The Digital File: Instructional Manual

The Digital File: Instructional Manual Created By: Ashley Somchanhmavong

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The Digital File: Instructional Manual Created By: Ashley Somchanhmavong Fall 2021 PHMS 611 Media Foundations Rochester Institute of Technology

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Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 About Me.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Scanning Analog into Digital............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF............................................................................................................... 29 Photographic Principles: Exposures and Shutter Speeds......................................................................................................... 38 Making Moving Media from Still Files........................................................................................................................................... 44 Modifying Artificial Light................................................................................................................................................................ 48 Optimizing Audio and Video........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Glossary............................................................................................................................................................................................. 58

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Introduction Hello! Welcome to The Digital File: Instructional Manual produced for the PHMS 611 Media Foundations course at the Rochester Institute of Technology. This Instructional Manual will include a total of six different modules, ranging from how to use a scanner to optimizing audio for video.

Each module will include a step by step guide to follow, materials list, learning outcomes, prior knowledge needed, and more. If you are using this Instructional Manual, I hope that the guides are easy to understand to recreate the modules on your own. Be as creative as you want and don’t forget to have fun!

About Me

My name is Ashley Somchanhmavong (she/her/hers), and I am a multimedia creative, anime binger, and sentient moss ball studying Media Arts and Technology as a graduate student at RIT. I was born in Rochester, NY and we moved down to Southwest Florida after I was born.

I graduated from the University of Florida with a BFA in Art and Technology with a Graphic Design certificate in Spring 2020 and a fun fact about me is that I really enjoy embroidering, specifically my favorite anime characters! :)

Introduction 7

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Scanning Analog into Digital Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Instructional Objective: To understand how a scanner works and the varying ways to create digital files.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to digitize assets through a scanner, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Bridge.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a computer • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud

Software Needed: • •

Epson Scan 2 Adobe Creative Cloud (Bridge and Photoshop)

Materials List: • • • • • • • • • •

An Epson V750 scanner Epson Scan 2 software Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer Macbeth Color Checker A newspaper clipping BPC Bulletin magazine Hardcover textbook Pre-identified photograph Minimum of three 35mm color slides

• • • • •

A 4 inch by 5 inch color negative film A contact sheet, three individual 120 mm black and white negative films A 11 inch by 14 inch silver halide photographic print Random item(s) for the Scan-o-Gram Yourself

Prior Knowledge: • For this specific module, it should be noted there are some settings that will not be adjusted as often as others. Those settings include selecting the Photo option, the Low or No Sharpening setting, selecting the Color setting, and selecting the Low Dust Removal setting.

• Settings that will need to be adjusted include the Object Lighting option, the File Type for exporting, the Bit Depth, the Resolution, and finally the Color Space.

Scanning Analog into Digital 9

Macbeth Color Checker 1.

2.

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12.

13.

14.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover. Place the Macbeth Color Checker face down onto the scanning bed. Be careful not to touch the color pigments when doing this step. Close the cover once the Color Checker has been placed.

Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

The Macbeth Color Checker should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

The Macbeth Color Checker should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

Resize the image to 8.5 inches by 11 inches by going to the Image tab on the top corner of the software and selecting Image Size. In the Image Size window, make sure the chain symbol next to the width and height values is highlighted to show that they are linked. Type in the desired width and height.

At this point, you can check and adjust the color as needed.

Once you are finished, save the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_1.TIFF in your Named Folder.

10 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Macbeth Color Checker

Scanning Analog into Digital 11

Newspaper Clipping

1.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

2. Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover. Place the newspaper clipping face down onto the scanning bed. Close the cover once the newspaper clipping has been placed.

3. Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

4. Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

5. Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

6. Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

7. Make sure that the ratio is [1:1].

8. In the advanced settings, select the de-screening setting and adjust it to “low”, specifically at 66.

9. Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

10. Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

11. The newspaper clipping should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

12. Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

13. Once you are finished, save the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_2.PSD in your Named Folder.

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Newspaper Clipping, De-screened

Scanning Analog into Digital 13

BPC Bulletin Magazine Photograph 1.

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13.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover. Place the BPC bulletin magazine page face down onto the scanning bed. Close the cover once the magazine page has been placed.

Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

In the advanced settings, select the descreening setting and adjust it to “medium”, specifically at 133.

Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

The BPC bulletin magazine photograph should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

Resize or crop your photograph to be at least 4 inches x 5 inches.

Once you are finished, export the file as FirstInitial_LastName_Scan_3.PDF in your Named Folder.

14 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

14. Now you will export the file as a .JPG in varying compression qualities. Go to File and select Export.

15. Select Save for Web (Legacy) and a new window should appear.

16. Click the Preset setting and adjust it to JPG High.

17. Once you are finished, save the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_3_SequenceNumber.JPG in your Named Folder.

18. Repeat steps 14 through 17 and adjust the Preset setting to JPG Very High, JPG Medium, and JPG Low for each iteration until you have four files.

JPG Low Compression

JPG Medium Compression

JPG High Compression

JPG Very High Compression

300 dpi PDF Export

600 dpi PDF Export

Scanning Analog into Digital 15

Hardcover Textbook Page 184 Scan 1.

2.

3.

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7.

8.

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11.

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13.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover.

Open the textbook to page 184 and then put a black sheet of paper on the next page to eliminate the back printing. The scanner will only pick up the photograph on page 184 because of this.

Place the textbook page face down onto the scanning bed. Close the cover once the textbook page has been placed.

Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

The textbook page should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

Resize the image to 11 inches by 14 inches by going to the Image tab on the top corner of the software and selecting Image Size.

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14. In the Image Size window, make sure the chain symbol next to the width and height values is highlighted to show that they are linked. Type in the desired width and height.

15. Once you are finished, export the file as FirstInitial_LastName_Scan_4.PSD in your Named Folder.

Hardcover Textbook Page 184 Scan

Scanning Analog into Digital 17

3 – 35mm Color Slides 1.

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14.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

Lift the scanner cover and make sure to take out the document mat that is attached to the inside of the cover. This allows the scanner to digitize from both cameras, since the color slides are transparent.

Take at least three of the 35 mm color slides and insert them into the transparent film guide holder meant for 35 mm slides. Line them up horizontally and snap the guide holder onto the scanning bed.

Close the cover.

Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

Select the Document Source setting and adjust it to Transparency Unit (with film guide).

Select the Document Type setting and adjust it to Color Positive Film.

Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 400 dpi.

Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

The color slides should appear in the display box.

Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

Adjust the Canvas Size in the Image tab. In the Canvas Size window, make sure the chain symbol next to the width and height values is highlighted to show that they are linked. Type in the desired width and height, in this case being 6600 height, to crop

18 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

the individual items.

15. Once you are finished, export the files one by one as FirstInitial_LastName_Scan_5.TIFF in your Named Folder.

16. Open the exported files in Adobe Bridge.

17. Insert the metadata information from the 35 mm slides into the scanned files.

35mm - Earthworm

35mm - Fresh Water Diatom

35mm - Lyme Disease

Scanning Analog into Digital 19

4 inch by 5 inch Color Negative

1.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

2. Lift the scanner cover and make sure to take out the document mat that is attached to the inside of the cover. This allows the scanner to digitize from both cameras, since the color negative is transparent.

3. Take the 4 inch by 5 inch color negative and insert it into the transparent film guide holder meant for 4 inch by 5 inch slides. Snap the guide holder onto the scanning bed. Close the cover.

4. Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

5. Select the Document Source setting and adjust it to Transparency Unit (with film guide).

6. Select the Document Type setting and adjust it to Color Positive Film.

7. Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

8. Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 400 dpi.

9. Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

10. Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

11. Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

12. The 4 inch by 5 inch color negative should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

13. Open the saved .TIFF file into Adobe Photoshop.

14. Adjust the Canvas Size in the Image tab. In the Canvas Size window, make sure the chain symbol next to the width and height values is highlighted to show that they are linked. Type in the desired width and height, in this case being 3300 width.

15. Adjust the color of the photograph by selecting Curves in the Adjustments tab.

20 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

16. Select the third eyedropper logo, which will adjust 17.

the image based off of the white point.

Once you are finished, export the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_6.BMP (on Adobe Photoshop it can also be .PBM) in your Named Folder.

4 inch by 5 inch Color Negative

Scanning Analog into Digital 21

Contact Sheet and Individual 120 mm Black and White Negative Films

1.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

2. Lift the scanner cover and make sure to take out the document mat that is attached to the inside of the cover. This allows the scanner to digitize from both cameras, since the black and white negative films are transparent.

3. Place the individual 120 mm black and white negative films face down onto the scanning bed.

Close the cover.

4. Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

5. Select the Document Source setting and adjust it to Transparency Unit (with film guide).

6. Select the Document Type setting and adjust it to Color Negative Film.

7. Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

8. Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 400 dpi.

9. Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

10. Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

11. Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

12. The 120 mm black and white negative films should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

13. For the contact sheet you will need to repeat steps 2 through 12 with the following changes: attach the document mat back onto the cover, adjust the Document Source setting to Photograph, and place the contact sheet facing down onto the scanning bed.

14. Open both .TIFF files into Adobe Photoshop.

15. Adjust the color as needed to make sure both 22 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

images are the same.

16. Once you are finished, export the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_7.PSD in your Named Folder.

Contact Sheet

120 mm Black and White Negative Films

Scanning Analog into Digital 23

11 inch by 14 inch Silver Halide Photographic Print 1.

2.

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5.

6.

7.

8.

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11.

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13.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover. Place the 11 inch by 14 inch silver halide photographic print face down onto the scanning bed. Close the cover once it has been placed to fit the bed.

Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

The 11 inch by 14 inch silver halide photographic print should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button and it will save onto the computer.

For the remaining area of the photographic print, you will need to repeat steps 2 through 9 until you have scanned every part of the print.

Open Adobe Bridge and select all the photographs that will be merged into one composite.

Go to the left corner of Adobe Bridge and select Tools, then Photoshop, and finally Photomerge. This will combine the photographs into one image.

Once you are finished, export the file as FirstInitial_ LastName_Scan_8.PSD in your Named Folder.

24 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

11 inch by 14 inch Silver Halide Photographic Print

Scanning Analog into Digital 25

Fun Scan-o-Gram 1.

Turn on the Epson V750 scanner and make sure it is connected to your computer. Open the Epson Scan 2 application.

2. Lift the scanner cover and make sure the document mat is attached to the inside of the cover. You can scan any object(s) for this step. For my fun Scan-oGram I decided to scan two RIT cloth lens cleaners while moving them around the scanning bed.

3. Select the Mode setting and adjust it to Photo.

4. Select the Image Type setting to 48-bit color.

5. Select the Resolution setting and adjust it to 300 dpi.

6. Select the Scanning Quality setting and adjust it to High.

7. Select the Image Format setting and adjust it to .TIFF file format.

8. Once the settings have been adjusted, select the Preview button and the scanner will create a preview in the display box to the right of the window.

9. The object you decided to scan, in my case the lens cleaners, should appear in the display box. Click the Scan button while you move your item(s) around and it will save onto the computer. Save the file as FirstInitial_LastName_Scan_9.TIFF in your Named Folder.

26 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

My Fun Scan-o-Gram

Scanning Analog into Digital 27

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Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Instructional Objective: To understand how to

effectively capture photographs with a Digital SingleLens Reflex (DSLR) camera, specifically focusing on different camera lenses and depth of field.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to effectively choose the right camera lens and utilize aperture settings while taking photographs on a DSLR camera.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a computer • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud • Capability of using a DSLR camera

Materials List: • • • • •

Interesting Foreground/ Background Subjects A Subject to Isolate Tripod DSLR Camera A Zoom Lens with a 2070mm Range

• • • • •

A Zoom Lens with a 70200mm Range Two Light Sources Umbrellas Light Measuring Device Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer

Prior Knowledge: • For this specific module, there are several settings that should be kept at a constant. Those settings include photographing in the lowest ISO setting on the camera, setting the aperture opening to f/8, disable noise reduction, disable sharpening, adjust the Color Space to Adobe 1998, and photographing in RAW file format.

Software Needed: •

Adobe Creative Cloud (Bridge or Lightroom Classic, and Photoshop)

Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF 29

Technical Component I 1.

Create or locate a scene that has a foreground, middle ground, and a background. Attach your lens onto your DSLR camera and then connect it to your tripod. Once you have chosen a composition that works for you, adjust your exposure setting so that you are shooting in the A exposure setting.

I. When using Auto, you will only need to adjust the aperture ring while taking your photographs.

Your camera will automatically adjust the shutter speed to accommodate the aperture ring setting you chose.

