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University of Strathclyde Department of Architecture MArch Advanced Architectural Design Charalampos Pantazis

-LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

NOVEMBER 2018 -Charalampos Pantazis-

LETHE | THEATRE OF MNEMOSYNE Lethe: In Greek mythology was one of the five rivers of the underworld of Hades. Also known as the “Ameles potamos” (river of unmindfulness), the Lethe flowed around the cave of Hypnos and through the Underworld, where all those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness. Lethe was also the name of the Greek spirit of forgetfulness and oblivion, with whom the river was often identified. In Classical Greek, the word lethe (λήθη) literally means “oblivion”, “forgetfulness”, or “concealment”. It is related to the Greek word for “truth”, aletheia (αλήθεια), which through the privative alpha literally means “un-forgetfulness” or “unconcealment”. Mnemosyne: is the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. “Mnemosyne” is derived from the same source as the word mnemonic, that being the Greek word ( mnēmē), which means “remembrance, memory”.

Theatre of Memory or ‘ L’ Idea del Theatro’ (1550) was the idea of Giulio Camillo of storing the history of the universe in an amphitheatrical structure where memories was held. The “memory theatre” was an aspect of a science of the imagination which was practiced from Classical times up to the Renaissance. It was used for the development of memory, and also as a “mind-map” - a connected symbolic space, often represented as a building, which spanned the imaginative or conceptual faculty. -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

- Lethe & Mnemosyne (authorâ€™s own montage) 5 -Charalampos Pantazis-

- How can we provide a theatre of memory for productive exchange of the unwritten history in places around Glasgow? 6

(authorâ€™s own montage) -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

ABSTRACT

“Thou fill’st from the winged chalice of the soul

Thy lamp, O Memory, fire-winged to its goal” -Dante Gabriel Rossetti

_ABSTRACT

It becomes apparent that the 20th century stigmatized by social changes in the postmodern European cities. Infrastructures became the dominant subject of this era leaving the city centers’ alienated and the societies isolated. Buildings that was once forming societies are now segregated from the urban fabric, unable to narrate the history that they created. Glasgow is one of this cities that affected mostly by the modernist and postmodernist wave of change. Tenements gave way to a complex system of motorways, while residents relocated to new areas away from their homes and roots. Monumental scale motorways constructed around the city centre providing way mostly for services at that time and later for the urban sprawl leaving the city centre vacant. Today there is a continuous effort from the city’s authorities to repopulate this vacant lands with the main focus to be gathered in areas around south of city centre of Glasgow. However, the redevelopment aims only on the creation of economic value regardless the history and memories that these areas holding. Creating the sense of place and community is one of the key challenges that local authorities set, and this usually translated only into low scale-height of the developments and the provision of green space.

Thus, how can we create a contemporary museum which promotes the involvement of visitors and locals in an attempt to record the public history of the Southside of Glasgow? This new typology of building that proposed is based on the Theatre of Memory by Giulio Camillo, which is an amphitheatrical space where the history of the universe has been stored. It is a debate space where locals gathered to recount stories from their everyday life and the radical changes happened in the new post-modern society, shaping the urban environment and their lives. Shared authority and public debate are the key drivers where local and displaced inhabitants are the exhibits of this museum. As in the Theatre of memory, visitors and locals will attempt to find the a-leithia (αλήθεια) (greek) = truth) or (unforgetfulness).This truth or un-forgetfulness will unify the lost communities and provide lessons for the future redevelopment of the area.

In the master plans that developed the past 10 years for the Southside of the city of Glasgow there is no provision of a place for the preservation of the experience gained after the violent social changes that happened through the modernist era. 9 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1.1 EDUCATION & EXPERIENCE | pg. 21 1.2 THE GRAND TOUR IN THE 18TH CENTURY | pg. 22 1.3 FROM PRIVATE GALLERIES TO SUPERMARKET OF ART| pg. 24

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

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3.1 â€œWAY 3.2 WATE 3.3 RAIL3.4 OVER 3.5 MOTO

CHAPTER

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER

4.1 LOST NEIGHBOURHOOD TRADESTON= KINNING PARK + KINGSTON | pg. 77 4.2 KINGSTON HERITAGE SCOTLAND STREET SCHOOL | pg. 78 4.3 THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE AREA | pg. 84

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_LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

-Cover_ Montage -Lethe & Mnemosyne -How can we provide a theatre of memory for productive exchange of the unwritten history in places around Glasgow? - The Grand tour and its original routes - The private galleries developed as supermarket of art - Art Nouveau as international movement - Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his predominant role of Art Nouveau in Glasgow - A conceptual idea of theatre of memory - The Grand tour and its original routes - During the Industrial Revolution, the coals was the main power source - 19th century, the canals was the main transport system of goods in Scotland - The timeline of canals from their pick to decline - The expansion Glasgow through waterways - The beginning of the 20th century trains was a revolutionary means of transport as people had the chance to span long distances in speed - The development of railway trunk routes - WWII evacuation of Glasgow during the Blitz - The pied piper operation where 175,000 including 62,000 children evacuated the city - The expansion of railways as mean of transport - The disaster after the WWII & the convertion of the city into a modernist masterplan - Storyboard of City Development Plan’s -The Southside Heritage loss -The policy of Housing Development Corporation -The CDAs converted into motorways -A storyboard of motorways - Significant infrastructures that shaped Glasgow

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(author’s own diagram)| pg. 01 (author’s own montage)| pg. 05

_LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

-Scotland Street School

((https://www.glasgowmackintosh.com/attraction/scotland-street-school) accessed 14 Nov. 2018))| pg. 77 -Howdens ((https://www.howden.com/en-gb/) accessed 14 Nov. 2018))| pg. 79 -Co-Operative Building ((http://www.derelictglasgow.co.uk/derelict.cooperative.html) accessed 15 Nov. 2018))| pg. 79 -Kingston Hall ((http://www.architectureglasgow.co.uk/oldcity.kingstonhalls.html) accessed 15 Nov. 2018))| pg. 81 -British Linen bank ((https://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/890798) accessed 15 Nov. 2018))| pg. 81 -Citizen Theatre (https://www.citz.co.uk/) accessed 14 Nov. 2018))| pg. 81 - The area of Scotland Street (author’s own montage)| pg. 83 - Strengths to South Side (author’s own montage)| pg. 85 - Weaknesses to South Side (author’s own montage)| pg. 87 - Opportunities to South Side (author’s own montage)| pg. 89 - Threats to South Side (author’s own montage)| pg. 91 - The evolution of urban planning (author’s own montage)| pg. 92 - The morphological changes of Glasgow over the years (author’s own montage)| pg. 93 - The radical changes over the city expansion during the years (author’s own montage)| pg. 95 - Memory wall (author’s own montage)| pg. 101 - Building users’ activities in space (author’s own montage)| pg. 103 - A schematic representation of the building spaces (author’s own montage)| pg. 105 - The GWL contribution to the society is fully recognised (author’s own montage)| pg. 107 - The Melbourne Immigration Museum and its predominant role (author’s own montage)| pg. 109 - The emphasis of MASP on the education function was critical (author’s own montage)| pg. 111 - A place of remembrance on the site of the SS central command (author’s own montage)| pg. 113 - The emphasis of MASP on the education function was critical (author’s own montage)| pg. 115 - Re-complete the Southside of Glasgow (author’s own montage)| pg. 117 - Proposed Sites (author’s own montage)| pg. 119 - A sketch masterplan that harmonises my proposal with the area (author’s own montage)| pg. 121 View from Norfolk Street towards Eglinton Street (author’s own montage)| pg. 123 13 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_DECLARATION

AB 964 Design Studies 5A Brief - Thesis Inception MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch Architectural Design International Declaration â€œI hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged. I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.â€?

