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The weekly newspaper for air cargo professionals No. 1,117

1 FEBRUARY 2021

ON THE FLIGHT DECK WITH SANJEEV GADHIA

JETTAINER GOES BASIC JETTAINER, the global leader in unit load device (ULD) management, has developed and launched plug&fly, a new basic version of its full-service ULD solution. With plug&fly, Jettainer is breaking new ground: small and mid-sized airlines will now be able to unlock the benefits of outsourced ULD management in a way that is quick and easy. plug&fly helps airlines optimise their ULD fleet by 15%. “Big carriers are not the only ones who get to enjoy optimised ULD fleets and the smart global management services provided by Jettainer’s industry experts. “Many other airlines with fleets of up to 2,000 ULDs can now reap the rewards too. To arrive at this destination, we had to take a separate, more streamlined approach that we are now rolling out with plug&fly,” said Thomas Sonntag, Jettainer managing director.

Assets

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INSIDE ASTRAL AVIATION’S STRATEGIC PLAN

FOLLOWING the acquisition of a B767-200F from Air Transport Services Group in October 2020, Astral Aviation will deploy the ... PAGE 2

FCS HANDLES FIRST VACCINE SHIPMENT

FCS has now handled its first vaccine shipment. The company has been completing its preparations to support COVID-19 ... PAGE 4 PROTECT INDUSTRY FROM COLLAPSE

Jettainer rolls out plug&fly – a basic ULD service developed for small and mid-sized airlines

Leveraging a range of possible ULD services, Jettainer has developed a basic product with a fixed pricing model that is guided by the number of ULDs involved. These assets remain the customer’s property. By optimising the ULD fleet quantity, Jettainer generates direct and immediate cost savings for the customer, says the company. These savings come in addition to reduced costs for airlines´ own IT and coordination efforts, which are typically incurred with inhouse solutions. Jettainer uses an integrated IT solution harnessing artificial intelligence, ensuring real time visibility of ULDs and inventories. Jettainer’s customers also benefit from its global network and inherent synergies in ULD positioning: plug&fly offers the premium quality management services that Jettainer’s customers have come to rely on. “plug&fly takes the hassle out of ULD management for the customer. “By focusing on the core service, it offers customers a quick, easy and transparent way to realise cost advantages,” Sonntag added.

THE UK GMB Union says the UK Government must step in to protect the aviation industry from ‘total collapse’ amid rumours ... PAGE 4

SWISSPORT LOOKS BACK AT 2020

SWISSPORT International last year saw air cargo handled drop to 4.1 million tonnes from 4.6 million tonnes in 2019 (-12.3%) and proved ... PAGE 5

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NEWS ASTRAL AVIATION’S STRATEGIC PLAN FOR ITS B767F FOLLOWING the acquisition of a B767-200F from Air Transport Services Group in October 2020, Astral Aviation will deploy the freighter on the Nairobi – Sharjah route with effect from February 3, offering capacity for 80 tonnes per week of flowers and vegetables to the UAE. Astral will also upgrade the B767-200F on its Nairobi – Johannesburg route which it currently operates on the B727-200F, increasing the total capacity to 160 tonnes per week to South Africa. Marking the launch of the B767 freighter in Nairobi, Astral Aviation CEO Sanjeev Gadhia re-iterated that the newly-acquired freighter will complement the existing fleet by providing new opportunities in the 40-tonnes category which was previously underserved in Africa. The B767F is ideal for Astral’s intra-African network, which comprises 15 scheduled destinations

while offering new opportunities to the Middle East, which is an important gateway for East Africa’s air imports and exports. The acting managing director of the Kenya Airports Authority, Alex Gitari complemented Astral Aviation’s stature as the fastest growing cargo airline in the region and reaffirmed Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA)’s regional cargo hub position. In addition to reaffirming this strategic positioning, Astral Aviation’s acquisition of the B767-200F is timely in that it enhances JKIA’s cargo capacity and ability to handle transhipments of COVID-19 vaccines whose rollout is expected soon. Also present at the launch were the chairman and director general of Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, the regional director of ICAO as well as the secretary general of the African Airlines Association (AFRAA).

