Architectural Thesis - Floating Architecture.

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Graduation Project Architecture

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2013 Bashar G . A Tahtamouni

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All-Aqaba Fish Market

By Bashar Tahtamouni

Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in Architecture in College of Archetecture and Design in Jordan University Of Science and Technology August 2013 Irbid, Jordan

Committee: Arch : Yasmien Okour Dr. Raed S. Al Tal, Course Coordinator and Vice Dean.

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DEDICATION I dedicate this effort to proudly serve our nation and our people

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. Many thanks to my adviser, who read my numerous revisions and helped make some sense of the confusion. Also thanks to my committee members who offered guidance and support And finally, thanks to my parents, and numerous friends who endured this long process with me, always offering support and love.

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Brief

Civilization generally refers to polities which combine three basic institutions: a ceremonial centre, a system of writing, and a city.

A birth of a civilization goes through stages; these stages are considered the conditions that qualify a society into a civilization.

The birth of a civilization can be marked by the beginning of a human assembly, the human existence; where ever humans settle on a life conditioned land, civilization is sparked. the accumulation of multiple human experiences, tradition appears, and culture is shaped with its totalitarian features.

Comes next the agriculture, the true back bone to the rise of any civilization, no civilization ever existed without it.

Then the industry appears, giving a new path for human be-

ings to create and invent, in order to pursue happiness and comfort.

With tradition and culture giving form and identity to agricultural and industrial products, commerce takes its place to enrich the collective needs of different civilizations, and like agriculture and industry, commerce becomes a vital essence towards a new path of a civilization’s evolution.

The existence of these elements gives positive results of advancement and growth, leading to the appearance of arts and artists, in literature, poetry, writing, critic, music, drawing and sculpture.

This huge advancement is later crowned with an “Architectural language�, which points out the existence of civilized humans, the legitimate rightful owners of the land their civilization occupies.

We, the people of Sham, have civilization, a history and an architectural language, which meets the needs of our environment and reflects our thoughts 7

and beliefs, and it falls in our hands to preserve this language and this civilization.

It is a duty for every individual, where ever this individual occupies a position in the body of this great nation, to put forward what can be given, time and effort, in his specialty and hard work.

It is from the realization of this divine duty, this study was put forward, in a hope to serve the area of Al-Aqaba, explain one of its issues, in attempt to tackle this issue.

tourist town - nowadays - this trade was getting abandoned, and now, it is faced with extinction, many voices were raised to fight this phenomenon, a great spectrum of these voices considered the abandonment of this trade an act of endangerment to the city’s identity.

As mentioned before, this issue should be considered a top priority to be solved; therefore this study will attempt to offer a well-studied solution, in a hope to preserve Al-Aqaba’s identity from extinction.

Al-Aqaba was ever known to host large numbers of fishermen, as it is located to the coast of the red sea; fishing was one of the major trades of Al-Aqaba’s people, and they had great reliance on it.

This trade gave this city its special features.

In the near past, this trade evolved; fish farms appeared so as fish merchants.

As Al-Aqaba evolved into a 8

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Chapter One _ Introduction

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Introduction

Chapter One Introduction Definition While fishingtrade must surely be one of the oldest recorded sources of livelihood,it is only comparatively recently that fish have become important componentsof the diets of the majority of the world’s people especially those living in developing countries. Fish are an important component of the rapid growth of the consumption of animal products in developing countries over the past two decades and into the foreseeable future.

What’s The project ? the project is Fishmarket , But , What’s Fishmarket ?

Before talking about fishmarket , I will talk about Markets in general .

Markets are of fundamental importance in the livelihood strategy of

most households, rich and poor alike. Markets are where, as producers, they buy their inputs and sell their products; and where, as consumers, they spend their income from the sale of crops or from their non-agricultural activities, to buy their food requirements and other things.

Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever a party has interest in a good or service that some other party can provide.

Hence there can be a market for cigarettes in public facilities, another

for chewing gum in a playground, and yet another for contracts for the future delivery of a commodity. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged illegally , and virtual markets, such as eBay, in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact during negotiation.

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Chapter One

What is fishmarket ?

A fishmarket is a marketplace used for marketing fish products. It

can be dedicated to wholesale trade between fishermen and fish merchants, or to the sale of seafood to individual consumers, or to both.

Retail fish markets, a type of wet market, often sell street food as well.

Fish markets range in size from small fish stalls, to the great Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo, turning over about 660,000 tonnes a year.

