Daly waters city

DALY

WATERS

CITY

Urban Design Studio B Studio Coordinator: Dr. Gideon Aschwanden Student Name: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim 704821

DALY

WATERS

CITY

Developing Northern

part of Australia

There are many opportunities that can be offer by developing Northern part of Australia, because the North is where the transaction between countries happen.

Especially in emergging Asian Economy. The goals of Australian government is to expand the population in the Northern part by five times, and this project will have give one of the solution to develop the Northern part which is Water.

Source: Tourism NT, 2016

TABLE of CONTENT

08 14 22 26 32 48 52 60 62 78

Introduction Macro Analysis Meso Analysis Case Study Micro Analysis Implementation Master Plan Reference List Appendix Previous Exercise

01

Introduction

This chapter will introduce the problem and issue that Northern part of Australia facing in the present time. Furthermore, one of the biggest issue in the Northern part of Australia which is water (Government of Australia, White Paper), will be raised to become the background of this project. From that issue this project will find the opportunities to develop Northern of Australia, and achieve the population growth target.

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THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B |Source: ABPL 90273 9 Tourism PAGE WA, 2016

People perception about Northern of Australia is very hot and have insufficient amount of water. Moreover, according to White paper, one of the biggest problem in Northern of Australia is water. Ironically, Northern of Australia rich of water, because most of the region in Northern part of Australi is tropical climate. Other condition, is Northern of australia have 6 month of rain and 6 month of dry season.

Where is the waters?

65% Evaporated into mid air 20% Ground Water 15% River Water Source: Kwall, 2014

To deal with this problem, Australian Government have to create dams in several places which is possible, to store the water in the wet season and use it gradually in the dry season.

Furthermore, after developed the dams, it will need a settlement near the dam, so the target of Australian Government to increase population of Northern part of Australia can be achieved as well.

Source: Tourism WA, 2016

02

Macro Analysis

Using the information from CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, this project analized the opportunities of using dam in several places around the Northern part of Australia. Moreover, this analysis will find the possible city growth and possible of the new city all over Northern of Australia and pick the catalyst spot for this project design.

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River & Dams Map

National Park Location

Existing Street Networks

Existing Cities Networks

Existing Street Networks Overlay (Illustrated in Appendix)

New Street Networks Overlay

Existing Cities Networks Overlay (Illustrated in Appendix)

New Cities Networks Overlay

Existing Cities & Street Networks Overlay

New Cities & Street Networks Overlay

(Illustrated in Macro Analysis)

(Illustrated in Appendix)

(Illustrated in Appendix)

(Illustrated in Macro Analysis)

(Illustrated in Appendix)

(Illustrated in Appendix)

(Illustrated in Appendix)

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Macro Analysis: River & Possible Dam Map Timber Creek Located in the Victoria river, NT. This place have huge opportunity for Dam purposes.

Source: Hayley Anderson, 2013

Kununurra This place is one place that can be example or another places all over Northern of Australia, because there is actual Dams in this area that works.

Source: Perry L, 2009

Daly Rivers Located near to the Katherine and Darwin, Daly Rivers named after the river run through the city. This area is prone to seasonal flooding, which makes good places to create Dams.

Fitzroy Crossing Struggling from the flooding issue, Fitzroy Crossing can use this problem and turn it into opportunity by creating dams and farming (Exercise 3 Attachment) Source: Kimberley, 2011

Indee Eventhough this place have great opportuinities to become water city, but this place still have gold mine owned by Range River Gold, so it will be difficult to deal with. However, there is opportunities to engage for future development.

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 16

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Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

Source: Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair, 2016

Source: Schubert , 2011

Daly Waters Whether ths place have not have proper population for a city, but the opportunity to catch water from the dam, can change this place into destination for people.

Tarrabool Lake Located on the western fringe of the Barkly Tableland, Northern Territory. Tarrabool Lake is the largest wooded swamp, and it is major water bird colonial, especially Australian Pelicans and straw-necked bids.

Ngukurr This place located near the Roper River, known as remote Indigenous Community place.

By managing the water, it could be a great opportunity to

expand the indigenous

community .

Burdekin River Located in North and Far North Queensland, Australia. This river is Australia’s Largest river by discharge volume.

Burdekin Falls Dam built in this river, is a concrete gravity dam to support farming irrigation around this area.

500km N

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Macro Analysis: Existing Northern of Australia Map Methodology

Issue (First Part)

After all of the maps that related to this analysis have been gathered (See the maps such as Existing National Park Map, Existing Street Networks Map, and Existing City Network Map, in the appendix) by tracing all of the information from the existing map, the author, overlay all of the information to find the issue as well as opportunities.

As you can see in the map below, there are several series of the issue that this map shown.

The first issue that has been reveal is the disconnection of Eastern part and Western part of Northern of Australia. In the Eastern part all of the sreet and road connection seems to be more connected than Western part.

This Macro analysis is using some of the quotation from Lewis Mumford (1961) in his book The city in History. In his statement, Mumford (1961) said that “Human life swings between two poles: movement and settelment�, that is why all of the development in Urban Design is about Movement and Settlement. It is similar to the Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt reseacrh about Stock and Flow. Due to the Importance of the movement and settlement, this project will evaluate the street networks and the cities networks in this Macro Analysis.

Darwin Wyndham

Pine Creek

Broome Port Hedland

Fitzroy Crossing

Karratha Tenant Creek

Alice Spring Newman LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 18

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Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

Issue (Second Part)

Opportunities

The second issue is cities connection. As all of the people in Northern part of australia knows, that sveral cities in the region are very often to be flooded in the wet seasons. Moreover, if that events is transpired, and the cities connection is poor, it is very difficult for the citizen in that area to get aid asistance.