White joins PayCargo board PAYCARGO has appointed Michael White to its board. He brings more than 25 years of experience in the airfreight sector, having held senior positions at Frontier Airlines, United Airlines, Cargo Service Center, the Air Transport Association, SkyLink USA, Cargo Network Services, and most recently as the founder and president of Trade Network Consultants. “Michael has been described by many as the ‘evangelist’ for the movement to move to full electronic documents in air transport. He shares PayCar-

DHL Global Forwarding has expanded its Life Sciences & Healthcare (LSH) facility in Leipzig by approximately 2,500 sq m. The centre is very close to Leipzig Airport and houses state-of-the-art equipment for storing and handling temperature-controlled pharmaceutical and medical products, such as vaccinations. “Since the start of the pandemic, we have observed a strong increase in demand for pharmaceutical products and goods. Given the good news regarding the development of COVID-19 vaccinations, this demand

is likely to increase even further in the coming months,” commented Tobias Schmidt, CEO DHL Global Forwarding in Germany. “That is why we prepared for this scenario early on and put everything in place to be able to respond effectively and efficiently. Of course, we also benefit from the fact that DHL Global Forwarding Germany is already very experienced in handling and transporting temperature-controlled pharmaceutical shipments. We have a tight, state-of-the-art network that meets all the strict regulatory requirements in place.”

The previous transhipment and warehouse space of approximately 2,200 sq m in Leipzig was more than doubled when the expansion was completed in the last quarter of 2020. The second warehouse covers more than 2,500 sq m and is divided into two temperature zones. In the larger zone comprising approximately 1,700 sq m, the temperature can be regulated between 15 and 25°C. The smaller zone of around 850 sq m can be cooled down to 2-8°C. This allows pharmaceutical products to be stored at an appropriately cool temperature, to ensure their integrity.

DNATA OPENS CARGO COMPLEX AT MAN

d go’s digital vision and will bring invaluable experience to our board,” commented Eduardo Del Riego, global chief executive officer of PayCargo.

nata has opened a new, state-of-the art cargo complex named dnata City North, at Manchester Airport (MAN). Representing an investment of over £30 million, the facility boasts an impressive 15,000 sq m. The purpose-built on-airport facility includes 12,500 sq m warehouse space and is capable of processing in excess of 150,000 tonnes of cargo annually. It is equipped with the latest technologies and complies with the highest industry standards ensuring efficient and safe handling of all types of cargo, including pharmaceuticals, perishables, dangerous goods, aircraft engines and vehicles. Alex Doisneau, managing director of dnata UK, commented: ”We are thrilled to announce the opening of another world-class cargo facility in a strategic location in the UK. Our new, purpose-built facility in Manchester complements our existing multiple UK operations including the dnata City complex at London Heathrow, enabling customers to enhance their operations in the region. “Our continued investment and expansion in the UK underlines our commitment to our customers and the local cargo industry at a critical time, providing operational excellence at key gateways across the country.” dnata City North contains a pharma and perishables centre and takes advantage of the latest technologies. The cold storage areas in the centre are modular, enabling teams to manage changing handling demands with dedicated climate control capability.

QATAR Airways will add its 12th gateway in the United States with the resumption of four-weekly Atlanta flights starting June 1, 2021. The carrier will also significantly increase frequencies to the country, adding an additional 13 weekly flights to operate

ACW 1 FEBRUARY 2021

DHL EXPANDS LEIPZIG FACILITY

Qatar adds 12th US gateway

a total of 83 weekly flights across its 12 gateways. Qatar Airways group chief executive, Akbar Al Baker, said: “Our commitment to the US market has seen us add and expand strategic partnerships with American carriers, Alaska Airlines and JetBlue.”

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ATSG elects new board members

THE Board of Directors of Air Transport Services Group, Inc. has elected Phyllis Campbell and Paul Williams to the board. Campbell (right) is chairman of the Pacific Northwest region for JPMorgan Chase & Co. She is the financial services firm’s senior executive in Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Williams retired in 2018 and was most recently a partner and managing director of Major, Lindsey & Africa, LLC, an executive recruiting firm, where he conducted searches for board members, CEOs and senior legal executives.

