STUDIO’ OPERATIVE VOCABULARY_SUB-THEMES_EMULATE – INTERPRET_DS3b2021

STUDIO' OPERATIVE VOCABULARY

SUB-THEMES - EMULATE - INTERPRET

Prishtina, 2021

STUDIO' OPERATIVE VOCABULARY

SUB-THEMES RESEARCH

UBTPRESS

Copyright © 2021 Banush Shyqeriu and UBTPRESS.

STUDIO' OPERATIVE VOCABULARY

SUB-THEMES - EMULATE - INTERPRET

BANUSH SHYQERIU

CONTENT SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION SUB-THEMES FOLD; PHYLLOTAXIS; LATTICE Research Team: Blerta Fazliji; E lsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj CRUST; GRID Research Team: Vjosa Azemi; Besarta Zymeri BRANCHING; MANIFOLDS Research Team: Suzana Krasniqi, Arbra Tahiri MORPHOGENESIS; KNITTING Research Team: Besfort Ramadani; Pashtrik Shehu ARCHITEXTILE; MODULARITY; STRATIFICATION Research Team: Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa FLOW, PLEATED, TRIANGULATION Research Team: Brikena Mehmeti; Pranvera Kryeziu; Verona Begaj BLOSSOM; FRACTALS Research Team: Blerina Muriqi; Valëza Tahiri SUSPENDED; RIBBED Research Team: Albana Rafuna; Andina La fi GRADIENT; FIBROUS Research Team: Endris Kycyku; Fes m Mulaku FABRICS; TENSEGRITY; FLUIDITY Research Team: Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic MORPHE; INFLECTION Research Team: Anila Osmani, Leart Hoxha

III 1 3 5 17 25 33 41 53 65 73 81 89 101

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Course Name: DESIGN STUDIO 3 – Design, Planning and Development of Economic Facilities Subject: The HYBRID Development of Interchange Transport Terminals in Kosovo Architectural Design Theme: “BIOINSPIRATION & THE QUEST FOR TECTONIC NOVELTIES IN WOOD – STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE - ARCHITECTURE AS STRUCTURE & THE REVIVAL OF AUTOGENIC ORNAMENT” Architectural Design Philosophy: Hedonistic Sustainability SYNOPSIS: Architecture begins with the spark of an idea, which grows, evolves and prepares itself to enter in the realm of physical world. Hence, architecture as material entity is a synthesis of how we redesign and restructure the world with the same primordial materials our ancestors did, but always searching for the new ways to shape and express our built environment.

These new ways dene our continuous quest for novelty and the poetics with which we construct these novelties.

Structures remain a fundamental dener of architecture and our world, while through tectonics we give expression to the materials we construct.

Architecture goes beyond utilitarian properties, it embodies hedonistic substance III

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INTRODICTION CONTENT

Language is the dress of thought. Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) Language is not just a tool of communica on but in architecture it acts as well as a tool for design. Without a language suited to the work, we cannot achieve suitable outcomes. The code of design is changing.

This research is intended to use opera ve language in order to create a rich catalogue of subthemes which will cons tute the Studio' Opera ve Vocabulary.

Students will be guided through a systema c research, beginning from the etymology, wider context of the opera ve language and then focus in emula ng and interpre ng that language into architectural design processes.

The interpreta on is intended to be presented through analogies which use the specific formal design graphic language which reveals elements, components and systems that can be used to create strategic frameworks for evoking future design concepts.

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CONTENT This approach also encourages a type of design thinking before program, as much of the terms which cons tute this vocabulary are specifically selected to foster the Design theme in the scope of Structures, Tectonics and Ornament. This vocabulary is not an end in itself, but instead a set of illustrated beginnings to ac vate architectural inquiry, assembled to ignite the design process.

Language can provoke, evoke and reveal elements, components, systems, formal and spa al constella on as well as complex rela onships – structures.

Most of the terms and verbs presented in this research are selected for their capaci es to operate formally, spa ally and structurally, also with strong poten als to create and reveal various pa erns, known and unknown for the students.

As a lexicon of star ng points for igni ng architectural concepts, this compila on is intended to create various methodologies, tac cs and strategies for Design Thinking in Architecture, to create diverse ideas which can enter into the design process and serve as interpre ve guide of the general and specific design briefs of Design Studio' teams.

prof. Banush Shyqeriu, March 2021 2

SUB-THEMES

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Research Team:

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FOLD

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) -fold - multiplicative word-forming element attached to numerals, from Old English -feald, Northumbrian -fald, from Proto-Germanic *-falda- (cognates: Old Saxon -fald, Old Frisian -fald, Old Norse -faldr, Dutch -voud, German -falt, Gothic falþs), combining form of *falthan, from PIE *polt-, extended form of root *pel- "to fold."

Blerta Fazliji

Elsa Buzhala

Liridona Fetaj 5

Definition of fold 1: to lay one part over another part of: fold a letter 2: to reduce the length or bulk of by doubling over: fold a tent 3: to clasp together: fold the hands 4: to incorporate 5: to concede defeat by withdrawing or to bring to an end 6: to bend (something, such as a layer of rock) into folds

In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during permanent deformation.

In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during permanent deformation.

Fold (v.). (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/fold

FOLD B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

Mountain fold

Valley fold

Squash fold

Swivel Fold

Sink Fold

Pleat fold

Diamond fold

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Blerta Fazliji; Elsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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FOLD D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

linear folded plate structure

radial folded plate structure Folds of alternate layers of limestone and chert occur in Greece. The limestone and chert were originally deposited as flat layers on the floor of a deep sea basin. These folds were created by Alpine deformation.

Example of a flower, folding process through night.