The term fish market can refer to the process of fish marketing in general, but this article is concerned with physical marketplaces

the great Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo

small fish stalls

The problem : Aqaba has been an inhabited settlement since 4000 BC profiting from its stra-

tegic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was a center of the early settlement Edomites, and then of the Arab Nabataeans, who populated the region extensively. Aqaba probably dates back to Iron Age. The Romans called it Aila and Aelana.

During Roman times, the great long distance road

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Introduction the Via Traiana Nova (The King’s Highway) led south from Damascus through Amman, terminating in Aqaba, where it connected with a west road leading to Philistines and Egypt.

Aqaba city is strategically important to Jordan as it is the country’s only seaport at the Red Sea. The port is jordan’s most important import/export hub. It plays an important role in the economic life of Jordan and has many attractions to offer the vacationer.

industrial activity remains important to the area, and the town is an ex-

porter of products. The town is also an important administrative center within the far south of Jordan.

On the other hand , because Aqaba is an old city , that’s mean there’s a Civilization , Culture, .. or there’s an Identity , and we should conserve it .

One of the most important activities in Aqaba is “Fishing” , and fishing is an ancient craft on Aqaba ..

Now, with modernism life this identity is fading away, and this project addressed this problem .

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Chapter One

Why a fishmarket ?

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To help people access efficient and more equitable markets.

The importance of the historical phenomenon of catching fish and its entry into the identity of the city of Aqaba ...

Aqaba is a coastal city, and the fishing trade is one of its main identities. and many other reasons make people think about the disaster that will be realized as a result of negligence...

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES : • • • • • •

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Preserve the identity of the city of Aqaba and protecting it from being lost Create new job opportunities for residents adequate with their culture trade development with various countries Exploit existing resources Tourism development Increase people’s awareness of the importance of preserving the identity of the region Increases the standard of living 16

Introduction

project location this project will be in the city of Aqaba - Jordan .

Aqaba is a Jordanian coastal city situated at the northeastern tip of the Red Sea. Aqaba is the largest city on the Gulf of Aqaba and Jordan’s only coastal city. The city of Aqaba is the southernmost part of Jordan.

Aqaba is one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan, and famous for its warm water and rich marine life. It is best known today as a seaside and diving resort and also as a home for Jordan’s mega projects. However, industrial and commercial activities remain important, due to the strategic location of the city as the country’s only seaport.

Tourism Aqaba is well known for its beach resorts and luxury hotels, which service those who come for diving, fun in the sand as well as watersports like windsurfing and Scuba diving. It also offers activities which take advantage of its desert location. Its many coffee shops offer mansaf and knafeh, and baqlawa desserts. Another very popular venue is the Turkish Bath (Hamam) built in 306AD, in which locals and visitors alike 17

Chapter One come to relax after a hot day. Aqaba and Wadi Rum are the sites of the annual Jordan – Middle East Distant Heat Festival, an annual electronic dance festival. It takes place on 31 July and 1 August. DJs from Jordan, the Middle East and around the world participate in this unique dance festival. Some famous artists who participate in the festival are Armin Van Buuren, Ferry Corsten, Above & Beyond, and Josh Gabriel.

Trade & Economy Benefiting from its location and status as Jordan’s special economic zone, Aqaba’s economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors. The economical growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economical growth in the country. Under the special economic zone status some investments and trades are exempted from taxation, as a result, new resorts, housing developments, and retail outlets are being constructed.

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Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) The ASEZA is the financially and administratively autonomous institution responsible for the management, regulation, and the development of the ASEZ. ASEZA is a service – oriented organization offering one – stop assistance covering all investment needs4.

ASEZA has a juridical personality with financial and administrative autonomy. The Authority may perform all legal acts necessary to achieve its objectives. The Authority is associated with the Prime Minister. It offers integrated services and assistance to every concerned business and ensures all governing laws and regulations of ASEZ are made public.

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Chapter Two _ Literature Review

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Literature Review

Chapter Tow Literature Review Brief History of fish marketThere is a long history of fish markets from the time of ancient Greece . They served as a public space where large numbers of people could gather and discuss current events and local politics.

Because seafood is quick to spoil, fish markets are historically most often found in seaside towns. Once ice or other simple cooling methods became available, some were also established in large inland cities that had good trade routes to the coast.

Since refrigeration and rapid transport became available in the 19th and 20th century, fish markets can technically be established at any place.