Name

CHARALAMPOS PANTAZIS

Signature Date

20 November 2018

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INTRODUCTION

“Memory is the mother of all wisdom” -Aeschylus

_INTRODUCTION

Forgetfulness or amnesia are common traits in today’s world. Despite having perhaps the most competent means to store the values that unify society, memories tend to be forgotten amidst the incessant rapid growth. Due to this ‘lethe’ we lose our capability to learn from the mistakes of the past which segregated societies and radically altered ways of living. The 20th century brought changes not only to technology and economic systems but also to the ways in which societies are constructed. The beginning of the century was characterised by the spontaneous creation of societies and neighbourhoods which later gave ways to contemporary infrastructures, intended to accommodate cars as a means to increase urban functionality. People were consequently forced to create communities elsewhere and forget the places that held their memories and values.

The oral, unwritten stories will be the key to reuniting the lost, displaced communities and will narrate the public history of landmarks which shaped Glasgow’s societies and traditions. The impact of Scotland Street School would not be proven without the existence of the Kingston society. As such, it is imperative to highlight the bi-directional value of society and art in a space where professionals and visitors will construct the aletheia. This will create the theatre of Mnemosyne where visitors and professionals will engage in public, productive debate to recount memories of the society and reinstate the importance of the Art Nouveau movement.

Prior to the First World War, Glasgow was rife with culture. Contributions from The Four and the Glasgow Boys and Girls were creating the distinctive Art Nouveau style which epitomised Glasgow’s rough beauty. Scotland Street School is one of the sole remaining landmarks from this era yet the sense of its abandonment and lack of use is evident.

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MEMORY & EDUCATION 1.1 EDUCATION & EXPERIENCE 1.2 THE GRAND TOUR IN THE 18TH CENTURY 1.3 FROM PRIVATE GALLERIES TO SUPERMARKET OF ART

â€œEducation is what survives when what has been learned has been forgottenâ€? -Burrhus Skinner

_CHAPTER 1

1.1 EDUCATIONAL & EXPERIENCE It is evident that todayâ€™s youth are epitomised by racism and ignorance, due both to the globally conservative government system and the prevalence of Internet culture which offers sterile and unilateral information as education. This generation are missing the acquisition of knowledge through experiences and debate which allows an introduction to different cultures and ideas. Exchange programmes, such as Erasmus or Leonardo da Vinci, which were significantly developing through the 1990s and 2000s, aim to promote this type of cultural exchange, yet face a plethora of management and demand problems in doing so. Moreover, these programmes keep a focus on educational study which can detract from a studentâ€™s potential to discover the history of their visited country. Resultantly, younger generations are losing interest in the cultural, political or social issues occurring beyond their imminent territory. This leads to questions of how these generations can be made aware of the happenings of this new era of radical chance, and how we can fight their disinterest in what is unknown to them, which ultimately leads to racist tendencies. Racism, xenophobia and intolerance can be fought through education about different cultures and their histories, both of which are so often ignored. This education can come about through exploration, often achieved through travel. -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 1

1.2 THE GRAND TOUR IN THE 18TH CENTURY Travelling as part of education began in the 16th century with the Grand Tour which involved young Englishmen travelling through Europe after finishing school or university. The intention was to travel for the sake of curiosity and knowledge expansion, with the main stops being relevant to the menâ€™s classical education. This travel-based educational provided an ethnographical approach to history through the understanding of local cultures, encouraging a holistic consideration of the individuals concerned and their unique situations (Hughes 1992). As a means to achieve this, participant observation is essential, hereby allowing the ethnographer to actively view the daily activities and behaviours of the relevant group. The arrival of steam powered transportation led to a decline in the popularity of the Grand Tour, due to trips now being more accessible and no longer reserved for educated students. However, for those still involved in the Tour, the introduction of private galleries through the art market directed the young Englishmen to relevant cultural artefacts. When the galleries ultimately transformed to museums, they had a crucial role in forming the foundations of new towns. Week 3

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- The Grand tour and its original routes (authorâ€™s own montage) 23 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 1

1.3 FROM PRIVATE GALLERIES TO SUPERMARKET OF ART Private art galleries existed as predecessors to museums; their private ownership meant that they often represented the goods of their benefactors alongside reflecting the development of contemporary art. Over time, the galleries grew in accessibility, gradually welcoming the public to their doors. Post-war time saw a vast improvement in the aesthetics of the buildings, to the point that the built environment was of equivalent significance to the exhibits inside. In recent years, galleries and museums have developed into a kind of supermarket of culture â€“ buildings which constitute the urban fabric of a city, transcending their creators to hold independent value.

Week 3

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- The private galleries developed as supermarket of art (authorâ€™s own montage) 25 -Charalampos Pantazis-

THE GRAND TOUR 2.1 THE GRAND TOUR IN THE 21TH CENTURY 2.2 THE ART NOUVEAU EUROPEAN ROUTE 2.3 ART NOUVEAU & THE CASE OF GLASGOW 2.4 THE THEATRE OF MEMORY 2.5 GRAND TOUR-ART NOUVEAU AS A TYPOLOGY OF BUILDING

“The imaginative means through which the divine microcosm can reflect the divine macrocosm…The art of memory has become an occult art, a Hermetic secret” -Giulio Camillo

_CHAPTER 2

2.1 THE GLRAND TOUR IN THE 21st CENTURY The traditional Grand Tour aimed to educate young Englishmen on post-Renaissance art and culture. At this point, there were no defined artistic movements or dominant styles as Europe was reconfiguring its artistic identity. Cultural integration was rife as a result of the invention of new infrastructures which heightened the accessibility of travel. As time has passed, new schools of thought have emerged, replacing the old. The Grand Tour has thus been revised, split into multiple routes referring to specific time periods and artistic avenues. For example, the Art Nouveau period was prevalent in Glasgow, existing in parallel with the formation of the cityâ€™s urban grain, and ultimately finishing with the Second World War. Glasgow is just one of several cities which together form the Art Nouveau European Route: a non-profit association of local governments aiming to preserve the heritage of this homonymous style.

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_CHAPTER 2

2.2 THE ART NOUVEAU EUROPEAN TOUR The Art Nouveau European Route consists of a collection of local authorities, both governmental and not, which share the common motive to preserve the Art Nouveau heritage. Together, they aim to discuss topics such as the restoration of monuments, form fundraising techniques, raise public awareness of sustainable tourism and generally develop strategies to ensure the important artistic style remains commemorated and relevant. Central to the projectâ€™s aim is communication between all members and also outsiders who hold interest in the artistic movement. Important to consider is the socioeconomic reality which prevailed during the period of its existence. Art nouveau European tour is an extension to the idea of the grand tour that developed at week 5. Through the examination of this idea the difficulty was the fact that art Nouveau European tour was developing as a separate brief which was distracting from the main focus that should be Theatre of Mnemosyne and the preservation of public history in South side of Glasgow.

