Whitepaper - MYterials for THermal Insulation in Construction

WHITEPAPER - MAY 2024

MYTHIC MYterials for THermal Insulation in Construction

Whitepaper MYTHIC- MYterials for THermal Insulation in Construction May 2024 Authors MNEXT/Avans: Ilse Rovers, Fran Ortega Exposito, Shannon Peuling, Stefano Roccio, Neha John.

Caradt/Avans: Simone van den Broek.

Utrecht University: Jordi Pelkmans

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 INTRODUCTION

6 MYCELIUM BIO-COMPOSITES DEVELOPMENT FOR HOMOGENEITY

9 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

13 PROTOTYPING AND DESIGN

17 ECONOMIC VALUATION

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MNEXT UPDATE <MONTH> <YEAR>

INTRODUCTION

MYTHIC - MYterials for THermal Insula-

one of the most promising fully biodegra-

tion in Construction

dable options. In previous projects, MNEXT developed MBCs using various agricul-

In a rapidly changing world with environ-

tural byproducts and different types of

mental problems like climate change,

mushroom mycelium. The most successful

pollution and waste, biobased materials

combination proved to be rapeseed straw

are becoming increasingly important. This

with Ganoderma resinaceum mycelium,

is partly because traditional raw materials

resulting in a foam-like material ideal for

are depleting rapidly, making building ma-

insulation.

MYTHIC VIDEO

terials more expensive. As a response, the construction industry is turning its attention

If you're curious to see how MBCs are

to circular material alternatives, with myce-

grown, check out our movie.

lium bio-composites (MBCs) emerging as

WHITEPAPER MYTHIC MAY 2024

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The Mythic project aimed to create the

Prototyping & Design phase involved

best insulation material from MBC for the

creating prototypes to showcase the mate-

market. This involved four key research

rial, its adaptation to different designs and

themes: Growth Optimization, Material

explore its potential applications. Addi-

Properties Optimization, Prototyping &

tionally, research was conducted on the

Design, and Feasibility & Upscaling.

mycelium material's acceptance, resulting in a scientific article.

In Growth Optimization, the focus was on streamlining MBC production to yield

Feasibility & Upscaling assessed the

insulation material quickly and consistent-

efficiency of large-scale MBC production

ly, while minimizing energy consumption.

for industrial applications. By optimizing

Methods such as sterilization and pasteuri-

the production process, both time and

zation were compared, with pasteurization

budget can be reduced, enabling MBCs

showing promise for scalability and energy

to compete with traditional non-biobased

efficiency. Additionally, various inoculation

insulation materials. Energy calculations

methods were tested to improve growth

and feasibility studies were conducted to

speed and homogeneity in order to meet

ensure scalability.

the requirements for industrial upscaling.

This whitepaper provides a summary of

MYTHIC SAMPLES AT MNEXT

Material Properties Optimization con-

the key findings from the Mythic project,

centrated on enhancing key characteristics

focusing on the most important insights.

essential for a biobased construction ma-

For more detailed methods and results,

terial, including thermal conductivity, fire

including figures and explanations, please

resistance, water repellence, and dimensi-

refer to the accompanying factsheets,

onal stability. The emphasis in this project

accessible via links provided after each

was on improving fire resistance, thermal

research topic in this whitepaper.

conductivity, and hydrophobicity.

"CREATE THE BEST INSULATION MATERIAL FROM MYCELIUM BIOCOMPOSTE FOR THE MARKET" 5

WHITEPAPER MYTHIC MAY 2024

Mycelium bio-composites development for homogeneity This section provides an overview of the research conducted to enhance the mycelium production process, focusing on comparing pasteurization versus sterilization methods for decontamination and assessing liquid versus solid inoculum for the inoculation step. The first part examines the differences between sterilization and pasteurization, while the second part investigates various inoculation techniques. Both aspects are evaluated in terms of growth speed to determine the most suitable method for reducing incubation time.