2. Focus your DSLR camera onto the foreground of the scene and take a series of photographs using different aperture ring settings. By changing the aperture size from the widest to the smallest option, you will begin to see the change in depth of field.

3. After completing step two, repeat that step but instead of focusing on the foreground, focus on the middle ground of the scene.

I. It will be beneficial to switch the focus setting in your DSLR camera from Auto-Focus to Manual focus.

4. After completing step three, repeat that step but instead of focusing on the middle ground, focus on the background of the scene.

I. It will be beneficial to switch the focus setting in your DSLR camera from Auto-Focus to Manual focus.

5. At this point you should have a large series of photographs starting from the foreground, the middle ground, and the background of the scene you have chosen. Take all your photographs into Adobe Lightroom and then export the selection in .TIFF file format.

6. Rename the photographs as FirstInitial_LastName_ Foreground/MiddleGround/orBackground/ ApertureSetting.TIFF in a Named Folder.

30 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

7.

Take your photographs into Adobe Photoshop and then create three composite files that displays the photographs for each step listed above. Each photograph should be labeled underneath with the foreground/middle ground/or background as well as the corresponding aperture setting.

8. Once you have finished creating the composite files, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_Lens_Composite_ Foreground/MiddleGround/orBackground/.TIFF in your Named Folder.

Foreground Focus

24-70mm Lens - f/3.5

24-70mm Lens - f/4.5

24-70mm Lens - f/9

24-70mm Lens - f/11

24-70mm Lens - f/5.6

24-70mm Lens - f/14

24-70mm Lens - f/7.1

24-70mm Lens - f/18

Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF 31

Midddle Ground Focus

24-70mm Lens - f/3.5

24-70mm Lens - f/4.5

24-70mm Lens - f/9

24-70mm Lens - f/11

32 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

24-70mm Lens - f/5.6

24-70mm Lens - f/14

24-70mm Lens - f/7.1

24-70mm Lens - f/18

Background Focus

24-70mm Lens - f/3.5

24-70mm Lens - f/4.5

24-70mm Lens - f/9

24-70mm Lens - f/11

24-70mm Lens - f/5.6

24-70mm Lens - f/14

24-70mm Lens - f/7.1

24-70mm Lens - f/18

Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF 33

Technical Component II 1.

Meet up with a friend and have them sit in a chair or on a bench. Attach your 20-70mm range lens onto your DSLR camera and then connect it to your tripod. Once you have aligned the subject’s face with approximately 80% of the viewfinder, adjust your exposure setting so that you are shooting in the A exposure setting. Your aperture setting should be set to f/5.6.

I. When using Auto, you will only need to adjust the aperture ring while taking your photographs.

Your camera will automatically adjust the shutter speed to accommodate the aperture ring setting you chose.

2. Take a series of three photographs by using three different focal length settings with your 20-70mm lens. You will need to adjust the working distance of the tripod to accommodate the focal length of the lens.

3. After completing step two, repeat that step but instead of using your 20-70mm lens, switch it to the 70-200mm lens. You will need to adjust the working distance of the tripod to accommodate the focal length of the lens.

4. At this point you should have a series of at least six photographs showing the different settings. Take all your photographs into Adobe Lightroom and then export the selection in .TIFF file format.

5. Rename the photographs as FirstInitial_LastName_ LensRange_FocalLengthSetting.TIFF in a Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_2070mm_24mm.TIFF. 6. Take your photographs into Adobe Photoshop and then create a composite file that displays all of the photographs for each step listed above. Each photograph should be labeled underneath with the lens range as well as the corresponding focal length setting.

34 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

7.

Once you have finished creating the composite files, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_Lens_Composite_Focal_Length.

TIFF in your Named Folder.

20-70mm Lens - 24mm

20-70mm Lens - 38mm

20-70mm Lens - 55mm

70-200mm Lens - 70mm

70-200mm Lens - 90mm

70-200mm Lens -130mm

Photographic Principles: Lenses, Apertures, and DOF 35

Creative Component I 1.

Create or locate a subject in a flat light scene that you want to isolate using depth of field. Attach your lens onto your DSLR camera and then connect it to your tripod. Once you have chosen a composition that works for you, adjust your exposure setting so that you are shooting in the A exposure setting. Your aperture setting should be set at the widest setting.

I. When using Auto, you will only need to adjust the aperture ring while taking your photographs.

Your camera will automatically adjust the shutter speed to accommodate the aperture ring setting you chose.

2.

3.

4.

Take a photograph of the selected subject. The result should isolate the subject by making it the main focus, while the middle ground and the background of the scene are not in focus at all.

Take your photograph into Adobe Lightroom and then export as a .TIFF file format.

Rename the photograph as FirstInitial_LastName_ LensRange_Depth_of_Field.TIFF in a Named Folder.

Creative Component I 36 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

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Photographic Principles: Exposures and Shutter Speeds Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Instructional Objective: • To understand how to effectively capture photographs with a Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera, specifically focusing on the aperture ring and how to create good exposure.

• To understand how a DSLR camera and cellphone camera absorb light when taking photographs.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to capture photographs with a DSLR camera with sufficient aperture settings and shutter speed settings to create a good exposure, to enhance the overall quality of the photographed subject.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a computer • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud • Capability of using a cellphone camera • Capability of using a DSLR camera Software Needed: •

Adobe Creative Cloud (Lightroom)

38 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Materials List: • • • • • •

Cellphone Camera DSLR Camera Any Zoom Lens A Macro Lens Two Studio Light Source Umbrellas Macbeth Color Checker

• • • • •

Tripod Light Measuring Device An Outdoor Scene with Moving Subject(s) Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer

Prior Knowledge: • For this specific module, there are several settings that should be kept at a constant. Those settings include photographing in the lowest ISO setting on the camera, setting the aperture opening to f/8, disable noise reduction, disable sharpening, adjust the Color Space to Adobe 1998, and photographing in RAW file format.

Photographic Principles: Exposures and Shutter Speeds 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Before taking any photographs, use your light measuring device to check to the quality of light and make sure it is even. Adjust the shutter speed on your DSLR camera to the recorded value.

Place your DSLR camera onto the tripod and have it directly facing the Macbeth Color Checker placed on the back of the wall.

Adjust your DSLR camera setting so it will record the photograph in Manual (M). Align the Macbeth Color Checker so it fills the frame. Take one photograph with the settings you currently have on your DSLR camera.

For this next step, you will take four more photographs but this time you will be changing the aperture opening.

I. Increase the aperture opening by one and then take a photograph.

II. Increase the aperture opening one more time and then take a photograph. By increasing the aperture opening by a total of two times, the camera can absorb more lighting to make the exposure brighter.

III. Reset the aperture ring back to f/8.

IV. Decrease the aperture opening by one and then take a photograph.

V. Decrease the aperture opening one more time and then take a photograph. By decreasing the aperture opening by a total of two times, the camera limits the amount of lighting to make the exposure darker.

After taking the varying aperture ring photographs, detach your DSLR camera to carefully switch out the lens for a macro lens. The macro lens allows you to get up close and personal to the subject to create a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio photograph. Once you have attached the macro lens onto the DSLR camera body, reattach it onto the tripod.

6. Adjust the position of the tripod so the Macbeth Color Checker fills the frame. Make sure the aperture ring is set to f/8 and then take a photograph.

7. Take out your cellphone and capture a photograph of the Macbeth Color Checker from the same point of view as the DSLR camera on the tripod. Taking a photograph on your cellphone will help show the lighting and quality difference between the first lens, the macro lens, and your own device.

8. For the final step of this module, take your DSLR camera and tripod outside to photograph a scene containing moving subjects. Once you have chosen a scene, take a photograph using each aperture ring setting on your DSLR camera. You might have to adjust the shutter speed to accommodate for the exposure while you go through each aperture stop.

9. Take all your photographs into Adobe Lightroom and then export the selection in .TIFF file format.

10. Once you have finished taking all your photographs, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_Image_SequenceNumber.TIFF in your Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_ Macbeth+2.TIFF and A_Somchanhmavong_Aperture_f9.TIFF

Photographic Principles: Exposures and Shutter Speeds 39

50-80mm Lens - f/10

50-80mm Lens - f/9

50-80mm Lens - f/8

50-80mm Lens - f/7.1

50-80mm Lens - f/6.3

Marco Lens - f/8

My Samsung S10 Cellphone Camera 40 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

50-80mm Lens - 1/160

50-80mm Lens - 1/100

50-80mm Lens - 1/60

50-80mm Lens - 1/50

50-80mm Lens - f/40

50-80mm Lens - f/30

50-80mm Lens - f/25

50-80mm Lens - f/20

50-80mm Lens - f/13

Photographic Principles: Exposures and Shutter Speeds 41

50-80mm Lens - 1/10

50-80mm Lens - 1/8

50-80mm Lens - 1/5

42 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

50-80mm Lens - 1/6

50-80mm Lens - f/4

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Making Moving Media from Still Files Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Materials List: • •

Instructional Objective: To understand how to

create a moving image file in three formats: .MOV, .MP4, and .GIF.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to capture photographs once a day for 30 days to create three moving files.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a computer • Capability of using a cellphone camera or a DSLR camera • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud

Software Needed: •

Adobe Creative Cloud (Premiere Pro and Lightroom Classic)

44 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Cellphone camera or a DSLR Camera A subject to be photographed for 30 days

• • •

A tripod or a stand to keep your device in the same spot Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer

Prior Knowledge: • Lighting and registration are the key components of this assignment. When choosing your initial composition, be careful on how you manage lighting and do your best to keep the registration accurate.

Making Moving Media Using Still Files 1.

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Find an object or a subject that you want to photograph once a day for the next 30 days.

Establish a location and a setup that works for you and your object or subject. You can ensure registration by setting up a tripod, taping the area where you are setting up your camera, or find a familiar landmark that will be easy to reorient yourself every day.

Take a photograph once a day for the next 30 days.

If you are taking the photographs on your cellphone like I did, upload them onto Google Drive or onto your computer as you go for safe keeping.

Once you have completed taking 30 days’ worth of photographs, compile all the files into a folder. It would be best to rename the files in numerical order, so they do not get jumbled up later. Rename them as FirstInitial_LastName_MonthDay_Year.

Import the 30 photographs into Adobe Lightroom Classic. Edit the photographs as needed and then export them as .TIFF files.

Import the 30 .TIFF photographs into Adobe Premiere Pro. Add the photographs into the timeline.

Open the Sequence menu and select Sequence Setting. Adjust the setting so your file will be 24 frames per second.

Select all your photographs and right-click on your mouse. Select Speed/Duration and a new pop-up window should appear. Change the duration of the photographs to 00:00:00:03 and click the box that says Ripple Edit, Shifting Trailing Clips. The ripple edit will make it an easier process to move the photographs around if need be.

Select all the photographs and go to File, select Export, and then select Media. An Export Settings window should appear.

Under the drop-down Export Settings section, select the Format to be Quicktime.

12. Select the Preset to Apple ProRes 422 LT. 13. Select Queue at the very bottom of the Export Settings window. This should open Adobe Media Encoder. This will help streamline the exporting process.

14. When Adobe Media Encoder’s Default Workspace window appears, right click on the project that you added to the queue. Select Duplicate.

15. Click the first drop-down arrow and change the Format to H.264.

16. Select the Preset to Match Source – High Birate.

17. Repeat step 14 and 15, but instead of H.264, select Animated Gif. 18. Select the Preset to Animated GIF (Match Source).

19. Once you have three projects lined up in the queue, click the green arrow on the right-hand corner of the Default Workspace window. This will begin the exporting process of your .MOV, .MP4, and.GIF files.

20. Rename the files as FirstInitial_LastName_30Days in a Named Folder.

Making Moving Media from Still Files 45

30 Day Timelapse GIF QR Code

30 Day Timelapse MOV QR Code

30 Day Timelapse MP4 QR Code

46 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

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Modifying Artificial Light Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Instructional Objective: To understand how to

effectively capture photographs in a studio setting with artificial light sources.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to capture photographs with sufficient artificial lighting and exposure to enhance the overall quality of the photographed subject.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a DSLR camera • Capability of turning on and adjusting artificial light sources • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud Software Needed: •

Adobe Creative Cloud (Lightroom Classic and Photoshop)

48 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Materials List: • • • • • • •

DSLR Camera 90-100mm Lens Tungsten Artificial Light Source Tripod Fill Light Source Subject to Photograph Moveable Backdrop Walls

• • • •

Collapsible Light Reflectors Collapsible Light Diffusers Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer

Prior Knowledge: • For this specific module, there are several settings that should be kept at a constant. Those settings include photographing in the lowest ISO setting on the camera, setting the aperture opening to f/8, disable noise reduction, disable sharpening, adjust the Color Space to Adobe 1998, and photographing in RAW file format.