As you can see all of the possible dam location, that have been explained in the previous page, usually are the small cities or still have not been developed yet. Therefore, the government can use this development opportuinities to build the dam as well as building the future possible cities around the dam location.

Jabiru Weipa Katherine

Mount Isa Cairns

Townville Bowen

500km N

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Macro Analysis: Proposed Northern of Australia Map Analysis Result

Reason 1 (Near the dam location)

From the analysis in the previous page, it shown that Northern part of Australia have to strengthen the cites and street network connection. Therefore, in this proposed map, the connection between eastern part and western part has been improved by creating new street connection as well as new railway connection. Because the all of the major port to export the goods is in the western part (See Attachment of Agriculture Livestock in “previous exercise chapter 10�) and there are many poduction in the eastren part, so it makes sense to improve the connection.

As the dam analysis in page 14-15, Daly Waters is one of the possible dam location to be develop. Therefore, Daly Waters could be the next major city in the Northern part of Australia.

Darwin Wyndham

Pine Creek

Furthermore, the cities near the possible dam location also have been improve to maximize the connection.

From all of the cities location, Daly waters is the most significant area to developed for the following reasons...

Broome Port Hedland

Fitzroy Crossing

Karratha Tenant Creek

Alice Spring Newman LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 20

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Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

Reason 2 (East West North & South Connection)

Daly Waters City

Furthermore, because the connection has been improved, Daly waters is the only possible dam city that sit in the intersection of Existing North and South Railway & Street connection and Proposed East and West Railway & Street connection.

By utilize the dam opportunity and the North, South, East, West connection, Daly Waters could be the next major city that using water as the everyday life and trading city where the production of the East and South can be distribute and gives opportunities for the minor city to be promote in the production sectors.

Jabiru Weipa Katherine Daly Waters City Mount Isa Cairns

Townville Bowen

500km N

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03

Meso Analysis

In this chapter, the specific site for the catalyst development has been picked, which is Daly Waters. Daly Waters not only very great by the road network connection (from the north to south and the east to west), and by the Dam opportunities, but also Daly waters have flat ground which is great for agriculture. Furthermore, this chapter will show the flood map that support the idea to develop the Dam.

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Meso Analysis: Contour map & Flood map Overlay 200

m

0 20

200 m

m

Contour map analysis

From this flat ground, there are several opportunities that can be utilize such as farming area (because it very easy to make a farm in flat area), calm river (good opportunities to create a dam).

36 km

From the contour map, it shows that the contour in this area is very flat. This is because the contour line that show 250 m above sea level and 200 m above sea level have 36 kilometres distance, and as a result it produce 0.001 ratio of elevation.

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0m

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25

m

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LEGEND: VERY HIGH RISK OF FLOODING HIGH RISK OF FLOODING MODERATE RISK OF FLOODING LOW RISK OF FLOODING POSSIBLE DAM POINT

250

250

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m

m

m

250 m 250

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Flood Map analysis From the flood map, it shows that the flooding spread outh trhough the river.

By creating dams in several spot it can store that water in wet seasons and use it in the dry season. This technique will solve the flood problems as well as the insufficient amount of water problems in the Northern part of Australia, in this case, Daly Waters Territory.

15km

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04 Case Study

Before this project analyze into deeper and more specific place, this chapter will give the example to develop Daly waters. These series of example are taken from similar climate, and similar purposes for the project to adopt. From all of these example, a conclusion will be digested and reveal in the next chapter, Micro Analysis.

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Case Study: Built Form Built form for exterior sunlight: To accepting sunlight from the exterior, the building must have protection but still keep the sunlight into the building.

Built form for interior sunlight: By creating Skylight in the building, it will help to extend the width of the building but still get enough sunlight.

Source: Sheppard Robson, 2014

Built form for air flow: In the desert area, the air can be too hot. Therefore, in accient persian architecture, wind catcher is the technology to catch the wind and suck up the hot air to the wind catcher chimney and the air will continuously flow.

Wind Catcher Diagram

Persian Wind Catcher Example

Source: Fred the Oyster, 2014

Source: Fuzzytnth3, 2008

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Evaporation By evaporated the water into the air, it will help a dry climate such as desert become more humid. This example can be suitable to Daly Waters, because Daly waters share the same climate, which is desert, and hopefully desert climate barrier is not limit the way human live.

Source: OpenBuilding, 2010

Detention Zone In this zone, water will penetrate from the ground water, and gradually evaporate the water .

Evaporatively Cooled Air After the water evaporate into the air, the wind blows the warm breeze into cooled Air and give for comfort for people.

Habitat By this technique, it will increase the habitat in the water itself to live.

Source: Sheppard Robson, 2014

Amenity Cooled air are helping pedestrian comfort to walk with less hot weather expectation.

Indoor Cooled Air system This cooled air system also can be used for built form itself. By combining the Sun analysis and Wind Analysis.

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Case Study: Farming Kununurra Farming case Kununurra is the perfect example this project because from the river and dams map in page 14-15, kununurra is one of the possible dam location. However, there is already a dam in Kununurra that has been build for the farming purposes and water supplies for the city. This example show that, the concept of using river for farming purposes and developing a city is really works.