However, because modern trade logistics in general has shifted away from marketplaces and towards retail outlets, such as supermarkets, most seafood worldwide is now sold to consumers through these venues, like most other food types.

Consequently, most major fish markets now mainly deal with wholesale trade, and the existing major fish retail markets continue to operate as much for traditional reasons as for commercial ones. Both types of fish markets are often tourist attractions as well .

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Chapter Two

The importance of fishing trade for the poor Rural households have diverse livelihood strategies, encompassing a range of activities. For most, agriculture is a key element of their strategy; however, many are also engaged in non-agricultural activities, including microenterprises (agro-processing, trading and other off-farm occupations). Through these various activities, households seek both to ensure their food requirements and to generate the income they require to satisfy their immediate consumption needs, social purposes and investments.

Interacting with agricultural markets is thus an important aspect of the livelihood strategies of many rural households, rich and poor alike. Markets are where, as producers, they buy their agricultural inputs and sell their products; and where, as consumers, they use their income from the sale of crops, or from their non-agricultural activities, to buy their food requirements and consumption goods. Virtually all households in rural areas are, by preference, both producers and consumers, buyers and sellers; and many sell agricultural produce and buy their food at different times of year.

However, rural households that, for one reason or another, are unable to interact with these markets are prevented from adopting these diverse livelihood strategies; and indeed, in many parts of the world, rural poor people often say that one reason they cannot improve their living standards is that they face difficulties in accessing markets.

For these reasons, improved market access is not an issue of consequence only to better-off producers, and it is not relevant only to cash crop, rather than food crop, production. It is of importance to all rural households, and assisting rural poor people in improving their access to markets must be a critical element of any strategy to enable them to enhance their food security and increase their incomes.

If it is true that markets, and improved market access, are of critical and immediate importance to rural poor households, it is also evident 22

Literature Review

that they are a prerequisite for enhancing agriculture-based economic growth and increasing rural incomes in the medium term. Rural incomes will not be substantially increased by exclusive emphasis on subsistence food crop production; rather, more market-oriented production systems are needed. These require the intensification of agricultural production systems, increased commercialization and specialization in higher-value crops.

And these must be built upon the establishment of efficient and wellfunctioning markets and trade systems – ones that keep transaction costs low, minimize risk and extend information to all players, and that do not either exclude, or work contrary to the interests of, the poor – particularly those living in areas of marginal productivity and weak infrastructure.

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Chapter Two Some of fishing Equipment Lots of snacks “bait “

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Literature Review

Sunscreen Sunscreen should be applied at least 30 minutes prior to going outdoors, even on a cloudy day, and reapplied every two hours.

Fishing cap

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Chapter Two

Sunglasses

Batteries

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Literature Review

in general, battery means electricity, and it’s important to be on the fishing boat for many things like light, small balance, screens and etc...

Flashlight Camera

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Chapter Two fishing hooks

These information is useful for design, because these tools should be available on educational spaces, that’s mean it’s need an additional space and storage..

Floating architecture & structural system Abstract Structural and civil engineers are introduced to the world of very large floating structures (VLFS) that have been gradually appearing in the waters off developed coastal cities (and countries with coastlines). Their presence is largely due to a severe shortage of land and the sky-rocketing land costs in recent times. After providing a description of a VLFS and highlighting its advantages (under certain conditions) over the

traditional land reclamation in creating space from the sea, the authors bring to attention the early, the present and future applications of VLFS. As population and urban development expand in land-scare island countries (or countries with long coastlines), city planners and engineers resort to land reclamation to ease the pressure on existing heavily-used land and underground spaces. Using fill materials from seabed, hills, deep underground excavations, and even construc-

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Literature Review tion debris, engineers are able to create relatively vast and valuable land from the sea.

(VLFSs), namely the semisubmersible- type and the pontoon-type.

Countries such as the Netherlands, Singapore and Japan, have expanded their land areas significantly through aggressive land reclamation programmes. Probably the first large scale and systematic land reclamation work was carried out by KiyomoriTaira off Kobe’s coastal waters in the 12th Century.

Semi-submersible type floating structures are raised above the sea level using column tubes or ballast structural elements to minimize the effectsof waves while maintaining a constant buoyancy force.

However, land reclamation has its limitation. It is suitable when the water depth is shallow (less than 20 m). When the water depth is large and the seabed is extremely soft, land reclamation is no longer cost effective or even feasible.

Moreover, land reclamation destroys the marine habitat and may even lead to the disturbance of toxic sediments.

