ARCHITECTURE GRADUATION PROJECT-RESEARCH BOOK- BAHRAINI AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX

BAHRAINI AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX: POST-HARVEST & DATES FACTORY AYSHA JANAHI Dr.WAFA ALGHATAM

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University of Bahrain College of Engineering Department of Architecture and Interior Design

STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE & RESPONSIBILITY ON ADHERENCE TO PLAGIARISM REGULATIONS AND CONVENTIONS Student’s Name:

Aysha Adnan Janahi

ID:

Course Code: Course Name:

ARCG511

Section:

Assignment Title:

Graduation Project I - Program Stage

Assignment Type

20174180 04 Final Graduation Project Report – ARCG511

I Aysha Janahi - 2017418 hereby declare that all the material submitted in this assignment is my own work except where there is a clear acknowledgment or reference to the work of others according to academic standards. I have generally complied with the international conventions and regulations related to plagiarism in Universities and specifically with the Rules and Regulations on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity of the University of Bahrain. I understand that if the University of Bahrain suspects that I have violated any of the conditions therein, I will be subject to an inquiry and if found guilty, will be penalized according to university regulations. Signature: Date: 22-1-2022 Supervisors name: Dr. Wafa Alghatam

Signature & Date

Observations by the examiner:

Examiner’s name

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Signature & Date

AKNOWLEGMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my parents that I owe them for their understanding and my family towards their utmost support to me throughput these years and in believing in me. To my grandpa who has always been a big inspiration in my life and enhanced my knowledge. To my best friend, my support system whom had a great influence on me and a tough critic. To my dear friends who we share this academic journey together, filled with support and encouragement that we’ll carry on with lots of memories. Thankful to my instructor who has shown great support and encouragement to this project.

Aljamar/ Heart of the Palm 3|Page

Contents CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 12 1.1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................12 The intangible boundary:....................................................................................................12 1.2: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ............................................................13 1.2.1: Bahrain 2030 Vision: ................................................................................................14 “Goal 12 Targets ....................................................................................................................15 1.2.2: GOALS ....................................................................................................................15 1.3: ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES...................................................................................15 1.4: CLIENTS ........................................................................................................................16 1.5: POTENTIAL SPONSORS ..............................................................................................16 1.6: STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ....................................................................................18 CHAPTER 2 – THEORETICAL ISSUES................................................................................... 20 ..............................................................................................................................................20 2.1: INTRODUCTION: ...........................................................................................................20 2.2 Bahrain’s Green History:..................................................................................................21 2.2.1: “Defining” communal agricultural spaces ..................................................................21 Farmers Market evolution: .....................................................................................................22 2.3: Date Palm:......................................................................................................................23 2.3.1: Date Palm Influence on Architecture: .......................................................................23 2.4: Urbanization of nature ....................................................................................................25 2.5: Influence of green spaces on Humans: ...........................................................................25 2.6: Current Implementations in Bahrain:...............................................................................26 2.7: Psycho-social wellbeing and communal spaces: ............................................................27 2.7.1: The Pandemic awakening: .......................................................................................28 2.8: HISTORICAL ISSUES AND CURRENT IMPLEMENTATION ........................................29 2.8.1: HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF VERTICAL FARMING ................................................29 2.8.2: HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF GREENHOUSES .......................................................30 2.9: The Rise of vertical and Indoor Farming: ........................................................................30 2.10: Integration not elimination .............................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................. 34 3.1: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES ...............................................................................34 3.1.1 SUNQIAO URBAN AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT.......................................................37 3.1.1.1 General Information ...............................................................................................37

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The main focus of this case study will be on analyzing the different zones and spaces in this project .........................................................................................................................37 3.1.1.2: Conceptual Approach ............................................................................................37 3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: .................................................................38 3.1.1.4: Urban Context: ......................................................................................................38 3.1.1.5: Acessibility: ...........................................................................................................38 3.3.4.2 Functional Relationships ........................................................................................39 3.1.2 TAIYUAN BOTANICAL GARDEN .............................................................................43 3.1.2.1 General Information ...............................................................................................43 3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: .................................................................43 3.1.2 PARAMIT: FACTORY IN THE FOREST ...................................................................49 3.1.2.1 General Information ...............................................................................................49 3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: .................................................................49 façade Design: ...................................................................................................................50 ..............................................................................................................................................51 ..............................................................................................................................................51 ..............................................................................................................................................51 ..............................................................................................................................................51 3.2: LOCAL CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 4: PROJECT FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM ............................................................... 54 ..............................................................................................................................................54 CHAPTER 5: SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS ................................................................... 63 5.1: Introduction.....................................................................................................................63 5.2: Site criteria measurements: ............................................................................................63 5.3: Sites History: ..................................................................................................................63 5.4: Site criteria: ....................................................................................................................65 5.5: Potential Sites:................................................................................................................65 5.5.1: POTENTIAL SITE 1: HOORAT AALI........................................................................66 5.5.2: SITE 2: HAMALA .....................................................................................................69 5.5.3: SITE 3: BUDAIYA ....................................................................................................71 5.6: SITE GRADING COMPARISON .....................................................................................73 CHAPTER 6: PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 75 6.1: Water irrigation and systems: .........................................................................................75 6.2: Closed-loop irrigation: .....................................................................................................75

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6.3: Solar-osmosis desalination system .................................................................................76 6.4: Water management system: ...........................................................................................76 Passive solar greenhouses:...................................................................................................77 6.5: Building Orientation: ........................................................................................................78 6.6: Passive Cooling: .............................................................................................................78 6.7 : Solar Panels:..................................................................................................................79 6.8: Solar Panel tree: .............................................................................................................79 6.9: PHOTOVOLTAIC FAÇADE SYSTEM: ............................................................................79 6.10: The incorporation of a greywater system .......................................................................80 6.11: Green wall technology ..................................................................................................80 6.12: Materials: ......................................................................................................................81 APPENDENCIES ...................................................................................................................... 84

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Figure 1:Bahrain market share graph , Source ITC trade map: .................................................13 Figure 2: Bahrain Market Growth, Source: bahrainfoodmonitor.org ...........................................13 Figure 3:Askar landfill/dumpsite in Bahrain, Source: Ecomena ................................................14 Figure 4&3:Survey result conducted by Author 2022 ................................................................14 Figure 5:Bahrain SDG ...............................................................................................................15 Figure 6: Albilad article..............................................................................................................17 Figure 7:Green Areas in Bahrain 1968, Source: The History of Land use .................................20 Figure 8: Adhari 2021, Source: Google Earth ............................................................................21 Figure 9: Adhari in the past, Source: Day Almohammed Book research ...................................21 Figure 10: Ain Adhari after the renovation, Source:bahnews.com .............................................21 Figure 11:Ain Adhari Source:wikipedia ......................................................................................21 Figure 12: Alkhamis Mosque, Source: Malturath .......................................................................22 Figure 13:Produce Market, 1975, Source:Jasim Aldurazi ..........................................................22 Figure 14: Wednesday Market, 1968, Source: NIAD .................................................................22 Figure 15: Bahraini Farmers Market, Aali, 2022 ........................................................................22 Figure 16:Bahraini Farmers Market, Budaiya, 2022 ..................................................................22 Figure 17: Bahraini Farmers Market, Budaiya, 2022 .................................................................22 Figure 18: Vegetable Market, 70s, Source: Jasim Aldurazi .......................................................22 Figure 19:The Palm Mosque, columns that represent the trunk of the palm with pointed arches representing the crown of the palm, Source: Alfozan ................................................................23 Figure 20: Oriente Station, Lisbon designed by Santiago Caltrava in 1993, The steel ribbed canopy bears a strong resemblance to a grove of palm trees, Source: Dreamstime .................23 Figure 21: MAPS SHOWING THE REDUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS: ALL FIGURES (SOURCE: BAHRAIN MAPS AHMED ALMUTAWA, GARDEN ARE THE LUNGS OF TH EARTH SEMINAR) ...................................................................................................................24 Figure 22: Bahrain: Urbanization from 2010 to 2020 Source:Statista ........................................25 Figure 23: Agricultural land (% of land area) - Bahrain ..............................................................25 Figure 24:Arable land (hectares) - Bahrain................................................................................25 Figure 25: Survey Results .........................................................................................................25 Figure 26:Food production and acquisition in Bahrain, Source:Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Kuwait and Bahrain, water-energy-food nexus in Kuwait. ..................................26 Figure 27: Pesticide-free growing environment (Peninsula farms) .............................................26 Figure 28:Lobby Plan, Source:Dezeen......................................................................................28 Figure 29: Rice harvest paddy in Lobby, Source:Dezeen ..........................................................28 Figure 30: Meeting Garden Room, Source:Dezeen ...................................................................28 Figure 31:Eating Area, Source:Dezeen .....................................................................................28 Figure 32:Exterior Facade, Source:Dezeen ..............................................................................28 Figure 33: Manama Qal'at al-Bahrain Courtyard palm leaves as construction material, Source: Wikimedia .................................................................................................................................31 Figure 34: Leopold Banchini Architects, Al Naseej Factory, traditional textile weaving, Bani Jamrah, Bahrain. Source: Architecture Model ...........................................................................31 Figure 35:Barasti using palm leaves, Source: Khalil Farran ......................................................31 Figure 36:Yateem Mall, Author 2019 .........................................................................................32 Figure 37: Integrating vegetation with the building design diagrams, Author 2022 ....................32 Figure 38: Source:Sasaki .........................................................................................................34 Figure 39: Source:Achello .........................................................................................................34 Figure 40:Archdaily ...................................................................................................................34

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Figure 41: Source:Archdaily ......................................................................................................35 Figure 42: Source : Vincent Callebaut Website .........................................................................35 Figure 43:Source : Archdaily .....................................................................................................35 Figure 44:Source : Archdaily .....................................................................................................35 Figure 45:Source : Archdaily .....................................................................................................36 Figure 46: Grimshaw .................................................................................................................36 Figure 47: Source Archdaily ......................................................................................................36 Figure 48: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki.............................................................37 Figure 49:Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki..............................................................37 Figure 50: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki.............................................................38 Figure 51: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki ............................................................38 Figure 52:Diagram showing different nodes ..............................................................................39 Figure 53:All figures in table by Sasaki .....................................................................................42 Figure 54: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki ............................................................42 Figure 55: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki............................................................42 Figure 56: Archello ....................................................................................................................43 Figure 57: Site Plan, Source: Google Earth...............................................................................43 Figure 58:Edited Diagram Showing the connection between the zones ....................................44 Figure 59:All figures in table source;Archello ............................................................................45 Figure 60:Edited Entrance building plan, Source:Archdaily .......................................................46 Figure 61:Bonsai Museum Plan, Original Plan:Archdaily ...........................................................46 Figure 62: Bonsai Museum Plan, Original Plan:Archdaily ..........................................................46 Figure 63:Source of 3 figures: archdaily ....................................................................................47 Figure 64: Dome Greenhouse plan, Original Plan: Archdaily.....................................................47 Figure 65:Section cut, Source: Amazing Architecture................................................................47 Figure 66:..................................................................................................................................48 Figure 67:..................................................................................................................................48 Figure 68:Source DMMA showing the roof structure .................................................................48 Figure 69:Archdaily ...................................................................................................................49 Figure 70: Paramit factory site location, Source: Google Earth .................................................49 Figure 71: Design Features Diagram ........................................................................................49 Figure 72:Archdaily, edited by author ........................................................................................50 Figure 73:1:1 architects.............................................................................................................52 Figure 74:Source: Ministry of culture .........................................................................................52 Figure 75:archdaily ...................................................................................................................52 Figure 76: FACTORY, OUTDOOR SPACE & GREENHOUSE (AUTHOR 2022) ......................54 Figure 77: SURVEY BY AUTHOR.............................................................................................56 Figure 78: HYDROPONIC SYSTEM (AUTHOR 2022) ..............................................................58 Figure 79: TYPES OF HYDROPONICS DIAGRAMS (AUTHOR 2022) .....................................58 Figure 80:FACTORY ZONING DIAGRAM (AUTHOR) ..............................................................59 Figure 81: FACTORY SPATIAL ORGANIZATION, SOURCE: FACTORY LAYOUT..................59 Figure 82: Production Process in a Factory: Source: Food Research 3 (4) : 295 - 304 (August 2019) ........................................................................................................................................60 Figure 83: LAYOUT OF A FACTORY : SOURCE: Food Research 3 (4) : 295 - 304 (August 2019) ........................................................................................................................................60 Figure 84:Topo of 1973 of Northern area, Source: The History of Land use and Development in Bahrain, 2012 ...........................................................................................................................64

