From BIO-INSPIRATION to BIO-ARCHITECTURE_2.2

from BIO-INSPIRATION to BIO-ARCHITECTURE

3.22

The Quest for NOVEL

TECTONICS

Design Studio

BIONISPIRATION

DESIGN

From Biological

to Architectural

The

Prishtina, 2022

BIONISPIRATION

DESIGN

From Biological

to Architectural

RESEARCH & APPLY

UBTPRESS

Copyright © 2022 Banush Shyqeriu and UBTPRESS.

BIONISPIRATION

DESIGN

From Biological

to Architectural

- EMULATE - APPLY

BANUSH SHYQERIU

CONTENT CONTENT SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION 1. Studio' Design Philosophy 2. Architectural Design Theme 2.1. Bioinspira on / Bionics / Biomime cs / Biomimicry 2.2. Poe cs of Architecture 2.3. Structure, Construc on, Tectonics 2.4. The New Structuralism 2.5. Novel Tectonics Research and Apply...

METHODOLOGY From Biological DESIGN to Architectural DESIGN Zoology Botany ISSUES and BIOMIMETIC poten als A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature BIOMIMETIC poten als BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TECHNICAL PROBLEMS List – categories of research

I 1 2 2 3 3 5 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 24 26 27 29

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- Zoology: Diatoms Surirella; Pecton jacobaeus - Botany: Schizophyllum commune fungi; Ipomoea alba Research Team: Albulena Smajli; Besjana Murseli -

Zoology: Diatoms Ac noptychus ans Arac.; Diatoms Tricera um alter.; Pisaster ochraceus - Botany: Waterwheel plant Adrovanda ves.; Pediastrum biradiatum; Agav spec.

Research Team: Albion Jakupi; Endrit Ahme ; Rinesa Hasani

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- Zoology: Cardim edule; Elysia crispata; - Botany: Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus; Macrolepiota Research Team: Dardan Hasani; Rinor Reka

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- Zoology: Pachliopta aristolochiae; Manis tricuspis - Botany: Heracleum mantagazzianum; Abies koreana Wils Research Team: Elmedinë Pajazi ; Rienta Sinani

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II

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Zoology: Papilio palinurusi; Radiolara Euchitonia elegans; Glass sponge Lyssacinosida Botany: Waterwheel plant Adrovanda vesiculosa; Pediastrum biradiatum; Physostegia virginiana Research Team: Blerina Zahi ; Blerta Hyseni

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Course Name: DESIGN STUDIO 3 – Design, Planning and Development of Economic Facilities Subject: RURAL AND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES AS ECO-STRUCTURES Architectural Design Theme: “From BIO-INSPIRATION to BIO-ARCHITECTURE & The Quest for TECTONIC and ATECTONIC NOVELTIES in BIOMATERIALS – STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE - ARCHITECTURE AS STRUCTURE & THE REVIVAL OF AUTOGENIC ORNAMENT” Architectural Design Philosophy: Hedonistic Sustainability through Biophilic Design and Vernacular Reflections prof. Banush Shyqeriu; ass. prof. Bardha Meta & ass. prof. Gresë Ramosaj SYNOPSIS: Architecture begins with the spark of an idea, which grows, evolves and prepares itself to enter in the realm of physical world. Hence, architecture as material entity is a synthesis of how we redesign and restructure the world with the same primordial materials our ancestors did, but always searching for the new ways to shape and express our built environment.

These new ways dene our continuous quest for novelty and the poetics with which we construct these novelties.

Structures remain a fundamental dener of architecture and our world, while through tectonics we give expression to the materials we construct.

Architecture goes beyond utilitarian properties, it embodies hedonistic substance

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INTRODUCTION 1. Studio' Design Philosophy: Hedonistic Sustainability 1.1. From Vitruvius Utilitas to Hedonistic Sustainability In his Ten Books of Architecture during the 1st century B.C.E. Vitruvius asserted that all the various types of buildings: Must be built with due reference to durability (Firmitas), convenience (Utilitas), and beauty (Venustas).

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While architecture has to fulfill the three Vitruvian components, from the dawn of Industrial Revolution we have experienced an architecture which is mostly utilitarian, unpleasant and even unhealthy. Even though today's industrial facilities do not “vomit” so much smoke as their predecessors did, their image has most of the time remained within the “cold” stereotypes set centuries ago.

The design philosophy which will fertilize the Design Studio course is the assertion of Hedonistic philosophy as an approach towards the architecture of pleasure and happiness, beyond the mere utilitarian buildings.

The word 'hedonism' comes from the ancient Greek for 'pleasure'. Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that pleasure and happiness is the primary or most important intrinsic goods and the proper aim of human life.

In architecture this philosophy is broadly defined as utilitarian parts of architecture that not just fulfill the ordinary purpose but improve the quality of life and human enjoyment.

2. Architectural Design Theme: “BIOINSPIRATION & THE QUEST FOR TECTONIC NOVELTIES IN WOOD – STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE - ARCHITECTURE AS STRUCTURE & THE REVIVAL OF AUTOGENIC ORNAMENT” 2.1. Bioinspiration / Bionics / Biomimetics / Biomimicry Since the 'settlement' of human beings in this Planet, nature has constantly been called upon to act as an engineer in solving technical problems.

Bionics or Biomimetics, as we understand it today, dates back to the period between 1800 and 1925 and its proponents Alessandro Volta (electric battery), Otto Lilienthal (flying machine), and Raoul Francé (concepts). It was virtually reinvented under the strong influence of cybernetics in the 1960s by H. v. Foerster and W. McCulloch. The term biomimetics arose simultaneously with a slightly different connotation. “Bioinspiration” is a convenient modern overarching term that embraces everything from bionics and biotechnology to bioinspired fashion design.

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According to Werner Nachtigall, the German language term Bionik originally comes from the English word "bionics", which was coined by the US Air Force Major J.E. Steele at a conference entitled "Bionics Symposium: Living prototypes – the key to new technology" in 1960, supposedly as a combination of the words "biology" and "technics" or "electronics". In German, the term "Bionik" has found a very expressive reinterpretation in the first and last syllables of the words Biologie [biology] and Technik [technology].