Week 5

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- Art Nouveau as international movement (authorâ€™s own montage) 31 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 2

2.3 ART NOUVEAU AND THE CASE OF GLASGOW Glasgowâ€™s interpretation of the Art Nouveau style was dependent on the context of it being a major industrial hub. Towards the end of the 19th century, the city was rapidly losing its previous wealth, succumbing instead to areas of severe poverty and deterioration. Slums were on the rise, class difference was fiercely evident and violence was rife. The wealthier inhabitants hoped that the promotion of a thriving creative atmosphere would help alleviate some of these issues. The Glasgow School of Art produced rich artistic talent: the Glasgow Boys and Glasgow Girls and the collective of designers referred to as The Four: Charles Renne Mackintosh, Herbert MacNair, and Margaret and Frances Macdonald. These artists were innovative in their thinking, set to break artistic tradition and bring creative culture to a currently barren city. This new typology is what will speak to contemporary explorers participating in the Art Nouveau Grand Tour. Alongside examining tradition, modern issues will be explored such as the fire at the Glasgow School of Art. The fire at once ravaged the building, defined a community, lost significant elements of an artistic style, and initiated conversation regarding the future preservation of heritage. Week 5

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- Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his predominant role of Art Nouveau in Glasgow (authorâ€™s own montage) 33 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 2

2.4 THE THEATRE OF MEMORY The concept of theatre of memory was defined by Giulio Camillo in the 16th century, who envisaged a Vitruvian-style structure comprising sets of seven sections, arches and tiers within which to house memory. The purpose of the building is to represent eternal truth in its perfect order. With this in mind, we can question how this concept can contribute to the conversation of global unwritten histories, how narratives developed in a societyâ€™s microcosm can extend beyond this, and whether the uniting of global cultures could act to combat the rise of conservative governments. An answer which emerges is Mnemosyne: a new typology which will bring locals and international explorers together in a dialogue where the common ground is art. The theatre of memory was driven idea for the preservation of public history in the Southside of Glasgow. The attempts of intigrading this idea with a European network in the bases of a Grand tour weaken the concept and distracted the main focus which should be stay at the Theatre of Mnemosyne.

Week 4

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- A conceptual idea of theatre of memory (authorâ€™s own montage) 35 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 2

2.5 GRAND TOUR - ART NOUVEAU AS A TYPOLOGY OF BUILDING This project aims to combine the idea of the theatre of memory and the Grand Tour, both having emerged in the same period, in order to provide a new typology of a building within a wider global network. This innovative resulting space is a debating area where locals gathered to recount stories from their everyday lives and comment on the radical changes happening in the postmodern society, ultimately reshaping the urban environment.

Integrating the idea of Grand Tour in the project started at week 3 as an attempt to create a European network. However later at week 3 this idea revised as the main focuse should stay in the way that we collect and record the public history. The idea of Gland tour should be developed as a separate brief for an other future project.

In the new typology which lies somewhere between modern and folklore museums, the local inhabitants exist as the exhibits of this museum. In order to find Mnemosyne, as with the original Grand Tour, each stage has its own independent story; only the completion of the network can provide an objective view of the artistic movement.

Week 3

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- The Grand tour and its original routes (authorâ€™s own montage) 37 -Charalampos Pantazis-

THE GLASGOW STORY 3.1 “WAY” FORMATING GLASGOW 3.2 WATER-”WAYS” CANALS 3.3 RAIL-”WAYS” BLOSSOM 3.4 OVERSPILL POLICY 3.5 MOTOR-”WAYS”

â€œIt is not the honor that you take with you, but the heritage you leave behindâ€? -Branch Rickey

_CHAPTER 3

3.1 “WAY” FORMATING GLASGOW For decades, Glasgow’s public transit has been a critical issue. Numerous historical happenings have held back the transport system in becoming an affordable, accessible means to connect rural areas and towns around the country. This chapter will study the development of Glasgow’s transport system through the centuries, studies how the cityscape has changed in tandem. The goal here is to engage the explorers with this development, dwelling on mistakes that have been made and how they can be reversed. Initiating debate may be a means to restore the forgotten memories that are not written in the books. The images will indicate the main elements of the theatre of memory, provide a visual reference for the debate which is promoted in the main space.

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_CHAPTER 3

The history of transportation, as with most other industrial pursuits, is chiefly a record of steady accomplishments, documenting difficulties up to gradual improvements and ultimately a rapid economic development. Glasgow was shaped by its infrastructure and invention of modern transport, particularly over the past century. Initially intended for the transport of goods, the system became available to the wider public in the 20th century. During the Industrial Revolution, coal was the primary source for industry and transportation due to the low cost and abundance compared to that of other fuels, particularly in terms of electricity generation. The construction of canals was the main infrastructure for moving coal and goods across Scotland and dominated the landscape for over a century.

Week 1

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- During the Industrial Revolution, the coals was the main power source (authorâ€™s own montage) 43 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

3.2 WATER - “WAYS” CANALS It is generally agreed upon that transport is imperative in shaping a city and contributing to its development. As such, there are many areas globally which have really shaped themselves around their transport system – Scotland being one of them. With water bodies being a dominant element of the country, canals have naturally leant themselves to becoming a means of transport. Daniel Defoe, in his Tour of Scotland {1726}, outlined the canal’s contribution to the country’s expansion, boosting industry and thus the economy. With these waterways accompanying the pre-existing river navigations, long-distance travel became achievable.

Week 1

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- 19th century, the canals was the main transport system of goods in Scotland (authorâ€™s own montage) 45 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

The country’s natural waterways had previously been too hard to navigate, while the land transport system remained underdeveloped, slow and inconsistent. The late 18th century saw the completion of the city’s first canal, the Forth and Clyde, followed by three others. However, the nationalisation of the waterways in 1948 put an end to the canal expansion, with there being increased pressure to close the canals [The Bowles Report, NRS reference DD12, DD17 and AF62]. The water transport industry began to constitute much of the city’s reality and so formed its social identity. Residents began to take pride in the Clyde’s industrial reputation, with this fondness often depicted in the region’s art and literature.

Week 1

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- The timeline of canals from their pick to decline (authorâ€™s own montage) 47 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

Meanwhile, on the south side of the river, the penetration of the Paisley and Ardrossan canal grew deeper, drilling into the city centre with its terminus at Port Englinton, becoming yet another stopping point for the heavy industry. The time came however, when the government planned the termination of the shipbuilding operations, leading in massive public outcry. The industry had become something greater than itself – symbolic of the city and imprinted in its people. It expressed the heart of Glasgow and its loss would be significant. “Regrettably the river, which was once the lifeblood of the city, has been allowed to degenerate with dredging to keep it navigable stopped, fewer and fewer ships are being built, and little social activity.” {Prof. Alan Dunlop, 2012}.

Week 1

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The Port Dundas was established between 1786 and 1790 to the north of the city centre. It formed the terminus of FCC linking to the adjacent Mokland Canal.

The Eglinton Port was the terminus of AJC. It opened in 1810 after the in the short-lived success it drained and built the railway route in 1840.