Sterilization vs pasteurization

Following the application of different disinfection methods, the

Sterilization is the current method applied for decontamination

substrate was inoculated with Ganoderma resinaceum and grew

of substrates in the mycelium bio-composite production which is

for 14 days. Throughout this period, samples were scanned daily

done by exposing the substrate to high temperature and pressure

using a flatbed scanner to monitor the mycelium growth. The

in an autoclave. Pasteurization was researched as an alternative

growth quantification was carried out using Image J and Studio R,

due to the possibilities it offers for scalability of production. It was

analysing the grey value to determine the time required to reach

experimented with different types of pasteurization including hot

maximum growth, denoted as point A in the following chart.

air-, hot water- and steam pasteurization. For each of the pasteurization methods there was research performed with different temperatures and durations which were based on available scientific literature and ranged from 60° C to 100° C and from 1 hour to 6 hours respectively.

Figure 1. Flatbed scan day 0 and day 14 (left and right respectively)

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After multiple rounds of experimentation, hot air and water pasteurization were deemed ineffective, resulting in minimal or absent mycelial growth. Further research focused on comparing sterilization (AU-autoclave) with different temperatures and durations of steam pasteurization (ST+ temperature). The graph indicates no significant difference between sterilization and pasteurization at 100°C for one hour and 80°C for 4 hours. In terms of growth speed, pasteurization averaged 5.6 days to reach maximum growth, while sterilization took an average of 6.7 days.

Figure 2. Graphic depicting variations in mycelium growth rate and volume between samples cultivated on sterilized substrate versus those cultivated on pasteurized substrate.

When looking at the speed of growth,

A liquid extract was made of either ra-

pasteurization took on average 5.6 days to

peseed straw or reclaimed cellulose by

Next, both solid and liquid extract inocu-

reach it’s maximum growth whereas sterili-

Recell B.V, both considered waste stream

lums based on reclaimed cellulose were

zation took 6.7 days on average.

products. Potato dextrose broth (PDB;

compared to the conventional millet-based

Becton Dickinson, Vianen, the Netherlands)

inoculum regarding growth on rapeseed

Inoculation techniques

was included as a commercially available

straw. Both blended and unblended inocu-

Conventional inoculation of substrate for

medium. G. resinaceum was grown for 3

lums were included for all variants. Sam-

mycelium bio-composites is performed

days as a shaken culture in abovementio-

ples were grown for 15 days in microboxes

using a grain-based spawn, often sorghum

ned options and used as inoculum either

and growth was tracked using the flatbed

or millet. Every grain forms a spawning

blended or unblended. Growth on rape-

scanner method. From these results it is

point through the substrate and the

seed straw in microboxes (SacO2, Deinze,

suggested that both unblended cellulo-

quantity and spatial distribution dictate the

Belgium) was tracked using the flatbed

se and millet showed relative improved

speed and homogeneity of the colonizati-

scanner method and showed more growth

colonization rate with respectively 5.3 and

on. Furthermore, both sorghum and millet

for reclaimed cellulose extract compared to

5.5 days to reach full colonization. Blended

are used as feed for birds and livestock and

the rapeseed straw extract and PDB.

millet and blended cellulose reached full colonization in respectively 5.9 and 5.6

therefore have economical value.

As an alternative solid inoculum, again re-

days, while both blended and unblended

This investigation focuses on whether

claimed cellulose was chosen for its more

liquid extract performed worst at respec-

it is possible to use different inoculation

granular composition and negative carbon

tively 6.5 and 6.1 days. Blended cellulose

methods that upcycle a waste product

footprint compared to millet. G. resinaceum

showed a significant increased final grey

and offer more homogenous distribution

was grown on the reclaimed cellulose for

value which suggests more final mycelial

throughout the substrate. As one option a

5 days in a Microsac (SacO2, Deinze, Bel-

growth compared to the other methods.

blended liquid inoculum was investigated

gium) before inoculation of the rapeseed

to improve homogenous distribution.

straw, either blended or unblended.

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Biological triplicates were grown on rapeseed in micro boxes using different inoculation methods (unblended) millet, (unblended) cellulose and (unblended) liquid extract. Growth curves are modelled using a modified Gompertz function.

Summarized: • Water and hot air pasteurization were found unsuitable for substrate decontamination.

• Steam pasteurization emerges as a promising alternative to sterilization.

• Additional investigation is required to assess the effects of diffe-

Figure 3 Mycelial growth of G. resinaceum measured as grey

rent decontamination methods on material properties.

value using flatbed scanning over 15 days.

