International Criminal Court (ICC) and Its Application In Nepal

International Criminal Court (ICC) and Its Application In Nepal

Prepared by Shreedhar Sapkota

Implemented by

Supported by

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The core of ASF’s programme in Nepal is to strengthen the capacities of lawyers to provide legal aid to the most vulnerable through training, mentoring and support to the Bar Association. ASF also works to raise awareness about international and national norms and institutions to ensure that fundamental rights are guaranteed.

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cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt (International Criminal Court-ICC) != k[i7e"dL

(Background of International Criminal Court)

kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] ;f/e"t l;4fGt af]s]sf] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;fdfGo zAbdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf kmf}hbf/L s;"/ jf ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/]sf] sfo{x?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L s;"/ elgG5 . 3/]n' kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] cGt/f{li6«o cfofd International dimensions of domestic criminal law_ g} ;f/df cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g xf] . k/Dk/fut cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] km8\sf] -Departure_ sf] ?kdf cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gnfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 . 3/]n' kmf}hbf/L sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf dfGotf, l;4fGt / ;+oGqx?n] ;dsflng cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] lasf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] kfO{G5 . /fHox?n] /fHox?s} kmfObf jf nfe / laZjdf b08xLgtfsf] cGTosf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] lasf; u/]sf x'g\ . o'4ck/fw, dfgjtfla?4sf] aa{/tfk"0f{ sfo{, dfgjdflysf] cTofrf/ h:tf sfo{nfO{ k|f/+e b]lv g} kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] ?kdf lnO+b} cfPsf] lyof] . o'4 ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] k|f/+les cj:yfdf klg o'4df ;fd]n gePsf u}/;}lgs JolQmsf] /Iff ug'{ / o'4sf lgod af+wL ;f]xL cg';f/ rNg' kg]{ Joj:yf k"aL{ {o / klZrdL bz{gx?df kfO{G5 . sl/j $))) jif{ cuf8Lsf] CUa]bdf !) hgf /fhfx?n] /fhf b';fbnfO{ cfqmd0f u/]sf] ;dodf /fhf / 1fgLx?nfO{ arfp u/]sf lyP egL pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 eg] dxfef/tdf o'4sf] lgod g} lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfO{G5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] lasf; qmddf o'4ck/fw, dfgjtfla?4sf] jj{/ sfo{ / cTofrf/la?4 klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o k"k{If (International Trial) hd{gsf Peter Von Hagenbach dfly ;g\ !$&$ df ePsf] kfO{G5 . pgn] Breisach df sAhf hdfpg] qmddf ePsf] dfgjtfla?4sf] HofhtL -lz/5]bg_ nfO{ lnP/ pgLdfly o'4ck/fwsf] d'2f nufO{Psf] lyof] . d'2f rnfpg] qmddf elgPsf] lyof] sL pgn] cfb]zsf] pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of Command Responsibility) la?4 o'4ck/fw u/]sf lyP . cGt/fli6«o ck/fw (International Crime) sf laifox?nfO{ d'VotM cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fw / ;+ul7t ck/fw u/L b'O{ efudf /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . cGt/fli6«o ck/fw / ;+ul7t ck/fwx?sf cf cfkmgf] laz]iftf / klxrfg /x]sf] 5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwdf u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfksf] ;+rfngaf6 df}lb|s nfe k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . laz]ifu/L ck/flws jf cft+ssf/L jf /fhg}lts ?kdf kl/rflnt x'G5 eg] cGt/fli6«o ck/fwdf dfgaLo IftL k'¥ofO{ zflGt sfod x'g glbg] nIf /flvPsf]

x'G5 . oL b'a} ck/fwsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;+If]kdf lgDg cj:yf b]lvG5 . cGt/fli6«o ck/fw / ;+ul7t ck/fwleq ;d]l6g] ck/fwx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\M

cGt/fli6«o ck/fw

o'4ck/fw

cft+safbsf] ck/fw,

dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw,

dfgj a]rlavgsf] ck/fw, ;+ul7t ck/fw

cfd;+xf/ cfqmdstfsf] ck/fw

xftxltof/sf] ca}w sf/f]af/sf] ck/fw nfu"cf}ifwsf] ca}w sf/f]af/sf] ck/fw ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ;DaGwL ck/fw, e|i6frf/ ;fd'lb|s 8f+sf

zflGtla?4sf] ck/fw

@= laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ (Universal Jurisdiction) cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;+kfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbf cuf8L g} laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u e};s]sf] pbfx/0f xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o cbfntaf6 klg cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf] lasf; ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fw, cfd;+xf/ / o'4ck/fw h:tf u+le/ ck/fwx?df ;fwf/0f kmf}hbf/L cbfntx¿n] k'k{If ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] dfGotf nfdf] ;dob]lv cGt//fli6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;y{ s'g} d'n'ssf] l;df leq jf aflx/ s;}n] /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff jf lxt la?4sf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 jf u+le/ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ug{ ;Sg] /fHosf] clwsf/nfO{ g} laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/

(Universal Jurisdiction)

elgG5 . s]xL b]zsf]

j}wflgs Joj:yfn] To:tf] cleof]udf d'2f rnfpg t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf] agfPsf] x'G5 eg] s]xL d'n'sx?sf] Joj:yfn] cfˆgf] gful/s ;+nUg geP;Dd laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sl7g agfPsf] x'G5 . oL b'a} larf/x?sf] plQs} k|wfgtf /x]sf] 5 . x/]s JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] la?4 jf kmf}hbf/L s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg'gL sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] /f]dg l;4fGt

(Principle of Acto popularis)

df pNn]v ePsf]

cfwf/df klg cGt/fli6«o sfg'gn] lgif]w u/]sf] u+le/ ck/fwdf sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] /fHosf] clwsf/ x'G5 . t/ ;a} k|sf/sf ck/fwdf eg] of] /f]dg b[li6sf]0f /fVg ;ls+b}g . s]jn dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw h:tf] bfzTj, bfztfsf] Jofkf/, cfd;+xf/, o'4ck/fw, dfgjla?4sf] ck/fw, /+ue]b, q'm/ oftgf, cft+sjfb / ckx/0f h:tf ck/fwdfdfq laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ /xg ;S5 eGg] dfGotf klg 5.

laBdfg e"d08nLs/0fsf] kl/a]zdf dfly pNn]v ePsf ck/fw ug]{ jf u/fpg] JolQm Ps} d'n'sdfdfq gj;L w]/} d'n'sx?df n's]/ j:g ;Sg] cj:yfn] b08lxgtf a9g ;S5 . o;}n] klg ck/fw ePs} d'n'sn] dfq sf/jfxL ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfO{;s]sf] 5 . ctL sdhf]/ jf ;+qmd0fdf u'lh{/x]sf d'n'sx?df To:tf JolQmx?nfO{ cg';Gwfg tyf sf/jfxL ug{ ef}lts jf sfg'gL ;+/rgfx?sf] cefj klg x'g ;Sg], tL JolQmx?sf] To; d'n'ssf] ;/sf/df uxlsnf] kx'+r /xg ;Sg], ;/sf/n] sf/jfxL ug{ clgR5f b]vfpg] h:tf b08lxgtfsf] cEof; ePsf]n] klg ;Ifd d'n'sn] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/L sf/jfxL ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotf o; cy{df ;xL b]lvG5 . laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/sf] l;4fGt @))! Dff g} tof/ e};s]sf] klg 5 . o;n] s]xL l;4fGtx? to u/]sf] 5 h:tf] ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / 7fp+, ck/fw ug]{ / kLl8tsf] /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/df If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug]{ gug]{ eGg] laifo aGg ;S5 . o;}u/L ;fd'lb|s 8f+sf, bfztf, o'4ck/fw, cfd;+xf/, zflGtla?4sf] ck/fw, dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw / u+le/ oftgf h:tf] ck/fwnfO{ o; l;4fGtn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; l;4fGtdf pGd'lQm ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf, xbDofbsf] sfg'g nfUg g;Sg] cj:yf, Ifdfbfg lbg g;lsg] cj:yfx?sf] laifodf pNn]v ePsf]n] o; l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]/ sf/jfxL cuf8L Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/]sf s]xL pbfx/0fx? klg 5g\M 

lrnLsf] k"j{ /fi6«klt cu:6f] lkgf];]nfO{ :k]gn] ;d]t kqmfp cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((* cS6f]a/df cu:6f] lkgf]r] :k]gsf] kqmfp k"hL{sf] cfwf/df nG8gdf ;dfltPsf a]nf ljZjJofkL kmf}hbf/L If]qflwsf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ kfO{nf z'? eof] . ljb]zL cbfntåf/f ePsf] of] x:tIf]kn] lkgf]r]nfO{ :jb]zdf ;d]t cleof]usf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo agfof] .