Technical Exercise I in the Studio 1.

Equip your DSLR camera with a 90-100mm lens and attach it onto the tripod facing the subject.

2. Turn on one Tungsten Artificial Light source and have a Fill Light Source on standby. The location of these lights will vary depending on the photograph needed. Have the subject you are photographing sit on a chair and have them pose how you want them to.

3. For this first photograph, place the Tungsten Artificial Light Source so it is shining directly forward onto the subject. Try not to have it overlap the camera’s position on the tripod. Turn on the Fill Light Source and have it mirrored position of the Tungsten Artificial Light Source. This will create a small amount of fill light. Take the photograph.

4. For this second photograph, place the Tungsten Artificial Light Source so it is on the left or right side of the subject. The direct light will illuminate one side of the subject’s face, creating a hatchet effect. Turn off the Fill Light Source since this step only calls for one light. Take the photograph.

5. For this third photograph, keep the Tungsten Artificial Light Source from step four and turn on the Fill Light Source. This will create a small amount of fill light.

Take the photograph.

6. For the fourth photograph, place the Tungsten Artificial Light Source so it is facing the wall behind the subject. This will create a silhouette effect with the subject. Take the photograph.

7. Once you have finished taking all your photographs, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_ AssignmentNumberSequence.TIFF in your Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_Hatchet_ Fill_Light.TIFF

Direct Lighting

Hatchet Lighting - With Fill Modifying Artificial Light 49

Technical Exercise II in the Studio 1.

Hatchet Lighting - No Fill

Back Lighting 50 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Equip your DSLR camera with a 90-100mm lens and attach it onto the tripod facing the subject.

2. Turn on one Tungsten Artificial Light source and have the subject you are photographing sit on a chair and have them pose how you want them to.

Place the Tungsten Artificial Light source in front of them so the lighting is flat on their face. This is the 1:1 ratio. Take the photograph.

3. Move the Tungsten Artificial Light source closer towards the subject, subtly illuminating one side of the face more than the other. This is the 1:2 ratio. Take the photograph.

4. Move the Tungsten Artificial Light source closer towards the subject, subtly illuminating one side of the face even more so than the other. The shadows should become more noticeable, but not too strong of a hatchet contrast. This is the 1:3 ratio. Take the photograph.

5. Move the Tungsten Artificial Light source closer towards the subject, making the shadows even more noticeable on one side of the face. This is the 1:4 ratio. Take the photograph.

6. Move the Tungsten Artificial Light source closer towards the subject, making approximately half of the side of the face covered in the shadow. This is the 1:5 ratio. Take the photograph.

7. Move the Tungsten Artificial Light source closer towards the subject, making one side of the face completely covered in the shadow. This is the 1:8 ratio. Take the photograph.

8. Take all your photographs into Adobe Lightroom and then export the selection in .TIFF file format.

9. Once you have finished taking all your photographs, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_Broad_ Lighting_Ratio.TIFF in your Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_Broad_Lighting_1_8.

TIFF

1:1 Ratio

1:2 Ratio

1:3 Ratio

1:4 Ratio

1:5 Ratio

1:8 Ratio

Modifying Artificial Light 51

Creative Exercise I in the Studio 1.

2.

Equip your DSLR camera with a 90-100mm lens and attach it onto the tripod facing the subject.

Since this section is about creating a headshot portrait, it is up to your discretion to what type of light sources you want to use with a self-timer.

Additionally, you could have a partner step in and choose the lighting for you. You can use a collapsible light reflector and/or a collapsible light diffuser as needed.

Headshot One

52 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

3.

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After taking your headshot portrait, you can import it into Adobe Photoshop and adjust as needed.

Once you have finished editing your headshot portrait, export it as FirstInitial_LastName_Headshot.TIFF in your Named Folder.

Headshot Two

Creative Technical Exercise I 1.

For the final step of this module, take your DSLR camera and tripod outside to photograph a subject using direct lighting from the sun and collapsible light reflectors. Change your camera setting to A exposure mode before taking any photographs.

2. For the first photograph, do not use a collapsible light reflector. Position your subject so the natural light is shining on them directly. Place the DSLR camera and tripod in front of them. Take a photograph.

3. For the next set of photographs, open the collapsible light reflector (you can use multiple if you would like) and position them in various locations so the direct natural light reflects on to the subject’s face to get rid of the shadows. Have the subject change facial expressions to highlight the difference of lighting and exposures.

4. You can take a photograph for each position of the collapsible light reflector.

I. For example, we placed the reflectors directly under the subject’s face, to the left of her face, to the right of her face, and incorporated a second collapsible light reflector to maximize the lighting.

5. Take all your photographs into Adobe Lightroom and then export the selection in .TIFF file format.

6. Once you have finished taking all your photographs, upload them as FirstInitial_ LastName_Direct_Light_Sequence.TIFF in your Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_ Direct_Light_Reflector_Left.TIFF

Direct Sun

Bottom Light Reflector

Left and Bottom Light Reflector

Right and Bottom Light Reflector

Modifying Artificial Light 53

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Optimizing Audio and Video Target Audience: College students in the Media Arts and Technology program at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Instructional Objective: • •

Materials List: • • • •

Cellphone Camera DSLR Camera Zoom Recorder A Zoom Lens

• • •

A Light Measuring Device Adobe Creative Cloud A Computer

To understand how to effectively capture video footage with good quality audio.

To understand how to use a Zoom recorder to capture good quality audio.

Module Learning Outcome: By the end of this module, the user will understand how to capture video footage using a cellphone camera, a DSLR camera, and how to pick up good quality audio with a ZOOM recorder.

Equipment Specification: • Capability of using a computer • Reading at a college level • Understanding of Adobe Creative Cloud • Capability of using a cellphone camera • Capability of using a DSLR camera

Prior Knowledge: • For this specific module, there are several settings that should be kept at a constant. Those settings include recording in the lowest ISO setting on the camera, setting the aperture opening to f/8, disable noise reduction, and disable sharpening.

• Working in a small group would be a beneficial way to approach this assignment, as long as the footage and edits are your own.

Software Needed: •

Adobe Creative Cloud (Premiere Pro)

Optimizing Audio and Video 55

Optimizing Audio and Video 1.

Before shooting any videos, insert an SD card into the card slot on the right side of the ZOOM recorder.

Insert the batteries into the recorder.

2. Press down the power logo on the left side of the recorder to turn on the device.

3. The runtime on the display should be at .WAV 48/24.

If it is not, click the fourth button on the ZOOM recorder and then select .WAV 48000htz 16 bit.

4. The L and R decimal reading on the display menu should range from -24 and -6 when someone is speaking. Press the REC button once to view the decimal reading and press the REC button twice to begin recording. To stop recording, press the stop rectangle.

5. Take two videos, one from the DSLR camera and one from the cellphone camera, of you reciting a sentence or two from a script. For examples, mine was “Hi my name is Ashley Somchanhmavong, I am a grad student at Rochester Institute of Technology and I am studying Media Arts and Technology.”

While recording the videos, have the ZOOM recorder to the side so it is able to pick up the audio.

6. Import both videos and the ZOOM recorder audio file into Adobe Premiere Pro. Edit and adjust the videos as necessary. Take the ZOOM recorder audio file and add it into the timeline with the DSLR video.

The DSLR video audio will be found on Track One and the ZOOM recorder audio file will be found on Track Two. 7. Select both audio tracks in the timeline and right click on your mouse. Select Synchronize and then select Track Channel 1 as the synchronization point to align the audio clips together.

8. Select the DSLR video audio on Track One and right click on your mouse. Select Unlink to separate the video and audio files. Delete the Track One audio.

9. Select the DSLR video and the ZOOM recorder audio 56 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

10.

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on Track Two and right click on your mouse. Select Link to connect the two files.

Go to File, select Export, and then select Media. An Export Settings window should appear.

Under the drop-down Export Settings section, select the Format to be H.264.

Select the Preset to Match Source – High Birate.

Once you have finished exporting all of your videos, upload them as FirstInitial_LastName_Camera_Footage.MP4 in your Named Folder. For example, A_Somchanhmavong_ Cellphone_Footage.MP4.

Cellphone Video with Cellphone Audio QR Code

DSLR Video with Audio QR Code

DSLR Video with Replaced ZOOM Audio QR Code

Optimizing Audio and Video 57

Glossary F.3fr .3fr format is a raw image file format captured by a Hasselblad digital camera that includes lossless compression.

[Najiang An] 4K Video Image contains a resolution of 4,096 pixels in the long dimension. [Feiyang Fang] 8K Image has a display resolution of approximately 8,000 pixels in the long dimension. [Feiyang Fang] Aberration Aberration is a deficiency of a lens. It causes the image formed by a lens to be blurred or distorted.

[Feiyang Fang] Adobe 1998 Adobe 1998 is a color space that was developed

by Adobe System, Inc. in 1998. It expands the color space especially in cyan-green hues. [Feiyang Fang] Adobe Bridge Adobe Bridge is a powerful creative asset manager that allows a person to preview, organize, edit, and publish multiple creative assets quickly and easily.

[Feiyang Fang] Adobe Lightroom Adobe Lightroom is a cloud-based software.

Constantly adding new features, it is used to intelligently organize and edit photos. Users can share photographs with others. [Feiyang Fang] Adobe Photoshop Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. for Windows and MacOS. It was originally created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, the software has become the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing, but in digital art as a whole. [Feiyang Fang] Adobe Premiere Adobe Premiere is the industry leader for editing everything from fast-turn TV series to feature films. It’s a timeline-based video editing software [Feiyang Fang] Adobe RGB The Adobe RGB is a color space developed by Adobe Systems, Inc. in 1998. It was designed to encompass most of the colors achievable on CMYK color printers, but by using RGB primary colors on a device such as a computer display. [Feiyang Fang] 58 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Adobe Flash Adobe Flash is a multimedia software platform developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated. The primary focus and usage of Adobe Flash is the production of mobile apps & games, desktop and rich web applications, and animations.

More specifically, Flash makes it possible to display vector graphics, text, raster graphics, and it allows the stream of audio and video. Additionally, it can also capture camera, keyboard, mouse, and microphone input. Flash is no longer supported by many browser [Ermira Karavidaj] Adobe Media Encoder A software application with the Adobe Video Editing Suite that encodes video files to selected formats.

This application ensures that the video files will be able to be published and viewed across different media platforms. [Wren Yilmaz] After Image Afterimage is an image that when you finish seeing the original image, it continues to be visible. [Feiyang Fang] Affective Domain Is one of the three main learning domains.

The domain is concerned with feelings and emotions and can be arranged from simpler feelings to those that are more complex feelings: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization. [Boyuan Zheng] AIFF AIFF is an abbreviation of Audio Interchange File Format.

It is an audio file format standard used for storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices.

[Feiyang Fang] Algorithm The method social media platforms use to prioritize posts based on relevancy rather than publish time to enhance the user experience in order to promote user engagement with the content. [Stephanie Berman] Algorithm A series of well-defined instructions. It tells a computer how to transform a set of facts about the world into usable information. [Feiyang Fang] Ambient Light Refers to the availability of light in and around the subject in focus while taking a photograph using a camera.

Flashes are used to compensate for deficiency of ambient light

in low light conditions [Madhukar Shandilya] Analog to Digital Converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) An analog to digital converter also known as an ADC is any device that converts analog signals (continuous quantity) into digital signals (discrete time). Also, an analog to digital converter is a device that digitizes any printed material into a digitized copy.