In the English-speaking world, the term "biomimetics" has appeared as equivalent to the German "Bionik" and is commonly used. Otto Schmidt coined this term in the 1950s. As the part "mimetic" suggests a mimicking of nature, the term is controversial. Recently, "Bioinspiration" has been used more often in the same context, but seems to be too general to prevail. Another solution for the continuing terminology discussion is to also use the term "bionik" in English. Nowadays, the three terms bionics, bionik and biomimetics are used synonymously.

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2.2. Poetics of Architecture Like everything in our material culture, every act of architecture has its poetics, that is to say a 'reading' specific to its conception and realisation.

What is poetics? Strictly speaking, poetics is the theory of literature and it concerns how poetry and other creative writing should be 'read' – that is, understood and evaluated.

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Etymologically poetics stems from the Greek term ποιεΐν [poiein 'to make']. Poiesis is therefore by default related to making, fabrication, production (as much as described

by Aristotle in his Metaphysics as the act of production following the thinking, noesis). In architecture, poetics has come to fill a similar role, that of “making” and “reading”.

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POETICS, NOT POETRY We should emphasize that poetics is not used as synonymous to poetry. De facto, poetry is the form of literary art 'in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, it's apparent meaning.' As we have already set, poetics per se instead, in its classical dimension, is linked to production.

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2.3. Structure, Construction, Tectonics 'Structure' should be understood to mean a network of relationships of elements or of elementary processes'. - Wolfgang Wieser Through tectonics the architect may make visible, in a strong statement that intensified kind of experience of reality which is the artist's domain—in our case the experience of forces related to forms in a building. Thus structure, the intangible concept, is realized through construction and given visual expression through tectonics. - Eduard F. Sekler

The simplest way of describing the function of an architectural structure is to say that it is the part of a building which resists the loads that are imposed on it. All of these loads tend to distort the building envelope and to cause it to collapse; it is to prevent this from happening that a structure is provided.

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The function of a structure may be summed up, therefore, as being to supply the strength and rigidity which are required to prevent a building from collapsing. More precisely, it is the part of a building which conducts the loads which are imposed on it from the points where they arise to the ground underneath the building, where they can ultimately be resisted.

Strength, Stiffness, Stability, Synergy Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss and should satisfy all four Ss of structural design: 1. Strength to prevent breaking 2. Stiffness to prevent excessive deformation 3. Stability to prevent collapse 4. Synergy to reinforce architectural design.

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2.4. The New Structuralism The New Structuralism announces a new order in design and construction. With the onset of digital technologies, existing parameters have shifted. The old order of standardised design and its established processes no longer hold sway; contemporary architectural design can now be characterised by irregularity, and an appetite for producing customised non-standard, complex, curvilinear forms. The shift in design and production technologies requires a seamless design approach that fully acknowledges the interdependence of design and fabrication.

Design is no longer wholly dictated by form with structure following behind; structure becomes integral to form-finding.

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2.5. Novel Tectonics Novel Tectonics leads to a non standardized approach towards architectural expression, which in one hand comes as a result of environmental constraints (i.e. building envelope) and in the other hand from the fabrication logic itself. To realize this, it is required a close and intensified collaboration in-between innovative architects, engineers and fabricators.

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BIONISPIRATION

DESIGN

From Biological

to Architectural

research and apply...

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12

Paradigm

-

Interdisciplinary studies, without and with a specific objec ve and focus

to a technical issue; structures, tectonics / cladding

Concept

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research

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METHODOLOGY selec on

-

Approach

-

Method

From Biological DESIGN to Architectural DESIGN From ancient times to the latest science development it has been (scientifically) proven that knowledge from biology can be used for technical developments in engineering, materials science and architecture. Inspiration from biology has been a wide concern of 19th and 20th century architects, while nowadays advances in science and technology especially in the topics related to structure-function relationships in diverse biological systems shows how knowledge from biology can be used for technical developments (bio-inspiration, biomimetics) in engineering and architecture.

“Nature does nothing uselessly.” Aristotle

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Zoology -

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bird-of-paradise flower (Strelitzia) Meganeura monyi Clypeaster rosaceus Leodia sexiesperforata Echinocyamus pusillus Diatoms Ac noptychus and Arachnoidiscus Radiolara ...............

Diagram demonstrating insect diversity (dark grey segment of the pie) as a source of biomimetic ideas for application in architecture (Adapted from Gorb 2011)

Botany -

Dragon trees (Dracaena) Dracaena reflexa Aldrovanda vesiculosa Dionaea muscipula Schefflera arboricola Opun a ...

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ISSUES and BIOMIMETIC poten als:

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Organiza on / self-organiza on

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Rule-based composi on

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Structure

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Skin / envelope

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Performance

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Form-structure rela onship

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Form-environment rela onship

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Structure-environment rela onship...

BIOINSPIRATION / BIONIK / BIONICS / BIOMIMETICS / BIOMIMICRY Through a process of inquiry, research and analysis of natural / biological systems it is required to research, iden fy and develop an analogical catalogue where nature will serve as inspira on for extrac ng various rule-based principles and approaches to be applied in two scales / levels in architectural design: macro and micro-scale / level.

A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture A er selec ng natural / biological systems for enquiry, research and analysis, each group of students should proceed through following steps: 1. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected natural / biological system) in macro-scale In this scale (macro-scale), the students should focus on rule-based design in nature for their solu ons in composi on of elements and components in a whole system, which would be applied in Part 2 (Macro-scale: Master-planning). Some of the composi on rules to be extracted are as follow:

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Network and connection structures involving self-formation processes. a Soap bubble layer between two glass plates. b Leaking sand model based on an Ethiopian settlement (Soqota). c Crack structure in porcelain. d Dried-out crack structure of a gelatin layer. e Dragonfly wing. f Maple leaf. (Adapted from Becker et al. 1994)

Some of the unusual dune types seen on the surface of Mars.

(Photos: NASA.)

