CAPSTONE RESEARCH BOOKLET

SENIOR CAPSTONE RESEARCH BOOKLET AVA MCCRARY DR. GUERRERO ID 4381-001 FALL 2024

CONTENTS 02 SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC 07 RESEARCH SUMMARIES 14 EXPERT INTERVIEWS 24 PLACE-CENTERED BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION 30 PROPOSED SITE 39 PROJECT INTRODUCTION 39 FLOORPLANS 43 RENDERS 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

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CONCEPT MAPS PROCESS Creating a concept map involves a structured process to develop a focused and meaningful research question for a design project. The first step is completing the StrengthsQuest quiz to identify personal strengths that can guide the organizational approach. Next, a design issue is selected from a provided list, ensuring it addresses a societal challenge such as sustainability or community development. A type of space is then chosen that aligns with the selected design issue, followed by identifying a relevant end-user group. Using these selections, a concept map is created by visually connecting ideas through free association, integrating insights from StrengthsQuest and resources like the Thinkmap Visual Thesaurus.

Finally, the concept map is transformed into a research question by narrowing broad topics into specific inquiries using a structured chart. This iterative process bridges abstract ideas with actionable design goals, forming the foundation for a capstone project.

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MIND MAP

BROAD TOPIC CHART

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C S E L E CT I NG A RE S E ARCH T OPI C

RESEARCH QUESTION:

What design features can international airports implement to offer universal comfort and security to ensure all users feel oriented?

PERSONAL INTEREST:

My personal interest in researching airport design stems from my experience this past summer when I traveled abroad for my internship and faced challenges navigating foreign airports.

TOPIC IMPORTANCE:

It's important to research better airport design because airports serve as global hubs for millions of travelers, and a well-designed airport can reduce stress, enhance safety, and improve accessibility, making travel a more inclusive and efficient experience for everyone.

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NA AS

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CLIENT NARRATIVES

ARATIVE ONE: STUDENT STUDYING ABROAD

NARATIVE TWO: A PRIMARY CAREGIVER OF AN ELDERLY WOMAN

NARATIVE THREE: A GUEST SERVICES EMPLOYEE AT AN AIRPORT

hen I studied abroad I had to travel one for the first time. I found my initial port experiences overwhelming, with sorienting signs in multiple languages, dless corridors, and crowded security eckpoints. Despite mapping out my ute in advance, I felt lost and anxious out missing steps or holding others . Simple aids like clear, step-by-step idance after security and quiet spaces regroup would have eased my nerves. curity and customs were particularly nse, as I worried that one wrong move uld delay my flight. A few clear structions and quiet zones would have ade the experience less stressful, owing me to focus more on the citement of my journey abroad.

When I studied abroad I had to travel alone for the first time. I found my initial airport experiences overwhelming, with disorienting signs in multiple languages, endless corridors, and crowded security checkpoints. Despite mapping out my route in advance, I felt lost and anxious about missing steps or holding others up. Simple aids like clear, step-by-step guidance after security and quiet spaces to regroup would have eased my nerves.

Security and customs were particularly tense, as I worried that one wrong move could delay my flight. A few clear instructions and quiet zones would have made the experience less stressful, allowing me to focus more on the excitement of my journey abroad.

When I studied abroad I had to travel alone for the first time. I found my initial airport experiences overwhelming, with disorienting signs in multiple languages, endless corridors, and crowded security checkpoints. Despite mapping out my route in advance, I felt lost and anxious about missing steps or holding others up. Simple aids like clear, step-by-step guidance after security and quiet spaces to regroup would have eased my nerves.

Security and customs were particularly tense, as I worried that one wrong move could delay my flight. A few clear instructions and quiet zones would have made the experience less stressful, allowing me to focus more on the excitement of my journey abroad.

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RESEARCH SUMMARIES

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY ONE TITLE: An analysis of elderly tourists' constraints in the use of public transport PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal REFERENCE: Rosa, M. P., Gameiro, C., Sousa, C., & Pinto, P. C. (2020). An analysis of elderly tourists’ constraints in the use of public transport. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 4(2), 163–178.

DESIGN ISSUE: This study investigates how elderly tourists, particularly those with disabilities, use various modes of transportation during their travels in Portugal’s international airport, with a focus on Universal Design and Age Sensitive Design principles. The purpose of this study is to examine mobility limitations and the differences in transportation preferences between elderly tourists with and without disabilities.

METHODS: The study employed 851 surveys targeting elderly tourists who traveled through Faro International Airport in the Algarve, Portugal, in 2018. The surveys collected data on the tourists' gender, age, mobility disabilities, use of technical aids, and their choice and frequency of using various transportation modes.

FINDINGS: The study found that 25% of surveyed elderly tourists reported having at least one disability that affects their mobility, with motor, hearing, visual, and orientation issues being the most common. Despite the availability of public transportation, these seniors, especially those with disabilities, use it infrequently due to difficulties such as walking to bus stops, boarding vehicles, and lack of suitable infrastructure. Improving accessibility, particularly by implementing low-floor buses and age-friendly bus stops, could encourage greater use of public transport, benefiting both elderly tourists and local communities while promoting sustainable mobility.

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY T WO TITLE: A research-based approach for improving the airport wayfinding experience PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal REFERENCE: Harding, J. (2019). A research-based approach for improving the airport wayfinding experience. Journal of Airport Management, 13(2), 133–143.

DESIGN ISSUE: This study addresses the challenge of enhancing the airport passenger experience, focusing particularly on the wayfinding difficulties faced by infrequent travelers, international travelers, and individuals with disabilities or age-related limitations. By utilizing guidelines from ACRP reports, this research explores how implementing the best practices in wayfinding can improve navigation for these user groups and positively impact overall airport business performance.