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spatial folded plate structure

India's New Parametric Temple to Reinterpret Vernacular Design in Koppur

FOLD E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale) Sector intended for travelers Sector destined for the transition of goods Office Spaces / Buildings Station activities management sector and transport companies Sector of housing, maintenance and repair of buses Bus lines operation sector Passenger sector Business Premises / Shopping Center Multi-storey structure for Parking Conference Hotel (4 stars) *

Macro scheme + fold gird

Micro scheme + fold as configuration 8

Blerta Fazliji; Elsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj

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PHYLLOTAXIS

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) In botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is from Ancient Greek phýllon "leaf" and táxis "arrangement” New Latin phyllotaxis, from phyll- + -taxis Definition of phyllotaxis 1: the arrangement of leaves on a stem and in relation to one another 2: the study of phyllotaxis and of the laws that govern it

Phyllotaxis (Bot) The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves.

Botanists use the divergence angles, or angles between consecutive leaves, to define a plant’s phyllotaxis.

Phyllotaxis. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phyllotaxis 9

PHYLLOTAXIS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) The appearance of Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio everywhere in nature is mostly a persistent myth.In sunflowers, pineapples, romanesco, aloe plants, pine cones, artichokes and numerous other flowers, the number of leaves or seed spirals frequently equals a Fibonacci number.

For simple rational numbers we get the following patterns: We see this results in some radial spokes.

More interesting patterns occur when we choose an irrational α: You notice this arrangements fill space more evenly but also stagnate into spiraling patterns, resembling the rational case.

These spirals correspond with the best rational approximations for α.

So if a flower wants to distribute its seeds optimally, it needs an α which is “hard to approximate” with fractions, and the golden ratio is essentially the hardest one because its continued fraction consists only of 1’s.

The convergents of the golden ratio have only Fibonacci numbers as denominators, which helps explain their ubiquitous occurrence in nature.

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Blerta Fazliji; Elsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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PHYLLOTAXIS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Rising phyllotaxis, how plant changes from m/n to (m+n)/m

Six different species of palm displaying, in order from left to right 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21 phyllotaxis Proposed phyllotactic towers mimic the structure of plants with "leaves" that cantilever from a "stem" or core. Designed by architect Saleh Masoumi. ©2012 Saleh Masoumi 11

PHYLLOTAXIS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

Macro scheme

Micro scheme

Micro scheme + configuration

Macro scheme + phyllotaxis spiral

Spiral configuration 12

Blerta Fazliji; Elsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj

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LATTICE

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) "Work with open spaces formed by crossing or interlacing of laths, bars, etc.," c. 1300, from Old French latiz "lattice," from late "lath, board, plank, batten" (Modern French latte), from Frankish or some other Germanic source, such as Old High German latta "lath" . As a verb from early 15c.

Definition of lattice 1a: a framework or structure of crossed wood or metal strips b: a window, door, or gate having a lattice c: a network or design resembling a lattice 2: a regular geometrical arrangement of points or objects over an area or in space specifically : the arrangement of atoms in a crystal 3: a mathematical set that has some elements ordered and that is such that for any two elements there exists a greatest element in the subset of all elements less than or equal to both and a least element in the subset of all elements greater than or equal to both Examples of lattice in a Sentence In the square lattice, for example, all nodes have degree four.

The researchers began by 3D printing a simple lattice structure, basically a grid, out of a polymer.

Lattice (n.). (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/lattice 13

LATTICE B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) The honey-comb lattice of graphene. All points of the sublattice A (black circles) are given by n 1 a 1 + n 2 a 2 , of the sublattice B (open circles) by n 1 a 1 + n 2 a 2 + b.

Dashed lines show the boundaries of the elementary cell. a is the lattice constant.

(a) The Bethe lattice of coordination number 3. (b) A Husimi cactus made up of triangles.

Cactus Skeleton lattice, structure 14

Blerta Fazliji; Elsa Buzhala; Liridona Fetaj C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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LATTICE D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

1.The honey-comb lattice

2.Cactus Skeleton lattice Lattice structures

3.Human bone, lattice structure 15

Lattice girder viaduct

The Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris one of the most recognizable structures in the world.

LATTICE E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

The Bethe lattice of coordination

Macro scheme

Sector intended for travelers Sector destined for the transition of goods Office Spaces / Buildings Station activities management sector and transport companies Sector of housing, maintenance and repair of buses Bus lines operation sector Passenger sector Business Premises / Shopping Center Multi-storey structure for Parking Conference Hotel (4 stars) *

Micro scheme + configuration 16

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Research Team:

CRUST

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

Vjosa Azemi

Latin-Crusta,rind,shell,crust-Old French-Crouste-Middle English-Crust.

The crust is a hard layer that forms outside of something, like a loaf of bread..

Crust is also a verb meaning “to form a hard outer layer”. The Earth has a hard crust too.Crust, n. the hard or outside coating of anything the outer part of bread: covering of a pie,c: ( geol) the solid exterior of the earth.-v.t. to cover with a crust or hard case. v.i. to into a hard crust.-adj. Crustat’ed , covered with a crust.

Besarta Zymeri Earth has three layers: the crust, mantle, and the core. The crust is made of solid rocks and minerals.

Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is also mostly solid rocks and minerals, but punctuated by malleable areas of semi-solid magma.At the center of the Earth is a hot,dense metal core.Eearh’s crust is divided into two types:oceanic crust and continental crust. _________________________________________________________________________________ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/crust/ https://www.definitions.net/definition/crust 17

CRUST B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

1.The layout of the earth in 3D shape and also the terrain is sloping.

2. Interfering with earth’s crust with dots and lines generating a shape to create a kind of design.

3.Final view after geometric interventions and 3D view.

4.Taking some geometric samples and final presentation of the crust for the use of the facade.

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Vjosa Azemi; Besarta Zymeri C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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FLORAL OBSESSION CRUST D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Composed by a fullyrecyclable galvanizedsteel structure.

Nature is often an inspiring place for architects, whether it has to do with structure,pattern, form or function.

