as you were considerate enough of the Negro children in that section to make provisions for them to have a place for recreation on that park, that you will not be persuaded by a jealous few prejudiced people, to deny these children of that section this small place on the park where they can enjoy themselves as other children do. All children have the same dispositions in common, and what it takes for one group it takes for the other, and what is good for one group is good for the other and what is bad for one, is bad for the other; and if those who are complaining can’t find any better reason for wanting to take that away from the Negro children than to make a flower garden and picnic ground, they should just come right out and say “we don’t want the Negro children to hand this small space simply because they are Negro. They just can’t bear to see the Negro children get a little enjoyment out of life, if they can possibly keep them from it. The children have no other place in that section to play other than in the streets, and they are subject to a fine by the traffic department if they play in the streets, and since there is only one decent park for them in Dallas, and that is the Eight St. park and this Griggs park is nothing more than a blight on the north Dallas landscape, the question is where can the children in this section go for recreation? If these people are afraid that the Negro children will get too close to the others, why not just run a fence between them?

If the old people would just get out of their selfish prejudiced ways, the children would solve this race problem themselves; and things would be easier all the way around. As I have said in the beginning, the Negroes of Dallas are watching this Dept. to see just what position you are going to take.

sidewa

park

sidewa

physical & pyschological barriers

financial barriers

concert in the park $15

Very Resp.

Mrs L. Hollingsworth 5/27/1950

Perhaps the real trouble is that the park needs more trained supervision or more equipment to keep the children busy with activity.

park

I’d much rather read in the paper that play facilities are being enlarged instead of cut down.

Sincerely, Courtney White (Mrs. J.E. White)

Headline: Exall Park Residents to Form Civic League;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 10-­09-­1948;; Page: 4;; Location: Dallas, Texas

park

May 9th, 1950

June 2nd, 1950

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Headline: Letters from Readers;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­13-­1950;; Page: 2;; Location: Dallas, Texas October 9th, 1948

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1922 Sandborn Fire Insurance Map Exall Park, with Mill Creek flowing through it, cutting off the northeast corner of the park, an area that in 30 years will become the center of a controversy over the use of parks by both black and white residents of the area.

Headline: Letters from Readers;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­28-­1950;; Page: 6;; Location: Dallas, Texas

May 13th, 1950

May 28th, 1950

1951 Sandborn Fire Insurance Map Although this map still shows Mill Creek running through the park, it is removed in the residential section to the southeast, it had likely already been culverted through the park by this time. The removal of the creek unified the park and created tensions between black and white residents using the park. Hall Street is also shown cutting off the southern section of the park.

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Exline Park shows how a public park serves different communities as demographics change, and how parks can be places for conflict or mediation during the tumult of these changes. Exline Park was often at the center of racial tensions in South Dallas in the 1940’s and 50’s as the neighborhood transitioned from a white neighborhood to a black neighborhood. Because of the park’s community building, it was often host to meetings that dealt directly with racial conflict in the area. In 1950 the park was situated between a predominantly black and a predominately white census tract and there is evidence (see DMN article 4/30/1941) that the parks department built a fence to prevent racial mixing in the park. By 1953 the park was transitioned for use by only black residents. “When it was obvious that the neighborhood schools near Exline Park were going to begin in September of 1953 as all black schools, the board in August called a one-month holiday at the park.

It was announced that when it reopened it would be considered a black park. Transition was made in another changing neighborhood by setting up two additional playgrounds on local church grounds and on a vacant lot.

Negro leaders were issued normal park playground equipment. After the vacation, the groups of black children reassembled on the park grounds while the white children peacefully went elsewhere.” (Centennial History of the Dallas, Texas Parks System pg. 688-689)

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Headline: City Officials Called Hitlers in Race Tangle;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 12-­17-­1940;; Page: One;; Location: Dallas, Texas

1930 Exline Park at the center of a the rapidly developing South Dallas neighborhood.

1945 The neighborhood continues to develop and becomes a flash point for racial tensions in Dallas. Exline park is on the boarder between black and white neighborhoods.

1958 South Central Expressway can be seen cutting across the southwest of the map.

1995 The recreation center continued to develop and is now substantially larger, as is the Rice School across the street.

2013 Exline Park remains a constant presence in the center of the neighborhood.

2014 The playground on the west side of Exline Park, an area that was once fenced off from use by the black community.

Exline Park 4.6 acre • Community Park • 1922 • 1953 (segregated) Exline Park shows how a public park serves different communities as demographics change, and how parks can be places for conflict or mediation during the tumult of these changes. Exline Park was often at the center of racial tensions in South Dallas, especially in the 1940’s and 50’s as the neighborhood transitioned from a white neighborhood to a black neighborhood. Because of the park’s community building, it was often host to meetings that dealt directly with racial conflict in the area. In 1950, the park was situated between a predominantly black and a predominately white census tract and there is evidence (see DMN article 4/30/1941) that the parks department built a fence to prevent racial mixing in the park. By 1953, the park was transitioned for use by only black residents.To print, select from the options below. First choose what

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Exline Park nos muestra como un parque publico sirve a diferentes comunidades aunque cambie su demográfica, y como parques pueden ser lugares de conflicto o mediación durante tiempos tumultuosos. Exline Park frecuentemente se encontraba en el centro de tensiones raciales en el sur de dallas entre los años 1940 y 1950, mientras el vecindario cambiaba de un vecindario blanco a uno afroamericano. A menudo se usaba el parque para juntas que trataban directamente con conflictos raciales en el area. En 1950 el parque fue situado entre una zona de censo primordialmente blanca y otra zona primordialmente afroamericana, y existe evidencia (articulo de DMN 4/30/1941) que el departamento de parques construyó una cerca para prevenir mezcla de las razas en el parque. En 1953 el parque fue cambiado al uso to print: image only, image and citation, or citation only. de afroamericanos solamente.

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“When it was obvious that the neighborhood schools near Exline Park were going to begin in September of 1953 “Cuando fue obvio que las escuelas en esta area junto a Exline Park comenzarían sus clases en septiembre del as all black schools, the board in August called a one-month holiday at the park. It was announced that when it 1953 como escuelas afroamericanas, el consejo de administración cerro el parque por el mes de agosto. Fue anunciado Headline: Services forchanging King;;neighborhood ArticlebyType: reopened it would be considered aMemorial black park. Transition was made inSet another setting News/Opinion que cuando se abriera otra vez, fuera considerado un parque afroamericano. El cambio fue hecho en otro vecindario up two additional playgrounds on local church grounds and on a vacant lot.

Negro leaders were issued normal park cuando se construyeronDallas, dos patios deTexas juegos - uno en una iglesia y otro en un terreno vacío. Después de esto, un grupo Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 04-­07-­1968;; Page: 23;; Location: playground equipment. After the vacation, the groups of black children reassembled on the park grounds while the de niños afroamericanos volvieron a ensamblarse en los patios de juegos, mientras los niños blancos se fueron a otro white children peacefully went elsewhere.” (Centennial History of the Dallas, Texas Parks System pg. 688-689) lugar.” (Centennial History of the Dallas, Texas Parks System, pg. 688-689)

D DEMOGRAPHICS

C CELEBRATION

A ACCESS

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Access can be denied through physical construction

Exline Park has always been a key place of celebration, remembrance, and activity for the community living around it, even as that community shifted demographics

Headline: Threat to Dynamite Negro School Made;; 30 Police on Guard;; Article Type: News/Opinion of barriers, as well as informal rules.