METHODS: This report focuses on three steps that development of a wayfinding strategy: buy-in, adopting a wayfinding philosophy and developing a wayfinding logic. Buy-in is the process of gaining approval, support, and commitment from stakeholders or decision-makers to move forward with a project, initiative, or idea. Adopting a wayfinding philosophy involves prioritizing clear and effective communication of navigational information over other visual elements, such as advertising and retail, to enhance the overall passenger experience within an airport. Developing a wayfinding logic involves applying principles such as continuity, consistency, and connectivity (the "3Cs of wayfinding") to ensure that navigational information is clear, cohesive, and effectively guides passengers through an airport, enhancing their ability to navigate confidently and efficiently from one area to another.

FINDINGS: Implementing a systematic, research-based approach to wayfinding significantly enhances the overall passenger experience in airports. The study found that by prioritizing clear, consistent, and intuitive wayfinding elements—such as signage placement, visual cues, and communication strategies—airports can reduce passenger stress and confusion, ultimately leading to improved satisfaction and operational efficiency. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the needs of diverse user groups, including infrequent travelers and those with disabilities, to create an inclusive and accessible wayfinding system.

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY T HRE E TITLE: Evaluation of Airport Wayfinding Accessibility with the Use of a Wheelchair Simulator PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal REFERENCE: Qing, Z., Sun, C., & Reneker, J. (2021). Evaluation of Airport Wayfinding Accessibility with the Use of a Wheelchair Simulator. Transportation Research Record, 2675(4), 52–60.

DESIGN ISSUE: This study addresses the challenge of improving wayfinding accessibility for passengers with disabilities in airports. Although emerging assistive technologies, like mobile wayfinding applications, have been implemented, non-standard practices and complex terminal designs make it difficult to provide specific and effective guidance. There is a need for detailed, quantitative analysis of traveler performance measures to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of wayfinding solutions, particularly for passengers using mobility aids such as wheelchairs.

METHODS: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, collecting data through various methods, including the creation of a virtual model, wheelchair simulator, federated simulation architecture, experimental design, data collection, literature review, and comparative analysis.

FINDINGS: The study concluded that while a mobile wayfinding application did not significantly reduce travel time or deviation ratio for wheelchair users, it effectively decreased reliance on wayfinding signs, reduced glance frequency and duration, and helped alleviate travel anxiety, thus improving accessibility at airports. The application also has potential benefits, such as enhancing non-airline revenue, reducing operating costs, and improving service levels. Future research could expand by conducting field studies at other airports, extending the simulator approach to cover the entire travel process, comparing unassisted versus assisted wheelchair travel, and using a walking simulator to evaluate wayfinding technologies for passengers without disabilities.

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY F OUR TITLE: Consumer preferences in the design of airport passenger areas PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal REFERENCE: Van Oel, C. J., & van den Berkhof, F. W. (2013). Consumer preferences in the design of airport passenger areas.

Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 280–290.

DESIGN ISSUE: Airports have traditionally prioritized efficient passenger processing, but recent commercial developments have created conflicts with operational management, particularly regarding wayfinding and orientation. While commercial revenues now account for about half of airport income, little is known about how passengers perceive the design of retail and passenger areas. This study explores how design characteristics and passengers' emotional states, such as pleasure and arousal, influence their satisfaction with airport environments.

METHODS: The study used discrete choice experiments to assess respondents' preferences for airport passenger area design characteristics, employing a multinomial logit model for analysis. Eight design attributes were selected based on literature and pilot studies, visualized using Google SketchUp and Photoshop, and presented in choice sets where respondents selected between two images; the questionnaire was divided into three versions, each containing 12 choice sets to avoid overwhelming participants.

FINDINGS: The study found that passengers preferred wide, curved passenger areas with light-colored materials, curvilinear roofs, atmospheric lighting, and greenery, which enhanced comfort and potentially increased commercial revenue. Decoration reflecting Dutch identity was less favored, and signage did not influence passengers' preferences. While pleasure influenced preferences for color and lighting, arousal had no significant effect, highlighting the importance of reducing stress to encourage spending. Additionally, cultural differences emerged, with Dutch passengers preferring white spaces more than international passengers, suggesting the need to consider cultural backgrounds in airport design.

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY F I VE TITLE: 'Sick with stress': perspectives on airport travel from persons living with dementia and their travel companions PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal REFERENCE: Peterson, C. M., Birkeland, R. W., Barsel, S., Statz, T. L., Gaugler, J. E., & Finlay, J. M. (2024). “Sick with stress”: perspectives on airport travel from persons living with dementia and their travel companions. Disability & Society, 39(1), 234–254.

DESIGN ISSUE: This study focuses on the challenges older adults, particularly those living with dementia, face when navigating airport spaces, which may exacerbate confusion and stress. The purpose of this study is to gather data and insights from travelers with dementia and their caregivers to inform airport design improvements and create dementiafriendly environments that promote independence and ease of travel.

METHODS: This study used a parallel mixed methods design, collecting both quantitative survey data and qualitative text responses through an online survey administered by the Dementia-Friendly Airports Working Group.

FINDINGS: The study found that persons living with dementia and their travel companions continue to desire air travel but experience anxiety and frustration in airports. Participants identified areas for improvement, such as better staff training, the use of discreet identifiers, more accessible services, and clearer navigation assistance. Their suggestions also highlighted the broader benefits of these improvements for travelers with various disabilities, emphasizing the need for more dementia-friendly airport environments and services.

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARY S YNT HE S I S

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TAKEAWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Universal Design: Eliminate steps, curbs, and uneven surfaces for barrier-free environments.