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Composi § § §

on rules and pa erns Affilia ons Gradients Associa ve logics and popula on · Modularity · Agglomera on · Aggrega on · Packing · Folding · Bifurca on · Assemblage · Accumula on · Transforma on · Subdivision and (geometrical) manipula on o Triangulate o Stellate o Honeycomb o Catmull Clark o Pentagoniza on o Checkerboard o Fractal o Sierpinski o Voronoi o Penrose o … etc · Deforma on · Varia on · Muta on · Exaggera on · Disturbance · Blending · Warp · … etc

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2. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected system) in micro-scale In this scale (micro-scale), the students should focus on rule-based design in nature for their solu ons in composi on of elements and components, which would be applied in part 2 (Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on). Some of the composi on rules to be extracted are as follow: o

Composi on rules and pa erns § § §

Affilia ons Gradients Associa ve logics and popula on · Modularity · Agglomera on · Aggrega on · Packing · Folding · Bifurca on · Assemblage · Accumula on · Transforma on · Subdivision and (geometrical) manipula on o Triangulate o Stellate

· · · ·

o Honeycomb o Catmull Clark o Pentagoniza on o Checkerboard o Fractal o Sierpinski o Voronoi o Penrose o … etc Deforma on Varia on Muta on Exaggera on

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3. Iden fy the principle(s) and formulate abstract idea(s) to be applied in part two

22 Organism and abstraction

Sketches of the function processes of leaves. Abstraction and transformation of the system

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature Apply the research from part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 1.

Macro-scale: Master-planning 1.1. Urban and Landscape Design - Biophilic Design; 2.

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Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.1.

Spa al composi on and pa erns – structure of space: use the rulebased design in nature from point 3 to set rules and criteria for composing and configuring space: modularity, subdivision, transforma on, interpenetra ng spaces, juxtaposi on, interpola on, extrapola on, etc.

2.2.

Structure and space: in an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on, indeed compose space through structure by using rule-based design methods, techniques and processes; Modularity, assemblage, transforma on, varia on, 2.3.

Structure – space – form: In an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on and form / forms of the design according to the given func on – design brief and various other external constraints, sitespecific.

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BIOMIMETIC poten als:

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Self-organiza on

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Morphogene c Design

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Structural Op miza on

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Ribs and Frameworks

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Offset Beams

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Layered Structure

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Hierarchical Structures

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Spa al Structures

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Fold Systems

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Curvature

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Shading and Direc ng Light

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Color without Pigments

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Ven la on Systems for Breathing Envelopes

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Reac ve Envelope Structures, etc.

BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TECHNICAL PROBLEMS Iden fy:

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Structural pa erns o

Grid

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Plated

o

Shell

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Structural elements

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Structural components

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Geometrical Duality – geometry=structure

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Structure and force

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Structure and form

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Structure and func on

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Structure and performance, etc.

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Biomimetic top-down approach (technology pull process) of adaptive components for built structures. The technical challenge is to develop structures with adaptive stiffness and continuous hinge-less kinematics (P1+A1). Biological concept generators are (P2) herbaceous plants and (A2) mouthparts and ovipositors of insects. The underlying functional principles found in plants (P3) and animals (A3) will be translated into computational models (P4+A4).

List - categories of research Z - Zoology and B - Botany

Zoology

Botany

1. Meganeura monyi 2. Calopteryx splendens 3. Pieris brassicae 4. Gonepteryx rhamni 5. Pachliopta aristolochiae 6. Papilio palinurus 7. Carabidae 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis 9. Clypeaster reticulatus 10. Leodia sexiesperforata 11. Echinocyamus pusillus 12. Clypeaster rosaceus 13. Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arachnoidiscus 14. Diatoms Surirella 15. Diatoms Thalassiosira 16. Diatoms Triceratium alternans 17. Diatoms Chaetoceras spec 18. Radiolara Clathrocyclas 19. Radiolara Spumellaria 20. Radiolara Nasellarian 21. Radiolara Euchitonia elegans 22. Radiolara Larcospira quadrangular 23. Radiolara Lamprocyclas maritalis 24. Radiolara Cornutella 25. Radiolara Callimitra spec.

26. Pecten jacobaeus 27. Glass sponge Lyssacinosida 28. Venus' flower basket Euplectella aspergillum 29. Lactoria cornuta or Acanthostracion polygonius 30. Geotrupes silvaticus 31. Chthamalus stellatus 32. Hippopotamus amphibius skeleton 33. Rhinocerotidae skeleton 34. Balaenoptera physalus skeleton 35. Cardium edule 36. Mytilus edulis 37. Ploceus nests 38. Chrysiridia rhipheus 39. Aglaiocerus coelestis 40. Elysia crispata 41. Uta stansburiana 42. Pisaster ochraceus 43. Manis tricuspis 44. Argyroneta aquatica web

1. Dracaena reflexa 2. Dracaena cinnabari 3. Amazon water lily leaf Victoria amazonica 4. Waterwheel plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa 5. Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 6. Chamaerops humilis 7. Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula 8. Schefflera arboricola 9. Edgeworthia chrysantha 10. Ficus microcarpa 11. Strangler fig Ficus spp.

12. Nerium oleander 13. Prickly pear Opuntia leaf 14. Rhizophora mangle 15. Bird-of-paradise flower Strelitzia 16. Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus 17. Mimosa pudica 18. Drosera capensis 19. Schizophyllum commune fungi 20. Macrolepiota 21. Pediastrum biradiatum 22. Pediastrum subgranulatum 23. Pediastrum simplex 24. Physalis alkekengi 25. Cladium mariscus 26. Agave spec.

27. Bambusa spec.

28. Pinus nigra 29. Pinaceae cones 30. Heracleum mantegazzianum 31. Ipomoea alba 32. Lilium lancefolium 33. Physostegia virginiana 34. Impatiens balsamina 34. Caladium bicolor 35. Bellis perennis 36. Gerbera jamesonii 37. Primula obconica 38. Primula veris 39. Calopogon tuberosus 40. Hylocereus undatus 41. Abies koreana Wils 42. Equisetum telmateia 43. Pinguicula grandiflora 44. Bryonia dioica

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Research Group: Albulena Smajli; Besjana Murseli

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

Diatoms are algae that live in houses made of glass. They are the only organism on the planet with Zoology cell walls composed of transparent, opaline silica. Diatom cell walls are ornamented by intricate 14. Diatoms Surirella and striking pa erns of silica.