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22/01/2021 14:52

NEWS

Government must protect industry from ‘total collapse’, says GMB THE UK GMB Union says the UK Government must step in to protect the aviation industry from “total collapse” amid rumours of a full UK border shutdown. Minister George Eustice said the UK government has considered the possibility of closing the borders to travellers to prevent new strains of COVID-19 being spread in the UK. Aviation workers were among the first to be hit by the COVID-19 crisis and look like being the last out of it. The aviation minister’s announcement of a package of financial support for airport operators in November has still yet to pay out. Nadine Houghton, GMB National Officer, commented: “GMB representatives have

worked tirelessly for months to protect jobs in the industry, our members have made sacrifices to keep themselves in work. “They are ready and waiting to get back to work, they are trained and they are proud to work in the industry. But the industry is on the brink of total collapse. “They cannot simply be thrown on the scrap heap because the Government refuses to listen to unions and employers about what is needed to get the industry flying again – once the time is right. “Ministers’ decisions have led to the industry shut down. GMB supports moves to slow the spread of the virus but when these impact on workers the Government must step in.”

New members jo HOPE Consortium, the United Arab Emirate-based public-private partnership tasked with co-ordinating the safe and efficient international distribution of billions of doses of COVID-19 vaccines, has announced the addition of new partners. Joining a group of world-renowned freight forwarders, Bolloré Logistics, CEVA Logistics, DB Schenker, DHL, FedEx Express, MICCO Logistics, RSA Global and UPS will add their expertise, infrastructure and capabilities to meet the complex requirements of planning demand, storing and transporting billions of vaccine doses under cold and ultra-cold conditions. Spearheaded by the Department of Health – Abu Dhabi, the HOPE Consortium comprises some of the UAE’s and global leading supply chain solution players, including Abu Dhabi

FCS handles first vaccine shipment

FCS has now handled its first vaccine shipment. The company has been completing its preparations to support COVID-19 vaccine shipments since last year as part of WFS’ Project Coldstream initiative to co-ordinate the group’s global response to the anticipated transportation of some 16 billion doses of vaccine. In Frankfurt, this has included gaining CEIV certification by IATA in September as well as the Pharma and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) certification by the European Union in November respectively to ensure compliance with the quality requirements of airlines and pharmaceutical manufacturers. “FCS prepared early and thoroughly to offer its customers the highest and safest standards

ACW 1 FEBRUARY 2021

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for vaccine handling. “The fact that the first handling of a vaccine together with Royal Jordanian Airlines happened smoothly and quickly confirms our claim to be a highly relevant gateway between air and land transport, especially during the crisis,” commented Claus Wagner, managing director of FCS. WFS currently operates 12 dedicated pharma facilities in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Brussels, Cape Town, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Johannesburg, London, Madrid, Miami, New York JFK and its €10 million state-of-the-art Pharma Centre at Paris CDG. These facilities are all either IATA CEIV or Good Distribution Practice (GDP) certified or compliant.

NEWS

s join HOPE Consortium Ports, as lead partner, Etihad Cargo and Rafed, as well as Switzerland’s SkyCell. Jamal Mohammed Al Kaabi, undersecretary of Department of Health, Abu Dhabi, commented: “Increasing our partners to 16 enables the HOPE consortium to continue to expand its reach and services to be a major player in the global logistical space for distributing billions of doses of COVID-19 vaccines, despite the great logistical challenge of transporting doses safely while maintaining their integrity. “Partnering with more world-class freight forwarders enables the consortium to address the different needs of countries, NGOs, and pharma needs for most of the world. “The consortium is part of the UAE’s efforts to provide solutions that support the global fight against COVID-19.”

Swissport looks back at 2020

Researchers examine gender, racial bias in the industry

s the aviation industry strives to diversify its workforce pipeline, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University researchers have published a paper demonstrating the bias faced by aspiring female and minority commercial pilots. The research, published in Technology in Society, showed that consumers and even other pilots respond more favourably to white male pilots over female and minority pilots. It represents a scientific look at consumers’ perceptions of pilot quality based on their gender or race and could provide strong guidance to the aviation industry. “The aviation industry needs to be aware that this bias exists because they need to make sure their hiring process is fair to women and minorities,” said Stephen Rice, professor of Human Factors. “They need to do whatever it takes to help women and minorities overcome these societal problems.” Embry-Riddle PhD student Nadine Ragbir, the lead author of the paper, said the most valuable part of the research was demonstrating that implicit, or unconscious, biases exist. “While some people know they are being biased or prejudiced against an individual, others may not even know they feel that way,” said Ragbir. “Just being able to make people aware that there are unconscious biases that could influence their thoughts and actions is a step forward.”