?jf08fsf b'O{ hgf lbbLalxgL leIf'x?nfO{ a]NhLodn] cleof]hg u/L ;hfo ;d]t u/]sf],



;la{ofsf g]tfnfO{ hd{gsf] cbfntn] cleof]hg u/L ;hfo ;d]t u/]sf],



rf+bsf] k"j{ /fi6«kltnfO{ a]NhLodn] cleof]hg u/]sf] cflb .

o;/L ;fdfGo ck/fwzf:qsf dfGotf cg';f/ ck/fw ePsf] d'n's jf :yfgaf6 sf/jfxL x'g] dfGotfaf6 km/s u/L ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/sf] kL8s, kLl8t jf ck/fw 36]sf] 7fpFsf aLr s'g} ;DaGw geP klg kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] d'2f u|x0f u/]/ o:tf ck/fwLnfO{ bl08t ug{ ;Dej t'NofpF5 . o:t}

Ad Hoc Tribunal, Hybrid Tribunal

/

ICC

sf] k"/ssf ¿kdf cGt//fli6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf]

alnof] vDafsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] b[li6sf]0f / sfo{ljlw laleGg b]zdf km/s km/s x'g] ePsfn] ljZjJofkL clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]udf w]/} ;d:of ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . tfklg, cGt//fli6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf /f]d ljwfgsf] l;4fGtnufot sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"ltnfO{

cfˆgf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿df ;dfj]z u/]/

ICC

sf] ;dy{g ug]{ /fHox¿n] clwsf/If]qsf nflu Pp6f

;femf cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . #= cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] lasf;qmdM

(Evolution of International Criminal Justice

System)

laZjJofkL If]qflwsf/sf] dfGotf:j?k ;g\ !($% k5Lsf jif{x?df cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf s]xL ultzLntf a9]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+If]kdf h;nfO{ lgDg tflnsfsf] d2taf6 cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] k':t]nL (Generation of International Criminal Justice System)

k|yd k':tfsf] Gofoflws/0f Nuremberg Tribunal 1945-46

Tokyo Tribunal 1946-48

t]>f] k':tfsf] Gofoflws/0f j0f{z+s/

bf]>f] k':tfsf] Gofoflws/0f

(Hybrid Tribunal)

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia-ICTY 1993 May 8 International Criminal Tribunal for the Rwanda-ICTR 1994

Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)-2009 Extraordinary Camber in the courts of Cambodia-2009 Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina-2002 Special court for Sierra Leone-2002

International Criminal Court-ICC1998

Kosovo-2000 East Timor-2000

#=!=k|yd k':tfsf] Gofoflws/0f

(First Generation of Tribunal)M

-s_ g]?Dau{ Gofoflws/0f (Nuremberg

Tribunal)M

o;nfO{

International Military Tribunal

klg

elgof] . Go"/]Dju{, hd{gLdf ;g\ !($%–$^ df o; Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . bf]>f] laZjo'4sf] lah]tf zlQmx?n] o'4df k/flht ePsf gfhLx¿ hf] /fhg}lts, ;}lgs / cfly{s If]qsf g]tf tyf o'4sf of]hgfsf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf lyP ltgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o¿kdf bf]ifL 7x/ u/L ;hfo ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxt Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . o;n] jbnf xf]O{g Gofo eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;}lgs Gofoflws/0fsf] dfGotf jf l;4fGtx? Gofoflws/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] dxTjk"0f{ >f]t ag]sf] lyof] . o'4 lah]tfx?n] u/]sf] n08g ;Demf}tf tyf ;}lgs a8fkqsf] cfwf/df k|ltkfbg ul/Psf]

Go"/]Dau{ l;4fGtx?n] cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw cGtu{t zflGtla?4sf] ck/fw, o'4ck/fw tyf dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cfof]usf] :yfkgf k5L g]?Dau{ l;4fGt

(Nuremberg Principle)

sf] lasf; ePsf] 5

h'g cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf sf]z]9'+ufsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]?Dau{ l;4fGt

(Nuremberg Principles)

 cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cGt/ut ck/fw x'g] s'g} sfo{ ug]{ JolQm pQ/bfoL x'g] / ;hfosf] efuLbf/ x'g],  o:tf] ck/flws sfo{ ug]{ /fi6«k|d'v jf pQ/bfoL ;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df pQ/bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm lbg gldNg],  cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ tYo / sfg'gsf] cfwf/df lgikIf ;'g'jfO{sf] clwsf/ x'g],  pNn]lvt sfo{sf dltof/nfO{ klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g

-v_ 6f]lsof] Gofoflws/0f

(Tokyo Tribunal)

 o:tf] ck/fwug]{nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ;hfo tf]s]sf] 5}g eGg] cfwf/df k'm;{b lbg ldNb}g,  ;/sf/ jf tfn'sjfnf clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zsf] sf/0f ck/flws sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df p;nfO{ pQ/bfoLaf6 k'm;{b lbg gldNg],  zflGtla?4sf] ck/fw, o'4ck/fw / dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fwx? cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cGt/ut b08gLo x'g], cGt/utsf] ck/fw u/]sf] dflgg],

-d] !($^ b]lv gf]eDa/ !($*_M bf]>f] laZj o'4sf]

;dfKtL ;+u} laZjdfglrqsf] ;'b'/ k"j{ If]qsf]nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;}lgs Gofoflws/0fsf] ?kdf hfkfgL o'4ck/fwLx?nfO{ b08 lbg] p2]Zon] 6f]lsof], hfkfgdf :yfkgf ePsf] Gofoflws/0f xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf o'4df if8foGq ug]{ / o'4sf] lg0f{o k|bfos, dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw ug]{ / o'4sf] of]hgf agfpg], cfb]z lbg] o'4 /f]Sg k|oTg gug{] dflyNnf txsf sdf08/x?nfO{ o'4ck/fwsf] bf]ifdf sf/jfxL ug{] p2]Zo ;lxt :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !($^ hgj/L !( df j8fkq hf/L u/L Gofoflws/0fsf] sfo{ z'? ePsf] / g}?Dju{sf] sfg'gnfO{ o; Gofoflws/0fdf klg ckgfPsf] lyof] . #=@= bf]>f] k':tfsf] Gofoflws/0f

(Second Generation of Tribunal)M

cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L

Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf d'VotM cGt/fli6«o If]qdf lbuf] zflGt sfod /fVg] k|d'v p2]Zo;lxt u7g ePsf] xf] . tnsf ltg Gofoflws/0fx? dWo] k|yd b'O{nfO{

Ad Hoc Tribunal

klg

elgG5 .

-s_ k"j{ o'uf]:nfeLofsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia)M

(International Criminal

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|:tfj g+ *@& n] ;g\ !((# d] * df

u7g ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]n] of] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Pp6f lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo g} ;g\ !((! df tTsflng o'uf]:nfeLofsf] o'4df ePsf] h3Go ck/fwdf

;+nUg JolQmx?dfly bf]ifL s/f/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] cGt/fli6«o dfgaLo sfg'g / cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] laifodf tof/ ePsf] d:of}bfsf] cfwf/df sfd u/]sf] lyof] . u+le/ ck/fw eGgfn] h]g]ef sGe]G;g !($( sf] u+le/ pn+3gsf] laifodf, o'4sf] sfg'g / k/+k/fsf] pn+3g, cfd;+xf/ / dfgjtf la?4sf] ck/fwnfO{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; Gofoflws/0fn] hGds}b;Dd ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] 5 . Gofoflws/0fsf] ;g\ @)!$ ;Dd tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;+kGg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 .

-v_ ?jf08fsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f Rwanda)M

(International Criminal Tribunal for

;g\ !(($ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|:tfj g+ (%% af6 u7g ePsf] xf] . ?jf08fdf

;\g !(($ df ePsf] cfd;+xf/, cGt/fli6«o sfg'gsf] pn+3g, o'4ck/fw, dfgjtf la?4sf] ck/fwnfO{ tfGhfgLofsf] cf?iff

(Arusha, Tanzania)

df :yfkgf ePsf] o; cbfntn]

cGt/f{li6\o kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxL ug]{ If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/]sf] lyof] . ?jf08fdf laz]ifu/L t';L (Tusi)

k|;:t dlxnfx?dfly anfTsf/ ePsf] / u+le/ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ?kdf bdg u/L

ck/fw ul/Psf] lyof] . ck/fw ug]{ JolQx?nfO{ b08 lbnfpg] p2]Zon] Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ePsf] / ;g\ @)!@ leq sfd ;Sg] nIf /flvPsf] 5 .

-u_ cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt

(International Criminal Court)M

!((* h'nfO{ !& df hf/L eO{

h'nfO{ !, @))@ af6 nfu" ePsf] /f]d lawfg dfkm{t :yfkgf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] @))# b]lv g]b/Nof08sf] x]u zx/df /x]sf] sfof{noaf6 cfkm\gf] sfof{/De u/]sf] 5 . o; laifodf kl5Nnf k|s/0fx?df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/g] g} x'+bf oxf+ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . #=#= a+0f{z+s/ Gofoflws/0f

(Hybrid Tribunals or Third Generation of Tribunal)M

cGt/fli6«o

GofofwLzx? tyf cleof]hssf] / :yfgLo jf /fHosf tkm{af6 lgo'lQm x'g] k|s[ofaf6 u7g x'g] Gofoflws/0fnfO{ a+0f{z+s/ Gofoflws/0f elgG5 . laz]ifu/L o'4 kZrft o'4af6 k'u]sf] dfgaLo IftLnfO{ ck"/0fLo ug{ g;lsg] ePtfklg To:tf] IftL k'¥ofpg]x?nfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08 lbg] p2]Zon] o:tf] Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] cbfnt cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofo k2tL

(International Criminal Justice System)

sf] a}slNks

pkfosf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf Gofoflws/0fn] bf]>f] k':tfsf] h:tf] s7f]/ ge} nrstfk"j{s

sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] klg ljzjf; /x]sf] 5 . a+0f{z+s/ Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug]{ cfwf/x? lgDg b]lvG5M  bf]>f] k':tfsf] Gofolws/0faf6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxLaf6 kl/df0ffTds pknJwL k|fKt x'g g;s]sf],  lgwf{l/t ;dodf p2]:o cg';f/sf] sfd x'g g;s]sf],  To:tf Gofoflws/0fdf vr{ Hofb} x'g] ePsf]n] nfut sd ug{,  k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd ;+kGg ug{' kg]{ ePsf]n] /  /fHosf cGo lgsfox?n] cfb/ ug]{ ;xof]u ug]{, cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / Ps?kdf ;hfo x'g], laleGg k|sf/sf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+o'Qm ;+lIfKt laa/0f lgDg tflnsfåf/f hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5M Gofoflws/0f

ck/fwsf] laifo

u7g k|s[of / sfg'gL cfwf/

GofofwLz ;+Vof

Nuremberg

Crimes against humanity-CAH, peace and war crimes-WC

London charter, Int. Military Tribunal Charter Charter

Tokyo

Crimes against humanity, peace and war crimes

Each of 4 countries 1 judge and 1 alternate=8 11 from different countries

Breaches of Geneva Convention, violation of laws or custom of war, genocide, CAH

UN Resolution 827

16 permanent +9 temporary=25

ICTR

Genocide, violation of int. law, CAH, war crimes

UN Resolution 955, 1994

16 permanent +9 temporary=25

ICC

Genocide, CAH, war crimes, aggression

Rome Statute 1998

18 from election

Kosovo

CAH, Genocide. breache Geneva conventions, Violations laws and customs of war.