When faced with these natural conditions and environmental consequences, very large floating structures may offer an attractive alternative solution for birthing land from the sea.

There are basically two types of very large floating structures

Thus they can reduce the wave induced motions and are therefore suitably deployed in high seas with large waves. Floating oil drilling platforms used for drilling for and production of oil and gas are typical examples of semi-submersible-type VLFSs. When these semi-submersibles are attached to the seabed using vertical tethers with high pretension as provided by additional buoyancy of the structure, they are referred to as tension-leg platforms.

In contrast, pontoon-type floating structures lie on the sea level like a giant plate floating on water. Pontoon-type floating structures are suitable for use in only calm waters, of29

Chapter Two ten inside a cove or a lagoon and near the shoreline.

Large pontoon-type floating structures have been termed Mega-Floats by Japanese engineers.

As a general rule of thumb, Mega-Floats are floating structures with at least one of its length dimensions greater than 60 m.

System consists of a (a) very large pontoon floating structure, (b) mooring facility to keep the floating structure in place, (c) an access bridge or floating road to get to the floating structure from shore, and (d) a breakwater (usually needed if the significant wave height is greater than 4 m) for reducing wave forces impacting the floating structure.

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Literature Review These Mega-Floats have advantages over the traditional land reclamation solution for space creation in the following respects: • they are cost effective when the water depth is large (note that the cost of imported sand for land reclamation in some countries has risen significantly and it may come a time that sand may not be even available from neighbouring countries), • environmental friendly as they do not damage the marine eco-system, or silt-up deep harbours or disrupt the tidal/ocean currents, • they are easy and fast to construct (components may be made at different shipyards and then brought to the site for assembling) and therefore sea-space can be speedily exploited, • they can be easily removed (if the sea space is needed in future) or expanded (since they are of a modular form), • the facilities and structures on Mega-Floats are protected from seismic shocks since they are inherently base isolated, • they do not suffer from differential settlement due to reclaimed soil consolidation, • their positions with respect to the water surface are constant and thus facilitate small boats and ship to come alongside when used as piers and berths.

• their location in coastal waters provide scenic body of water all around, making them suitable for developments associated with leisure and water sport activities.

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Chapter Two

Brief history of VLFS Very large floating structures have been used for a variety of purposes.

Below, we highlight their applications from early times to present times as well as their applications in the near future.

Floating Bridges This section summarizes the large floating bridges pointed out by Watanabe and Utsunomiya (2003). Early applications of very large floating structures take the form of floating boat bridges over rivers that date back to antiquity (Brown 1993).

About 480 BC, King Xerxes of Persia led his army across the Hellespont, now called the Dardanelles, using two rows of floating bridges, each consisting ofabout 300 boats laid side by side as shown in Fig. 2 (Study Group of World Cities, 1988).

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Literature Review In 1874, a 124-m long floating wooden railroad bridge was constructed over the Mississippi River in Wisconsin and it was repeatedly rebuilt and finally abandoned. Brookfield Floating Bridge is still in service and it is the seventh replacement structure of a 98-m long wooden floating bridge (Lwin 2000).

In 1912, the Galata steel floating bridge was built across Istanbul’s Golden Horn where the water depth is 41 m.

The 457-m long bridge consists of 50 steel pontoons connected to each other by hinges. However, in 1992, soon after a new bridge was erected just beside the original bridge, a fire broke out and the old Galata floating bridge was burned down (Maruyama et al. 1998).

The sunken bridge is placed upstream after having been raised from the seabed. The lesson that one can learn from this steel bridge is its amazing resilience against the corrosive sea environment, contrary to engineers’ perception that corrosion would pose a serious problem to such floating steel structures.

Other floating bridges include Seattle’s three Lake Washington Bridges, i.e. (i) the 2018- m long Lacey V. Murrow Bridge which uses concrete pontoon girders and opened in 1940, (ii) the 2310m long Evergreen Point Bridge completed in 1963, and (iii) the 1771-m long Homer Hadley Bridge in 1989; the 1988-m long Hood Canal Bridge built in 1963 (see Fig. 3); the Canadian 640-m long Kelowna Floating (concrete) Bridge which was opened to traffic in 1958, the Hawaiian’s 457-m long Ford Island Bridge which was completed in 1998.

More recent floating bridges built from 1990s include the two famous Norwegian floating bridges: 845-m long Bergsoysund Floating Bridge built in 1992 near Kristiansund over a fjord depth of 320 m and the 1246-m long Nordhordland Floating Bridge built in 1994 at Salhus over a fjord depth of 500 m (see Fig. 4).