26. Pecten jacobaeus Diatoms have light-absorbing molecules that collect energy from the sun and turn it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Diatoms are generally 2 to 200 micrometers in size, with a few larger species. Their yellowishbrown chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis, are typical of heterokonts, having four membranes Image and containing pigments such as the carotenoid fucoxanthin.

Diatoms are divided into two groups that are dis nguished by the shape of the frustule: the centric diatoms and the pennate diatoms.Pennate diatoms are bilaterally symmetric. Each one of their valves have openings that are slits along the raphes and their shells are typically elongated parallel 14. Diatoms Surirella to these raphes. They generate cell movement through cytoplasm that streams along the raphes, always moving along solid surfaces.

Surirella is a genus of diatoms in the family Surirellaceae.

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Weavers are named for their elaborately woven nests. The nests vary in size, shape, material used, and construc on techniques from species to species. Materials used for building nests include fine leaf fibers, grass, and twigs. Many species weave very fine nests using thin strands of leaf fiber, though some, like the buffalo-weavers, form massive un dy s ck nests in their colonies, which may Image have spherical woven nests within. The sociable weavers of Africa build apartment-house nests, in which 100 to 300 pairs have separate flask-shaped chambers entered by tubes at the bo om.

Most species weave nests that have narrow entrances, facing downward.The birds build their nests 37. Ploceus nests together for protec on, o en several to a branch. Usually the male birds weave the nests and use them as a form of display to lure prospec ve females.

Diatoms Surirella; Ploceus nests | Schizophyllum commune fungi; Ipomoea alba

Botany 19. Schizophyllum commune fungi 31. Ipomoea alba

Image

19. Schizophyllum commune fungi

31. Ipomoea alba

Schizophyllum commune is a species of fungus in the genus Schizophyllum. The mushroom resembles undula ng waves of ghtly packed corals or loose Chinese fan. "Gillies" or "split gills" vary from creamy yellow to pale white in colour. The cap is small, 1–4 cen metres wide with a dense yet spongey body texture. It is known as the split-gill mushroom because of the unique longitudinally divided nature of the "gills" on the underside of the cap. This mushroom is found throughout the world.

It is found in the wild on decaying trees a er rainy seasons followed by dry spells where the mushrooms are naturally collected. It is known for its high medicinal value and aroma c taste profile. It has recently a racted the medicinal industry for its immunomodulatory, an fungal, an neoplas c and an viral ac vi es that are higher than those of any other glucan complex carbohydrate.

They grow in shelf-like arrangements, without stalks. The gills, which produce basidiospores on their surface, split when the mushroom dries out, earning this mushroom the common name split gill. It is common in ro ng wood. The mushrooms can remain dry for decades and then revived with moisture.

Ipomoea alba, some mes called the tropical white morning-glory or moonflower or moon vine, is a species of night-blooming morning glory, na ve to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, from Argen na to northern Mexico, Florida and the West Indies. Though formerly classified as genus Calonyc on, species aculeatum, it is now properly assigned to genus Ipomoea, subgenus Quamoclit, sec on Calonyc on.

It is a perennial, herbaceous liana growing to a height of 5–30 m tall with twining stems. The leaves are en re or three-lobed, 5–15 cm long, with a 5–20 cm long stem. The flowers are fragrant, white or pink, and large, 8–14 cm diameter. The flowers open quickly in the evening and last through the night, remaining open un l touched by the morning dew.

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

1. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected natural / biological system) in macro-scale

14. Diatoms Surirella

32 37. Ploceus nests

19. Schizophyllum commune fungi

31. Ipomoea alba

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

2. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected system) in micro-scale

Branching

Ribbed

Modularity

14. Diatoms Surirella

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Kni ng 37. Ploceus nests

Weaving

Kno ng

19. Schizophyllum commune fungi

Ruffle

Segrega on

Fractal

Modularity

Modularity

31. Ipomoea alba

Arch

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

3. Identify the principle(s) and formulate abstract idea(s) to be applied in part two

Ribbed

Ribbed

14. Diatoms Surirella

Weaving

36 37. Ploceus nests

Weaving

19. Schizophyllum commune fungi

Arch

Arch

31. Ipomoea alba

Fractal

Fractal

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 1. Macro-scale: Master-planning 1.1. Urban and Landscape Design - Biophilic Design

Fractal

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Mirroring Ve cally

Mirroring Horizontally

defini on of form

Implementa on in the project

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.1. Spa al composi on and pa erns – structure of space: use the rule-based design in nature from Point 3...

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Ribbed

implementa on of the pa ern in the structure

MASTERPLAN-STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

AXONOMETRIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF A MODULE

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.2. Structure and space: in an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on,...

Extrac on of the structure

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Applica on in structure

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 14,37 | B: 19,31

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.3. Structure – space – form: In an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on and form / forms Weaving

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Facade structure

implementa on on the facade

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophyllum_commune 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_alba 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploceidae#:~:text=Materials%20used%20for%20building%20nests,have%20spherical%20woven%20nests%20within.

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom

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Research Group: Albion Jakupi; Endrit Ahmeti; Rinesa Hasani Diatoms play a fundamental role due to their massive contribu on to global photosynthe c oxygen produc on.

A unique feature of diatom anatomy is that they are surrounded by a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide), called a frustule.

Diatoms are ubiquitous monocellular microalgae, responsible for about 20-25% of the global oxygen produced by photosynthesis. Living in environments where sunlight is not so easily accessible, evolu on shaped diatoms in order to exploit light with high efficiency. In par cular, diatoms are provided with an external, micro- and nanopa erned silica shell, the frustule, surprisingly similar to ar ficial photonic crystals and able to manipulate light in many different ways.

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26 Zoology 13. Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.