UNMIK Regulation, Domestic law, Yugoslav law

International 10 and National 5=15

genocide, CAH, WC, defined as violations of Common Article 3

East Timor

Genocide, CAH, WC, torture, sexual violence, murder

Mix substantive law (domestic and Int.), Rome Statute Agreement between Gov and UN

genocide, CAH, WC, torture, sexual violence, murder Rulaer of Khmeruj dinesty

55 trial-87 perpitater, 84 convicted,

Henioius crime Civil war, rape, mutilation, murder, torture

Agreement between Gov and UN

SPSC 2+1=3 Appeal 2+1=3 Pretrial 3+2 appeal 4+3 2+4 trial chamber, 5 in Appeal

serious violation of int. humanitarian and SL laws committed in territory of SL since 30 Nov. 1996

4 in trial and 4 in process

ICTY

If]qflwsf/ u|x0f

Kl/0ffd

Prosecution for political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany.

12 death sentence, 7 life imprisonment, 3 free=22

who participated conspiracy on war, highest decision-making, atrocities or CAH, planner, commanding jurisdiction over four clusters of crimes committed on territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991

7 death sentence, 16 life imprisonment, 2 died during trial, 2 imprisonment=28

genocide, CAH, WC, defined as violations of Common Article 3 genocide, CAH, WC, crime of aggression.

50 already trialed, 29 convicted, 11 on going Thomas Lubanga only

Hybrid:

Cambodia Sierra Leone

No in progress

Lebanon

Bosnia and Herzegovina

trials for the people accused of carrying out the attack of 14 Feb. 2005 which killed 23 people, fight against terrorism, war crimes, human trafficking, organized and economic crimes

UN Security Council Resolution 1757

11, pre trial, trial, Appeal: mixture of Lebanese and international

the attack of 14 Feb. 2005, 1 Oct. 2004 to Dec. 2005 and killing many people

Law on the Court of BiH, promulgated on 12 Nov, 2000

$= cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] hfgsf/L (International Criminal Court-ICC)

cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt (International Criminal Court-ICC) klxnf] :yfoL k|sf/sf] :jtGq cbfnt Pa+ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;Dkfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf clGtd cbfntsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cbfntsf] sf/jfxLaf6 uDeL/ k|s[ltsf cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ ;hfo u/L b08xLgtfnfO{ cGTo ub}{ sfg'gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/df :yflkt ePsf] xf] . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt /f]d ljwfg !((* sf] wf/f ! cg';f/ :yflkt ePsf] xf] . o;sf] sfof{no g]b/Nof08sf] b x]udf /x]sf] 5 . $=! cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo

(Oebjective to establish of International Criminal

Court)

dfgjLo ;femf aGwgsf] :j?knfO{ lavl08t u/fpg ;Sg] ;+efjgfdfly lrGtGtfzLn laZj, lazf}+ ztfKbLdf s/f]8f}+ afnaflnsf / cGo dflg; dfgjtfsf] ;lAbrf/nfO{ u+le/ cf3ft k'¥ofpg] csNkgLo HofhtLsf] lzsf/ ePsf]n] laZj zflGt ;'/Iff / dfgj enfO{sf] nflu cGt/fli6«o hutdf x'g] u+le/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwsf] lgoGq0f u/L b08lxgtfnfO{ sfof{Gjo ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zon] o; cbfntsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cGt/fli6«o ?kdf x'g] u/]sf] dfgjLotf la?4sf] ck/fwaf6 x'g;Sg] b08lxgtfsf] cGTo u/L dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff / dfgjtf;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;jf]{kl/tfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ laZj zflGt sfod /fVg], Gofo k|fKtL ug]{ / Gofosf] ;a{dfGo l;4fGtsf] cg's"n x'g]u/L b08 lbg] Joj:yf x'g cfjZos ePsf] / cGt/fli6«o ck/fwsf]nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm ;d'x jf ;d'bfodfly kmf}hbf/L clwsf/ If]qsf] cfkmg} d'n'sdf k|of]u u/L b08lxgtfnfO{ Go"g ug'{ cGt/fli6«o lrGtfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k o; cbfntsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cGo dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zox?dfM  klxnf] / bf]>f] laZjo'4sf] ljlelifsfaf6 ePsf] hgwgsf] IftL bf]xl/g glbg',  cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfo ;DaGwL u+le/ ck/fw ug]{ ck/flws JolQmTjx? Jff bf]ifLx?nfO{ b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug{ d2t ug]{,

 laz]if cj:yfdf :yfkgf ePsf GofofwLs/0fx¿n] lglZrt ;do / If]qdf ePsf ck/fwx¿sf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ dfq ;hfo ug{ :yflkt ePsf]df :yfoL k|s[ltsf] cbfntsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf],  cGt/f{li6«o:t/df dfgjtflj¿4sf ck/fwx¿ a9\b} uPsf] sf/0f uDeL/ ck/fw ug{] bf]ifLx¿nfO{ ;hfo u/L b08lxgtf sfod ug{ bjfj ;[hgf ePsf] kl/0ffd:j?k, $=@= cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf >f]tx?  k/+k/fut cGt/fli6«o sfg'gx?

(Sources of International Criminal law)M

 x]u ;lGwx? -zflGtM !*((

 h]g]ef ;lGwx?M rf/ ;lGwx? -3fO{t] tyf la/fdL ;}lgssf] ;'wf/,

/ !()&_

3fO{t]x?sf] pkrf/, gful/sx?sf] y'g'jf cflb_

 Go"/]Dju{ a8fkq /

 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wsf] a8fkq

 cfd;+xf/la?4sf] dxf;lGw

 tby{ Gofoflws/0fsf ljwfg

 /f]d ljwfg

l;4fGt  oftgfla?4sf] dxf;lGw

/ lg0f{ox?

$=# cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] :yfkgf / laBdfg cj:yf of ICC)M

(Establisment and existing position

-wf/f ! b]lv $_

 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb

(United Nation/Security Council-UN/SC)

n] cGt/f{li6«o

kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6\ ;+3Lo s'6g}lts ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg ;Dd]ng

(UN Deplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an

International Criminal Court)

O6nLsf] /f]ddf ;g\ !((* sf] !& h'nfO{df ;+o'Qm

/fi6«;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .  !! ck|Ln @))@ df ^) /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfgnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 To;sf] ^) lbg leq ljwfg nfu' x'g] Joj:yfn] ubf{ ! h'nfO{ @))@ b]lv ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf],  ;g\ !& h'nfO{ !((* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWo] l;g]un ;d]tsf !@) /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf Nofpg cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt :yfkgfsf :yfkgfsf nflu ;xdt eP,

 /f]d lawfg cg'?k cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoåf/f v8f ul/Psf] Pp6f :yfoL -ermanant_, :jtGq

-Independent_, Goflos -Judicial_ c+u xf], h;n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cGtu{t cToGt uDeL/ ck/fw, cfd hg;+xf/, dfgjtfla?4sf ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw / cfqmd0fsf] ck/fwdf Goflos sf/jfxL ub{5 .  ;f] ;Dd]ngdf @! /fi6«x¿ cg'kl:yt eP h;df c/]aLog / Sof/]aLog d'n'sx? a9L lyP,  & /fi6«x¿ cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt :yfkgfsf] lj¿4df /x],  cd]l/sf, O{h/fon / rLgn] ljwfg hf/L ug]{ laifosf] la?4df /x],  kmf}hbf/L clwsf/ If]qsf] kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf :yflkt cGt/fli6«o sfg'gL JolQmTj af]s]sf] :yfO{ cbfnt xf], /fli6«o  ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] s'g} c+usf] ?kdf /xg] 5}g,  h'nfO{ @)!@ ;Dd !@! /fi6«x¿ ICC sf] ;b:o ePsf 5g\ eg] yk #@ d'n'sn] cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\,  !@! cf}+ kIf/fi6«sf] ?kdf Ujf6]dfnf /x]sf] 5,  o; cbfntsf] vr{sf ;|f]tx?df kIf/fi6«x?af6 k|fKt x'g] /sd, s'g} /fHo jf cGt/li6\o ;+:yfx? jf lghL tj/af6 jf ;+:yfut ?kdf :j]R5fn] k|bfg u/]sf /sd,  ;g\ @)!@ cui6;Ddsf] cf+s8f cg';f/ && b]zsf ^(^ hgf sd{rf/Ln] sfd u5{g, !) s/f]8 ** nfv o"/f] ah]6 /x]sf] 5,  s'g} klg /fHo kIfsf] e"efudf / laz]if ;+emf}tfåf/f h'g;'s} /fHosf] e"efudf sfd sf/jfxL / clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Jofks If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5, $=$ /f]d ljwfgsf] ljz]iftfx?