In the first two photos it is clear where the tree bark is presented.Shows that it is a protective and aesthetic layer for the appearance.

Wood material is also used and concrete material.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-freestock-photo-dehydrated

https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2015/01/24/ pavilion_zero_andexpocenter.html

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CRUST E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

We placed a crust that stretched where that shape would rise then bend.

Where we came to conclusion, where it is seen as well.

Where its shape is corrugated and well be used as a canopy of wood material with double curvature.

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Vjosa Azemi; Besarta Zymeri

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A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Grid Definition: Structural grid, modular grid, a regular framework of reference of lines to which the dimensions of major structural components of the plan of a bulding are fixed.A pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to from squares. .

By viewing the grid as a network of structures, it becomes easier to understand the strengths and constraints Inherent in legacy infrastructure.

Dealing with all these structures simultaneously helps determine the necessary those constrains and enabling new capabilities.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grid https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/grid 21

GRID

GRID B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

All three forms are presented in two dimensional and three dimensional views.

The first two photos show the types of nets in different shapes.

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Vjosa Azemi; Besarta Zymeri C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D) Grids as visual patterns have been used from ancient times and were born as the abstraction of natural patterns. So , yes, we can say that visual patterns are not a human invention but a product of mother nature.

Natural patterns can be observed in bee combs, snail shells or even the human body.From being exposed to those patterns in nature, the human eye tends to perceive in a similar patterned way. _________________________________________________________________________________ https://www.sparkbit.pl/grid-based-layoutdevelopment-i-grids-and-bootstrap/ https://depositphotos.com/37981235/stockphoto-green-leaf-cell-texture-pattern.html 23

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GRID D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) The grid becomes the formal identity of the building and renders it recognizable in its urban environment. Use of a varirty of materials: aluminum,lattices and glass panes.

The building has a grid shaped concrete fasade in which characteristic colours have been filled in.

_________________________________________________________________________________ http://draftworks.eu/ch/archives/2355#.

YH9ARGczbct https://divisare.com/projects/184200-LIAG-Erik -Schotte-ROC-Mondriaan

GRID E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

We intended to use this grid model in the structural facade of the Project.

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Research Team:

BRANCHING

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) “Branch” as a term is used in all fields, in biology , nature, mathematics,etc. ex: “Branches of a tree” LATE LATIN BRANCA POW

OLD FRENCH

BRANCH

BRANCNE

Suzana Krasniqi Something divided into one or more subdivisions.

Something branching into one or more subdivisions.

Arbra Tahiri _________________________________________________________________________________ https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/branching

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BRANCHING B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) CUT/SPLIT

Through elementary operations such as (cut/split/remove..etc) we reach different forms of branching in 2D and 3D

GIVE SHAPE

GIVE SHAPE

______________________________________ CUT

REMOVE BRANCH

GIVE SHAPE

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Suzana Krasniqi, Arbra Tahiri C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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BRANCHING D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

In nature we can find different forms of branching.

Starting from the branches of the trees, the roots of the plants and up to the skeleton of the leaves.

Various forms of branching can be used in struvtures and architectural elements as well.

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BRANCHING E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

union

we have evolved, merged different forms of branching and finally we have arrived at a branched complex model

Through branching we have created the shape of the structure which allows the penetration of light and creates an interesting facades.

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Suzana Krasniqi, Arbra Tahiri

MANIFOLDS

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

Manifolds have different meaning depenting on how we use it.

It is a whole that unites or consists of many diverse elements and also can be a collection of parts forming a certain kind of set.

https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/manifoldings https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manifold

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MANIFOLDS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

From basic operations such as (cut/split...) we can reach in manifolding forms.

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Suzana Krasniqi, Arbra Tahiri C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

In nature we can find different examples of multiple elements, shapes and colors that interact in harmony with each other.

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MANIFOLDS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

The repetition of the same and different elements gives us a multiple architectural structures.

MANIFOLDS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale) Through the union and connection of the same and different froms, we have gained an architectural network structure.

UNION

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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Research Team:

MORPHOGENESIS

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

Besfort Ramadani

The term morphogenesis generally refers to the processes by which order is created in the developing organism and the work in progress. This order is achieved as differentiated cells carefully organize into tissues, organs, organ systems, and ultimately the organism as a whole.The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" is an article that the English mathematician Alan Turing wrote in 1952. It describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spirals, can arise naturally from a homogeneous, uniform state.

Pashtrik Shehu

Work in progress 33

MORPHOGENESIS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

Morphogenesis is the developmental cascade of pattern formation, the establishment of the body plan and architecture of mirror-image bilateral symmetry of musculoskeletal structures, culminating in the adult form.The goal of tissue engineering is the design and construction of spare parts for the human body to restore function to bone and articular cartilage and other tissues.Although bone has a high potential for regeneration, the adjacent articular cartilage is feeble in its capacity for repair and regeneration.

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Besfort Ramadani; Pashtrik Shehu C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D) Morphogenesis

Plant Develeopment Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues.

Fully-developed plant 35

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MORPHOGENESIS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) Morphogenic design

Design Develeopment In design development, the schematic plans and elevations are reviewed, revised and expanded to incorporate all the details and specifications required for construction.In our case for example the concstruction of truss.Truss, in engineering, a structural member usually fabricated from straight pieces of metal.

Fully-developed design

MORPHOGENESIS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Besfort Ramadani; Pashtrik Shehu

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KNITTING

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Knitting is a process of using long needles to interlink or knot a series of loops made by one continuous thread. Each loop or knot connects to another one, and when enough loops have been made, the result is a flat piece of material called a textile. To cover another basic definition, a textile is a fabric material made by interlacing natural fibers like wool or cotton, or synthetic fibers like polyester. Most textiles are made either through knitting or a process called weaving, in which vertical and horizontal threads are interlaced on equipment called a loom. Knitted materials tend to be more elastic and have more give than woven materials, which tend to be tighter and firmer.