16. Diatoms Triceratium alternans 42. Pisaster ochraceus

Image

13. Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.

Diatoms are a major group of algae,specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, Zoology waterways and soils of the world.They are microscopic elements.

Tricera um is characterized by valves with eleva ons bearing ocelli, valvar surface with pseudoloculi, some mes poorly developed, mantle projected outwards in the valvar margin and valves generally tripolar, rarely bipolar or tetrapolar .Valves are triangular with straight or concave sides. An eleva on with one ocellus and one rimoportula appears in each corner. The valvar surface is areolate; arcolae in radial disposi on.

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Highly variable in color; most commonly purple, but can also be orange, orange-ochre, yellow, reddish, or shades of brown.These sea stars are able to regenerate arms that are lost and are thought to live up to 20 years. Average arm radius in CA/OR is around 9 cm but can reach 3x this size. Individuals usually have 5 arms but this can vary from 4 to 7. Aboral surfaces have many small white spines arranged in detached groups or in a re culate pa ern, generally forming a star-shaped design on central part of disk . Tube feet on the undersides of arms have suckers that allow them to remain a ached to rock in high wave energy shores.

Image

16. Diatoms Triceratium alternans

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42. Pisaster ochraceus

Diatoms Act. and Arac.; Diatoms Triceratium alt.; Pisaster ochra. | Waterwheel plant Adro. ves; Pediastrum biradiatum; 26. Agav spec.

Botany 4. Waterwheel plant Adrovanda ves.

21. Pediastrum biradiatum 26. Agav spec.

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4. Waterwheel plant Adrovanda ves.

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Aldrovanda vesiculosa, commonly known as the waterwheel plant, is the sole extant species in the flowering plant genus Aldrovanda of the family Droseraceae. The plant captures small aqua c invertebrates using traps similar to those of the Venus flytrap. The traps are arranged in whorls around a central, free-floa ng stem, giving rise to the common name. This is one of the few plant species capable of rapid movement.

While the genus Aldrovanda is now monotypic, up to 19 ex nct species are known in the fossil record. While the species displays a degree of morphological plas city between popula ons, A. vesiculosa possesses a very low gene c diversity across its en re range.

A. vesiculosa has declined over the last century to only 50 confirmed extant popula ons worldwide. These are spread across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.[5] However, poten ally invasive popula ons exist in the eastern United States. It is kept by hobbyists.

Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae.It is a photoautotrophic, nonmo le coenobial (fixed number of cells) green algae that inhabits freshwater environments.

Pediastrum reproduces asexually by producing autocolonies. The protoplast of each parent cell gives rise to a biflagellate zoospore for each cell in the parent colony. The zoospores are freed from the parent cell within a vesicle and then arrange themselves into the cellular arrangement for that par cular species. The cells then enlarge un l they reach full size.

21. Pediastrum biradiatum

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26. Agav spec.

Agave, , genus of the some 200 species of the family Asparagaceae (formerly Agavaceae), na ve to arid and semiarid regions of the Americas, par cularly Mexico, and the Caribbean. The genus contains a number of economically important species, especially those required for the produc on of mescal liquors, including the blue agave used for tequila. Sisal , henequen , and cantala are significant sources of fibre and are of interest as poten al bioenergy crops. The century plant, or maguey , and blue agave are the primary sources of agave nectar, a syrupy sweetener. Addi onally, a number of species are grown as ornamentals in desert landscaping.

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

1. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected natural / biological system) in macro-scale 13. Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.

16. Diatoms Triceratium alternans

Diatoms have a rule used by nature, where this system is a geometric system in which is used "centrality”

There is used the triadial system or in its geometric sense we can notice the triangular system.

These are areas where are fewer openings becausehere the diatom has the most stressed parts Composition rules and patterns: TRIANGULATION

Centric diatoms have radially symmetric valves where the striae are arranged around a central point

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Composition rules and patterns: CENTRALITY

42. Pisaster ochraceus

Composition rules and patterns: STELLATE DEFORMATION VARIATION

4. Waterwheel plant Adrovanda ves.

Composition rules and patterns: DISTRIBUTION EXAGGERATION ACCUMULATION MODULARITY VARIATION

FOLDING

21. Pediastrum biradiatum

Composition rules and patterns: MODULARITY VARATION REPEPTION AGGREGATION

26. Agav spec.

Composition rules and patterns: FRACTAL FOLDING TRANSFORMATION ROTATON

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

2. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected system) in micro-scale 13. Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.

SEM images of Actinoptychus senarius.External valve face shows six alternately raised and depressed sectors, smooth central area, and a beveled edge Composition rules and patterns: AGGLOMERATION GRIDING

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16. Diatoms Triceratium alternans

42. Pisaster ochraceus

They create a grid structure.

When we enter the depths of the diatom we notice other elements which in the macro view have no resemblance to these elements.

In the depths of diatom we can clearly see how the elements are connected to each other and to the wrapping.

This diatom system is formed by a networked structure Composition rules and patterns: which forms a plurality of holes.

AGGLOMERATION Composition rules and VORONOI patterns: AGGLOMERATION GRIDING HEXAGON

4. Waterwheel plant Adrovanda ves.

21. Pediastrum biradiatum

26. Agav spec.

Composition rules and patterns: BLENDING VARIATION REPEPTION

Composition rules and patterns: VARIATION MODULARITY

Composition rules and patterns: AGGLOMERATION SUBDIVISION VORONOI

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

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3. Identify the principle(s) and formulate abstract idea(s) to be applied in part two

TRIANGULATION

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CENTRALITY VORONOI

DISTRIBUTION

CENTRALITY

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 1. Macro-scale: Master-planning 1.1. Urban and Landscape Design - Biophilic Design

The concept of masterplan is inspired in TRIANGULATION.In this project triangles were used to generate the shapes in masterplan.

Extracting the lines

The shape of triangles is based on the location,access and roads.

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Using different triangles to create the masterplan

Creating the structural system through triangulation to add the atriums,lanterns and to create the landscape design.

The masterplan based on triangulation

Now it can be easily detected that triangulation is the main concept of our hybrid project.Starting from the masterplan which directely gave functions to the poject,continuing with structural system,landscape design the project in itself contains triangles.