[Madhukar Shandilya] Anti-Aliasing A technique that minimizes/smooths out the jaggedness of the edges of objects. It is used for both audio and digital files and is used by sampling objects (from a higher resolution) to a lower resolution. [Wren Yilmaz] Aperture The opening of a camera lens that controls the amount of light/pencil rays that can be captured. Alongside the focal length of the camera, it determines the angle in which the rays are focused on and influences range of focus and other image attributes. [Wren Yilmaz] Apple ProRes Apple ProRes is a high quality, lossy video compression format developed by Apple Inc. for use in post-production that supports video resolution up to 8K. It is the successor of the Apple Intermediate Codec and was introduced in 2007 with Final Cut Studio 2. Much like the H.26x and MPEG standards, the ProRes family of codecs use compression algorithms based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT). ProRes is widely used as a final format delivery method for HD broadcast files in commercials, features, Bluray and streaming. [Boyuan Zheng] Aps-c - Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) An image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C (“Classic”) format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 31.15 mm field diameter. It is therefore also equivalent in size to the Super 35 motion picture film format, which has the dimensions of 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in) and Ø 31.11 mm field diameter. [Boyuan Zheng] Archive An archive is an accumulation of historical records. It stores in any media or physical facility. [Feiyang Fang] ARW Meaning ‘Sony Alpha Raw’, is a raw image file, which is used only by Sony digital cameras. This file contains uncompressed, raw image data, and when this format is used, all the data captured by the camera’s CCD is saved using TIFF specifications. The good thing about ARW files is that these

files store more image data than compressed files, such as .JPG – meaning that you will be able to take higher quality photos with them, and will be able to capture significant image details, as well as, edit them more precisely. However, considering that ARW files are large, you would need to have more external storage and a memory card with fast writing speed, in order to make your after-storing and post-processing journey easier. [Ermira Karavidaj] Aspect Ratio Aspect ratio refers to the ratio of the width and height of an image. Commonly expressed as two numbers with a “:” symbol in between. Examples include 16:9 , 2.39:1 etc. Widely used aspect ratios include 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in film photography, 4:3 and 16:9 in displays and televisions. [Madhukar Shandilya] Audio Video Interleave (AVI) Microsoft’s multimedia format during the ’90s to deliver, edit, and playback videos through the system. It is a similar concept to Mac QuickTime. [Saralee DaPonte] Auto mode Auto mode is an exposure mode of a DSLR in which the camera sets all the parameters for the photographer in a way the camera’s algorithm determines the best way to photograph and obtain usable results. [Boyuan Zheng] Back Printing Back Printing, also known as Reverse Printing, is used to print things on the reverse side of objects, whether those are post stamps, posters, or different kinds of printed materials.

Therefore, Back printing is printing something on the back of documents or different objects. [Ermira Karavidaj] Backup A backup means it is a copy of computer data taken and stored elsewhere. when the original data is lost, it can be used to restore the original data. [Feiyang Fang] Back light Back light describes the process of illuminating the subject or person from the back, which causes the subject to look darker with a glowing edge. [Najiang An] Banding Banding is one of the most common and annoying digital image problems, which mostly can show up in areas that consist of solid colors, such as studio backgrounds, or even the sky. Banding gives an inaccurate color representation on the picture, rather than showing the true colors that were used. veffect on banding, when we can see that the transition between tones, therefore, a visible stepping of shades in a gradient shown in a picture have reduced the ‘smoothness’ of the image. This Glossary 59

usually will result in creating patterns of vertical or horizontal lines within a picture, which are mostly visible in the background.

[Ermira Karavidaj] Bayer Pattern Bayer Pattern is the sensor technology used in most cameras. It was invented by Bryce Bayer then employed at Kodak. The Bayer pattern dedicates more pixels to green to better produce color that emulates human vision. [Feiyang Fang] Beta Test Beta testing is an opportunity to help the engineer find any bugs or issues before releasing a product to a wide audience. It’s for real users to use a product in a production environment. [Feiyang Fang] Binary Binary is a computer system, only includes 0 and 1 to represent all things. [Feiyang Fang] Bit Depth Bit depth is the number of colors that can be displayed by a digital device. The higher the bit depth, the more colors used in the image. It causes the larger the file size.

It is sometimes described as tonal resolution [Feiyang Fang] Bitmap A digital image composed of a matrix of dots, that each correspond with an individual pixel on display. These dots are each assigned a different color and used to represent the larger image [Stephanie Berman] Black Point A black point is an area of the image that is maximum black defined as 0 brightness. It is vital for a photograph to manage black point settings consistently.

When people convert a digital color file to a black and white photograph they must place the Black Point by carefully watching the histogram. [Feiyang Fang] Blur Tool In Adobe Photoshop, takes the selected pixels in an object and decreases sharpness, lowering the contrast between each pixel and making them appear less focused.

[Billy Lawrence] BMP BMP stands for Bitmap Image File, which is a widely used raster graphic format for saving image files. BMP was firstly introduced on Windows, however, now it is recognized on other programs, such as Macs and other PCs. The BMP format collects color data for each pixel in the picture with no compression, and it allows you to save high-quality, crisp graphics, as well as, it creates large file sizes. Images saved in BMP format are device independent, and can be shown with 60 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

no graphics adapter. [Ermira Karavidaj] Boolean Search It is a system that recognizes terms and phrases allowing for truth or false outcomes as well increasing the search results. [Saralee DaPonte] Brightness Brightness is an attribute of perception. The perception is not linear to luminance, and relies on the context of the viewing environment. [Feiyang Fang] Browser Browser is a program that lets you look at or read documents on the world wide web. For example Safari, Firefox or Chrome. [Feiyang Fang] Buffer Memory Buffer memory is a region of physical memory storage. It is always used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another. [Feiyang Fang] Bug (computer science) A bug is usually an error, flaw or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways.

[Boyuan Zheng] Burn Tool In Adobe Photoshop, darkens the selected pixels by decreasing the brightness value and adding black and shadows.

[Billy Lawrence] Cache This refers to the hardware or software aspect of a computer that holds onto data so it can be accessed in the future when it is needed. Cache can be routinely deleted, or it can remain on the system for convenient storage to remember data. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Byte A single unit of digital data that represents a single alphanumeric character when grouped together. Each character is usually represented in groups of 8. [Wren Yilmaz] Calibrator A calibrator is an equipment used to adjust an instrument’s accuracy. It delivers predictable, accurate results that meet quality standards.Through calibration, the equipment will perform as expected. [Feiyang Fang] Calibration Changing the behavior of a device to align with a certain output or display standard. [Avalon Peyton] Camera RAW Adobe Camera Raw, which lets you import and enhance raw images, has been a must-have tool for professional photographers right since it was first released in 2003. Applications that support Adobe Camera Raw include Photoshop, Photoshop Elements, After Effects, and Bridge. Additionally, Adobe Lightroom is built upon the same powerful raw image processing technology

that powers Adobe Camera Raw. [Feiyang Fang] Candid A portrait that is taken when the subject is not posed.

Sometimes they are not aware that it is being taken, sometimes they are. [Avalon Peyton] Catalog Used to organize files in a computer system by titles, alphabetical order, or numbers. [Saralee DaPonte] CCD Sensor Also known as Charged Coupled Device Sensor, is a camera sensor used in digital imaging. CCD sensors are integrated circuits using semiconductors, and they record the intensity of light as variable charges. Although they have been replaced by the cheaper and efficient CMOS sensor, they are still widely used in advanced photography such as in astronomy, biomedical imaging and microscopy [Madhukar Shandilya] Channel Channels are grayscale images that store different types of information. For example, an RGB image has a channel for red, green and blue, and one addition no composite channel used for editing the image. [Najiang An] Characterization Characterization is the act of the portrayal or description of a person or a thing. It is an artistic representation, such as in movies or books, where the description of a human character is being written or shown.

Therefore, it is the process by which it reveals the personality of a character, which can be shown through direct or indirect characterization. Direct Characterization tells the audience upfront what the character’s personality is, meanwhile, the Indirect Characterization shows things that reveal its personality. [Ermira Karavidaj] Chromatic When one hue/wavelength predominates the color. These types of colors are considered to be “pure” as they contain no shades or tints (example: blue and yellow). [Wren Yilmaz] Chromatic Aberration An optical issue found in lenses where the colors in the image are unfocused, causing blur. [Avalon Peyton] Chromaticity Chromaticity shows the quality of colors defined by its dominant or complementary wavelength and purity, independent of its brightness. In other words, chromaticity measures the quality of color of something seen, which consist of two independent parameters: hue and saturation. [Ermira

Karavidaj] Clipping This refers to a distortion in an audio recording or brightness that happens when an amplifier or sensor iis not capable of delivering an output voltage or current past its own capability. It can sound like the audio is skipping itself or breaking itself. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Clone Stamp Tool In Adobe Photoshop, the user selects the pixels they would like to replicate with a Ctrl-Click, and then the user goes over the area where they would like to use those new pixels and then just clicks, creating a clone of those pixels. The cloned area moves along with the paintbrush area. [Billy Lawrence] Close-Up Lens Close-Up Lenses are secondary lenses that are used in photography, which allows you to bring the camera closer to the subject, which results in making the image of the subject larger. The Close-Up Lens allows the primary lens to focus on the subject more closely, which gives the photographer more possibilities while taking pictures. [Ermira Karavidaj] CMOS Stands for complementary metal oxide semiconductor is an electronic chip that converts photons to electrons for digital processing. They are sensors that create images in digital cameras. [Stephanie Berman] CMYK CMYK refers to the four ink plates used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). The CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. [Feiyang Fang] Codec Codec is a device or a software program that is able to compress data, meaning that it makes it use less space, which then allows the data to transmit at a faster pace. In addition to that, Codec can also decompress data that was sent, which means that the data would be used or seen in its original form.

[Ermira Karavidaj] Code Poetry Code poetry is a combination of classic poetry and running codes. It has to read and it has to run; other than that, there are no other restrictions on code poetry. [Boyuan Zheng] Cognitive Domain Is one of the three learning domains. It can be divided into 6 sublets: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating. [Boyuan Zheng] Cold Shoe Is a development of “accessory shoe”. Different from a hot shoe. A cold shoe is a mounting point on the top of a camera Glossary 61

to attach devices that don’t need power or control from cameras they are attached to, for example, tripods. [Boyuan Zheng] Color Hue Hue is the main characteristic in color, the pure color. The color is not mixed with another color. Meaning, the colors we are able to see with the human eye. We have primary colors and secondary colors. So we have yellow, orange, red, violet, blue and lastly, green. Tertiary colors are the colors when mixed. These would be, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blousegreen, blue-violet, red-violet, and red-orange. [Lexie LaBarge] Color Adaptation Color adaptation is the changes in visual perception of color with prolonged stimulation or the adjustment of vision to degree of brightness or color tone of illumination. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Checker The ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart (often referred to by its original name, the Macbeth ColorChecker or simply Macbeth chart) is a color calibration target consisting of a cardboard-framed arrangement of 24 squares of painted samples. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Chroma Chroma is the departure degree of a color from the neutral color of the same value. Colors of low chroma are sometimes called “weak,” while those of high chroma are said to be “highly saturated,” “strong,” or “vivid.” [Xiangyu Deng] Color Discrimination The degree to which one can notice small changes of color. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Filter Array In digital imaging, a color filter array (CFA) is a mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the pixel sensors of an image sensor to capture color information. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Management In digital imaging systems, color management is the controlled conversion between the color representations of various devices, such as image scanners, digital cameras, monitors, TV screens, film printers, computer printers, offset presses, and corresponding media. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Separation A means of dividing a full color photograph into four separate components, corresponding to the four colors used in process color printing—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. [Xiangyu Deng] Color Temperature Color temperature is a method to describe the light appearance provided by a light source. The units to 62 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

measure color temperature are in degrees Kelvin (K) on a scale from 1000 K to 10000 K. [Madhukar Shandilya] Color Tolerance How drastic the difference between a sample and an original color for the sample to be considered acceptable.

[Avalon Peyton] Color Value Refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It lets us know how much light has affected the color. When adding value white is added to create a “tint” to show light value and when creating dark value the color black will be used and that is labeled “shades” [Lexie LaBarge] Color Profiling Having RGB or CMYK set to a specific color space which allows for the exact reproduction of colors in both digital and printed locations. [Avalon Peyton] Colorimetric Rendering Colors outside a given gamut, or range, are forced into the range to its closest value, leaving distinct colors out of the final rendered product. [Billy Lawrence] Compact Flash Compact Flash is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices. [Xiangyu Deng] Composite This is created by combining multiple images into a single one in order to remove unwanted elements from the original image. [Avalon Peyton] Composition The way in which an image or a film is arranged visually. There are many different aspects of composition that can make the visual more dynamic. Examples being the Rule of Thirds, Negative Space, Leading Lines, etc. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Compression In signal processing, data compression is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. A device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder. [Xiangyu Deng] Contact Sheet A single piece of photographic paper which includes small versions of a series of negatives. Contact sheets are used for reference as a small gallery of a group of images [Boris Sapozhnikov] Content Management When it comes to content management it is all about set processes that help manage, and broadcast information in any artistic expression. When publishing this information it can be on any kind of media. [Lexie LaBarge]

Contrast Contrast is the difference in luminance or colour that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable. [Xiangyu Deng] Cookies Cookies are text files with data that are used to identify your computer while using a computer network, and it helps to improve your web browsing experience. All data stored in a cookie is created by the server upon your connection and it is unique to your computer. [Najiang An] Copyright The exclusive legal right that allows the owner to make copies of a creative work. It is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work.