Fighting bias

SWISSPORT International last year saw air cargo handled drop to 4.1 million tonnes from 4.6 million tonnes in 2019 (-12.3%) and proved to be much more resilient than the ground services business. “After a devastating 2020, we expect regionally varied market recoveries for the second half of 2021,” commented Christoph Mueller, group president and CEO of Swissport International AG. “Last year has been extraordinarily difficult for the entire sector. Covid-19 has essentially wiped out airline demand for the classic ground services business between March and the end of the year. “Demand for air cargo logistics was also very heavily impacted but still fared better and helped stabilise the company. “For the second half of 2021, we believe a robust rebound could be possible in some regions while other regions will continue to suffer for some time.

“The speed at which vaccination protection is established at domestic level and on individual continents, as well as entry regulations between countries, will be crucial here – especially for the private travel segment.” Swissport’s revenue decreased by roughly 50% compared to 2019, due to the unprecedented decline in global demand for air travel and, as a consequence, airport ground services. The rapid recovery of the air cargo segment from mid-2020 contributed positively to the overall result. Swissport served only 82 million airline passengers after 265 million in 2019 (-68.9%). The number of flights handled for some 500 airline customers globally, a number which is more closely related to revenue, declined to 1.7 million from 4.1 million in 2019 (-59.0% against 2019).

SkyCell and Korean Air partner up SKYCELL has partnered with Korean Air Cargo as it focuses on business development in Korea. The partnership follows SkyCell’s recent launch of a service centre in Seoul and the appointment of Charlie Cho as business development director for Korea as of January 1. The partnership comes at a crucial point with the increase in demand for COVID-19 vaccines and treatments this year.

Cold-chain maintenance for vaccine transportation is a significant challenge and together SkyCell and Korean Air ensure lifesaving medicines reach patients timely and in pristine condition.

New station Jae Dong Eum, senior vice president and head of Cargo Business Division at Korean Air commented: “We were attracted

to the fact that Skycell has recently opened a new station in Seoul, and that its sustainable and self-recharging hybrid containers are in line with our green management policy. “Through this agreement, we are pleased to expand our service offering to the pharma industry with SkyCell’s hybrid containers and provide our clients with a safe and sustainable solution to protect sensitive products.”

The experiment involved showing photographs of female and male pilots of various races to participants, then asking them to rate how well they thought the pilots would perform. Respondents gave higher ratings to white male pilots. Other students who worked on the research, which was funded internally by the Department of Human Factors and Behavioural Neurobiology, included Bradley Baugh, Mattie Milner, Madhur Gupta, Drishti Valecha, Karla Candelaria-Oquendo and John Capps. Despite the pandemic, air travel is projected to expand over the coming years, and with a large percentage of the industry’s workforce reaching retirement age, a shortage of aviation professionals is predicted, Rice said. The research paper pointed out that bias could deprive the industry of the best job candidates. “One of the main goals in hiring is to recruit and onboard the most qualified candidates,” the publication in Technology in Society read. “Potential employees are often unintentionally under-evaluated due to biases, and specific groups could be unfairly kept out of the cockpit and better candidates excluded.” The fact that pilots themselves demonstrated bias against female and minority pilots was of particular concern, Rice said. “Those pilots may be in positions of power one day to make hiring choices,” he said.

ACW 1 FEBRUARY 2021

You’re hired: DHL Express is 2021’s top employer in Asia Pacific A

Employee engagement

FAR EAST REVIEW ACW 1 FEBRUARY 2021

adjust to new ways of working. “Thanks to the great “As One” team spirit, dedication and positive attitude of every employee, we are able to continue serving our customers, and truly living and breathing our big purpose of connecting people and improving lives.”

DHL Express, the world’s leading international express service provider, has been recognised as 2021 Top Employer for Asia Pacific for the seventh consecutive year. On top of that, the company was awarded the same accolade in nine countries and territories in the region including: Australia, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. This brings the total number of awards that DHL Express has won in the area of workplace excellence to 42 in 2020.