The final masterplan

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.1. Spa al composi on and pa erns – structure of space: use the rule-based design in nature from Point 3...

Inspired by the waterwheel plant and how it is distribution, the spatial composition in some parts of the hybrid project is exactly the same.

Extracting the spatial composition from waterwheel plant.

An example with sketches taken from project.

Spatial composition at some parts of the project

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Inspired by Pisaster ochraceus and its voronoi system.

Voronoi pattern extracted from the piaster ochareus

Creating similar shpes with triangles based on the voronoipattern

3D of this pattern

Following the voronoi pattern,but turning the shapes into triangles-based on our project’s concept triangulation.

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.2. Structure and space: in an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on,...

Pisaster ochraceus

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Wrapping the piaster ochraceus

Centrality

Using sea star form to create structural elements

Materialization-using timber and concrete for the base to give strengh to the element

Adaption to the studio project

Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.

Centrality

Extracting the lines

Used glass to get natural light from these elements Materialization-timber,concrete and glass.

Adaption to the studio project

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 13,16,42 | B: 4,21,26

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.3. Structure – space – form: In an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on and form / forms

Voronoi pattern is used in different parts of the hybrid project.

Adaption in the studio project

Applying voronoi patterns in structural walls.At the same time the structure is creating the space and form.It is used at the tectonic system.

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Adaption in the studio project inspired by centrality 1) https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jspec/2016/2490128/ 2) https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=honors 3) https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1765/report.pdf 4) https://www.scielo.br/j/rbbio/a/GhGqPfKfkbpGD6FxzK4Xsvz/?lang=en 5) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427255

6) https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article/34/7/590/1465831 7) https://marine.ucsc.edu/target/target-species-pisaster.html 8) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7795913/ 9) https://www.britannica.com/plant/Agave 10) https://www.britannica.com/science/Pediastrum

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Research Group: Dardan Hasani; Rinor Reka The common cockle was one of the many invertebrate species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edi on of Systema Naturae, where it was given its old binomial name Cardium edule. The species name is derived from the La n adjec ve ĕdūlis "edible". Italian naturalist Giuseppe Saverio Poli erected the genus Cerastoderma in 1795, making the common cockle the type species as Cerastoderma edule. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek words keras "horn" and derma "skin". For many years it was referred to by both names. Other common names in English are edible cockle and common edible cockle. On account of its heart-like shape, it is called the "heart mussel" in German and Scandinavian languages (Hertzmuschel and Hjertemusling).

It typically reaches from 3.5 cen meters (1.4 in) to 5 cen meters (2.0 in) in length, but some mes it reaches 6 cen meters (2.4 in). The shells are pale or whi sh yellow, grubby white, or brown. The shell is oval, and covered by ribs, which are fla ened in the middle part of the shell. The diges ve glands are light brown to dark green. In contrast, the similar lagoon cockle has an elongated shell posteriorly, black diges ve glands and is found in substrate of stagnant water.

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Z: 35,40 | B: 16,20 Zoology 35. Cardium edule 40. Elysia crispata

35. Cardium edule

Elysia crispata is typically green with white spots, however, individuals with other colors can be found. Some have a rainbow of blues and yellows decora ng their frilled bodies. The elongated visceral mass of Elysia crispata lies dorsally on top of the foot of the animal. The parapodia, dorsal to the visceral mass, form the dis nctly ruffled, le uce-like appearance on the dorsal surface of the body. This characteris c is responsible for the common name of the species, the le uce sea slug. Although Elysia crispata is a mollusk, it does not have a mantle cavity, gills, or an osphradium, but does have a foot and radula. Elysia crispata lives on coral reefs and in mangrove lagoons of the Caribbean Sea, where it eats green algae and can store the algal chloroplasts in its own ssues. It is o en found “basking” in the sun in order to provide energy.

40. Elysia crispata

Cardium edule; Elysia crispata | Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus; Macrolepiota

Botany 16. Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus 20. Macrolepiota

16. Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus

20. Macrolepiota

European Hornbeam or Common Hornbeam is a medium-sized ornamental deciduous tree that grows 40 feet (~12m) to 60 feet (~18m) in height and 40 feet (~12m) wide. The dense dark green leaves of summer, bright yellow leaves of fall, and smooth gray bark add beauty to the landscape year-round. The tree is a member of the Betulaceae or Birch Family.

European Hornbeam is found widespread in Europe and western Asia. It has the hardest wood of all the trees in Europe. The wood has been used to make furniture and flooring.

The genus name, Carpinus, is La n for "hornbeam." The species name, betulus, is La n and means "birch or birch-like." The common name, European Hornbeam, is derived from "horn," meaning hard, "beam," meaning tree in Old English, and European signifying its place of origin.

The flowers are male (1.5 inches long and yellow) and female catkins (3 inches long and green) that appear in April and May before the foliage appears. It is pollinated by the wind.

The fruit is a small hard brown nutlet with 3-lobed bracts and appears from September to October. European Hornbeam a racts small birds and mammals.

Macrolepiota is a genus of white spored, gilled mushrooms of the family Agaricaceae. The fungus was first described in 1772 by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, who named it Agaricus procerus. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus Macrolepiota in 1948. The height and cap diameter of a mature specimen may both reach 30 - 40 (50) cm. The s pe is rela vely thin and reaches full height before the cap has expanded. The s pe is very fibrous in texture which renders it inedible. The surface is characteris cally wrapped in a snakeskinlike pa ern of scaly growths. The immature cap is compact and egg-shaped, with the cap margin around the s pe, sealing a chamber inside the cap. At full maturity, the cap is more or less flat, with a chocolate-brown umbo in the center that is leathery to touch. Dark and cap-coloured flakes remain on the upper surface of the cap and can be removed easily. The gills are crowded, free, and white with a pale pink nge some mes present. The spore print is white. It has a pleasant nu y smell. When sliced, the white flesh may turn a pale pink.