Support mobility aids with ramps, travelators, and escalators.

Reduce walking distances and simplify transfers.

Use visual cues (signage, icons, colors, patterns) and verbal updates (intercom, helpful staff).

Provide virtual tools (flight apps, real-time status updates).

Ensure intuitive layouts with wayfinding assistance and feedback mechanisms.

Safety and Security: Use anti-slip surfaces, proper ramps, and lighting to prevent falls.

Ensure visible emergency instructions and accessible assistance points.

Public Space and Infrastructure: Create age-friendly bus stops with seating, shelter, and transport access.

Maintain smooth, well-lit pedestrian paths with rest areas.

Facilitate seamless connections between transport modes.

Cultural Considerations: Use clear, multilingual signage with universal symbols.

Balance open layouts and private spaces for diverse cultural preferences.

Offer amenities like prayer rooms, meditation areas, and varied dining options.

Greenery Integration: Add greenery in passenger areas to create calm, inviting spaces and encourage retail engagement.

Passenger Flow and Wayfinding: Design intuitive layouts with clear sightlines and natural pathways to minimize signage reliance.

Improved TSA Experience: Include dedicated spaces for employee training.

Offer disability-friendly TSA lines for passengers and caregivers.

Adapt for TSA precheck integration with efficient entry systems.

EXPERT INTERVIEWS

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E XPE RT I NT E RVI E W ONE INTERVIEWEE: Donnie Phares - Manager of the IAH move team at United Airlines DATE: 24 September 2024 MODALITY: Email

Question 1: From your day-to-day experience, what are the most common challenges travelers fa Response 1: “In Houston, we have over 98 international destinations that arrive and depart daily. anxiety, especially those with tight connections. During peak times, clearing customs can take 90 to proceed to their gates promptly.”

Question 2: Are there any specific areas of the airport that travelers seem to find more difficult to

Response 2: “Yes, the first challenge is at the ticketing counter and during check-in for flights wit passengers. The second issue is locating baggage claim; many customers struggle to read the sig Question 3: What do you think are the most helpful design features in the airport that make it ea

Response 3: “The best terminal in terms of design features is the new Terminal C, which we built f strategically designed to help passengers navigate to their gates, restrooms, pet areas, and dinin

Question 4: How often do travelers ask for help, and what kind of information are they usually loo

Response 4: “You have business travelers who typically don’t ask questions at all, while families an service centers.”

Question 5: How do you communicate with travelers who don’t speak English well or at all?

Response 5: Customer service agents use company phone devices with translation apps to assist Question 6: In your opinion, what is the next major shift in airport design that will ensure a univer

Response 6: “United Airlines has invested between $2.5 to $4 billion to design and rebuild new te purchased over 300 new aircraft, which are larger and require new facilities to accommodate bot approximately 90,000 seats.”

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ace while navigating the airport?

One of the challenges we face is processing passengers in the customs hall. We often encounter language barriers and individuals with travel 0 to 120 minutes. Unfortunately, we see many customers miss their connecting flights because they lose track of time and aren’t aware of the need

to navigate?

th bags. We experience high volumes of customers, averaging around 50,000 daily during the summer, with 25,000 of those being local gnage and frequently ask where to find their bags.”

asy for people to find their way?

five years ago. It is spacious and offers ample gate space for customers, along with a variety of restaurants and shops. The signage is clear and ng options.”

oking for?

nd occasional travelers often seek directions around the airport, asking where they can be picked up, locate baggage claim, and find customer

t passengers. Additionally, flight crews on international routes include attendants who speak the destination's language.

rsally comfortable and secure experience?

erminals at IAH. We are currently constructing the new B North terminal, set to open for the summer 2026 World Cup. Additionally, United has th the aircraft and our growing customer base. Currently, we have around 50,000 seats available daily, with plans to increase that to

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E XPE RT I NT E RVI E W T WO INTERVIEWEE: Stephen MacPhie - Registered Accessibility Specialist DATE: 14 October 2024 MODALITY: Phone Call

Question 1: What design elements do you find most effective in helping people of all abilities orie

Response 1: “Number one, you've got to have good accessible parking with a good clear route int the large airports have gotten better because sometimes there are multiple entries like Lubbock's flying out?”, and “where are the desks for the different airlines to check bags” and all that kind of come out.”

Question 2: How important are accessible, multi-language, and tactile signage options for airpo

Response 2: “They are imperative. Typically, what you may see as opposed to multi-language will often than multi-language because they're fairly understood internationally. I mean, the symbol f lot internationally, I've been several airports in Europe, a few airports in South America, Central A graphics rather than multiple languages. And then, of course, tactile signage. Typically, you see t quite as popular in general directional signage. And a lot of times what you'll see, people don't re if it's an overhead sign, and that's actually in the accessibility standards. And so, it's easily read an have low vision still have good color contrast vision, if that makes sense, where they can see light,

Question 3: What design aspects can make seating and waiting areas more universally comfortab

Response 3: “Okay so, in a waiting area a lot of times what's missing is spaces for wheelchairs. Yo place for them to “park”. They are not leaving parking spaces for wheelchairs. Also, sometimes th where people’s knees don’t bend more than 90 degrees that would help. And it would just be a fe seat because then they have to transfer back into the wheelchair, that a lot while stressing about little space for the kid to be able to stand up, move around because they will. And if everything is the child can't help it. That's a child, they need to move, and sitting still is just not on their, that's w of row or near the windows or something to where they can be a little bit active without really imp

Question 4: How do you think airports can design security areas to minimize discomfort and con