• It is expected that high-temperature decontamination methods may compromise substrate integrity, potentially resulting in weaker bio-composites.

• Moreover, more in-depth research should be performed on the energy consumption of both decontamination methods.

• Blended cellulose showed a significant increased final grey value which suggests more final mycelial growth compared to the other methods.

• Since density of mycelial mass in a substrate might influence certain properties in the final bio-composite product, these are factors to keep in mind alongside growth speed when choosing the method of inoculation.

For more detailed information on this topic, please refer to the accompanying factsheet and article.

Factsheet Article

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Material properties

moisture resistance, mechanical behavior, thermal insulation, and flame retardance In this section, we explore whether the MBCs meet the rigorous standards set by the building sector for insulation materials. Following the growth analysis, the material properties of the MBC were examined to determine the optimal conditions for producing MBC-foam for insulation purposes. These MBCs are intended for insulation; therefore, moisture behavior, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and fire retardance were investigated to elucidate the current characteristics of the MBC and to compare to building sector industry standards. The research indicates the technical feasibility and highlights areas that perform well and those that need improvement.

The research implemented two approaches for material testing: assessing the properties under three conditions: dry, wet, and postdrying, which constitutes a single drying-wetting cycle (DWC). The second strategy entailed to subjection to up to 10 DWCs. Throughout this section, the two approaches will be called ’DWC-1x’ and ’DWC-10x’, respectively.

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WHITEPAPER MYTHIC MAY 2024

Moisture Behavior Humidity is an external factor faced by insulation materials. Understanding the reaction of MBCs under humid environments will indicate its viability for this application. The capacity of the material to resist high moisture is essential to preserve the material’s mechanical properties. After the two set-ups, the dimensional stability was measured. Additionally, hydrophobicity of the MBCs was investigated.

• Dimensional Stability With dimensional stability, the ability of a material to retain its original shape post-processing is measured: potential of expansion, shrinkage, warpage, or deformation. ISO 2796 was used.

For DWC-1x, the percentage change for both volume (blue) and weight (green) is plotted in Fig. 4. Weight differed more compared to volume. Both the volume and weight post-drying were lower than the original volume and weight, with the post-drying volume and weight being 0.41% and 2.58% lower compared to the initial state, respectively. More research into potential coatings to preserve the initial state and dimensions of the material is encouraged.

Figure 4. DWC-1x dimensional stability

samples; however, the coated samples re-

results

tained a higher average volume. Between 5 and 10 DWCs for the coated sample,

For DWC-10x, an extra variable was ad-

there was little to no change in average

ded: non-coated (green) and coated (blue)

volume, indicating dimensional stability of

samples. The coating was supplied by

the component. For the average change

Impershield.

in density across the 10 DWCs in Fig. 5b, there was a less noticeable trend as com-

Fig. 5(a-b) graphs the change in volume

pared to Fig. 5a. Furthermore, the non-coa-

and density, respectively, across the DWCs

ted samples had little variability with an

for both non-coated and coated samples.

average density of 0.117 - 0.123 g/cm3.

Throughout the 10 DWCs in Fig. 5a, there

For the coated samples, a slight increase in

was a nearly linear decrease in volume

average density was observed from 0.106

noticed for both non-coated and coated

- 0.116 g/cm3.

Figure 5(a-b). DWC-10x dimensional stability results for change in a) volume and b) density WHITEPAPER MYTHIC MAY 2024

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• Hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule or component that is repelled from water. Insulation materials should resist water uptake. To measure the hydrophobicity, an ‘ink’ test was employed, which measured the incidence and contact angle.

Fig. 6 displays the different samples and incidence angle with red lines indicating what is superhydrophobic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or superhydrophilic. The samples tested were non-coated (NC), coated with 1 to 4 layers of coating (C1 – C4), and EPS. EPS is a common insulation material for comparison. Most of the samples fell within the hydrophilic range, meaning that water absorption took place. MBCs are not highly hydrophobic, mainly in parts that are not covered by mycelium. However, it is

Figure 6. Hydrophobicity results for non-coated (NC) and coated (C1-C4) MBCs and EPS

noticed that with several layers of coating, the samples have hydrophobic properties.