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

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1. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected natural / biological system) in macro-scale 16. Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus

20. Macrolepiota

The reddish-stalked, toothed-edge leaves have pairs of prominent veins (10-15 pairs). The triangular nutlets grow in clusters of eight, each

The fruit bodies of Macrolepiota species, are characterised by movable rings (annuli) around the respective stipes. During development of the fruit body, the cap-stipe-connection zone breaks because of cap expansion, leaving the ring, which behaves similar to an uniaxially moving prismatic joint thereby providing a linear sliding movement between two rigid bodies (one degree of freedom).

with a leafy three-lobed bract.

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35. Cardium edule

40. Elysia crispata

Shell cordate, obliquely roundish, or subtriangular, tumid; with the dorsal margin short, and either forming a slight angle behind, or sloping; the umbones very prominent and directly incurved; each valve with twenty-eight flattened ribs, marked with numerous little elevated, transverse lamellve; the inter-stices between the ribs narrow ; the colour whitish, or tinged with red or brown; the inside white, but frequently with a brown or blackish patch toward the posterior margin of each valve; the margins serrato-plicate. Length an inch and three-fourths, height an inch and a-half.

Has a translucent body with a variation of colors.

The rhinophores protruding from the back can range from blue to red to green. The slug’s color is known to fade or intensify with the sequestration of chloroplasts within its tissues. The more recently a slug has eaten, the more colorful it will appear.

Has the ability to expand its parapodia in order to capture more energy from the sun, or fold them in close to decrease its vulnerability.

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16. Hornbeam leaf Carpinus betulus

20. Macrolepiota

Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) branches grown under optimal light conditions. During the first 3 years of life, normally leaf-bearing branches of planted, unpruned hornbeams, grown under good light conditions, formed 2-3-mm-wide tree rings.

After that, growth was reduced abruptly, by over 90%. An internal factor triggered the change from a long-shoot to a short-shoot phase. No important structural changes take place. Possibly, the terminal ground tissue cells with heavily thickened cell walls, which are typical of juvenile tree rings, will disappear.

Macrolepiota is characterized by an absence of clamp connections, a pileal surface finely granular or with small concolorous squamules. broad squamulate surfaces are formed in a radial direction toward the periphery, might be in a stellate or cog-wheel manner; annulus simple or thickened at the lower surface towards the exterior.

35. Cardium edule

40. Elysia crispata

Are elegantly marked with radiating ribs, running from the umbones to the free margins; and in some cases the ribs are ornamented with spires of various and singular forms.

The skin is translucent. Visible colors therefore come from internal tissues and organs or any material that might be incorporated into the skin.

Translucent skin is particularly important for kleptoplasty since radiant energy from sunlight must reach internally stored chloroplasts.

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture 3. Identify the principle(s) and formulate abstract idea(s) to be applied in part two

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

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Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.1. Spa al composi on and pa erns – structure of space: use the rule-based design in nature from Point 3...

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Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.3. Structure – space – form: In an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on and form / forms

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1) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110121000307 2) https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1384 3) http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/elyscris 4) Architecture Follows Nature-Biomimetic Principles for Innovative DesignBy Ilaria Mazzoleni · 2017 5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus_betulus

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Research Group: Elmedinë Pajaziti; Rineta Sinani

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Kingdom: Animalia,Phylum: Arthropoda,Class: Insecta,Family: Papilionidae; Zoology Pachliopta aristolochiae, the common rose is a swallowtail buterfly belonging to 5.Pachliopta aristolochiae the genus Pachliopta, the roses, or red-bodied swallowtails. It is a common 43.Manis tricuspis buterfly which is extensively distributed across south and southeast Asia.

Morphology The Pachliopta aristolochiae is a showy buterfly that is characterized by the dorsal part of velvety black color.

Anatomy The red body, slow peculiar flight, bright colouration and pattern of the wings are meant to indicate to predators that this butterfly is inedible, being well protected by the poisons it has sequestered from its larval food plant. It also emits a nasty smelling substance when handled to further enhance its unappealing qualities.

Structure Like all other insects, buterflies have six legs and three main body parts: head, 5.Pachliopta aristolochiae thorax,They also have two antennae and an exoskeleton.

The tree pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) is one of eight extant species of pangolins ("scaly anteaters"), and is native to equatorial Africa.

Morphology They are made of keratin, the same material from which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles.

Anatomy The pangolin skull is characterized by a lack of teeth, lack of zygomatic arches, and an extremely reduced mandible. Each dentary has a single, dorsal, bony tooth-like protrusion.

Structure 43.Manis tricuspis The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a pine cone.hey have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into ant for climbing.

30. Heracleum mantegazzianum; 41. Abies koreana Wils;

Botany 30. Heracleum mantegazzianum 41. Abies koreana Wils

30. Heracleum mantegazzianum

41. Abies koreana Wils

Kingdom: Plantae,Clade: Tracheophytes,Order: Apiales,Family: Apiaceae,Genus: Heracleum,Species: H. mantegazzianum; Heracleum mantegazzianum, commonly known as giant hogweed is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae.

Morphology Giant hogweed typically grows to heights of 2 to 5 m (6 ft 7 in to 16 ft 5 in)Under ideal conditions, a plant can reach a height of 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in)The leaves are incised and deeply lobed.

Anatomy A mature plant has huge leaves, between 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) wide,[10] and a stout, bright green stem with extensive dark reddish-purple splotches and prominent coarse white hairs, especially at the base of the leaf stalk. Hollow, ridged stems vary from 3–8 cm (1–3 in) in diameter, occasionally up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and can grow to more than 4 m (13 ft) high.

Kingdom: Plantae,Class: Pinopsida,Order: Pinales,Family: Pinaceae,Genus: Abies; Abies koreana the Korean fir, is a species of fir native to the higher mountains of South Korea, including Jeju Island. It grows at altitudes of 1,000–1,900 metres in temperate rainforest with high rainfall and cool, humid summers, and heavy winter snowfall.

Morphology-It is a small to medium-sized evergreen coniferous tree growing to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), smaller and sometimes shrubby at the tree line.

Anatomy-The cones are 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) broad, dark purple-blue before maturity; the scale bracts are long, green or yellow, and emerge between the scales in the closed cone.