[Najiang An] CPU CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, which is the primary component of a computer that executes instructions comprising a computer program. It performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output. [Najiang An] Creative Commons Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization, which works as a public copyright license that allows the free usage of an otherwise copyrighted work. A Creative Commons license is put to work when an author wants to give other people the right to use, share, or even build upon a work that the author itself has created. Creative Commons’ goal is to help every person and organization in the world to get copyright permission from other artists to use their work in a free, simple, and standardized way. By doing this, content creators, such as Youtubers for example, can copy, distribute and make use of those works, without getting into any legal battle with artists who have created the original work. [Ermira Karavidaj] Cropped Sensor Sensor size is something that everyone needs to decide on when buying a digital camera. Within that, there are the two most popular ones, being the cropped sensor and the ones with the full frame sensors. A full frame sensor has the same dimensions as a 35mm film, therefore, it gives you a broader dynamic range and a higher quality image.

Meanwhile, the cropped sensor is smaller than 35mm size, which will introduce you to the crop factor that will be applied to the pictures taken with cameras like this. This basically means that the edges of the pictures you will be taking will be cropped, which will result in getting a tighter field of view

on the image. Even though using the cropped sensor you will get lower image quality, and won’t be able to shoot images where you capture everything around you, you can use the cropped sensor in situations where you would need to get as close as possible, such as when shooting wildlife or sports and so forth.

[Ermira Karavidaj] Cathode Ray Tube CRT Vacuum tube that creates images when electron beams strike its phosphorescent surface. [Xiangyu Deng] CRW The extension of CRW used by Canon and is the camera raw image file, which contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, a motion picture film scanner, or other image scanner. [Xiangyu Deng] Database Server It is part of a DAM system. Also, these are known as Relational Databases, which use indexes to connect essential information. [Saralee DaPonte] Derivative Files This is considered a preview to see what an asset looks like before making it official through Digital Asset Management Systems. This preview software offers thumbnail images, Flash Video, low resolution, watermarked images, etc.

[Saralee DaPonte] Digitization It is a process of transferring information or physical assets into digital equivalents’ by using media that Digital Asset Management software accepts by scanning images or videos.

[Saralee DaPonte] Dark Adaptation Dark adaptation refers to how the eye recovers its sensitivity in the dark following exposure to bright lights.

[Xiangyu Deng] Deming, Edward (1900-1993) Widely acknowledged as the leading management thinker in the field of total quality management (TQM) in the mid 20th century. His views were considered highly unorthodox in the US. He was a statistician and business consultant. He went to Japan where he aided recovery after the Second World War and beyond. He conceived and subscribed to the TQM program that looked at (1) continuous improvement, (2) Six Sigma, (3) employee empowerment, (4) benchmarking, (5) just-in-time (JIT), (6) Taguchi concepts, and (7) knowledge of TQM tools. [Michael Peres] Demosaicing A demosaicing (also de-mosaicing, demosaicking or debayering) algorithm is a digital image process used to Glossary 63

Depth of Field this refers to how much distance is in between the closest and farthest object with a properly sharp focal point in an image. [Lexie LaBarge] Derivative File Often called service, access, delivery, viewing, or output files, derivative files are by their nature secondary items, generally not considered to be permanent parts of an archival collection or the work of artists who build new work using pre-existing work. [Xiangyu Deng] Descreen The array of dots used in the magazine halftone printing process is called a screen, and to remove these dots is called descreen. [Xiangyu Deng] Destructive Image Processing Making physical changes to an image’s pixels that cannot be undone. [Avalon Peyton] Device Dependent Color A device dependent colour space is a colour space where the resultant colour depends on the equipment and the set-up used to produce it. [Xiangyu Deng] Device Independent Color Space A device independent colour space is one where the coordinates used to specify the colour will produce the same colour wherever they are applied. [Xiangyu Deng] Digital Asset this is when anything that is in digital content follows with a right to use by the people. There are databases that do not allow you to carry the right which in the end is not an asset. [Lexie LaBarge] DAM Digital Asset Management refers to a system that stores, shares, and organizes digital assets such as pictures, videos and data. [Najiang An] Diaphragm The mechanical device inside the lens of a camera that controls the aperture. [Avalon Peyton] Diffuser Diffuser is a tool that a photographer would use to soften the light by placing it in front of a direct light source.

[Najiang An] Digital Conservation In the field of archiving data, digital conservation is the process of converting analog forms of data and information into digital information and ensuring accessibility and continuity of flow of data and/or information.

[Madhukar Shandilya] Digital Janitor A software application that allows you to sort different types of files through the setup of certain conditions.

[Wren Yilmaz] 64 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Digital Noise Digital noise are random pixels that can appear when you are taking photos with digital cameras in difficult situations. It usually appears when you take the photo in a dark environment or with high amplification. [Najiang An] Digital Workflow A step by step system created and used to achieve company goals and best practices. [Avalon Peyton] Digital Pipeline A set of steps that contribute to digital file movements when one part changes the rest is affected as well.

[Avalon Peyton] Digitizing Digitizing means creating a digital representation for physical objects or attributes. For example, scanning a paper document and converting it to PNG or PDF files. [Najiang An] Display Gamma Display Gamma or Gamma Correction or just Gamma in simple terms can be described on how smoothly the blacks transitions to white on a digital display like LCDs. [Madhukar Shandilya] Distinct Vision (Least Distance) An optometry term referring to the minimum distance someone with average vision (25cm) can comfortably or clearly view something. [Stephanie Berman] Distribution Channel Methods used by a company to deliver their products or services to its audience or consumer. This network involves businesses such as manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers Also refers to how digital data is shared to external audiences. [Stephanie Berman] DNG Digital Negative File This is Adobe’s lossless raw image format that takes inspiration from the .TIFF format. It is a RAW file that can be accessed using various image editing software. Compared to a .JPG file, it is not compressed. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Dodge Tool In Adobe Photoshop, the dodge tool lightens the pixels selected and painted over by increasing the brightness value. [Billy Lawrence] DPI DPI stands for Dots Per Inch. It is a measure unit for image resolution both on screen and in prints by determining how many dots fit into a linear inch. With higher DPI, more detailed the image is. [Najiang An] Driver In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems

and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used.

DSLR camera DSLR is short for digital single-lens reflex camera.

A DSLR is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex (SLR) camera with a digital imaging sensor. SLR camera is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence “R” from the mirror’s reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. [Xiangyu Deng] Dominant Eye The dominant eye is like the dominant hand that we use more than the other. It provides more input to the visual cortex of your brain and relays information more accurately.

[Xiangyu Deng] Dynamic Range Dynamic range is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light. It is measured either as a ratio or as a base-10 (decibel) or base2 (doublings, bits or stops) logarithmic value of the difference between the smallest and largest signal values. [Xiangyu Deng] Ef-m Ef-m is a derivative of the Canon EF lens mount designed for use with the Canon EOS M mirrorless interchangeablelens camera. The EF-M lens mount is one of Canon’s two new systems for mirrorless cameras, the other being the RF mount.

[Boyuan Zheng] EPS In computing, EPS is short for Encapsulated PostScript, a Document Structuring Convention–conforming (DSC) PostScript document format usable as a graphics file format.

[Xiangyu Deng] Exposure In photographic terms, the amount of light which is allowed to enter a camera lens to be captured by a camera’s sensor or film. Exposures can be good or bad. [Billy Lawrence] Epson v700 A high quality, flatbed scanner used to scan photographs and other materials. [Avalon Peyton] Eyedropper Tool (Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign) A tool used to sample a color on the screen and use it again. This sample can come from anywhere in your screen. [Avalon Peyton] File Format A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits

are used to encode information in a digital storage medium.

Some common file types are PDF, TIF, JPG, DOC and BMP. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Fill light Fill light is the light that was used to reduce the contrast of the scene, so the dark area under the main light won’t be as dark. [Najiang An] Firewire A method of transferring information. It is also called IEEE 1394 or I. LINK. It uses a high-speed computer data-transfer interface to connect personal computers, audio, video devices, and other professional and consumer electronics. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Flash Video (FLV) It is connected with Flash player by allowing any id compressed video to be played through the internet. In order to be able to play the video through FLV, the file size must be smaller than the conventional video. [Saralee DaPonte] Flicker A flicker is the appearance of flashing or unsteadiness in an image on a display screen. [Xiangyu Deng] Focal Length The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the system’s optical power. A positive focal length indicates that a system converges light, while a negative focal length indicates that the system diverges light. A system with a shorter focal length bends the rays more sharply, bringing them to a focus in a shorter distance or diverging them more quickly.

[Xiangyu Deng] Focal Plane Shutter A type of photographic shutter that is located directly in front of a camera’s focal plane. [Avalon Peyton] Frame Rate in film/ video, a frame rate refers to the number of still images per second which are played back to give the illusion of motion. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Framing The placement, structure, and presentation of visual elements in an image to emphasize composition, contrast and depth. [Stephanie Berman] Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) It is a compressor and decompressor that allows digital audio file size to be reduced without damaging the file or losing any of the file’s data information. [Saralee DaPonte] FTP FTP means the File Transfer Protocol, it is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. It is built on a Glossary 65

client server model architecture which is using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Gamut The complete scope or range of colors that are visible to the human eye or particular device. [Stephanie Berman] Gantt Chart It is a commonly used graphical depiction of a project schedule. It’s a type of bar chart that shows the start and finish dates of several elements of a project that include resources, milestones, tasks, and dependencies. [Cynthia (Qing He)] GIF gif is short for “graphics interchange format” which is a format that allows an image to be supported in animated and motionless format. [Lexie LaBarge] Gigabyte also known as “GB” has numerous amounts of unite byte that stores digital information. Breaking it down further, giga means 10 to the power of 9 so gigabyte has one million bytes. [Lexie LaBarge] Global Shutter Global Shutter mode, also known as a ‘Snapshot’, allows all the cameras to read the whole sensor all at once, which means that it captures the full scene from top to bottom all together. More specifically, global shutter mode captures all the pixels within the frame of the lens at the very same time; meaning that the sensor takes a picture of the whole scene in one moment using all of the pixels at the same time – without scanning, rolling, skewing, or blurring the picture. This mode enables ‘freeze frame’, in order to catch fast moving or fast changing situations – such as taking pictures of moving cars, birds flying, and so forth. [Ermira Karavidaj] Gradation The transition from one color/hue to the next. [Wren Yilmaz] Grayscale This means it has a range of shades or tones from white to black, a very monochromatic display. [Lexie LaBarge] Gutter The blank space down the center of the book where the pages meet. [Avalon Peyton] Halftone Dot This refers to the reprographic technique that creates a gradient by only using dots in varying size and/or spacing. The first documented halftone photograph was of Prince Arthur in 1869. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] HDMI HDMI or High Definition Multimedia Interface is a proprietary audio/video interface used to transfer multimedia, 66 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

especially uncompressed video data from an HDMI-compliant source device like Secondary Displays, Projectors, DSLRs, CamCorders etc. [Madhukar Shandilya] HDR HDR stands for High Dynamic Range. This term is often used in digital imaging & audio production describing higher contrast between the brightest and darkest parts of the photo. [Najiang An] HEIC High Efficiency Image File Format This file format can house one image or multiple images at a time and they tend to be higher resolution than .JPG files. It is commonly used in Apple products with an iOS 11 update and higher. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] High Key Image High key image is a type of photography that works with very bright lights, in order to eliminate or get rid of dark shadows that may be in pictures. Therefore, by using high key lighting you will be achieving an image free from dark tones, which has a reduced lighting ratio; as well as, it is considered as being more upbeat and positive. Television and old movies had high contrast ratio problems, which is why applying high key images here was very common, since it reduced the lighting ratio – removing all the dark shadows present in the scenes.

Nowadays, high key images are also used a lot for portrait and product photography. [Ermira Karavidaj] Histogram When talking about photography, this is a graph that depicts the range of light shown in an image. The bottom of the histogram shows 0% brightness on the left and 100% brightness on the right side. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Hot Folder Also known as the “watched folder directory,” The Dam system monitors this; and all files that are placed into this folder will be imported into the DAM system. [Saralee DaPonte] HMI Human-Machine Interface is a user interface or dashboard that connects a person to a machine, system, or device. While the term can technically be applied to any screen that allows a user to interact with a device. It is most commonly used in the context of an industrial process. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Hot shoe A hot shoe is a mounting point on the top of a camera to attach a flash unit and other compatible accessories. It takes the form of an angled metal bracket surrounding a metal contact point which completes an electrical connection between camera and accessory for standard, brand-independent flash synchronization. [Boyuan Zheng]

HTML the term for this is “hyper text markup language” and it is used for document creation to be used as a web browser.