Response 4: “So of course it doesn't need to be loud for those that have sensitivity to noise and a You're either going to go through the big full body scan or you're going to go through the small they don't take into account some of that. My father was an amputee, and so he had a titanium le individuals, especially when they already have a letter. Typically, someone that requires that type they don't make it very nice. For some of those who travel with disabilities like non native speaker conveyor. And for that check in with your ID and all that stuff, there should be some signs that de

Question 5: How are emergency evacuation and alert systems designed to ensure they are access

Response 5: “Okay, so building code, the international building code addresses accessible means prescribed number of accessible means egress in case of emergency. And so those are prescribed in the ADA and in the Texas accessibility standards of you have to provide X in these common are have any hearing at all, you are going to hear it or you may even feel it on your body, kind of like a Usually, you'll find more strobe lights than you will the actual horns doing the alarm arm. And at t 17

ent themselves within an airport?

nto the main terminal. Sometimes it's not clear. Sometimes they're offset and it's a circuitous path to get into the main terminal lobby. And a lot of 's a small airport, but it's got four main doors and their signage used to be somewhat lackluster as to “where do I need to go in if I'm going to be thing. And Lubbock has kind of cleaned up their signage a little bit and made it a little clearer as to where do you go in, where are you going to

ort users, and what best practices exist for effective signage placement?

l be the symbols, the graphic symbols of customs or entry or toilet rooms, those types of things. They've gone with international graphics more for a restroom or a symbol for a telephone or elevator has become more and more internationally known. And so, a lot of times, and I've flown a America, as far as Tahiti and other places, I think we've been in about 22 different countries. And so, you see a lot more using the international that on specific spaces like a restroom or something or a room number or a conference room rather than a general direction. Tactile signage isn't ealize it's actually trying to make it accessible, but it is, is that when it's overhead signage, they'll use large letters. It should be over four inches tall nd the color contrast in the sign has to be there so that again, it's a light-dark contrast to where your eyes will pick it up. Even some people who , dark shadow. And if it's a light-dark pattern that makes it more accessible for people to read and see.”

ble, especially for individuals with mobility aids, elderly passengers, or families with young children?

ou’ll see them pack it full of seating but then when they bring passengers in that are in wheelchairs they have to park them out in the isle, there’s no he seats are low and the person might be ambulatory so it’s very hard for them to stand back up. If they had some chairs that sat a little higher ew seats. It doesn't have to be a lot, but typically in the airport, in the gate area, you don't want to facilitate a transfer out of a wheelchair into a timing and delays and all that stuff. But for those that are, like you said, families with young children, again, it's needs to be able to facilitate a s really tight in the gate area, then it's just going to annoy all the passengers and the parents are there embarrassed because their kid is active and what I want to do list. So sometimes it's just having a little bit of space. They don't even need to have a play area but's, just some space at the end pinging upon others' comfort.”

nfusion for users with disabilities, non-native speakers, and neurodivergent individuals?

all, but typically they need to have someone to assist perhaps to place things on the x-ray. Yeah. Conveyor, a lot of times they have two choices. narrow metal detector, and a lot of times they don't really have something that's wide enough for a large wheelchair or bariatric wheelchair, and eg. They actually had to take him behind a screen and have him pull his pants down to check him. That's very, very, very not cool for those e of accessibility will have a letter or some type of thing from their doctors stating that, Hey, this is what the equipment is that they're carrying, and rs, again, it's really hard to have a lot of language help, but good signage with the international symbols helps and way back before you get to the escribe that.” ”

ssible to all passengers, including those with visual, auditory, or cognitive impairments?

s of egress and due to square footage and population in the building. There are prescribed numbers of means egress and a lesser, but still ed by the life safety standards. When you get into visual and auditory alarms and things, those are prescribed both in the life safety standard and reas, and they do it both sound and light, and the sound is such that it's piercing. It's very high decibel, usually around 110 decibels, so that if you a deep base or whatever. Well, these aren't deep base, but a lot of times you'll feel that. And then of course the flashing lights are also required. that time, typically there are lots of exit signs and the exit signs are supposed to be tangible as well as visible. They'll be tactile.”

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E XPE RT I NT E RVI E W T WO INTERVIEWEE: Stephen MacPhie - Registered Accessibility Specialist DATE: 14 October 2024 MODALITY: Phone Call

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Question 6: Have you ever seen a major design flaw in an airport, and if so, what was it and why d

Response 6: “Oh, yeah. Well, and a lot of times it's an old airport that needs to be upgraded, and on them to bring them into standards. But the main one that I've seen is the one I've just mention make it through because there's not a whole lot of choices of how to get through. And the rest is is typically they're at the security point, security checkpoint. It just, they don't have a good answe don't think they've got a good handle on it.”

Question 7: Lastly, are there any recent innovations or design trends that you’ve observed making

Response 7: “Yes, actually. I've seen a lot of the airports that have charging stations and charging pull up. There's not a stool blocking the way they can set their things on there, charge their items lot of the planes. A lot of the terminals that utilize the commuter size planes, you end up with a ve expensive, but it makes a lot easier loading when someone's in a wheelchair or crutches. And agai that they used for vacuuming down low on the column, and it's below the reach range. And so so near seating, but really the table is much more accessible for someone in a wheelchair or needing

did it not work?

d typically you need to bring it up into the current standard. Some of the airports that were built in the sixties, no one's forced them to ridden herd ned about the security. You've got these ways to get through the security point, but if someone's in a wheelchair, it's very difficult for them to s just like any other building: update your bathrooms, make a good accessible route, provide parking. But the major deal that I see in every airport er for accessibility through the security checkpoint. They fly by the seat of their pants because I've seen different places do different things, and I

ng a significant impact on universal comfort and security in airports?

g tables where you can sit things down. They've started to include a lower table instead of bar height to where someone requiring accessibility can s. I've seen some design the airport where they've lengthened the tube, the boarding tube a little further, so it's not quite as steep going out to a very steep loading ramp, and some of the terminals have actually added some length in order to make the slope not near as steep. It's a little more ain, providing those charging stations and providing accessible charging stations, because sometimes all that was there was the convenience plug ome of those charging stations that actually have a table, those are really convenient as opposed to some of the posts are okay because located g to set things down and have reach and all that.”