Compression Mechanical Test Compression mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate the ability of the MBC to resist deformation under compressive forces. Only DWC-1x samples were used as the DWC-10x samples were already mechanically and structurally influenced.

NEN-EN 826 was used.

• Compressive stress at 100% strain The compressive stress at 100% strain measures the maximum compressive force at the yield stress or rupture point of the sample. From Fig. 7, there is a higher compressive strength after the samples had a full DWC: the wet samples have the lowest compressive strength, meaning they could not take a high force, which correlates to the increase of volume and

Figure 7. DWC-1x results for compressive strength at 100% strain

weight from Fig. 4.

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Thermal Conductivity Thermal conductivity measures the ability of a material to conduct heat. For insulation materials, low heat conduction is needed.

Typical values for MBCs range from 0.04 - 0.08 W/mK. EN 12667:2001 and ASTM C351-92b (1999) were used.

The associated results from DWC-1x for thermal conductivity are shown in Fig. 8.

The wet biocomposites had the highest values for thermal conductivity: they are poor insulators. Meanwhile, the post-dry samples had a slightly lower value as compared to the initial samples, with values of 0.0378 - 0.0388 W/m K, respectively.

There is still a large difference compared to EPS and/or PUR. The thermal conductivity of the samples from DWC-10x are shown in Fig. 9. It is noticed that the coated samples have a lower thermal conductivity compared to the non-coated samples: they are better insulators. For the non-coated samples, there is an increase in thermal conductivity as the number of DWCs increases. For this reason, it would be optimal to coat MBC

Figure 8. DWC-1x results from thermal

ranges characteristic of EPS, mineral wool,

conductivity testing

and cork.

performed according to the heat flow

• Specific Heat Capacity

method - EN 12667. The results are pre-

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat

sented in Table 1. A sample from a partner

absorbed by unit mass when the tempe-

(Code 1) and from MNEXT (Code 24) were

rature is elevated by 1°C for a material. A

tested. Code 1 achieved 0.0471 W/mK,

high specific heat capacity means more

with a density of 98.8 kg/m³. In contrast,

energy is needed to change temperature,

the sample from MNEXT had a thermal

and thus is a good insulator. EN 1609 was

conductivity of 0.0437 W/mK, with inte-

used.

insulation.

restingly a higher density of 116.2 kg/m³.

These findings position MNEXT's MBCs as

The graph in Fig. 8 displays the values

As a comparison, an external test was

an effective insulating material, aligning

obtained from DWC-1x. The specific heat

within the established thermal conductivity

capacity decreases during the DWC.

Figure 8. DWC-1x specific heat capacity results

Figure 9. DWC-10x results from thermal conductivity testing

Table 1. External test results comparing the thermal conductivity WHITEPAPER MYTHIC MAY 2024

between Fairm and MNEXT MBCs.

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Fire Resistance The fire resistance evaluation was conducted according to EN-13501-1, focusing on the single-flame fire source test (ignitibility test) EN 11925-2. Fig. 9a shows the experimental set-up.

All 12 MBCs demonstrated resilience, withstanding a flame exposure of 30 seconds without the flame height exceeding 150mm: MBCs fall within the B-D classification for fire safety. See Fig. 9b.

Further examination is needed for precise classification.

Summarized

Figure 9(a-b). Fire resistance tests showing: a) experimental set-up and b) MBCs after

• Moisture behavior: Good when coated

testing

• Compressive strength: 0.20 - 0.22 MPa • Thermal conductivity: 0.0437 - 0.0471 W/mK • Fire safety classification: B – D

Factsheet

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WHITEPAPER MYHIC MAY 2024

Prototyping and design material acceptance During this stage of the investigation, we focused on creating prototypes, designing products, and gauging societal acceptance of MBC insulation. Drawing from previous research on how people interact with living organisms and living bio-based objects and materials, we developed designs that incorporate MBC as primary material for their realization. Using a field research approach, we studied how users perceive and interact with these new materials in real-life situations.