After creating a html document it gives document access for headings, graphs, text, graphics and much more. [Lexie LaBarge] Human Vision Human vision is a complex process that is not yet completely understood, despite hundreds of years of study and research. The complex physical process of visualizing something involves the nearly simultaneous interaction of the eyes and the brain through a network of neurons, receptors, and other specialized cells. [Cynthia (Qing He)] ICC ICC stands for INTERNATIONAL COLOR CONSORTIUM. They provide data that defines the colors input vs its output in color management.[Avalon Peyton] Illuminance within photography gives the total flux per unit of a surface. It is how to measure how much light will be needed to illuminate the surface. It also can be broken down into the wavelength from the luminosity to equal out how the human uses the brightness concept. [Lexie LaBarge] Image Editor The person is a professional who collects, reviews, and chooses photographs and photo illustrations for publication in alignment with preset guidelines. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Image Master A special backup of a computer with default software configurations and operating system settings that can be copied easily to multiple computers to speed up mass computer installations. It also allows for easy reconfigurations of computers and devices and prevents public users from changing system configurations. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Image Profile A file’s attributes used all across the platforms both for business and personal use so that data is displayed correctly. [Saralee DaPonte] Imaging A process that produces digital images from objects.

Often it includes images that are the result of computer processing and includes images from a scanner for example.

[Avalon Peyton] Index Measures the population of interest against the total population. For example, the relative difference between viewers of the Superbowl and the total audience size of television. [Stephanie Berman]

Ingestion The general process of supplying, importing or uploading media to a Digital Asset Management system. Media can be categorized with information/metadata to allow digital users to search and access these digital assets. Ex: Rochester [Stephanie Berman] Inkjet Type of electrical printer that recreates digital images by spraying droplets of ink onto paper which was first developed in the 1950’s. [Stephanie Berman] Instructor Aided Instruction Learning method where there is an importance in interaction among a student and their teacher.

[Avalon Peyton] Interpolation Process in image processing which analyzes data in original images and creates new ones, usually pertaining to color pixels and adding deeper saturation. [Stephanie Berman] International Standards Organization The International Standards Organization is an independent, non-governmental organization that is composed of representatives from different national standards organizations. The organization has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and works in 165 countries, while it develops and issues worldwide technical, industrial and commercial standards. They are the world’s largest developer of voluntary international standards and it assists the progress of world trade by providing common standards among nations.

These standards help businesses all around in growing their productivity while minimizing errors; this all happens because by enabling products from various markets to be directly compared, they help businesses to enter new markets and facilitate the development of global trade. Beyond all of this, they also raise public awareness of standards and standardization, while they also promote the teaching of standardization, by taking part directly in a joint masters program, and supporting their members in setting up similar programs. [Ermira Karavidaj] IT8 It is a set of American National Standards Institute standards for color communications and control specifications. IT8 activities were merged with those of the Committee for Graphics Arts Technologies Standards in 1994. [Cynthia (Qing He)] IPTC (International Press Telecommunications Council) Group of people who predict changes in news agencies and newspapers. [Avalon Peyton] ISO ISO refers to the “sensitivity of light” of the camera sensor. The Glossary 67

higher the ISO number, higher is the capability of the image sensor in the camera to take better pictures in low light conditions. Standard ISO ratings in cameras range from 100 to 25600. Taking pictures in higher ISOs generally leads to a phenomenon known as image noise. Therefore, it is advisable to not go beyond the 6000 ISO while taking photographs, even during low light conditions. [Madhukar Shandilya] Java Java is an object-oriented programming language that produces software for multiple platforms. [Najiang An] JPEG or JPG is a type of format to compress files of photos [Lexie LaBarge] JPG2000 is an archival image format that uses state-of -theart compression techniques and offers an extremely high level of scalability and accessibility and lossless image compression.

JPEG 2000 is not supported by all image processing programs [Najiang An] Keyword This is typically a word that users would input in their search bar to locate a certain file or information. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Keystone The distortion of a rectangular object in a photograph caused by the lens which makes the object appear trapezoidal. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Kilobyte A small unit of digital data that is greater than a byte.

One kilobyte is equal to 1000 bytes (x10^3). [Wren Yilmaz] LAB Color A device-independent color space based on a 3-axis system which ensures that colors look the same regardless of which meda they are viewed or printed on. The three axes are: A: red to green, B: blue to yellow, and L: a lightness axis. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Lasso Tool In Adobe Creative Suite programs, most notably Photoshop, it allows for a freehand selection of pixels within an area selected. [Billy Lawrence] Lavalier Microphone A lavalier microphone or lavalier (also known as a lav, lapel mic, clip mic, body mic, collar mic, neck mic or personal mic) is a small microphone used for television, theater, and public speaking applications in order to allow for hands-free operation. They are most commonly provided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing.

The cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept in a pocket or clipped to a belt or 68 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

routed directly to the mixer or a recording device. [Boyuan Zheng] Layer An element of an image which can be manipulated separately from the rest of the image. [Boris Sapozhnikov] LCD Liquid Crystal Display is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. Also, it is the electronically modulated optical device that uses the lightmodulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.

[Cynthia (Qing He)] Leaf Shutter a camera shutter composed of a number of “leaves” or blades which are arranged in a circular pattern. The delay between opening and closing of the shutter determines the exposure time of a photograph. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Learning Objective Comprehensive Statements usually pertaining to a course, unit, or project describing the academic or tangible goals to be met over a period of time. Used to establish expectations and standards between students and teachers.

[Stephanie Berman] LED LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, which is a semiconductor which emits light when voltage is applied to its electrodes. They are very efficient sources of light and do not consume much power. [Madhukar Shandilya] Legacy File Format Saving to an older version of a file that you are currently working in. [Avalon Peyton] Levels The tonal range of an image. Adjusting the levels brightens or darkens the highlights of shadows of an image.

[Boris Sapozhnikov] Light Adaptation A biological process that allows your eye to adjust to conditions of high illumination or brightness. The contraction of one’s pupil and decrease in rhodopsin allows eyes to adapt to changing conditions. Ex: The adjustment made when you go from a dimly lit interior to sunny outdoor conditions.

[Stephanie Berman] Light Meter An instrument that is used to measure the intensity of light, amount of light falling on different subjects. It can give values such as the ISO, aperture number or the shutter speed and can be used while photographing subjects [Madhukar Shandilya] Linear Scanning Device A machine capable of scanning multiple objects of various types and structures at once, along the same plane. [Billy Lawrence]

Lossless Lossless files are the type of media files that are not degraded in quality while they are reproduced. They offer users with high definition media content with sample rates much higher than normal CDs. Examples of Lossless file formats are .PNG, .BMP and RAW. [Madhukar Shandilya] Lossy Compression In contrast to Lossless compression, Lossy compression are file types that are meant to reduce the size of the file, consequently reducing the quality of media encoded within the file. Examples of Lossy files are .GIF and .JPG [Madhukar Shandilya] Low key Image Low key image is the type of photography that involves shooting in dark-colored locations, where natural light/artificial light (such as lamps) can be used in only a defined area of the frame. Therefore, in order to take low key images, you would need your camera, an object/person, and one source of light, whether that is natural or artificial. Low key images mostly consist of dark colors and tones, and these pictures are usually filled with mystery and with drama. These types of pictures were used during the Renaissance and Baroque, and they were shown in different types of painting methods, such as sfumato and chiaroscuro. Artists, such as Rembrandt, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rubens used this style; in their painting you could see that darkness was the important component of the painting, and the light in the painting was coming from one single source only. [Ermira Karavidaj] Low Light Vision It was a type of vision that many creatures had. It allowed them to see further in areas that only had a small amount of light. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Luminance a measure which describes the amount of light that is reflected from, emitted from, or passes through a given area. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Macro Lens It is one which allows you to take sharp, detailed, close-up photos of small subjects such as flowers, plants, insects, and products. A macro lens is a camera lens designed for photographing small subjects at very close distances.

[Cynthia (Qing He)] Manual mode Manual mode is an exposure mode of a DSLR in which photographer has full manual control of aperture and shutter speed and ISO settings. [Boyuan Zheng] Media is one of the platforms that we receive from many

forms of communication. We have laptops, phones, newspapers, magazines, tv, to rely on. Media can also be used as a storage for data. There is computer media that has hard drives, CD’s, USB and many more forms. [Lexie LaBarge] Media Memory Card this is an electric cartridge used for storage in a computer, phone, camera, that helps holding digital information. [Lexie LaBarge] Media Distribution When a brand or company needs to expand their market to succeed further, they will use online such as Social Media platforms, newspaper press, influencers for advertising and spreading the word of their brand or company. [Saralee DaPonte] Media Foundations Media foundations is a graduate level course offered in the RIT College of Art and Design. The course investigates the creation, workflow and output of digital media files, using a variety of capture devices including digital cameras, smartphones, 2D/3D scanners, audio and video recording devices. [Boyuan Zheng] Medium format Medium format has traditionally referred to a film format in photography and the related cameras and equipment that use film. Nowadays, the term applies to film and digital cameras that record images on media larger than 24 mm × 36 mm (0.94 in × 1.42 in) digital used in 135 film or 35 mm (1.4 in) photography, but smaller than 4 in × 5 in (100 mm × 130 mm).

[Boyuan Zheng] Megabyte is for measuring the size of large files like high resolution of JPEG files or uncompressed raw files. [Lexie LaBarge] Megapixel One million pixels. Megapixels are used to define the resolution of a digital image. The more megapixels in an image, the higher the resolution. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Memory stick The Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format, originally launched by Sony in late 1998. In addition to the original Memory Stick, this family includes the Memory Stick PRO, a revision that allows greater maximum storage capacity and faster file transfer speeds; Memory Stick Duo, a small-formfactor version of the Memory Stick (including the PRO Duo); the even smaller Memory Stick Micro (M2), and the Memory Stick PROHG, a high speed variant of the PRO to be used in high-definition video and still cameras. In 2010 Sony started to support the SD card format. Sony continued to support Memory Stick on certain Glossary 69

Message Delivery Message delivery means that the message you have sent to a specific person has been delivered. In other words, the message has reached the final destination, and it has been successfully delivered to the other person. [Ermira Karavidaj] Metadata A set of data that describes the properties, administrations, and the rights of an image or .raw data file.

[Billy Lawrence] Metamerism It is a phenomenon where the color of two objects appear the same under a particular light source, but actually have different spectral energy distributions. When a different kind of light source is used, the color difference between them is revealed. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Metering It refers to how the camera determines what the correct shutter speed and the aperture should be depending on the amount of light and ISO settings [Madhukar Shandilya] Migration It is when a technology system such as hardware or software upgrades to a newer version. It also could mean when someone transfers their hardware or/and software to a different computer. [Saralee DaPonte] Mirrorless Camera As opposed to a Single Reflex Camera (SLR) which uses mirrors to reflect an image from the lens onto the sensor, a mirrorless camera’s sensor is positioned directly behind the lens. This allows cameras to be much smaller without sacrificing image quality. Mirrorless cameras also tend to be better for capturing video. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Moire Pattern In mathematics, physics, and art, they are large scale interference patterns that can be produced when an opaque ruled pattern with transparent gaps is overland on another similar pattern. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Monochromatic A color scheme that focuses only on one color in varying tones, shades, and tints. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] .MOV This multimedia file is also known as a QuickTime File Format (QTFF), meaning it was created and exported from Apple’s QuickTime Player. It can contain audio, video, and text.

[Ashley Somchanhmavong] MP4 it is a digital multimedia holder that is used to store videos, music or photos. This device also allows the use of streaming the internet. [Lexie LaBarge] Munsell Color System Similar to LAB color, this color space 70 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

uses a 3-axis system including hue, chroma and value. It is based on the way the human eye perceives color. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Native White Point The natural color emitted from an LCD monitor’s backlight. The color can be adjusted by manipulating the corresponding Kelvin degree setting of the screen’s color temperature. [Stephanie Berman] NEF The raw image format or digital negatives, captured by Nikon camera. Contains all image information, including lens used and camera settings. [Stephanie Berman] Negative Space A composition technique where areas are purposely left blank to create a dynamic contrast against the other subjects in the arrangement. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Negative Film negative film is an analog material that when exposed and developed, creates the lightest area of the photograph to be the darkest in the negative, and the darkest areas of the scene would appear to be the lightest in the film.