Both bridges are horizontally curved (in the form of funicular curves) to better resist the wave, the water current and wind forces.

An interesting pedestrian float33

Chapter Two ing bridge is the 94-m long West India Quay Footbridge which was constructed in 1997 (see Fig. 5).

It is worth noting that many armies have in their possession floating bridges and floating causeways.

This bridge resembles a giant pond skater.

Army engineers assemble the floating modules rapidly to form floating bridges for soldiers and vehicles to cross riv-

An outstanding floating bridge that was built at the turn of the millennium is the 410-m long Yumemai Bridge (see Fig. 6).

The bridge is constructed across a water channel, and it floats on two hollow steel pontoons (each of dimensions 58 m x 58 m x 8 m).

The bridge can be swung around a pivot axis near one end of the girder when a passage way for very large ships in the channel is needed (for more details of this fascinating bridge, the reader may refer to the paper by Watanabe et al. 2001).

ers and lakes.

Long floating causeways are used by the navy to transport soldiers and equipment from ships to shore (Ertekin and Riggs 2003).

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Literature Review

Floating Entertainment Facilities As the waterfront and the sea appeal to the general public, VLFSs have been constructed to house entertainment facilities with a scenic 360 degrees view of the surrounding water body.

Another floating amusement facility is the Estrayer (128 m x 38 m), shaped like a ship, which is moored at the leisure pier in Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

There is a very large Floating Island (130 m x 40 m x 5 m) at Onomichi, Hiroshima.

The top deck is used as an event plaza while its deck below houses a movie theatre, restaurants and a game centre.

Designed to resemble the Parthenon of Greece, this amusement facility has a 3D visual image theatre, an aquarium and a marina (see Fig. 7).

The first floating hotel in Australia was located at the Great Barrier Reef. It was built in Singapore and is seven storey high, 90 m long and 27 m wide. In 35

Chapter Two

case of a cyclone, one mooring end was disconnected and the wind would blow it around in a circle after everyone has evacuated.

The floating heliport, tennis courts and pool may be disconnected and towed some distance from the hotel to ride out the storm. After one year of operation, the hotel was towed to HoChi-Minh, Vietnam.

It is now located in North Korea.

Hong Kong boasts of having a famous floating restaurant called Jumbo Restaurant.

Floating Island at Onomichi, Hiroshima, JapanFloating Restaurant in Yokohoma,Japan

In 1991, Japan built a floating restaurant (on a 24 m x 24 m x 3.2 m pontoon) in Yokohoma (see Fig. 8).

The pier, next to the restaurant, is also a floating structure.

Very large floating structures are also used as fishing piers. For example, the 101.5 m x 60 m x 3 m floating fishing pier at Awaji Island.

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Literature Review Very large floating structures have been used for storing fuel.

Constructed like flat tankers (box-shaped) parked side by side, they form an ideal oil storage facility, keeping the explosive, inflammable fluid from populated areas on land.

Japan has two major floating oil storage systems. One oil storage facility is located in Shirashima with a capacity of 5.6 million kilolitres while the other is at Kamigoto with a capacity of 4.4 million kilolitres.

Shirashima Floating Oil Storage Base, Japan (Photo courtesy of Shirashima Oil Storage Co Ltd) Kamigoto Floating Oil Storage Base, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan

Floating Emergency Bases As floating structures are inherently base isolated from earthquakes, they are ideal for applications as floating emergency rescue bases in earthquake prone countries. Japan has a number of such floating rescue bases parked in the Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay. Table 1 shows their specifications (Takahashi 2003) and Figs show the emergency rescue bases at Tokyo bay and Osaka bay, respectively.

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Chapter Two piled foundations.

Emergency Rescue Base In Tokyo Bay

Fig. Emergency Rescue Base In Tokyo Bay Fig. Emergency Rescue Base in Osaka Bay In 1979, Bangladesh purchased from Japan a 60.4 m x 46.6 m x 4 m floating power plant.

The power plant is located at Khulna, Bangladesh.

Emergency Rescue Base In Osaka Bay

Floating plants A floating structure consisting of two sections was constructed in 1978 in Brazil.

One section of the structure is built for a pulp plant (230 m x 45 m x 14.5 m) while the other section is for a power plant (220 m x 45 m x 14.5 m).