Source: Hayley Anderson, 2013

Source: Bkmcl, 2015 PAGE 30

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The use of water

Farming Shape

As you can see in the picture below, kununurra is using water storage that came from the Ord River. By creating alternative river flow, Kununurra irrigated the farming.

Therefore, the farming can be expanded into another direction and not to near to the river to avoid flooding risk. This Farming also can be used as a buffer zone for the city, so when there is flooding, the city will endure.

Because the farming is using the river water as the irrigation, therefore the shape of the farm also have to avoid intersection over 90 degrees. As you can see in Kununurra farming. the turning of the water from the river flow always below 90 degrees angle.

Another used of water in Kununurra is the water supplies for the city itslef. By directing the water and store it in several area, it will helping the city for the water supply.

In conclusion, for the farming, Kununurra have given very useful knowledge such as the technique to use the river water and the farming shape. This knowledge is very suitable to be used in this project because the situation in Daly Waters are similar.

Source: Water Corporation, 2014 THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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05

Micro Analysis

This chapter is the last analysis and the most important analysis for this project, because it is directly implement the previous analysis and example into specific analysis for Daly Waters. This analysis will contain Movement analysis to create new type of movement for city block, Land Use analysis to understand the connection between each land uses, and Built form analysis.

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Micro Analysis: Movement Movement is very important to every cities.

A building usually can be change after 20 years, but a street still will become the same shape of street over 100 years later.

Therefore, to designing a street is very serious step to achieve a great cities. This analysis will meassure the concept of the street using water, people and cars perspective.

Water perspective

Source: Lopez MG, 2016

Adopt from existing river flow

Trace the river flow into vector

Simplified the flow into one line

90 degrees, people have 50% of obstacle to walk

180 degrees, people have 100% of obstacle to walk

Yellow color is the 1st step of red light and blue is 2nd step

Put it together, it creates 4 times of waiting in red light

People perspective

0 degree, people have no obstacle to walk Cars perspective

Red color is the 1st step of red light and light blue is 2nd step PAGE 34

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Water perspective that this analysis use is for letting the water flow very well in the future street networks. People perspective is for a view of people likely to use the street for

walking. Because to create pedestrian friendly environment is very important. Cars persepctive is for breaks the traffic that happen in common street networks.

Grab the important flow from the river

Simplified the flow

It creates simple hexagonal shape flow

3 ways like this picture are not really engage people to walk through

More invited

This kind of 3 way is the most suitable.

1st Step of 3 steps (3 Steps is better than the previous)

2nd Step of 3 steps (3 Steps is better than the previous)

3rd Step of 3 steps (3 Steps is better than the previous)

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Micro Analysis: Movement 200

m

200 m Farming Zone There are 2 zoning for the Daly Waters city.

The first zoning is the Farming Zoning on the North West of the developments. The farming zoning located in that area to catch two river and to avoid the contamination of vehicles residue. This Development have to be created at the second phase after the dam has been created, so there is a reason for the people to move in to Daly Waters city. This step of development will be more discussed in the implementation chapter.

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0m 20 Study Area

For the scale purposes, the next page will be zooming in to this size of window

250

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m

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250 m 250

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City of Daly Waters The city of Daly Waters will be located near the existing High way to promoted people to recognize it.

Using the the movement analysis, both farm and city zones will become role model of new type of street networks.

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Micro Analysis: Movement Hexagonal Shape of Block From the Movement analysis in page 32-33, it reveal this sahpe as the simplified shape of river flow. In this shape, water can flow easily in the farming zones as well as in the city zone. Not only the water can flow easily, but the circulation of the pedestrian, cyclist, and motorize vehicle can flow very smooth.

Angle of the intersection Another result from the movement analysis, is the angle of every intersection have to be below 90 degrees, this angle will allow pedestrian to move easily. Because this angle are welcoming people to reach to another street. Therefore, the number of pedestrian will increase and will help the healthiness of the citizen in Daly Waters city.

Three Ways Intersection The final result from the movement analysis is the Three Ways Insection. By creating only 3 ways in every intersection, it will help to break the traffic jam cause by traffic lights. As you can se in the page 32-33, if there is 4-ways of traffic, cars have to wait for four traffic times, but if the intersection is only 3-ways, cars only have to wait for 3 times traffic lights.

Therefore, the time to wait are reduce and will also reduce the traffic jam.

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7.5km

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Micro Analysis: Land Use

LEGEND: COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL GREEN CORRIDOR MIXED USE MEDICAL TREATMENT TERTIARY EDUCATION FARMING

7.5km

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Micro Analysis: Possible Public Transport

7.5km

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Micro Analysis: Land Use Program

Radius: 3 unit Social Infrastructure Radius PAGE 42

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Radius: 3 unit

Radius: 2 unit

R

Commercial Infrast

Radius: 2 unit

tructure Radius

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Micro Analysis: Built Form Common situation building In this analysis, will evaluate and test the built form so it can be use as the built form planning scheme for Daly waters city. From the common building, sun angle in the summer and winter will easily go inside the building and created high temperature inside. Furthermore, in the summer sun lights does not penetrate the building 100%, and create dark area in the middle of the building. The air flow also not so great for cooling this area.

Common situation Sun Analysis By pushing the building close to each other, it will help creating shadow for the pedestrian, and makes them walk comfortably. For the middle of the building will be opened to have skylight, so the sunlight can go through the building and it can make the building width wider.

Sun analysis Solar Panel analysis Using the angle of the sun, to maximize the solar cacthment for solar panel, and it can gain energy to make this city more sustainable. Another advantage using this technique is the angle of the roof actually allow to increase the shadow for pedestrian.