- The expansion Glasgow through waterways (authorâ€™s own montage)

Map of Glasgow in 1850

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_CHAPTER 3

3.3 RAIL - “WAYS” BLOSSOM The introduction of the railway was of great importance to Glasgow’s history, serving as a means to connect areas of Glasgow previously isolated. The tracks underpinned the social development of the city, at once defining the city’s landscape and forming an innovative travel network. The ease of the railway superseded that of the waterways and roads. A sense of community emerged as areas were linked, and decentralisation encouraged as suburbs and further flung villages became more accessible. Distance no longer served as a hinderance, and so railwaymen began to take on company houses, creating a new community that existed beyond the city. With the railway lines becoming so engrained in the city’s identity, many homes and businesses began to appear alongside the tracks. Simultaneously, the tracks began to cut through the city centre, accommodated by elevated lines and extensive landscape development around St. Enoch and Glasgow Central stations.

Week 1

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- The beginning of the 20th century trains was a revolutionary means of transport as people had the chance to span long distances in speed (authorâ€™s own montage) -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

The outbreak of the First World War was detrimental to Britain’s railway system; with it having come under governmental control, it experienced all grievances the war brought. What had been a prosperous industry swiftly deteriorated. Change came in the form of a mass “Grouping”, a method which foresaw the minimization of the existing companies. Later known as the “Big Four”, these new joint companies were called upon to revive the war’s remnants, setting aside the severe financial shortage that followed not only the war but also the Great depression. Following nationalisation, the railway system suffered a contraction phase, impacting much of the city. During this period of confinement, the closure of yards as well as the demolition of stations left a sense of dereliction and abandonment.

Week 1

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- The development of railway trunk routes(authorâ€™s own montage) 53 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

In 1939, the railways were in a similar situation to that of 25 years earlier. Despite the fact that the railway system was not in the best condition to survive such suffering, its contribution to the city’s salvation proved vital. The railway was soon to become a means of evacuation, forming a safety measure which transported passengers away from the city centres. Mass migration occurred during the war, officially named ‘Operation Pied Piper’, which was intended to protect people, especially children, from the aerial bombing of the German attacks. As the attacks tended to be concentrated on densely population cities, vulnerable people were moved to areas believed to be less at risk.

Week 1

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- WWII evacuation of Glasgow during the Blitz (authorâ€™s own montage) 55 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

Throughout this complex and dramatic operation the evacuees were split into four categories, each of which were sub-groups considered not to be vital to the war effort: children, pregnant women, infirm and mothers with babies or pre-school children. The evacuation scheme was initiated in Scotland in September 1939, marked by the commencement of hostilities. Problems emerged regarding dialects and accents, with evacuees from the west of Scotland finding difficulty being understood elsewhere (Boyd, 1944). In addition to this, there were tensions arising from the billeting of Roman Catholics in heavily Protestant areas. Cultural rifts were rife, particularly regarding class, when poorer children were evacuated to more affluent areas. As a result, the evacuation process in Scotland became a source of real trauma for many children who were aiming to flee trauma in the first place.

Week 1

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- The pied piper operation where 175,000 including 62,000 children evacuated the city (authorâ€™s own montage) 57 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

In time, the ‘Big Four’ disbanded and Glasgow was ready for something new. Breaking up the cadence of acceleration which for centuries had been a common reality and in a blink of an eye expand the field of mobility, was a glorious achievement. However, innumerable hangars so rapidly embraced the city’s quarters, inhuman, sponges of the railway. In the early 1960s, the Conservative government aimed to cut back railway spending. They authorised the ‘Beechning report’ which was intended to eliminate the financial deficit of Britain’s railways, aiming to make the main lines electric. As a result, the second stage of this report plans for more traffic on the core lines rather than branch line closures. The transport system should be measured through an assessment to match the future pattern of rail traffic demand.

Week 2

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Glasgow Central was opened by Caledonian Railway in 1879. It constitutes the northern terminus of the West Coast Mail Line.

St. Enoch station was the mainline station between 1876 and 1966. The site is now occupied the St. Enoch centre.

High Street station opened in 1914 and served the trains on the North Clyde Line.

- The expansion of railways as mean of transport (authorâ€™s own montage)

Map of Glasgow in 1950

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_CHAPTER 3

3..4 OVERSPILL POLICY Industrial expansion in Glasgow did not seem to be diminishing and so, by 1890, it was evident that more housing needed to be built to accommodate the wealth of working class citizens. At the heart of the city existed Glasgowâ€™s stone tenements, initially constructed to house the middle class citizens but subsequently abandoned. Beyond the city boundaries grey sandstone working-class and lower middle-class tenements shading gradually into the later middle-class tenement. In general, the housing demand was met by two markets: private landlords and speculative builders. A trend consequently emerged of neglected ex-middle class housing being passed down to the unskilled poor who were in dire need of accommodation, with the middle classes moving on to larger or more expensive houses.

Week 2

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- The disaster after the WWII & the convertion of the city into a modernist masterplan (authorâ€™s own montage) 61 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

The vast urban population growth evident from the early nineteenth century onwards led to the creation of formal overspill schemes; these became crucial to many post-war metropolitan planning strategies. Slum areas were redeveloped as a means to house those in need, so reducing the cityâ€™s dense inner population. Many architectural and structural similarities emerged in the resulting buildings, with only a few different types of housing making up the majority of all accommodation.

Week 2

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- Storyboard of City Development Planâ€™s (authorâ€™s own montage) 63 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

These suburbs-based housing schemes altered the cityâ€™s layout and identity. Many Victorian slums were demolished leading to necessary relocation which, while an unpopular choice, at least demonstrated the governmentâ€™s attempts to address the housing crisis and improve the general standard of living. However, problems were rife in these peripheral areas, namely that the lack of entertainment and local facilities led young people to vandalism arising from boredom.

Week 2

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-The Southside Heritage loss(authorâ€™s own montage) 65 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

Another problem was the forced integration of well-behaved and poorly-behaved tenants, the belief being that one would help the each other but the reality being that the well-behaved individuals moved out so as to escape the antisocial behaviours.

Week 2

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-The policy of Housing Development Corporation(authorâ€™s own montage) 67 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

Towards the end of what had been a century of dramatic fluctuation, local governments began to introduce new housing styles which included changed such as new pitched roofs and brightly-coloured cladding. Within the inner zone, however, considerable changes had occurred â€“ the slum areas being replaced entirely be commercial and industrial developments or by fresh public and private housing. Since the mid-1970s, in fact, a reassertion of Glasgowâ€™s flatted, urban tradition had been in progress, forming part of a gradual reversal of the changes in the pattern of housing provision which had occurred during the first two decades of the century.

Week 2

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-The CDAs converted into motorways(authorâ€™s own montage) 69 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

3.5 MOTOR - â€œWAYSâ€? The major development in working classes housing during the 1970s came from the proliferation of improvement schemes for tenement properties, organised not by the council but by housing associations. The large-scale tenement improvement and building of private housing in the inner districts had created less of a distinction between the working class and middle class areas of Glasgow. However, the deprivation of the schemes resulted from a nebulous but corrosive social and economic malaise whose visual expression was drabness and vandalism. So, in response, the District Council pursued a range of palliative or corrective policies, ranging from the transfer of management or ownership to agency or par-value co-operatives, and sales of hard-to-let properties to selective demolition.