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E XPE RT I NT E RVI E W T HRE E INTERVIEWEE: Emma Woods - Registered Nuirse DATE: 20 October 2024 MODALITY: Phone Call

Question 1: Could you tell me a little bit about your circumstances on why you have been a travel

Response 1: “Yes, so my grandma has Alzheimer's and then my mom has an autoimmune disease been able to take care of my grandmother, but we still have to travel to see family or whatnot, so people.”

Question 2: What were some of the biggest challenges you faced when navigating the airport wit

Response 2: “I would say something that they can improve is, like, maybe, I mean, like, making the could be, like, one chair on each side to, like, make it easier for people to, like, get in the airplane. who are handicapped could take instead of, like, you know, walking super, super far down to the t because then that requires another person that works at the airport to push them around, is if the hire somebody to push them around or, like, pay extra people. They can just drop them off at the

Question 3: When traveling with someone who has Alzheimer's, were there any specific airport fe

Response 3: “Something that I know she's mentioned before one time when we picked her up, we many people and there's restaurants. It's just very confusing. So I feel like if there was somebody. all the way down”, you know like if there was somebody kind of like directing traffic like after you g baggage claim. I feel like if there was actually a person there to just be directing traffic that would desk that says stuff over the microphone, they could easily just step away from the desk like for lik

Question 4: How did the security process accommodate your mother’s wheelchair and what chan

Response 4: “So whenever somebody is with us that works at the airport, we were able to cut all t to cut the lines and get in the gate quicker helped us not be as rushed. And then another thing I'v that older metal detector or even just the hand-held metal detectors. I also think something they something where instead of standing up and raising their arms they could wheel themselves in so

Question 5: Were there designated areas in the airport where you could comfortably rest or assis

Response 5: “There's really only just like little benches off to the side every once in a while. And ob like if they made like a little designated like rest area that was like handicap accessible, that would

Question 6: How easy or difficult was it to navigate the airport with both your mother and grandm

Response 6: “I would say it was really helpful to have the worker that was pushing the wheelchair w the signage. Like we had talked about just like making things clearer or maybe having somebody

Question 7: What aspects of the airport environment contributed to either increasing or decreas

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Response 7: “I would say like increasing stress is just how busy the airport is and just how like tight said, with the wheelchair, it's like big and clunky. And then, you know, we're in a group of like thre helped as far as like getting to where we needed to go or trying to figure out like what turns we n

ling caregiver for context?

called “Rheumatoid Arthritis” that erodes her bones and deforms her joints so badly to the point where she cannot walk. So, my mom has never o I have grown up taking care of both of them, especially when we travel. It is pretty much what made me want to become a nurse and help

ith your mother in a wheelchair and what improvements do you think could better accommodate individuals with mobility needs?

e aisles in the airplane a little bit bigger. The first two rows could be, like, handicap accessible and could be, like, a little bit bigger. Or maybe there . Or if there could be, like, not necessarily, like, secret passageways, but, like, maybe, like, a bridge or something, like, a little shortcut that people terminal. Oh, also something my mom mentioned, because I was telling her that you were about to call me, is that instead of having wheelchairs ey had, little scooters like they have at the grocery store. So, then people can just, like, hop on one and then, you know, they don't have to, like, eir gate and then, you know, if someone needs it coming off the plane, they can just hop on it and go to baggage claim or whatever.”

eatures that helped or hindered you in keeping your grandmother oriented and calm during the journey?

e just met her at the gate before her Alzheimer's really bad, and she was really overwhelmed just because there's so many gates and there's so ... like once you get off the plane just to be like, “okay like baggage claim is that way if you want to just like go ahead and take a right it's gonna be get off the plane. I think that could help instead of signs because there are so many signs for everything it can be hard to find the sign just for d help a lot. And I feel like that could even just be like the person that's like there before you go on the flight, The ones standing there behind the ike 10 minutes and help direct the landed passengers.”

nges should be implemented?

the lines and go to the front and that was really nice just because it already takes so much longer with everything with both of them. So being able ve noticed is that when going through TSA, they usually have people go through that screening machine but they’ll usually just let her go through y definitely need to add is a special line for handicapped people or people who have to stay in a wheelchair. Like maybe they could come up with omething and it scans them and is a lot bigger to accommodate the wheelchair.” st your mother and grandmother and do you feel they were well-located and equipped with appropriate features?

bviously like the gates, but all like the seating area by the gates is so normally just filled up with people. So I mean, honestly, not really. Like I feel d be really nice. Just to where it's like not so busy and there's not so much traffic.

dmother and what was particularly helpful or confusing? with us because they know the airport so well and know where they're going. That was very helpful. And I think that they could do a better job on directing traffic or maybe just like more airport staff like if there's like an information desk you know every like few gates.”

sing stress levels for you, your mother, and your grandmother?

t it can get. Like when you're just like going down the hallways, finding the gates, I feel like it can just get super tight in there. And then like you ee people. So then like navigating a group of people already going a little slower. But then again having that airport attendant helping us really needed to make. I would just say how congested the halls are makes it so much more stressful when figuring out where to go.”

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RE S E ARCH S UMMARI E S S YNT HE S I S TAKEAWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Navigation Issues: Signage placement and design: Lack of clear, intuitive signage in high-traffic areas like ticketing counters, baggage claim, and security checkpoints.