Solar panel analysis PAGE 44

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Wind catcher analysis Persian architecture, has already used this kind of built form to cacth the wind. In this scenario, this building form will not make the wind go inside the building, to avoid sand.

Therefore, this building will flow the wind likethe illustration to suck the hot air to go out.

Wind catcher analysis Rain Water Collecting The same as the dam concept, every building must collect water in the wet season, and store it in the groundtank. So there is another alternative for water supplies in this city.

Rain water collecting Water Evaporation system Combining the Sun analysis, wind catcher and the rain water collecting together, it will create the water evaporation system. The sunlight it evaporate the water gradually and the wind catcher will blow the evaporate water and make the environment more humid, which very good for the desert area.

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Micro Analysis: Built Form Typology Variation

Quadriple Channels

Triple Channels

Double Channels

Courtyard Typology PAGE 46

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Typology Variation

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06

Implementation

Of course, to build a new city, we cannot just build and of the design, it have to be step by step. This chapter will illustrate the implementation plan over the years, to explain which development should have been built first until the last.

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Implementation Masterplan

10 Years

15 Years

The first phase of Daly Waters Developments, is 10 years developments. After building the dam in the south of Daly Waters City, the city willl grow north. But the most important development is the farm. This development is the main purpose for people to move to Daly Waters for the Jobs in farming sectors.

After the green corridor and the city centre have been developed, the city growth will become slower and the growth are more focus on the farming area for more job opportunities in the farming sector to make the population growth more increase.

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30 Years

50 Years

There is a point where the farming area will be stopped and the growth will be change into the city. The city started to grow horizontally and vertically. More mixed use building in the city to create another sector of job opportunities.

Finnaly after all of the farming area and city area has been developed, the high way within the city will be built to support the density in the city.

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07 Master Plan

For the masterplan, this project will pick the nine cells of the city block to explain what is happen for the road network, built form, open space and land use in the city. Furthermore, this chapter will how the 3D render of the Daly waters specifis spot for example for the places situation.

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Cells Masterplan

Study Area

From this masterplan, it cover the green corridor and mixed use. Along the river, it has to have the buffer zone to protect the settlement during the flooding time if the river still cannot store the water.

Furthermore, there is three road hierarchy in this cell, primary road, secondary road and pedestrian.

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Cells Masterplan: Primary Road Highlight

Study Area

The first road hierarchy is the primary road, this primary road will contain the cars networks, tram network or any public transport networks (in several places), bicycle networks, pedestrian networks and water network (to cooling down the pedestrian, because the shadow from the building is lesser that pedestrian road.

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Cells Masterplan: Secondary Road Highlight

Study Area

The second hierarchy is the secondary road. In this road, it will have the same transportation way as primary road except the public transport. The water way also can be smaller because there more shadow produce by the builidng.

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This 3D render above show the situation of the primary road which developed between mixed use and green corridor zones to illustrate the place in the Daly Waters city. As you can see the water flow will flow along the pedestrian to cooling down the environment.

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3D Rendering and modeling

by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim The water flow also cover by the trees shades so it will evaporate gradually. The tram line are developed on the side to give buffer for the cylist and pedestrian from cars.

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3D Rendering and modeling

by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim This 3D render show the situation of the pedestrian street with the building are develop close by to maximize the shadow in the pedestrian line.

Under the street can be use as the water storage to store the water in the wet seasons.

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3D Rendering and modeling

by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim In this 3D drawing illustrates how the built form analysis is going to be. even using the dark color, the environment still bright. Therefore the analysis is works very well.

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08

Reference List

Agencia de Ecologia, 2016, Bacelona Wants to Turn 60% of its Streets into Pedestrian-Friendly Spaces, viewed on 5th June, < http://www.curbed.com/2016/5/23/11729744/ barcelona-superblock-urban-planning-pedestrian-traffic >

Bkmcl, 2015, Kununurra Farming, viewed on 5th May, <https://bkmcl.wordpress. com/2015/08/15/kununurra-farming/>

Bustler, 2010, Super Levee Urban Farm, viewed on 12 May 2016 < http://bustler.net/ news/1663/winners-of-one-prize-announced>

City_ID, 2013, Masdar City:Movement Network, Viewed on 3rd May 2016, <http:// www.city-id.com/processes/planning/?start=0>

CSIRO, 2014, Northern rivers and dams: A preliminary assessment of surface water storage potential for northern Australia, Australian Government: Department of Infrasturcture and Regional Development, Northern of Australia.

Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair, 2016, Ngukurr Arts Aboriginal Corporation, viewed on 12 June 2016, <http://www.darwinaboriginalartfair.com.au/centre/ngukurr-arts-aboriginal-corporation/> PAGE 60

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Fred the Oyster, 2014, Malqaf, viewed on 5th June, < https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Malqaf.svg >

Fuzzytnth3, 2008, Isa Bin Ali House, viewed on 5th June, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ fuzzytnth3/2260255549/>

Hayley Anderson, 2013, Kununurra and Ord River WA, Viewed on 3rd May 2016, <http://hayleyanderson.com/albums-2/western-australia/kununurra-ord-river/>

Kimberley, Historical Flooding of the Fitzroy River, viewed 16 April 2016, < http://www. kimberleysociety.org/oldfiles/1996/HISTORICAL%20FLOODING%20OF%20THE%20FITZROY%20 RIVER%20June.pdf>