Week 2

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-A storyboard of motorways(authorâ€™s own montage) 71 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 3

Over the course of two centuries, the British railway system found itself significantly reorganised whereby passenger trains were superseded exclusively by train, either diesel or electric (DMUs and EMUs). At the time of this occurrence, passengers and goods were clearly lost to the roads when traffic congestion grew increasingly severe. Consequently, in the upcoming years from 1961 to 1979, the development of transport policy was more pragmatic than ideological, with many significant developments being carried over from one government to the next even when the political strategy had changed. At the same time, Glasgow exhibited a careful response to the national housing policy changes. The city aimed to maintain and reinforce its tradition of monumental domestic architecture, a vital part of its urban culture.

Week 2

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The M8 motorway was opened in 1965 and connects the countryâ€™s two largest cities, Glasgow and Edinburgh.

The M74 motorway connects Scotland with England. From its junction with the M8 in Kingston Bridge passes through South side.

The A74 is a main route that linking Glasgow to Viewpark. It received substantial upgrades as it was described of a high accident rate.

- Significant infrastructures that shaped Glasgow (authorâ€™s own montage)

Map of Glasgow in 2018

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MATRIX 4.1 LOST NEIGHBOURHOOD TRADESTON=KINNING PARK + KINGSTON 4.2 KINGSTON HERITAGE SCOTLAND STREET SCHOOL 4.3 THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE AREA

â€œHistory repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farceâ€? -Karl Marx

_CHAPTER 4

4.1 LOST NEIGHBOURHOOD TRADESTON=KINNING PARK + KINGSTON This project is not only aiming to focus on the area of Glasgow most severely affected by the construction of the contemporary infrastructures, but also attempting to reconfigure one of the last masterpieces of the Art Nouveau movement in Glasgow which is the Scotland Street School, looking at the communities it once served. Currently, the Scotland Street School remains set apart from the surrounding population by the M8 motorway. In 1906, the constituency of Tradeston comprised Kingston, Tradeston and Kinning Park: a set up which remained in existence until around the 1950s after which point the population swiftly diminished.

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_CHAPTER 4

4.2 KINGSTON HERITAGE SCOTLAND STREET SCHOOL The local heritage is not only formed by the Scotland Street School which acted as a catalyst for the surrounding area, but also a series of buildings which acted as educational spaces such as the Kingston Halls or unions which held influence in the political life of the wider Glasgow city. SCOTLAND ST. SCHOOL The aim of the Scotland Street School was serve the regions of Tradeston and Kingston, situated on the south side of the Clyde. At this point, inner cities areas were not considered regions of populace but rather served solely as means for trading. Mackintoshâ€™s school has since been recreated as an educational museum which allows children to learn about the development of education through the ages, trying out scenarios and role play. It is remarkable to witness the areaâ€™s reinvention given the standards to which it slipped over the past four decades.

Week 2

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- 1 Front Facade of Scotland St. School -2 Front yard of the Scotand St. School -3 Backyard showing the playground of the Scotland St. school -4 South facade of the Scotland St. School 79 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 4

HOWDENS Tenements laid out in a grid formation epitomised early 1900 Kingston. Its development was thriving, particularly in terms of housing and certainly in comparison to nearby areas like the Gorbals. The frontage of Howden’s engineering works, situated adjacent to the Scotland Street School, remains in existence today, although its fate remains undetermined. It was a natural progression for children from the school to ‘cross the wall’ and take up employment at Howdens. CO-OPERATIVE BUILDING The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society was established under the intention to manufacture or distribute a variety of products and materials to Co-op retail organisations across the city. Relating to this, the official birth of the Labour Party took place in 1906, the point at which some southern areas organised trade unions.

Week 2

The Co-op resultantly achieved a certain power in being the most important organisation in working class life. While the Co-op still exists today, it is nowhere near the scale of its mid1800s self.

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- 1 Front Facade of Howdens Engineering -2 Howdens Engineering in Scotland Street -3 Co-Operative Building in Morrison St.

-4 Marlborough comedy club in Langside Ave. 81

-Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 4

KINGSTON HALL Glasgow City Council was responsible for the majority of the city’s significant community buildings which remained structurally sound in the face of surrounding deterioration. The Kingston Hall emerged in 1904 and was responsible for the education of many children. It has since been shut down and is instead used as a residential lodging house. BRITISH LINEN BANK An art-nouveau A-listing building sits on a prominent spot opposite the Citizen’s Theatre and is distinguished by being one of the only buildings to survive a scorched earth clearance programme in the 1970s. It hosted a bank branch on its ground floor alongside a separate retail unit with six flats formed in the space above. CITIZENS THEATRE

Week 2

An iconic venue opened in 1878 as Royal Princess’s Theatre, the Citizens company have been in their Grade B listed Gorbals home since 1945 – making it the second oldest operational theatre in the UK. Recently a redevelopment plan took place in order to to share the fond memories of the place.

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- 1 Kingston Hall in Paisley Rd. -2 Citizen of Theatre in Gorbals St. -3 British Linen Bank in Gorbals St. -4 Plaza cinema in Govan Rd. 83 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 4

4.3 THE CURRENT SITUATION IN SOUTHSIDE Even though the Scotland Street School and Howdens were an oasis formed by motorways and railways, they had a predominant existence as the southern gateway to the city from the M8 which housed an impressive view of Mackintosh’s school. Today, a multi-storey park and ride facility for the Subway is being built, blocking out any view of the school. Ironically, it is the firm “Toshie” worked for, Keppie Architects, which is building the car park to hide Scotland Street School. The project is focusing on the site’s connection to Paisley Road which, together with Pollock Street, once formed a unique neighbourhood.

Week 3

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- The area of Scotland Street (authorâ€™s own montage) 85 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 4

ABUNDANCE OF LANDMARKS There are several major landmarks located around Scotland St. that are became also the important focal point and attention nodes for Glasgow e.g: SECC Hydro, Ibrox Stadium, Central Station, O2 Academy, Tramway. LOCATION Scotland St. is very strategy in terms of the location as its situated at the edge of motorway on the north and railway on the south. Surrounded by several major landmarks, offers many opportunities to be brought up and rejuvenation. VISUAL ADVANTAGE Scotland St. connects with Paisley Rd. by Seaward St., which is the main road in Southside having visual advantages because the road is situated near to the river. HISTORICAL ELEMENTS Scotland St. has a few historical buildings and places that should be emphasis more for tourism. Those historical places also contains lots of listed buildings e.g. Scotland St. School, Howdens.

Week 5

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Motorways Railways

- Strengths to South Side (authorâ€™s own montage)

Areas of visual advantage Map of Glasgow in 2018

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_CHAPTER 4

LOW PERMEABILITY Scotland St. has a low permeability in term of accessibility especially for pedestrians and cyclists. In order to reach it, the choice of public routes are limited by the large blocks of industrial area. BARRIER Existing barriers along infrastructures create fragmentation of accessibility. There is no clear and direct connectivity along the city centre. The existing industrial area also has created obvious physical barrier which prevent the urban fabric to be permeable. HIGH CRIME RATE According to the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics, the area of South side especially the industrial area of Scotland St. has high rate of crimes. FRAGMENTATION OF URBAN FABRIC The large existing industrial development has lead to break down of urban fabric between PollokShields and the neighbourhood region around Kingston.