Prototyping & Design

Mycelium bio-composite insulation panel - Maurizio Diaz

MyMu – Biobased Technology & Business Development Minor

meet a desired R-value of approximately 6, aligning with regu-

The prototype showcases a distinctive modular room divider design, featuring a one-of-a-kind shape that seamlessly interlocks with others in any orientation. The sample has been coated with

A 20cm thick prototype insulation panel has been developed to latory requirements for new construction wall insulation. The panel measures 600mm x 300mm, half of the initially proposed dimensions.

Impershield coating, giving it a glossier look. A 3-D printed mold, designed in SolidWorks was produced and used to make this prototype .

Figure 11. Mycelium bio-composite insulation panel by Maurizio Diaz 600mm x 300mm.

Figure 10. The MyMu prototype, along with its 3D-printed mold, showcased at MNEXT

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Mycelium module design concept – Ruben Meaux A wall-flooring unit produced out of MBC boards and insulation. This visionary concept envisions a full module including wall segments façade, outer wall, insulation and inner wall are merged to two layers of board flooring sandwiching a MBC insulation core, with the entire assembly scaled at a 1:10 ratio.

Conference booth unit concept – Biobased Technology & Business Development Minor Designed to address the waste generated by conference booths, the prototype features five robust Robinia pseudoacacia wooden poles serving as support for the pressed MBC insulation. Unlike conventional methods involving heat-pressing to form boards, this material has been compressed into a dense MBC insulation, preserving its insulating properties.

Figure 14. Mycelium module design concept by Ruben Meaux, scaled at a 1:10 ratio.

DIY Pasteurization set-up – Armand Mirianon Pasteurization is a sterilization technique revised in WP1. A DIY set-up was produced for this pasteurization, showcasing the design to ensure equal distribution of steam and heat. The set-up is upscalable and was used to test the sterilization at different temperatures and times. The MBC showed extensive white growth at Figure 12. Conference booth unit concept and rendering by Bioba-

90 °C. For 2 hours.

sed Technology & Business Development Minor.

Pasteurization Conditions

Results

80°C 4 hours

Contamination, low growth

80°C 5 hours

Slight contamination, regular growth

80°C 6 hours

Slight contamination, regular growth

90°C 2 hours

No contamination, excellent growth

90°C 3 hours Figure 13. DIY Pasteurization set-up – Armand Mirianon

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No contamination, regular growth

100°C 1 hour

No contamination, low growth

100°C 2 hours

No contamination, low growth

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Tiny library concept – Melike Karaslan & Niels van Rijsbergen The Tiny library concept was carried out by students carrying out an internship at V2. They approached the research group with a design and requested expertise to produce the concept. The tiny library is a model to scale, with a design which allows books to be placed above and inside the opening.

Figure 15. Tiny library concept – Melike Karaslan & Niels van Rijsbergen

Material Experience & User Acceptance of MBCs For the successful implementation of MBC-insulation in the construction industry, insight into the user experience of the material is needed for designers to make informed design choices and promote user acceptance. To gain insights into MBC-insulation in the construction industry, a co-design workshop was developed for and conducted with an interdisciplinary group of potential stakeholders.

The workshop set-up enabled the collection of quantitative and qualitative data and enabled the comparison of 3 different ways of engagement with the material. Results of the workshop provided insight into the material experience, potential use, application and perceived bio-based and living qualities of MBC-insulation.

The workshop consisted of 4 phases and a repetitive element (Figure 17). Phases 1-3 introduced a new way of engagement with

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the MBC-insulation and guided participants through design thinking practices. The repetitive element documented data that was used to analyze if the phases impact the participants’ experiences.

During phase 1 participants received a cup of tea in a glass with an MBC cup warmer (Figure 16). This design provided participants the chance to interact and experience the insulating qualities of MBC. The results show that potential stakeholders have predominantly positive material experience and see multiple ways in which they would want to implement MBC-insulation. Interacting with the material fosters a favorable perception and supplementing these interactions with additional information enhances this positive stance.

The material qualities that potential stakeholders find most important and attractive are its sustainable, circular, bioeconomy, biobased, nature contentedness and lightweight properties. These insights could possibly inform marketing strategies and offer opportunities for integrating biophilic design principles.

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Figure 16 Workshop set-up.

Each participant received a booklet A3 forms, pen and tea served in a glass with a cup warmer made of MBC.