International symbols: Use of standardized icons is more effective than multilingual signage.

Staff guidance: Directing traffic in key areas (e.g., baggage claim, customs) with staff can improve orientation.

Effective Design Features: Accessible parking and pathways: Direct routes from parking lots to terminals with clear entry points.

Spacious terminals: Ample walking space to reduce congestion.

Charging stations: Accessible designs, including lower-height stations for wheelchair users.

Seating and Waiting Areas: Wheelchair accommodations: Designated parking spaces for wheelchairs at gates and waiting areas.

Varied seating options: Higher seats for those with limited mobility and open areas for families with children.

Rest areas: Designated quiet zones for rest, away from busy gates.

Security Process Enhancements: Alternative screening methods: Wider scanners for wheelchairs and bariatric mobility aids, or non-intrusive hand scanners.

Accessible lines: Dedicated lines for passengers with disabilities or mobility aids to reduce stress.

Quiet environments: Reducing noise in security areas for neurodivergent individuals.

Mobility Considerations: Scooters for self-navigation: Providing self-operating scooters for passengers with mobility challenges.

Longer boarding ramps: Reduced slopes for easier wheelchair access to aircraft.

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PLACE-CENTERED BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Z

9

OPTION TWO AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY This study had a place-centered approach executed through behavior mapping.

SITE LOCATION PHEONIX, ARIZONA This study was conducted at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.

LOCATION FOCUS TERMINAL FOUR This terminal was used to obtain the best results due to its high activity level. It is adjacent to where users enter the airport directly after TSA, it holds eightyeight gates, food courts, and an adjacent exit to baggage claim.

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Z ONE ONE 9:45 - 10:15 am

KEY USED SNACK SELFCHECKOUT KIOSK (6) STARED AT SNACK SELFCHECKOUT KIOSK (10) WENT INTO GIFT SHOP (16) SAT AT DESK STOOL (8) SAT IN REGULAR CHAIR (24) STOPPED IN MIDDLE OF THE HALL TO FIX BAGS (6) STOPPED WALKING TO ORIENT THEMSELVES (6) WAITED NEXT TO RESTROOMS STANDING (12) WENT UP TO CUSTOMER SERVICE COUNTER (6) HAD AN INJURY (4) WAS RUNNING TO GATE (6) STOOD BY DESK TO USE CHARGING OUTLETS (6) HAD A GOLF CART DRIVE THEM TO THEIR GATE(8) PLAYED LOTTERY GAME (6)

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Z ONE T WO

Z

10:30 - 10:40 am

1

KEY USED TRAVELATORS TO STAND INSTEAD OF WALK (2) USED TRAVELATORS BUT CONTINUED TO WALK (81) SOLEY WALKED IN HALLWAY (32) HAD WHEELCHAIR HELP/ A GOLF CART DRIVE THEM (5) STOPPED IN MIDDLE OF HALLWAY TO FIX THEIR BAGS (5) STOPPED WALKING TO ORIENT THEMSELVES (9)

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Z ONE T HRE E 11:00 - 11:10 am

KEY STOPPED TO ORIENT THEMSELVES (10) STOPPED TO USE THE ATM (4) WENT STRAIGHT TO BATHROOM (12) SAT IN SEATING TO WAIT (7) STOOD TO WAIT (7) WALKED STRAIGHT TO BAGGAGE CLAIM (36) HAD WHEEL CHAIR HELP/ A GOLF CART DRIVE THEM (4) STOPPED TO READ INFO SCREENS (8) WENT UP TO INFO BOOTH (1)

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OBS E RVAT I ONAL S T UDY S YNT HE S I S

TAKEAWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Provide an abundance of charging outlets accessible from all seating types Provide seating often in hallways for people to get out of the way and fix their bags Allocate space for wheelchair golf carts to park/ charge Put signs before intersections so users can know which direction they need to go ahead of time Info screens are more commonly used than Customer Service desks, however, those are still used as well Integrate travelators in long corridors Offering gift shops, lottery games, and restaurants are heavily used by users with long layovers Provide seating outside of bathrooms for users waiting

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PROPOSED SITE

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SITE PROPOSAL L OCAT I ON: F RI S CO, T X

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JUSTIFICATIONS 1. Proximity to Major Cities Frisco is located within the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area 25 miles north of Dallas Accessible to North Texas while also distant enough from the congestion of DFW 2. Transportation Infrastructure Connected by several major highways Dallas North Tollway Highway 121 Highly accessible to other North Texas cities and suburbs 3. Population Boom Population has grown around 225,000 residents, a 400% increase since 2000 Population is projected to continue growing as more people move to North Texas 4. Economic Development The city has attracted a range of industries, including technology, healthcare, and retail 3. Tourism Frisco has invested heavily in sports facilities and entertainment venues Dallas Cowboys’ headquarters, The Star National Soccer Hall of Fame PGA of America headquarters These venues bring in a steady stream of tourists and sports enthusiasts An airport could enhance tourism growth by providing easier access to these attractions 5. Land Availability As Frisco is still expanding, there is potential space for building an airport.

BUI L DI NG ANAL YS I S T ABL E

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SITE PROPOSAL S UMME R S OL S T I C ANAL YS I S WEATHER Typically hot, sunny days Temperatures often reach the high 90s°F or above Low humidity, and minimal rainfall, create dry conditions and clear skies that extend daylight SUNPATH Follows a high, elongated arc across the sky Rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest Highest solar elevation angle around midday, resulting in long daylight hours and intense sunlight

SUNRISE

SUNSET

BREEZES Generally light to moderate Come from the south or southeast Brings warm air and occasionally provides relief from the heat.