Week 5

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Motorways Railways

- Weaknesses to South Side (authorâ€™s own montage)

Fragmented Areas Map of Glasgow in 2018

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_CHAPTER 4

LANDMARKS CONNECTION The fact that Scotland St. is situated surrounded by landmarks, it can be benefited by connecting those landmarks to Scotland St.. Several ways can be developed on how connect Scotland St. with those landmarks e.g. visual connection, linkages. VACANT & DERELICT LAND There are many potentials for vacant and derelict land to be developed to rejuvenate Scotland St. New functions can be injected around South Side where abandoded Howdens can be replaced to be a new recreational area. SCOTLAND ST. EXTENSION As Scotland St. has the visual advantages to enhance the new connection and new street frontage, it can extend the commercial land and opportunities along the road. Hence it can offers many business and job opportunities. INSERTATION OF MIX USE DEVELOPMENT Those vacantand derelict land can be developed into mix use development around South Side e.g. residential, commercial, cultural and recreational areas.

Week 6

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Motorways Railways

- Opportunities to South Side (authorâ€™s own montage)

Vacant & Derelict Areas Map of Glasgow in 2018

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_CHAPTER 4

PERCEPTION OF FEAR The fact that there are high crime rate in the industrial area might lead to spreading of fear among the people around the neighbourhood. FLOODING RISK Nature is not predictable and there might be a chance of flooding. Therefore proper consideration need to taken in order to low the risk of flooding. HAZOURDOUS POLLUTION Pollution came from the industrial area and the infrastructures might create unhealthy environments for the neighbourhood. ZONING OF LAND USE The industrial zoning land has created many problems as in order for city to be robust, variety of mixed uses are necessary and add new land uses could be hard within them.

Week 6

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- Threats to South Side (authorâ€™s own montage)

Motorways

Areas under Threats

Railways

Map of Glasgow in 2018

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- The evolution of urban planning (authorâ€™s own montage) 94 -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

Map of Glasgow in 2018

Map of Glasgow in 1850

- The morphological changes of Glasgow over the years(authorâ€™s own montage)

Map of Glasgow in 2018

Map of Glasgow in 1950

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Map of Glasgow in 2018

- The radical changes over the city expansion during the years (authorâ€™s own montage) -Charalampos Pantazis-

Map of Glasgow in 1892

TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES 5.1 SHARED - AUTHORITY 5.2 USERS & NEEDS 5.3 BUILDING BRIEF 5.4 PRECEDENTS 5.5 CREATING A LOCAL NETWORK 5.6 PROPOSED SITES 5.7 THE PROPOSAL

“A museum is a place where one should lose one’s head” -Renzo Piano

_CHAPTER 5

5.1 SHARED - AUTHORITY There is much debate concerning the future of museums and their engagement with the public. Within this debate, the terms ‘shared authorities’ and ‘public history’ reoccur. Michael Frisch was one of the first people to take on these terms, interpreting them as referring to knowledge constructed through public influence. Frisch wanted to remove elitism from knowledgebuilding, acknowledging instead that it cannot exist fully without input from the general public. When it comes to museum spaces, all too often the curators take explicit control over exhibits and their presentation. They are frequently guilting of not participating in shared authority, forgetting that the exhibits are ultimately for public viewing. It is imperative that these spaces are curated with a view to initiating critical reflection, rather than solely abiding by museological standards.

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_CHAPTER 5

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- Memory wall (authorâ€™s own montage) 103 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.2 USERS & NEEDS The traditional museum concept is to create their own fictions without regarding local truths. Without acknowledging the crucial role of the public, museums become aloof, elite and incomprehensible. Too often, severity and structure is given precedence over dynamism and public connection. This project cries for democratised knowledge, taking power away from the museum professionals and sharing it amongst the public as a means to achieve shared authority. This project encourages harmonious communication between scientists and visitors. Within the group of visitors in this project we can identify three groups: the explorers of the Art Nouveau European Tour, visitors, and locals living in the area thus comprising part of the Kingston community heritage. Explorers and Locals who lost their routes are amateur researchers who work together with the scientists to provide temporary and permanent exhibitions. This exhibitions are not only focusing on the objects and myths of the past but also can be gastronomic experience and houseworks.

Week 7

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- Building usersâ€™ activities in space (authorâ€™s own montage) 105 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.3 BUILDING BRIEF While the apparent outcome may be that museums must radically change their workings, this may not necessarily be the case. The solution may be as simple as a slight shift in perspective and a reach out to the public. Digital platforms could be introduced as a way to increase accessibility and so promote shared authority. The onus would also be on the visitors to think outside of their comfort zone, not solely the curators and museum staff. Museums could develop into places of experimentation and open storytelling, engaging with the wider public in knowledge sharing. Thus the building that is suggested in this project is neither a typical museum nor an archive building. The building will need spaces to accommodate the professionals relating to the fields of history and museology, together with the administrative stuff. The explorers will need temporary accommodation and also facilities allowing them to prepare for the next stop in their route. Visitors will need a research centre and workshop to revive traditions and habits and all together a debate space to exchange all this knowledge that this three groups are holding. In brief, science, exploration and experience will come together to form a unique trio in the theatre of memory type space. Week 7

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- A schematic representation of the building spaces(authorâ€™s own montage) 107 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.4 PRECEDENTS GLASGOW WOMEN’S LIBRARY (Glasgow, Scotland) Unlike the world’s many museums built on the collections and largesse of elite patrons, Glasgow Women’s Library has grown from the grassroots. GWL is no ordinary library. The only resource of its kind in Scotland and offer a rich programme of learning and events. It holds a wonderful treasure trove of historical and contemporary artifacts and archive materials that celebrate the lives, histories and achievements of women. Moreover, a vibrant and diverse programme of events and activities is running all year round. Thousands of women across Scotland every year join the team of library to improve their lives through the services and programmes, including support and activities that tackle a wide range of issues from poverty and women’s health, sexuality and surviving violence.

Week 8

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- The GWL contribution to the society is fully recognised (authorâ€™s own montage) 109 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

IMMIGRATION MUSEUM (Melbourne, State of Victoria) The Immigration Museum opened in Melbourne’s Old Customs House in 1998. Its guiding principle is that there is an immigration experience in the life or family history of all nonIndigenous Australians. Permanent exhibitions explore Victoria’s immigration history through global motivations for leaving homeland, personal stories of immigrants from various countries and time periods, the ship journey over time, and a history of Australia’s immigration policies and processes. Recently it launched exhibition to explore the complexities of personal identity and how such diversity has and does inform Australian society and past and present experiences of belonging and not belonging. Moreover, it engages with a diverse range of individuals, families, communities and organisations to develop its collections and exhibitions. In this way, the Museum endeavours to represent as many personal stories and individual voices as possible in order present real experiences that are thought-provoking, moving, empathetic and always relevant.