Figure 17 The workflow of the interdisciplinary co-design workshop Potential users could be demotivated by significant amounts of loose fibers, a lack of certification, a considerably higher price or production not being able to meet demands. These insights motivate further research to explore if a thicker mycelium skin

Summarized •

Stakeholders are open to accepting MBC insulation

•

Having people interact with and be informed about MBCs enlarges potential users’ familiarity with the material, enhan-

can improve the material experience concerning fibers, what price

cing their awareness of their possibilities, opportunities and

point would be considered appropriate by potential stakeholders and if production can meet potential demands.

benefits.

•

This prompts them to consider MBC-insulation for their future insulation needs, which provides opportunities for biophilic design and contributes to a more sustainable bio-based construction industry.

Research paper 17

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Economic valuation

This section summarizes a market analysis was performed resulting in a Porter’s Five Forces analysis, together with opportunities and challenges of MBCs within the insulation industry. The economic valuation of the material, including the true pricing, was performed for: lab-, up-scale, and future situation.

Market Analysis To assess the competitive dynamics within the insulation market, a Porter's Five Forces analysis was conducted.

Opportunities • Circular and Sustainable: renewable, biodegradable alternative to traditional insulation materials • Rising Interest and Innovation: growing attention toward biobased and sustainable construction materials has spurred innovation and consumer interest • Technical Viability: exhibit promising insulation-related properties Figure 1. Porter’s Five Forces analysis on the dynamics of MBCs in the insulation market.

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Production costs An analysis on the current (lab-scale) production of 200x200x180mm MBC insulation panels was conducted. The results showed an estimated production of 70m2 per year, conducting to a price per panel of €55.17, and total production price per m2 of €1,702.72.

A small-scale, fully automated scaled-up production concept for 1m2 MBC insulation panels with 200mm thickness was analysed to determine the viability of MBCs in the short-term. The results showed an estimated production of 5840m2, conducting to a production price per m2 of €42.63. This scale-up requires an estimated investment of €250,000.00.

ted, the true price of MBCs could be as low as €1.54 per kg. The material is currently within the range of EPS and PIR and can improve once the energy requirements are lowered by further upscaling.

Summarized • At pilot-scale production, the material is not able to compete against conventional materials in terms of price.

• The true price of MBC insulation is not yet a factor to aid the introduction into the market.

• The material is promising and may be able to compete with conventional insulation materials at higher technical readiness levels upon upscaling.

A cost breakdown prediction for future medium-scale production was carried out by Nýlausn, estimating the costs for a 100 ton per week production facility. The production cost of MBCs can be as low as €23.00 per m3, establishing itself in the Challenges • Market acceptance: must overcome scepticism and unfamiliarity among consumers and industry stakeholders to gain widespread acceptance • Scalability of production poses a significant challenge, requiring advancements in manufacturing processes and supply chain logistics • Competition from established materials: highly competitive established materials.

range of the production costs of EPS and wood fibre.

The true price per insulation panel was calculated. According to the true price principle, MBCs have a true price of €5.34 per kg. This is due to it still being low scale and an energy intensive process.

By utilising green energy, the true price of MBC insulation could be €3.59 per kg, where the impact of rapeseed straw, i.e., impact from the rapeseed oil industry, is fully accounted for. If the impact is alloca-

Factsheet Report

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Colophon Partners The Mythic project could not have been conducted without the partners from (inter) national industry, research and education.

Industrial partners were Fairm, FRAAi Architects, Impershield coatings, Troldtekt Benelux (previously Isolco), MOGU, Nýlausn, Recell and Verbruggen Mushrooms. Research and educational partners are Utrecht University, HZ University of Applied Sciences and Avans University of Applied Sciences (centres of expertise CARADT and MNEXT). The research was supported by branche-organisations Agrodome (for biobased building), Koninklijke CBM (interior construction and furniture industry) and NII (Dutch insulation industry). The research was coordinated

by MNEXT. All partners originate from different sectors: agriculture to insulation manufacturers and architects. Link to movie with the urgence and application of MBC.

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Thanks Our profound gratitude goes out to SIA, the subsidy organisation from NOW, for financially supporting the research in the programme RAAK-MKB, which has the goal to stimulate innovations within SMEs.

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