(Characteristics of Rome statute)

 cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt /fli6«o cbfntsf] k"/s (complimentary) sf] ?kdf /xg], -

wf/f !_

 cGt/f{li6«o kmf}Hbf/L cbfntn] JolQm;‘u ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 / ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{, sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg] / JolQmnfO{ bl08t ug]{ x}l;ot /fVb5, -wf/f @%_  cGt/fli6«o GofofwLzx?af6 Gofo ;+kfbg ul/g] ePsf]n] :jtGq / lgZkIf x'g],

 /f]d ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf Joj:yfx? clgjfo{ x'g], o;df c? cGt/fli6«o b:tfa]h h:tf] cf/If0f /fv]/ cg'df]bg ug{ ;ls+b}g,  /f]d ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf ck/fwx?sf] ;f+u'/f] x'g] u/L kl/efiff ug{ ;ls+b}g jf ck/fwsf] kl/efiff s7f]/ ?kdf ul/g] 5, z+sfsf] ;'lawf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] -wf/f @@_,  dg;fok"j{s jf 1fgk"j{s ck/fw 36fPsf] ePdf dfq ck/flws bfloTj l;h{gf x'g],  lg0f{o x'g af+sL /x]sf] jf cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] qmddf /x]sf] d'2fdf sfg'g kl/jt{g ePdf s;'/bf/nfO{ lxts/ x'g] sfg'gsf] k|of]u x'g], -wf/f @$_  clt u+le/ k|s[ltsf] ck/fwx?df /f]d ljwfgsf] kIf/fi6« g} x'g' k5{ eGg] 5}g, cfkm}+ clwsf/If]q u\x0f ug{ ;Sg],  kmf}hbf/L Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] 5,  dfgaLo d"No / dfGotf o;sf] cfwf/ laifo agfO{Psf] 5,  cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ d'2fx?sf ;DaGwdf dfq sf/jfxL cufl8 ;fl/g],  kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] k|d'v l;4fGtnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5M o

e"tnIfL sfg'g agfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ gldNg],

o

b08lxgtf / d[To'b08 lgif]w u/]sf],

o

kLl8t / ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff,

o

lgikIf / sfg'gsf] plrt k|s[of ckgfOg],

 ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg'cl3 jf ;DalGwt /fi6«n] ljwfg cg'df]bg ug'{ cl3 ePsf ck/flws ultljlwsf] laifodf d'2f rnfpg g;lsg], -wf/f !!_  cbfntn] ck/fwdf ;+nUg ;/sf/ k|d'v jf ;/sf/sf ;b:ox? jf k|ltgLlw;efsf ;b:o lgaf{lrt k|ltlglw cyjf ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ kmf}hbf/L pQ/bfloTj axg u/fpg ;Sg],  cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ kmf}hbf/L bfloTj axg u/fpg] cGo cfwf/df g]t[Tjsf] cfb]znfO{ cufl8 ;fl/G5 . h:t}+ M sdf08/n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] an jf kmf}hn] u/]sf] ck/fwdf sfdf08/n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf To:tf] an kmf}hnfO{ lgoGq0f / ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ g;s]sf] egL kmf}hbf/L bfloTj axg u/fOG5 . t/ dflysf] cfb]z kfngf ubf{ ePsf sfo{df ;}lgs jf JolQmnfO{ kmf}hbf/L bfloTj axg u/fpgaf6 hf]ufOG5 .

 o:tf] cbfnt, h;n] ;/sf/sf] lx:;f ag]/ jf ;/sf/;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ jf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g jf oyfl:yltdf km]/abn Nofpg lab|f]xdf ;+nUg ;d"xsf] lx:;f jf ;DalGwt /x]sf AolQmsf ck/fwsf] 7Ls 9+un] lg?k0f ug{ ;Sb5 .  ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf ck/fwsf] nflu /fli6«o Goflos If]qflwsf/af6 plDsg ;Sg] tfgfzfx / cGo ck/fwLx?nfO{ bl08t ug{ ;Sg],  d'2f rnfpg] xbDofb gx'g], $=% If]qflwsf/

(Jurisdiction)

$=%=! cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] k|of]u ug{] /fli6«o If]qflwsf/

(National Jurisdiction of

ICC)

 cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt /fli6«o If]qflwsf/sf] k"/s xf] lasNk xf]O{g, /fli6«o cbfntsf] clwsf/nfO{ lj:yflkt ug{sf] nflu xf]Og, -wf/f !_  ljwfgcg';f/ cfd;+xf/, dfgjtflj?4, o'4ck/fw / cfqmfdstfsf] ck/fwx¿dfly cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q /xg], -wf/f %_  /f]d ljwfg nfu' ePk5L eP u/]sf ck/fwsf] ;Gbe{df dfq clwsf/ If]q /xg], -wf/f !!_  ljwfgsf] kIf ePsf /fHon] ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ck/fwx?sf] ;Gbe{df, -wf/f !@_

 o:tf ck/fwx¿ ePsf] jf b]vf k/]sf] cj:yfdf /fHokIfn] cleof]QmfnfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]df, Ps jf a9L o:tf ck/fwx¿ ePsf] b]vf k/]sf] cj:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & cGtu{t sfo{/t ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] cleof]QmfnfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]df / cleof]Qmfn] o:tf] ck/fwsf] nflu cg';Gwfgsf] z'?cft u/]df -wf/f !#_  /fli6«o cbfntn] uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ ug]{ ck/fwLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug{ jf cg';Gwfg ug{ c;dy{ jf clgR5's ePdf cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . t/ klxnf] k|fyldstf ;w}+ /fli6«o cbfntsf] /xG5, -wf/f !# / !$_  /fi6«sf] Goflos k|0ffnL c;kmn ePdf jf ;/sf/ cfkm+} To:tf ck/fwx¿df ;fd]n ePdf jf ck/fwLx¿sf] ;Qf / zlQmsf sf/0fn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug{ /fHosf clwsf/Lx¿ clgR5's ePdf,

 /fi6«sf] Goflos k|0ffnL cGt/ut cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ePsf] d'2f hj;Dd cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg jf:tlas lyPg jf ;hfo lbnfpg] p2]Zon] u/]sf] lyPg egL laZjf; ug]{ cfwf/ gePdf, $=%=@ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/

(Jurisdicion of ICC)

/f]d ljwfg cg'df]bg u/]kl5 ljwfgdf kl/eflift ck/fwx¿df ICC sf] If]qflwsf/ nfu" x'G5 . lgDg cj:yfdf ICC n] Goflos sf/afxL rnfpg ;Sb5M  ck/fw ePsf] /fi6« jf ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQm jf gful/s ePsf] /fi6«dWo] s'g} Ps jf b'j} /fi6« ljwfgsf] kIf /fi6« 5g\ eg],  kIf/fHosf] k|fb]lzs e"efudf ck/fw 3l6t ePdf jf To; /fHosf] gful/sn] ck/fw 36fPsf] cj:yfdf,  /fHosf] Goflos k|0ffnLn] cleof]hg tyf k"k{If ug{ grfx] jf c;Ifd ePdf,  ljwfgsf] kIf gePsf] s'g} klg /fi6«n] cfˆgf] b]zdf ePsf] lglZrt ck/fwx¿df bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo ug{sf nflu ICC sf] If]qflwsf/ :jLsf/ ug{] lg0f{odf . t/ To:sf] nflu UN/SC

n] l;kmfl/; u/L k7fpg' kb{5 .

 lgDg cfwf/df If]qflwsf/ /xG5M 

laifoj:t'ut clwsf/If]q -cfd;+xf/, dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw, o'4ck/fw_



sfnqmlds clwsf/If]q



JolQmk/s clwsf/If]q,



;'/Iffkl/ifbLo clwsf/If]q

$=^ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt ;~rfngsf l;4fGtx¿

(Fundamental Principles of ICC/Rome

Statute)

 ljwfg nfu" x'g' k"j{sf ck/fwx¿df sf/afxL grnfpg] -e'tnIfL_ sf/afxL gx'g]M ! h'nfO{ @))@ df /f]d ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ePsf 36gfsf bf]ifLdfq ljwfg adf]lhd Goflos sf/afxL ug{] .  b08xLgtfsf] lgif]wM /f]d ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf ck/fwsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] dfkmL, pGd'lQm jf b08xLgtfsf s'g} klg dfkb08nfO{ dfGotf glbg] .

 cbfntL sf/afxLdf lgikIftf / sfg'gsf] plrt k|lqmof ckgfOg] .  d[To"b08 nfu" ug{ gkfOg] .  kLl8t tyf ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff ul/g] . $=&

/f]d ljwfgdf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt

(Fundamental Principles of Criminal

Justice in Rome Statute)

• sfg"g ljgfsf] ck/fw gx'g], wf/f @@ • sfg"gljgfsf] ;hfo gx'g], wf/f @# • lawfgsf] e"tsflns jf kZrft\bzL{ c;/ gx'g], wf/f @$ • JolQmut kmf}hbf/L bfloTj /xg], wf/f @% • pd]/ gk'u]sf -!* aif{_ JolQm pk/ If]qflwsf/ g/xg], wf/f @^ • ck/fwdf kbLo x}l;otsf] c;fGble{stf, wf/f @& • cfb]z lbg] tfn'sjfnf clwsf/L lhDd]jf/ x'g] -Superior Responsibility_, wf/f @*

$=* /f]d ljwfgdf cGo ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?

• cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleqsf ck/fwx¿df xbDofb gnfUg], wf/f @( • ck/fw :yflkt x'g dg;fo tTjsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg], wf/f #) • dfgl;s /f]u jf sdhf]/Ln] u|l;t JolQmn] u/]sf] sfo{ ck/fw gx'g], wf/f #!

• cfTd/Iffsf] nflu ul/Psf] sfo{ ck/fw gx'g], wf/f #!