Headline: 600 Protest Encroachment by Negroes;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 10-­05-­1940;; Page: One;; Location: Dallas, Texas Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 09-­09-­1939;; Page: One;; Location: mobility Dallas, Texas barriers

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The initial community may be actively forced to stop using the park or may As the city grows and development conditions change, the property owner develops choose to find a new park. the land and the community is left without a dedicated park space.

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THE DALLAS EXPRESS,

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December 17th, 1940

TO LIFE.

Headline: City Council to Reappoint All Officials;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 04-­30-­1941;; Page: Eleven;; Location: Texas S M TDallas, W Th F

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Bide in Dead Wan Ready for Embalming Table "Gee I am Gold' financial barriers Me says, Mhen Awakened and -- ereSurrounded by Undertakers.

v Members of the night staff of the Peoples Undertaking Company were given a thrill (that would dance park up and down the spinal Wd like a April 30th, 1941 dasher in a churn) when the breathless body of Dan Clay was brought EVERYTHING FIT TO PRINT into the Peoples Undertaking Establishment last Thursday morning.

At i a. m. last Thursday mornlnz J. ALBA AUSTIN, CItjr Editor Clem Jordan, night man and Will Smith answered a call at Central and State street where the body V Mr. Walter Berry who Is now The adoption of a motion calling of Clay was found; placing it )n Detroit, Mich.. is In the for the installation of a paid secrecity vwitlng his family at 2616 Flora tary was up for considerable debate into the basket and in the wagon, to returned undertaking the estab as both factions were ready with street . prepare to it for burial.

Mrs. M. M. Green, wife of Mr. their choice for the office to select lishment Matthew Green 1936 Margurete street, candidates for the office was dele When opening the basket the underwho, has been dangerously ill for gated to a committee who will takers, one at the bead and the other the foot, noticed with feculair several weeks was removed Wedncs make the selection and present the at day night to 2006 Crump street Fort name to the Executive Committee precision the strange position the who will in turn submit the name corpse occupied and the disarrang Worth, the home 0f her mother. of the sheet placed over it.

Mrs. Fannie Ella White of Chicago, to the League atSeptember Its next regular ment 9th, 1939 Will Smith, who was cool and deIII., who has been visiting friends and meeting for ratification.

The names gruesome or Booker and Holloway were men liberate throughout the In cityrelatives since the hol the test, noticed a quivering, of the eye idays, contemplates leaving soon for iiuneu. ine carnival rignt was lids and said to comrades: "This her home. Mrs. White is a member passed over until next regular meet man is not dead;" continuing ing his which will be held second TueS' of the choir of Olivet Baptist church, remark, with further disclosures which boasts of having the largest day night in March.

Smith found that the dead had really membership In the world, 9,000 memcome to life when the supposed dead WHITES WON PROTEST TO IXV bers. ("ATE PARK NEAR SCHOOL IN man Spoke, saying; "Gee I am cold.

Wm. Banks, proprietor of the amim assisiea mm in (retting up HOITH DALLAS. Banks Furniture Company a local ana called bim to the fire. The rin furniture "establishment praises the A Colored park near a Colored dertakers who were about to em Dallas Express for having aided him through its advertising columns in school, the site of. which Is to be balm the bod" claim that .the man soon in South Dallas, will seemed unmoved at the queer inlanding several houses f household selected " goods, same of which were shipped be provided in place of the park cident and conversed with the un freely. He was after at a neat margin of profit As he tt was intended to place on the dertakers ' handed a Dallas Express represent- - property purchased Alex wards carried in the ambulance to from Camp takes back the property he the City Hospital for further treat ative a $2.00 bill or another year's following an ment.

Clay Mr. a has executive brother. of session subscription he remarked "long live the Park Board Tuesday.

If Mr. Henry Clay, who was notified of his the Dallas Express. May its tribe Camp takes back the yroperty he come back. He had fallen in trance increase. the Park Board he probably where he remained more than four Mrs E. E. Bagby of 3419 Campbell sold build rent houses for Negroes hours. Clay has been suffering sev street was very sick at her home will on It, he said. The property is eral weeks with heart troubles. at this writing. bounded by.' Meadows ' and Myers Mrs. Muttie Clay's Version of the Mrs. Joshua S. Smith is still con- streets Washington Road and story runs like this: "I live atv25O0 fined to her bed at her home 807 Warren and North Central avenue where Dan avenue. s s Allen street Clay, my brother-in-laEdgar Hurst, member of the also lives. up knowledge but Park Board, was appointed a com He has been sick three weeks "Wise men lay and the mouth of the foolish is near mittee of one to confer with . the changed for the worse Wednesday destruction."

School Board on the selection of evening; discovering this fact the Mr Ed Williams who has been In the school-par- k family site. and sat other friends in the city since the deaths of his Mayor Frank W. Wozencraft sarfd watchful waiting at the bedside for a brother-in-laMr. that, according to the and sister-in-laIn his- - condition. At 12 best authori- change and Mrs. H. C. Carter returned last ties, a play park Is better situated o'clock a change for the worse was Saturday to his home at Detroit when It Is located near a school. observed and the final end had come.

Michigan.

He said the new location the board He was pronounced dead and was Mrs. L. E. Harvey 3508 Campbell proposes to provide will be better laid out I suggested to my husband street is up after an attack of pneu- for the Negro ' children and less early Thursday morning to ring the October 5th, 1940 delight to of friends. the monia her objectionable to hte whites. undertakers and have them prepare Mrs. Effie D. Austin was in town After the board had purchased the body for burial. "We planned this week, visiting her husband and the property for the play park ' a the funeral for Friday evening at other relatives. She returned to number of resident property owners 3 o'clock. The dead wagon arjived HempRtoad Tuesday morning. protested the 'location of a Negro at 3:30 Thursday morning and car Miss Virginia Johnson or 2817 Trin- park there. ried the .body to the undertaking idad left last Friday for. her old parlors to rprepare It tor the funeral home at Rayvlle, La. ' MRS. ASH 8UCGTMRS TO had been Bet. Later devel February 14th, 1920CiRLH which Avery 2309 Hall street Miss REAPER. opments discloses the fact that funis reported to be ill. eral arrangements was not necessary Mrs. Martha Ash, a member of for my brother had come to life."

Mrs. Aria Taylor of Corsicana, Texas, is visiting her cousin Mrs. L. A. the pioneer families of Dallas CounA Dallas Express representative ty died last Wednesday evening, was on the Job every minute in effort Camcnter. at 1717 Leonard ntrcet.

While the family was at church 4 o'clock, at the home of her to supply the readers of the "big Sunday nleht, the home of Mr. and daughter, Mrs. W. H. Page, 1903 weeklv" wth the facts in the case.

1722 of C. M. Marilla Wall street follow an attack of We are. informed, through internes Lane Mrs. street, was entered by burglars. pneumonia. at City Hospital Thtysday evening She was 75 years old at the at 6 o'clock that Clay's condition was Howard Wllkerson Colored was ar-- . rested Tuesday In connection wlt time of her death. Surviving her favorable and that he went to his .

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DALLAS, TEXAS, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 1926.