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The Top Employers Institute, a global organisation that recognises excellence in employee conditions, particularly acknowledged DHL’s strong performance in the areas of values, business strategy and ethics and integrity. “Receiving the 2021 Top Employer award is testament to DHL Express’ people-first culture that enables engagement, motivation and empowerment,” said Ken Lee, CEO, DHL Express Asia Pacific. “There is no doubt that 2020 was a challenging year where most had to

Mateen Thiruselvaam, senior vice president, human resources, DHL Express Asia Pacific, said: “At DHL Express, we are constantly looking at ways to be the employer of choice as we respond to the evolving needs of our people. “In fact, our employee engagement score of 96% in 2020 is approbation of our digitalisation efforts in continuously enhancing employee experience, and keeping them engaged and inspired. “Ranking first across Asia Pacific with the Top Employer Award as well as by Great Place to Work Institute is a true honour. I see 2021 as a year of healing for all of us as we continue to explore ways to build a contented and energised workforce.”

ACL: Rebound in Asia in 2021 likely MARK Edwards, managing director, ACL Airshop - APAC, is looking forward to a better 2021 in Asia than last year. He says: “As three of the world’s top 5 cargo airports are in Asia, including the busiest in Hong Kong, it is no surprise that airfreight is predicted to continue the growth trend we saw in 2020 through 2021 and beyond. “The rebound in International trade, huge increase in e-Commerce, and continued general cargo is fuelling the engine of airfreight worldwide and particularly in Asia.

“ACL Airshop is a critical part of this logistics chain. We have been very busy preparing to meet the challenges this year will bring, investing millions in the growth of our ULD fleet. “We have plenty [of customers], and we stand ready to meet all the needs of our past, present and future customers. “Our worldwide team is truly a high-performance culture, speedy on responsiveness and supplemented with award-winning new logistics technologies such as FindMyULD and ACL ULD Control.”

DANGEROUS GOODS

Online training on new MERCOSUR DG transport regulations launched LABELMASTER, a provider of products, services and technology for the safe and compliant transport of dangerous goods (DG) and hazardous materials (hazmat), has partnered with CIQUIME to offer new and exclusive English-language online training courses that explain the new MERCOSUR DG transport regulations in South America. This on-demand, two-part course is the perfect introduction to the MERCOSUR regulations that were implemented to reduce the complexities of shipping hazmat to and through South America. MERCOSUR, which is made up of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Venezuela, is the largest free-trade agreement bloc in South America. In an effort to simplify the complexity of DG transport, MERCOSUR recently harmonised the regulations for shipping DG to, from or through a country that is a party to the MERCOSUR agreement, as opposed to working off of many different versions and revisions of UN Model regulations. “The DG regulations in South America have been complex, confusing and inconsistent across countries, which is why the MERCOSUR countries have taken these steps,” said Rhonda Jessop, director of global learning, Labelmaster. “These changes impact how DG shipments are prepared and transported, so it is critical for US-based companies with supply chain operations in South America to be informed of the changes and understand the impact they will have on operations. “Labelmaster’s exclusive English-language training provides guidance and information to help shippers comply with these new regulations and make transporting into, across and out of South America more efficient and effective.”

COSUR agreement. In addition to on-demand training, classroom and virtual instructor-led training sessions are also available, as well as customised training tailored to an organisation’s unique business and products. Diego Gotelli, director of the Chemistry Information Centre at CIQUIME explains: “The harmonisation of MERCOSUR transport rules has made DG transport in South America much less complicated, but many North American shippers are unaware of the new rules. By partnering with Labelmaster to develop the industry’s first English-language MERCOSUR DG road regulations online training, we can provide organisations with the information and training they need.”