It was towed to its site at Munguba as a floating structure but was installed in its location on

In 1981, Saudi Arabia built a 70 m x 40 m x 20.5 m floating desalination plant and towed to its site where it was sunk into position and rests on the seabed. In 1981, Argentina constructed a 89 m x 22.5 m x 6 m floating polyethylene plant at Bahia Blance.

In 1985, Jamaica acquired a 45 m x 30.4 m x 10 m floating power plant.

This plant was built in Japanese shipyards and towed to Jamaica and moored by a dolphin-rubber fender system.

Studies are already underway to use floating structures for wind farms (see Fig. ), sewage treatment plant and power plant in Japan.

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Literature Review

Concept Design of a Clean Energy Plant

by Floating Structure Association of Japan

Floating docks, piers, berths and container terminals There are in existence many floating docks, piers and wharves.

For example, the 124 m x 109 m floating dock in Texas Shipyard built by Bethlehem Marine Construction Group in 1985.

Floating structures are ideal for piers and wharves as the ships can come alongside them since their positions are constant with respect to the waterline.

An example of a floating pier

is the one located at Ujina Port, Hiroshima (see Fig.). The floating pier is 150 m x 30 m x 4 m.

Vancouver has also a floating pier designed for car ferries. Car ferry piers must allow smooth loading and unloading of cars and the equal tidal rise and fall of the pier and ferries is indeed advantageous for this purpose.

A floating type pier was also designed for berthing the 50000 ton container ships at Valdez, Alaska.

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Chapter Two The floating structure was adopted due tothe great water depth.

Floating Pier at Ujina, Japan

Floating Airports and Mobile Offshore Base In circa 1920, Edward Armstrong proposed the concept of a seadrome (an aerodrome in the sea) as stepping stones for aircrafts flying across the oceans.

At that time, the planes could not travel long distances and needed refueling.

of 10,920 pontoons. It has a flight deck and a parking area. However, the enthusiasm for building these floating airfields was dampened by the extraordinary non-stop flight of Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris in 1927.

In 1943, US Navy Civil Engineers Corps constructed a floating airfield (1810 ft x 272 ft) consisting

In more recent times, a different sort of problem arose.

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Literature Review Land costs in major cities have risen considerably and city planners are considering the possibility of using the coastal waters for urban developments including having floating airports.

As the sea and the land near the water edge is usually flat, landings and take-offs of aircrafts are safer.

In this respect, Canada has a floating heliport in a small bay in Vancouver.

Moreover, this busy traffic heliport is built for convenience as well as noise attenuation. Japan has made great progress by constructing a large airport in the sea. Kansai International Airport at Osaka is an example of an airport constructed in the sea, albeit on a reclaimed island.

Studies on the test model include the investigation of facilities and equipment for floating airport, development of simulation technology of functions of airport, instruments for landing, landing and taking off tests on a floating runway, effects on the environment and verification of construction technologies of a floating airport.

The Mega-Float is a precursor to a 3.6-km floating runway which will augment Haneda airport facilities.

The decision to proceed building this ultra-large floating Haneda runway (see Fig. 16) will be known by the March 2005.

The first sizeable floating runway is the one-km long Mega-Float test model built in 1998 in the Tokyo bay (see Fig.).

This floating runway was awarded the world’s largest man-made floating island in the Guinness book of records in 1999.

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Chapter Two

Mega-Float in Tokyo Bay, Japan (Photo courtesy of SRCJ) Proposed Floating Runway at Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)

The Office of Naval Research, US, has been conducting studies on the technical feasibility and costs of building a mobile offshore base (Taylor 2003).

A mobile offshore base is a self-propelled, modular, floating platform that could be assembled into lengths on the order of one mile to provide logistic support of US military operations where fixed bases are not available.

We may be seeing these huge mobile offshore bases in the oceans in the future.

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Literature Review

Floating Cities Perhaps in this 21st Century, floating cities may become a reality with the advancing technology in construction and the shortage of land. Architects and engineers have already made design sketches of how such floating cities could look like. Figures 17-20 show artist impressions of some floating cities that are proposed by various Japanese corporations.

Focus A and Focus B are named after their proposed locations at the two foci of the elliptical Osaka Bay.

Marine Uranus

by Nishimatsu Corporation Pearl Shell

by Shimizu Corporation

Osaka Focus A by Japanese Society of Steel Construction Osaka Focus B by Japanese Society of Steel Construction

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References: • promoting market access • Fish to 2020 supply and demand in changing global market • fishing basics • wikipedia.com • flwoutdoors.com •

very large floating structure

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