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Headline: Realty Valuations Affected by Parks;; Article Type: News/Opinion l Report for the Year 1914 - 1915 Parks and Recreation Department Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 04-­27-­1924;; Page: One;; Location: Dallas, Texas

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Park can have a real and perceived impact on real estate values and land use, as can demographic shifts.

ka off rea lim typ of its ica a s to lly pe m

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Griggs Park shows us how infrastructure and urban renewal can displace parks and communities. Griggs Park, originally dedicated as Hall Street Negro Park in 1915 and also referred to as the Cochran Street Park, was a hub of recreation, celebration, and gathering for the Dallas black community. Founded as one of the first two “Negro Parks� in Dallas, the park has evolved, physically and programmatically, to its surroundings. At first, the park grew in size and use as the black community expanded through the 1960s, but as populations shifted and ramps and highway connections were made between Central Expressway and Woodall Rodgers Freeway the park was whittled away from 10 acres to 7.4 acres today. Today it is located in an almost entirely white neighborhood, cut off by Central Expressway from the Roseland Homes to the east, the last remnant of the historically black neighborhood.

1930 The park is clearly visible in the heart of a densely populated residential area.

1973 The white area on the map shows both park areas and areas cleared for the expansion of the highways.

The future impact on the park is clearly visible.

1958 The park has expanded into the neighborhood as Central Expressway begins to expand.

1945 The Roseland Homes are now clearly visible across Central Expressway from the park.

2013 The size of the highway and the scale of buildings between the 1930 aerial and today are clearly visible.

2014 Griggs Park is located in the trendy State/Thomas neighborhood and features a momument to the parks history.

Griggs Park (Hall Street Negro Park) 7.4 acre • Neighborhood Park • 1915 Griggs Park shows us how infrastructure and urban renewal can displace parks and communities. Griggs Park, originally dedicated as Hall Street Negro Park in 1915, and also referred to as the Cochran Street Park, was a hub of recreation, celebration, and gathering for the Dallas black community. Founded as one of the first two “Negro Parks” in Dallas, the park has evolved, physically and programmatically, to its surroundings. At first, the park grew in size and use as the black community expanded through the 1960s, but as populations shifted and ramps and highway connections were made between Central Expressway and Woodall Rodgers Freeway the park was whittled away from 10 acres to 7.4 acres today. Today it is located in an almost entirely white neighborhood, cut off by Central Expressway from the Roseland Homes to the east, the last remnant of the historically black neighborhood.

Griggs Park nos enseña como la infraestructura y renovación urbana puede desplazar parques y comunidades. Griggs Park, originalmente dedicado como Hall Street Negro Park en 1915 y también referido como Cochran Street Park, fue una vez un centro de recreación, celebración, y reunion para la comunidad afroamericana. Fundado como uno de los dos primeros parques afroamericanos en dallas, el parque ha cambiado físicamente y programáticamente. Al principio, el parque creció en tamaño y uso, tal como crecía la comunidad afroamericana en los años 1960, pero como iban cambiando las poblaciones y carreteras fueron construidas entre Central Expressway y Woodall Rodgers Freeway, el parque fue reducido desde 10 acres a 7.5 acres. Hoy se encuentra en un vecindario mayormente blanco - y es lo ultimo que queda del vecindario que alguna vez fue históricamente afroamericano.

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Headline: Park Run Down;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 06-­26-­1969;; Page: 1;; Location: Dallas, Texas

S SPECIAL FACILITIES Special facilities can define use and development of parks, especially when parks are segregated by race.

U URBAN RENEWAL

A ACCESS Access to parks can be limited by infrastructure as well as by segregation.

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Headline: Park Run Down;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 06-­26-­1969;; Page: 1;; Location: Dallas, Texas

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INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure can limit access to parks and lead toseparation between planning and development efforts for additional neighborhood & park space recreation opportunities.

Urban renewal can be seen as a positive or negative depending on the outcome and those effected.

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IMPROVEMENT

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the present park sltefor Negroes at the inter-sectlof Hall street and the H, Sc. T. C, R. R., mark one more step In the scheme tor civic development relative to the Negro citizenry proposed by Mayor Wozencraft and the Park Board. We highly, appreciate and welcome such Improvements and have realized for a long time their value to our children and ourselves.

This whole park site Is to be Improved according to modern methods and Is Intended to result In propertly systematized, well regulated recreational opportunity for us. Side walks are to be laid, recreational apparatus' for children installed and its other improvements chosen to serve the best Interest of the people tor whom It Is intended.

"We again are glad to call the attention of our public to the fact .that this particular city administration has as its object the development of the whole city and its entire population.

To those who think deeply these concrete proofs In themselves give cause for deep satisfaction as to our future consideration In regard to our cultural development according to the need for It which increases from year to year.

There Is no denying the fact that the few months which have measured the term of occupance of the present administration have been marked by practical, every day improvements which have helped the citizens and the city. We call attention to the Municipal Wood Yards, without which we undoubtedly would have suffered much during the' fuel shortage. The new traffic regulations and the recent improvements in fire and police regulations must come in for their share of mention In the list of things done for civic development There is no doubt but that the months of which are to come will bring to actual accomplishment many constructive plans of development which at present are being considered. We feel that our city is fortunate in having such an administration at this, time.

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, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1919.

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KEEP WAR BISK INSURANCE.

POLITICAL PATTER

PUBLIU OPINION

A Problem in Mathematics: If it takes five minutes to send twelve trien to the electric chair in Arkansas, how long will it take the United States Congress to quit "throwing bull" on American Liberty?

It is regrettable that so many

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Chicago, 111.. Dec. 25. The National Convention, of the Republican Party will hold its next convention Jn Chicago, beginning Tuesday, June 8th, 1920. It will be the fifth time that the greatest of all conventions has met here, and undoubtedly, it will be the most notable, ms and 1912 not expected. The greatest Issues ever brought before the American people will be enun ciated in tho famous Coliseum next June. The Republican party will be forced, by the Impelling demands of the times to, declare itself unmlstak ably on the great principles of justtice, manhood rights and economic

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seems spread confusion and lack of information as to the right of former Ser-

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vice men to life insurance, and the process by which this Insurance may be retained.

The demobilization of our armed -heahllie time. Front A Froet ID' forces was so rapid and was atWATCIIMAJT, WHAT OF THE SIGHT l dependent Life Building. tended by such uncertainty on the part of service men as to future civil The earth Is filled with darkness, and the people, RCBMCKIITIOIV IN ADVANCE. in faith unbounded and permanent places occupations .$1,150 Tear with anxious faces, listening ears, and uplifted hands, turn, to 1 of abode that lt was not surprising the Tower of 78 'T montua many of the men gave little rhr Monthe Hope and ask with cautious breath: "WATCHMAN. WHAT that v OF THE Copt Of thought to the matter of insurance.

NIGHT Others doubtless thought the original WOTICB TO TUB FBBI-K3The people, the particular people, are the 15,000,000 men, women term insurance (War Time Insurand erroneou reflection uoon tn when they were deceased ance) children of our grand and glorious group; the Tower 'is the standing or reputation of mobilized and did not know it might American nar progress. firm or corporation wh1h Printi. tion, our country, and the WATCHMAN, if you please, apnear In the column of The be converted into any one of the is The Associated Pallas Kxnreee will be gladly Ever since the National Conven several forms of permanent Govern Negro Press, the unfliching and unfailing eyes upon He belnir brought to the of the race.

Skip tlon of l'JOi. the Colored citizen, as ment Life Insurance (Converted InTo print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image only, image and citation, or citation only. tTntirn or the puhllabera What of the night T Indeed a fitting question at such an a rear factor in national conventions, surance). Still others, immediately as hour this, Next a paper size and page your an printer settings match. Then click your browser's Print function.