Kris Scheerlinck, 2010, The Barcelona Ensanche: Mapping Geometric Eccentricities II, viewed on 5th June, < https://streetscapeterritories.wordpress.com/2010/11/01/the-barcelona-ensanche-mapping-geometric-eccentricities-ii/ >

Kwall, 2014, The Rural Message, viewed on 12 June 2016, <http://seeseeeye.csu.edu. au/eastwest-2014/the-rural-message/>

Lopez MG, 2016, Rana River Delta, viewed on 30 May 2016, <http://blogs.egu.eu/geolog/tag/rana-river-delta/>

Perry L, 2009, From the desert to Daly, viewed on 12 June 2016, < http://www.abc.net. au/site-archive/rural/content/2008/s2593269.htm>

OpenBuildings, 2010, Masdar City, viewed on 3rd May 2016 <http://openbuildings. com/buildings/masdar-city-profile-5400#>

Samuel Bailey, 2009, Qanat wind tower, viewed on 5th June, < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Qanat_wind_tower.svg >

Schubert S, 2011, Thirsty diggers leave their mark at Daly Waters, viewed on 12 June 2016, <http://www.abc.net.au/site-archive/rural/content/2011/s3202212.htm>

Sheppard Robson, 2014. Siemens HQ in Masdar City, ArchDaily. Viewed on 2nd May 2016,<http://www.archdaily.com/539213/siemens-hq-in-masdar-city-sheppard-robson>

Tourism NT, 2016, Destination â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Alice Springs in Central Australia, Northern Territory, viewed on 12 June 2016, <http://www.alicespringsaurora.com.au/location/>

Tourism WA, 2016, Just Another Day In WESTERN AUSTRALIA, viewed on 30 May 2016, <http://www.westernaustralia.com/au/Pages/Welcome_to_Western_Australia.aspx>

Water Corporation, 2014, Kununurra water scheme summary, Viewed on 5th May 2016, < http://www.watercorporation.com.au/water-supply-and-services/solutions-to-regional-water-supply/regional-water-and-wastewater-schemes/kununurra-water-scheme-summary# >

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 61

09 Appendix

PAGE 62

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 63

Macro Analysis: Existing Street Networks Map

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 64

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 65

Macro Analysis: Existing Cities Networks Map

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 66

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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Macro Analysis: Existing National Park Map

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 68

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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Macro Analysis: Existing Cities Networks Analysis

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 70

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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Macro Analysis: Proposed Cities Networks Analysis

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 72

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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Macro Analysis: Existing Street Networks Analysis

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 74

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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Macro Analysis: Proposed Street Networks Analysis

LEGEND: 10-20 GL Storage 20-40 GL Storage 40-60 GL Storage 60-80 GL Storage 100-120 GL Storage >120 GL Storage PAGE 76

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

Small Cities Medium Cities Big Cities

River Flow Train Track Secondary Road Primary Road

500km N

100km THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

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10

Previous Exercise

This final chapter, is the chapter of the previous exercis that the author has been through. From the exrcise, the Author gain so much knowledge to make this project happen. This chapter will show Atlas about Livestock; Space syntax of Townville; and short Design and Development in Fitzroy Crossing.

PAGE 78

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 79

AGRICULTURE (LIVESTOCK) OVERVIEW:

The fact show that in top 10 Northern Australia Comodities by gross value of production, cattle is top 1 by AUD 2887,1 Millions (White Paper, 2015:128). This data explains how important Agriculture Livestock comodities for Australia, especially cattle production.

Darwin Port to Indonesia & Asia

Wyndham Port to Asia

Port Hedland to Middle East

Broome Port to Indonesia, Asia & Middle East

Ruby Plains

Helen Springs Barkly Highway Hann Highway

Tanami Road Great Northern Highway

Glengyle Durrie The Outback Way

Morney

Durha

Macumba

Naryi Anna Creek

Innamincka

Great Northern Highway

Fremantle to Indonesia & Asia

AGRICULTURE LAND USE CLASSIFICATION

100km

500km

LEGEND Commercial Plantation Agriculture Grain Crops Fruit & Vegetables

1000km

Irrigated Agriculture Non-Agriculture Forest & Woodland

Sheep Ranching & Grazing Dairying Cattle Ranching & Grazing

LEGEND AGRICULTURE LAND USE CLASSIFICATION: Priority Routes The majority of Agricultural Land Use in Northern of National Network Roads Australia covered by Cattle Ranching & Grazing, followed

by Non-Agricultural Land, Sheep Ranching & Grazing, and Train Line & Roads Forest & Woodland which focus on the Northern coast of Train Line Australia. Non-Agricultural Land Use are used for natural Airport / Air Strips conservation and most of it covered by desert.

Cattle Station Docks / Ports PAGE 80

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

N

CLIMATIC ZONES

Northern Teritory Cattle Station Ruby Plain:

Area: 7,967 sqkm Capacity: 24,960

Other Cattle Station

Helen Springs:

Area: 10,198 sqkm Capacity: 54,450

Macumba:

Anna Creek:

Glengyle:

Durrie:

Morney Plains:

Durham Downs:

Innamincka:

Naryilco:

Area: 11,063 sqkm Capacity: 7,990 Area: 5,540 sqkm Capacity: 7,735 Area: 6,230 sqkm Capacity: 10,695

Area: 13,552 sqkm Capacity: 12,740

Area: 23,677 sqkm Capacity: 13,160 Area: 10,198 sqkm Capacity: 9,100 Area: 8,910 sqkm Capacity: 20,210 Area: 7,510 sqkm Capacity: 11,520