PRECIPITATION Generally low Occasional brief showers or thunderstorms due to warm, unstable air Rain is infrequent compared to spring, resulting in mostly dry and sunny days

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SUMMER WIND DIRECTION

WI NT E R S OL S T I CE ANAL YS I S WEATHER Generally mild Daytime temperatures are in the 50s°F Occasional drops below freezing at night Often low humidity and crisp, clear skies

WINTER WIND DIRECTION

SUNPATH Follows a lower, shorter arc Rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest Results in shorter daylight hours and softer sunlight

BREEZES Typically light to moderate Come from the north or northwest Brings cooler air Occasional gusts as cold fronts pass through

SUNSET

SUNRISE

PRECIPITATION Modest precipitation A mix of light rain and the rare possibility of sleet or snow Mostly dry conditions during winter

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SITE PROPOSAL GE OGRAPHI C T OPOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHY Relatively flat to gently rolling topography Gradual elevation changes Slight water retention basins VEGETATION Native prairie grasses Hardy wildflowers Scattered oak and pecan trees Clay-rich soil Warm climate A mix of drought-resistant native and adapted plants, suited to North Texas' hot summers and periodic dry spells

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S URROUNDI NG F ACT ORS KEY

THE SITE

LOUD NOISES

WINTER WIND DIRECTION

MAJOR INTERSECTIONS EXISTING ENTRY TO THE SITE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

SUNSET

SUNRISE

ACTIVE NOISE LEVELS

PASSIVE NOISE LEVELS

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SITE PROPOSAL GE OGRAPHI C T OPOGRAPHY VIEW ANALYSIS 1. NORTHWEST VIEW Major 4-way intersection 2. NORTH VIEW A church across the street 3. NORTHEAST VIEW Major 4-way intersection with a CVS diagonally across 4. EAST VIEW Major 3-way intersection with a new neighborhood entrance 5. SOUTHEAST VIEW Major 4-way intersection with a gas station and strip stores diagonally across 6. SOUTH VIEW Major 3-way intersection with a gas station and neighborhood entrance diagonally across 7. SOUTHWEST VIEW Major 4-way intersection 8. WEST VIEW A funeral home across the street

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S I T E PROPOS AL S YNT HE S I S

SITE TAKEAWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Anticipate heavy traffic to be coming in from the West side and no traffic flow on the East side.

Anticipate loud noises to be coming from the Southeast side. This might be a good area to have plane runways so that noise is kept in the same area.

Harsh sun will be hitting from the East and West, so windows will do better on the North and South sides.

Take advantage of the overhead sun path and implement solar panel options.

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PROJECT INTRO PROJ E CT S T AT E ME NT The Frisco Regional Airport, a 40,000-square-foot international hub, is designed to relieve congestion from DFW and DAL while supporting Frisco’s booming economy, technology sector, sports venues, and tourism industry. As the city rapidly expands, this airport balances innovation with restoration, integrating Frisco’s technological advancements while reintroducing native vegetation lost to urban expansion to create a more natural, welcoming environment. Prioritizing stress-free travel, the design features open sightlines and intuitive navigation, ensuring every traveler feels confident and at ease. By transforming one of the most stressful environments into a calm, seamless experience, Frisco Regional Airport sets a new standard for modern, mindful air travel.

CONCE PT S T AT E ME NT The Frisco Regional Airport concept is inspired by the tranquility of an oasis, offering a serene travel experience. Organic forms, soft curves, and natural textures create a seamless journey, while a clean palette of whites, browns, greens, and blues evokes balance and renewal. Materials like polished stone, textured glass, and sustainable wood enhance the natural feel, complemented by indoor gardens, water features, and skylights for a calming atmosphere. Intuitive wayfinding mimics flowing water, ensuring effortless navigation. This design blends aesthetics with functionality, reducing stress and providing a welcoming, restorative environment for all travelers.

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CONCE PT I MAGE RY

CONCE PT I MAGE RY

PRE CE DE NT

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This

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

airport

integrating

enhances charging

user ports

comfort

by

directly

into

furniture, like this table, eliminating the need to search for random outlets throughout the halls.

WAYFINDING

CONVENIENCE

RESTORATION

INCLUSIVITY

COMFORTABILITY

GATE THRE DOMESTIC GATE FOURDOMESTIC

ACCESSIBILITY

In this floorplan, wayfinding is facilitated through an open layout with clear sightlines, allowing passengers to navigate intuitively. Consistent signage and color-coded zones distinguish key areas, enhancing orientation and ensuring a seamless travel experience.

GATE FIVEDOMESTIC BAR CLOS/ ENTRY WOMEN’S RESTROOM

In this floorplan, convenience is prioritized by providing frequent opportunities for passengers to sit, dine, and shop along main circulation paths. Additional amenities such as charging stations and hydration points further enhance the passenger experience, catering to diverse needs throughout their journey.

EXIT PASSAGE

EXIT PASSAGE

MEN’S RESTROOM

MAINTENANCE ELECTRICAL

MEN’S RESTROOM

In this floorplan, a restorative environment is created through the integration of natural light, organic materials, and biophilic design elements. Expansive windows maximize daylight exposure, reducing stress and enhancing well-being. Warm, natural materials such as wood, stone, and greenery create a calming atmosphere.

MECHANICAL IT CLOS

WOMEN’S RESTROOM

This floorplan promotes inclusivity by providing multi-faith prayer rooms for spiritual practices and quiet spaces for rest and relaxation. These areas offer travelers a peaceful retreat, ensuring comfort and respect for diverse needs throughout their journey.

BAGGAGE CLAIM

This floorplan enhances comfortability with flexible seating in the waiting areas and mobility paths such as travelators in large corridors to provide ease of movement, reducing physical strain and ensuring a smoother journey through the terminal.