In thechoose parks report almost every parklayout, in themaking systemsure received upon their return to civil life, felt :nternd at Poet Office at Dalle. and the truth must be told, of good or ill, of weal or ennond-clan- a matter, under """ae. woe. the truth, and has been slipping. He has answered financially unable to continue the in individual update, except for “Parks for Negroes” which had one rrj nr 'onrreaa. March. "present" in large numbers, but he surance. They should now take adnothing but 4he truth. , Headline: Dusky Golfers Construct Own Nine-­Hole Course;; Article Type: News/Opinion has ; actually been, more than less, vantage of the liberal provisions for small entry for Morning all. Report on the Parks 1921 - 1923 IMPORTANT. 01-­29-­1921;; Page: Six;; Location: Dallas, Texas Paper: Dallas News;; Date: "Darkest Africa" was dark 300 years ago, even though a few thousand "persona non grata," and it has been Wo euherrlptlon le (c) Copyright, 2003, The Dallas Morning News mailed tor years hafore the pinacle of civilization, for all time, The Government is determined that eorlod then three month. Payment was .reached there. a pity to observe the way many of nr same muet be 60 cxnte. no former service man shall lose his Then came the Dutch trading vessel, and tore from their native land 300 the big white leaders have played right to Government insurance . R. JORDAN, Manager. human beings and, after a rough voyage those ebony hued "Children of hide and seek with him around the through lack of knowledge of conthe Sun," were dumped at Jamestown, in ylrginia; and ditions To this end, the press, the about the same Congress hotel. pulpit bankers, physicians and other It will be remembered that In 1896, professional time another vessel, tile "Mayflowe- r- landed its occ,innte m 4 men, and the great volwhen - the master political leaders, Rock in New England. The Pilgrim Fathers" unteer agencies of social welfare like had tho unconquerable bag THE DALLAS Marcus A. Hanna, of Cleveland, was the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the . .

December 17th, 1919 uu.uius iii iuir boui; me uoony Fathers had the same engineering WE MUST SATE MORE. the political fortunes of Knights of Columbus, the Y. M. H. A. name uurning, out it was kept snuffed out for 260 ye Dallas Express William McKinley, of Canton, 0., our the Salvation Army, the War Camp ham Lincoln, the groat War of never hoisted the white feather, a "new birth of freedom." and an leaders were the real forces In th Service, the Boy Scouts, and many v. U1 ana real Human Development- - The sufferen St .Louis Convention. Mr. Hanna others are now neither has It been disgraced with the For tho past five years the American public has been learning to save Of thft "Tyiat6reBs, ...

PaiMio" nr iVo Implicit confidence in George A. Bureau of War Risk Insurance in ah. j wiui uueu natrea and revenge even had ki"u by the yellow streak. It Is not The trend of the times has made it necssary that every individual; in order Myers, proprietor of the well known an educational campaign designed to as the Germans are so filled today. They played the sullen, sneaking, hypo- Hollenden Barber Shop of Cleveland, reach the former service men, to property maintain himself and accumulate, learn to establish some sls-teaffiliated with the flannel mouth. wbere-evcritical part for the while, and awaited the day of opportunity ' , to throttle aud Mr. Myers handled the "brother e, located, and tell them the Gov of consistent saving.

It Is a plain, every day, u uuca. In meir place." tner protectors, their saviors, and friends In Napoleon Bonaparte fashion. In ernment is now committed to the School children have been taught by their teachers and the grown-u- p newspaper, . conservative our peopled They succeeded, in part, for the while, but 1900, in Baltimore. Harry S. Cum policy of permanent life Insurance right like truth' miiigs, public is still receiving training by publo speeches and newspaper a member of the City Coucil for its soldiers, sailors and marines.. "crushed to earth" will rise again. .. which June 26th, 1969trims no sail to catch of Baltimore, leaped into the limeTerm Insurance (War Time Insur So, today, we are again." "born la There new "a heaven and a new light by being selected to second and ance) if it has lapsed, may be easily $ the passing breeze; flies no There is seed among our special group for Improvement along this line. earth," a new north Wd a new south, a new black and and & n.w wt,it To print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image flag. only, imageprofesses and citation, only. the second nomination of President within eighteen months We waste a or citation It Then much and save comparatively little as a group. That fact in its a new American, Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure yourdoubtful printer settings match. click your browser's Print function.

McKinley at the Philadelphia con from the date of discharge, by stateverywhere. last analysis unless changed soon will mean that financially as a group we patriotism as broad as our The white South was jwred into- - reason by the earthauakB fmWv vention. That was the last of the ing In the application tbat the appliHeadline: Postwar Park Development;; Article Type: News/Opinion shall never'be There are many individuals among1 us who events the real public recognition by the G. O. cant is in as good health as at date country. Its love of Texas even hand War. the Migration,' the. Economic Loss. The white South is P. As proof of our "sliDDing."

Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 06-­17-­1945;; Page: Page Six;; Location: Dallas, by thrift and economy have realized small fortunes, but the majority of us it will of discharge, and by the payment of a tenacious follower of custom, and changes bits mind verv aiowiv ed Justice covers all the ter- be recalled that John R. Lvnch of only two months premiums on the still are dependent for daily existence upon the work of each week or day. once changed, Mississippi, was tempo right whteher selected wrong, as or is doubtless. by amount of insurance to be ritory occupied There are those of the rary the human Too few of us have bank accounts which continue from year to year. chairman or the national conwhite South today who are seeing RIGHT, and they are telling And this term insurance (War Is pretty high race. This out the The regular scheme of Thrift education does hot reach the masses of in 1884, in Chicago. Cad tem Insurance) may he converted truth with a vigor and boldness that startles even Dort'it.na nf th. wnrtk vention porary chairman of the national con Time us with sufficient force as it should, There should be a more concerted ground, but we live on it and into one of several forms of GovernThey are not admitting all the truth, but they have seen the handwriting vention In 1884. in Chicaeo. Can ment policies. effort on the part of teachers and those among us who know, to spread this are prospering. Boys of the u u.o nan. nuu ii mere is a chance to save themselves, they are going imagine a citizen of our group be As a rule such subjects are never preach press come up and stand with Z doctrine of saving and self-heling selected to such an honorary A WORD TO DISABLED SOLDIERS ed from our pulpits with sufficient force to cause a movement of such sort piace us. This ground is holy. . Is it too late?

Africa, the land of our fathers, the world's richest and days." in lazvr "inem was wonderful to result from them. But It Is the duty of all of us especially to see that Every man who was the military most wonderful continent; the eternal land of contending, torces?

W. B. KINO. In 1912, the last Colored National or naval service of theinUnited is calling we make better progress along the line of consistent, systematic saving States her children home, France, Brazil, Argentine and Mexico, are stretching out committeeman, Hon. Judsoh Lyons, during the late war, and who on acMost of the banks of our city and of all Texas cities open savings ac iormer registrar of the U. S. the hand of welcome, the practical North has made way for 750,000 count of such service is not physisouls ury, was given the bounce, andTreas counts of one year's duration, which mature Xmas time. Negroes ought to since cally and daughters of the fathers, in the last three years, and to nd. hv th to engage atonce in a that day none of the ebony blood gainfulfitted bat make use of Vhem to a greater extent It Is true that the past few years occupation should at once SATURDAY, DECEMBER 87, 1919. authority observation, white and black press is not yet vBut the white has graced the sacred portals of the notify the Bureau of War Risk Inhave been marked by an increase of Negro bank accounts but not to the South, fat with the richness of a double Democratic administration, party's Interim factotums.