Week 8

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- The Melbourne Immigration Museum and its predominant role (authorâ€™s own montage) 111 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

MUSEUM of ART /Lina Bo Bardi (Sao Paulo, Brasil) The MASP’s monumental aesthetic is the result of an ingenious engineering scheme whose structural clarity dominates the building’s formal language. However, as the project evolved, it became increasingly clear that her vision for the museum would not belong to the politicians and the city’s cultural elite. She would instead attempt to cater to the populist view that the museum and the site on which it stood should belong to the people and the city. Not only would the museum return the same amount of public space that it borrowed, but it would embrace the radical notion that a museum could both exhibit culture and serve as a stage on which it was created.

Week 6

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- The emphasis of MASP on the education function was critical (authorâ€™s own montage) 113 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

TOPOGRAPHY OF TERROR (Berlin, Germany) The monument is yet another piece in the puzzle of Germanyâ€™s attempts to come to terms with its Nazi past and reinforces its reputation as a country which like no other has painstakingly documented its misdeeds. The exhibits dedicate from Prinz Albrecht Strasse that the concentration camps were administered, where the deadly military task forces were managed and detailed records of regime opponents were kept. What makes the Topography of Terror different from many other memorials or museums, because it focuses on the Nazi perpetrators rather than their victims. One wall is full of file cards, detailing the identities of some of the former workers who were part of the Nazi killing machine â€“ from state prosecutors to members of the police force, the SS and Gestapo.

Week 6

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- A place of remembrance on the site of the SS central command (authorâ€™s own montage) 115 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

HOLOCAUST MEMORIA (Berlin, Germany) This important international memorial lies in the historic heart of Berlin. It consists of 2,711 concrete stelae, each uniquely planned to so that together they give the appearance of a wavelike ripple. The extraordinary design represents a radical approach to creating a monument, which encompasses 800 square metres, where visitors can learn about the victims of the Holocaust and the various places of horror. Each stone slab has a unique shape and size points out the uniqueness and the sameness of the people who were murdered at the time of the Holocaust. Being situated in the heart of Berlin, however, gives a public face to the remembered atrocities of a nation and continues to carry its somber message to the world. An immediate connection with common people, the Holocaust Memorialâ€™s intellectual intent may be lost, resulting in a disconnect.

Week 7

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- The emphasis of MASP on the education function was critical (authorâ€™s own montage) 117 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.5 CREATING A LOCAL NETWORK

- A Theatre of Mnemosyne as a local network(authorâ€™s own montage) 118 -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

- Re-complete the Southside of Glasgow (authorâ€™s own montage) 119 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.6 PROPOSED SITES

5.5

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- Proposed Sites (authorâ€™s own montage) 121 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_CHAPTER 5

5.7 THE PROPOSAL This new typology of building that proposed is based on the Theatre of Memory by Giulio Camillo, which is an amphitheatrical space where the history of the universe has been stored. It is a debate space where locals gathered to recount stories from their everyday life and the radical changes happened in the new post-modern society, shaping the urban environment and their lives. Shared authority and public debate are the key drivers where local and displaced inhabitants are the exhibits of this museum. As in the Theatre of memory, visitors and locals will attempt to find the a-leithia (αλήθεια) (greek) = truth) or (unforgetfulness). This truth or un-forgetfulness will unify the lost communities and provide lessons for the future redevelopment of the area.

Week 9

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- A sketch masterplan that harmonises my proposal with the area (authorâ€™s own montage) 123 -Charalampos Pantazis-

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- View from Norfolk Street towards Eglinton Street (authorâ€™s own montage) 125 -Charalampos Pantazis-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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“Memory...is the diary that we all cry about with us” -Oscar Wilde

_BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES Artnouveau.eu. (2018). Art Nouveau European Route : The Route. [online] Available at: http://www.artnouveau.eu/en/ index.php [Accessed 05 Sept. 2018]. Architectureglasgow.co.uk. (2018). architectureglasgow.co.uk. [online] Available at: http://www.architectureglasgow. co.uk/oldcity.kingstonhalls.html?fbclid=IwAR3AR22ofFWO0sqQ_wV-fZ0p9WDBvk6fLfwsUzK1_ULTi9V01lR9KqCYtN8 [Accessed 05 Sept. 2018]. Brewminate.com. (2018). The Grand Tour: Educational Journeys from the 16th to 18th Centuries. [online] Available at: https://brewminate.com/the-grand-tour-educational-journeys-from-the-16th-to-18th-centuries/ [Accessed 15 Sept. 2018]. C2DH | Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History. (2018). Museums as places of shared authority and public debate. [online] Available at: https://www.c2dh.uni.lu/thinkering/museums-places-shared-authority-and-public-debate [Accessed 05 Nov. 2018]. Foto-history.livejournal.com. (2018). Glasgow by Raymond Depardon, Scotland ‘1980 (Part II). [online] Available at: https://foto-history.livejournal.com/10311185.html [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018]. Frieze.com. (2018). What is the Future of the Museum?. [online] Available at: https://frieze.com/article/what-is-thefuture-of-the-museum [Accessed 18 Nov. 2018]. Firestone, R., Mark English, A., Mark English, A., Mark English, A., Mark English, A. and Mark English, A. (2018). MASP: A Brazilian Masterpiece | The Architects’ Take. [online] Thearchitectstake.com. Available at: https://thearchitectstake.com/editorials/masp-a-brazilian-masterpiece/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018]. Glasgow.gov.uk. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=36601&p=0 [Accessed 15 Oct. 2018]. Glasgowwestend.co.uk. (2018). Between Gorbals and Govan - Scotland Street School. [online] Available at: http://www. glasgowwestend.co.uk/people/gorbalsgoven.php [Accessed 25 Oct. 2018]. 129 -Charalampos Pantazis-

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Gracesguide.co.uk. (2018). Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society (SCWS). [online] Available at: https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Scottish_Co-operative_Wholesale_Society_(SCWS)?fbclid=IwAR2Y_QKySBhdn50EQSYYBPI3dW7AIsJPPhFNBjC_qF59Lt6gtyZ-itMwGBE [Accessed 22 Oct. 2018]. History.ac.uk. (2018). The Grand Tour | Reviews in History. [online] Available at: https://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/ review/839 [Accessed 27 Sept. 2018]. Hiddenglasgow.com. (2018). The Hidden Glasgow Forums • View topic - The Lost Gardens of Pollok St.. [online] Available at: http://www.hiddenglasgow.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=6634&fbclid=IwAR2onSSGCG5PfM6VROIfrDn7YTFHQ1N4K2YTwiLF_Grdi_RaVlcspSTSamg [Accessed 02 Oct. 2018]. Hiddenglasgow.com. (2018). The Hidden Glasgow Forums • View topic - The Lost Gardens of Pollok St.. [online] Available at: http://www.hiddenglasgow.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=6634&start=30&fbclid=IwAR2WJZwJitwhI8UgTwlaJdYSCz_bqnJvm565OEg6ShVzDHTmTIePUAMhqN0 [Accessed 04 Oct. 2018]. Hiddenglasgow.com. (2018). The Hidden Glasgow Forums • View topic - The Co-op Building.... [online] Available at: http://www.hiddenglasgow.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=8828 [Accessed 05 Oct. 2018]. Hyperallergic. (2018). The 6 Issues That Will Guide the Future of Museums. [online] Available at: https://hyperallergic. com/184378/the-6-issues-that-will-guide-the-future-of-museums/ [Accessed 15 Oct. 2018]. Ica.coop. (2018). History of the cooperative movement | ICA. [online] Available at: https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/history-cooperative-movement?fbclid=IwAR0PhVOf6Ojc7Vqct5KFcoxAMzMGBD8OC-POcV6-vKpnmra-O4cQuB8QNWw [Accessed 28 Oct. 2018]. Jones, P. and MacLeod, S. (2018). Museum Architecture Matters. [online] Journals.le.ac.uk. Available at: https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/635 [Accessed 02 Nov. 2018].