100km

LEGEND Equatorial Tropical

1000km 500km

Subtropical Desert

Grassland Temperate

N

NATURAL VEGETATION Flinders Highway

y Plains

am Downs

ilco

100km

1000km

LEGEND Semi-desert Tropical Rainforest Mediterranean Scrub

500km

Desert Subtropical Forest Tropical Grassland

N

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION

100km

LEGEND 3000 mm 2000 mm

1000km 500km

1000 mm 500 mm

250 mm 50 mm

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

N PAGE 81

AGRICULTURE (LIVESTOCK) LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS IN AUSTRALIA

There are six differences major Livestock comodities in Australia, which are Meat Cattle, Milk Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Chicken and Egg. In this figure, shows that chicken and sheep has large number of production, because the size of chicken and sheep are not as big as cattle. As mention earlier, that Meat Cattle are the highest expot product in Australia.

Furthermore, Milk cattle are not have large production because they did not slaughter it but ue it for a long period of time.

Milk

Pigs

Sheep

Lamb

Chicken

Egg

The number of Cattle that have been slaughtered are not huge in Australia, because the cost to slaughter in Australia is very high than to export live cattle to another country and slaughtered by themself.

LEGEND Milk

Pigs

Sheep

Lamb

71,2

70

LEGEND

72,6

68

30 25,9

24

26,4

25,7

26,3

20

0

13,1

11,7

2,3

2,6

2,7

2,3

14,6

13,3

2,8

2,1

2,1

2,8

2,3

2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014

2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0

0

2010

2011

2012

2010

2011

2012

2013

2010

2015

200 150 100 50

Pigs

Sheep

Lamb

AUSTRALIA LIVE CATTLE EXPORT

This information is very interesting because the number of live cattle export to Indonesia are more than 50%. This informaton explains that Australia use the human resource from Indonesia to slaughter the Cattle. Therefore, Australia do not have to waste human resources to slaughter the cattle. Another reason why Indonesia Import live cattle from Australia, because Indonesia demands the Halal meat for the majority of Indonesian people for religious reasons.

0

Phillippine 2% Russian Fed 4% Malaysia 10%

The same reason for all of these country to Indonesia, they have demands Halal meat for their people. Because all of these country have specific religion in majority that demands Halal meat.

By exporting live sheep over there, they can help distributed to other country in that region.

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

2013

2014

Other 4%

Israel 10% Indonesia 55%

China 8% Vietnam 12%

AUSTRALIA LIVE SHEEP EXPORT

PAGE 82

75,5

74,7

73,1

250

This information is the prove for the first Line Graph, that eventhough the number of cattles are not huge in production, but they produce more meat than others, which make a big profit for Australian comodities.

Milk

77,6

0,5

MEAT PRODUCE

Cattle

80

2,5

LIVESTOCK SLAUGHTERED

Cattle

84,6 80,8

10

LEGEND Cattle

90

Bahrain 5% Israel 5%

Oman 3%

Malaysia 2%

UAE 6%

Other 1%

Kuwait 38%

Jordan 15% Qatar 26%

2015

CLIMATIC ZONES OVERLAY

Bassically the land body of Australian Continent cover Equatorial, Tropical, Subtropical & Mediteranean according to the lattitude. However, because of geographic reasons, there is Great Victorian Desert.

Because of that , the climate among that area are grassland.

From the overlay Map, it shows that the majority of Cattle & Sheep Ranching & Grazing are cover by Desert Climate.

100km

LEGEND Desert Climate Overlay

From the Natural Vegetation Point of view, the roads, and the Land use classification are create with reasonable aspect.

Because Most of Desert ground area are for Non-agricultural land. This conclude why the government create this classification in the first place, to avoid Desert land for active land use purposes.

1000km 500km

N

NATURAL VEGETATION OVERLAY

100km

1000km

LEGEND 500km Dessert Ground Overlay

The lowest average annual precipitation are not covering huge amount of area.

However, moderate precipitation still have small amount of rain. This can be a threat for several Cattle station and sheep station in the Southern part of Australia. However, from this threat, it can be opportunities for the Northern Part of Australia to expand the production of Livestock .

N

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OVERLAY

100km

LEGEND

1000km 500km

Lowest Precipitation (50 mm) Moderate Precipitation (250 mm) THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

N PAGE 83

AGRICULTURE (LIVESTOCK) others 1

2 3 4

1. Agriculture Land Use Classification

ABC Rural, 2015, Federal Government says it will refuse to authorise sale of Australia’s largest cattle holdings, S. Kidman & Co to foreign buyers, viewed 16th March 2016, <http://www.abc.net.au/ news/2015-11-19/kidman-cattle-sale-to-be-rejected/6934670>

Bloomfield. Jo, 2014, AACo Beef Processing Facility, viewed 17th March 2016, <https://cattleproducer.wordpress.com/tag/cattle-station/>

Government of Australia, Our North, Our Future:White Paper on Developing Northern Australia, Government of Australia, Australia

1. Agriculture Land Use Classification

Nason J, 2016, WA eyes Thai live export and beef re-export pathway, viewed 17th March 2016, <http:// www.beefcentral.com/live-export/wa-eyes-thai-live-export-and-beef-re-export-pathway/>

Parliament of Australia, Live Animal Export, viewed 19th March 2016, <http://www.aph.gov.au/About_ Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/AnimalExports>

Scholastic Inc, 2016, Australia Agriculture, viewed 10th March 2016, <http://go.grolier.com/atlas?id=mtlr015>