Perry W. surance in AVashington, D. C. and fullest extent to which they are capable of increasing, disfranchisement has conceded one point, and is making a truly serious Howard of Mississippi gave them a Under the law this Bureau is I W. 8. STarops, Liberty Bonds and U. S. Treasury Certificates make saving XMAS. Skip effort, in many places, on another. It has been conceded that our children terrible scare, however, in St Louis. charged with providing for HervleA To print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image only, image and citation, or citation only. ...

I irrnwn-irnTn.i- - jnand 'Inn what A in rnnilah hiivlnffine majority of the "old etiard. men discharged because of disability 1 iij I fAflv fnr hoth r.ntirirAn and kiuiu luh mawin 01 xoouj v in must have better schools, and such publications as the Houston Post, Atlanta such Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure your printer settings match. Then click your browser's Print function. as Crum and Vance and Brown Incurred and cheer of hearty greeting and extravagance during the year of the average Negro family will more than Constitution and Columbia State, are fighting have gone to their reward which of duty, in active Bervice In the line "Lynch Law" with character compensation and free mediexpresBHn of sincere regard to those I Pftv for a Dond or certificate. Let us all as the New Year comes in practice istic we. hope Is more than they got from cal . southern vigor.

Headline: Dusky Golfers Construct Own Nine-­Hole Course;; Article Type: News/Opinion the G. 0. P. but there are "still are treatment until such time as they dear to us. It Is the spirit which an( PrCRCQ the doctrine of Thrift for Negroes calling attention to' the case The White South restored to physical will not Durconcede voting, the white North will. The some few remaining" Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 01-­29-­1921;; Page: Six;; Location: Dallas, Texas Dancy, ing the summer of 1918 fitness. vhlcn lt niay become a habit more than a thousand years ago was white Democratic administration in Washington as been reminded by James Tyler. Andrews, Cohen,Lewis, there was a (c) Copyright, 2003, The Dallas Morning News et al, but a general combing out of made manifest in the birth of a Re the mili Wfcldon Johnson, of New York, that the Department of Justce used the tney are getting "slow of steD." training camps of the country deemer of the world. It still exists.

There is a new day. and a new tary wrong word when It was claimed that we are "against the government," in an effort to brina: nr the HtanrinrH LET THE PUBLIC HELP. generation, and a new group of of physical win ever exist. In all of the various suggesting that weuld b tting to say ue are "against the Administra- young fitness, and many men ' political stalwarts who, wise and periods worlds turbulent the of f. tion." Dr. tieorge C. Hall, of Chicago, recently stated that "the white to the past skeptical of the present discharged at that time may be unaware of existence it has never been last but South, uses the term social equality" but with malicious and unfounded ana deeply concerned with the fu of Congresstheir rights under an act We feel :hat it to compensation for diswoilb while, for us to begin to think in terms of intent" Dr. bun continued to manifest itself to Hall said: "Walking on the same sidewalk; riding in the ture, are going to ask for a real old ability and medical attention and To print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image only, image and citation, or hog? serving our '", than our Individual ambitions. There has been same car on train, eating fashioned who live.only. all citation down in the year of pital treatment in the same restaurant, all mean ivicial equality our Lord, show where necessary. All 1920. They have senti cases of Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure your printer settings match. Then click your Itbrowser's Print striving stop at least 100 murfc !ndivl&iid Mtle of public .consultation in the South." What next great to function. is worth while this ox a like nature should truth will the white Souti concede? ment and they, also, have sense, an.l things vij'h have affects! ur as- a btdy. brought immediately to the atonce each year to commemorate the In The white North, What about it? The vision is plain. they are saying that the old ancient be tention seovet deof muccwuis ny undertaking the 01 th? which men of In gift spirit and.. to of this Headline: Master Plan to Help Negroes;; The Chicago Tribune. The New York Times, and papers of similar pol- ano honorable talk about the "Ne Insurance. the Bureau of War Risk January 29th,Article 1921 Type: News/Opinion groes" debt to the Renublican nartv- looUlng back over the year Just past martds varied activity tr.d division of raeporieiifUity. There can be no means icy, with their sinister cultured manner of vailed propaganda of race hatred, doesn't Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 01-­22-­1945;; Page: Page One;; Location: Dallas, Texas mean a thinker's dam to them, PROGRESS ore0' guaranteeing Its success ether than of having all its parts understand do more hrm, stir up more strife and ill feeling, and sow the resolve to show it more and Df NEGRO EDUCA- seed of more and hasn't a thing to do with Fourth and systemmatltally workli.'g toward that end along their. race riots In "dealing with those about us a the desired TIOX. than any of the large dailies in the South which might be named ff July. The thing they wish to partlsular lines, .. time goes on. off hand. This is likewise, true of the Associated Press. These kindred Know, ana Know indeed Is: "Where A general increase in .our present day life, individursl effort while it may have a good in we come in?" That's what thev Whether we realize lt or not It institutions are bitterly opposed to our latest "birth of freedom." and we do are going to find out And In that In Negro education in, the Southern is toward a complete realization of tention is slmost doomed to fnll far. short of its desired end if It works at know it Our full strength of exproesiou Is In our own press, but we have net are such "good fellows" anA States is shown In the encouraging this same spirit of "Peace on earth, variance to and separote from the regularly consitutcd plan of proceedure. magnlflclent allies n such publications as the Springfield growth the of T1AW mnrlorn number orave as "Hob" Church Perry HowRepublican, the n our own local community, as far as many projects, which concern good will toward men" that the school buildings wew i oric can, Pitlsburg Lwer, Cleveland Plain Dealer. Chicago Herald ard, Emmett Scott "Jimmy" Cobb, and now U8 appearing r all we see concerned centralizing pooling the need of Slowly in Southern cities; our in ana Examiner, Boston an'!

Roscoe lt seems.

Simmons, world is moving.

Lew Johnson.

Herald, and the Los Angeles Express.

"Tom" Fleming, Lee Godman, George in the remarkable numhur nf Losing ground lt has seemed for dividual efforts. The past few months have beei, maked by rapid develop-yeaWhat of the Night? There is light ahead, and we are upon the Harris, Alex Martin, Joe Jones, "Billy sanitary, and well appointed school- at failures and relapses. That mcnt amonjf us slong many linco but as yet w seem to have failed to grasp dawn of a new and bettor day. The world has never seen a close Hueston." R. L. Vann, Wm. Warley, uouses in me country districts that moreDreservne hyw r1IV of the collective effort to obtain lt and knpwiodge this spirit is moving the world for-ano raitnrui people faithful to Ideals and country. Are we downhearted Chas. Muse, Clarence Starks, W. L. have been built In recent years, especially In Louisiana: In Movements for public welfare must be afivorllbed and mai: public. There ward is seen in increased charities.