The Knitting Process So, how is knitting done? We can't discuss the whole process in detail because there are many variations in types and patterns of knits.To start a new handknitting project, first, you have to complete an initial step called casting on, where a series of stitches are made on one of your knitting needles. Casting on creates the foundation row of stitches for whatever you are making. You start by making a loose kind of knot called a slip-knot, and then you work a thread through it. You then repeat that basic process until you have a row of loops on the knitting needle.

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KNITTING B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

Old English cnyttan, of West Germanic origin; related to German dialect knütten, also to knot1. The original sense was ‘tie in or with a knot’, hence ‘join, unite’ (knit (sense 2 of the verb)); an obsolete Middle English sense ‘knot string to make a net’ gave rise to knit (sense 1 of the verb).

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Besfort Ramadani; Pashtrik Shehu

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KNITTING

C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

The analogies in nature also is the grape or more specific the grape clusters because are connected together and create the knitting.Flower clusters mature into grape clusters and the peduncle is the main stem that connects them to the cane. The main stem of the cluster is the rachis and the smaller stems that grow off the rachis are known as lateral branches. The stems that connect the grapes to the lateral branches are the pedicels

The interest in knit lies with its particular ability to be both structurally and materially determined. Knit is fundamentally a highly flexible textile structure, which can be radically changed by controlling the composition of stitches. The control of stitches can happen across the entire fabric, which enables the fabrication of continuous materials with highly variegated performances. While knit is essentially a continuous yarn structure, the introduction of multiple yarns, in combination or replacing each other, enables further performance control.

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KNITTING E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Research Team:

ARCHITEXTILE

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) The etymological link is explicit. 'Textile', 'technology', 'text','texture', 'connection' and 'context' are all derivative inflections of the same proto-Indo-European word 'tek', which is the root of 'architecture'. 'Technology' and 'textile' are also both derived from the Latin 'texere', meaning to weave, connect and/or construct.A hybrid of 'architectures' and 'textiles', the word 'architextiles' refers to this body of projects and the ways of thinking and making that join the two.

Erza Gashi

Erëblina Musliu

Bleona Sopa 41

The authoritative organization in textiles, the Textile Institute, located in Manchester, UK, defines “textile” in its Textile Institute’s Terms and Definitions Glossary as “a general term applied to any manufacture from fibres, filaments or yarns characterised by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of length to thickness” (Textile Institute’s Terms and Definitions Committee 1995)

.In another source, the word refers to “...a material made mainly of natural or synthetic fibres.

Modern textile products may be prepared from a number of combinations of fibres, yarns, films, sheets, foams, furs, or leather.

They are found in apparel, household and commercial furnishings, vehicles, and industrial products. Materials made solely from plastic sheet or film,leather, fur, or metal are not usually considered to be textiles” (Block 2010.)

ARCHITEXTILE B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

Weave

Braid

Weft-knit

Warp-knit 42

Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

ARCHITEXTILE D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Dunes

As well as physically separating materials from flows, textiles can slow the velocity of flows.Unlike a solid barrier that causes reflection and turbulence, textiles allow flows to pass through while pacifying them.The flow’s energy is absorbed and dissipated throughout the textile matrix. The example of that in nature are dunes.

“Texture” as part of the nature in tree.

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Facade of this residential tower was generated using a handcrafted textile and foam surface which was then digitised and applied, as a 3-D model, on to the striped volume of the building. Each housing unit is thereby detailed with its own nonrepeated pattern and unique visual identity.

NOX’s museum seen from the front reveals how the Semperian concept of textile drives the variation of volume, of structure and fenestration.

The structure for the museum is based on rolled steel tubes. All 3-D curves consist of flat circle segments.

ARCHITEXTILE E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

Knitting as part of architextile used in elevation of a hybrid complex -2D

3D-knitting elevation

REFERENCES:Architectural Design “Architextiles” Vol 76/6, Wiley Academy, 2006 https://issuu.com/janetbroughton/docs/broughton_tectonic_sites 44

Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa

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MODULARITY

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Modularity is a concept that has been throughly used in architecture and industry.Objects can be prototyped, changed depending on the space and customized dependent on the users needs Modular design or “modularity in design” is a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids that can be independently created and then used in different systems. ... Examples of modular systems are modular buildings, solar panels, wind turbines and so on.

Origin LATIN

MODERN LATIN

modulus

modularis modular ENGLISH

Modularity in interior design, or "modularity in use", refers to the opportunities of combinations and reconfigurations of the modules in order to create an artefact that suits the specific needs of the user and simultaneously grows with them. In interior design modularity is used in order to achieve customizable products that are economically viable 45

late 18th century

Modular architecture in 2D Modular architecture is based on the design and use of systems composed of separate repetitive elements (standard units), which are similar in size, shape and functional nature. These can be linked up to each other, be replaced or added.

MODULARITY B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

+ + 2D of modularity

Summing up the cubes to create a volumetric modularity

Separated parts, same in dimensions form a modular system

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Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

In nature, modularity may refer to the construction of a celluar organism by joining together standardized units to form larger compositions, as for example, the hexagonal cells in honeycomb.

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MODULARITY D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Modular architecture is based on the design and use of systems composed of separate repetitive elements (standard units), which are similar in size, shape and functional nature. These can be linked up to each other, be replaced or added.

MODULARITY E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

3D of structure

2D of structure as part of the project

Detail of modularity

Modularity as part of structure

REFERENCES:https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/modular-architecture/ https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/modular-design-for-rapid-advances 48

Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa

3

STRATIFICATION

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Stratification (n.)

1610s, from Medieval Latin stratificationem (nominative stratificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of stratificare "to form strata," from stratum "thing spread out" (see stratum) + combining form of facere "to make".. In sociology from 1879.Stratification is the arrangement or classification of something into different groups.Stratification is used in many topics as social stratification , Earth Sciences and in architecture.