• tYosf] e|d / sfg'gsf] e|d;DaGwL wf/f #@

(Other Principles in Rome Statute)

• bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt, • r'k a:g kfpg] -wf/f %%–@_ • cGtl/d 5'6sf/f kfpg] clwsf/ -wf/f %(_ • cbfntaf6 bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if dflgg] -wf/f ^^_, • cleo'QmnfO{ bf]ifL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ cleof]Qmfdf /xg] -wf/f ^^_, • cleo'QmnfO{ bf]ifL s/f/ ug{sf] nflu cleo'Qmsf] bf]ifdf cbfnt z+sf/lxt ta/n] ljZj:t x'g'kg]{, $=( /f]d ljwfgdf -cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf ck/fwx¿ (Crimes under ICC)

-s_ cfd;+xf/

(Genocide)

-v_ dfgjtflj¿4sf] ck/fw

-u_ o'4ck/fw

(War crime)

-3_cfqmdstfsf] ck/fw

(Crime against humanity)

(Crime of aggression)

-s_ cfd;+xf/

(Genocide)

-wf/f ^_M s'g} /fli6«o, hghflt, hftLo jf wfld{s ;d"xnfO{ ;Dk"0f{

jf cf+lzs¿kn] ;vfk kfg{] p2]Zon] ul/Psf s'g} klg sfo{ / wf/f @%-#_-v_ cg';f/ cfd;+xf/sf] sfo{ ug{ cfb]z lbg], ;xof]u ug{] jf To:tf] sfo{ ug{ afWo kfg{] JolQm, o; cGt/utsf ck/fwx?dfM ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfg{', ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ uDeL/¿kdf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s xflg k'¥ofpg', ;Dk"0f{ jf cf+lzs¿kdf ef}lts ;+xf/ ug{ s'g} ;d"xdfly lgotk"j{s pgLx¿sf] k/Dk/feGbf km/s hLjgz}nL ckgfpg afWo kfg{',;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ hGdlgz]w ug{] sfo{ tyf pkfo ckgfpg afWo kfg{',Ps ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ csf{] ;d"xdf hah{:tL :yfgfGt/0f ug{' .

-v_ dfgjtflj¿4sf] ck/fw

(Crime against humanity)

-wf/f &_ dfgjtf lj¿4sf] ck/fw

eGgfn] u}/ ;}lgs hg;d'bfo jf gful/s lj¿4 hfgfhfgL lgb{]lzt -nlIft_ Jofks jf of]hgfa4 cfqmd0fsf] Ps efusf] ¿kdf ePsf] lgDg sfo{x?nfO{ a'emg' kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf sfo{ /fHo jf ;f+u7lgs gLltnfO{ nfu" ug{] qmddf ePsf] x'g' kg]{ . xTof, bf;tf, oftgf, pR5]bg cleofg, :j]R5frf/L tl/sfn] :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ug{], hg;d'bfonfO{ hah{:tL :yfgfGt/0f jf lj:yfkg, anfTsf/, of}g bf;tf, hah{:tL j]Zofj[lQ, hah{:tL ue{wf/0f tyf aGWofs/0f, jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] of}g lx+;f, hah{:tL j]kQf kfl/g', /+ue]b, ljZjJofkL¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gåf/f aGb]h ul/Psf, /fhgLlts, hftLo, /fli6«o hghftLo, ;fF:s[lts, wfld{s, n}lª\us jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df ul/g] bdg tyf o:t} cGo cdfgjLo sfo{x¿ hf] hfgfhfgL 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf :jf:Yodf uDeL/ Iflt k'¥ofpg]

-u_ o'4ck/fw

(War crime)

-wf/f *_M !@ cu:t !($( sf h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] Jofks

pNn+3g / ;z:q åGådf nfu" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt k|yfhlgt sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] ck/fw g} o'4ck/fw xf] . o'4ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lgDg k|d'v efudf /fvL sf/afxL ug{ ;lsG5M  o'4ck/fwdWo] h]g]ef dxf;lGw !($( sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ug]{ JolQm jf ;DklQ la?4sf lgDg sfo{nfO{ o'4ck/fwsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] cfwf/dfM

dg;fok|]l/t xTof, :jf:Yo÷z/L/df uDeL/ cfwft kg]{ u/L ePsf] dg;fok|]l/t sfo{ / oftgf tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/, hyfeflj / sfg'g ljk/Lt ;}Go cfjZostfn] cf}lrTok"0f{ g7xl/g] u/L ;DklQ gi6 ug{', o'4aGbL jf cGo ;+/lIft JolQmnfO{ hah{:tL] ;]jf ug{ afWo kfg{', :j]R5frf/L tl/sfn] o'4aGbL jf cGo ;+/lIft JolQmsf] lgikIf tj/n] Gofo kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug{', u}/sfg'g lj:yfkg jf :yfgfGt/0f jf y'gfdf /fVg' / aGws agfpg' .

 cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf nfu" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ tyf cGo To:t} k|sf/sf k|yfhlgt sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf lgDglnlvt ck/fwx¿df ICC sf] If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'G5 ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf lgDg ck/fwx¿nfO{ o'4ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnO{G5M u}/;}lgs JolQmdfly lgb{]lzt -nlIft_ ¿kdf cTolws Iflt tyf rf]6 k'Ug] cfqmd0f, ;}Go p2]ZoeGbf afx]ssf h:t} ljBfno, c:ktfn, P]ltxfl;s :df/s, wfld{s s]Gb|x¿nufot ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf dflysf] cfqmd0f, ;}Go cfjZostfn] cf}lrTok"0f{ g7xl/g] zq' kIfsf] ;DklQ sAhf tyf gi6 ug{', o'4df lgif]lwt tl/sf k|of]u ug{] h:tf] o'4lj/fdsf] em08f, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 tyf zq'sf] lrGx, /]8qm; ;+s]tsf] b'¿k|of]u, o'4df lgif]lwt ljifhGo xltof/sf] k|of]u, !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ ug{', dfgj 9fnsf] k|of]u ug{', gful/snfO{ ef]s} /fvL o'4df k|of]u ug{',

 cfGtl/s ;z:q åGådf ePsf lgDg ck/fwx¿ o'4ck/fwsf] ?kdf /flvPsf 5g\M cfGtl/s rl/qsf] ;z:q åGåsf] cj:yfdf h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f # sf] pNn+3g ug{] lgDg ck/fwx¿M -s_ hLjg / JolQmdflysf] lx+;f, xTof, oftgf tyf qm'/ ckdfghgs Jojxf/, -v_ cfTd;Ddfg dflysf] cfqmd0f ljz]if u/L qm"/ tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/, -u_ aGws agfpg', -3_ cbfntsf] km};nf k"j{ g} b08sf] lg0f{o ug{', o;sf ;fy} cfGtl/s ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf ul/Psf lgDg sfo{x¿M u}/;}lgs gful/s dfly nlIft ul/Psf] cfqmd0f, ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfx¿M c:ktfn, oftfoft, z}lIfs ;+:yf, P]ltxfl;s :df/sx¿ dflysf] cfqmd0f, cfqmd0faf6 sAhfdf lnO{;s]kl5 klg zx/ tyf ufpFdf n'6kf6 dRrfpg', anfTsf/, of}gbf;tf, hah{:tL j]Zofj[lQ, hah{:tL ue{wf/0ftyf aGWofs/0f / cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f, !% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q ;]gf jf ;d"xdf egf{ ug{' jf o'4sf ultljlwdf ;xefuL u/fpg', ;'/Iff jf ;}lgs cfjZostfsf]

cf}lrTolagf gful/sx¿nfO{ lj:yfkg x'g cfb]z ug'{, ;}lgs cfjZostfsf] cf}lrTolagf zq' kIfsf] ;DklQ gi6 ug{' jf sAhfdf lng', zq' kIfsf] JolQmnfO{ d[To', :jf:YonfO{ uDeL/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] j}1flgs tyf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg' .

 t/ x'nb+uf, Psn jf l56k"m6 lx+;fhGo sfo{ jf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo sfo{ h:tf cfGtl/s pkb|j / tgfjsf] cj:yfdf eg] nfu' x'g ;Sb}g .  cGt/f{li6\o rl/q gePsf] ;z:q åGbdf nfu' x'g] sfg'g / k|yfsf] u+le/ pn+3g ;d]tsf lgDg sfo{x?M -3_ cfqmdstfsf] ck/fw

(Crime of aggression)M

cfqmd0fsf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff /f]d ljwfgdf

:ki6 ul/Psf] lyPg . o; ck/fw cGtu{t s] s:tf ck/fw tyf sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z x'g] egL cGof}n g} lyof] . o;sf] kl/efiff, cfjZos tTj / cfqmd0fsf] ck/fwsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ ;g\ @))@ df Ps ljz]if sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!), d] #! b]lv !! h'gdf o'uf08fsf] sDkfnfdf /f]d lawfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ;Dd]ng ;DkGg x'+bf 5 j6f k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] dWo] cfqmdstf÷xdnfsf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff klg u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/M g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf] AolQmn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf] of]hgf, tof/L, z'?cft / sfof{Gjog ;+o'Qm /fi6\;+3sf] j8fkq la?4 x'g' kg]{, Ps /fHon] csf]{ /fHo la?4 ;}Go zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{, t/ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] clVtof/Ldf jf cfTd/Iffsf] nflu To:tf] zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]df eg] cfqmd0f gdflgg], ;}Go zlQmsf] k|of]u u/L ad aif{f ug'{ / ;]gfåf/f csf]{ d'n'sdf xdnf ug'{ jf gfsfaGbL ug'{, cfqmd0f sfod x'gsf] nflu cfjZos cj:yfM – g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf] AolQmn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf] of]hgf, tof/L, z'?cft / sfof{Gjog ;+o'Qm /fi6\ ;+3sf] j8fkqla?4 x'g' kg]{, – Ps /fHon] csf]{ /fHo la?4 ;}Go zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{, – t/ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] clVtof/Ldf jf cfTd/Iffsf] nflu To:tf] zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]df eg] cfqmd0f gdflgg], – ;}Go zlQmsf] k|of]u u/L ad aif{f ug'{, – ;]gfåf/f csf]{ d'n'sdf xdnf ug'{ jf gfsfaGbL ug'{

 ax'dt ;b:on] u|x0f u/]kl5 ! hgj/L @)!& b]lv cfqmdstfsf] ck/fwdf cbfntn] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug]{ Aoj:yf ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ck/fwdf ;'/Iff kl/ifbn] lajfbnfO{ k|]l;t u/]dfdfq cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ z'? x'g] / cleof]Qmfn] cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/df s]xL ;Lldttf tf]s]sf] 5 . $=!) cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] l;df / u|fXotf