Not much: Push us down in politics, and we rise up In business; hold us Porter, Oscar DePrlest "Bob" Jack- interest in better-traine- d son, "Lewie" no reason for thinking tbat they can be brought into being any other way. teachers, as hospitals, orphanages and all forms In ignorance, and we build our own schools; distort and color up, ignore M. J. Weil, Anderson, Fred Roberts, is evidenced by the surprisingly and a few thousand large ne public must know and miiBt be mado to realize its necessity, for action ano of systematls relief for the afflicted I noid out the news of truth and Justice, and we make our own oubll others who say "The hour V has number of summer schools and ' own behalf anything worth while can be accomplished. and poor of the earth. But with all 'a cations tell the whole truth to the world; We are a mighty people, and ver struck." So you see there will be teachers' institutes And we take this means of saying that the Negro public in Dallas is Colored teachers this year; In doing in Chicago. of the increase in this spirit a the ily, we are "born again." tendency here and there to increase composed big approximately 40,000 of first people The everyone show and of that 40,000 is of this "new shown by our charities, when we Charles Edward Russell, Arthur Brisbane, Dr. Frank Crane, Dr. regime" will be pulled off in Chicago, teachers salaries and to lengthen compare our individual, racial and either benefitted by the success or hindered by the failure of any project Murray Butler and scores of others, have been telling the whole truth Lincoln's birthday, February 12th, school terms; and national lives with that of that Babe nututea presumably lor them. There is no exception to this general rule. on the subject of human rights. There is neither sentiment nor Lincoln's birthday, when the Lin tention, especially in the evident inselfishness illustrated in North charity, public Public celebrations, public movements of all sorts and kinds In what they say, simply League, Col. Roscoe Conklin Carolina, to provide of Bethlehem, the lowly Naarene trut and Justice, no more; no less. There must coln high schools for Simmons, president, will hold a na Negro youth at public we realize how vain,- mean, petty, m "ie last analysis depend upon this public for their success. oe a rresmeni or the united States who "fears no evil" and who will speak expense, and tional session. It has been announced as has been shown in the exceptionruDiioity must be nad. ore publicity must be given movements of in out ooiaiy Valnful and selfish wo are. How far at for the rights of all people; Mr. Wilson has lamentably failed that not only will of our al growth of County Training Schools is to De oDiainea. ine rau- - us. There must be a United States Senate and mark of high 101 cot l" "ur vlv,u S'wy u mer e fU short of the a House of Representatives group irom every section be on hand, f2LNegi? youtl1 ,n the pural disbut that great economic, lalllng which Is la Christ Jesus" in ure 01 many recent projects to measure up to their fullest possibilities may that assume the lofty and' patriotic responsibilities of Btatesmeh, and not and political leaders of induntriai tricts. These improvements have the other come, but also through the hearty uvea with our fellows as shown. 06 wacea airectiy to ine lacit or publicity given them. The publio is gen that Ignoble plane of mere petty precinct politicians; There must be more group, including no orous na it is very responsive if fully informed. In the future may we say than threA and financial Vhen wo comparo His life of service great daily newspapers that uphold the rich legacies of human Justice as United States Senatorsless and two sure or the Colored patrons. in assistance those interested in affairs which concern the general public, do not de- - handed down by all sect- tb. our selfish existence and fee! enougn governors, pioneers will be here, and the of the Fourth Estate; there must be more South- - lt 18 desirable f.tnehelpful, lnsl"ni'icance. But we trust in Dcna uPn wor" of moutn and personal advertisement Find a way of reach courteous frankness by both of our groups less ridicule and burlesque have their say about human rights that such efforts be contin1116 wn0Ie puono ana thus to a greater degree guarrantee the success of nuu AinericaniBm, iszu brand. ued till Wultimate perfection of Peace onmS there must be more points of economic contact, where Chicago will have "welcome on tion of ample provision for educaideals 1118 undertaking. all Colored children at pub- - -4, for to a!l wen was this spirit may be exchanged;, There must be less consternattioo. over trifles, and more me aoor- - lor both of the hi Mtnor. He expense shall have been made. from the con- - i Ings, as only Chicafro can havA It ' h. We phri.sk conservation of general forces.

Workman.

Nation of 4 world without this One is a human being, subject to all the mistakes desires and fallings WHAT OF THE NIGHT? IT IS CLOUDY, BUT TOMORROW THE SUN The visitors will see a new Chicago, In keeping with the principles it s tiiat its growth may to which all other human beings are subject, be he king, priest, prince or WHi, SHINE. If. tud VOTERS OR- nopea me u. o. p., will endorse fl VI7 1 Vil carry out In the party platform. and June 17th,atinuai 1945 ana in realizing some pauper.

In spirit of love and i su political progress and commercial Negro voters in New York tat. achievement, Chicago, to fill mon, black, white or will have reveare organizing committees in every WE DO SOT BELIEVE IT IS OTEXDED THAT WE GET JUSTICE. lations. The most ..

A little more charity toward the mistakes of others will guarantee to busi- rviiinlv iv, 1W1IU a . . . ever creed or color the may siaiewiae ness places, finest hotels. the th zation, to be completed hefnrA organi-of our fellows in making good our own mls- iys season we Join in say-- each of us the i most beautiful club homes, the most ary 1.

The work has been been ' A. o God in tho Highest and lakes, And hOW Can We? Can thnllfUnila nt nltWana ho harrr.il frniti tnr Anitr luxurious residences on the finest Stated at Wb the t ur Good will toward 4 t eace, have no part in the courts whatever except to sit in the prisoner's box, and thoroughfares in the world nnri Thompson, of Albany, chairman lea of glad hand of hospitality- - sans the . umuure as yet Deueve themselves Justly treated? Can a constitutional right be denied old stuff Orl committee of the state with, a kick will be turned Republican council, When a man feels sufficient unto himself he often, bv his arroirsncn.

AY who. toM us, not occassionally, but steadily as a part of accepted court practice, with- over for the edification , and enjoypleasure the divorces the assistance of those who might help "put the Job over." acq' StnnoheMniOVem?t VouId embrace t A ith much out our feeling its Justice. More than that can white court officials de ment of the visitors. buii voters. In May the a new Negro Monthly cf And the final big wonder Is: xvhn organization sperately conspire to accomplish such and end, without coming to have a stacks will call an unofficial ten: up best to "Carry on, Carry 'Orbs Master Musician." It i W; j red We venture to say that one universal New Year's Resolution will be feeling of contempt for our rights? The Supreme Court of the United on," as National Chairman Will r Remedy 60 cents.

Dandruff- .,,,.i. 'if George Walden Parvts "never again ififi States has decided that the barring of Negroes from the Jury panel Invali- Hays,, of Hoosierdom says, who H. creasing- un 60 cents. to cold wait for buying weather before winter fuel. is i Temple Otl 60 centm. . ited to the furtherance of Avr. dates the decisions rendered in cases of Negroes on trial and warrants a the best to take un hla rnniiinA nn Soap 10 to 26 cents. suit ic and students of music.

Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington new trial. The laws of Missouri do not bar us from Jury service, Agents wanted come but in mon u , mn. limber Is well edited and mat s the rub." The KMR LUEI4LA McDANIELS, Judging by the way some deliberative bodies waste time In useless ar this Judicial dstrict none ever achieves a record that the N permits no October 4th, 1949 is doubt long that and interesting; Frank O. J hints and suggestions gument, they must be millionaires, if "time is money." extend 2302 E. Moras St, the choice of Jurymen is not left to chance where we are concerned.

Lowoen OI Illinois. Col. Marshall nnrf .

Greenville, Texas. articles by leaders in number Col. To print, select from the options below. First choose what to print: image only, image and citation, or citation only. How can we believe we are treated Justly when one day Johnson will say: Leonard twenty-food the "i or Id among Negroes.

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Is the time aloted for the trial and conviction of a man accused of Wood of the American Army, says: chased P MaJ. John R. Lynch, and he says doubt but that lt will apcnd Xma8 aow maktj piannms to Park;; Headline:not City Buys Last Tract Needed to Round out Griggs Article Type: News/Opinion it moret morCj Berye rape. The trial and conviction of the Pullman porter a few vreekB ago was whites in with the enthusiasm of a vpnriinir- - Hair " Paper: 02-­05-­1952;; Page: 16;; Location: Dallas, Texas ere- - more ana appret;mi.eu. year more News;; nextDate: andDallas be Morning than ever before? a Judicial lynching whether he was uilty or not . The hanging by a mob Gov. Coolldge of Massachiisitt? Scnl have had no way of rLnw n 1 ! - A ol oar at MODeny ox one man and the attempted hanging of three others for rob- tnr Wfltann V J I'll sharing!

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financial barriers

Headline: Approval Asked for City Park Bonds;; Article Type: News/Opinion cnk concertSale in the Paper: Dallas park $15Morning News;; Date: 10-­04-­1949;; Page: 6;; Location: Dallas, Texas m

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1905 The future is home of Griggs Park (Hall Street Negro Park) is outlined over a residential area in what is then know as North Dallas.

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cruelty and Governor Gardener has done nothing and will do nothing, because the people of Missouri don't want anvthlne fieJdJ n trylng anotber ParceJ o,m Falls? N. Y.rtlcular done. Dynamiters in Kansas City go merrily about destroying life, one man ,V to the "Land or me jauiero. already killed and a score of places bombed, without exciting- the officers s- ins vortrt wide tttentloii To be able to decide exactly what one wants before he makes his demand or the law. turn of Col. Youn, to 1 is quite an accomplishment All this goes on with the natural results that Negroes look to them juniiMt 'l general intprrpt. t , as '.h'3 Glenn F.-simian-selves more and more for their own protection, withdrawing that amount f.fr. tl truth ah"'"" MS Poll of confidence from the law and its representatives, and white people feel i.). Tt In known that:: Just as "too many cooks spoil the broth" Just so, much Individual effort ess ana less need of restraint or mas I:1 in their dealing, vith us. return f s lazy. brings confusion.

Both of us take from organized soefcty what we should jrfve t'rni sov It and we all j;et la meren-ij;are losers. It is timely, It is Imperative that we recognize the existence let prises Xf-vocfr in Afrle: of others, and plan to adjust ourselves to the needs of all. ana diik-IeltinW'ii day of constructive work is better than a Month of argument 1", r ii,.'. ;. ,., ffira' Kansas Call. ' v. cf till Ner.r. ) 1... firtinrnft of of the I'HCe i

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1951 The 1951 Sanborn Fire Insurance map show a greatly expanded Central Expressway and what is by this time named Griggs Park (not reflected in the map). An area of the eastern part of the park has been removed by the expansion of Central. In turn, the park expands west and a large section of homes is destroyed to develop the larger park.

A single incident in the history of Kidd Springs Park illustrates one way that parks can be proposed for private gain and how conservation can be used to mask racial segregation. Originally created in 1895 as a private park, Kidd Springs was bought by the city in 1947. In 1951 a citizen group, the Kidd Springs-Kessler Park Improvement League, rallied to expand the park in part through the removal of a black community to the north of the park.

The area was, “one of the few remaining beauty spots available for park purposes in Dallas. It is a veritable paradise of hills and woods and streams,� even though it was occupied by many black families. An almost entirely white neighborhood developed around the park until the 1980’s. Although the plan to expand the park to the north never occurred, today the area is an exclusive residential development.

1930 The group of homes in question can be seen in this 1930 aerial photograph. Compared with the Sandborn map to the right, housing development has intensified around the park.

1945 The black community, represented in red, on a City of Dallas Public Works map.

1973 The white area on the map north and northeast of the park indicates that by 1973 this area had been cleared of housing and was awaiting redevelopment.

Tyler Street expands, isolating the park.

1995 By 1995, the area had been substantially redeveloped and the park expanded to the northeast.

2013 The area originally in dispute is now a high value residential development.

2014 The original road into the black community within Kidd Springs Park is now a buffer between the park and the residential community.

Kidd Springs Park 31 acre • Community Park • 1895 (private park) 1947 (city park) A single incident in the history of Kidd Springs Park illustrates one way that parks can be proposed for private gain and how conservation can be used to mask racial segregation. Originally created in 1895 as a private park, Kidd Springs was bought by the City in 1947. In 1951, a citizen group, the Kidd Springs-Kessler Park Improvement League, rallied to expand the park in part through the removal of a black community to the north of the park. The area was “one of the few remaining beauty spots available for park purposes in Dallas. It is a veritable paradise of hills and woods and streams,” even though it was occupied by many black families. An almost entirely white neighborhood developed around the park until the 1980’s. Although the plan to expand the park to the north never occurred, today the area is an exclusive residential development.

D DEMOGRAPHICS A new community uses the park to attempt to

R REAL ESTATE

P PROGRAMMING Under-used facilities were the main reason to

U URBAN RENEWAL

Economic interests caused the change from private

displace one that had been in the area for at least create more programming options. park to public park as profits and use shifted.

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Headline: Oak Cliff Group Organizes to Promote Park Expansion;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­18-­1951;; Page: 13;; Location: Dallas, Texas

Urban renewal, demographic shifts, and real estate values gave rise to one community’s efforts to displace another.

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passive space

Headline: Board Vetoes Kidd Springs Park Addition;; Article Type: News/Opinion Headline: Hubbard Cool on Addition to Kidd Springs;; Article Type: News/Opinion Dallas Morning Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 08-­02-­1951;; Page: 11;; Paper: Location: Dallas, TexasNews;; Date: 03-­25-­1952;; Page: 14;; Location: Dallas, Texas

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A single demographic living near a park can determine its use and programing.

Un solo incidente en la historia de Kidd Springs Park ilustra una forma que pueden ser propuestos para beneficio propio, y como conservación puede ser usado como una mascara de segregación de razas. Originalmente creado en 1895 como un parque privado, Kidd Springs fue traído a la ciudad en 1947. En 1951 un grupo de ciudadanos conocidos como la liga para mejorar Kidd Springs-Kessler Park, se junto para expandir el parque, empezando con la disolución de la comunidad afroamericana al norte. Esta area fue una de las pocas areas bonitas para propósitos de un parque en toda la ciudad. Es un paraíso de colinas, bosques y arroyos. Una vecindad mayormente blanca se desarrolló alrededor del parque en los años 1980. Aunque el plan de crecer el parque hacia el norte nunca ocurrió, hoy en día el area es exclusivamente residencial.

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The park space in a neighborhood is designed to meet the majority of the everyday recreationonal needs of the community. Some activities take place outside of the neighborhood.

A property owner allows their lands to be leased by the city for In apark densely purposes populated in an area citizens utilize shared private spaces and the streets and where there is a demonstrated need for parks, the ownersidewalks receives afor financial recreation benefit. and gathering when there are no dedicated park spaces to use.

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As the demographics change, so do the uses of the park.

1922 Kidd Springs is operating as a private park. A group of 9 homes and out buildings is located on the north side of the park in the 1922 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map. These homes would become the center of a movement to enlarge the park in the early 1950s.

active space single use

The initial community may be actively forced to stop using the park or may choose to find a new park.

The park is redesigned to meet a need in the system, but may not meet the needs of the surrounding neighborhood. Area residents must find new areas for recreation, while people from other areas of the city travel to their neighborhood to use theAsnew thefacility. city grows and development conditions change, the Urban property renewal owner candevelops bring wholesale change to entire sections of the city, the need for the land and the community is left without a dedicated park parkspace. land can be one justification for the clearing of neighborhoods.