- Social stratification is the allocation of individuals and groups according to various social hierarchies of differing power, status, or prestige.

-Architecture stratification is an approach that connects multiple views on a single system with refinement translations, so that each view completely describes the whole system on a particular level of abstraction. It also describes the complete architecture of a software systems on multiple layers of abstraction.

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- In the Earth Sciences stratification usually refers to a natural process for separating layers rather than an artificial one.In archaeology, stratification refers to the layers of ground where objects are found.

Although the artifacts are man made, the strata are formed by natural processes like sedimentary rock rock deposition.

Stratification in art.-Le Corbusier

Social stratification.

STRATIFICATION B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

Applied forces

Deformations

Push

Remove, scratch

3D

Stratify 50

Erza Gashi; Erëblina Musliu; Bleona Sopa C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D) Stratification, the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the Earth's surface, as from lava flows and volcanic fragmental deposits.

The layers range from several millimetres to many metres in thickness and vary greatly in shape.

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STRATIFICATION D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) Architecture stratification is an approach that connects multiple views on a single system with refinement translations, so that each view completely describes the whole system on a particular level of abstraction

STRATIFICATION E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

Planimetry

The process of creating stratification REFERENCES:https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/2308/1/dissertation_girschick.pdf https://architecturality.wordpress.com/tag/stratification/ 52

1

Research Team:

FLOW

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) -Verb 1. (of a liquid, gas, or electricity) move steadily and continuously in a current or stream 2.with adverbial of direction Go from one place to another in a steady stream, typically in large numbers.

Brikena Mehmeti -Noun 1.[in singular] The action or fact of moving along in a steady, continuous stream.

2.The gradual permanent deformation of a solid under stress, without melting -Origin Old English flōwan, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch vloeien, also to flood.

Pranvera Kryeziu

Verona Begaj 53

The verb flow often describes the movement of fluids, such as water or even blood, but it can also describe other things that move in a constant stream. When you get that high-paying job, money might flow into your bank account.

Until then, offers for help might flow in when you need to pay your credit card bill. Flow has a noun form as well. You might watch the flow of traffic on the street.

https://www.etymonline.com/word/flow https://www.pinterest.com/afshinebp/cubist/ https://i.pinimg.com/originals/77/4f/16/774f1 6c12496e981be62c77922874997.jpg

FLOW B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) Rhythm- an ordered recurrent alternation of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and silence in speech.

Glide-to move or proceed smoothly and readily

Flow in art -

Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night

Rush- (Sudden feeling) a sudden strong emotion or physical feeling

https://artclasscurator.com/rhythm-in-art-examples/ https://drawpaintacademy.com/rhythm/#:~:text=Rhythm%20in%20art%20r efers%20to,we%20use%20colors%20and%20shapes.

https://drawpaintacademy. com/the-starry-night/ 54

Brikena Mehmeti, Pranvera Kryeziu, Verona Begaj C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D) Natural flow means the quantity of water that would have flowed in a river past a particular point in a particular period but for the effect during that period of diversions to or from, and impoundments on, the river upstream of that point.

Frozen Water Awe-inspiring aerial photography by Hans Stand

FLOW D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) Architecture is subject to those ongoing transformations and emergencies and should be designed with regard to them. A building created under these conditions can become a spatial continuum that engages, changes, moves and flows, influenced by the effects of time, nature and events.

Active volcano Pic. by Paul Souders

https://www.google.com/search?q=flow+in+nature&rlz =1C1CHBF_enXK878XK878&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk036 Kv2CsYQaINyoeUdJXgY9isrg8g:1619011776875&sou rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0xPuuI_wAhXG_7sIHUclAkYQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw= 1536&bih=698#imgrc=kB7KgqmDwnwwYM 55

1

Jeanne Gang building (Aqua Tower)

2D Top view

Golden ratio

https://www.archdaily.com/870531/behind-thescenes-at-studio-gang

FLOW E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

M A C R O S I T E

P H Y S I C A L M O D E L

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Brikena Mehmeti, Pranvera Kryeziu, Verona Begaj

2

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Pleated_ Pronunciation /ˈpliːtɪd/ -Adjective Having or formed into pleats. a pleated skirt, dress etc has a lot of flat narrow folds Pleated is used with these nouns: *pants *skirt -Origin Late Middle English: a variant of plait. The written form of the word became obsolete between c. 1700 and the end of the 19th century.

A pleat (older plait) is a type of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and securing it in place. It is commonly used in clothing and upholstery to gather a wide piece of fabric to a narrower circumference.

Pleated textile https://www.moodfabrics.com/beige-accordion-pleated-chiffon-321427 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/18/d5/4e/18d54ec61e9b283d83af033ff667b12d.jpg https://www.1stdibs.com/info/antiques/ 57

PLEATED

PLEATED B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) Twist- to have made something more complex -Fold -Bend -Balance

Pleated dresses in ancient times In a quick search for the definition of pleats, most dictionaries provide a reference to the texture in its application to the world of fashion. After all, the pleat is perhaps best understood as a particular fold realized in garments.

-Symmetry

https://symmetrysymptom.tumbl https://www.maisonbarbagli.it/en/history-ofr.com/post/159246240409 pleating/ 58

Brikena Mehmeti, Pranvera Kryeziu, Verona Begaj C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

Here we show that, for more general curved surfaces, curvature may be relaxed by pleats: uncharged lines of dislocations (topological dipoles) that vanish on the surface and play the same role as fabric pleats. We experimentally investigate crystal order on surfaces with spatially varying positive and negative curvature. https://www.elledecor.com/it/best-of/a26330181/trendfashion-architecture-design-2019-pleats/ 59

2

PLEATED D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/02-40987/elsistema-constructivo-%25e2%2580%259cmuropixel%25e2%2580%259d/imagen-arco-pixel https://www.flickr.com/photos/richardsweeney/47982 98315/

PLEATED E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

M A C R O S I T E

P H Y S I C A L M O D E L

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Brikena Mehmeti; Pranvera Kryeziu; Verona Begaj

3

TRIANGULATION

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Triangulation Pronunciation /trʌɪaŋɡjʊˈleɪʃn -Noun mass noun 1(in surveying) the tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles in order to determine the distances and relative positions of points spread over an area, especially by measuring the length of one side of each triangle and deducing its angles and the length of the other two sides by observation from this baseline.

2.Formation of or division into triangles.

3.(in politics) the action or process of positioning oneself in such a way as to appeal to or appease both left-wing and right-wing standpoints.

-Origin To triangulate is to divide into triangles or use triangles to measure something. ... It's no coincidence, both words come from the Latin triangulum for yes, “triangle.” When you triangulate, you make a series of triangles to measure distance or altitude.

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https://www.etymonline.com/word/triangulation

TRIANGULATION B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

-Split up -Order -Rhythm -Replicate

Frida Kahlopainting with triangle shapes

-Foldet paper in triangular shapes

https://newberryarchive.wordpress.co m/2016/04/09/triangulation-in-drawing/

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Brikena Mehmeti; Pranvera Kryeziu; Verona Begaj

C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

3

TRIANGULATION D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

voronoi diagram

Spider web

Triangulation isn’t just about using multiple strategies of data collection. Triangulation of measures occurs when researchers use multiple approaches to measure a single variable. Triangulation of theories occurs when researchers rely on multiple theories to help explain a single event or phenomenon.

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For each seed there is a corresponding region, called Voronoi cells, consisting of all points of the plane closer to that seed than to any other.

The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation.

Triangulation involves the use of triangular shapes to give stability to structures. It relates particularly to pinned or hinged structures. Usually these types of structures offer no resistance to bending moments when a force is applied.

TRIANGULATION E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

M A C R O S I T E

P H Y S I C A L M O D E L

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Research Team:

1

BLOSSOM

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) From it’s etymological roots the word “Blossom” has it’s origin from the German term “bloesem” meaning also to bloom. Apart from the eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, the word Blossom can be used both as noun and as a verb. You can refer to a flower or a mass of flowers, especially on a fruit tree or bush, mostly during spring times, by the term blossom as a - noun -, and you can refer to the process of the producing of flowers itself, by the term blossom as a - verb -.

Valëza Tahiri

Blerina Muriqi

As for its context and use when spoken of, the term blossom, except the fact that it represents and describes a floral, natural procedure, it can be often used to describe approximately the same meaning for humans too. When we refer to people as they “blossom” , it usually means that they achieved to develop for good, increasing attractive or successful qualities. The term is also used to express other meanings in sentences such as describing the metamorphosis of a specific relation between people, which is outgrowing itself even more. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/blossom

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BLOSSOM B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) 1. Adding- The process of adding multiple repetitive units until making a whole.

2. Gradience - The absence of a clear-cut differentiation by creating an undulating form.

Units to Whole

2D Front view

2D Top view

3.Rhythm- The visual flow of the movement created within the arrangement of the blossoms, it allows your eye to move around, from the focal point to the edges and back again.

1. Adding

2. Gradience

3. Rhythm

4. Twist

4. Twist- Through the middle axis of rotation, a perfect geometric sense.

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Valëza Tahiri, Blerina Muriqi C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D) Blossom in botany, aims also to protect, through a delicate wrapping of the petals it gives protection and shelter to the seed or the fruit of the flower.

Qizhong Tennis Center in Shanghai features dynamic roof "petals" inspired of the Magnolia petals that can open and close depending on the weather conditions and the stadiums needs.

1

BLOSSOM D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) Nature has often been a place of inspiration and guidance for architects, whether was it for structure, form or design.

The two sketches show the relation between one a n o t h e r, t h e d i v i n e proportions, first found in Botany and then used in Architecture, each new cell is formed after a turn, and the spiral continues n a t u r a l l y t o i n fi n i t y.

Qizhong Tennis Center

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BLOSSOM E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

-Schematic Perspective -

- Diagrammatic model-

“Blossom” was one of the main assets used to generate the concept of the masterplan and try to bring it to life. Rotation, dynamics, spirals, circulation, were some of the operations as part of the design process. The complex starts within a point, which increases its infinitum and becomes the spot, of which 3 main spirals expand from it, each one of them connecting with the other through ramps, halls, etc. The same way that the petals hold and protect the fruit, the same way the complex contains an inner garden with -Masterplan- access to every part of the station.

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Blerina Muriqi; Valëza Tahiri

2

FATLESS ARCHITECTURE FRACTALS

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

The Sierpinski Triangle

The von Koch curve source: The Techniques in Fractal Geometry - Kenneth Falconer

THE PATTERN INSIDE THE PATTERN Based on their transformation method, fractals can be: self-similiar, self-affine, approximately self-similiar and statistically self-similiar. Selfsimiliar fractals are the most known fractals, and they include: The Cantor Set, the von Koch curve, The Sierpinski triangle and carpet, etc. self-similiar sets

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References: Oxford Dictionary (source: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/) https://www.etymonline.com/word/fractal

FRACTALS; source: https://www.fractalus.com/info/layman.htm

FATLESS ARCHITECTURE FRACTALS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) source; documentary “Fractals: Hunting The Hidden Dimension”.

2nd dimension

3rd dimension

The process of iteration:

between 2nd and 3rd

Although, Mandelbrot couldn't measure the fractal's length, he could measure its roughness. To do this, he had to rethink one of the most basic principles of math: dimensions. In 'normal geometry', there are 3 dimensions. Mandelbrot supposed that fractals have a dimension in between. The rougher they are, the higher the fractal dimension.

The Mandelbrot set is generated by iteration.