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Figure 85:Hoorat Aali Agricultural centre, Author 2022..............................................................64 Figure 86: Survey conducted by Author 2022 ...........................................................................65 Figure 87: Site location on Bahrain Map (Source:Bahrain Map) ................................................65 Figure 88:Current site, Author 2022 ..........................................................................................66 Figure 89:Bahrain Map Autocad ................................................................................................66 Figure 90:Hoorat Aali site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org....................................................66 Figure 91:Hoorat Aali site zoning map, edited by Author 2022 (Source: Google Maps) .............66 Figure 92: Hoorat Aali map 2021 , Source: google maps .........................................................67 Figure 93:Hoorat Aali map 2004 , Source: google earth ...........................................................67 Figure 94: Photographic survey in Hoorat Aali by AUthor 2022 .................................................67 Figure 95: Hamala map Autocad ...............................................................................................69 Figure 96; Hamala zoning map , Source: google earth.............................................................69 Figure 97: Hamala site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org ........................................................69 Figure 98: Hamala seaside .......................................................................................................69 Figure 99:Hamala map 2004 , Source: google earth ................................................................70 Figure 100: :Hamala map 2004 , Source: google earth ............................................................70 Figure 101: Budaiya plan Autocad ............................................................................................71 Figure 102:google maps ...........................................................................................................71 Figure 103: Budaiya zoning map, edited by Author 2022 (Source: Google Maps) .....................71 Figure 104: Budaiya site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org .....................................................71 Figure 105: Figure 91:Budaiya map 2021 , Source: google earth .............................................71 Figure 106: Figure 91:Budaiya map 2004 , Source: google earth .............................................72 Figure 107:Water System, Singapore Pavilion Expo 2020 ........................................................75 Figure 108::Water System, Singapore Pavilion Expo 2020 .......................................................75 Figure 109: Czech republic pavilion renewable energy solution, ...............................................75 Figure 110:Irrigation System of iFarm, Source: iFarm ...............................................................76 Figure 111: Water Cycle of iFarm, Source: iFarm .....................................................................76 Figure 112: Passive Solar Greenhouse, Source:Bradford Research Center .............................77 Figure 113:Form and Orientation , Source: Fairconditioning ....................................................78 Figure 114: Passive solution, Source: - .....................................................................................78 Figure 115:Solar powered dates factory, Source: ALbaraka Factory .........................................79 Figure 116:Solar trees/canopy in Expo 2021, Photo by author ..................................................79 Figure 117: R&D Centre, Dubai 2021 Photo by Author .............................................................79 Figure 118: Greywater System | Source: Bullitt Center .............................................................80 Figure 119: Green air conditioning : Using indoor living wall systems as a climate control method | Souce: Semantic Scholar ...........................................................................................80 Figure 120:Innovative tiles, Source: Solar Power Tops .............................................................81 Figure 121: Sustainable building materials , Source: Engineering for change ...........................81

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Table 1: Estimated number of date palms in the governorates of the ........................................23 Table 2: International Case Studies List ....................................................................................36 Table 3: Zones of the Project ....................................................................................................39 Table 4: Description of different zones ......................................................................................42 Table 5: VISITORS AREA .........................................................................................................57 Table 6: PROGRAMMING TABLE (ADMINISTRATION) ...........................................................57 Table 7: PROGRAMMING TABLE (VERTICAL FARMING) ......................................................58 Table 8:PROGRAMMING TABLE (EDUCATIONAL ZONE) ......................................................59 Table 9: PROGRAMMING TABLE (TECHNICAL AREAS, FACTORY AND PARKING ............60 Table 10: Site Criteria ...............................................................................................................65 Table 11: Hoorat Aali Site Criteria .............................................................................................68 Table 12: Hamala Site Criteria ..................................................................................................70 Table 13: Budaiya Site Criterea ................................................................................................72 Table 14: Site grading Comparison ...........................................................................................73

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CHAPTER 1 11 | P a g e

CHAPTER 1 1.1: INTRODUCTION Agriculture has been an important component of Bahrain ‘s rich legacy throughout human history. Bahrain‘s patrimony has long placed an emphasis on dates for its economic and social well-being. The revolutionary developments that came with the discovery of oil had a huge influence on Bahraini farming. Socioeconomic changes, climate circumstances, freshwater, salinization of agricultural field and the urban expansion. Agriculture definition can be very versatile between different people as some people envision agriculture as food and crops while some envisioned it as engaging with nature and peace. This project reflects the definition of agriculture, due to the different programs it will unify the community while everyone will visit for a different purpose. Agriculture as they say the lungs of this earth as it produces oxygen and takes in toxins. The world currently is facing threats to agriculture due to climate change and land reclamation. The intangible boundary: Nowadays humans focus on consuming and forget about producing. The agricultural complex aims to allow to eliminate the physical distance between humans and their surrounding nature. “The Undersecretary of Agriculture called for the need to benefit from the added value of the dates crop as it is an important source of food security and the importance of upgrading and developing its production and manufacturing processes and working on marketing it, pointing out that the factory production line is expected to start within 3 months, on an area of 700 square meters in Horat Aali Which is considered the largest date producing areas in Bahrain with 7,000 palm trees.” Albilad News This project has been inspired by the revival of the “Island of a million palm trees”, as Bahrain’s grand history of agriculture and natural resources, palm trees were considered as one of the most important resources. A dates factory has already been proposed and being established by the Ministry of Agriculture. Due to the current situation and developments happening around, there is an intangible barrier and boundary between the locals and agricultural spaces. This project is a complex of: Dates factory: The factory does not only produce local premium quality dates but it will keep on developing and making use of the palm tree such as the production of date syrup, paste etc. An outdoor area with a display of palm trees Interactive visitor area (including a gift shop and a café): This allows the visitors to go through a full experience of seeing the palm trees, how dates are produced, and see the final products that come out of the palm tree.

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A big project like a dates factory will affect Bahrain greatly, economical wise and it taps on other aspects. Bahrainis are attached to their heritage as they like to attend the farmers market and the palms dates festival. Hoorat aali hosted a project to produce green feeds by vertical irrigation and treated water. There were a lot of projects at the 80s due to the kingdom’s increase in income that were stopped due to land reclamation, budget & competition that forced these projects to end. The project that a lot of people benefited from was to offer people a loan for an agricultural project that they have to present their case and discuss the budget. This project raised awareness about agriculture and greenhouses. The 80s were considered as the golden age to the agricultural field. Nowadays, the country should head towards the intensive farming, vertical farming and these type of solutions since there is no land. (Hasan Alhammadi, 2022) Solution for this issue is to offer people with no land to grow their crops, by offering a rental area allocated to the person to grow their own crops with a lower budget and a controlled environment.

1.2: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT Upgrading the dates sector and increasing its competitiveness, which contributes to increasing the Bahraini local product and providing productive job opportunities believing in its great importance in achieving a new start to support Bahraini farms. And a return to Bahrain's regional position and its fame as the country of one million palm trees” Albilad News The government established a date packaging factory in 1981 with the goal of assisting date palm producers by providing commercial support for their output. The plant was active in the frozen food sector

Figure 1:Bahrain market share graph , Source ITC trade map:

and molasses extraction, as well as packing and dry dates the plant lasted ten years. Previous to the privatization of the company and its eventual collapse. The factory did not overcome it's losing as it was depending on traditional farming where crops did not produce all year around. The solution to this issue is to propose a post-harvest factory with Figure 2: Bahrain Market Growth, Source: innovative vertical indoor farming that assure that bahrainfoodmonitor.org collects the crops from all year round and produce different products out of it instead oof having food waste.

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The concept of post-harvest is to manage the produce of the harvest, when there is a controlled environment, the production will keep working all year long. This supports the idea waste management and raises awareness in people about food waste and security. The factory will take the produce that is produces all year round and transform it into different local products. The dates factory is aligned with a lot of goals to be achieved and taps on different sector. This factory serves the idea of the revival of the “Million palm tree” and preserving our Figure 3:Askar landfill/dumpsite in Bahrain, history. The aim is to design a proposal of a less harmful Source: Ecomena factory to show people the production of the crops. Economical aim: Aiming that Bahrain can export the produce, initiating the Bahraini produce as a source of income. Agriculture is a natural resource, which makes it sustainable. Our agriculture plays an important role in our culture, which we should expose, attracting tourists through the museum and factory and flourishing this sector in Bahrain. Agriculture is always a main topic of discussion in most countries as they compete to produce and export

Figure 4&3:Survey result conducted by Author 2022

This project got a great response from the Bahraini community, as it can offer job opportunities and can make the local farmers have a sustainable income as the factory acts as a platform to sell their products. During the forecast period, this new crop-growing innovative technologies are projected to drive the agricultural industry in the region. The project serves as an eco-service where it brings the consumer closer the production process. 1.2.1: Bahrain 2030 Vision: The project is aligned with Bahrain’s vision, especially for the 12th goal for responsible consumption and production.

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“Goal 12 Targets

12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

Figure 5:Bahrain SDG

Source: United Nations Bahrain 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

1.2.2: GOALS 1.2.2.1Ecosystem restoration: A functional solution shall be proposed to the above dilemma in order to sustain the food supply without harming the functional ecosystem. This project long-term benefit is to her support there a pair of damaged ecosystems. The rapid growing population is putting more burden on the natural ecosystem in order to fulfill the needs. 1.2.2.2: Redefining factories Redefining factories by creating a full journey of the visitors through relating humans and agriculture and end the journey at the farmer’s market, allowing Bahrainis to get in touch with their background. Factories are considered as in of the most harmful building to the environment. This can change, as we see the sustainable factories rising to minimize the negative impact on the environment. This project aims to keep the revival of the agricultural skills that will keep going through all generations. Even though some might think that architecture

1.3: ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES Even though some might think that architecture is against nature and it creates a barrier them and agricultural areas, this project aims to interconnect the community to the greenery through a visitors’ center that allows that engagement. Designing spaces with respect to nature that will allow the users to visit the complex with a different experience at every visit. Bahrainis clearly show their interest in visiting the local farmers market, garden show and even local farms. The

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awareness is there, thus these spaces need to have a stronger architectural language to be emphasized on. This project is not only aims to harmonize architecture with agriculture, but to also aims to initiate sustainable buildings that’s are multi-functional. Due to the current pandemic the entertainment has been very limited and with human interaction, which will be taken into consideration in this project. People unite together by urban agriculture. In a commercial sense, it may stimulate the economy by providing educational possibilities and a unifying platform that allows groups to work together toward common goals. Programs that give chances for youth can assist to motivate their interest in agriculture by experiencing the educational and research zone.

1.4: CLIENTS a. Main users category and their population in Bahrain: Statistics obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, or any government website.

LOCALS

FARMERS

TOURISTS

VISITORS

INVESTORS

FAMILIES

1.5: POTENTIAL SPONSORS Having the support of the ministry and the national initiative off agricultural development to have projects such as their farmers market really supported the agricultural sector and local farmers by bringing in people and even tourists’ fresh product directly from the farmer to the consumer. The future is for urban agriculture in smart cities because we don’t have more land to produce crops. (Abdelhadi 2022)

Agriculture and Marine Resources Affairs

NIAD

Ministry of Industry, Commerce and tourism

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The affairs have initiated the dates factory and this complex will add a lot of value to the field. The initiative supports all activities related to agriculture such as the garden show, king hamad prize farmers market , etc. They support different activities that helped in bringing more tourists

Ministry of Finance and National Economy

The project aims to diversify the sources of income and create a sustainable economy Tamkeen, they are always supporting businesses for Bahrainis and enterprises.

Tamkeen

Bahrain Development Bank

They are one of the strategic partners of the Farmers Market in Hoorat Aali. Agriculture is a big part of Bahrain, as the ministry tries to emphasize on showcasing that in creative methods.

Ministry of Culture

Figure 6: Albilad article

DATES FACTORY AND VISITOR CENTRE

POST HARVEST AND DATES FACTORY AND VISITOR CENTRE

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INCOME FOR FARMERS AND JOB OPPURTUNITIES

ATTRACT TOURIST

PRESERVE OUR AGRICULTURE

1.6: STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT The report aims to analyze different building typologies that concern the agricultural field, to come up with findings and solutions to the issues the environment is facing currently. The report is structured in a methodological way:

1

2

3

4

5

6

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•INTRODUCTION: The first chapter is where the project is defined with evidences to it's effectiveness in Bahrain

•Adressing the issues that are faced in the industrial and agricultural fields and the contemporary solutions for them

•The case studies widens the spectrum of the issue and taps into all the details behind the design and concept.

•The programming phase is where the input of the spatial relationships that were witnessed in the case study comes in. thinking aout the different spacer, their sizes how are they interconnected

•Listing and analyzing potential sites that will fulfil the requirement and will fit in the context of the project

•Integrating passive techniques that will impact our project and it relates to the technical side of the desiging

CHAPTER 2 19 | P a g e

CHAPTER 2 – THEORETICAL ISSUES 2.1: INTRODUCTION: Agriculture is always a main topic of discussion in all countries as it is a natural resource. The countries compete in order to find the newest solutions to the issues rising in this field, as this field relates to all living beings. Agriculture as it is the main source of life along with water. As the agricultural field is facing threats and issues that were addressed. This chapter will explore the history and were the issues dealt with.

Figure 7:Green Areas in Bahrain 1968, Source: The History of Land use

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2.2 Bahrain’s Green History: 2.2.1: “Defining” communal agricultural spaces Bahrain was symbolized as the “Paradise of Dilmun”, due to its rich agriculture and water springs. Agriculture has always been a major and important part of Bahrain's economy, with date cultivation dominating the sector and producing enough dates for local consumption and export. Agriculture in Bahrain’s past didn’t only mean food production, it was highly related to communal activities. It was a source of entertainment, to engage with nature. Ain Adhari is clear evidence from history as it was considered a communal space where everyone from around the Kingdom united in this place as the entertainment was very limited at that period, it represented social, civil, and environmental Figure 11:Ain Adhari Source:wikipedia harmony on the island. Ain Adhari was a natural spring that existed to be the center of a community. Freshwater from underground to fill a large natural pool. People still have a connection to this place whereas now it has been renovated into a chlorinated pool that people used to visit before the pandemic. Biodiversity clearly inhabited the space before, and huge palm trees grew all around that were naturally irrigated from the water channels, providing shade for visitors, and forming a shelter for different types of residents and migratory birds. The palm Figure 10: Ain Adhari after the renovation, trees were decreasing gradually until only a few were left, date palm Source:bahnews.com cultivation has been greatly impacted by the revolutionary changes. Throughout history, Bahrain has been recognized for its extensive date palm farms. Revolutionary developments in the industry and the rapid modernization, associated with the discovery of oil, undoubtedly had an impact on agriculture in general, and date palm production in particular, around the turn of the twentieth century (Al-Rumaihi 1975 ). Trained employees abandoned date palm cultivations, and finding replacements was difficult owing to the youth's avoidance of the sector and their desire for the industrial sector, which enticed them with the Figure 8: Adhari 2021, Source: 9: Adhari in the past, promise of a higher wage (Anon 2011). Bahrainis relied heavily on Figure Google Earth Source: Day Almohammed Book research date palms as a source of food. People used to swim as this was the type of communal activities at that time, where this has changed nowadays. The women would also gather there to have picnics and do their laundry in the natural channels. Ain Adhari was an open space that allowed people to design their activities in the space. The idea of communal spaces has evolved as Ain Adhari is now a recreational park that meets the current generation's concept of leisure. People seem to be distancing themselves from nature without recognizing the repercussions. Nowadays we rarely have these spontaneous and organic spaces where people can decide what they want to do, now architects think

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about each space and anticipate how the user will experience the space by directing them through architecture.

Farmers Market evolution: Due to Bahrain’s strategic location in the centre of ancient trade routes between the East and the West, Bahrain has always been immersed in trade and commerce, and its people have grown accustomed to cultural diversification (Ministry of transportation &Telecommunications). Throughout the cultural intersections that happened, Bahrain had a very strong connection to the traditional markets. Given that Bahrain was recognized for its traditional market from ancient times, and throughout modern history, Bahrain's popularity was connected with trade, markets played a significant role in trade. From Muharraq, Alkharo market was one of the most popular marketplaces in the city. Due to urban developments in Muharraq, the smart market has been displaced from its original location. Palm fronds, mud, and plaster surrounded the market. This market's products included various products and materials, as well as a section dedicated to Dates, molasses, and ropes produced from the Palm tree to fulfill people's needs. (Gulf news, 2012). Thursday or Alkhamis market was another great example of traditional markets. This market was distinguished by the vastness of its land, especially since it was open from all sides, I mean (with wide comfort) and was famous for exchanging and selling donkeys, in addition to some other exhibits distributed here and there such as dates, some local vegetables or fruits. (Gulf news, 2012).

Figure 12: Alkhamis Mosque, Source: Malturath

Figure 14: Wednesday Market, 1968, Source: NIAD

Figure 13:Produce Market, 1975, Source:Jasim Aldurazi

The concept of local traditional markets has evolved, due to the different life standards that we live in now. Before people had basic needs and weren’t as conscious of the worldwide market as they are now, rise of technology and a greater Figure 18: Vegetable Market, Figure 17: Bahraini Farmers Figure 15: Bahraini Farmers Figure 16:Bahraini Farmers Market, 70s, Source: Jasim Aldurazi Market, Budaiya, 2022 Budaiya, 2022 awareness of the international Market, Aali, 2022 market. Several initiatives have been launched in Bahrain to develop the local agricultural sector, including the development of agricultural laboratories, providing support to local farmers, encouraging agricultural investment, and marketing farmer products through the seasonal farmers' market in Budaiya Botanical Garden and the permanent farmers' market in Hoorat A'ali.

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2.3: Date Palm: Dates have played an important role in the economy and the Table 1: Estimated number of date palms in social life of Bahrain’s patrimony. This article discusses the the governorates of the present state of date palm agriculture in Bahrain, as well as possible challenges, date palm conservation, and industry growth, with the goal of highlighting potential solutions and opportunities. There are currently no modern packaging factories in Bahrain. “The government established a date packaging business in 1981 with the goal of subsidizing date palm producers by providing commercial support for their output.The plant was active in the food sector by packaging frozen and dried dates and extracting molasses. The number of date palm trees has fallen from 892,000 to 534,600 as a result of the study. We must emphasize that the date palm palm tree is a valuable asset that combines and integrates the many components of the ecosystem and maintains it intact as a stable, welldefined need, and maintained entity, which makes a recognition that developing the date palm business is a need. This leads the community to consider long-term sustainable alternatives, which necessitate modernization of present date palm care, harvesting and post-harvesting operations, trade, and marketing activities, which do not meet the required standards. (Date Palm Status and Perspective in Bahrain,2015) 2.3.1: Date Palm Influence on Architecture: (Bio-metaphor in Iraqi architecture (Date Palm as model ( Article · November 2021) This article showcases how did the palm tree influence the architecture in Baghdad, where the palm tree symbolizes a lot of cultural, religious and social resemblance. The palm tree plays a vital role in Iraq, just as it does in Bahrain. Where the relationship between the palm tree and the people goes along way back in the past. It introduces the idea of Bio-metaphor, which is slightly different that bio-mimicry. The article shows how the palm tree and plants brought a new type of design and it affected the way we can design. The Bio metaphor concept plays a significant role in architectural design process, by employing diverse a specifics organism sources like a plants or animals and how they are transformed into architectural elements. Agriculture appears to be one of the main sources of inspiration and have influenced the metaphorical architecture. The main aim of this article is to emphasize on how is the bio metaphor influenced from the date palm tree in Iraqi architecture, and the effect of the morphological of this tree on Iraqi architects, thus it will also affect the production. Bio- metaphor is about how the architects see and interprets the palm tree with all its functions and form and with their vision to translate it into an architectural language.

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Figure 20: Oriente Station, Lisbon designed by Santiago Caltrava in 1993, The steel ribbed canopy bears a strong resemblance to a grove of palm trees, Source: Dreamstime

Figure 19:The Palm Mosque, columns that represent the trunk of the palm with pointed arches representing the crown of the palm, Source: Alfozan

THE MAJOR ISSUE OF LAND USE:

Figure 21: MAPS SHOWING THE REDUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS: ALL FIGURES (SOURCE: BAHRAIN MAPS AHMED ALMUTAWA, GARDEN ARE THE LUNGS OF TH EARTH SEMINAR)

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2.4: Urbanization of nature

Figure 24:Arable land (hectares) - Bahrain

Share of urban population in total population

Bahrain is considered to be one of the many countries that have been influenced by urbanization. Due to the population growth that keeps growing, food production will also have to increase. Due to the rapid growth and land use reclamation and the reduction of agricultural lands an environmental issue has arisen. In order for Bahrain to have food security and be self-sustaining, traditional and conventional methods of farming can no longer fulfill the needs.

Figure 22: Bahrain: Urbanization from 2010 to 2020 Source:Statista

Figure 23: Agricultural land (% of land area) - Bahrain

2.5: Influence of green spaces on Humans: A person's dwelling consists of two parts: their house and their Do you feel like to you have a strong bond workplace or school. Humans require a third place where they with Bahraini agriculture? may get away from their everyday routine and unwind. It is a healing process that humans travel to their third place to heal from the pressures of life (Hussain Mahroos,2022). Nature provides serenity and peace that we often lack in our hectic and chaotic life. Unfortunately for the last decades the generation haven’t had a connection towards nature and our agriculture, especially in a kingdom like Bahrain with a rich What is the main source of interaction that you agricultural history. Agricultural fields in Bahrain are now have with agriculture? mostly bounded by walls, creating an intangible barrier between humans and nature; many believe they must travel to find nature. As far as the world's approach towards buildings and land usage is concerned, architects have a responsibility to preserve the nature and integrate it into the structures. Figure 25: Survey Results

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Agriculture is not only the spaces that is surrounding the community but it also concerns food security, and with the rapid changes occurring and the consumer is unaware of the produce. If we have a space where people can rent and cultivate their own crops which is an individual’s initiative that may expand and create a revolutionary change. Our total supply of fruits and vegetables is falling 22% short of global nutritional needs as the world's population grows exponentially. Traditional farming methods are struggling to meet this demand as a result of growing issues such as water scarcity, land scarcity, and an aging farming population with declining interest from younger generations. Controlled environment agriculture has seen a surge in popularity in recent years, as it offers a compelling solution to all of these issues and more. Indoor vertical farming can boost crop yields, overcome land constraints, and even reduce farming's environmental impact by shortening supply chain distances.

Figure 26:Food production and acquisition in Bahrain, Source:Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Kuwait and Bahrain, water-energy-food nexus in Kuwait.

2.6: Current Implementations in Bahrain: Agriculture in Bahrain is moving towards modern technologies and way of agricultural system, and the situation is improving in a tangible way. The farmers right now are using different type of techniques such as greenhouses to support the environment. Smart cities produce their own food with their innovation. Architect working with scientists can understand the type of environment that the crops need to be in such as lighting temperature control and try to propose a Design that fulfills these needs. Having the support of the ministry and the national initiative of agricultural development Figure 27: Pesticide-free growing to have projects such as their farmers market really environment (Peninsula farms) supported the agricultural sector and local farmers by bringing in people and even tourists’ fresh product directly from the farmer to the consumer. The future is for urban agriculture in smart cities because we don’t have more land to produce crops. (Interview with Agriculture specialist). Factory of food security: The government established a date packaging business in 1981 with the goal of subsidizing date palm producers by providing commercial support for their output. The plant was active in the food sector by packaging frozen and dried dates and extracting molasses. Due to privatization and eventual collapse, the plant lasted ten years. The private sector's inability to establish a profitable packaging facility might be attributed to the local market's limitations as well as fierce rivalry from neighboring nations, who tend to produce dates of higher quality, with better packaging and lower pricing. ((2015). Date Palm Status and Perspective in Bahrain).

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The factory could not overcome the losses In Hoorat aali there was a project to produce green feeds by vertical irrigation and treated water. There were a lot of projects at the 80s due to the kingdom’s increase in income that were stopped due to land reclamation, budget & competition that forced these projects to end. The project that a lot of people benefited from was to offer people a loan for an agricultural project that they have to present their case and discuss the budget. This project raised awareness about agriculture and greenhouses. The 80s were considered as the golden age to the agricultural field. Nowadays, the country should head towards the intensive farming, vertical farming and these type of solutions since there is no land. (Hasan Alhammadi, 2022) Solution for this issue is to offer people with no land to grow their crops, by offering a rental area allocated to the person to grow their own crops with a lower budget and a controlled environment. The government established a date packaging factory in 1981 with the goal of assisting date palm producers by providing commercial support for their output. The plant was active in the frozen food sector and molasses extraction, as well as packing and dry dates the plant lasted ten years. Previous to the privatization of the company and its eventual collapse. The factory did not overcome it's losing as it was depending on traditional farming where crops did not produce all year around. The solution to this issue is to propose a post-harvest factory with innovative vertical indoor farming that assure that collects the crops from all year round and produce different products out of it instead oof having food waste. The concept of post-harvest in to manage the produce of the harvest, when there is a controlled environment, the production will keep working all year long. This supports the idea waste management and raises awareness in people about food waste and security

2.7: Psycho-social wellbeing and communal spaces: (South West Well-being Evaluation, 2013) Long-term health issues, unhealthy lifestyles, and an aging population are all contributing to high levels of mental and physical sickness in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to look at the links between community center attendance, psychosocial well-being, and health-related behaviors.

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2.7.1: The Pandemic awakening: People have been forced to engage with familiar environments in unexpected ways as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Gardens – and the regions within walking distance of home – have become wildlife-watching areas and gyms, while bedrooms have become workspaces. Lockdown regulations have heightened our appreciation for local parks and green places, which has been a source of consolation for many. We examine the influence of lockdown on activity Figure 29: Rice harvest paddy in Lobby, levels, use of public green areas, and the relationship between Source:Dezeen nature and wellness, using data from a variety of sources. Along with the rise in outdoor exercise, people’s interest in nature surged. In May 2020, 36% of people responding to the People and Nature Survey by Natural England said they were spending more time outside during the pandemic than before. (National statistics, 2021). I believe that post-pandemic architecture should involve a lot of vegetation and outdoor-indoor experiences. As an example, the Pasona Urban Farm by Yoshimi Kono designs; it is a nine-storey office building in Tokyo to allow employees to grow and harvest their own food at work. “ The creation of the new headquarters for Japanese recruitment firm Pasona consisted of refurbishing a 50 year old building to include Figure 28:Lobby Plan, Source:Dezeen office areas, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and urban farming facilities. Inside the 19,974 square metre office building there are 3995 square metres dedicated to green space that house over 200 species of plants, fruits, vegetables and rice. Kono said that all of the food is harvested, prepared and served on-site in the cafeterias - making Pasona's Urban Farm the largest farm-to-table office scheme in Japan. Pasona employees are encourage to maintain and harvest the crops and are supported by a team of agricultural specialists.” (Dezeen, 2013). They gave people’s life another definition of going to their job. “Inside the offices, tomato vines are suspended above conference tables, lemon and passion fruit trees are used as partitions for meeting spaces, salad leaves are grown inside seminar rooms and bean sprouts are grown under benches.” (Dezeen, 2013). Rarely do we witness individuals actively interacting with natural resources and bringing together a community of people that care deeply about and respect the Earth. This is an example of an active building where people may interact with the environment. The interaction between the employees lead to better teamwork. This concept not only improves the working environment, but it also acknowledges that, in Japan, job opportunities in farming are extremely restricted due to the country's continual decline in agriculture.

Figure 30: Meeting Garden Room, Source:Dezeen

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Figure 31:Eating Area, Source:Dezeen

Figure 32:Exterior Facade, Source:Dezeen

Pasona, on the other hand, concentrates on training and developing the future generation of farmers. The building truly allows high productivity and improves the mental health of the employees.

2.8: HISTORICAL ISSUES AND CURRENT IMPLEMENTATION 2.8.1: HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF VERTICAL FARMING

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

600 BC

Underground Vertical Farming

1150 AD

Aztec “chinampas”

1915

Hydroponics World War II

1922

Immeubles-Villas

1940

The Vertical Farm

1989

Vegetated Architecture

1999

2009

Sky Green Farms, Singapore

A. The legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon, built by King Nebuchadnezzar II are one of the earliest examples of a "vertical farm." The gardens were made up of a series of vaulted terraces that were stacked on top of each other with plants. The gardens, which rise to a height of 20 meters, were most likely irrigated by a chain pump, which is considered as one of the earliest engineering innovations. B. Aztecs used "chinampas," a type of hydroponic farming, to grow crops in marshy areas near lakes. The Aztecs built rafts out of reeds, stalks, and roots, because the swampy soil in these areas was unsuitable for agriculture. Crops could grow upwards while their roots grew downwards through the rafts and into the water, due to the structural support provided by the rafts. C. American geologist Gilbert Ellis Bailey mentioned in his book the term "vertical farming." Bailey, interestingly, focuses on farming "down" rather than "up." That is, he investigates a type of underground farming in which farmers use explosives to dig deeper into the ground, increasing their total available area and allowing them to grow larger crops. D. "Le Corbusier's "Immeubles-Villas project, that consists of five-story blocks with one hundred singular apartments stacked on top of one another. The single-person apartment

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E.

F.

G.

H.

is the plan's basic unit, each isolated from its neighbors and providing them with secluded open space integrated with greenery (Gallagher). For the first time in modern history, hydroponic growing systems are used on a large scale during World War II. On the South Pacific Islands, more than 8,000 tons of fresh vegetables are grown hydroponically to feed the Allied forces stationed there. Kenneth Yeang, an architect and ecologist, envisioned mixed-use buildings that are seamlessly integrated with green spaces, allowing plant life to be cultivated in open-air buildings. "Vegetated architecture," as Yeang put it. This concept focuses on personal and community consumption rather than large-scale production and distribution. Dr. Dickson Despommier, a Columbia University ecologist, reimagined vertical farming by promoting the mass cultivation of plant and animal life for commercial purposes in skyscrapers (Globacorp). Vertical farms, which will be several stories tall, will be built in the heart of the world's cities, ensuring the long-term production of a secure and diverse food supply while also restoring ecosystems that have been harmed by horizontal farming (Despommier). The Sky Green Farms, the world's first modern vertical farm facility in Singapore is made up of over 100 9-meter-tall towers that use sunlight and rainwater to grow green vegetables.

2.8.2: HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF GREENHOUSES Contemporary

Classical Period

Roman Greenhouse

30 AD

The Palm House

1789

Palace Versailles

1844

Japanese Greenhouse

1873

1880

Belgian King Leopold I Complex

2.9: The Rise of vertical and Indoor Farming:

Bicentennial Conservatory

1976

Muttart Conservatory

1988

2020

New Greenhouse Technology

Modern Period

Throughout the different period and eras, humans have always tried to find different solutions and then came the idea of “Urban Farming”. Despite the fact that farming is sometimes mythologized as a peaceful activity and a healthy and tranquil way of life, it is one of the most dangerous jobs,

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and farms are among the most dangerous settings for farmers. These hazard exposures have both physical and psychological consequences. ( Joan Mazur). Indoor vertical farming is the process of producing crops in a controlled and regulated environment, stacked one on top of the other. Employing vertically placed growing shelves considerably reduces the amount of land space required to cultivate plants. Because of its capability to grow in small spaces, this technique of farming is frequently connected with city and urban farming. Some vertical farms are unusual in that they do not require soil for plant growth. The majority are either hydroponic or aeroponic. Artificially produced lights are utilized instead of natural sunlight to control exactly how much each plant needs light to ensure the quality. Reliable Harvests with Maximum Crop Yield Optimized Energy Conservation Sustainable, Environmentally Friendly Growth Maintain high quality produce (Linly Ku, 2021)

2.10: Integration not elimination

Figure 35:Barasti using palm leaves, Source: Khalil Farran

Figure 33: Manama Qal'at al-Bahrain Courtyard palm leaves as construction material, Source: Wikimedia

Figure 34: Leopold Banchini Architects, Al Naseej Factory, traditional textile weaving, Bani Jamrah, Bahrain. Source: Architecture Model

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Figure 36:Yateem Mall, Author 2019

Figure 37: Integrating vegetation with the building design diagrams, Author 2022

The palm tree has played a vital role in the history of Bahraini architecture as it has been used in building as an exterior material or as a reinforcement. The palm tree part has evolved with being integrated in the evolving architecture. In the past the palm frond shelters, which were either square or rectangular with flat roofs or triangular tent-like constructions. Palm fronds, a plentiful and flexible native resource, have long been employed in fishing, pearling, and trade communities along the coast. Wooden frames made of mangrove poles, split-palm trunks, or any other available wood were used to create Barasti or arish homes. The concept of the Barasti is being integrated nowadays in innovative ways such as the Bani Jamrah textile factory that blends the vernacular and contemporary architecture. (Traditional houses in the UAE,2021) From employing parts of vegetation in construction to incorporating entire trees into a design rather than eliminating them. Different innovative design solutions can be introduced and integrate the vegetation as a design element that will enhance the experience instead of visioning it as a mishap.

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CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES 3.1: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

Photo

Project Name

Architect

Year and Location

Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District

Sasaki

2017, Shanghai, China

Taiyuan Botanical Garden

Delugan Meissl Associated Architects

2020, Taiyuan, China

A very unique form and circulation path between nature. This case study proposes a lot of innovative solutions towards how to make people engage with the nature and the architectural language is very strong.

Figure 39: Source:Achello

Paramit Factory: Factory in the forest

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This urban district will set a benchmark in the “agritectural” field, the use of spaces and how the environment is controlled for the production using architectural methods. This case study has several interesting components and zones.

Figure 38: Source:Sasaki

Figure 40:Archdaily

Architectural Significance

Design Unit Architects Sdn Bhd

2017, Penang, Malaysia

This case study is technical and an unusual approach to have a forest in the middle of an industrial area with unique spatial configuration. Unique sustainable solution through architecture.

Eden’s Project – The Great Gardens Of Cornwall

Nicholas Grimshaw

1998, Bodelva, England

Wooden Orchids

Vincent Callebaut Architectur es

MOLEWA, Ruichang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China

Jakob Factory

G8A Architectur e & Urban Planning, rollimarchi ni architekten

2020, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Singapore Pavilion

Studio WOHA

2020, Dubai Expo & Singapore

Bio domes and greenhouses to integrate with nature.

Figure 41: Source:Archdaily

Interesting form with integration of vegetation in the interior.

Figure 42: Source : Vincent Callebaut Website

Figure 43:Source : Archdaily

Figure 44:Source : Archdaily

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A factory that is towards sustainability and breaking the default image of an industrial factory.

The pavilion’s water system is very inspiring and the representation of vegetation on the façade.

Pasona Urban Farm

Kono Designs

2005, Nerima, Japan

Headquarter building that want to have an environmental impact and a better mental health of the employees, through introduction of new innovative farming strategies.

Oman Botanic Garden

Grimshaw

Muscat, Oman

A regional case study, that is inspiring due to the desert themed architecture and vegetations

Innovative SelfSustaining Village Model

ReGen Villages B.V. and EFFEKT,

2016, Almere, The Netherlands

A housing model that focuses on food security and having individual and shared farm.

Figure 45:Source : Archdaily

Figure 46: Grimshaw

Figure 47: Source Archdaily

Table 2: International Case Studies List

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3.1.1 SUNQIAO URBAN AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT 3.1.1.1 General Information Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District Shanghai,China

Sasaki

100-Hectare Figure 48: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki

This case study brings a lot of interesting solutions to the agricultural field on a much larger urban scale. For a megacity such as Shanghai, Sasaki Architects designed the Sunqiao Agricultural District. This case study encourages us to think about how ones can make a difference and come up with new paradigms in our community, by combining agricultural production, research, and community engagement, a new paradigm of urban life that keeps up with the country's vision. Especially with the developments happening it is important to create a socially engaging and playful experience with nature. The Sunqiao master plan establishes a vibrant public realm, emphasizing agriculture as an important component of urban development. The agricultural district represents a new and contemporary model solutions for Chinese urban farming. Which is considered the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products. The main focus of this case study will be on analyzing the different zones and spaces in this project 3.1.1.2: Conceptual Approach Sunqiao project involves more than just the renovation of vertical food processing plants. The Sunqiao experiment presents a new idea for urban life by celebrating food production as one of the most important functions of a city by developing a solid public realm that integrates indoor and outdoor agricultural experiences. Sunqiao not only responds to Shanghai's growing demand for locally sourced food, but it also educates future generations of locals about where their food comes from. Ones shall continue to challenge the distinction between what is urban and what is rural as Figure 49:Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki cities and populations expand.

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3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: Summers in Shanghai are hot, oppressive, rainy, and mostly cloudy, while winters are bitterly cold, windy, and partly cloudy. The temperature typically varies throughout the year, with an average of 28.0 °C | 82.5 °F in July, the hottest month of the year. In January, the lowest average temperatures of the year are around 4.8 °C | 40.7 °F. Shanghai has a population of almost 24 million people. However, over the last two decades, China has lost over 123,000 square kilometers of farmland to urbanization. China's Ministry of Environmental Protection estimates that one-sixth of the remaining arable land—roughly 200,000 square kilometers—is affected by soil pollution.

3.1.1.4: Urban Context: Shanghai, as one of Asia's most dynamic megacities, is actively encouraging innovative food-supply solutions for the region's growing population. Unlike large-scale corporate farms in the West, which are typically located far from cities, Shanghai's peri-urban landscape is dominated and surrounded by smaller-scale agriculture. The soultions that Shanghai is propossing shuld definelty be a case study to apply in Bahrain. The vertical system's goal is to provide spacesaving and cost-effective alternatives to feed China's largest city, which has a population of nearly 24 million people.

Figure 51: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki Figure 50: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki

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3.1.1.5: Acessibility:

Sunqiao is located between Shanghai's main international airport and the city center, demonstrates that, like the city's rising skyscrapers, Shanghai's farms are going vertical as well. Shanghai is expanding the role of Sunqiao in its foodshed after 20 years of conventional agricultural production on the site. It is a very busy area that needs to be more pedestrainized. Due to the size of this project it is definetly easily accesed and they want this to be one of the main attractions in Shanghai, while solving a very large issue affecting the country.

3.3.4.2 Functional Relationships

Commercial and Agri Expo Node

Science Museum R&D Node

Advanced Agri Production Node

Figure 52:Diagram showing different nodes

DIFFERENT ZONES: HOUSING

717,000 square feet

COMMERCIAL SPACE

138,000 square feet

VERTICAL FARMS

753,000 square feet

PUBLIC SPACE

856,000 square feet

Table 3: Zones of the Project

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Picture

Zone

Description

Tropical Wetland Forest

This zone creates an indoor-outdoor experience with the food atrium and the garden by the bay which are inspired by greenery in different countries.

Butterfly Garden

The garden showcases different types of flowers and butterflies. The district has multiple gardens that focuses on different species.

Aquaponic Ponds

An aquaponic system combines hydroponics and fish farming, feeding the vegetables with nutrients from the fish waste and using the plants as a biofiltration system to return clean water to the fish.

Aquaponic Ponds

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GreenHouse Hybrid

GreenHouse System

Multilayered showcase building: Research Lab Support

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Research Lab Support with Heat Control Roof Structure. This district promotes a new model of urban life by integrating agricultural production with research and civic amenities to create a socially engaging and playful experience .

Vertical farm: with greenhouse roof structure

Vertical farm that saves land and space due to the rapid population raise that happens in China.

Figure 53:All figures in table by Sasaki Table 4: Description of different zones

Figure 55: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki

Figure 54: Sunqiao Agricultural District Source: Sasaki

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this is a successful large-scale plan. This project is highly beneficial for China and it can definetly be recommended to be used in the Gulf a

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3.1.2 TAIYUAN BOTANICAL GARDEN

3.1.2.1 General Information Taiyuan Botanical Garden Taiyuan, China Delugan Meissl Associated Architects 54600 m² Figure 56: Archello

The project began with the ambitious goal of transforming a former coal-mining area into a landscape park that is not only a model for the landscape design that is so important in China, but also includes a building infrastructure that can be used for research into natural ecosystems and providing people with access to and information about them. The politically proclaimed necessity to construct high-quality recreational spaces in or near cities, as well as means to govern the massive numbers of visitors that resulted, served as the foundation for the development of a spatial program. 3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: In Taiyuan, the summers are long, warm, and partly cloudy and the winters are freezing, snowy, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 11°F to 85°F and is rarely below 2°F or above 93°F.(weatherspark). Nature and architecture merge in a dynamic environment of green lawns, lakes, and hills leading into sloped terrains, huge glass domes, and concrete walkways at Taiyuan Botanical Garden, which opened this year in the capital of Shanxi Province in northern China. The complex was designed and built on the site of a former coal mining zone in Taiyuan's Jinyuan district.

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Figure 57: Site Plan, Source: Google Earth

Conceptual Approach: Nature and architecture are in a harmonious relationship here, with the green area taking center stage. The architectural concept is based on an existing landscape plan and creates a balance between natural landscape, architecture, technical, and environmental solutions.

Zones:

GREEN HOUSE

ENTRANCE BUILDING

RESTURANT/ TEA HOUSE BONSAI MUSEUM RESEARCH CENTER Figure 58:Edited Diagram Showing the connection between the zones

Entrance Building & Natural Museum

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The entrance building, which is connected to the street and a large parking lot, has a dual purpose: it welcomes the urban landscape into the garden while also allowing the natural landscape to interact with the constructed environment. The reception desk and inviting lobby are both conveniently located at the front door They may either enjoy the view from the platform or descend to the lake, which runs the length of the park. The natural history museum is part of the Entrance Building. To reflect the museum's

concentration on natural history, it is structured along a timeline of diverse spatial and sensorial experiences.

Restaurant/ Tea House

The entire concept's sculptural articulation is inspired by traditional Chinese timber roof structures, which it tries to honor by reinterpreting its structural and geometrical logic. The restaurant and tea house are excellent examples of how to integrate stacked and interlaced loadbearing layers, create steps and scale by adding or deleting layers near to supports or edges, and experiment with proportional relationships between structure and space.

Bonsai Museum

The Bonsai Museum, created as a rotating bowl incorporated into the park's terrain and offering an arena for the plant's exhibition, is another feature of the Botanical Garden.

Greenhouse

The Greenhouse serves as the new Botanical Garden's focal point. It is made up of three domes that will accommodate plants from various climates while also renewing the Garden's design. Pavilions for tropical and desert plants are situated in two of the three domes.

Figure 59:All figures in table source;Archello

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Plan and spatial configuration:

Vehicle Movement Bus Parking Car Parking Car Drop-off Car Drop-off

The entrance building, which is approached from the access road through a large courtyard, leads visitors to a large roof terrace via an open stair that passes through a circular void in the slab, from which they can see the entire park and appreciate the building's dual function as an interface between architecture and landscape. The cantilevered vie-wing platform towers over the park's central water feature, directing visitors to the botanical gardens' three greenhouses.

Figure 60:Edited Entrance building plan, Source:Archdaily

Exterior Exhibition Plantroom Gallery Information Figure 61:Bonsai Museum Plan, Original Plan:Archdaily

Figure 62: Bonsai Museum Plan, Original Plan:Archdaily

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The concentric circles of the bonsai museum's terraces serve as the structural framework for this accurate display of an ancient Far Eastern component of Garden Art. Visitors follow a path that symbolizes the concept of a tamed natural landscape. The foundation of the bonsai museum responds dynamically with the projected topography of the terrain and the surface of the pool, just as the massive domes of the greenhouses.

The research centre is divided into a variety of pavilions of various sizes, which are joined together by a common linking block on the ground floor level. It features labs, studios, office buildings, workshops, meeting spaces, lecture rooms, and a library.

Tropical dome

Desert dome Aquatic dome Figure 64: Dome Greenhouse plan, Original Plan: Archdaily

Figure 63:Source of 3 figures: archdaily

Façade Design: The domes' facades are designed to allow for significant solar gains on the south facing half while minimizing heat loss on the northern half. The construction is made up of a timber or aluminum substructure, double glazed facade modules, and opaque insulated sandwich panels. To allow maximum transparency, the restaurant, entrance/visitor center, and structure linking all three domes all use a facade system of enormous doubled-glazed panels and glass fins.

Structural System and Construction Method:

Integration with typography

Figure 65:Section cut, Source: Amazing Architecture

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Figure 66: Figure 67:

LONG-SPAN TIMBER GRIDSHELLS

Figure 68:Source DMMA showing the roof structure

Parabolic gridshells comprise doubly-curved glulam beams, arranged in two or three crossing layers.

The domes are glazed with doubly-curved glass with operable windows in some areas. When viewed from above the timber structures resemble seashells.

Domes ranging from 43m to 88m in diameter and from 12m to 30m in height. The largest of the three domes is the longest clear-span timber gridshell (non-triangulated) in the world. All three parabolic gridshells comprise light doubly curved glulam beams, arranged in two or three crossing layers.

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3.1.2 PARAMIT: FACTORY IN THE FOREST

3.1.2.1 General Information Paramit: Factory in the Forest Penang, Malaysia Design Unit Architects Sdn Bhd 15000 m² Figure 69:Archdaily

This case study sets a benchmark for sustainability in the industrial field. The facility is both energy efficient and climate responsive. Energy efficiency, water efficiency, daylighting, and biophilia — the essential human desire for connection to Nature – were the core sustainable design elements. The factory proposes various solutions for sustainability. 3.1.1.3: Site Location, Climate and Geography: The factory is located in an industrial park with hardly any control over the surrounding context. This site is built as a forest that penetrates, surrounds, and steps over the structure, providing for as much engagement with nature as possible - greenery, breeze, aroma, sound, and touch. By establishing a unique landscape, the factory interpreted a new typology in the area, controlling the microclimate Figure 70: Paramit factory site location, Source: Google Earth

Figure 71: Design Features Diagram Sensorial Experience

Enhaned interior environment Energy Saving Strategies

Penang Island, like the rest of Malaysia, has a warm tropical climate. However, because it is an island, the temperature is generally greater than on the mainland, with daytime temperatures reaching as high as 35°C. Temperatures range from 29°C to 35°C during the day and 26°C to 29°C at night. (Penang.ws) Concept:

Biophlic Design

The approach was to design a dynamic and meaningful working environment for all employees, with the forest serving as the building's and company's public face. Forests are important for both macro and microclimates, as well as the psychological well-being.

49 | P a g e

Courtyard Offices Manufacturing Zones

Figure 72:Archdaily, edited by author

The office and manufacturing area are separated by a green courtyard with views and access from both. The office and production are linked by a bridge that spans the courtyard, and this circulation path serves as a venue for meetings, breaks, and lectures. Roof gardens are accessible from the office floors, and employees are invited to use them for breaks, meetings, or just contemplation.

façade Design:

50 | P a g e

The office and manufacturing are separated by a green courtyard with views and access from both. The office and manufacturing are linked by a bridge that spans the courtyard, and this circulation path serves as an area for meetings, breaks, and lectures.

Shading the parking area using natural vegetation to reduce the heat Fill height windows to have a strong visual connection to the outdoor area The roof garden with decidous vegetation cools the temperature

CONTRAST

Off-form reinforced concrete and steel structure, glazing, and landscape are all expressed in the structure and materials. The building defines what it is, what it is constructed of, and how it is put together with this limited palette of materials. A canopy supported by a 'forest' of columns brings the office and courtyard together while also providing shade from the tropical sun. Roof gardens are accessible from the office floors, and employees are invited to use them for breaks, meetings, or just contemplation.

The structure is designed to provide protection from the harsh, glaring tropical sun while enabling diffused natural light to enter. A louver canopy shades the office and courtyard during the warmest portion of the day, providing adequate sun protection. The factory skylight was designed to provide an equally illuminated work environment throughout the day. The manufacturing floor provides an equally day-lit work environment without glare throughout the year, according to simulations and actual daylight measurements. 51 | P a g e

3.2: LOCAL CASE STUDIES

Photo

Project Name

Architect

Year and Architectural Location Significance

Farmers Market

1:1 studio

2018, Hoorat Aali, Bahrain

Bani Jamrah Textile Factory

Leopold 2018, Banchini Bani Architects Jamrah, Bahrain

Urban Oasis

Influx Studio

A permanent farmers market that gathers locals farms in an indoor building, it

Figure 73:1:1 architects

The factory has interesting interior features as well as the barasti an palm tree textured exterior that reflects the Bahraini culture.

Figure 74:Source: Ministry of culture

Figure 75:archdaily

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Proposal, Manama, Bahrain

An urban oasis proposal that allows people to go through a unique indoor-outdoor experience and incorporation of the vegetation.

CHAPTER 4 53 | P a g e

CHAPTER 4: PROJECT FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM Reflecting the finding and conclusion of the previous chapters, the case studies and the theoretical issues lead to a deeper insight of the agricultural state and approaches with contemporary solutions. Previous chapters and especially the case studies, aided in the reinterpretation of manufacturing and agricultural practices to meet creative and inventive demands. Also, in line with the project’s goals, some of the main points to take into consideration while designing an innovative factory is the considerations of users, the level of private and public spaces needed for the different people, and the balance between the social, interactive life of the farmer and consumer with their productivity in the innovative space. As a result, this chapter proposes an innovative agricultural complex program solution after identifying the users and their categories to revive the agricultural community. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE FACTORY BUDGET APPROXIMATE COST

CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE $3,389,900 (Source: Rsmeans data)

4.2 Program criteria : Community and nature interaction: the experience the visitor will go through will be tapping on different aspects the agriculture provides to us: food, leisure, a better environment, oxygen and visuals. The complex will break the intangible barriers people habe B- Workplace aspects: o Forming a new way to elevate and express the kingdom’s identity in innovation. o Establishing a platform for the creators to invest in themselves. o Creating an innovative flexible community within the workplace to respond to everyday needs.

Figure 76: FACTORY, OUTDOOR SPACE & GREENHOUSE (AUTHOR 2022)

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AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX

VISITOR CENTRE

EDUCATIONAL & RESEARCH

POST HARVEST FACTORY

VERTICAL FARMING

LOBBY LOUNGE

RESEARCH LABORATORIE S

UTENSIL ROOM

FARMING PODS

EXHIBITION HALLS

RESEARCHERS OFFICES

PRIMARY PROCESSING ROOM

WORKSHOPS

LIBRARY

CRAFT STALLS

RESTURANT

CAFE

DINING AREA

FOOD STALLS

CRAFT STALLS

EXHIBITION HALL

AUDITORIUM

TECHNICAL SERVICES

RECEPTION

ELECTRICAL ROOM

OBSERVATION DECK

LOBBY

MECHANICAL ROOM

PACKING & BOXING ROOM

AQUAPONIC PONDS

MANAGER OFFICE

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

CLASSROMES

WASTE WATER TREATMENT STATION

HYDROPONIC PONDS

STAFF OFFICE

WATER TANK AND PUMP

MEETING ROOM

SPICE STORAGE ROOM

COMMUNAL FARM

MEETING ROOM

WASTE MANGEMENT ROOM

DRY STORAGE ROOM

LABORATORIES

FOOD LAB

FINISHED PRODUCT ROOM

GERMINATION

SPECIMEN LAB

CLEANING STATION

GREENHOUSES

ARCHIVE

WCS

MARKET INSPECTOR

SHIPPING AREA

SECRETARY

PRODUCTION ROOM

KITCHENETTE

LABORATORY

OFFICE

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ADMINISTRATION

CHILLER ROOM

WASTE ROOM

SECURITY ROOM

SURVALLIANCE ROOM

4.3: Users FARMERS: The project provides the farmers a better work environment with solutions that will make them produce all year round. The project aims to encourage the youth to be trained to work in this field.

SCIENTISTS: scientists collaborate with the farmers and researchers in order to enhance production.

STUDENTS: Students can benefit from the research centre as they will have a platform to get to depend on to get information and statistic regarding Bahrain’s agricultural state.

TOURISTS: The visitor centre will serve the purpose of translating our rich agricultural history into a storytelling experience for the visiting tourist.

FAMILIES & FRIENDS: other than the communal activities that will bring the community closer, the main aim is to be more aware of local produce and be able to serve from the factory to the consumer. The aim is to also encourage people to cultivate.

FACTORY

FARMING

LEISURE

COMPLEX

ADMINISTRI VE

TECHNICAL

RESEARCH & EDUCATION AL

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Figure 77: SURVEY BY AUTHOR

4.4: Programming Table Table 5: VISITORS AREA

SPACE

Use rs

Area/Per son

50

2

2

EXHIBITION HALLS

Are a m2

Inside Circulatio n%

No. of Uni ts

Total Area m2

Outside Circulatio n%

Total Gross Area

References

Design Criteria

25%

2

250

20%

300

NEU.211

5.4

10 0 10. 8

Included

1

10.8

Included

10.8

NEU.349

25

1.5

37. 5

Included

4

150

NEU.192

100

0.8

30%

1

104

30%

NEU.466

• Encourage public accessibility

40

2.5

80 10 0

150 135. 2

30%

1

30%

169

NEU.329

• Flexible, adaptable Hall

6

4.8

29

25%

15

Included

30

1.6

30%

2

30%

544 162. 24

100

1.6

25%

2

400

Included

400

NEU.456

FOOD STALLS

6

4.8

48 16 0 28. 8

130 543. 75 124. 8

25%

15

540

50

1.8

90

25%

2

225

25%

50

25%

2

125

30%

540 281. 25 162. 5

NEU.458

DINING AREA STORAGE ROOMS WCS

10

10

30%

2

30

Included

30

INFO DESK WORKSHOPS LOBBY LOUNGE CULTURAL LIBRARY CRAFS STALLS CAFÉ RESTURANT

1

• Transparent, open spaces

CASE STUDY NEU.456

NEU.348 CASE STUDY NEI.399

TOTAL GROSS AREA =

2800

Table 6: PROGRAMMING TABLE (ADMINISTRATION)

SPACE

User s

Area/Perso n

Are a m2

Inside Circulation %

No. of Unit s

Tota l Area m2

Outside Circulation %

Total Gross Area

References

Design Criteria

ADMINISTRATION

RECEPTION

2

2

4

Included

1

4

Included

4

NEU.349

12

1.5

18

40%

1

25.2

30%

32.76

NEU.466

1

15

15

Included

1

15

25%

18.75

NEU.346

4

15

60

Included

2

120

25%

150

12

2

24

30%

2

62.4

25%

78

-

-

20

30%

1

26

25%

32.5

NEU.350

2

3

6

Included

2

6

20%

7.2

NEU.399

12

1

12

25%

1

15

NEU.346

SECRETARY

1

3

3

25%

1

3.75

25%

KITCHENETTE

5

1

5

25%

1

6.25

25%

15 4.687 5 7.812 5

LOBBY MANAGER OFFICE STAFF OFFICE MEETING ROOM ARCHIVE WCS MARKET INSPECTOR

57 | P a g e

Included

• Visually Accessible to Visitor center and public areas to permit supervision and interaction.

NEU.346 Calculated from a Case Study

NEU.347 CASE STUDY TOTAL GROSS AREA =

350.71

Table 7: PROGRAMMING TABLE (VERTICAL FARMING)

SPACE

User s

Area/Perso n

Area m2

No. of Unit s

Inside Circulation %

Total Area m2

Outside Circulation %

Total Gros s Area

References

SubTota l Area

Design Criteria

VERTICAL FARMING FARMING PODS

2

100

4

400

400

CASE STUDY

OBSERVATION DECK

12

200

2

400

400

CASE STUDY

AQUAPONIC PONDS HYDROPONIC PONDS

1

50

3

150

150

CASE STUDY

4

50

3

150

150

CASE STUDY

12

100

2

200

200

CASE STUDY

100 0

CASE STUDY

300

CASE STUDY

COMMUNAL FARM LABORATORIES GERMINATION GREENHOUSES

GREENHOUSES OBSERVATION DECK

-

200

5

100 0

2

150

2

300

2 12

2

100 0 200

Included

1

100 0

2

400

Included

100 0

CASE STUDY

400

CASE STUDY TOTAL GROSS AREA =

• Visually Accessible to Visitor center and public areas to permit supervisio n and interaction .

400 0

:

Figure 44: EDUCATIONAL GREENHOUSE DESIGN EXAMPLE: SOURCE: United States Botanic Garden (USBG)

Figure 79: TYPES OF HYDROPONICS DIAGRAMS (AUTHOR 2022)

58 | P a g e

Figure 78: HYDROPONIC SYSTEM (AUTHOR 2022)

Table 8:PROGRAMMING TABLE (EDUCATIONAL ZONE)

User s

SPACE

Area/Perso n

Are a m2

Inside Circulation %

No. of Unit s

Tota l Are a m2

Outside Circulation %

Total Gross Area

SubTotal Area

References

RESEARCH & EDUCATIONAL

RESEARCH LABORATORIES

5

3

15

20%

1

RESEARCHERS OFFICES

4

4

20%

2

18 38. 4

Included

20 46.0 8

CASE STUDY

NEU.192

15%

18 22.0 8 21.1 6 21.1 6

NEU.355

25

1.5

16 37. 5

4

37

20%

Computer Lab WASTE MANAGEMENT LAB

5

3

15

20%

1

20%

4

2

8

15%

2

FOOD LAB

4

2

8

15%

2

SPECIMENS LAB

4

2

8

15%

2

18 18. 4 18. 4 18. 4

15%

57.5

20

1

20

25%

2

50

25%

78

CLASSROMES

MEETING ROOMS

Included

20%

15%

NEU.235

NEU.352 NEU.353 NEU.354

NEU.307 TOTAL GROSS AREA =

283.9 8

WC LABORATORY

PRIMARY PROCESSING AREA

OFFICE PRIMARY PACKAGING AREA

SHIPPING DOCK

RAW MATERIAL ENTRANCE

FINISHED PRODUCT ROOM SECONDARY PACKAGING AREA

CLEANING STATION

DRY

COLD ROOM

STRONG

STORAGE

MEDIUM Figure 80:FACTORY ZONING DIAGRAM (AUTHOR)

Figure 81: FACTORY SPATIAL ORGANIZATION, SOURCE: FACTORY LAYOUT

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WEAK

STORE

Desig n Criteri a

Figure 83: LAYOUT OF A FACTORY : SOURCE: Food Research 3 (4) : 295 - 304 (August 2019)

Figure 82: Production Process in a Factory: Source: Food Research 3 (4) : 295 - 304 (August 2019)

Table 9: PROGRAMMING TABLE (TECHNICAL AREAS, FACTORY AND PARKING

SPACE

Use rs

Area/Pe rson

Are a m2

Inside Circulati on%

No. of Uni ts

Tot al Are a m2

Outside Circulati on%

Total Gross Area

References

SubTotal Area

FACTORY UTENSIL ROOM

2

PRIMARY PROCESSING ROOM PACKING & BOXING ROOM WASTE WATER TREATMENT STATION

1 2 1 1

SEEDING STATIONS DRY STORAGE ROOM FINISHED PRODUCT ROOM CLEANING STATION

1 1 2

SHIPPING AREA

1

PRODUCTION ROOM

2

LABORATORY OFFICE

4 4

HARVESTING STATION

2 ASSUMED AREA BY CASE STUDY

60 | P a g e

TOTAL GROSS AREA =

2322 2322. 00

Desi gn Crite ria

SPACE

Use rs

Area/Pe rson

Are a m2

No. of Uni ts

Inside Circulati on%

Tot al Are a m2

Outside Circulati on%

Total Gross Area

References

SubTotal Area

Desi gn Crite ria

TECHNICAL SERVICES

MECHANICAL ROOM

10 0 32 0

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

60

20%

2

WATER TANK AND PUMP

60

20%

2

25 0 76 8 14 4 14 4

CHILLER ROOM

4

20%

2

9.6

ELECTRICAL ROOM

25%

2

20%

2

WASTE ROOM

1

2

2

20%

2

4.8

SECURITY ROOM

2

1

2

2

5

SURVALLIANCE ROOM

2

25

50

25% Include d

2

50

Include d Include d Include d Include d Include d Include d Include d Include d

250

CASE STUDY

768

CASE STUDY

144

CASE STUDY

144

CASE STUDY

9.6

CASE STUDY

4.8

CASE STUDY

5

CASE STUDY

50

CASE STUDY TOTAL GROSS AREA =

0

No. of Uni ts

Tot al Are a m2

-

15 00

15 00

-

1500

NEU.346

32

-

2

64

-

64

NEU.430

-

24

-

2

-

48

CASE STUDY

-

-

-

20

-

250

NEU.440

-

-

13 15 00

-

1

48 25 0 25 00

2500

NEU.466

Are a m2

Use rs

Area/Pe rson

VISITOR PARKING

-

-

13

BUS PARKING

-

--

SERVICE PARKING

-

STAFF PARKING PLAZA

SPACE

Inside Circulati on%

Outside Circulati on%

-

Total Gross Area

References

TOTAL GROSS AREA =

TOTAL FULL GROSS AREA: 15,494.09

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4362

1375. 40

SubTotal Area

Desi gn Crite ria

CHAPTER 5 62 | P a g e

CHAPTER 5: SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS 5.1: Introduction The complex is a multifunctional building, it includes a factory, a vertical farming with an educational center and a visitor’s area. The case studies provided a well understanding of each typology and their suitable context. In traditional farming it is an issue to find a plot with the right type of soil and a larger land to have more crops, while these new innovative solutions give the chance to integrate vegetation in different parts of the Kingdom. An important consideration is to analyze how well integrated will the project be in context of the area and if it completes the experience of the visitor. The suitable site for this project would be in an area where there’s a harmony between the industrial and agricultural spaces, and take into consideration the communities meeting points by being accessible to encourage the users to visit. People usually tend to meet and the bigger and commercial areas, this project is aiming to create a new definition of communal spaces. The site selection procedure started by looking at the history of agriculture in spaces, and how they have transformed right now due to land use. The harmony and connection between the urban context is very important to enhance the project’s aim.

5.2: Site criteria measurements: The major objective behind this grading is to find a suitable site that, first and foremost, contributes to the project's growth, by having a significant influence where it will highly impact the agricultural field that strives to revive humans’ interaction with nature. Furthermore, focuses on the relationship between contemporary urban life and agricultural activities. This is considered as a multi-function project that has specific requirements that have to be taken into consideration when choosing a suitable site. Agricultural specialists have agreed that the most suitable site is Hoorat Aali where the requirements of the project are met.

5.3: Sites History: Palm tree gardens and other agricultural regions used to be mainly located on private property. In Budaiya, the government owned a small agricultural farm with an agriculture office. Following the Master Planning of Daraz in 1974, the Agriculture Directorate was allocated a little area to the west of Daraz village. As a result of the changing economic circumstances and the water shortages, individuals began to ignore their typical gardens and agricultural areas, and many once greener and agricultural landscapes

63 | P a g e

became dry. (Source: The History of Land use and Development in Bahrain Book, 2012, Alnabi ). To compensate, the government set aside two large sites for agriculture in the mid-1980s: one at Hurat Aáli, west of Isa Town, spanning 190 hectares, and the other at Hurat Aáli, west of Isa Town, covering 190 hectares. Hurat Aáli is surrounded by fertile farmland. The location was surround by a fence. It was decided to irrigate the land with Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) from the Tubli Sewage Treatment Plant. The TSE storage tank was built on the site's southeast side, west of the Sk Salman highway. A drainage and irrigation system were installed. The land is primarily used to cultivate fodder crops. Fruit trees and vegetables are produced in greenhouses here. (Source: The History of Land use and Development in Bahrain Book, 2012, Alnabi ).

Figure 84:Topo of 1973 of Northern area, Source: The History of Land use and Development in Bahrain, 2012

Figure 85:Hoorat Aali Agricultural centre, Author 2022

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5.4: Site criteria: Category 1

Urban context & surrounding

Criteria -

-

The relevance of the project to the surrounding and appropriate urban context. Surrounding architectural language. An industrial, agricultural and communal location that will allow the project to enhance the context instead of overlooking the surrounding Visual quality surrounding: this will impact the outdoor experience Site shall have an agricultural background, where people visit often for this purpose. A communal and lively atmosphere, where it is not crowded in commercial building but instead enhances outdoor activities. Site has a memorable link to Bahrain’s agricultural history.

-

Public and transport accessibility: easy access with manageable traffic Accessibility of water transport to the building Pedestrian friendly

-

-

Not surrounded by high rise building, where it will be an obstacle for solar radiations and it will destruct the purpose of the project of interaction with nature. Suitable soil for greenery Respond to the sustainable design parameters of the project (wind, solar and water bodies) Possibility of further future extension Suitable topography to have greenery and outdoor spaces.

-

Visibility to the public Site that is developing and has high potentials for agricultural projects

-

2

Social-culture

-

3

4

Accessibility

Response to requirement

5

6

Land

Impact and awareness

Weight

Total weight of relevance

5.5: Potential Sites:

Figure 86: Survey conducted by Author 2022

1 1. Hoorat Aali 1 2. Alhamala 3. Budaiya 1

1 1

1 Figure 87: Site location on Bahrain Map (Source:Bahrain Map)

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12%

16%

20%

20%

12%

100%

Table 10: Site Criteria

Based on the main findings and criteria of the needs of this project, interviews with agricultural project specialists and due to the survey conducted to focus on the public’s opinion, the suitable areas that have been chooses are:

20%

5.5.1: POTENTIAL SITE 1: HOORAT AALI Horat Aali is located in Aali, Northern governate. Hoorat Aali is known for its agricultural lands and project. The site has an agricultural past that people visit that area for agricultural activities. Unfortunately, these agricultural lands have decreased significantly throughout the years. The site is located on the main road, so it is accessible and clearly seen on the road. Hoorat Aali receiving governmental attention due to the elements that this region possesses that qualify it to contribute strongly to supporting the government’s strategy towards achieving sustainable food security for the Kingdom of Bahrain (Alayam newspaper, 2020) The site is close to the Bahraini farmers market which can create a full experience for the visitor.

Figure 91:Hoorat Aali site zoning map, edited by Author 2022 (Source: Google Maps)

Figure 88:Current site, Author 2022

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Figure 89:Bahrain Map Autocad

Figure 90:Hoorat Aali site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org

Figure 93:Hoorat Aali map 2004 , Source: google earth

Figure 92: Hoorat Aali map 2021 , Source: google maps

Figure 94: Photographic survey in Hoorat Aali by AUthor 2022

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Category 1

Criteria

Urban context & surrounding

-

2

Social-culture

-

3

Accessibility

-

4

Response to requirement

-

5

6

Land

Impact and awareness

Total weight of relevance Table 11: Hoorat Aali Site Criteria

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-

-

Weight The relevance of the project to the surrounding and appropriate urban context. Surrounding architectural language. An industrial, agricultural and communal location that will allow the project to enhance the context instead of overlooking the surrounding Visual quality surrounding: this will impact the outdoor experience Site shall have an agricultural background, where people visit often for this purpose. A communal and lively atmosphere, where it is not crowded in commercial building but instead enhances outdoor activities. Site has a memorable link to Bahrain’s agricultural history. Public and transport accessibility: easy access with manageable traffic Accessibility of water transport to the building Pedestrian friendly Not surrounded by high rise building, where it will be an obstacle for solar radiations and it will destruct the purpose of the project of interaction with nature. Suitable soil for greenery Respond to the sustainable design parameters of the project (wind, solar and water bodies) Possibility of further future extension Suitable topography to have greenery and outdoor spaces.

Visibility to the public Site that is developing and has high potentials for agricultural projects

20%

12%

16%

20%

10%

12%

90%

5.5.2: SITE 2: HAMALA Alhamala is also known for its agricultural lands and project. People visit that area for agricultural activities or for the resorts and pool. The site is located near gardens and a resort, so it is accessible and usually has visitors. The site also has a connection to the sea, as seen the agricultural land have been reduced with time.

Figure 96; Hamala zoning map , Source: google earth

Figure 98: Hamala seaside

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Figure 95: Hamala map Autocad

Figure 97: Hamala site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org

Figure 99:Hamala map 2004 , Source: google earth

Category 1

Urban context & surrounding

Criteria -

2

Social-culture

-

3

Accessibility

-

4

Response to requirement

-

5

6

Land

Impact and awareness

Total weight of relevance Table 12: Hamala Site Criteria

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Figure 100: :Hamala map 2004 , Source: google earth

-

-

Weight The relevance of the project to the surrounding and appropriate urban context. Surrounding architectural language. An industrial, agricultural and communal location that will allow the project to enhance the context instead of overlooking the surrounding Visual quality surrounding: this will impact the outdoor experience Site shall have an agricultural background, where people visit often for this purpose. A communal and lively atmosphere, where it is not crowded in commercial building but instead enhances outdoor activities. Site has a memorable link to Bahrain’s agricultural history. Public and transport accessibility: easy access with manageable traffic Accessibility of water transport to the building Pedestrian friendly Not surrounded by high rise building, where it will be an obstacle for solar radiations and it will destruct the purpose of the project of interaction with nature. Suitable soil for greenery Respond to the sustainable design parameters of the project (wind, solar and water bodies) Possibility of further future extension Suitable topography to have greenery and outdoor spaces.

Visibility to the public Site that is developing and has high potentials for agricultural projects

15%

10%

16%

15%

10%

7%

73%

5.5.3: SITE 3: BUDAIYA

Budaiya is one of the busiest cities in Bahrain, it is known for its the diversity of activities and functions. The site is located on the main road, so it is accessible and clearly seen on the road. The site is surrounded by commercial, private gardens, and housing projects.

Figure 102:google maps

Figure 103: Budaiya zoning map, edited by Author 2022 (Source: Google Maps)

Figure Figure 91:Budaiya Figure 101:105: Budaiya plan Autocad map 2021 , Source: google earth

Figure 104: Budaiya site sun direction, Source: suncalc.org

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Figure 106: Figure 91:Budaiya map 2004 , Source: google earth Category 1

Urban context & surrounding

Criteria -

2

Social-culture

-

3

Accessibility

-

4

Response to requirement

-

5

6

Land

Impact and awareness

Total weight of relevance Table 13: Budaiya Site Criterea

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-

-

Weight The relevance of the project to the surrounding and appropriate urban context. Surrounding architectural language. An industrial, agricultural and communal location that will allow the project to enhance the context instead of overlooking the surrounding Visual quality surrounding: this will impact the outdoor experience Site shall have an agricultural background, where people visit often for this purpose. A communal and lively atmosphere, where it is not crowded in commercial building but instead enhances outdoor activities. Site has a memorable link to Bahrain’s agricultural history. Public and transport accessibility: easy access with manageable traffic Accessibility of water transport to the building Pedestrian friendly Not surrounded by high rise building, where it will be an obstacle for solar radiations and it will destruct the purpose of the project of interaction with nature. Suitable soil for greenery Respond to the sustainable design parameters of the project (wind, solar and water bodies) Possibility of further future extension Suitable topography to have greenery and outdoor spaces.

Visibility to the public Site that is developing and has high potentials for agricultural projects

18%

12%

8%

15%

8%

5%

66%

5.6: SITE GRADING COMPARISON Table 14: Site grading Comparison

Category

Hoorat Aali

Hamala

Budaiya

Weight

20%

15%

18%

20%

2

Urban context & surrounding Social-culture

12%

10%

12%

12%

3

Accessibility

16%

16%

8%

16%

4

Response to requirement Land

20%

15%

15%

20%

10%

10%

8%

20%

Impact and awareness

12%

7%

5%

12%

90%

73%

66%

100%

1

5 6

Total weight of relevance

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hoorat A'aali

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Hamala

Budaiya

CHAPTER 6

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CHAPTER 6: PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Figure 107:Water System, Singapore Pavilion Expo 2020

Figure 109: Czech republic pavilion renewable energy solution, Photo by Author 2021Passive solar greenhouses:

Figure 108::Water System, Singapore Pavilion Expo 2020

6.1: Water irrigation and systems: Vertical farming is an innovative and sustainable technique of agriculture than its equivalent since it uses up to 70% less water and saves a significant amount of space and soil. With its environmentally friendly methods and capacity to farm in challenging environments, this agricultural invention with sustainability.

6.2: Closed-loop irrigation: Stacks of planting trays are rotated on tall frames up to three stories high using a proprietary hydraulic lifting technology paired with a closed-loop watering system. This method promotes intensive agriculture by greatly increasing the productivity of the crop-growing acreage available. The intensive farming approach requires just 5% of the water and 25% of the fertilizers and pesticides used in typical

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open field farms to function. Furthermore, because of its hydraulic lifting mechanism, only a little amount of electricity is required, with one threestory frame consuming roughly 40 watts each hour, or about the same amount of energy as a small incandescent light bulb.

6.3: Solar-osmosis desalination system (Singapore pavilion water system) A reverse osmosis system that desalinates well water meets the need. The strong vertical green, which has been well-maintained, generates a Figure 110:Irrigation System of iFarm, Source: iFarm microclimate through evapoperspiration cooling and adiabatic cooling. In the display spaces, built-in "Dry Mist" devices atomize water, which evaporates quickly and dramatically cools the specifically circulating air by 6 to 10 degrees Celsius.

6.4: Water management system: Plants consume just 80 liters of 1400 liters of water to gain weight. A lettuce leaf may drain a quantity of water that is many times its own weight during transpiration. Water is collected using air conditioners and dehumidifiers, cleaned, and reused in the manufacturing process, ensuring that the ideal humidity inside is maintained at 70%. The farm's second "source" of water is the water supply system, which collects additional 700 liters before passing it Figure 111: Water Cycle of iFarm, Source: iFarm through a unique filtering machine, yielding 560 liters of refined water and 140 liters of untreated water. For technical reasons, the latter is collected in a dedicated tank (washing hands, pallets, floors, etc.). As a result, in order to save water, water is collected from air conditioners and dehumidifiers that were initially meant to keep the farm at an appropriate moisture level. This method requires just 700 liters of tap water every day, which is three times less than growing plants in traditional hydroponic greenhouses. (Water system in iFarms, 2020)

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Passive solar greenhouses: Passive solar greenhouses are designed to catch and store heat from the sun, which is then used to keep inside temperatures from falling too low at night or during overcast times. Thermal mass materials, including as water, cement, and soil, are used to absorb excess heat from the greenhouse Figure 112: Passive Solar Greenhouse, Source:Bradford Research during sunny times Center

and release it during shadowed or dark periods. An airtight construction with well-insulated north, east, and west-facing walls is required for a passive solar greenhouse to be functional. The construction should be orientated as near to true south as feasible, with the glazing placed at a 15-degree angle equivalent to the latitude of the area. The low winter light might touch the windows at this angle. This position allows the low winter sun to strike the windows at the best angle possible. Inside the building, there is a heat gain. Solar greenhouses are also commonly constructed with a 1:1 ration to maximize the amount of space available, width to 2 long to 1 height. This has to be warmed up. A 12-foot-wide construction, for example, would be 24 feet long and 12 feet broad. High in order to fulfill the ratio All of these design elements are present add up to a greenhouse that can keep temperatures at a minimum. (Thomas and Crawford, 2001)

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6.5: Building Orientation: The structure should be placed to take advantage of prevailing winds if passive cooling is more important than passive heating. Orientation, location, and layout all be taken into account from the start of the design process – ideally, when the site is chosen. It is impractical Figure 113:Form and Orientation , Source: Fairconditioning and costly to reorient a structure once it has been finished. A house's heating requirements can be decreased in half or more with good orientation, thermal mass, and the correct glass and insulation, lowering energy expenses and greenhouse gas emissions. (level org)

6.6: Passive Cooling: Understanding the sources of heat gains that impact building thermal comfort is critical for selecting what steps to take to minimize as much heat gain as feasible, delay the heating process to eliminate uncontrolled obtained heat, or store cold air or components. The following are the four Figure 114: Passive solution, Source: passive cooling actions: Cold mass or air is stored within the building envelope. This action is described as keeping cold air or mass away from direct heat gains in order to give cold air to interior areas such as courtyards, basements, earth spaces, and thermal masses, or to chill the air before it enters the interior spaces. Heat gain from direct sun radiation is avoided. This activity is carried out by including design considerations and devices into the structure. Shade windows and glazed spaces, use of

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landscape, design of self-shading shapes, and consideration of colors and reflectivity of exterior surfaces might all be used to avoid. Gained heat is removed from either the inside or the external. This step is necessary to eliminate a fraction of the unwanted heat that could not be prevented or slowed down. Controlled ventilation, including the use of wind towers, earth tunnels, and windows, can be used to fulfill ventilation requirements. Heat transmission from the outside climate via the building envelope is slowed. This activity is carried out by the use of measures such as effective insulation and double-glazed window units.

6.7 : Solar Panels: Creating big, open rooftops or ground surfaces that are perfect for solar panel arrays. Trees, mechanical equipment, and other structures should never shadow the panels.Choosing the best installation angle for solar panels. When panels are slanted at an angle equal to the latitude of the sun at that precise place, they produce the greatest energy.

Figure 115:Solar powered dates factory,

Installing panels on parking structures or covered parking Source: ALbaraka Factory pavilions for buildings with reduced floor plates. I nstalling an energy dashboard to track and display the performance of the array. The energy dashboard also informs building occupants about how their actions affect the facility's efficiency.

6.8: Solar Panel tree: The main canopy's solar panels, as well as the eighteen smaller, revolving Energy Trees that surround it, are estimated to generate four gigawatt hours of power each year.

Figure 116:Solar trees/canopy in Expo 2021, Photo by author

6.9: PHOTOVOLTAIC FAÇADE SYSTEM: The PV windows have a nominal power of 28 Wp per sqm and will be mounted in a frameless system on the façade. Each fin is made up of numerous photovoltaic panels that have a constant width of 800 mm and a variable length, allowing each fin to be customized to the façade's design.

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Figure 117: R&D Centre, Dubai 2021 Photo by Author

The PV fins are attached to the façade using a steel tube construction and a Lilli Systems staple system. To maximize the system's performance and minimize self-shading scenarios, the fins are slanted and rotated 31 degrees from the vertical façade. The connection boxes were strategically placed to make the system's electrical installation as simple as possible.

6.10: The incorporation of a greywater system Greywater reuse as a strategy to boost the productivity of backyard ecosystems that generate food, provide clean water, and provide a safe haven for animals. Such systems recycle important "waste" products including greywater, household compost, and humanure, while also reconnecting humans to ecological cycles. We seek to replace the cultural misperception of "wastewater" with the prospect of a life-generating water culture by modeling "suitable technology" for food production, water, and sanitation in the industrialized world. Greywater systems that are low-tech and basic are best useful for specific, huge plants. Use them to water big annuals, trees, bushes, berry patches, and shrubs. Watering a big number of little plants spread out over a broad area is significantly more challenging.

Figure 118: Greywater System | Source: Bullitt Center

6.11: Green wall technology adds to the environmental benefits of the treatment system by adding visual appeal and improving air quality by raising oxygen levels. Moreover, a green wall may also act as an urban and semi-urban agriculture that can bring various economic and social benefits, including the generation of additional household income, the provision of a good opportunity for healthier community interaction, and the improvement of access to fresh food.

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Figure 119: Green air conditioning : Using indoor living wall systems as a climate control method | Souce: Semantic Scholar

Environmentally friendly tiles by utilizing kinetic technology, which turns each footstep into energy and power. It's a cutting-edge platform that encourages people to connect with sustainability, encourages walking, and encourages exercise and a healthy lifestyle. It may be installed in pathways, sports halls, and any other area where people commonly walk. They can be outfitted with permanent and temporary installations to generate electricity for a variety of uses, including lighting and Wi-Fi, charging, and navigational signs. A Pavegen pathway creates 2-4 joules of Figure 120:Innovative tiles, Source: Solar Power Tops electrical energy and roughly 5 watts of electricity with each footstep (Pvagen,2020)

6.12: Materials: Figure 121: Sustainable building materials , Source: Engineering for change

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APPENDENCIES SURVEY

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NEUFERT FORTH EDITION

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