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1. Extract the system of rule-based design (of selected natural / biological system) in macro-scale

Life-cycle of Pachliopta aristolochiae

Pachliopta aristolochiae wings

It is black in color with a crimson body and has a large white area on its hind wings. The outer margin of its hind wings has a series of deep red or brownish red spots.

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31

Detail of panel

Structure of manis tricuspis

The ma ed hair in the three- pped scales is evident.

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A. Part 1_Analogies: Nature = Architecture

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Detail of Giant hogweed

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Inspira on from Giant hogweed

Columns like a tree

Giant hogweed leaf

Korean fir is a very popular ornamental plant in parks and gardens in temperate

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

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Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 1. Macro-scale: Master-planning 1.1. Urban and Landscape Design - Biophilic Design

Rotate

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Pachliopta aristolochiae, known as the common rose, is a swallowtail bu©erflybelonging to the genus Pachliopta, the roses, or red-bodied swallowtails.Forewing with well-marked pale adnervular streaks on the discal area that do not reach the terminal margin, Hindwing with elongate white discal markings in interspaces 2–5 beyond the cell

Mirror

Manis tricuspis

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

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Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configuraa on and composi on 2.1. Spa al composi on and perns – structure of space: use the rule-based design in nature from Point 3...

Columns like a tree

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Research Group:Blerina Zahiti; Blerta Hyseni Papilio palinurus, the emerald swallowtail, emerald peacock, or green-banded peacock, is a bu erfly of the genus Papilio of the family Papilionidae. It is na ve to Southeast Asia, but is regularly kept in bu erfly houses around the world.The genus name Papilio comes from the La n word papilio meaning bu erfly. The species name palinurus derives from Palinurus, the name of the pilot of Aeneas's boat in Virgil's Aeneid.Papilio palinurus has a wingspan reaching about 8–10 cen metres (3.1–3.9 in). The dorsal sides of the wings are covered by a powder of green scales and the background vary from dark greenish to black, with broad bright emerald green metallic bands. The iridescent green sheen of the bands of this bu erfly is not produced by pigments, but is structural colora on produced by the microstructure of the wing scales.

They refract the light and give rise to blue and yellow visible reflec ons, producing the percep on of green color when addi vely mixed.

Radiolara Euchitonia elegans -Distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm. This la er is straight, while both the former are concavely curved towards the middle line. Arms five mes as long as broad, at the distal end pointed and armed with a short conical terminal spine. Patagium nearly complete, enveloping four-fi hs of the arms, with four to five concave chamber-rows.

Z: 6,21,27 | B: 4,21,33 Zoology 06. Papilio palinurusi 21. Radiolara Euchitonia elegans 27. Glass sponge Lyssacinosida

06. Papilio palinurusi

21. Radiolara Euchitonia elegans

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Lyssacinosida is an order of glass sponges belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by the parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less ghtly connected skeleton. New Zealand’s surrounding deep waters have become known as a diversity hotspot for glass sponges (Porifera: Hexac nellida) in recent years. Their body also consists of three parts in total: the inner and outer peripheral trabecular networks, and finally, the choanosome.

27. Glass sponge Lyssacinosida

Diatoms Actinoptychus and Arac.;Waterwheel plant Adrovanda vesiculosa; Pediastrum biradiatum; Physostegia virginiana

Botany 4. Waterwheel plant Adrovanda vesiculosa

21. Pediastrum biradiatum 33. Physostegia virginiana

4.Waterwheel plant Adrovanda vesiculosa

21. Pediastrum biradiatum

Aldrovanda vesiculosa, commonly known as the waterwheel plant, is the sole extant species in the flowering plant genus Aldrovanda of the family Droseraceae. The plant captures small aqua c invertebrates using traps similar to those of the Venus flytrap. The traps are arranged in whorls around a central, free-floa ng stem, giving rise to the common name. This is one of the few plant species capable of rapid movement.While the genus Aldrovanda is now monotypic, up to 19 ex nct species are known in the fossil record. While the species displays a degree of morphological plas city between popula ons, A. vesiculosa possesses a very low gene c diversity across its en re range.A. vesiculosa has declined over the last century to only 50 confirmed extant popula ons worldwide. These are spread across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.However, poten ally invasive popula ons exist in the eastern United States.It is kept by hobbyists.

Pediastrum reproduces asexually by producing autocolonies. The protoplast of each parent cell gives rise to a biflagellate zoospore for each cell in the parent colony. The zoospores are freed from the parent cell within a vesicle and then arrange themselves into the cellular arrangement for that par cular species. The cells then enlarge un l they reach full size. Each cell can generate a daughter autocolony with exactly the same number and arrangement of cells as the parent colony.Pediastrum reproduces sexually via the fusion of small, biflagellate gametes that are released from the parent cell.

Physostegia virginiana, the obedient plant, obedience or false dragonhead,is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is na ve to North America, where it is distributed from eastern Canada to northern Mexico.Physostegia are known commonly as obedient plants because a flower pushed to one side will o en stay in that posi on.The name “false dragonhead” refers to the dragonheads of the related Dracocephalum,a genus to which the plant once belonged.

33. Physostegia virginiana

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 6,21,27 | B: 4,21,33

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 1. Macro-scale: Master-planning 1.1. Urban and Landscape Design - Biophilic Design

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 6,21,27 | B: 4,21,33

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.1. Spa al composi on and pa erns – structure of space: use the rule-based design in nature from Point 3...

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 6,21,27 | B: 4,21,33

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.2. Structure and space: in an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on,...

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B. Part 2_Analogies: Architecture follows Nature

Z: 6,21,27 | B: 4,21,33

Apply the research from Part 1 in specific design studio theme, from macro- to micro-scale: 2. Micro-scale: Space-planning, configura on and composi on 2.3. Structure – space – form: In an integral method, integrate structure with spa al composi on and form / forms

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1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexactinellid 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyssacinosida 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_palinurus 4) https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/341884-Papilio-palinurus 5) https://www.britannica.com/plant/carnivorous-plant

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