[Najiang An] Offset Lithography It is a method of mass-production printing in which the images on metal plates are transferred to rubber blankets or rollers and then to the print media. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Omaha’s Premiere Project Management (OPPM) Is a property management company, which is based in Omaha, and handles the metro area, as well as, Bennington, Bluffs and Gretna. The OPPM is in charge of taking care of properties that are owned by investors, and they currently manage over 1,200 units in the Omaha metro area. [Ermira Karavidaj] OpenFrameWorks OpenFrameworks is an open source toolkit designed for creative coding founded by Zachary Lieberman, Theo Watson and Arturo Castro. OpenFrameworks is written in C++ and built on top of OpenGL. It runs on Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android and Emscripten. It is maintained by Zachary Lieberman, Theo Watson and Arturo Castro with contributions by other members of the openFrameworks community. [Boyuan Zheng] Open Source This refers to Open Source Software (OSS) that is made by and for the people to use for free. It encourages collaborative efforts between peers to create and develop new work based off of already-made software. [Ashley Somchanhmavong]

Optical Resolution It describes the ability of an imaging system to resolve detail in the object that is being imaged.

An imaging system may have many individual components including a lens and recording and display components.

[Cynthia (Qing He)] Optimization It is a term when someone finds the best and fastest way to discover a solution to improve the system’s profits or imaging workflow. [Saralee DaPonte] Output this is data produced by a computer. Wrapped up in the data produced it is at a software level such as a calculator or printed information. Another example of output is google.

Google which is a search engine creates these results when a word is searched and then compares billions of pages in the index. [Lexie LaBarge] Out of Gamut Color When a color is “out of gamut’, that means it cannot be properly converted to the target device. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Pantone Color Pantone Color is a standardized color matching system used in color printing. It is widely used around the world. It helps the printers and designers to specify the color they want. [Najiang An] PDF Portable Document File A format for files that provides an electronic layout of a document, for printing, viewing, and accessible transmitting of files from one program to another.

[Billy Lawrence] Panorama Shot A photographic technique used to capture an image by elongating the horizontal depth of view. [Madhukar Shandilya] Pen Tool (Illustrator) In Adobe Illustrator, allows you to create freehand vector shapes made of various straight paths and curves created with the tool. Points and curves can be made or removed with the tool as well. [Billy Lawrence] Pen Tool (Photoshop) In Adobe Photoshop, the pen tool allows you to make a selection of pixels within a given path created with curves and straight paths created by the tool. Curves can be adjusted or removed with the tool as well. [Billy Lawrence] Perception It is a photography term that means to calculate the best angle of scale, sense, and depth composition for capturing a photo that matches your goal of what you want the audience to see. [Saralee DaPonte]

Perceptual Rendering Intent The change of colors on an image when it is printed often appears different than originally intended.

[Avalon Peyton] Persistence of Vision It refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye. [Cynthia (Qing He)] Perspective distortion perspective distortion is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length, due to the relative scale of nearby and distant features. Perspective distortion is determined by the relative distances at which the image is captured and viewed and is due to the angle of view of the image (as captured) being either wider or narrower than the angle of view at which the image is viewed, hence the apparent relative distances differing from what is expected. [Boyuan Zheng] Petabyte 250 bytes; 1024 terabytes, or a million gigabytes. [Avalon Peyton] Pigment A pigment changes the color of reflected or transmitted light through wavelength-selective absorption by adding black or white to an existing color. [Avalon Peyton] Pixel The smallest addressable, controllable element in an image.

[Boris Sapozhnikov] Pixel Wand Also referred to as the Magic Wand, is a tool in Adobe Photoshop that with the selection of a single pixel, can select multiple pixels of the same or similar color or brightness value, within a certain discrepancy. [Billy Lawrence] Playback Rate The speed at which a media file is played back, and controlled using features like fast forward, slow motion, etc.

[Billy Lawrence] Plug In An add-on you can install on a pre-existing program to help enhance your user experience. For example: Adblock is a browser plugin that allows you to block ads from popping up, or showing up on online videos. [Wren Yilmaz] PNG Portable Network Graphic A file format for images, that is used for a raster graphic, that supports lossless data compression.

Can include an alpha channel (used for transparency) and can support palette-based, grayscale, and full color non-palette based images. [Billy Lawrence] Glossary 71

Posterization This is an effect achieved by lowering the amount of tones in an image from a smooth gradation to a smaller range of tones. Posters were originally created using this technique. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] PPI Pixels per Inch used to dictate the resolution of a file, in amount of pixels per linear inch. (ex. Web Files are typically 72ppi, while a high resolution file for Adobe® Photoshop is typically 300ppi) [Billy Lawrence] Programmed mode Programmed mode is an exposure mode of a DSLR in which the camera automatically adjusts aperture and shutter speed for optimal exposure, but the photographer can choose from different combinations of aperture and shutter speed that will produce the same exposure. This is also known as a ‘flexible program’. [Boyuan Zheng] ProPhoto Color A color space designed for working with photographic output which encompasses over 90% of all perceivable color. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Proprietary File Format Proprietary File format refers to a file format that is owned by a company, individual or an organization which follows its/their own scheme of encoding and decoding and processing of the data. Such file types may be developed so that it runs only on hardware that was developed and designed by the company or the organizations.

Examples of such file types are .xls Microsoft’s native file format for its Excel spreadsheets [Madhukar Shandilya] Interchangeable Lenses this word describes the changeable and removable lenses for DSLR cameras, changing lense allows DSLR cameras to achieve different effects easily. [Najiang An] Polarizing filter A polarizing filter is often placed in front of the camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea. Since reflections (and sky-light) tend to be at least partially linearly-polarized, a linear polarizer can be used to change the balance of the light in the photograph. The rotational orientation of the filter is adjusted for the preferred artistic effect. [Boyuan Zheng] Prime Lens (DSLR) A camera lens with a fixed focal length. As opposed to a zoom lens, prime lenses tend to have better sharpness. [Boris Sapozhnikov] 72 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

PSD A file type, used to denote a Photoshop file. It is effective for opening and saving in layers many times. [Billy Lawrence] Psychomotor domain Is one of the three main domains of learning. Psychomotor objectives are those specific to discrete physical functions, reflex actions and interpretive movements.

Traditionally, these types of objectives are concerned with the physical encoding of information, with movement and/or with activities where the gross and fine muscles are used for expressing or interpreting information or concepts. This area also refers to natural, autonomic responses or reflexes. [Boyuan Zheng] Public Domain any sort of media type that is the intellectual property of no one, and thus need no permission to use for either personal or commercial use. These types of works can become open to the public for reasons such as: voluntarily making these works free-to-use, the author has failed to revive/renew their copyright claims, or it has simply expired in the event of the author’s death (after 70 years). [Wren Yilmaz] RAID “Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks” Used in data storage, a RAID system provides a balance of reliability, availability, performance and capacity by storing data across multiple drives. [Boris Sapozhnikov] RAM this stands for random access memory. Ram is mostly found in phones, laptops, and tablets as the main hardware element.

How much ram is on your device determines how much memory you are able to use. [Lexie LaBarge] Rangefinder Camera A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a rangefinder, typically a split-image rangefinder: a rangefinding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs that are in sharp focus. Most varieties of rangefinder show two images of the same subject, one of which moves when a calibrated wheel is turned; when the two images coincide and fuse into one, the distance can be read off the wheel. Older, non-coupled rangefinder cameras display the focusing distance and require the photographer to transfer the value to the lens focus ring; cameras without built-in rangefinders could have an external rangefinder fitted into the accessory shoe. [Boyuan Zheng] Raster Images This refers to a computer graphic or digital photo that is created using a matrix of pixels in a grid. When the file is

enlarged, the pixels become more apparent as square shapes.

They are heavily dependent on the resolution quality of the initial file. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Rate Stretch Tool The Rate Stretch Tool is probably one of the easiest ways to change a clip’s speed duration in Adobe Premiere Pro. The Rate Stretch Tool helps you to speed up or slow down the clips you are using in your timeline, while at the same time it adjusts the clip’s speed to fit the duration in the timeline. [Ermira Karavidaj] RAW A digital image file that is uncompressed and minimally processed. As opposed to other file types such as JPEG, a RAW file allows for greater flexibility in editing because it contains more information. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Razor Tool The Razor Tool in Adobe Premiere Pro is used for the purpose of cutting a clip into two parts in the timeline. While splitting the clip into two parts, the razor tool will not change the clip’s position, and the clip itself will remain unchanged, however, the clips will have new IN and OUT points. [Ermira Karavidaj] Reciprocal Exposure In photography, this refers to the balance between shutter and aperture to achieve proper exposure. A one stop increase in aperture is equivalent to a doubling of the shutter speed. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Reflector Reflector is what a photographer would use for adding fill light to the subject or person that is being photographed. [Najiang An] Refresh Rate It refers to the amount of times the display is able to draw a new image. Refresh rate is measured in Hertz (Hz). Standard displays are clocked at 60 Hz. More advanced displays and monitors can have upto 300 Hz [Madhukar Shandilya] Relative Colorimetric Color Using the white in a color space in order to compare and adjust all other colors to the correct color space for a print. [Avalon Peyton] Removable Media type of storage device, such as a USB memory stick, that can be removed from a computer while the system is running and retain its data. [Stephanie Berman] Rendering Intent It describes the four modes by which color management systems adapt some or all colors in a picture to the limitations of a given display or printer. [Cynthia (Qing He)]

RGB this abbreviation stands for red, green and blue. It is the 3 colors that can be mixed together to create different shades or hues of colors. Combining all 3 colors is the basic way of producing color of screens. [Lexie LaBarge] Ripple Edit A time-saving tool in Adobe Premiere which automatically moves the timeline to compensate for a new edit.

[Boris Sapozhnikov] Rolling shutter An image capture method which records the frame line by line instead of all at once. This can create undesired distortions, especially in moving subjects. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Rule of Thirds A composition technique where the arrangement of the objects align with the left or right third of an image. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Saturation This refers to the treatment of color hue and its relationship with light intensity. When a color is bright and pure, it has high saturation. When a color is muted and dull, it has low saturation. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Scanner A scanner is a device when connected to a computer that can be used to convert printed media or documents into digitized versions and presents it on the computer screen.

[Madhukar Shandilya] Scan-O-Gram A type of visual art created by using a scanner to scan objects other than 2-dimensional documents. Techniques include using semi-transparent objects or incorporating motion during the scanning process. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Screen Resolution The number of individual pixels in a display monitor or device. Usually documented as width x height. [Boris Sapozhnikov] SD Secure Digital A physical memory card that holds files and can be inserted into various media devices such as cameras and computers. They are used to increase storage capacity and some SD cards range from 2 GB of data to 256 GB of data. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Self Paced Learning A mode of instruction in which a student does not require the input of an instructor or mentor as they learn a desired subject based on their own time and energy.

[Wren Yilmaz] Selection Tool The Selection Tool in Adobe Premiere Pro is the default tool, which helps you with many functions while editing videos. With the Selection tool you will be able to do basic Glossary 73

selections and edits to clips, as well as, you will be able to trim clips, such as increasing or decreasing their duration. In addition to that, you can also use it to move around many clips at the same time, or even highlight them if needed.

[Ermira Karavidaj] Semantic Web This boosts structured web content as a collection of aims, initiatives, and objectives by allowing more data to be stored in advanced services. [Saralee DaPonte] Serial Port A serial port is a socket used in computing and the PC world. This socket is used to connect serial interfaces i.e. a device connected to another directly in serial. They transfer data one bit at a time sequentially, in contrast to parallel ports. Old printers used serial ports to transfer data from the PC or a Mac. [Madhukar Shandilya] SG ColorChecker A color calibration tool that helps users find the white balance of photos easier and more efficiently with graduated color squares. [Wren Yilmaz] SEO Search Engine Optimization used to improve both the quality and quantity of traffic for a web page or website that are listed from search engines using keywords and metadata strategies. [Billy Lawrence] Sharpening We use sharpening in photography, in order to improve the definition of edges in photos. To give a picture a sharper, clearer, and improved look, you would need to use the sharpening tool. This tool works best on photos that have had a minor camera shake or on those that were a bit out-offocus. In the picture, you can see that the first image had a slight camera shake to it, and it looked a bit blurry and out-offocus. You can see the process of using sharpening on it; the image starts looking so much clearer and better than how it was in the beginning. The final results show us that the picture is not blurry anymore, it highlights the woman and the child, and the background itself is clearer as well. [Ermira Karavidaj] Sharpen Tool In Adobe Photoshop, takes the selected pixels and decreases the blurriness, by increasing the contrast between each pixel, making them appear more focused. [Billy Lawrence] Sharpness The clarity of detail in an image. Factors that can affect perceived sharpness are acuteness, resolution, viewing distance and camera shake when capturing the image. [Boris 74 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

Sapozhnikov] Shutter Speed In photography it is the length of time that the sensor in the digital or film camera has been exposed to the light.