The Mandelbrot Set

Operative design process of the self similar fractal

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Blerina Artinë Arifi; Muriqi; Lorita Valëza Leka; Tahiri Haris Abdixhiki C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

2

FATLESS ARCHITECTURE FRACTALS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Centenary of the federation of Australian States

Inherent to the structures of ice and snowflakes. photo: Ivan Turkouvski (source: news.globallandscapesforum.org)

Fractal patterns found in growth spirals, which follow a Fibonacci Sequence. (Photo: Genista/flickr)

Fractal patterns are highly common in trees and forests

The most impressive thing about fractals is their ubiquity in nature. “Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.” - Mandelbrot created a new geometry that mirrors not the ideal forms of thought but the real complexity of nature. He found order in disorder..

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Fractal geometry in architecture: structural pattern building: Centenary of the federation of Australian States

Fractal geometry defining the structure of a building

Architecture is closely associated with geometry and nature. A variety of nature’s forms, which in many cases present fractal geometry in their structural appearance, have been creatively used by architects and engineers in projects like shells, light-weight structures, arcs, tents and bridges.

FATLESS ARCHITECTURE FRACTALS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale) Natural Analogies of Fractal as Inspiration

Operative Design Process: snail shell - spiral

main masterplan contours where natural analogies worked as constraints:

The initial inspiration fractal geometry found in nature.

Final result of the hybrid complex’s masterplan

Fractal Geometry

Fractal is one of the Sub-Themes for designing the hybrid complex’. The connection that fractal geometry has with nature is one of the main inspirations of the idea and concept of the Biophilic Hybrid Complex. The forms of the fractal geometry of spirals found in many sea shells or snail shells were some of the initial constraints that helped with the generation of the masterplan’s shape and character. Also, a combination with the other Sub-Theme was made in order to create a pure biophilic design that is focused in hedonistic sustainability.

Contours of the spiral added on site location

Addition of other volumes

The spiral ramp as the centric element of the design

Volumes/functions following the spiral

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Research Team:

1

SUSPENDED

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) It comes from the Latin verb suspendere, meaning “to hang up.”

Most meanings of suspend can be divided into those that are based on the literal meaning of hang up—“to hang something by attaching it to something else”— or those that are based on the more idiomatic meaning of hang up—“to delay or postpone.”

Albana Rafuna

Andina Latifi

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SUSPENDED B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) Suspended used to describe a structure supported from higher points, such as a bridge suspended from piers or a building or floors hung from a separate structure. A suspended ceiling is one hung from the structure above to lower the ceiling and conceal services, etc., and a suspended floor is one supported only by its ends.

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, with vertical suspender cables that transfer the live and dead loads of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework.

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Albana Rafuna; Andina Latifi C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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1

SUSPENDED D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

SUSPENDED E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

76

Albana Rafuna; Andina Latifi

2

RIBBED

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Adjective: ribbed *(especially of a fabric or garment) having a pattern of raised bands. "a ribbed cashmere sweater” *architecture (of a vault or other structure) strengthened with ribs. * (Science: anatomy) One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax.In man there are twelve ribs on each side, of which the upper seven are directly connected with the sternum by cartilages, and are called sternal, or true, ribs. The remaining five pairs are called asternal, or false, ribs, and of these each of the three upper pairs is attached to the cartilage of the rib above, while the two lower pairs are free at the ventral ends, and are called floating ribs.

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RIBBED B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D) The concept of “ribbed surfaces” emerged from an attempt to reverse-engineer some of the tubular sculptures created by Charles Perry.As a specific example, Solstice , located in downtown Tampa, Florida (Fig.1a), has a thick supporting “rail” in the shape of a torus knot. The three segments of this dominant curve, which pass through any radial section of the embedding torus, are connected by curved “ribs” that roughly form a hyperbolic triangle. This triangle rotates through 240 degrees as it sweeps once around the major loop of the torus.

In order to create a ribbed surface, we need to define one or two parameterized guide rail curves and the rail cross-sections that will be swept along the rail curve(s).). For the ribs we have to specify: the total number of ribs; their crosssection information; two parameter intervals [sb0, sb1] and [se0, se1],for the beginning (b) and end (e) point locations on the appropriate guide rail(s); an applicationdependent set of geometric end-point parameter functions that define the shape of the individual ribs as the sweep parameter s is running through the interval from s0 to s1.

Consider as a first examples the case of a single guide rail (Fig.2a), parameterized from s=0 to s=1, starting from an arbitrary starting point. The beginnings of the ribs would then be placed uniformly over the interval s: [0, 0.5], and the end-points over the interval s: [0.5, 1.0].

As a second example, we assume that we have two separate guide rails, Gb and Ge, for the rib endpoints(Fig.2.b). The beginnings might be spread over the interval sb: [0, 0.5] on rail Gb and the endpoints over the interval se: [0, 1.0] on Ge.

2

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Albana Rafuna; Andina Latifi C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

2

RIBBED D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D) A rib vault or ribbed vault is an architectural feature for covering a wide space, such as a church nave, composed of a framework of crossed or diagonal arched ribs.

Variations were used in Roman architecture, Byzantine architecture, Islamic architecture, Romanesque architecture, and especially Gothic architecture. Thin stone panels fill the space between the ribs. This greatly reduced the weight and thus the outward thrust of the vault.

The ribs transmit the load downward and outward to specific points, usually rows of columns or piers. This feature allowedthinner walls and much larger windows.

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RIBBED E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Endris Kycyku; Festim Mulaku

1

GRADIENT

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

The word gradient has it’s roots from the latin word gradiēns, present participle of gradior (“to step, to walk”). It can be used as a verb and as a noun. You can refer to gradient as a word Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birds.. Moving by steps; walking.. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination. (analysis) A differential operator that maps each point of a scalar field to a vector pointed in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the scalar. Notation for a scalar field φ: ∇φ. (calculus)

Albana Rafuna

Andina Latifi

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GRADIENT B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

1

2

1.Moving by steps 2.Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination 3.A differential operator that maps each point of a scalar field to a vector pointed in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the scalar.