2. Climatic Zones

Scholastic Inc, 2016, Australia Climatic Zones, viewed 10th March 2016, <http://go.grolier.com/atlas?id=mtlr017> 3. Natural Vegetation

Scholastic Inc, 2016, Australia Natural Vegetation, viewed 10th March 2016, <http://go.grolier.com/atlas?id=mtlr019> 4. Average Annual Precipitation

Scholastic Inc, 2016, Australia Average Annual Precipitation, viewed 10th March 2016, <http://go.grolier.com/atlas?id=mtlr016> 5. Agricultural Livestock Statistic

Australian Bureau Statistic, 2016, Agriculture Comodities Australia, viewed 10th March 2016 <http://www.abs.gov.au/>

Live Corp, 2015, ‘Australian livestock export industry statistical review’, Online Information Review, Vol. FY 2014-2015, pp. 3 & 7

2

5

3 4

Other Reference

Goodwin C, 2008, Cooplacurripa cattle station, New South Wales, Australia, viewed 17th March 2016, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_ station#/media/File:Cooplacurripa_Station(5).jpg>

Royan J, 2006, Rural landscape with sheep, viewed 17th March 2016, <https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand#/media/File:New_ Zealand_-_Rural_landscape_-_9795.jpg>

Gagnon B, 1995, A large sheep farm in Chile, viewed 17th March 2016, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_the_domestic_sheep#/media/File:Sheep,_Torres_del_Paine.jpg> PAGE 84

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 85

TOWNSVILLE CONNECTI-CITY

The first step of re-designing this city, is to make

OVERVIEW

The majority of Townsville land use are residenti uses in this city are focused in several place as a of city design, push people in Townville to use a the one place and another.

This design propose will use Jane Jacobs Illustra street and Alexander explanation about city is no connect the street, so the “choice” and “integratio improve.

CHOICE PEDESTRIAN

The Second step of re-designing this city, is to

make smaller connection. Therefore, the neighbourhood scale of this city with be more integrated and have more connection. However, the smaller connections are not the street for motorized vehicles. It is for Pedestrian and cyclist. That is why these maps on the right are illustrated for pedestrian within 2500 m radius and maps in the next page are for cyclist within 5000 m radius.

EXISTING PEDESTRIANS 2500 m

a connection from the bigger picture first. Imagine this city is a human body with a Streets and Roads as a Blood vessel.

If the arteries and well connected, so the capillaries will automatically improved.

* Opportunities to create promenade along the river side, to enhance the activity, land use and healthy mode of transportaion. * Many continues roads created, for trams, pedestrian and cylist * Possibility for pocket park near the smaller Street for pedestrian and cyclist NEGATIVE OUTCOME: * Cars connection only better in the main road, and not in the neighbourhood

PAGE 86

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

NEW PEDESTRIANS 2500 m

POSITIVE OUTCOME:

ial, and the commercial a shopping mall. This kind motorized vehicle to go to

Townsville Proposed city design: * Connect the main road * Connect the small street with pedestrian way

Existing Road

ation about Choices of ot a tree as a concept to onâ&#x20AC;? of this city will

Proposed Main Road Proposed Pedestrian way

NEW PEDESTRIANS 2500 m

EXISTING PEDESTRIANS 2500 m

INTEGRATION PEDESTRIAN

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 87

Promenade along the river side. (landezine, 2011)

Continues roads for Trams, Bicycles, and Pedestrians. (colliepl, 2011)

Pocket Parks.

(CPH by Design, 2011)

colliepl, 2011, Swnston street Redevelopment: Cyclist and Pedestrians, viewed 10 April 2016, < http://www.colliepl.com/ news_and_projects/2011/11/swanston-street-redevelopment-cyclists-and-pedestrians/> CPH by Design, 2013, CPH Pocket Park Tour, viewed 10 April 2016, < https://cphbydesign.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/cphpocket-park-tour/> landezine, 2011, Race Street Pier, viewed 10 April 2016, < http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2012/08/race-street-pierby-james-corner-field-operations/> PAGE 88

AZARYA ASHADI PUTRA HALIM (704821)

CHOICE BICYCLE

EXISTING BICYCLES 5000 m

CONNECTI-CITY

From the design approach which this exercise us Jane Jacobs idea to divide more street in the grid “Choice” and City is not a tree intervention is for streets.Those design idea will improve the conne together as one.

NEW BICYCLES 5000 m

TOWNSVILLE

CONCLUSION

By using Depthmap, it allow the students to generate the connection from the street that they connected in AutoCAD or Rhino. However, because it all have already connected in the same segment line, Depthmap can only read the same type of road or street. Therefore it still cannot be defined the diffrences between pedestrian lanes and street for cars.

EXISTING BICYCLES 5000 m

INTEGRATION BICYCLE

NEW BICYCLES 5000 m

sed, it is very clear that d blocks are helping for the integration of the ection better if its applied

LIMITATION

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO B | ABPL 90273

PAGE 89

VISION of FITZROY CROSSING OBJECTIVE:

1 Divert the water by creating spaces to store water and a new river flow

2 Create a floodway and a lake and improve infrastructure

3 Open an agricultural landscape which uses the water in a way to create more job opportunities and generating income for Fitzroy Crossing

4 Create a more vibrant town by using the water aesthetically and recreationally

In 20 years, Fitzroy

Crossing will control the water flow from the river and use the water in a meaningful way for the community by creating floodways, farming and improving the infrastructure.