Journals.sfu.ca. (2018). [online] Available at: http://journals.sfu.ca/llcs/index.php/llcs/article/viewFile/255/302 [Accessed 02 Nov. 2018]. 130 -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

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Mayer, J., McKibben, B., Cassidy, J., Gawande, A., Entous, A., Anderson, J., Mayer, J., McKibben, B., Cassidy, J. and Gawande, A. (2018). The Inadequacy of Berlin’s “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe”. [online] The New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-inadequacy-of-berlins-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe [Accessed 05 Nov. 2018]. MilitaryHistoryNow.com. (2018). Operation Pied Piper - Six Amazing Facts About Britain’s Wartime Evacuees MilitaryHistoryNow.com. [online] Available at: https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/03/31/operation-pied-piper-six-amazing-facts-about-britains-wartime-evacuees/ [Accessed 08 Sept. 2018]. Migration Museum. (2018). Migration Museum | The story of movement into and out of the UK. [online] Available at: https://www.migrationmuseum.org/ [Accessed 08 Sept. 2018]. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. (2018). ‘All change!’ on Britain’s railways | The National Archives. [online] Available at: http:// www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/railways/ [Accessed 05 Sept. 2018]. Oldglasgow.tumblr.com. (2018). Tumblr. [online] Available at: http://oldglasgow.tumblr.com/post/98651750105/ coop-building?fbclid=IwAR3UJ8XtAZDT78PW59O4WC6RwpdhqqbgTOSw4L-e3cCNrjqmUt_LtGfdNr0 [Accessed 10 Sept. 2018]. Scougall, M. (2018). Muse statues to return to roof of Citizens Theatre after refurbishment - Sunday Post. [online] Sunday Post. Available at: https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/muse-statues-to-return-to-roof-of-citizens-theatre-after-refurbishment/ [Accessed 15 Sept. 2018]. Sights, A. (2018). Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. [online] berlin.de. Available at: https://www.berlin.de/ en/attractions-and-sights/3560249-3104052-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe.en.html [Accessed 18 Sept. 2018]. The Guardian. (2018). What should our museums look like in 2020?. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/culture-professionals-network/2015/mar/16/museums-in-2020-industry-experts-views [Accessed 19 Sept. 2018].

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Visitberlin.de. (2018). Topography of Terror | visitBerlin.de. [online] Available at: https://www.visitberlin.de/en/topography-terror [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018]. Waite, R., Waite, R., Wilson, R. and Waite, R. (2018). Architecture tomorrow - museums and galleries. [online] Architects Journal. Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/architecture-tomorrow-museums-and-galleries/8683741.article [Accessed 05 Nov. 2018]. Warwick.ac.uk. (2018). Overspill Policy and the Glasgow Slum Clearance Project in the Twentieth Century: From One Nightmare to Another?. [online] Available at: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/reinvention/issues/volume1issue1/paice/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2018]. Womenslibrary.org.uk. (2018). Glasgow Women’s Library – Celebrating Scotland’s Women. [online] Available at: https://womenslibrary.org.uk/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2018].

BOOKS Arwas, V. (2000). Art nouveau. London: Andreas Papadakis. Billcliffe, R. (n.d.). Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the art of the four$BRoger Billcliffe. Creative Time presents the return engagement of The memory theatre of Giulio Camillo. (1986). New York, N.Y.: Creative Time. Critchley, S. (n.d.). Memory theatre. Foreman, C. (2013). Lost Glasgow. New York: Birlinn. Loft, C. (n.d.). Last trains.

132 -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mackintosh (n.d.). Story of Scotland From the Earliest Times to the Present Century. Macleod, S., Austin, T., Hale, J. and Ho, O. (n.d.). The future of museum and gallery design. Mawson, G. (n.d.). Evacuees - childrens lives on the world war 2 home front. Moore, J. (2016). Glasgow. Edinburgh: Birlinn General. Patestos, K. (2001). To kivōtio tou monternou. Athēna: Ekdoseis Kastaniōtē. Tahara, K., Thiébaut, P. and Girveau, B. (2000). Art nouveau architecture. New York: Universe. Williams, M. (n.d.). Steaming to victory - how britains railways won the war. Wolmar, C. (2008). Fire and steam. London: Atlantic Books ARTICLES Conroy, C., Dickenson, S. and Mazzoni, G. (2017). The ‘Not Knowns’: memory, narrative and applied theatre. Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 23(1), pp.56-72. MOLINARI, Cesare. Storytelling, Memory, Theatre. Journal of Early Modern Studies, [S.l.], v. 7, p. 25-40. Rosenthal, M., Selz, P. and Constantine, M. (1978). Art Nouveau: Art and Design at the Turn of the Century. Leonardo, 11(3), p.246

133 -Charalampos Pantazis-

_LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

-Cover_ Montage (author’s own diagram)| pg. 01 -Lethe & Mnemosyne (author’s own montage)| pg. 05 -How can we provide a theatre of memory for productive exchange of the unwritten history in places around Glasgow? (author’s own montage)| pg. 06 - The Grand tour and its original routes (author’s own montage)| pg. 21 - The private galleries developed as supermarket of art (author’s own montage)| pg. 23 - Art Nouveau as international movement (author’s own montage)| pg. 29 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his predominant role of Art Nouveau in Glasgow (author’s own montage)| pg. 31 - A conceptual idea of theatre of memory (author’s own montage)| pg. 33 - The Grand tour and its original routes (author’s own montage)| pg. 35 - During the Industrial Revolution, the coals was the main power source (author’s own montage)| pg. 41 - 19th century, the canals was the main transport system of goods in Scotland (author’s own montage)| pg. 43 - The timeline of canals from their pick to decline (author’s own montage)| pg. 45 - The expansion Glasgow through waterways (author’s own montage)| pg. 47 - The beginning of the 20th century trains was a revolutionary means of transport as people had the chance to span long distances in speed (author’s own montage)| pg. 49 - The development of railway trunk routes (author’s own montage)| pg. 51 - WWII evacuation of Glasgow during the Blitz (author’s own montage)| pg. 53 - The pied piper operation where 175,000 including 62,000 children evacuated the city (author’s own montage)| pg. 55 - The expansion of railways as mean of transport (author’s own montage)| pg. 57 - The disaster after the WWII & the convertion of the city into a modernist masterplan (author’s own montage)| pg. 59 - Storyboard of City Development Plan’s (author’s own montage)| pg. 61 -The Southside Heritage loss (author’s own montage)| pg. 63 -The policy of Housing Development Corporation (author’s own montage)| pg. 65 -The CDAs converted into motorways (author’s own montage)| pg. 67 -A storyboard of motorways (author’s own montage)| pg. 69 - Significant infrastructures that shaped Glasgow (author’s own montage)| pg. 71

134 -LETHE | Theatre of Mnemosyne-

_LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

-Scotland Street School