The bathrooms are desi This airport floorplan prioritizes accessibility by incorporating adaptive screening methods for disabled travelers, ensuring a seamless security process. Features such as wide corridors, step-free pathways, tactile flooring, accessible restrooms, and assistive technology further enhance mobility and independence.

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featuring clear icon signag

doorless wall opening fo

compliant stalls, and a priv

accommodate diverse use

By lining the hallway with the bar, kiosks, and restaurants,

Positioned at the heart of the concourse, the tree sculpture

Each gate is separated by a tall, thick

the design offers convenient and accessible opportunities

serves as a central wayfinding landmark, allowing users to orient

planter that enhances acoustic control

for users to pause, refresh, and enjoy breaks along their

themselves in relation to its height and prominence, creating a

and spatial separation, contributing to

journey to the gate.

clear and intuitive sense of direction within the space.

clearer wayfinding and a restorative journey for travelers.

GATE TWODOMESTIC

EEC

QUIET REST ZONE GATE ONE INTERNATIONAL

RELIGIOUS ROOM

BAR WOMEN’S RESTROOM

MEN’S RESTROOM OPERATIONS OFFICE

SNACK KIOSK

JANITOR’S CLOSET

FAST FOOD RESTAURANT

PRIVATE RESTROOM RESTAURANT KITCHEN MEN’S RESTROOM

L

DRY STORAGE

WOMEN’S RESTROOM

TSA SECURITY CHECKPOINT

COOL STORAGE

TICKET CHECK-IN

igned to be inclusive,

This TSA security checkpoint prioritizes accessibility with a dedicated wide

ge for differentiation, a

lane designed to support users with disabilities—featuring ample space for

or easier access, ADA-

wheelchairs, a bench for elderly travelers experiencing fatigue, and a

vate family restroom to

planter that separates it from the other lanes to provide acoustic control

er needs.

and a sense of privacy, reducing overstimulation for neurodivergent users.

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BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN WAYFINDING

CONVENIENCE

RESTORATION

GARAGE DOORS

INCLUSIVITY

COMFORTABILITY

ACCESSIBILITY

In this floorplan, wayfinding is facilitated through an open layout with clear sightlines, allowing passengers to navigate intuitively. Consistent signage and color-coded zones distinguish key areas, enhancing orientation and ensuring a seamless travel experience.

In this floorplan, convenience is prioritized by providing frequent opportunities for passengers to sit, dine, and shop along main circulation paths. Additional amenities such as charging stations and hydration points further enhance the passenger experience, catering to diverse needs throughout their journey.

In this floorplan, a restorative environment is created through the integration of natural light, organic materials, and biophilic design elements. Expansive windows maximize daylight exposure, reducing stress and enhancing well-being. Warm, natural materials such as wood, stone, and greenery create a calming atmosphere.

This floorplan promotes inclusivity by providing multi-faith prayer rooms for spiritual practices and quiet spaces for rest and relaxation. These areas offer travelers a peaceful retreat, ensuring comfort and respect for diverse needs throughout their journey.

This floorplan enhances comfortability with flexible seating in the waiting areas and mobility paths such as travelators in large corridors to provide ease of movement, reducing physical strain and ensuring a smoother journey through the terminal.

INBOUND SORTING

BAGGAGE TUG PARKING

SCREENING E-COMMERCE EXPRESS OUTBOUND SORTING

INBOUND CONVEYOR SYSTEM OUTBOUND CONVEYOR SYSTEM

A conveyor system that transpor passengers’ luggage from the basem

This airport floorplan prioritizes accessibility by incorporating adaptive screening methods for disabled travelers, ensuring a seamless security process. Features such as wide corridors, step-free pathways, tactile flooring, accessible restrooms, and assistive technology further enhance mobility and independence.

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to the ground floor, where bagg

machines distribute the bags for picku

an efficient method for the ground cre

TRANSFER BAGGAGE STORAGE

LOST AND FOUND STORAGE

LIVE ANIMAL HANDLING

A conveyor system that transports departing passengers’ luggage from the check-in desks on the ground floor down to the basement where baggage TEMPATURE CONTROLLED STORAGE

is sorted and then taken to its corresponding plane, ensuring an efficient method for the ticketing agents.

OFFICE

OFFICE

rts arriving

ent level up

gage claim

up, ensuring

ew.

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FINAL RENDERS

TICKET CHECK-IN DESK

TSA CHECKPOINT

QUIET ZONE

INTERNATIONAL GATE

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FLIGHT RISK BAR

BAGGAGE CLAIM

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Harding, J. (2019). A research-based approach for improving the airport wayfinding experience. Journal of Airport Management, 13(2), 133–143.

Peterson, C. M., Birkeland, R. W., Barsel, S., Statz, T. L., Gaugler, J. E., & Finlay, J. M. (2024). “Sick with stress”: perspectives on airport travel from persons living with dementia and their travel companions. Disability & Society, 39(1), 234–254.

Qing, Z., Sun, C., & Reneker, J. (2021). Evaluation of Airport Wayfinding Accessibility with the Use of a Wheelchair Simulator. Transportation Research Record, 2675(4), 52–60.

Rosa, M. P., Gameiro, C., Sousa, C., & Pinto, P. C. (2020). An analysis of elderly tourists’ constraints in the use of public transport. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 4(2), 163–178.

SunCalc. (2024). SunCalc Sun position- und Sun phases calculator. https://www.suncalc.org/#/27.7763,-82.6309,5/2024.10.29/11:26/1/3 Van Oel, C. J., & van den Berkhof, F. W. (2013). Consumer preferences in the design of airport passenger areas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 280–290.

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THANK YOU!

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