August 2nd, 1951

1951 By 1951, Kidd Springs is a public park and the group of homes once isolated on the north side of the park are now hemmed in by housing development and a private bird sanctuary. The area in pink is the area proposed for addition to the park in this year.

March 25th, 1952

May 18th, 1951

July 31th, 1951

Pike Park illustrates how celebration can be a means to change the segregated use of a park and how the strength of that tradition can maintain the park as a vital place despite changing infrastructure and shifting demographics that isolate a community from the park. Pike Park was originally dedicated as Summit Play Park in 1913, to provide recreation and social services in a densely populated and poor area of the city. Initially the park served only white youth and families in the area, but became a site of conflict as more Hispanic residents moved into the area which was eventually known as Little Mexico. In 1923, after a spate of violent incidents in the park, the city leased a nearby small lot to serve as a park, Mexican Park, for the Hispanic residents of the city. This brief arrangement ended when the property owner converted the land into an industrial use. By 1927 the Hispanic population was given permission to use Pike Park for celebrations and community events such as Cinco De Mayo and Mexican Independence Day. As the community developed the park became the center of MexicanAmerican life and celebration in Dallas. Later, urban renewal in the form of highway and high-rise construction displaced the longtime Hispanic community. Despite the fact that it has been isolated by infrastructure, development patterns, and population shifts Pike Park remains an important cultural center today, 100 years after its creation.

1930 Pike Park visible on the edge of a very dense Little Mexico neighborhood.

1968 Harry Hines Blvd. continues to expand and cut off the park from the neighborhood, it is also hemmed in by infrastructure on the south side.

1945 Little Mexico Village is seen developing northwest of Pike Park.

2013 The scale of buildings between the 1930 aerial and today are clearly visible. Pike Parks proximity to American Airlines arena is visible.

1995 The size of the highway and the scale of buildings between the 1930 aerial and today are clearly visible.

2014 The park today displays remnants of its past program and contemporary use as a foreground for the development of the new Harwood District.

Pike Park (Summit Play Park) 4.2 acres • Community Park • 1913 Pike Park illustrates how celebration can be a means to change the segregated use of a park and how the strength of that tradition can maintain the park as a vital place despite changing infrastructure and shifting demographics that isolate a community from the park. Pike Park was originally dedicated as Summit Play Park in 1913, to provide recreation and social services in a densely populated and poor area of the city. Initially the park served only white youth and families in the area, but became a site of conflict as more Hispanic residents moved into the area which was eventually known as Little Mexico. In 1923, after a spate of violent incidents in the park, the city leased a nearby small lot to serve as a park, Mexican Park, for the Hispanic residents of the city. This brief arrangement ended when the property owner converted the land into an industrial use. By 1927 the Hispanic population was given permission to use Pike Park for celebrations and community events such as Cinco De Mayo and Mexican Independence Day. As the community developed the park became the center of Mexican-American life and celebration in Dallas. Later, urban renewal in the form of highway and high-rise construction displaced the longtime Hispanic community. Despite the fact that it has been isolated by infrastructure, development patterns, and population shifts Pike Park remains an important cultural center today, 100 years after its creation.

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ks Quarter Century Ago Met Indifference and Opposition;; Article Type: News/Opinion Date: 07-­14-­1928;; Page: Thirteen;; Location: Dallas, Texas

U URBAN RENEWAL

C CELEBRATION

Pike Park ilustra como la celebración puede ser una forma de cambiar el uso segregado de un parque, y como las fuerzas de la tradición mantienen un parque como un lugar vital, a pesar de la infraestructura y demográfica cambiante. Pike Park fue originalmente dedicado como Summit Play Park en 1913 para proveer recreación y servicios sociales en una area pobre y densamente poblada. Inicialmente el parque servia solamente jóvenes blancos y familias en el area, pero se convirtió en un sitio de conflicto cuando llegaron residentes hispanos al area que ahora es conocida como Little Mexico. En 1923, después de una serie de incidentes violentos en el parque, la ciudad alquiló una area chica y le llamo Mexican Park, para uso de los residentes hispanos. Este arreglo corto se terminó cuando el dueño del terreno lo convirtió en una area de uso industrial. Para 1927 le fue dada a la población hispana permiso de usar Pike Park para celebraciones y eventos de la comunidad, como el cinco de mayo y el día de la independencia. Tal como se desarrollaba la comunidad el parque se hizo el centro de la vida mexicana-americana en dallas. Después, renovaciones urbanas en la forma de carreteras y construcciones de gran alturas desplazaron la comunidad hispana. A pesar de las pautas de desarrollo y cambios en población, Pike Park sigue como un centro cultural importante hoy día, 100 años después de su creación.

D DEMOGRAPHICS

P PROGRAMMING

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Urban renewal and infrastructural changes can be seen around Pike Park, defining its relationship to the city.

Celebration is one of the main controls that allowed Programing has always been a key feature of the Next choose a paper size and page layout, making sure your printer settings match. Then click your browser's Print function. the Hispanic population to begin using Pike Park park, with the first recreation building and facilities and a key Pike Park Article is still important to for may activities.

Headline: Mexicans Willreason Hold why Celebration;; Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas them.

Morning News;; Date: 09-­15-­1927;; Page: Thirteen;; Location: Dallas, Texas

Pike Park was at the heart of conflict as the demographic shift from white to Hispanic occurred in the area.

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passive space A single demographic living near a park can determine its use and programing.

pa r

active space multiple uses

In a densely populated area citizens utilize shared private spaces and the streets and sidewalks for recreation and gathering when there are no dedicated park spaces to use.

The park space in a neighborhood is designed to meet the majority of the everyday recreationonal needs of the community. Some activities take place outside of the neighborhood.

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S M T W Th F S

activity at the privately owned and

leased Park park forto “Mexcians. ” Report Headline: Fights Cause Close at Night;; Article Type: N on the Parks 1921 - 1923 Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­30-­1923;; Page: Thirteen

As the demographics change, so do the uses of the park.

active space single use

sp a ce ces le of br at io n

July 14th, 1928

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Urban renewal can bring wholesale change to entire sections of the city, the need for park land can be one justification for the clearing of neighborhoods.

September 15th, 1927

form the Report on Parks and

Headline: Park in Little Playgrounds Mexico Offers from 1914 - 1915. of Old with the New;; Article Type: News/Opinion The park is redesigned to meet aContrast need in the system, but may not meet the needs of the surrounding Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 02-­24-­1941;; Page: Seven;; Location: Dallas, Texas neighborhood. Area residents must find new areas for recreation, while people from other areas of the city travel to their neighborhood to use the new facility.

On special occasions and celebrations, communities are given permission to use specific parks.

The initial community may be actively forced to stop using the park or may choose to find a new park.

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Headline: Complaint Registered Mexicans Denied Use of Summit Play Park;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 05-­18-­1928;; Page: Thirteen;; Location: Dallas, Texas

Headline: Little Mexico's Housing;; Article Type: News/Opinion Paper: Dallas Morning News;; Date: 09-­08-­1941;; Page: Four;; Location: Dallas, Texas

1922 Summit Play Park is located on the edge of a dense residential area.

May 18th, 1928

September 8th, 1941

2/24/1941

May 30th, 1923 1951 The new scale of buildings, in Little Mexico Village to the north, is clear compared to the homes around the park.

February 24th, 1941