(Limitation and admissibility of Rome

statute/ICC)

-s_ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] l;df / cbfntn] d'2fnfO{ cu|fXotf

(inadmissibility)

k|bfg

ug]{ laifodf /f]d ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf lgDg /x]sf] 5M  !* jif{ eGbf dflysf JolQmpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf dfq Goflos sf/afxL ug{ ;S5 .  /f]d ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 ePsf ck/fwx¿df dfq o;n] sf/afxL u5{,  kIf /fHon] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ug{ clgR5's jf jf:tjdf c;dy{ ePsf] cj:yf ePdf afx]s d'2fpk/ clwsf/If]q ePs} /fHon] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ul//x]sf] ePdf,  cleof]hg ug{ clgR5's jf cof]Uo ePsf] sf/0f afx]s d'2fpk/ clwsf/If]q ePs} /fHon] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] / ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cleof]hg gug]{ lg0f{o u/]df,  ph'/Lsf] ljifodf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ d'2f rln;s]sf] t/ cbfntaf6 k'kIf{sf] cg'dlt gldn]df,  d'2fdf cbfntåf/f yk sf/afxL ug{] cf}lrTo ;fljt ug{ kof{Kt / uDeL/ cfwf/ gePdf, -v_ cbfntn] d'2fnfO{ u|fXotf

(admissibility)

k|bfg ug]{ laifodf /f]d ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf

lgDg /x]sf] 5 -wf/f !& sf] pkwf/f -@__M vf; d'2fdf cbfntn] clgR5f ePsf] 7x/ ug{sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt plrt k|lqmof / l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df b]xfosf] laifodf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{M  pNn]lvt ck/fwx¿sf kmf}hbf/L bfloTjaf6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ arfpg] p2]Zon] sf/afxL rnfOPsf] jf rnfOFb} u/]sf] jf /fli6«o lg0f{o lnOPsf] eGg] nfu]df,

 sf/afxLdf cf}lrTolagfsf] l9nfO eO/x]sf] jf ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ Gofo;dIf pEofpg c;+ut ePsf],  sf/afxL :jtGq¿kdf / lgikIftfk"j{s grnfPsf] jf geO/x]sf] / ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ Gofo;dIf pEofpg c;+ut tl/sfn] sf/afxL rn]sf] jf rnfOPsf], vf; d'2fdf cof]Uotf 7x/ ug{sf] nflu cbfntn] /fli6«o Goflos k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{ c;kmntf jf k|df0fsf] cg'knAwtfn] /fHon] cleo'QmnfO{ sf/afxL rnfpg g;s]sf] eGg] laifodf, $=!! cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] ;+/rgf -s_

cWoIf

(Presidency):

(Structure of ICC)

-wf/f #$_

cleof]Qmfsf] sfof{no jfx]s cbfntsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug{sf] nflu

cWoIf ;lxtsf] c? b'O{ GofofwLzx? /xg] 5g\ . Gofofwlzx?dWo]af6 k"0f{sflng ;b:osf] ?kdf cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ul/G5 .

-v_

Goflos laefu

(Judicial Division) -wf/f

#^_M k"j{k"k{If ljefu, k'k{If ljefu / k'g/fj]bg

ljefu ;d]t ltg laefux? /xg] 5g\ . Goflos laefu cGt/ut !* hgf GofofwLzx? /xg] 5g\ . sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf of] ;+Vof a9fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] kbfjwL gf} jif{sf] nflu lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

GofofwLzsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lngsf] nflu /f]d ljwfgsf] kIf/fi6«sf] gful/s x'g'kg]{, pRr g}lts cfr/0f / rl/q, lgZkIf / OdfGbf/ JolQm x'g' kg]{, GofofwLz, cleof]Qmf jf sfg'g Joj;foL hf] kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] 1ftf / cGt/fli6«o sfg'gsf] 1ftf x'g' kg]{, cbfntsf] sfdsfhL efiffdWo] Ps efiff clgjfo{ ?kdf hfg]sf] x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

GofofwLzsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lng ljwfgsf] kIf/fi6«sf] gful/ssf] ?kdf dgf]lgt x'g' kg]{, Pp6f kIf/fi6«n] Ps hgfdfq dgf]gog ug{ ;Sg], ;fwf/0f ;efn] lgjf{rg ug]{ / lgjf{rgdf kIf/fi6«sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ pkl:ylt e} dtbfg ug'{ k5{ / h;n] a9L dt k|fKt u5{g ltg} JolQm GofofwLz x'g]5g\ . laBdfg !* hgf GofofwLzx?dWo] dlxnf !) hgf / k'?if * hgf /x]sf 5g\ .

-u_

cleof]Qmfsf] sfof{no

(Office of the Prosecutor)

-wf/f !%_ : o; sfof{nosf] k|d'vsf]

?kdf k|d'v cleof]hs jf cleof]Qmf /xg] 5g\ / lghn] sfof{nosf] Joj:yfks / k|zf;lgs sfd ug'{ kg]{ . kIf/fi6«sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] lgjf{rg ug]{ . o; sfof{no

cGt/ut cg';Gwfg laefu, cleof]hg laefu / If]qflwsf/ k"/s / ;dGjofTds laefu /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

-3_

btf{

(Registry)

wf/f $#: of] u}/Goflos lgsfo xf], o;n] cbfntsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ /

;]jf pknJw u/fpg] ub{5 . /lhi6\f/ o;sf] k|d'v k|zf;lgs clwsf/L x'g]5g\ . cbfntdf k|of]u x'g] efiffdWo] Ps efiffsf] 1fg ePsf] / af]Ng ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . GofofwLzx?sf] uf]Ko dtbfgaf6 kf+r jif{sf] nflu lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; lgsfo leq kLl8t / ;flIfsf] OsfO{ /xg] 5 / kLl8t / ;flIfnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg] o;sf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t tf]s]sf] 5 . $=!@ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] ug]{ cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, lg0f{o lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog (Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication under Rome Statute)

$=!@=! cg';Gwfg

(Investigation)M

lgDg cj:yfdf ICC n] cg';GwfgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]M

 ck/fw e}/x]sf] jf ePsf] /fHo kIfn] cleof]QmfnfO{ l;kmfl/z u/sf]df,  ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] cleof]QmfnfO{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df,  cleof]Qmfn] k|fKt u/]sf] lgDg ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df, o pknAw ePsf] hfgsf/L cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleq ck/fw ePsf] jf eO/x]sf] eGg] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/ ePdf, o /fHo kIf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{ clgR5's jf c;dy{ 5 eGg] nfu]df, o ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ kmf}hbf/L bfloTjaf6 arfpg] p2]Zoaf6 sf/jfxL rnfO/x]sf] eGg] nfu]df, o sf/jfxLdf cf}lrTo ljgfsf] l9nfO{ eO/x]sf] nfu]df,

o sf/jfxL :jtGq / lgikIftfk"j{s rnfPsf] jf e} g/x]sf], o vf; d'2fdf cof]Uotf 7x/ ug{sf] nflu cbfntn] /fli6«o Goflos k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{ jf 7"nf] c;kmntf jf cg'knAwtfn] /fHon] cleo'QmnfO{ sf/jfxL rnfpg g;s]sf] eGg] cleof]QmfnfO{ nfu]df,

 cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fpg dgfl;a cfwf/ 5 eGg] cleof]Qmfn] lgisif{ lgsfn]df cg'dltsf nflu k"j{ k'k{If Ohnf;;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ / cfjZos eP cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{,  cg';Gwfg z'¿ ePkl5 ;DalGwt ck/fwpk/ ;fdfGotof clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] /fHox¿nfO{ cleof]Qmfn] uf]Kotfk"j{s hgfp lbg ;Sg],

 cg';Gwfg z'¿ u/]kl5 kqmfp jf jf/]06 jf pkl:yt x'g ;dfXjfg hf/L ul/Psf cleo''Qm jf JolQmn] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg hf/L /fv]sf] jf cg';Gwfg u/]sf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] clwsf/If]q /x]sf] /fHon] d'2fsf] u|fXotf jf clwsf/If]qpk/ cbfnt;dIf r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg],  o:tf] r'gf}tL k"j{ k'k{If Ohnf;;dIf cleof]u sfod x'g' cufj} k|:t't ug'{kg]{,  k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;'lglZrt ug]{ qmddf pd]/, n}lËstf, :jf:Yonufot kLl8t / ;fIfLsf] lxt / JolQmut kl/l:yltnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{,  cleof]Qmfn] k|df0f ;+sng / k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg], $=!# k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] laifox?M  ck/fwdf cleof]Qmfsf] cg'/f]wcg';f/ /fli6«o kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 ;f]wk'5 ul/g] ePdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] hfgsf/L kfpg],  r'k a;]sf] s'/fnfO{ bf]if jf lgbf]{liftfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljrf/ gx'g] u/L r'k a:g kfpg],  sfg"gL ;xfotf lng kfpg] / lgh;Fu kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg gePdf o:tf] ;xfotf lgMz'Ns kfpg],  sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ :j]lR5s ¿kdf kl/Tofu gu/];Dd sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] pkl:yltdf lghnfO{ ;f]wk'5 ul/g] clwsf/ x'g],  cg'lrt l9nfO{ ljgf k'k{If ul/g] / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xs x'g],