Source: Kimberley, 2011 edited : Vision of Fitzroy

MAP OF POTENTIAL DAM SITE

AND TOPOGRAPHY

N 10km

LEGEND 100m 150m 200m 250m Great Northern Highway Most suitable land for potential dam locations

MAP OF GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

N 10km

LEGEND Carcarosois Vertosols Rudosols Chromosols Great Northern Highway Area richest in geological potential for dam sites

MAP OF POTENTIAL WATER STORAGE

N 10km

LEGEND:

Suitability of off-stream storages Possibly suitable Unlikely to be suitable Great Northern Highway Most suitable location for off-stream storages

OVERLAY MAP OF

WATER STORAGE AND FARMING

N 10km

Source: LibGuides, 2012

Source: Wired, 2009

Desert irrigation systems in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Mesopotamiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (land of rivers), a strip of land which runs adjacent to Syria and Iran

LEGEND:

Overlay of geology and off-stream storages Study Area Great Northern Highway Most suitable location irrigated crops

POTENTIAL AREA FOR WATER STORAGE AND FARMING

LEGEND 100m 150m Existing Road Most suitable land for farming and water storage

N

10km

DESIGN INTERVENTION THE MASTERPLAN

TERRACING FARMING AREA

TERRACING FARMING AREA

WATER DIVERSION

A A

WATER STORAGE

TER FAR

RRACING RMING AREA

TERRACING FARMING AREA

WATER DIVERSION TERRACING FARMING AREA

SEASONAL FLOOD DIAGRAM 1. A river flows between old river banks

2. The river floods

3. The old river bank traps the floods water

4. Water is channeled into the field through irrigation systems to allow crops to grow

N

10km

DESIGN INTERVENTION THE SECTION

The proposed interventions aims to create new river flows by imitating the natural path of the existing water course. The proposed layout of the irrigation system is defined by the elevation levels and works its way to stagger the flow of water from the highest to the lowest points of the study area.

Floodways are implemented throughout the town to keep the water from flooding buildings and dwellings, while also creating a pleasant aesthetic as the water circles the area.

Source: Explore Indochina, 2015

Water can also be used recreationally for play, sports and activities. Residents are encouraged to make use of the water in the area during these times. The volume of water reaching the town will have been halted for agricultural use before reaching Fitzroy Crossing therefore enabling a safe and fun atmosphere.

SECTION A-A

SCALE: PROPORTIONAL

Source: F Philip 201

N

V

IR

M E N T ON

Reduced river flow,

Reduced downstream

S O C Demographical

changes, Employment opportunities,Choice,

E

flooding, Increased

Improved quality of life,

groundwater levels,

Active lifestyles, Increase

Moisture in the

in community pride,

atmosphere, Crop

Building self reliance

rotations, Improved soil

amongst

fertility, Increased

households.

yields.

Stimulated economy, Private and public partnership invesorst, Greater labour pool, Low transportation time and costs, Lower unemployment,

Higher average incomes, Encourage other industries to locate nearby

EC IC O N O W

Far away phine, 15

Source: A Hat Day, 2013

IA L

BENEFIT OF THE H20 URBANIZATION SYSTEM

Source: Gurian S, 2015

REFERENCE LIST A Hat Day, 2013, Jakarta flood kids playing in water having fun, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://ahatday.wordpress.com/2013/01/19/jakarta-kids-playing-ball-in-flood-jakarta-indonesia-mad-hatter-nohat-sunday/jakarta-flood-kids-playing-in-water-having-fun/> Australian Human Rights Commisions, 2010, From community crisis to community control in the Fitzroy Valley - Social Justice Report 2010, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://www.humanrights.gov.au/ publications/chapter-3-community-crisis-community-control-fitzroy-valley-social-justice-report-2010> CSIRO, 2014, Northern rivers and dams: A preliminary assessment of surface water storage potential for northern Australia, Australian Government: Department of Infrasturcture and Regional Development, Northern of Australia.

Explore Indochina, 2015, Incredible rice terracing, viewed 18 April 2016, <http://www.exploreindochina.com/motorbike-adventures/image-gallery?ride=32> Far away Philiphine, 2015, As children, nature was our playground, viewed 18 April 2016, <http:// www.farawayphilippines.com/blog/25-reasons-why-it-is-masarap-or-nindot-to-be-a-filipino> Hydrologie, 1997, Sediment management and flood protection of desert towns: effects of small catchments, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a245/iahs_245_0183.pdf> Inside Story, 2013, Stumbling into existence, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://insidestory.org.au/stumbling-into-existence> Kimberley, 2011, Fitzroy Crossing, viewed 16 April 2016, < http://kimberleymedia.photoshelter.com/ gallery/Fitzroy-Crossing/G00004Ft25yiEeqI> Kimberley, Historical Flooding of the Fitzroy River, viewed 16 April 2016, < http://www.kimberleysociety.org/oldfiles/1996/HISTORICAL%20FLOODING%20OF%20THE%20FITZROY%20RIVER%20 June.pdf> LibGuides, 2012, Irrigation System, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://libguides.d181.org/content. php?pid=391944&sid=3228395> Mainroads Western Australia, 2014, Great Northern Highway - Fitzroy Crossing to Gogo, viewed 16 April 2016, <https://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/BuildingRoads/Projects/Regional/Pages/GNHfitzroy. aspx> Wired, 2009, Irrigation system can grow crops with salt water, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://www. wired.co.uk/news/archive/2009-05/01/irrigation-system-can-grow-crops-with-salt-water>