The more light that goes through the sensor of film equals out to the exposure time. [Lexie LaBarge] Sidecar File It is a term also known as buddy files or connected files. It is a file where you can add comments or texts to increase your search result to be more specialized. An XMP file is an example of a sidecar file. [Saralee DaPonte] Signal to Noise Ratio Signal refers to the desired information transmitted, and noise refers to the undesired background input.

The ratio is measured in decibels (dB). A signal ratio higher than 0dB indicates more signal than noise. The higher the decibels, the more clearly the information is received. [Boris Sapozhnikov] SME Or, Small and Medium Enterprises, are businesses whose employee and personnel count falls below a certain threshold. It can also be a Subject Matter Expert [Billy Lawrence] Soft Proof It is a final check on your computer screen before physically printing your work. [Saralee DaPonte] SOP Standard operating procedure is an instructional guide created by an organization or company to help its workers carry out routine operations efficiently and achieve the best quality of work. [Najiang An] Sound Design The technique of developing sound tracks for various needs such as filmmaking, theatrical performances, music recording, etc. Auditory elements are created using different techniques and tools. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution is the number of pixels used within the process of building a picture. The images that are constructed with a higher number of pixels have a higher spatial resolution, while the ones having lower spatial resolution have a lower number of pixels used when composed. [Ermira Karavidaj] Spectral Imaging A group of techniques that collect pixel information allowing for them to be correctly produced when imaging in particular spectrums such as IR or blue for example.

[Avalon Peyton] Spectral Reading An analysis of various color and light values given for an entire captured image. [Billy Lawrence] Spectral Sensitivity It is the relative efficiency of detecting various colors of light or other signals, and it serves as a function of the

frequency or wavelength of the signal. In photography, films and sensors are usually defined in terms of the spectral sensitivity they hold, in order to supplement their characteristic curves that portray their responsiveness. [Ermira Karavidaj] Spot Healing Brush Tool a tool within Adobe Photoshop that removes spots and any other unwanted aspects from a photo. This tool is especially useful for removing blemishes when editing portraits, along with unwanted/distracting background objects. [Wren Yilmaz] Standard RGB (Standard Red-Blue-Green) is a color space developed collectively by Hewlett Packard and Microsoft in 1996 to be used in color displays and printers. It is considered as the default color gamut or color space for an image or a display. The White triangle in the image is the sRGB color space in the whole RGB color space [Madhukar Shandilya] Standard Viewer A device used to communicate and display various images across a single platform for multiple people to view. [Billy Lawrence] Stereo Vision This method is conducted by using two cameras in order to observe one object or is characterized in human vision. The cameras take pictures of the object at the same time, by doing that they capture two images. After that, the photos are studied to spot the dissimilarities between them providing depth perception. The cameras are divided by a baseline, the space between the cameras is supposed to be balanced. [Ermira Karavidaj] SWOP CMYK It is the specification for Web Offset Publications created by the Graphics Communication Association.

SWOP CMYK covers inks used (CMYK), which are specifically formulated for the web-printing process. [Xiangyu Deng] Tagging It is a term that means adding metadata and keywords to digital assets. [Saralee DaPonte] Technological Obsolescence the idea that a product or service is no longer useful or necessary after a newer, more advanced version is released/published. [Wren Yilmaz] Terabyte 1000 Gigabytes used for dictating the amount of storage either a file takes up or memory in a computer, typically in Hard Drives (HHD) or Solid State Drives. (SSD) [Billy Lawrence] Telephoto Lens A long-distance focal lens with a minimum focal length of 60 mm. It is a camera attachment that allows

for the photographer to capture subjects from greater distances, or magnifying the subject. [Wren Yilmaz] Thunderbolt Port Thunderbolt is a brand name of a hardware interface for the connection of external peripheral devices to a computer which was jointly developed by Intel corporation and Apple. It combines the PCI express (PCIe) and the display port into 2 serial signals and additionally provides DC power , all in one cable. [Madhukar Shandilya Time-lapse A method of combining multiple photographs of the same subject over a long period of time to create a video which makes it appear as though a slow action happens quickly. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Timeline In video editing software, the timeline is a visual interface which allows the editor to lay out audio, video and graphic elements into a sequence. [Boris Sapozhnikov] Thesaurus It is metadata that gives you synonyms and related terms based on the word you typed into the system. [Saralee DaPonte] Thumbnail this is a small image that represents a larger image.

They are mainly used in the representation of snapshots of several images in one space. They are also used for organization of programs. [Lexie LaBarge] TIFF Tag Image File Format This type of computer file has the potential to house multiple raster graphic images in one unit for transport; can be uncompressed and be lossless. It was created as a way to adapt mid-1980s desktop scanner vendors to have a universal file format for images. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Tilt-Shift Lens A special-effect lens. Allows for realignment of the plane of focus (tilt). Allows for adjusting the placement of the subject within the frame without angling the camera, thus keeping parallel lines from converging (shift). A popular lens for architectural and landscape photographers and is becoming more widely used by portrait photographers to create a unique, stylized look. [Madhukar Shandilya] Tone Any pure color/hue with the addition of any neutral greys, making it less vibrant than the original hue. [Wren Yilmaz] Reproduction Curve Applied to digital images before printing begins in order to ensure that the colors are printed true to the original. [Avalon Peyton] T-Pop Target population stands for a certain group of the Glossary 75

population that share similar characteristics and is identified as the intended audience for a product, advertising or research.

It is a portion of the whole universe of people selected as the objective audience. [Najiang An] Track Select Tool The Track Select Tool in Adobe Premiere Pro helps you to select a clip or all clips being used from whichever direction you would like, therefore, either forward or backwards. This tool helps you to move an entire section from one timeline to another if needed, as well as, it will come to your help if major rearrangements need to happen to the clips. [Ermira Karavidaj] Tristimulus Values A system that measures light intensity based on the three primary colors red, green, and blue which as represented by X, Y, and Z coordinates. This makes up the foundation of “Color Language” which is a standardized system that communicates color values universally. [Stephanie Berman] Tungsten A rare metal with an exceptionally high melting point (3,422 °C); which allows for it to be applied into the production of Cathode-ray tubes or incandescent lighting. [Wren Yilmaz] TQM Total quality management: A customer satisfaction focused managerial approach based on 8 core principles which encourage all members of an organization to improve upon processes, products, services, and work culture resulting in a richer customer experience. [Stephanie Berman] Typography this is the use of an art technique that creates different types of written languages that we are able to recognize when being shown. It involves picking a typeface, sizing of the letters, determining the lengths of all the lines, and spacing within line and letters. [Lexie LaBarge] Universal Translator It is a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television. [Cynthia(Qing He)] Uploading Transferring data information from the user’s computer to a Digital Asset Management system through internet usage. [Saralee DaPonte] USB It is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables and connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply between computers, peripherals and other computers. [Cynthia(Qing He)] User Interface (UI) This is when a person controls all of the 76 The Digital File: Instructional Manual

software hardware on a device. The person who is controlling the UI is in charge of friendly viewer interaction with the software.

[Lexie LaBarge] User Experience (UX) This is the experience of a person who is enjoying the product. In technology this is a software program.

This is when companies rely on having high-quality experiences on their sites. The main focus of UX is the user. [Lexie LaBarge] UV filter UV filters are compounds, mixtures, or materials that block or absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. One of the major applications of UV filters is their use as sunscreens to protect skin from sunburn and other sun/UV related damage. After the invention of digital cameras changed the field of photography, UV filters have been used to coat glass discs fitted to camera lenses to protect hardware that is sensitive to UV light. [Boyuan Zheng] Vector Images Images created by using paths (made up of points, lines and curves) on the cartesian plane, instead of pixels.

Typically used for Adobe Illustrator files. Can be scaled to any size without loss of quality. [Billy Lawrence] Viewfinder a viewfinder is what the photographer looks through to compose, and, in many cases, to focus the picture. Most viewfinders are separate, and suffer parallax, while the singlelens reflex camera lets the viewfinder use the main optical system.

Viewfinders are used in many cameras of different types: still and movie, film, analog and digital. A zoom camera usually zooms it’s finder in sync with its lens, one exception being rangefinder cameras. [Boyuan Zheng] Vignetting Vignetting is a reduction of an image’s brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center.

The word vignette, from the same root as vine, originally referred to a decorative border in a book. Later, the word came to be used for a photographic portrait that is clear at the center and fades off toward the edges. [Boyuan Zheng] Virtual memory It is a feature of an operating system that enables a computer to be able to compensate for shortages of physical memory by transferring pages of data from random access memory to disk storage. [Cynthia(Qing He)] Visual Acuity It refers to your ability to discern the shapes and details of the things you see. [Cynthia(Qing He)] Visual Literacy This refers to the ability to utilize various skills to understand visual media and images. By knowing these skills,

one can analyze and interpret components such as cultural, aesthetic, technical, etc. to become a critical thinker and a contributor to the world. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Visuals A clip or image meant to communicate some sort of message to an audience. [Wren Yilmaz] XD This refers to Adobe’s user experience software. This software can be utilized to create web and mobile applications through vector graphics and mock-ups. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] Waist-level finder The waist-level finder (WLF), also called waist-level viewfinder (WLVF), is a type of viewfinder that can be used on twin lens and single lens reflex cameras. While it is typically found on older medium format cameras, some newer and/or 35 mm cameras have this type of finder (perhaps as an option). In the reflex camera, the light from the lens is projected onto a focusing screen. The waist-level finder makes this screen viewable from above, where the image is seen upright but reversed left-to-right. [Boyuan Zheng] Watermarking This is a logo or image placed on the front of an image as a protected asset. It can also be applied to any of the documents and videos, although this is mostly used for photography. This is considered a way to apply for copyright protection. [Saralee DaPonte] Web Web is the shortened name for the World Wide Web, commonly known as the Internet. It is an information system of documents, pages and similar resources that are identified by an URL or the Uniform Resource Locator, where users can access and share information with one another. [Madhukar Shandilya] White Balance This isa feature that is mainly on digital cameras to help balance color, correctly. It helps produce what white color looks like in different lighting settings. This can affect the hue, value, saturation, other colors and tint. When the white balance becomes a hair off in digital photography they can come across to have a different hue overlay. Items that can cause that is fluorescent lighting which can give off a greenish hue on pictures and on a cloudy day taking pictures the pictures can turn out to have a blue hint. [Lexie LaBarge] White point This is the set of chromaticity coordinates that designate the appearance of the color “white” in photography, editing, or reproduction. In terms of an LCD monitor, it is

the color shown via the backlight onto the screen. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] White Point Setting This refers to the intensity of the color “white” appearing through the computer screen. It can be changed to be less intense, more intense, or somewhere in the middle. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] WikiCommons A branch-off of the Wikimedia Foundation. This site is a well-known resource for over 100 million free-to-use/ public domain media such as image files, audio and video files, etc. [Wren Yilmaz] Workflow It consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern of activity, enabled by the systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process information. [Cynthia(Qing He)] Wide Angle Lens A device that attaches to your camera to give you the ability to capture a full landscape at a distance rather than a close-up. [Saralee DaPonte] Work Space the personal workspace on a user’s computer. How this area appears is very individualized [Saralee DaPonte] WYSIWYG An acronym that’s short for “What you see is what you get”- a display system that allows for its users to view content as its final printed/published appearance as they work on it. [Wren Yilmaz] XMP Extreme Memory Profiles is an Intel technology that allows you to change multiple memory settings by simply selecting a different profile, taking advantage of higher than standard memory speeds. [Cynthia(Qing He)] Zoom Lens This refers to the camera lens that changes the focal length depending on the size of the lens. [Ashley Somchanhmavong] YUV This is a file format and a colour space used in video standards such as PAL, NTSC, and SECAM. [Saralee DaPonte] Zip This is a file compression format that is frequently used to cut down the storage space from digital files usage, which can be helpful for uploading or emailing. [Saralee DaPonte]

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