4.Notation for a scalar field φ: ∇φ. (calculus) Of a function y = f(x) or the graph of such a function

3

4

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Endris Kycyku; Festim Mulaku C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

Our eyes accurately identify real and fake combinations of colors. For example the biggest inspiration for our eyes is the sky. Even if we don’t spend most of our waking hours staring at it, we are still influenced by its colours, since they coat our surroundings with their hues.

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1

GRADIENT D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

GRADIENT E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

The gradient of H at a point is a plane vector pointing in the direction of the steepest slope or grade at that point. The steepness of the slope at that point is given by the magnitude of the gradient vector.

Similar to the very concept of the vectorial meaning of gradient we tried to emulate the moving paths of frequentation to one of the most perfect occurrence of gradient

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Endris Kycyku; Festim Mulaku

2

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Fibrous is the adjective of the word fiber,but what is the etymology of fiber?

Known in late 14c., the word fibre consists of "a lobe of the liver," also"entrails," in Medieval Latin was known as fibre, in Latin known as fibra "a fiber, filament; entrails," which is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Latin filum "a thread, string" (from PIE root *gwhi- " thread, tendon") or to Latin findere "to split" (from PIE root *bheid- "to split").

It means "thread-like structure in animal bodies" is from c.1600 (in plants, 1660s); hence figurative use in reference to force or toughness (1630s). As "textile material," 1827. Fiberboard is from 1897; Fiberglas is attested from 1937, U.S. registered trademark name; in generic use, with lower-case f- and double -s, by 1941.

Fiber optics is from 1956.

Now to jump back to fibrous.

Fibrous means consisting of, or having the characteristics of, fibers,started circulating since 1620s, can be found in Modern Latin as fibrosus or in Latin as fibra "a fiber,filament".

PIE-Proto-Indo-European *gwhī-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "thread, tendon."

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to split," with derivatives in Germanic "referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking" [Watkins].

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FIBROUS

FIBROUS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

1.Muliple pieces joining together 2.Curling and tightening to create a bond 3.Becoming “One” 4.Lots of space yet so flexible

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Endris Kycyku; Festim Mulaku C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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2

FIBROUS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

FIBROUS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

Fibrous structures are a really good phenomenon that can be used to create massive structures with non-gemotrical shapes We plan to use these type of structures in our project for creating different structural patterns that will give our project a very nice access

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1

Research Team:

FABRICS

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Latin: Faber ( worker in metal, stone, etc...) -> Latin: Fabrica ( something skillfully produced ) ->French: Fabrique -> Late 15th century: Fabric ( material ) The word originaly denoted a building, then a machine and now its meaning is concidered to be “ something made ” in this context it being fabric.

Syrigana Bilalli

Fabric is a cloth or a material produced by weaving together cotton, silk, wool, nylon, or other threads. Fabrics are used for making such things as clothes, curtains, and sheets.

Nowadays fabrics are also used a lot in architecture as well, as inspiration, exibition or others...

Words used to describe fabrics:

Selma Lekovic

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Breathable Brushed Distressed Clingy

FABRICS B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

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Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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1

FABRICS D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

FABRICS E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic

2

TENSEGRITY

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Tensegrity comes from a combination of two words in english: Tension + Integrity -> Tensional Integrity -> Tensegrity.

Tensegrity is the property of a skeletal structure having continuous tension members ( wires ) and discontinuous compression members ( metal tubes ) so that each member performs efficiently in producing a rigid form.

Words used to describe tensegrity: Tension Stress Strength Pull

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TENSEGRITY B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

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Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

Human Body ( muscles )

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TENSEGRITY D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

Samuel Becket Bridge - Santiago Calatrava

TENSEGRITY E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

Wooden Structure and Construction 96

Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic

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A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) Fluidity - Flow 1600, from French fluidité , from fluide (adj.) or else formed in english from the word fluid.

As a noun it means the ability of a substance to flow easily.

It can also mean: - a smooth elegance or grace - a state of being unsettled or unstable: changeability.

Fluidity is also used in architecture, as a design or a form of how everything will be connected ( gives an easier accessability and literally a “flow” to the architecture ) Words used to describe fluidity: Flow Smoothness Rhythm Balance 97

FLUIDITY

FLUIDITY B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

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Syrigana Bilalli, Selma Lekovic C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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FLUIDITY D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

FLUIDITY E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Research Team:

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MORPHE

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D) To morph is to gradually change, or change someone or something, from one thing to another. Morph comes from the word metamorphosis, which is a Greek word meaning "a transforming.” We can use morphe in almost every context because, morph has a broad use. We can use it in a context of a building, a percon ect.

Anila Osmani

Leart Hoxha

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MORPHE B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

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Anila Osmani, Leart Hoxha C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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MORPHE D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

MORPHE E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Anila Osmani, Leart Hoxha

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INFLECTION

A. Etymology – Description – Context – Illustration (2D and 3D)

Inflection is the natyre of an object, or inanimate object to curve in a curtain way. The word "inflection" comes from the Latin inflectere, meaning "to bend. This word can be used to explain the curve of an object or to the up’s and down’s in a language.

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INFLECTION B. Find – Extract - Present principles through operative and generative design (2D and 3D)

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Anila Osmani, Leart Hoxha C. Analogies in Nature – find and extract similar principles in Nature (2D and 3D)

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INFLECTION D. Analogies in Architecture – Geometry – Form – Structure – Tectonics (2D and 3D)

INFLECTION E. Emulate and Interpret – speculate and suggest the findings in your Studio Project (2D and 3D schemes in Macro / site and Micro / program - scale)

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Prishtina, 2021