$=!% k"j{ k'k{If sIfn] ug]{

(Function of Pre trial)M

 cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfb]z jf jf/]06 hf/L ug]{,  kLl8t / ;fIfLsf] cfjZos ePdf uf]kgLotfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{,  JolQmsf] cbfnt;dIf ;dk{0f jf pkl:ylt nufotsf] y'gfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf ;zt{ jf lgMzt{ 5'6sf/f lbg],  ;doleq cleof]uLnfO{ k'k{Ifdf Nofpg rfx]sf] cleof]ux¿ ;dfj]z /x]sf] lnvt pknAw u/fpg],  cleof]Qmfn] e/ ug{ rfx]sf] k|df0fsf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{,  ;''g'jfO{df JolQmn] cf/f]k c:jLsf/ ug{ cleof]Qmfn] k]z u/]sf] k|df0f pk/ r'gf}tL lbg / k|df0f k]z ug{ ;Sg], cleof]u k"j{ k'k{If sIfaf6 ;b/ ePkl5 k'k{If sIf u7g x'g] Joj:yf,

 cf/f]lkt JolQmnfO{ cleof]ukq k9]/ ;'gfO{, bf]if ;sf/ ug{ jf lgbf]{liftf bfjL ug{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,  k|df0f a'em\g],  :jR5 / lgikIf k'k{If;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{sf] ;fy} kLl8t, ;fIfL jf cleo'Qmsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofsf] s'g} efu aGb Ohnf;df ug{ jf ljB'tLo jf cGo ljz]if dfWodaf6 k|df0f k|:t't ug{ cg'dlt lbg] Joj:yf ug]{,

 kLl8tnfO{ xh{gf jf k'g:yf{kgf jf Ifltk"lt{ tf]s]/ bf]ifLsf gfpFdf ;f]em} cfb]z ug{ ;Sg],  cf/f]lkt JolQm s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePdf pko'Qm JolQmsf] pkl:yltdf ;hfo 3f]if0ff ul/g],  ck/fwdf s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf] JolQmnfO{ clwstd\ tL; jif{df ga9\g] u/L lglZrt jif{sf] sf/fjf;, hGds}b jf cfhLjg sf/fjf;, cfjZos hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg],  ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf bf]ifLsf] JolQmut kl/l:ylt h:tf tTjnfO{ Wofg

lbg'kg]{,

$=!^ k'g/fa]bg, o;sf] lg0f{o k|s[of / sfof{Gjog

(Appeal, Decision Making Procedure and

enforcement)M

 k"j{ k'k{If sIfn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ sfo{ljlwut, tYout / sfg"gsf] q'l6 b]vfO{ cleof]Qmfn] jf bf]ifL s/f/ ePsf] JolQmn] k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg],  ;hfo pN6L jf ;+zf]wg jf leGg k'k{If sIf;dIf gofF k'k{Ifsf] nflu cfb]z ug{ ;Sg],  ;hfosf] sfof{Gjog ;b:o /fHox¿sf sf/fuf/dfkm{t ul/g],  cbfntn] lbPsf] ;hfo 36fpg lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ dfq x'g],  nfu]sf] ;hfosf] b'O{ ltxfO{ efu jf hGds}bsf] xsdf @% jif{ e'Qmfg ul/;s]kl5 ;hfo 36fpg kg]{ gkg]{ 6'Ëf] nufpgsf] nflu cbfntn] s]xL cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, ;f] eGbf cufj} k'g/fjnf]sg gul/g],

$=!& cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;DaGw

(Relation between UN and ICC)M

 ICC /f]d ljwfg cGt/ut uDeL/ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] cbfnt xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] s'g} c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5}g :jtGq 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / ICC aLrsf] ;DaGw s] x'g] eGg] laifodf ;xdlt ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ICC df /f]d ljwfgn] kl/eflift u/]sf ck/fwx¿df ;hfosf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sb5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifbn] l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] /f]d ljwfgnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] eP jf geP klg ICC sf] If]qflwsf/ afWofTds x'G5 jf u|x0f ub{5 .  ICC / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;DaGw Ps ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .  ICC sf] cfˆg} ljwfg tyf sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\ t/ ICC df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] uDeL/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|s[ltsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg;DaGwL ljifonfO{ o; cbfnt;dIf sf/afxLsf] nflu k7fpg ;S5 . h;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ;'8fgsf] 8fkm/ If]qdf 3l6t dfgjclwsf/ xggsf] 36gfnfO{ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ICC ;dIf k]z u/]sf] lyof] .  ICC n] ;g\ @))# l8;]Da/df o'ufG8f ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf * h'nfO{ @))% df ToxfFsf] Ps ;}lgs clkm;/ hf];]km sf]gLnfO{ kqmfp k"hL{ cfb]z u/]sf] lyof] . To:t} !& dfr{ @))^ df 8]df]qm]l6s s+uf]sf k"j{ o'lgog ckm s+uf]lnh Kofl6«o6sf g]tf yf]d; n'jf08fnfO{ kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . $=!* cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf d'2fsf laifox¿  /f]d ljwfg cg'df]bg u/L kIf/fi6« ePsf] /fi6«n] ck/fwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbP/,  /f]d ljwfg cg'df]bg gu/]sf] /fi6«n] klg cfˆgf] b]zdf ePsf] /f]d ljwfg cg';f/sf] ck/fwdf bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ICC sf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L hfgsf/L u/fP/,  ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ;'/Iffkl/ifbn] l;kmfl/; u/]df,  u}//fHo kIf h:t} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, kLl8tx¿n] ICC sf] cleof]Qmf ;dIf ph'/L btf{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;sf] cfwf/df ICC sf] cleof]Qmfn] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{ ;Sb5 . $=!( cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] ckgfpg] k|lqmof

(Proceeding of ICC)

 ICC df ph'/L k'u]kl5 cleof]Qmfn] ph'/L x]l/;s]kl5 ;f] pk/ cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{] jf gug{] egL lg0f{o ub{5 . cleof]Qmfn] cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{ plrt cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug{' kb{5 .  cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos 5 egL plrt cfwf/;lxt lg0f{o u/] kl5 cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{ cg'dltsf nflu cleof]Qmfn] k"j{k'k{If ljefudf k7fpg' kb{5 .  cleof]Qmfn] plrt cfwf/;lxt k]z u/]sf] sfuhft cWoog ul/;s]kl5 d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug{' kg{] plrt cfwf/ b]v]df k"j{k'k{If ljefun] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu cg'dlt k|bfg ub{5 .  k"j{k'k{If ljefun] cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg u/]kl5 ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ lbO{g' kb{5,  pQm d'2f;DaGwL cg';Gwfg /fli6«o¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 / tTsfn /f]Sgsf nflu ICC nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPdf k"j{k'k{If ljefun] cg'dlt glbP;Dd To:tf] cg';Gwfg /f]lsG5 .  To;/L cg';Gwfg /f]Ssf u/]sf] x/]s ^ dlxgfdf cleof]Qmfn] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .  olb cleof]Qmfn] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug{] plrt cfwf/ gePsf] eGg] lg0f{o u/]df To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt ph'/jfnfnfO{ lbg' kb{5 .  ph'/ ug{]n] cleof]Qmfsf] To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ ljrf/ ug{ k"j{k'k{If ljefu ;dIf cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sb5 .  cleof]Qmfsf] pQm lg0f{o;+u k"j{k'k{If ljefu ;xdt ePdf d'2fsf] cGTo x'G5 . $=@) clef]Qmfsf] clwsf/

(Rigts of Prosecutors)

 cg';Gwfg ug{ ePsf] l;kmfl/;adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ;'¿ ug{ plrt 5 5}g lg0f{o ug]{,  ck/fw ePsf] /fi6«n] cg'dlt glbP klg :jtGq cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg], -wf/f _  ;fIfL a'‰g] tyf cGo ;Da4 k|df0f ;+sng ug{],  ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug{],  ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg cfpg] k|ToIfbzL{;Fu cGtjftf{ ug{ ;Sg],  cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] ;xdlt lng' kg]{,

$=@! cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf cleo'Qmsf] clwsf/x¿

(Rights of Accused under ICC)

-wf/f %%

cg';f/_ cleo'Qmsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k"j{k'k{If ljefu pQ/bfoL /xG5 . cleo'Qmn] k/fdz{ ug{ kfpg], bf]ifL 7x/ gx'Fbf;Dd lgbf{]if dflgg] h:tf] lgikIf k'k{Ifsf] clwsf/ k|fKt ub{5 . olb cleo'Qmn] ljWj+;fTds Jojxf/ b]vfPdf p;nfO{ cufl8 g/fvL k'k{If ul/g] 5 / p;sf] k|ltlglwTj cfˆgf] sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/af6 ug{sf nflu cbfntn] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .  cg';Gwfgsf qmddf cleo'QmnfO{ x'g] clwsf/M -s_ cfkm" lj?4 ;fIfL a:g s/ gnufOg], -v_ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] oftgf, 8/, wfs, wDsL, s/sfk jf cGo qm'/ tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] jf ;hfo glbOg], -u_ ;f]lwPsf] efiffdf hjfkm lbg g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf lgMz'Ns ;Ifd cg'jfbstf{sf] Joj:yf ul/g], -3_ u}/sfg'g kqmfp tyf y'gf ul/g] 5}g -ª_ /f]d ljwfgdf :yflkt k|lqmofafx]ssf] tl/sfn] p;sf] :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt gul/g] .  olb cleo'Qmn] /f]d ljwfg cg';f/sf] ck/fw u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ eP tfklg cleof]Qmfn] jf /fli6«o lgsfon] cleo'Qm pk/ cg';Gwfg ubf{ cleo'QmnfO{ lgDgadf]lhdsf clwsf/ /xG5g\M -s_ cg';Gwfg ;'¿ x'g' eGbf klxn] /f]d ljwfgn] u/]sf] kl/efiff adf]lhdsf] ck/fw u/]sf] ljZjf; ug{] cfwf/ ePsf] egL hfgsf/L lbOg' kg]{, -v_ ck/fwsf] af/]df df}g /xg] clwsf/ / ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf df}g /x]sf] cfwf/df bf]ifL jf lgbf]{if 5 eGg] lgwf{/0f gx'g], -u_ cleo'Qmn] 5fg]sf] sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] . sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/ 5}g jf lgo'Qm ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf 5 eg] cbfntn] lgMz'Ns sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg' kg]{, -3_ sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ cleo'Qmn] :j]R5fk"j{s g5f8];Dd p;sf] sfg'g ;Nnfxsf/sf] pkl:yltdf dfq p;sf] aofg u/fO{g], $=@@ kLl8t tyf ;fIfLsf clwsf/x¿