Overview The online course provides an overview of how MERCOSUR regulations apply, along with technical information shippers need to know, such as marking, labelling and packaging requirements as well as the potential fines and sanctions they face for non-compliance. The course is presented in two modules that are available for purchase separately or as a full course. Module 1 (MERCOSUR Dangerous Goods Regulations Awareness) covers the text of the MERCOSUR Agreement and Annex I, the General Provisions of the Agreement. Module 2 (MERCOSUR Dangerous Goods Regulations Technical Rules) covers the Technical Rules found in the MER-

AFKLMP Cargo app sorts out DG packing THE KLM Cargo Compliance Knowledge Centre (CKC) has developed a unique app for the airfreight industry, which can be used for co-loading segregation checks, including dangerous goods, based on IATA norms. ] KLM will be the first airline to start using this ‘Cargo Toolbox’ app and will make it available to all others free of charge. The ‘Cargo Toolbox’ app has been specifically designed for airfreight employees worldwide, whose duties include segregating cargo. “In this way, KLM Cargo hopes to improve safety throughout the cargo chain,

addressing key compliance and safety themes. This can only be achieved together with the entire cargo community, including handling companies as well. “It doesn’t matter who you work for,” says Kester Meijer, director operational integrity, compliance and safety at KLM Cargo. “We believe it is important to get knowledge out onto the work floor as quickly and clearly as possible, without having to consult manuals that are often heavy and complex. “The manuals containing information aren’t always in easy reach, which is why we came up with the app.”

Next week, we look at Flowers and IATA WCS Preview ACW 1 FEBRUARY 2021

A BLOW FOR SAFETY ON THE FLIGHT DECK IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN with WORKPLACE DURING Sanjeev Gadhia COVID-19 L On the busy day of Astral A Aviation’s new Boeing fleet stral has won the Africa All Cargo Carrier of the year 5 times. What makes you stand out from the rest?

member inauguration inauguration,, ACW’S Yasmin Turner managed to steal a minute with CEO, Sanjeev Gadhia.

Passion in fulfilling our clients’ requirements in Africa by offering reliable and logical airfreight solutions.

f you weren’t CEO of Astral or in the aviation industry at all, what would job would you be doing?

I would be either running a venture capital firm or an investment bank in Kenya (I am a banker by profession).

ou could only eat one for the rest of your life - sweet or savoury?

Savoury

hat’s the biggest change to the industry you have witnessed during your career?

Disruption in the way we work, interact and network.

oing in to 2021, what is one thing that makes you optimistic for air cargo recovery?

Vaccine rollout in parts of Europe, USA, India and China will improve business confidence, which will result in consumer spending as businesses will gradually re-open and air cargo volumes will start to rise.

ave you any New Year resolutions?

Invest my time in learning (recently I signed up for a Stanford course in Design Thinking) and also to reduce my golf handicap.

ou wake up tomorrow and COVID was just a bad dream. Where would you book a holiday to?

China!

hat do you hope Astral will achieve this year?

Transport the COVID-19 vaccine to every country in Africa, so that no country is left behind due to the lack of aircraft or capacity.

eading UK breathalyser firm AlcoSense has issued advice to help employers reduce risk when carrying out alcohol testing for safety-critical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic To minimise still further the risk of virus transmission, companies could switch to disposable breathalysers that are discarded after use. With a single-use breathalyser the test can be completed by the employee under supervision, without the need for anyone else to handle it before disposal. If an employee tests positive for alcohol with the disposable breath test, it can be followed up with an electronic test to establish a numerical breath alcohol reading. Hunter Abbott, managing director of AlcoSense Laboratories, comments: “There is no evidence of COVID-19 being transmitted through alcohol breath testing but disposable kits provide a sound alternative to add a further layer of protection for the employee and employer - and should be considered whilst we remain in the grip of coronavirus”. AlcoSense single-use breathalysers show not only the presence of alcohol but also the indicative level of intoxication. Crystals inside the tube change colour from yellow to green when alcohol is detected. The further up the graduated tube the green colour appears, the greater the concentration of alcohol. A blow bag ensures that the right volume of deep-lung air is exhaled for maximum accuracy. Too little air results in a falsely low reading, too much means the reading is too high. UK employers have a general duty under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 to ensure the health, safety and welfare of their staff. If an employee is allowed to work whilst under the influence, and their behaviour places themselves or others at risk, the employer

could be prosecuted. Workplace testing is primarily carried out in industries such as construction, food processing, aviation, road and rail transport, logistics and warehousing – particularly where machinery or electrical equipment is being operated - but also in any situation where alcohol is not compatible with a safe working environment. A recent study by UK Addiction Treatment revealed that 40% of industrial accidents are linked to substance abuse. A report from the Institute of Alcohol Studies suggests that working whilst hungover or under the influence of alcohol costs the UK economy up to £1.4bn a year, due to reduced productivity.

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