(Rights of Victim and witness)

-wf/f ^*_

kLl8t tyf ;fIfLx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ cbfntn] ;+/If0f ug{' kb{5 . cbfntsf] kLl8t tyf ;fIfL;DaGwL OsfOn] ;fIfL tyf kLl8tx¿sf nflu k/fdz{ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿sf] af/]df Joj:yf ldnfpFb5 . cbfntn] kLl8t kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfb]z lbg ;S5 . cbfntsf] o:tf] vfnsf] ;'g'jfOdf kLl8t k|ToIf ;xeflu x'g kfpF5 . kLl8tn] cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] kL8fsf ;DaGwdf cbfntsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df pkl:yt eO{ cfˆgf] egfO{x¿ /fVg kfpF5g\ .

$=@# d'2fsf] k'k{Ifsf l;nl;nfdf cleo'Qmn] arfpx¿ lng ;Sg] cj:yfx?

ICC df nlug] ck/fwx¿df ul/g] k|ltsf/x¿df k|d'v¿kdf g]t[Tjsf] cfb]znfO{ cufl8 ;fl/g] 5 .

t/ ;a} k|ltsf/x¿ /fi6«klt tyf dfgjtflj¿4sf] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'Fb}gg\ . o:tf k|ltsf/ tadfq k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ olbM o To:tf] cfb]z kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfg'g bfloTj ePdf, o To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfb]z sfg'g;Ddt gePsf] yfxf gePdf, o To:tf] cfb]z z'¿b]lv g} sfg'g;Ddt gePdf, o k|ltsf/ ;d]t ug{ ;lsg]M s/sfk tyf hf]/h'n'd, c;+oldt / cfTd/Iff tyf c¿sf] /Iffy{ $=@$ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] ug{;Sg] ;hfo

(Punishment under ICC)

 cleo'QmnfO{ clwstd #) jif{sf] sf/fjf; .  ICC n] d[To'b08sf] wf]if0ff ub}{g t/ olb ;DalGwt /fHosf] /fli6«o sfg'gn] d[To'b08sf] ;hfo ub{5 eg] d[To'b08sf] ;hfo To:tf] d'n'sn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ .  kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] cfb]z cbfntn] lbg ;S5 . $=@% s] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfg cg'df]bg ug'{ cfjZos 5 < (Need to Ratify Rome Statute)

 JofKt b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L sfg'g /fHosf] :yfkgf ug{,  b08xLgtfnfO{ lj:tfl/t x'g glbg / /fi6«klt, dfgjtflj¿4sf ck/fw / o'4ck/fwh:tf sfo{ x'gaf6 /f]Sg,  cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu ;dembf/L sfod /fVg,  cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu u/]sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft ug{ . $=@^ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] k|efjsfl/tf / o;sf] elaio

(Effectiveness and Future of ICC)

• cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] 3f]/ pNn+3gstf{ /fi6«sf axfnjfnf pkNnf clwsf/L, k"a{kbflwsf/L b]lv lab|f]xL ;]gf jf ;d"xsf pkNnf clwsf/LnfO{ Gofosf] s7\3/fdf Nofpg] sfd ePsf] .

• clk|msL dxfåLksf rf/j6f /fi6«x?– o'uf08f, s+uf], s]Gb|Lo clk|msL u0ftGq / ;'8fgsf] 8fkm{/df ePsf] o'4ck/fw, dfgjtfla?4sf] ck/fw / /fi6«kltsf] laifodf ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/x?pk/ cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg u/L d'2f rln/x]sf] .

• lnlaofsf] ;DaGwdf Toxf+sf k"j{ g]tf s0f{]n u2fkmLsf 5f]/f;d]tsf pk/ cleof]u bfo/ ePsf] .

• csf]{ clk|msL /fi6« s]Gofsf] cj:yfsf] af/] cbfntn] cg';Gwfg ub}{ /x]sf] .

• cf/f]lkt cleo'QmnfO{ lghsf] pkl:ylt lagf k"k{If -Trial

in Absentia_

ug{ cbfntn] g;Sg] /

ax';+Vos cleo'Qmx? Kfm/f/ /x]sf] cj:yf x'+bf sfd z'? u/]sf] w]/} aif{ lalt;Sbf klg cbfntn] ck]lIft ult lng g;s]sf] s6' oyfy{ /x]sf] .

• cfqmdstfsf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff /f]d lawfgsf] klxnf] k'g/fjnf]sg ;Dd]ngn] u/]klg cem} klg o;df cbfntn] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ;lsxfNg] cj:yf g/x]sf] ;g @)!& b]lv dfq ;lsg] .

• kIf/fi6«sf lgsfo jf cbfntn] lawfgdf pNn]lvt ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg jf k"k{Ifdf clgR5f b]vfP jf cgfaZos l9nfO{ u/] jf b]vfj6L k"k{If u/]df cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug]{ x'G5 . t/ cbfntsf] xfn ;Ddsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf cgk]lIft l9nfO{ b]lvPaf6 o;sf] laZj;lgotfdf z+sf p7\b} uPsf] .

• cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf pNn+3gsf 36\gf laZjsf cGo b]zdf klg ePsf 5g\ t/ g cbfntn] hfFra'em / cg';Gwfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5, g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] sf/jfxLsf] nflu cbfntnfO{ lnlvt?kdf Wofgfsif{0f g} u/fPsf] 5 .

• kIf/fi6« jf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;xof]u a]u/ cbfntn] w]/} sfd ug{ g;Sg] .

• /f]d lawfgsf] kIf gePsf] ;'8fgsf /fi6«klt ;d]t pk/ lawfgdf pNn]lvt ck/fwdf o; cbfntaf6 lu/km\tf/L hf/L k"hL{nfO{ lgh /fi6«klt cf]df/ cn al;/af6 OGsf/ eO/x]klg cbfnt d'sbz{s /x]sf] .

• cbfnt clk|msL /fi6«x?k|lt k"af{u|xL eof] eGg] cf/f]k .

• !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6fdfq lg0f{o u/]sf]n] ;do / nfutsf] lx;fjn] dx+uf] ePsf] 5, • hj;Dd 7"nf d'n'sx? ljwfgnfO{ cg'df]bg ub}{gg tj;Dd cbfntn] plrt Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g,

• k|To]s 36\gfsf ;DaGwdf 5'§f5'§} cbfnt :yfkgf ug{ Aojxfl/s / ;Dej klg gx'g] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dWo]gh/ u/L !(%) sf] bzsb]lvsf] k|of; :j?k Ps :yfoL k|s[ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] :yfkgf ul/Pklg laleGg /fi6«sf] cg'/f]w / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kxndf a0f{z+s/ cbfntx? -Hybrid Courts_ u7g eO/x]s} 5g\ .

• /f]d lawfg hf/L ug{ dxTjk"0f{ kxn ug]{ cd]l/sf, rLg, ef/t nufotsf zlQmzfnL /fi6«x? :jo+ lawfgsf] kIf x'g lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5g\ . x:tfIf/ -Sign_ ug]{x?n] klg x:tfIf/ lkmtf{ Unsign_

lnPsf 5g\ . -cd]l/sL a'; k|zf;gn] cl3 u/]sf] x:tfIf/ klg lkmtf{ lnof] / cd]l/sL

;}lgs / gful/sx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf ;'k'b{uL jf ;dk{0f gu/fpg] cfzosf] ;Demf}tf laZjsf ;f7L eGbf a9L b]z;+u cd]l/sfn] u/]sf] 5 . _ cGTodf 5'§} agfpg] /f]d ljwfg sfof{Gjog P]gdf b]xfosf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g pko'Qm x'G5M  ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ck/fwx¿nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} ;dfj]z ug]{ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf klg ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg's"n x'g] u/L ug]{,  cbfntsf] k|fylds If]qflwsf/ /xg] u/L cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] kl/k"/s If]qflwsf/ /xg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfa]; ug]{,  ljwfgdf kl/eflift ck/fwx¿sf] :jtGq¿kdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, k'k{If, ;hfo / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,  kl/l:ylt laz]ifdf cleo'QmnfO{ sf/afxLsf] nflu cbfntnfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ Joj:yf,  cleo'QmnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ / ;hfosf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] ljifo kmf}hbf/L bfloTjaf6 afx]s ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf,  ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ck/fw;DaGwL d'2fx¿ lkmtf{ lng gldNg], cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] u/]sf] ;hfo kIf /fi6«sf] cbfntn] 36fpg jf dfkmL lbg gldNg] Joj:yf,  JolQmut kmf}hbf/L bfloTj jxg ug]{ / ;dfb]zs tyf tfn'sjfnf clwsf/L lhDd]jf/ x'g],  kLl8tsf] Gofo Joj:yfdf ;xeflutfsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf,  kLl8t / ;fIfLsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL Joj:yf,  ljwfg cGt/utsf s;'/df xbDofb gnfUg] Joj:yf ug]{,  kqmfp / lu/km\tf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf,