Freetown Community Planning Toolkit: Settlement Profiling (2022)

FREETOWN COMMUNITY PLANNING TOOLKIT:

SETTLEMENT PROFILING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The content for this toolkit was produced by Architecture Sans Frontières-UK (ASF-UK) and the Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre (SLURC), in partnership with the Federation for the Urban and Rural Poor (FEDURP) and with contributions from the residents of the informal settlements of Cockle Bay, Dworzark and Portee Rokupa in Freetown. The toolkit’s development was supported by researchers from the Knowledge in Action for Urban Equality (KNOW) programme. KNOW is a four-year UKRI grant funded research programme tackling global inequality, led by The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL. Funding for this work was provided by KNOW and by ASF-UK, w➜ i ➜ t ➜ h ➜ c ➜ o ➜ n ➜ t ➜ r ➜ i ➜ b ➜ u ➜ t ➜ i ➜ o ➜ n ➜ s ➜ b ➜ y➜ t ➜ h ➜ e➜ U➜ n ➜ i ➜ v ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ i ➜ t ➜ y➜ o ➜ f➜ h ➜S e➜ e➜ l ➜ d ➜ a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ b ➜ y➜ ➜ London Metropolitan University.

This toolkit has been developed in dialogue with a broader community of practice including public agencies, civil society organisations and research programmes that are involved in researching and documenting Freetown’s informal settlements. These include, among others: the Ministry of Land, Housing and Environment of Sierra Leone; Freetown City Council; the Centre of Dialogue on Human Settlement and Poverty Alleviation (CODOHSAPA); Catholic Relief Services; the research programme Urban Africa Risk Knowledge (Urban ARK); and the ESD Learning Alliance at The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL. The tools presented in this publication draw on ➜o➜t➜h➜e➜r➜ ➜t➜o➜o➜l➜s➜ ➜u➜s➜e➜d➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜e➜l➜d➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜e➜v➜e➜l➜o➜p➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ participatory planning and design. The versions included here are the ones that SLURC and ASF-UK found particularly useful when working together in Freetown. Our primary sources of information and inspiration in devising these tools are listed in the references section of the toolkit.

2

A project by:

With:

Supported by:

suggested citation Architecture Sans Frontières UK and Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre, Community Planning Toolkit: ➜Se➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜P➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜(L➜o➜n➜d➜o➜n➜: ➜A➜r➜c➜h➜i➜t➜e➜c➜t➜u➜r➜e➜ ➜Sa➜n➜s➜ Frontières UK, 2022).

contents glossary

5

introduction

6

1. About this toolkit ➜2.A➜b➜o➜u➜t➜ s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g

7 8

methods and tools

14

1. Engaging communities and stakeholders 2. Clarifying data needs 3. Collecting data 4. Analysing data ➜5. C➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s

16 28 42 68 76

References

88

contributors

90

3

4

glossary

PRIMARY DATA – data taken directly from sources without any intermediary interpreter, for instance ➜t➜h➜r➜o➜u➜g➜h➜ß➜e➜l➜d➜w➜o➜r➜k➜.

COMMUNITY RESEARCHERS – laypersons who conduct research activities in their own communities.

QUALITATIVE DATA – information that is descriptive in character. Qualitative data cannot be accurately measured and counted, and are generally expressed in words rather than numbers.

DATA – information that is gathered and analysed to understand a particular research question.

DATA ANALYSIS – the process of reviewing, understanding and interpreting the data gathered, to learn what is happening.

DATA COLLECTION – the process of gathering information about a topic.

DATA SOURCES – where data comes from.

DATA VALIDATION – the process of checking with the community that the information gathered is correct, ➜a➜n➜d➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜s➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜v➜i➜e➜w➜s➜.

QUANTITATIVE DATA – information that can be measured, more or less accurately, and can be usually expressed in numbers. You can use mathematical procedures to analyse numerical data.

RAW DATA – data that has been collected but has not yet been analysed.

SECONDARY DATA – data that already exists, which might have already been interpreted and recorded e.g. census data, research reports, policy documents.

DATA VISUALISATION – graphical representation of information. By using visual elements like charts, graphs and maps, data visualisation tools can provide an accessible way to see and understand trends and patterns in data.

MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION – refers to residents having meaningful opportunities to participate in ➜m➜a➜k➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜d➜e➜c➜i➜s➜i➜o➜n➜s➜ ➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜, ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜, ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜n➜n➜i➜n➜g➜ and management of their living environment.

MIXED METHODS RESEARCH – describes a research process that is based on both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, and includes both quantitative and qualitative data.

PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH METHODS – approaches that involve engaging with people who are directly related to the area or topic under investigation, and ➜e➜n➜s➜u➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜y➜ ➜s➜h➜a➜p➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜n➜a➜l➜ ➜o➜u➜t➜c➜o➜m➜e➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ research. Participatory methods involve using a variety of tools for engagement which make the content of a subject more accessible to everyone.

5

INTRODUCTION 1 about this toolkit - p.7 2 about settlement profiling - p.8 Photo: Luis Gama (SLURC, 2019)

6

What is this toolkit about?

organisations who intend to gather information about a settlement as part of a larger community planning process.

This toolkit provides a guide for inclusive ➜ s ➜ e➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e ➜ m ➜ e ➜ n➜ t ➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜F➜r➜e➜e➜t➜o➜w➜n➜. Organisations and practitioners supporting ➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜ ➜m➜i➜g➜h➜t➜ ➜a➜l➜s➜o➜ ß➜n➜d➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜m➜a➜t➜e➜r➜i➜a➜l➜ Throughout this publication, the term helpful. ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g¶➜➜r➜e➜f➜e➜r➜s➜t➜o➜t➜h➜e➜c➜o➜l➜l➜e➜c➜t➜i ➜o➜n➜, analysis and presentation of data that The toolkit is structured in two parts. The captures the social and spatial conditions ß➜r➜s➜t➜ p➜a➜r➜t➜ e➜x➜p➜l➜a➜i➜n➜s➜w➜h➜a➜t➜ a➜ s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ of a settlement, with the aim to inform is and why it is important. The second part, ➜f➜u➜t➜u➜r➜e➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜n➜n➜i➜n➜g➜. ➜T➜h➜e➜r➜e➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜m➜a➜n➜y➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ and Tools, is a step-by-step guide ➜a➜p➜p➜r➜o➜a➜c➜h➜e➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜nMethods ➜t➜ on how to go about inclusive communityplanning. The method laid out here focuses ➜o➜n➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜,w➜h➜e➜r➜e➜l➜o➜c➜a➜l➜ ➜b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜. ➜T➜h➜e➜ ➜g➜u➜i➜d➜e➜ includes a number of practical tools that community groups and organisations play a ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜b➜e➜ ➜a➜d➜a➜p➜t➜e➜d➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜r➜e➜s➜p➜o➜n➜d➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ substantial role in all stages of the process contexts and processes. and retain control over the information produced.

1.

about this toolkit

➜Se➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ ➜c➜r➜e➜a➜t➜e➜d➜ ➜u➜s➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ toolkit are meant to inform and strengthen the production of Community Action Area Plans (CAAP): a new planning tool for the upgrading of Freetown’s settlements. A CAAP is a document which provides a framework for future development within a community, and that is produced in partnership with the members of that community and their support organisations.

How can we use it?

This toolkit has been created with and for community-based groups and 7

What is a settlement profile?

➜Si➜n➜c➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜19 0s➜, ➜SD➜I➜ ➜a➜l➜i➜a➜t➜e➜s➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ ➜j➜o➜i➜n➜t➜l➜y➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜d➜ ➜n➜e➜a➜r➜l➜y➜ ➜8,0 ➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜o➜v➜e➜r➜ ➜A➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜v➜i➜d➜e➜s➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜n➜d➜e➜d➜ 220 cities (SDI 2020), making SDI and ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜a➜l➜i➜a➜t➜e➜ ➜o➜r➜g➜a➜n➜i➜s➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜ ➜i➜m➜p➜o➜r➜t➜a➜n➜t information about a geographic area to ➜s➜o➜u➜r➜c➜e➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜k➜n➜o➜w➜l➜e➜d➜g➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜e➜l➜d➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜u➜r➜b➜a➜n➜ encourage community-based groups, settlement upgrading. civil society organisations, professionals and government authorities to better understand a place with the support of a strong evidence base.

Why have a community-based settlement profile?

Why are settlement profiles important?

C➜ o ➜ m ➜ m ➜ u ➜ n ➜ i ➜ t ➜ y➜ b ➜- a ➜ s ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜ s ➜ e➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜le➜ s ➜ ➜ can provide urban communities with the opportunity to put themselves on the map, to generate evidence that supports ➜Se➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜u➜l➜a➜r➜l➜yand ➜ their own demands. This way, the process of important when local governments and p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ c ➜➜ a ➜ n ➜ p ➜➜ l ➜ a ➜ y➜ a ➜➜ k ➜ ➜ e➜ y➜ r ➜➜ o ➜ l ➜ e➜ i ➜➜ n ➜ r ➜ ➜ e➜ a ➜ l ➜ i ➜ g ➜ n ➜ i ➜ n ➜ g ➜ p ➜➜ o ➜ w➜ e➜ r ➜ ➜ other development organisations do between communities and other stakeholders, not hold accurate information about a including government authorities. settlement, or do not make it accessible to

2.

about settlement profiling

the public. When the information used by planning departments and development ➜a➜g➜e➜n➜c➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜d➜o➜e➜s➜ ➜n➜o➜t➜ ➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜ ➜p➜e➜o➜p➜l➜e¶➜s➜ ➜o➜w➜n➜ experience of the place where they live, this can lead to policies and interventions that are, at best, not responsive to local needs and desires.

The SDI has consistently demonstrated that ➜c➜o➜l➜l➜e➜c➜t➜i➜n➜g➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜i➜s➜a➜n➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜t➜o➜o➜l➜f➜o➜r➜ mobilisation at the community level, and can become an instrument for advocacy (Beukes 2014). Mapping, surveying and holding discussions can enable local communities to better understand and communicate the ➜d➜i➜v➜e➜r➜s➜e➜ ➜i➜s➜s➜u➜e➜s➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜m➜;➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜F➜o➜r➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜r➜e➜a➜s➜o➜n➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ help their partner organisations to support been used for decades by communities ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜n➜e➜e➜d➜s➜m➜o➜r➜e➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜l➜y➜. across the globe as a tool to inform and ➜i➜n➜u➜e➜n➜c➜e➜ ➜u➜r➜b➜a➜n➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜n➜n➜i➜n➜g➜. ➜F➜o➜r➜ ➜e➜x➜a➜m➜p➜l➜e➜, When communities are in control of the ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜a➜ ➜c➜o➜r➜information e➜ they collect, they are in a strategy of grassroots network Slum/ stronger position to initiate dialogue with Shack Dwellers International (SDI). local authorities, which in turn can facilitate

their inclusion in the urban planning and ➜d➜e➜s➜i➜g➜n➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜e➜s➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜(H➜e➜n➜d➜l➜e➜r➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜F➜i➜e➜u➜w➜, ➜2018)➜. ➜B➜y➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ their own settlements, communities can potentially activate small and largescale upgrading of their living conditions.

What is included in a settlement profile?

it is produced using participatory methods ➜land ➜i➜v➜e➜sputs ➜ communities at the centre of ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜n➜n➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜. ➜Se➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ can usefully inform the production of a ➜C➜A➜A➜P➜, ➜o➜r➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜d➜e➜v➜e➜l➜o➜p➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜j➜e➜c➜t➜s➜ ➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜iß➜e➜d➜ w➜i➜t➜h➜i➜n➜ ➜a➜ ➜C➜A➜A➜P➜.➜F➜o➜r➜ ➜m➜o➜r➜e➜ information on how CAAPs are produced, you can consult our Toolkit on Community Action Area Planning in Freetown.

The following pages illustrate a number of examples of community-based or ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-l➜e➜d➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ Freetown and globally.

➜A➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜c➜a➜p➜t➜u➜r➜e➜ ➜a➜ ➜w➜i➜d➜e➜ range of information about a community, and deciding what should be included will depend on the context and the wider ➜s➜t➜r➜a➜t➜e➜g➜i➜c➜a➜i➜m➜s➜o➜f➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜K. ➜e➜y➜q➜u➜e➜s➜t➜i➜o➜n➜s➜t➜o➜W➜ ➜h➜e➜r➜e➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ß➜t ask before starting include: what do you and NATIONAL PLANNING your development partners need to learn POLICY FRAMEWORK SIERRA LEONE about your settlement? What information already exists about the area? Is it up to FREETOWN date and accessible to you? What time and STRUCTURAL PLAN ➜r➜e➜s➜o➜u➜r➜c➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜a➜v➜a➜i➜l➜a➜b➜l➜e➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process? What you include in a settlement AREA ACTION PLAN ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜w➜i➜l➜l➜d➜e➜p➜e➜n➜d➜o➜n➜y➜o➜u➜r➜a➜n➜s➜w➜e➜r➜s➜t➜o➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜ and other similar questions. ➜T➜h➜e➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ described in this toolkit are also meant to inform and complement the development of Community Action Area Plans (CAAP). A CAAP is a spatial planning document that helps a community to clarify its needs and wants, and to plan and advocate for change.

L➜ i ➜ k ➜ e➜ ➜ a➜ co ➜ m ➜ m ➜ u ➜ n ➜ i ➜ t ➜ y➜ b ➜- a ➜ s ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜ se➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ ➜ pr ➜ o ➜ ß➜le➜ ,➜

COMMUNITY AREA ACTION PLAN

COMMUNITY-BASED SETTLEMENT PROFILE

ENUMERATIONS

9

Case studies in Freetown

KYC (Know Your City) Profiling

TRANSFORM FREETOWN

ReMapRisk FREETOWN

Location: 27 Settlements across Freetown

Location: All 310 communities in the city

Location: 12 settlements across Freetown

Leading organisations: CODOHSAPA (Centre of Dialogue on Human Settlements and Poverty Alleviation) and FEDURP (Federation of the Urban and Rural Poor)

Leading organisations: Freetown City Council

Leading organisations: Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre (SLURC) and The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL

Year: 2016-2017 Know Your City is a global campaign from Slum Dwellers International, United Cities and Local Governments of Africa, and Cities Alliance. Around the world, slum dwellers collect city-wide data and information on informal settlements. This work creates alternative systems of knowledge that are owned by the communities and have formed the basis of a unique social and political argument that enables the urban poor to have an informed and united voice. In Freetown, CODOHSAPA and FEDURP have used this f➜ r ➜ a ➜ m ➜ e➜ w➜ o ➜ r ➜ k ➜ t ➜ o ➜ c ➜ a ➜ r ➜ r ➜ y➜ o ➜ u ➜ t ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ i ➜ n ➜ s ➜ e➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ s ➜ A ➜. ➜ summary of the collected data is available online.

CODOSAPA hold a more detailed database containing sensitive information. ➔For further reading: CODOHSAPA and FEDURP ➜(2018).K➜n➜o➜w➜Y➜o➜u➜r➜C➜i➜t➜y➜P➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜A . ➜v➜a➜i➜l➜a➜b➜l➜e➜a➜t➜:h➜t➜t➜p➜s➜/ ➜:/ ➜c➜o➜d➜o➜h➜s➜a➜p➜a➜.o➜r➜g➜/k➜y➜c➜-p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜/(a➜c➜c➜e➜s➜s➜e➜d➜A 1 ➜u➜g➜u➜s➜t➜ 2020).

10

Year: 2017 - ongoing Transform Freetown was launched in 2019 as Freetown City Council’s three year priority plan.

The plan has been based on consultation with Freetown’s residents and stakeholders using a ‘needs assessment process’. 15,000 community m ➜ e➜ m ➜ b ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ ➜ e➜ n ➜ g ➜ a ➜ g ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜i ➜ n ➜ ➜ z➜ o ➜ n ➜ a ➜ l ➜ ➜m ➜ e➜ e➜ t ➜ i ➜ n ➜ g ➜ s ➜ ➜ w➜ h ➜ i ➜ c ➜ h ➜ ➜ a ➜ l ➜ l ➜ o ➜ w➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜F ➜ r ➜ e➜ e➜ t ➜ o ➜ w➜ n ➜ ¶➜s➜ r ➜ e➜ s ➜ i ➜ d ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ s ➜ ➜t ➜ o ➜ ➜r ➜ e➜ e➜ c ➜ t ➜ ➜o ➜ n ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ Council’s work so far and to present priorities moving forward. These meetings were attended by ward committee members, various community stakeholders, councillors, youth groups, religious groups and women’s groups; and utilised trained facilitators including members of the Federation of Urban and Rural poor (FEDURP). ➔For further reading: Freetown City Council (2019).

Transform Freetown Process. FCC (accessed 1 August 2020).

Year: 2016-2018 ReMapRisk Freetown has been developed by the Bartlett Development Planning Unit at University College London and the Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre as part of the project ‘Urban Africa Risk Knowledge’ (Urban ARK), which seeks to contribute to risk management in urban sub-Saharan Africa. The ReMapRisk tool enables the mapping and analysis of underrecorded everyday risks, such as water and sanitation related diseases, and small-scale e➜ p ➜ i ➜ s ➜ o ➜ d ➜ i ➜ c ➜ ➜d ➜ i ➜ s ➜ a ➜ s ➜ t ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ ➜, s ➜ u ➜ c ➜ h ➜ ➜a ➜ s ➜ ➜ ß➜re➜ s ➜ ➜a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜l ➜ o ➜ c ➜ a ➜ l ➜ i ➜ s ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜ o ➜ o ➜ d ➜ s ➜ ➜. T➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ t ➜ o ➜ o ➜ l ➜ ➜a ➜ l ➜ l ➜ o ➜ w➜ s ➜ ➜u ➜ s ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ ➜t ➜ o ➜ ➜ e➜ x➜ p ➜ l ➜ o ➜ r ➜ e➜ ➜ a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜ i ➜ d ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ i ➜ f➜ y➜ ➜ s ➜ p ➜ e➜ c ➜ i ➜ ß➜c➜ h ➜ a ➜ z➜ a ➜ r ➜ d ➜ s ➜ ➜a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜v ➜ u ➜ l ➜ n ➜ e➜ r ➜ a ➜ b ➜ i ➜ l ➜ i ➜ t ➜ i ➜ e➜ s ➜ ➜, a ➜ s ➜ ➜ well as city dwellers’ and support organisations’ capacities to act in response. ➔For further reading: Allen, A., Koroma, B., Lambert, R. and Osuteye, E. with Hamilton, A. (platform assemblage) and Kamara, S., Macarthy, J., Sellu, S. and Stone, A. (coordination of community-led data collection) (2018). ReMapRisk Freetown. Online platform produced for Urban Africa Risk Knowledge (Urban ARK) [https://www.urbanark.org/]

Case studies globally

Developing an informal settlement upgrading protocol in Zimbabwe Location: Epworth, Zimbabwe Leading organisations: Dialogue on Shelter Trust & Zimbabwe Homeless People’s Federation Year: 2009-2011 Magda provides an example of participatory, insitu upgrading following the production of an i ➜ n ➜ f➜ o ➜ r ➜ m ➜ a ➜ l ➜s ➜ ➜ e➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ p ➜➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜le➜ T➜ ➜. h ➜ e➜ u ➜➜ p ➜ g ➜ r ➜ a ➜ d ➜ i ➜ n ➜ g ➜ p ➜➜ r ➜ o ➜ j ➜ e➜ c ➜ t ➜ ➜ was supported by the local government with the involvement of the Department of Physical Planning. The process included the meaningful participation of residents in articulating their o ➜ w➜ n ➜ ➜p ➜ r ➜ i ➜ o ➜ r ➜ i ➜ t ➜ i ➜ e➜ s ➜ ➜a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜i ➜ n ➜ ➜i ➜ n ➜ u ➜ e➜ n ➜ c ➜ i ➜ n ➜ g ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ d ➜ e➜ s ➜ i ➜ g ➜ n ➜ ➜o ➜ f➜ ➜ the settlement. Local residents, members of the Zimbabwe Homeless People’s Federation (an a ➜ l ➜ i ➜ a ➜ t ➜ e➜ ➜ o ➜ f➜ ➜ D➜S I➜ ➜,) D➜ i ➜ a ➜ l ➜ o ➜ g ➜ u ➜ e➜ ➜ o ➜ n ➜ ➜h ➜S e➜ l ➜ t ➜ e➜ r ➜ ➜ T➜ r ➜ u ➜ s ➜ t ➜ ➜a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜ local planning students formed teams to gather information. The Magda community themselves elected a development committee to oversee the formulation of a Strategic Plan that prioritised their needs as a community. ➔Further reading: Chitekwe-Biti, B., Mudimu, P. Nyama, G.M., Jera, T. (2012). “Developing an informal settlement upgrading protocol in Zimbabwe–the ➜E➜p➜w➜o➜r➜t➜h➜s➜t➜o➜r➜y„➜.➜E➜n➜v➜i➜r➜o➜n➜m➜e➜n➜t➜&U➜r➜b➜a➜n➜i➜z➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜,24(1) 131-148.

Exploring partnerships with local government: A people’s led approach to informal settlement upgrading

Community mapping & data gathering for city planning in the Philippines

Location: Across South Africa

Location: Mutinlupa, Philippines

Leading organisations: South African SDI (Slum Dwellers International) Alliance alogue on Shelter Trust & Zimbabwe Homeless People’s Federation

Leading organisations: Asian Coalition of Housing Rights, Homeless People’s Federation of the Philippines (HPFPI), the Technical Assistance Movement for People and Environment (TAMPEI)

Year: 2008-2019

Year: 2015

The South African SDI Alliance has worked extensively with community-led informal settlement upgrading across South Africa.

Savings groups and community-led data collectors play a key role in their model for change. The contributions of savings groups are a means of measuring the commitment of an upgrading initiative, whilst also allowing for a space to develop accountability bases. The Alliance stresses that the ‘informal settlement upgrading is not an end in itself, but a means of challenging patterns of exclusion and realising cities and structures that prioritise and engage urban poor residents as equals.’

The mapping in Muntinlupa City gathered data on informal settlements and fed this information into the city’s shelter plan and land use plan. The project was supported by local and national governments, the World Bank, civil society organisations, as well as local communities who formed part of the mapping teams. Apart from basic level data, the team collected data on measures of community capacities such as organisational maturity, presence of community savings, livelihoods, r ➜ i ➜ s ➜ k ➜ s ➜ ➜a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜h ➜ a ➜ z➜ a ➜ r ➜ d ➜ s ➜ ➜. C➜ o ➜ m ➜ m ➜ u ➜ n ➜ i ➜ t ➜ i ➜ e➜ s ➜ ➜ w➜ e➜ r ➜ e➜ ➜ a ➜ b ➜ l ➜ e➜ ➜ t ➜ o ➜ ➜ use the gathered information to negotiate with the government and other stakeholders and the process contributed to establishing trust between communities and the local government.

➔Further reading: Hendler, Y. & Fieuw, W. (2018).

Exploring partnerships with local government: A people’s led approach to informal settlement upgrading. Cape Town: CORC.

➔Further reading: Ayson, D. (2018). “Community mapping and data gathering for city planning in the Philippines”.

E➜ n ➜ v ➜ i ➜ r ➜ o ➜ n ➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ U➜ & ➜ r ➜ b ➜ a ➜ n ➜ i ➜ z➜ a ➜ t ➜ i ➜ o ➜ . ➜n 8 1 5➜- 1 0➜5 ,➜) 2 (➜0 3 ➜.

11

who should be involved?

COMMUNITY GROUPS Community-based settlements ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜s➜h➜o➜u➜l➜d➜i➜n➜v➜o➜l➜v➜e➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ and community representatives from the early stages of the ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜t➜o➜t➜h➜e➜ß➜n➜a➜l➜d➜i➜s➜s➜e➜m➜i➜n➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜o➜f➜ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜.

12

LOCAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS

National and local government departments can help to clarify data needs and to validate data once collected. They are also a strategic audience for the dissemination of ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜.

Civil society organisations and research institutions can provide key support to community groups, sharing useful knowledge and tools for collecting, analysing and disseminating data.

WHAT skills do we need?

FACILITATION You will need people in your team who can facilitate community meetings, communicate ideas, and coordinate workshops in a fair and inclusive way.

DESIGN C➜ r ➜ e➜ a ➜ t ➜ i ➜ n ➜ g ➜ e➜ œ➜ec ➜ t ➜ i ➜ v ➜ e➜ v ➜ i ➜ s ➜ u ➜ a ➜ l ➜ ➜ documents is a skill. A trained designer can help to create accessible content for community s ➜ e➜ t ➜ t ➜ l ➜ e➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜le➜ s ➜ t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ e➜ v ➜ e➜ r ➜ y➜ o ➜ n ➜ e➜ ➜ can read and understand.

DATA ANALYSIS Trained researchers such as university students and technical professionals can provide ➜v➜a➜l➜u➜a➜b➜l➜e➜s➜u➜p➜p➜o➜r➜t➜t➜o➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process and could be involved from the early stages.

COMMUNITY RESEARCH Community researchers are likely to have a deep understanding of the issues that the community faces. They will be able to identify issues that could otherwise be overlooked.

13

METHODS AND TOOLS 1 Engaging communities and stakeholders - p.16 2 clarifying data needs - p.28 3 Collecting data - p.42 4 Analysing data - p.68 5 communicating findings - p.76 14

Photo: Luis Gama (SLURC, 2019)

The stages involved in creating your settlement profile

➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜n➜e➜e➜d➜e➜d➜, w➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜s➜h➜o➜u➜l➜d➜ ➜b➜e➜ collected, and how. Section 3 presents a range of methods and tools for collecting data in detail. Section 4 explores how data ➜T➜h➜e➜r➜e➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜ ß➜v➜e➜ ➜s➜t➜a➜g➜e➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ can be analysed. Finally Section 5 presents ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜m➜e➜t➜h➜o➜d➜o➜l➜o➜g➜y➜ ➜d➜e➜s➜c➜r➜i➜b➜e➜d➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ a range of tools that you can then use to toolkit. Each stage is described by one communicate information. section of the book.

Section 1 discusses who should be involved ➜i➜n➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ p➜r➜o➜cSection ➜e➜s➜s➜.

2 asks why

engaging communities and stakeholders

clarifying data needs

1

2

collecting data

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5 15

engaging communities and stakeholders

1

clarifying data needs

2

collecting data

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5

The first action to take in profiling a settlement is to engage with residents and their support networks to map out existing groups and organisations that are related to the profiling process, and

1.

Engaging communities and stakeholders

to discuss roles and responsibilities moving forward.

Introduction

in the area; and who can be responsible alongside you for creating the settlement ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜.

Most communities in Freetown recognise ➜a➜ ➜v➜a➜r➜i➜e➜t➜y➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜l➜e➜a➜d➜e➜r➜s➜h➜i➜p➜ ß➜g➜u➜r➜e➜s➜, ➜o➜f➜t➜e➜n➜ including a traditional leader or chief, one or more religious leaders, and one or more elected councillors. In recent years, Freetown’s settlements have also seen Local residents and community-based the emergence of a strong network of groups should play a central role in community-based organisations, including producing and managing information the Federation of the Urban and Rural Poor that concerns their lives, homes and (FEDURP) and the Freetown Eastern Slum neighbourhoods. Without them, data Dwellers Association (FESDA); and a wealth collection processes can be extractive of community structures that organise, and become harmful, leading for instance for instance: saving groups, disaster risk to unwanted interventions or even management, and action area planning forced evictions. Additionally, collecting processes (City Learning Platform 2019). ➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜c➜a➜n➜b➜e➜i➜n➜i➜t➜s➜e➜l➜f➜a➜n➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜t➜o➜o➜l➜ for mobilisation and advocacy.

These entities work in partnership with supporting agencies such as the Centre For these reasons, it is important to put of Dialogue on Human Settlement and in place mechanisms to ensure that the Poverty Alleviation (CODOHSAPA) and ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜a➜l➜w➜a➜y➜s➜ ➜a➜c➜c➜o➜u➜n➜t➜a➜b➜l➜e➜ ➜t➜o➜ SLURC. They all play an important role in local residents and their representatives. the planning and development of informal There are several ways of doing so. You settlements, and many of them have can involve local residents as community ➜b➜e➜e➜n➜ ➜a➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜l➜y➜ ➜i➜n➜v➜o➜l➜v➜e➜d➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜a➜n➜d ➜ researchers: this will help you to make sure enumeration activities across Freetown. that the research is carried out ‘with’ the community, rather than ‘to’ it. ➜W➜h➜e➜n➜s➜t➜a➜r➜t➜i➜n➜g➜a➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process in your settlement, it is important Secondly, you can formally appoint to clarify which leaders and institutions community representatives to oversee the represent and support local residents; ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜, f➜o➜r➜ i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜ a➜s➜ m➜e➜m➜b➜e➜r➜s➜ whether they have been involved in any of a local steering committee. This can other research and documentation initiative ➜a➜l➜l➜o➜w➜ ➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜m➜o➜n➜i➜t➜o➜r➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g

Who should we work with?

➜P➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜w➜o➜r➜k➜s➜h➜o➜p➜ (SLURC, 2019)

17

Mobilisation activities in Cockle Bay (SLURC, 2019)

activities are conducted in a way that is fair and feed it into practice at citywide level ➜a➜n➜d➜i➜n➜c➜l➜u➜s➜i➜v➜e➜a , ➜n➜d➜t➜h➜a➜t➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜cthrough ➜ e ➜ s ➜ s➜ documenting local priorities and contributes to achieving the community’s methodologies that are shown to work. objectives.

They have a diverse membership, including traditional, religious and political leaders, as well as representatives of community Finally, you can consider the broader social based groups and organisations. Working and institutional networks within which ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜ ➜t➜a➜k➜e➜s➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜c➜e➜, ➜a➜n➜din➜ partnership with or helping to start a local CoLP is an excellent way to connect the contribution that it can make to wider to key stakeholders in your settlement, and processes of social mobilisation. ensures that the community has control over the data collected (City Learning Over the past few years, many organisations Platform 2019). in Freetown have joined forces to establish local and citywide communities of practice, as platforms where grassroots groups, local government bodies, and other organisations working on the ground can build partnerships and strengthen their practice by learning from one another.

In addition to local networks, partnering with other organisations across the city can These communities of practice operate bring a range of skills and capacities into the both at the local and at the citywide level, p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ c ➜ e➜ s ➜ s ➜ a ➜, n ➜ d ➜ c ➜ a ➜ n ➜ g ➜ u ➜ a ➜ r ➜ a ➜ n ➜ t ➜ e➜ e➜ t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ and constitute an important network that evidence produced informs practice and ➜c➜a➜n➜ s➜u➜p➜p➜o➜r➜t➜y➜o➜u➜r➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜. policy at citywide level.

Citywide networks and City Learning Platform

Community networks and Community Learning Platforms

Cooperating with public agencies can also help build mutual trust, which in turn can facilitate the use of community-based data for strategic planning purposes.

Since 2018, SLURC has facilitated the Freetown’s City Learning Platform (CiLT) forming of Community Learning Platforms was created with the purpose of connecting (CoLPs) across Freetown. CoLPs are communities to citywide and national ➜b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜ i➜n➜ s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜s➜. T➜h➜e➜y➜ c➜r➜e➜a➜t➜elocal ➜ stakeholders (City Learning Platform 2019). knowledge within their communities 18

Where city learning platforms fit into the planning process

It is a space where communities can speak for themselves, coordinate citywide actions and inform the highest levels of government. It is useful to think of the City Learning Platform as a space for knowledge ➜s➜h➜a➜r➜i➜n➜g➜, ➜t➜o➜ ➜w➜h➜i➜c➜h➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ processes can usefully contribute.

19

TOOLS TOOLS FOR ENGAGING COMMUNITES AND STAKEHOLDERS 1 stakeholders LIST - p.22 2 stakeholder engagement chart - p.24 3 stakeholder engagement plan - p.26

20

How can we best engage different groups in this process?

INTRODUCTION The following tools can help you get to know the groups and organisations that are related to the profiling process. They can support you in creating a robust process of engagement and accountability throughout the development of a settlement profile.

engagement strategy, to generate awaren ➜ e➜ s ➜ s ➜ ➜of➜ ➜th ➜ e➜ ➜pr ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ ➜pr ➜ o ➜ c ➜ e➜ s ➜ s ➜ ➜an ➜ d ➜ ➜en ➜ c ➜ o ➜ u ➜ r ➜ a ➜ g ➜ e➜ ➜ active participation. A good engagement strategy will aim to reach diverse ➜d➜e➜m➜o➜g➜r➜a➜p➜h➜i➜c➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜a➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ settlement.

Stakeholders list This tool gives you an overview of the groups and organisations that are related to your settlement. It can be used in a collaborative way to map out the groups and organisations that can be involved in ➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜.

Stakeholder engagement chart This tool allows you to discuss what level ➜o➜f➜ ➜i➜n➜v➜o➜l➜v➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜e➜o➜p➜l➜e➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ organisations would like to have in the ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜. ➜T➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜h➜e➜l➜p➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜ ➜t➜o➜ identify who might become responsible alongside you for creating the settlement ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜.

Stakeholder engagement plan This tool helps you to create an inclusive 21

METHOD

STAKEHOLDERS LIST This tool gives you an overview of the groups and organisations that are related to your settlement. It can be used in a collaborative way to map out the groups and organisations that can be involved in the profiling process.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, divide participants in small groups. This can be done randomly ➜o➜r➜b➜y➜z➜o➜n➜e➜,a➜g➜e➜,g➜e➜n➜d➜e➜r➜o➜r➜w➜h➜a➜t➜e➜v➜e➜r➜o➜t➜h➜e➜r➜ criterion is appropriate to the context.

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

Step 2

Location A large space in the community, such as a community ➜h➜a➜l➜l➜,a➜y➜a➜r➜d➜o➜r➜a➜p➜l➜a➜y➜i➜n➜g➜ß➜e➜l➜d➜.

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, possibly printed in A3 format

•

Large writing surface (sheets of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard)

•

•

Ask each group to list all the stakeholders that play a role in their community, using the worksheet provided and answering the questions from left to right.

•

Invite them to start from themselves and from the groups and organisations that they represent, contribute to or interact with most often.

•

Invite discussion about the presence, power ➜a➜n➜d➜i➜n➜u➜e➜n➜c➜e➜o➜f➜e➜a➜c➜h➜i➜n➜d➜i➜v➜i➜d➜u➜a➜l➜,g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜o➜r➜ organisation that they list.

Sticky notes, coloured pens or chalk

30 minutes in small groups, followed by 30 minutes as a whole group.

Step 3 •

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

➜D➜e➜p➜e➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜ o➜n➜ g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜ s➜i➜z➜e➜,y➜o➜u➜ c➜a➜n➜ r➜u➜n➜ t➜h➜e➜ a➜c➜t➜i➜v➜i➜t➜y➜ Participants: as a whole group, asking all participants to Community residents and key community contribute to the same list and adding everyone’s informants, such as representatives from thoughts to one large piece of paper. Alternatively, local public authorities, traditional leaders, ➜y➜o➜u➜ c➜a➜n➜ d➜i➜v➜i➜d➜e➜ p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜n➜t➜s➜ i➜n➜t➜o➜ s➜m➜a➜l➜l➜ g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s ➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜, chairpersons, local business owners... ➜a➜s➜k➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜e➜a➜c➜h➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜d➜u➜c➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜o➜w➜n➜ ➜l➜i➜s➜t➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜, which they can then share and compare.

Facilitators: Feel free to add more columns to the worksheet to capture any other details that are relevant to your situation or your community.

22

At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it.

Bring the groups together and ask each group to present the outcomes of their discussion.

As they present back, create a shared Stakeholders List on a large writing surface, using the worksheet as a model. Take this opportunity to elicit further conversations about t ➜ h ➜ e➜ r ➜ o ➜ l ➜ e➜ a ➜ n ➜ d ➜ i ➜ n ➜ u ➜ e➜ n ➜ c ➜ e➜ o ➜ f➜ e➜ a ➜ c ➜ h ➜ s ➜ t ➜ a ➜ k ➜ e➜ h ➜ o ➜ l ➜ d ➜ e➜ r ➜ .➜

Step 4 •

Take a moment to reflect with all the participants on whom they have listed, and whether anyone or any groups need to be added.

STAKEHOLDERS LIST what you create together should end up looking a bit like this...

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

WHO ARE THEY?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

THEIR PRESENCE/INFLUENCE?

...

...

...

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

TOOL

23

METHOD

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CHART This tool allows you to discuss what level of involvement different people and organisations would like to have in the profiling process. This can help you to identify who might become responsible alongside you for creating the settlement profile.

Inspeidr yb: Peopl and Conecti s Map, in DIY olkit To (Nesta, 2014).

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

Step 2 •

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

Location A large space in the community

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, printed

•

Large writing surface (sheets of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard) reproducing the worksheet’s diagram

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens

30 minutes

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

A useful addition to the activity is to ask participants to write on their sticky note how they prefer to receive information in the future: for instance through a text or an audio message, a ➜l➜e➜a➜e➜t➜, a➜n➜d➜ s➜o➜ f➜o➜r➜t➜h➜.

Participants: Community residents and key community informants, such as representatives from local public authorities, traditional leaders, chairpersons, local business owners... For instance, you can do this activity with the ➜k➜e➜y➜s➜t➜a➜k➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜e➜r➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜iß➜e➜d➜i➜n➜t➜h➜e➜t S ➜a➜k➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜e➜r➜L➜i➜s➜t➜.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one managing the large diagram.

24

After the introduction, distribute sticky notes and pens amongst participants and ask them to consider to what extent they would like to be involved in the settlement profiling process.

Ask participants to write their own name, and/or the name of their group or organisation, on a sticky note. Assist them to do so if they prefer.

Step 3 •

Invite participants to place their post-it notes in the circle that they feel best describes how they want to interact with the process: ‘Collaborate with Me’, ‘Involve Me’, or ‘Keep Me Informed’.

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CHART

TOOL KEEP ME INFORMED I want to receive information ➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ a➜c➜t➜i➜v➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s INVOLVE ME I want to participate in the activities

COLLABORATE WITH ME

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

I want to contribute to shaping and facilitating the process

SETTLEMENT PROFILE

Each section can be used for a topic of interest such as water, education, etc.

25

METHOD

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN This tool helps you to create an inclusive engagement strategy, to generate awareness of the profiling process and encourage active participation. A good engagement strategy will aim to reach diverse demographics and different areas of the settlement.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, sit down with the participants and start to fill out the sections of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan.

•

➜W➜h➜e➜n➜y➜o➜u➜ß➜l➜l➜i➜t➜o➜u➜t➜t➜h➜e➜ß➜r➜s➜t➜t➜i➜m➜e➜,e➜x➜p➜e➜c➜t➜f➜o➜r➜ there to be gaps: it is okay not to know exactly how everything will work.

Step 2

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

Location Anywhere

TIMEFRAME .Up to 1 hour

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, possibly printed in A3 format

•

Large writing surface (sheets of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard) reproducing the worksheet’s diagram

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens

•

Step 3 •

Once you have agreed on the key stakeholders to engage with, work your way through the questions on the worksheet, moving from left to right.

Step 4 •

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

You might use a Stakeholder Engagement Plan ➜s➜e➜v➜e➜r➜a➜l➜ ➜t➜i➜m➜e➜s➜ ➜d➜u➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜, your relationships with relevant groups and organisations are bound to change as you progress with the work.

Participants: ➜a ➜ s➜ Representatives of the organisations that are or could b ➜ e➜ i ➜ n ➜ v ➜ o ➜ l ➜ v ➜ e➜ d ➜ i ➜ n ➜ t ➜ h ➜ e➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ c ➜ e➜ s ➜ s ➜ T➜ . h ➜ e➜ s ➜ e➜ c ➜ o ➜ u ➜ l ➜ d ➜ b ➜ e➜ ➜ t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ k ➜ e➜ y➜ ➜ s ➜ t ➜ a ➜ k ➜ e➜ h ➜ o ➜ l ➜ d ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ ➜i ➜ d ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ i ➜ ß➜ed ➜ ➜i ➜ n ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ t ➜S a ➜ k ➜ e➜ h ➜ o ➜ l ➜ d ➜ e➜ r ➜ ➜ List, or those who answered ‘Collaborate with Me’ in the Stakeholder Engagement Chart activity.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one managing the large diagram.

26

Start by listing the individuals, groups and organisations that you want to engage with ➜o➜n➜t➜h➜e➜ß➜r➜s➜t➜c➜o➜l➜u➜m➜n➜o➜n➜t➜h➜e➜l➜e➜f➜t➜.

A Stakeholder Engagement Plan is a live document. When you are done, agree with the participants how often you might need to review it, ➜o➜r➜a➜t➜w➜h➜i➜c➜h➜s➜t➜a➜g➜e➜s➜o➜f➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process you might need to create a new one.

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN Who

Why

What

How

When

Barriers

Which groups do you want to engage with?

What are the reasons for you to engage with them?

What are the key messages you want to communicate?

What methods will you use to reach them?

When and how frequently will you make contact?

What might prevent these groups from engaging with you? How can you address these barriers?

TOOLS for engaging communites and stakeholders

TOOL

27

engaging communities and stakeholders

1

clarifying data needs

2

collecting data

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5

The second action to take in profiling a settlement is to agree on the reasons why the profile is needed, to clarify what information already exists about the settlement and to plan

2.

clarifying data needs

what additional information needs to be gathered first hand.

INTRODUCTION

Analysing data needs (Luis Gama, 2019)

When do we need data and why?

In recent times many organisations in Freetown have been involved in collecting ➜SL➜U➜R➜C➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜A➜SF➜-U➜K➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ ➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜iß➜e➜d➜ ß➜v➜e➜ data about informal settlements. Experience typical scenarios that prompt the need suggests that residents have often been to access information about Freetown’s fatigued by the practical and emotional settlements: labour of participating in many research 1. We want to ... create a baseline initiatives, particularly when they don’t feel 2. We want to ... access resources a sense of control over the outcomes. This is an important reminder that settlement 3. We want to ... manage conflict ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜s➜h➜o➜u➜l➜d➜ ➜b➜e➜ ➜p➜l➜a➜n➜n➜e➜d➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜c➜a➜r➜e➜, 4. We want to ... mitigate risks thinking about the wellbeing of everyone 5. We want to ... inform policy and plans involved. Importantly, it is also a reminder ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜s➜h➜o➜u➜l➜d➜ ➜a➜l➜w➜a➜y➜s➜ The scenarios originated from conversations take into consideration other enumeration, held in and about the settlements of mapping and documentation activities ➜D➜w➜o➜r➜z➜a➜r➜k➜, ➜C➜o➜c➜k➜l➜e➜ B➜a➜y➜ a➜n➜d➜ P➜o➜r➜t➜e➜e➜ R➜o➜k➜u➜p➜a➜, that might have already happened in the but similar situations can be found in many same area. This can help to ensure that the in Freetown. ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜ ➜b➜o➜t➜h➜ ➜b➜e➜n➜eß➜t➜s➜ ➜f➜r➜o➜m➜, ➜a➜n➜dcommunities ➜ contributes to, other mobilisation and data The text that follows provides an overview collection initiatives that involve the same ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜ ß➜v➜e➜ ➜s➜c➜e➜n➜a➜r➜i➜o➜s➜, ➜h➜i➜g➜h➜l➜i➜g➜h➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ places, people and organisations. ➜c➜h➜a➜l➜l➜e➜n➜g➜e➜s➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ organisations might face in each situation ➜W➜h➜e➜n➜s➜t➜a➜r➜t➜i➜n➜g➜a➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜-b➜a➜s➜e➜d➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g ➜ in relation to the collection and sharing of process in your settlement, it is important ➜t➜o➜ c➜l➜a➜r➜i➜f➜y➜w➜h➜a➜t➜ i➜s➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜u➜r➜p➜o➜s➜e➜ o➜f➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜, ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜. ➜T➜h➜e➜ ➜a➜i➜m➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜m➜p➜t➜ ➜a➜ ➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜o➜n➜ the many information needs that coexist in what information is needed exactly, and Freetown’s settlements, and to raise critical who might already hold it. It is also important questions to consider when planning to consider who else might need the same ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ ➜o➜w➜n➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ data, and if the data collection process can collection processes. be designed in a way that makes it easier to share data with others.

29

we want to... create a baseline Many groups and organisations are involved in collecting baseline data about Freetown’s settlements. These data collection processes are sometimes linked, but tend to use different methods and tools, which makes it difficult to share the information.

we want to... access resources Residents often need to access information about their own community in their everyday lives. This information sometimes exists, but access to it is restricted, or it is not in a format that residents can use.

This includes for instance information about the status of land, or the availability For instance, the Development Planning and of water points—both of which are very Management Department of Freetown City important when someone wants to settle Council regularly undertakes Community in a place and build a house. Organisations Needs Assessment exercises, following like FEDURP and CODOHSAPA sometimes the council’s own data collection protocols. hold this type of information, but might not have the capacity to disseminate it widely amongst residents.

FEDURP and CODOHSAPA involve local ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜o➜w➜n➜ settlements, following the Know Your Similar data is sometimes held by the City methodology shared by all SDI Ministry of Lands, Country Planning and ➜a➜l➜i➜a➜t➜e➜s➜. ➜SL➜U➜R➜C➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜p➜a➜r➜t➜n➜e➜r➜s➜ ➜a➜l➜s➜o➜ the Environment that might use it to develop community-based settlement devise upgrading and relocation plans, ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜s➜ ➜p➜a➜r➜t➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜r➜e➜s➜e➜a➜r➜c➜h➜ ➜a➜c➜t➜i➜v➜i but ➜t➜iis➜e➜sunlikely ➜, to make maps accessible largely in collaboration with FEDURP and for community-based groups and CODOHSAPA. organisations.

30

we want to... manage conflicts Across Freetown’s settlements, land use and management are governed by formal as well as customary rules. Customary rules are less documented than formal ones, and the mismatch between the two can create difficult and potentially conflictual situations.

F ➜ o ➜ r ➜ ➜ e➜ x➜ a ➜ m ➜ p ➜ l ➜ e➜ ➜ , c ➜ o ➜ n ➜ i ➜ c ➜ t ➜ s ➜ ➜m ➜ i ➜ g ➜ h ➜ t ➜ ➜a ➜ r ➜ i ➜ s ➜ e➜ ➜ a ➜ r ➜ o ➜ u ➜ n ➜ d ➜ ➜ tenure arrangements and property boundaries, when two people make claims on the same piece of land, or one person is perceived to be encroaching on a common area.

Traditional chiefs often absorb great responsibility in these situations, mediating disputes between residents. Oftentimes, ➜l➜o➜c➜a➜l➜ ➜g➜o➜v➜e➜r➜n➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜o➜c➜i➜a➜l➜s➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜a➜l➜s➜o➜ ➜c➜a➜l➜l➜e➜d➜ on to settle disputes. However, formal settlement and property boundaries do not account for experience and undocumented patterns of use, and can be incompatible with customary arrangements.

we want to... manage conflicts Across Freetown, many local and international organisations are involved in gathering information about risk. However their data collection processes are not always aligned with the risk management efforts of local communities.

we want to... inform policy and plans Formal upgrading and resettlement plans rely on extensive data about settlements.

Residents are well-aware of their own living conditions; however, their knowledge and the data that they create are often overlooked by formal planning.

➜T➜h➜e➜ ➜r➜i➜s➜k➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜l➜a➜n➜d➜s➜l➜i➜d➜e➜s➜, ➜f➜o➜r➜ ➜i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜, ➜aœ➜eDecisions ➜ c ➜ t ➜ s➜ about settlement planning are many parts of the city, and there is often made by the national government, in widespread consensus that data-informed consultation with the local council. When action needs to be taken to reduce future they intervene in a settlement, government landslide damage. Many settlements have ➜a➜c➜t➜o➜r➜s➜ o➜f➜t➜e➜n➜ c➜o➜n➜s➜i➜d➜e➜r➜ d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ a➜l➜t➜e➜r➜n➜a➜t➜i➜v➜e➜s➜ set up a self-managed Community Disaster (typically, upgrading or relocation) based Management Committee to address this on the data that they or their private and similar threats. These committees need consultants have collected about the area. information to identify and mitigate risks.

This data might or might not be accurate, International NGOs might hold useful data and is rarely created in partnership with ➜t➜o➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜e➜n➜d➜, ➜b➜u➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜t➜e➜n➜ ➜a➜t➜ ➜a➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r the ➜e➜n➜tlocal ➜ community. Community-based ➜s➜c➜a➜l➜e➜ ➜o➜r➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜a➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜n➜a➜t➜u➜r➜e➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜p➜a➜r➜e➜d➜ ➜t➜o➜ data, on the other hand, is often considered what residents need on a day-to-day basis. unreliable by the authorities.

Analysing data needs (Luise Gama, 2019)

31

Prompts for reflection

Is there scope for developing inclusive, citywide partnerships for settlement profiling?

These scenarios raise a number of questions on the challenges and opportunities of generating evidence about settlements, ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜s➜h➜a➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜a➜m➜o➜n➜g➜s➜t➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ stakeholders.

Can we align our data collection methodologies with those of other organisations, so that the information we produce is consistent and can be shared?

How can we ensure our data collection process remains accountable to local residents and that they can access and use the information we create?

How can we make the most out of existing data, before we start gathering new information about our settlement?

32

Should local communities share their data with government authorities and development agencies?

How can we create community-based data that is considered reliable by government agencies?

What are the risks of making data about our settlements visible and available to all, for instance when it comes to land tenure?

(Luis Gama, 2019)

33

TOOLS WHAT DATA DO WE NEED AND HOW DO

TOOLS FOR CLARIFYING DATA NEEDS 1 data needs guide - p.36 2 data collection plan - p.38

34

WE GET IT?

INTRODUCTION The following tools can help you to decide what information you need to gather as part of the settlement profiling process, and how you can go about it. They can support you in asking critical questions about the information that is already available, and in developing a clear plan of action for the future.

data needs guide This tool gives you a detailed overview of the data that needs to be collected. It allows ➜y➜o➜u➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜i➜f➜y➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜a➜i➜m➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process, and to list what information already exists, what information you can access and use, and what is missing and needs to be collected.

Data collection plan This tool helps you to develop a clear plan for collecting data. It invites you to assess what resources you will need, and to think about other practical issues associated with collecting data, such as accessibility and timeframes.

35

METHOD

DATA NEEDS GUIDE This tool gives you an overview of the data that needs to be collected. It allows you to identify the aims of the profiling process, and to list what information already exists, what information you can access and use, and what information is missing and needs to be collected.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

Step 2 •

Location Anywhere

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, possibly printed in A3 format

•

Large writing surface (sheets of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard)

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens or chalk

Start by discussing with participants why it would be useful to collect data about your community. ➜W➜h➜a➜t➜a➜r➜e➜t➜h➜e➜i➜s➜s➜u➜e➜s➜t➜h➜a➜t➜a➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ can help to address? Encourage participants to think about this question from diverse points of view and to consider the perspective o ➜ f➜ d ➜ i ➜ œ➜er ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ s ➜ t ➜ a ➜ k ➜ e➜ h ➜ o ➜ l ➜ d ➜ e➜ r ➜ s ➜ .➜

Step 3 •

Brainstorm with participants what information already exists about the settlement. In Freetown, this might include information collected by FEDURP and CODOHSAPA, by the local Community Disaster Management Committee, by the Council, and so forth.

•

➜Y➜o➜u➜m➜a➜y➜n➜e➜e➜d➜t➜o➜p➜a➜u➜s➜e➜ß➜l➜l➜i➜n➜g➜o➜u➜t➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜w➜o➜r➜k➜s➜h➜e➜e➜t➜,t➜o➜ß➜n➜d➜o➜u➜t➜m➜o➜r➜e➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜t➜h➜i➜s➜p➜o➜i➜n➜t➜.

Two hours, possibly more if additional research is needed

TOOLS for clarifying data needs

After the introduction, start to fill out the sections of the Data Needs Guide.

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

Step 4

The tool can be used either as the basis for a focus group discussion, or as an interview guide, to conduct interviews with individual stakeholders instead of bringing them together.

Participants:

•

➜A➜f➜t➜e➜r➜ ß➜l➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜o➜u➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜D➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜N➜e➜e➜d➜s➜ ➜G➜u➜i➜d➜e➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜k➜e➜y➜ stakeholders, you might need to conduct further research, to make sure that you have a full picture of what information is available about the area.

36

Ask participants to assess whether the information that already exists is useful and usable. In what format was the data stored?

Who has access to it? Is it up to date?

Representatives of the organisations that are i ➜ n ➜ v ➜ o ➜ l ➜ v ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜i ➜ n ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ e➜ ➜ p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ ß➜li ➜ n ➜ g ➜ ➜p ➜ r ➜ o ➜ c ➜ e➜ s ➜ s ➜ ➜, o ➜ r ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ ➜m ➜ i ➜ g ➜ h ➜ t ➜ ➜ be involved in the future; key city informants, such as representatives from the government, Step 5 representatives of NGOs that are active in the area...

• Once you have a clear picture of the information that is already available and of Facilitators: its quality, agree on what information is still At least one person leading the activity and one missing and what information needs to be person recording it ➜c➜o➜l➜l➜e➜c➜t➜e➜d➜a➜s➜p➜a➜r➜t➜o➜f➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜.

TOOL

DATA NEEDS GUIDE Why do you need information?

What information do you have?

What information is missing?

Discuss with participants why it would be useful to collect data about the area. What are the issues that a settlement profile will help you address?

What data already exists about the area?

Discuss with participants what information you will need to collect first-hand, based on your shared assessment of what is available, and what is missing.

How useful is the data?

Is the data accurate? Is it up to date?

How usable is the data?

TOOLS for clarifying data needs

Who has or can gain access to the existing data?

Additional notes and remarks on your data needs

37

METHOD

DATA COLLECTION PLAN This tool helps you to develop a clear plan for collecting data. It invites you to assess what resources you will need, and to think about other practical issues associated with collecting data, such as accessibility and timeframes.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, sit down with the participants and start to fill out the sections of the Data Collection Plan.

Step 2

Anywhere

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, on screen or printed

Start by listing the aims of your data collection activities, and the tools that you are planning to use to gather information.

•

A comprehensive set of data collection tools is included in the following section of this Toolkit.

Step 3 •

Once you have agreed on your aims and on the tools that you intend to use, work your way through the questions on the worksheet, moving from left to right.

•

Discuss each question as a group, and add as much detail as possible to the plan.

TIMEFRAME TOOLS for clarifying data needs

2 to 3 hours

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

You might review your Data Collection Plan several Participants: ➜t➜i➜m➜e➜s➜ ➜d➜u➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜, ➜a➜s➜ ➜n➜e➜w➜ ➜i➜s➜s➜uAnyone ➜ e ➜ s➜ who will be directly involved in the and questions are likely to emerge when you start collection of data, such as community researchers collecting information.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it

38

TOOLS for CLARIFYING DATA NEEDS

Location

•

TOOL

DATA COLLECTION PLAN (PAGE 1 OF 3) Thinking about practicalities

What are the aims of your planned data collection process?

What aspects would you like to better understand about your settlement?

Tool What data collection activities will you undertake and what tools will you use?

List here all the tools you will use: timelines, transect

information

Timeframe

Iterations

Team

For each tool, what information are you aiming to gather?

How long will it take to use this tool?

How many times will you need to use this tool — for instance, ➜t➜o➜ r➜e➜a➜c➜h➜ a➜l➜l➜t➜h➜e➜ z➜o➜n➜e➜s➜ of your settlement?

How will the data collection team be ➜c➜o➜m➜p➜o➜s➜e➜d➜?➜ Sp➜e➜c➜iß➜a➜l➜l➜y➜, how many community researchers will you involve?

History of key events, population changes over time, boundaries over time.

Location of key events.

Positive & negative.

2 hours

1 x each zone; 1 x whole settlement; 1 x women only for whole settlement

3 x facilitators per iteration, including at least 1 x local community researcher.

walks, and so forth.

TOOLS for CLARIFYING DATA NEEDS

Aims

Example: To gain a historical overview of the settlement and how it developed, and to map the location of major events with pins & photographs.

Timeline

39

TOOL

DATA COLLECTION PLAN (CONTINUED, 2 OF 3) About the participants

TOOLS for CLARIFYING DATA NEEDS

Recording the information

Recording

Materials

Types of data

Participants

Informed consent

Potential harm

How will the activity be recorded?

What materials and resources will you need to run and record the activity?

What data will be generated by the end of the activity?

Who will participate in this activity? How will you approach and recruit the potential participants?

Will informed consent be obtained from participants? If so, how?

What is the potential for harm and distress to the participants, now and in the future?

How will you ensure appropriate protection and well-being of the participants?

Timeline template for facilitators; flip-chart paper for timeline; base maps and acetate sheet on top; pens and stickers; digital device for audio recording.

Timeline on flip-chart paper; maps or recorded GPS coordinates.

24 participants for whole settlement (2 per zone x 12 zones); 12 participants women only.

All reached through community organiser.

Yes, information sheets and consent forms.

No harm foreseen.

Facilitators to remind themselves of and apply Code of Conduct.

Example (continued): Timeline tool; settlement and zone maps; optional: WhatsApp or GPS to record key timeline locations.

40

TOOL

DATA COLLECTION PLAN (CONTINUED, 3 OF 3) Storage

Organisation

Validation

Quality

Rigour

Risk

How will you store the data generated?

How will you organise the data? What accompanying notes will you need to produce, to help yourself and others to comprehend the data in the future?

How will you check the accuracy of the data that you generated?

How will you involve participants in checking if the data rings true to them?

What could go wrong with the process of collecting and systematising the data, that would reduce the quality of the information gathered?

What could reduce the rigour of the data collection process, for instance in terms of accuracy or consistency?

What other risks may be associated with the data collection process and how can you address them?

Each piece of data (annotated tool, map, etc) logged into data database (spreadsheet), with links to digital files.

Validation workshop with participants at completion of data collection.

Different facilitators focusing on different information, and/ or recording the information differently.

Contrasting information emerging from different groups. If this occurs, address during validation process.

Piaces of data not labelled accurately.

What labelling and annotation procedures will you use to organise ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ t➜y➜p➜e➜s➜ o➜f➜ ß➜l➜e➜s➜ a➜n➜d➜ n➜o➜t➜e➜s➜?➜

TOOLS for CLARIFYING DATA NEEDS

Addressing potential risks

Systematising the data

Example (continued): Annotated tool, fllipchart page and map photographed and stored in secure cabinet. Digital files named and saved to password-protected folder.

41

engaging communities and stakeholders

1

clarifying data needs

2

collecting data

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5

The third action to take in profiling a settlement is to engage in fieldwork and to gather information, based on robust ethical frameworks and procedures, and using an appropriate set of

3.

collecting data

tools for data collection.

Introduction

methods and tools, and adapting them to suit your aims and local conditions.

➜O➜n➜c➜e➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜n➜e➜e➜d➜s➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ ➜b➜e➜e➜n➜ ➜c➜l➜a➜r➜iß➜e➜d➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ a data collection plan is in place, you will ➜b➜e➜ ➜r➜e➜a➜d➜y➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜e➜n➜g➜a➜g➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜ ß➜e➜l➜d➜w➜o➜r➜k➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜s➜t➜a➜r➜t➜ ➜g➜a➜t➜h➜e➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜-h➜a➜n➜d➜.

how do we prepare for fieldwork?

The process of community-based data collection should be inclusive and transparent, and residents and communitybased organisations should be involved in planning and monitoring this process, as suggested in the previous sections. At this stage, guidelines and procedures for ethical data collection should also be put in place. This will guarantee accountability, and will help ensure that people feel safe providing information about themselves, and understand how it will be used.

Before engaging in fieldwork, it is important that you establish frameworks and procedures for collecting data in a way that is ethical and respectful of participants.

By ‘participants’ we refer to anyone who takes part in the data collection and supplies you with information: for instance, the people you interview.

An ethical research process demands ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜ ➜f➜o➜l➜l➜o➜w➜ ß➜v➜e➜ ➜c➜o➜r➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜i➜n➜c➜i➜p➜l➜e➜s➜: ➜o➜b➜t➜a➜i➜n➜ informed consent from potential participants; minimise the risk of harming them; protect ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜a➜ ➜n➜o➜n➜y➜m➜i➜t➜y➜a➜ ➜n➜d➜c ➜ ➜o➜nß➜d➜e➜n➜t➜i➜a➜l➜i➜t➜y➜;➜n ➜ ➜e➜v➜e➜r➜u ➜ ➜s➜e➜ deceptive practices to obtain information; and give them the right to withdraw from the process at any time.

When starting the data collection process, it is important to think how the data collected can be as representative as possible of the settlement’s social and spatial conditions. This means that the sample of r ➜ e➜ s ➜ i ➜ d ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ s ➜ ➜ in ➜ v ➜ o ➜ l ➜ v ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜ sh ➜ o ➜ u ➜ l ➜ d ➜ ➜ id ➜ e➜ a ➜ l ➜ l ➜ y➜ ➜ re➜ e➜ c ➜ t ➜ ➜ th ➜ e➜ ➜ characteristics of the wider community in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, ability, and so on.

➜Si➜m➜i➜l➜a➜r➜l➜y➜h , ➜e➜s➜p➜a➜c➜e➜s➜m➜a➜p➜p➜e➜d➜s➜h➜o➜u➜l➜d➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜ the range of geographical conditions found ➜i➜n➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜D. ➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜t➜y➜p➜e➜s➜o➜f➜d➜a➜t➜a➜a➜r➜e➜ also needed to provide a detailed overview Collecting data ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜a➜: ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜r➜e➜q➜u➜i➜r➜e➜s➜ ➜m➜i➜x➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r(SLURC, ➜e➜n➜t➜ 2020) 43

Code of Conduct for data collection Preparation • An understanding of your audience.

•

A good plan with consideration of timing and location.

Data Collection • Informed consent from participants, who are taking part voluntarily.

• Capturing and uncovering all information by asking exploratory questions, listening and allowing participants to lead. Data collectors can provide suggestions but must not lead.

• Consideration of language: clarity is very important.

• Consideration of participants: who should be made to feel comfortable and treated with respect.

• Consideration of appropriate behaviour: data collectors should be patient, trustworthy, honest, realistic and not raise false hopes.

• Consideration of dress: data collectors should dress appropriately.

(Freetown, January 2019). 2019

Code of Conduct (ASFUK and SLURC, 2019)

44

Agreeing on a code of conduct ➜W➜h➜e➜n➜ ➜p➜i➜l➜o➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process described in this toolkit, SLURC and ASF-UK worked with a team of community researchers to codesign a Code of Conduct for data collection, illustrated here. This provided us with the opportunity to discuss how our personal positions, cultures, beliefs and attitudes might shape our relationship with residents, and as a consequence, the gathering of data.

We recommend that you also facilitate a similar conversation with your team at the beginning of the data collection.

gaining informed consent Consent means that participants must be given the opportunity to decide whether ➜t➜h➜e➜y➜ ➜w➜a➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜c➜o➜n➜t➜r➜i➜b➜u➜t➜e➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process. Their consent must be informed: that is, it must be based on a clear understanding of why their information is being collected and what it will be used for.

Consent can be given in writing—for ➜i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜ ➜b➜y➜ ß➜l➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜a➜ ➜c➜o➜n➜s➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m·➜o➜r➜ verbally. There are circumstances where written consent might create discomfort or unnecessary risks for your participants.

In these cases, verbal consent may be preferable, and where possible it should be audio-recorded.

Generic informed consent script Hello.

➜M➜y➜n ➜ ➜a➜m➜e➜i ➜ ➜s➜_ ➜ ➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜a ➜ ➜n➜d➜I➜ a ➜ ➜m➜w➜ ➜o➜r➜k➜i➜n➜g➜w➜ ➜i➜t➜h➜_ ➜ ➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜W➜. ➜e➜a ➜ ➜r➜e➜c ➜ ➜o➜n➜d➜u➜c➜t➜i➜n➜g➜a ➜ ➜s ➜ ➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p ➜ ➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜p➜a➜r➜t➜n➜e➜r➜s➜h➜i➜p➜w➜i➜t➜h➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜.A➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜s➜e➜e➜k➜s➜t➜o➜g➜a➜t➜h➜e➜r➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜a➜n➜a➜r that can be used to promote access to basic services and resources.

In this activity we will gather information on __________. The information that you provide will be used to inform the government and its partners, to ask that they design better policies to improve the wellbeing of residents.

Participation in this activity is voluntary, and if we should come to any question you don’t want to answer, just let us know and we will move on; or you can stop the activity at any time to continue at a later point. However, we hope that you will participate as your views are important.

➜T➜h➜e➜a➜c➜t➜i➜v➜i➜t➜y➜w➜i➜l➜l➜t➜a➜k➜e➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜_➜t➜o➜c➜o➜m➜p➜l➜e➜t➜e➜A . ➜l➜l➜y➜o➜u➜r➜a➜n➜s➜w➜e➜r➜s➜w➜i➜l➜l➜b➜e➜k➜e➜p➜t➜s➜t➜r➜i➜c➜t➜l➜y➜c➜o➜nß➜d➜e➜n➜t➜i ➜a➜n➜d➜ w➜i➜l➜l➜ b➜e➜ e➜x➜c➜l➜u➜s➜i➜v➜e➜l➜y➜ u➜s➜e➜d➜ f➜o➜r➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜u➜r➜p➜o➜s➜e➜ o➜f➜ t➜h➜i➜s➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜. Y➜o➜u➜r➜ n➜a➜m➜e➜ w➜i➜l➜l➜ n➜e➜v➜e➜r➜ b➜e➜ u➜s➜e➜d➜ i➜n➜ connection with any of the information you tell us, and you can contact us at any point if you change your mind and would prefer your information not to be used at all.

Before we start, do you have any questions or is there anything that we have said that you would like to discuss further? If you are happy to proceed, please complete and sign the consent box on the activity tool sheet.

(Freetown, April 2019).

45

planning how to manage data ➜B➜e➜f➜o➜r➜e➜e➜n➜g➜a➜g➜i➜n➜g➜i➜nß➜➜ e➜l➜d➜w➜o➜r➜k➜i , ➜t➜i➜s➜u➜s➜e➜f➜u➜l➜t➜o➜t➜h➜i➜n➜k➜ about ways of managing the data that you will create. You can devise a data management plan, or informally set out some guidelines.

Aspects to be outlined might concern which software to use, and how to organise, store, manage and share your data.

Planning for data management also means thinking about the procedures you will use to anonymise data and protect your participants.

You will also need to think about how to store the information. Once anonymised, manual data such as physical maps can be labelled, photographed, and saved in a secure place, like a lockable cabinet. Digital data such as transect walks using Ramblr, and mapping and surveys using Kobo toolkit will automatically upload to a password-protected online account.

Organising data (SLURC, 2019)

Throughout the data collection process, it might be useful to keep an inventory of the data ➜g➜a➜t➜h➜e➜r➜e➜d➜, ➜t➜o➜ ➜u➜n➜d➜e➜r➜s➜t➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜s➜ and types of information that will be used for analysis.

46

Field interviews (Luis Gama, 2019)

47

TOOLS TOOLS FOR COLLECTING DATA 1 Household survey - p.54 2 photo diary - p.56 3 timeline - p.58 4 transect walk - p.60 5 neighbourhood map - p.62 6 relationships map - p.64 7 ranking matrix - P.66

WHAT tools and methods can we use to collect the data we need?

INTRODUCTION The following tools help you to collect the information that will form your settlement profile. These tools are tried and tested, and many of them are well documented.

The versions included here are the ones that ASF-UK and SLURC found particularly useful when working together in Freetown.

Most of these tools can be used thematically, for instance to investigate the presence and quality of shared open spaces, infrastructure, water and sanitation facilities, and so forth.

household survey A household survey is a face-to-face survey of a sample of residents in the settlement.

It allows you to gather detailed, quantitative information on a range of topics concerning private households and individuals in your community, and it can provide important evidence about living conditions in the area.

Photo diary Photo diaries are a visual way to build understanding of residents’ lives and daily activities, and how broader living conditions ➜i➜n➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ aœ➜e➜c➜t➜ t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜.

Neighbourhood map

Diaries often explore a typical day in the ➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t¶➜s➜ l➜i➜f➜e➜,w➜i➜t➜h➜ p➜h➜o➜t➜o➜s➜ t➜a➜k➜e➜n➜ a➜t➜ s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ Physical mapping allows you to engage in times and then commented upon during conversations about how people live in an interviews or focus group discussions. area. You can capture where key facilities and infrastructure are located in the settlement, and discuss their social value, for instance by asking who manages and A timeline enables you to explore how the uses each space, why, and how. settlement, or part of the settlement, has developed over time and what are the key events that have shaped this. The timeline should focus around past events and can Relationship mapping is a way of examining have a smaller or larger scale. Participants the relations between stakeholders can also identify personal information, and the impact that these relationships for instance when they arrived at the have on the community. It enables a settlement and why. better understanding of existing forms of collaboration, potential partnerships, and ➜a➜n➜y➜c➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜s➜ t➜h➜a➜t➜ m➜a➜y➜e➜x➜i➜s➜t➜.

Timeline

Relationships map

Transect walk

A transect walk is a systematic walk along a path (transect) across the settlement together with local residents. It gives you an overview of particular conditions by observing, asking and listening. The output is a transect diagram, in the form of an annotated section of the settlement.

When conducting a transect walk, the digital application Ramblr can be useful to record digital locations and topography; KoBo Toolbox can help with photographs and notes.

Ranking matrix The ranking matrix allows for discussing preferences and priorities. It uses the information gathered through the other tools, to identify the key issues that ➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜i➜m➜p➜o➜r➜t➜a➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ settlement, and to understand their relative importance overall.

49

EXAMPLES timeline

TOOLS for collecting data

transect walk

50

EXAMPLES neighbourhood map (analogue)

TOOLS for collecting data

neighbourhood map (Kobo)

51

EXAMPLES relationships map

TOOLS for collecting data

ranking matrix

52

TOOLS for collecting data

Collecting data (SLURC, 2019)

53

METHOD

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY A household survey is a face-to-face survey of a sample of residents in the settlement. It allows you to gather detailed, quantitative information on a range of topics concerning private households and individuals in your community, and it can provide important evidence about living conditions in the area.

Location Individual households in the community

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheet

•

Survey (one copy per participant)

•

Pencils

•

Smartphone with KoBo Collect app

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

➜T➜h➜e➜ß➜r➜s➜t➜s➜t➜e➜p➜i➜n➜c➜a➜r➜r➜y➜i➜n➜g➜o➜u➜t➜a➜h➜o➜u➜s➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜ survey in your community is to design the survey questionnaire itself.

•

➜Su➜r➜v➜e➜y➜q➜u➜e➜s➜t➜i➜o➜n➜n➜a➜i➜r➜e➜s➜f➜o➜r➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ can vary enormously in content and length, depending on the objectives of the survey, on the characteristics of your community, and on the conditions under which the survey will be carried out.

•

The tool presented here aims to provide some guidance on the topics that you can cover in your survey.

Step 2 •

TOOLS for collecting data

Several days

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

Survey design can be a complex task. Research organisations like SLURC can provide the expertise and capacity needed to design the survey questionnaire and the sample, as well as to analyse the data once the survey has been carried out.

Participants:

54

A sample of residents Facilitators: At least two people carrying out the activity in ➜e➜a➜c➜h➜z➜o➜n➜e

The second step is to establish the sample of residents who will participate. One way ➜o➜f➜g➜o➜i➜n➜g➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜i➜t➜i➜s➜t➜o➜m➜a➜p➜o➜u➜t➜t➜h➜e➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜z➜o➜n➜e➜s➜o➜f➜y➜o➜u➜r➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜,a➜n➜d➜t➜h➜e➜n➜s➜e➜l➜e➜c➜t➜a➜ ➜r➜a➜n➜d➜o➜m➜s➜e➜t➜o➜f➜h➜o➜u➜s➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜s➜f➜o➜r➜e➜a➜c➜h➜z➜o➜n➜e➜(f➜o➜r➜ ➜i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜,10h➜o➜u➜s➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜s➜p➜e➜r➜z➜o➜n➜e➜).

Step 3 •

Once the survey has been designed and the sample has been agreed on, you will be able to carry out the survey. When you do so, you can record their answers both manually (on a paper copy of the household survey) and digitally (using the KoBo Collect app).

TOOL

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

Socio-economic and demographic profile

Housing conditions

Sanitation and health

Water

Energy sources

Water disposal

Social dynamics

Community needs and priorities

TOOLS for collecting data

TOPICS THAT YOUR HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE COULD INCLUDE...

55

METHOD

PHOTO DIARY Photo diaries are a visual way to build understanding of residents’ lives and daily activities, and how broader living conditions in the settlement affect these. Diaries often explore a typical day in the resident’s life, with photos taken at specific times and then commented upon during interviews or focus group discussions.

Location A large space in the community; participants’ chosen spaces

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheets, one copy per participant

•

Camera: smartphone or disposable camera

•

Paper, sticky notes, coloured pens

•

Map of the area

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, give each participant a camera (if they don’t have one) and a prompt.

For instance, if you’re investigating water infrastructure, you might ask them to take a picture of the places where they use water.

•

Encourage them to take around 8–10 photos and to write or audio record the reason they took each photo.

Step 2 •

Step 3 •

TOOLS for collecting data

2 to 7 days

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

The exercise can create the foundation for one to Participants: one interviews as well as focus group discussions.

A sample of residents Depending on the topic you are exploring, you may choose to run the exercise with a random Facilitators: ➜s➜a➜m➜p➜l➜e➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ ➜o➜r➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜, At ➜d➜i➜v➜i➜d➜i➜n➜g➜p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜n➜t➜s➜b➜y➜g➜e➜n➜d➜e➜r➜,a➜g➜e➜,z➜o➜n➜e➜o➜r➜o➜t➜h➜e➜r ➜ least one person leading the activity relevant characteristics.

Participants might need training to use a camera or phone to take the pictures. This can happen in ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜ m➜e➜e➜t➜i➜n➜g➜.

56

Once participants have taken the photos, have them send the photos to you in advance of the scheduled interview or focus group discussion.

In preparation for the meeting or interview, spend some time with the photos and develop a few questions for discussion. If you are planning to discuss the photos as a group, print them ahead of the session.

Step 4 •

At the next meeting, use the Photo Diary worksheet to discuss with the participants why they took those photos, what each photo means to them, and how the settlement impacts the activities described in the images.

•

In addition to the worksheet, it might be useful to use a map to support the discussion.

PHOTO DIARY Prompt

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

Add here your chosen diary prompt and any instructions that you would like participants to follow.

Date and time of photo:

Date and time of photo:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

Date and time of photo:

Date and time of photo:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

Date and time of photo:

Date and time of photo:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

➜I➜m➜a➜g➜e➜ß➜l➜e➜n➜a➜m➜e➜:

Date and time of photo:

Date and time of photo:

Profile

TOOLS for collecting data

TOOL

Memorable interview quotes

NAME AGE GENDER HOUSEHOLD

57

METHOD

TIMELINE A timeline enables you to explore how the settlement, or part of the settlement, has developed over time and what are the key events that have shaped this. The timeline should focus around past events and can have a smaller or larger scale. Participants can also identify personal information, for instance when they arrived in the settlement and why.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, discuss with participants what type of events you are aiming to record and why. Agree on the list and then assign colours or symbols to each.

Step 2

Location A large space in the community

TIMEFRAME

TOOLS for collecting data

1 to 2 hours

•

Tool worksheet

•

Large sheet of paper reproducing the worksheet’s diagram

•

Paper, sticky notes, coloured pens, stickers

•

Map of the area

•

Camera

who will be involved?

The exercise can be used to support one to one interviews as well as focus group discussions.

Participants:

58

The timeline can start with the founding of the community, or with an event that the oldest people remember, or any other moment ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜n➜t➜s➜ß➜n➜d➜s➜i➜g➜n➜iß➜c➜a➜n➜t➜f➜o➜r➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ community.

•

Once you have agreed on the starting point, ask participants to use coloured pens and stickers to record important events.

What will you need?

notes for facilitators When working in groups, it might be useful to identify if any of the participants are not being heard and might prefer to contribute to the conversation separately, through an individual timeline. If events sensitive to any members of the groups are raised, keep the conversation moving.

If appropriate, you can return to the subject towards the end of the exercise.

•

A sample of residents Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it

Step 3 •

➜A➜s➜w➜e➜l➜l➜a➜s➜c➜a➜p➜t➜u➜r➜i➜n➜g➜t➜h➜e➜d➜a➜t➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜iß➜e➜d➜b➜y➜ residents, ask follow-up questions to uncover relevant information: how did this impact the ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜?➜W➜h➜o➜w➜a➜s➜i➜n➜v➜o➜l➜v➜e➜d➜o➜r➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜e➜d➜?➜ Why did this happen? This information can be recorded as notes along the way.

Step 4 •

In addition to the timeline, it might be useful to use a large scale map to support the ➜d➜i➜s➜c➜u➜s➜s➜i➜o➜n➜a➜n➜d➜r➜e➜c➜o➜r➜d➜t➜h➜e➜l➜o➜c➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜o➜f➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ events.

TOOL

TIMELINE Positive events

Legend

TOOLS for collecting data

Negative events

Notes on things that stood out:

59

METHOD

TRANSECT WALK A transect walk is a systematic walk along a path (transect) across the settlement together with local residents. It gives you an overview of particular conditions by observing, asking and listening. The output is a transect diagram, in the form of an annotated section of the settlement.

Route across the community

TIMEFRAME

Step 1 •

After the introduction, agree with participants on the timeframe of the walk and the path you wish to follow. You can choose a representative path by looking out on the community from a high point, or by exploring a map together and selecting important areas to visit.

•

If participants will be asking questions to other residents along the transect path, agree on how this might work.

edInspir y:b

,stcena Tr ni , rewoPsec rP dna :noitapsclrP To ro f egnahC etaidmr nIy(gol hcet,snoiaclbuP 1995).

Location

InSTRUCTIONS

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheet

Step 1

•

Map of the area

•

•

Paper, coloured pens

•

Smartphone with Ramblr app

•

Camera

➜A➜f➜e➜w➜h➜o➜u➜r➜s➜t➜o➜a➜f➜e➜w➜d➜a➜y➜s➜d , ➜e➜p➜e➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜o➜n➜t➜h➜e➜s➜i➜z➜e➜o➜f➜ the area and the complexity of the issues explored

Step 1

TOOLS for collecting data

•

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

It is important to let residents lead the walk and when there is a point of interest, stop and allow enough time to record this. Some residents who are less mobile might need to go more slowly and the group should set a pace that is comfortable for everyone.

Participants:

When conducting a transect walk, the digital application Ramblr can be useful to record digital locations and topography; KoBo Toolbox can help with photographs and notes.

60

Walking and talking, follow the resident along the route and record points on the way using the digital app Ramblr as well as the Transect worksheet. Information can be captured through photographs, notes, voice recordings, and sketches.

A sample of residents or key informants, depending on the topic explored Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity, one person recording it manually, and one person recording it digitally

As well as capturing the spatial features of the area and the points raised by residents, ask follow-up questions to uncover more relevant information and elicit conversations: How? Who? What? Why?

Step 1 •

At the end of the walk, compile field notes and draw a transect diagram that summarises everyone’s observations and conversations. The information from the interviews and chance conversations can also be used later to provide more detailed understanding of the area.

TOOL

TRANSECT WALK

Legend

TOOLS for collecting data

you can sketch your transect walk here

Notes on things that stood out:

61

METHOD

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAP Physical mapping allows you to engage in conversations about how people live in an area. You can capture where key facilities and infrastructure are located in the settlement, and discuss their social value, for instance by asking who manages and uses each space, why, and how.

Location Spaces in the community

TIMEFRAME

TOOLS for collecting data

Step 1 •

After the introduction, agree with participants on the area you are going to explore, the type of spaces you are going to map, and why these are important.

•

Assign colours or symbols to each type of space, perhaps using the legend provided in the Neighbourhood Map tool as a starting point.

Step 2

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheet

•

Map of the area

•

Paper, coloured pens

•

Smartphone with KoBo Collect app

•

Camera

•

Before you start exploring the area, encourage participants to locate themselves on the map.

•

Follow residents through the selected area and record the location of relevant spaces, ideally using both the physical map (with a key) and the KoBo Collect app. KoBo Collect will allow you to save pictures too.

Step 3

➜A➜f➜e➜w➜h➜o➜u➜r➜s➜t➜o➜a➜f➜e➜w➜d➜a➜y➜s➜d , ➜e➜p➜e➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜o➜n➜t➜h➜e➜s➜i➜z➜e➜o➜f➜ the area and the complexity of the issues explored

•

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

It is important to let residents lead the exploration and when there is a point of interest, stop and allow enough time to record this. Some residents who are less mobile might need to go more slowly and the group should set a pace that is comfortable for everyone.

Participants:

62

InSTRUCTIONS

A sample of residents or key informants, depending on the topic explored

Step 4 •

At the end of the exploration, compile field notes and develop a comprehensive map (or set of maps) summarising everyone’s observations and conversations.

•

The information from the interviews and chance conversations can also be used later to provide more detailed understanding of the area.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity, one person recording it manually, and one person recording it digitally

As well as capturing the spatial features of the area and the observations made by residents, ask follow-up questions to uncover more relevant information and elicit conversations: How? Who? What? Why?

TOOL

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAP AREA MAP Legend

Safety and security 1. Police stations 2. Perceived unsafe areas 3. Street lights Water 1. Bore holes 2. Wells 3. Springs 4. Streams 5. Pipe water 6. Tank water

Education 1. Pre-Schools 2. Primary School 3. Secondary Schools 4. Tech Vocs Transport and access 1. Poda poda stations 2. Taxi station 3. Motorbike station 4. Kekeh station 5. Bridges 6. Parking spaces

Livelihoods 1. Manufacturing 2. Informal Market 3. Fishing 4. Quarry/stone mining 5. Workshops Disaster hazard and risk 1. Land slide locations 2. Flooding locations 3. Flooding management 4. Rock falls 5. Fire Sanitation and waste 1. Toilets (shared) 2. Wash facilities 3. Waste management 4. Open drainage

Places of cultural significance/religion 1. Court Barray 2. Artisans 3. Secret Societies 4. Shrine 5. Church 6. Mosque Entertainment and food services 1. Cinema 2. Nightclub 3. Bar 4. Restaurants 5. Tea shops/Ataya base 6. Cookery shop

Amenities 1. Sport ßeld 2. Formal Market 3. Community centre Offices 1. NGO 2. CBO 3. Private Sector Green spaces 1. Park 2. Cemetry 3. Garden 4. Urban Agriculture

TOOLS fOr for cOLlecting collecting daTa data

Health 1. Health post/centre 2. Clinic 3. Pharmacy

Notes on things that stood out:

27 63

METHOD

RELATIONSHIPS MAP Relationship mapping is a way of examining the relations between stakeholders and the impact that these relationships have on the community. It enables a better understanding of existing forms of collaboration, potential partnerships, and any conflicts that may exist.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, agree with participants on what you want to map. It might be useful to think of a particular moment or situation: if you try to map all the organisations and ➜I➜n➜s➜p➜i➜r➜e➜d➜b➜y➜:C➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜M➜a➜p➜p➜i➜n➜g➜,i➜n➜W➜o➜r➜k➜i➜n➜g➜w➜i➜t➜h➜C➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜2:Sk➜i➜l➜l➜s➜a➜n➜d➜t S ➜r➜a➜t➜e➜g➜i➜e➜s➜f➜o➜r➜A➜c➜t➜i➜o➜n➜(>➜e➜d➜B➜o➜o➜k➜s➜, relationships in the community, the result can ➜)a 20 ➜n➜d➜I➜n➜s➜t➜i➜t➜u➜t➜i➜o➜n➜a➜l➜D➜i➜a➜g➜r➜a➜m➜m➜i➜n➜g➜a➜n➜d➜A➜n➜a➜l➜y➜s➜i➜s➜,i➜n➜P➜o➜w➜e➜r➜,P➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜a➜n➜d➜P➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜T: ➜o➜o➜l➜s➜f➜o➜r➜C➜h➜a➜n➜g➜e➜ be so large and complex that it is not helpful. ➜(I➜n➜t➜e➜r➜m➜e➜d➜i➜a➜t➜e➜t➜e➜c➜h➜n➜o➜l➜o➜g➜y➜P➜u➜b➜l➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜s➜,195).

Step 2

Location A large space in the community

•

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheet

•

Large sheets of paper

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens, stickers

Step 3 •

TIMEFRAME

TOOLS for collecting data

1 to 2 hours

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

The tool can be used with a random sample Participants: ➜o➜f➜ ➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ ➜o➜r➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜, ➜d➜i➜v➜i➜dA➜i➜nsample ➜ g➜ of residents or key informants, ➜p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜n➜t➜s➜b➜y➜g➜e➜n➜d➜e➜r➜,a➜g➜e➜,z➜o➜n➜e➜o➜r➜o➜t➜h➜e➜r➜r➜e➜l➜e➜v➜a➜n➜t➜ depending on the topic explored characteristics.

64

Ask participants to arrange the sticky notes on a piece of paper according to whether the organisations are linked in some way. Don’t forget to place your organisation on the map as a reminder that you are part of the situation, not above it. Discuss the quality of the relationships, ➜f➜o➜r➜i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜t➜o➜h➜i➜g➜h➜l➜i➜g➜h➜t➜a➜l➜l➜i➜a➜n➜c➜e➜s➜o➜r➜c➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜s➜.

Step 4 •

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it

You can start the group activity by listing all the relevant stakeholders, perhaps using the Stakeholders List tool. Write the name of each stakeholder on a separate sticky note.

Once the group has created a diagram, invite discussion about the role of different institutions in the community and about key relationships t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ v ➜ e➜ b ➜ e➜ e➜ n ➜ i ➜ d ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ i ➜ ß➜ed ➜ W➜ .➜ h ➜ y➜ a ➜ r ➜ e➜ ➜ c ➜ e➜ r ➜ t ➜ a ➜ i ➜ n ➜ o ➜ r ➜ g ➜ a ➜ n ➜ i ➜ s ➜ a ➜ t ➜ i ➜ o ➜ n ➜ s ➜ a ➜ l ➜ l ➜ i ➜ e➜ d ➜ ?➜ W➜ h ➜ y➜ d ➜ o ➜ e➜ s ➜ a ➜ c ➜ o ➜ n ➜ i ➜ c ➜ t ➜ ➜ exist? Carefully record these conversations.

Step 5 •

If participants have worked in small groups, bring them together to discuss the similarities and differences between their various diagrams.

RELATIONSHIPS MAP

Legend

TOOLS for collecting data

TOOL

Additional notes and remarks A close relationship An alliance A weak relationship ➜D➜i➜r➜e➜c➜t➜i➜o➜n➜o➜f➜i➜n➜u➜e➜n➜c➜e ➜A➜c➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜o➜r➜t➜e➜n➜s➜i➜o➜n

65

METHOD

RANKING MATRIX The ranking matrix allows for discussing preferences and priorities. It uses the information gathered through the other tools, to identify the key issues that are important to different groups in the settlement, and to understand their relative importance overall.

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

After the introduction, organise participants in groups➜,➜e➜i➜t➜h➜e➜r➜r➜a➜n➜d➜o➜m➜l➜y➜o➜r➜b➜y➜z➜o➜n➜e➜,g➜e➜n➜d➜e➜r➜, age or other relevant characteristics.

Step 2 •

Location A large space in the community

What will you need?

•

Tool worksheet

•

Large sheets of paper

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens, stickers

Introduce the Ranking Matrix tool and ask participants to fill it in by. They can start by listing all the built environment issues that are relevant to them, in no particular order, perhaps using sticky notes that they will later be able to rearrange.

Step 3 •

TIMEFRAME 1 to 2 hours

Once they have an initial list, ask participants to rank those issues by relevance and to discuss them in detail, using the worksheet provided and answering the questions from left to right.

Step 4

TOOLS for collecting data

•

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

The tool can be used with a random sample of Participants: ➜r➜e➜s➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜s➜ ➜o➜r➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ ➜g➜r➜o➜u➜p➜s➜, ➜t➜o➜ ➜i➜n➜v➜e➜s➜t➜iA➜g➜a ➜t➜e➜ sample of residents from each area of the their diverse experiences of the area and their settlement. diverse priorities.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it

66

In addition to the Ranking Matrix, it might be useful to use a large scale map to support the ➜d➜i➜s➜c➜u➜s➜s➜i➜o➜n➜a➜n➜d➜r➜e➜c➜o➜r➜d➜t➜h➜e➜l➜o➜c➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜o➜f➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ issues.

Step 5 •

Once the groups have completed their matrix, it can be useful to bring them together to compare the outcomes of their exercises. How ➜d➜o➜t➜h➜e➜m➜a➜t➜r➜i➜x➜d➜i➜a➜g➜r➜a➜m➜s➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜?➜H➜o➜w➜a➜r➜e➜t➜h➜e➜y➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜?➜W➜h➜a➜t➜i➜s➜s➜u➜e➜a➜r➜e➜m➜o➜r➜e➜i➜m➜p➜o➜r➜t➜a➜n➜t➜t➜o➜ children, adults, women, men, and so forth?

TOOL

RANKING MATRIX Issue

Motivations

People

Time

What is the issue?

What is the issue about?

Why is it important?

➜D➜o➜e➜s➜t➜h➜i➜s➜i➜s➜s➜u➜e➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜ certain groups more ➜t➜h➜a➜n➜,o➜r➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜l➜y➜f➜r➜o➜m➜ others?

Is this a long, medium At what scale is this issue or short term issue? Do experienced (home, ➜s➜e➜a➜s➜o➜n➜s➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜t➜h➜i➜s➜i➜s➜s➜u➜eneighbourhood, ➜? city...)

Scale

TOOLS for collecting data

Highest priority

Lowest priority

67

engaging communities and stakeholders

1

clarifying data needs

2

collecting data

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5

The fourth action to take in profiling a settlement is to search, arrange and analyse the information gathered during the fieldwork, to understand meanings and reveal stories about

4.

analysing data

the settlement.

Introduction Once the data has been collected, stored and organised, the next stage of settlement ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜c➜o➜n➜s➜i➜s➜t➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜s➜e➜a➜r➜c➜h➜i➜n➜g➜, and analysing this information, to gain an in-depth understanding of the area and its residents.

Analysing data (SLURC, 2019)

partners and participants in making sense of the data, so that the analysis ➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜s➜ ➜a➜ ➜d➜i➜v➜e➜r➜s➜e➜ ➜r➜a➜n➜g➜e➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜p➜e➜r➜s➜p➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜s➜, voices and thought processes. This is best ➜ a ➜ r ➜ r➜ a ➜n➜g➜idone ➜n➜g➜ early on, when the information is still fresh in everyone’s minds.

How do we analyse the information?

Each of the tools introduced in the ➜p➜r➜e➜v➜i➜o➜u➜s➜ ➜s➜e➜c➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜oœ➜e➜r➜s➜ ➜a➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜w➜a➜y➜ of understanding your settlement. When When you are developing a settlement approaching the analysis stage, it is ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜, ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜a➜n➜a➜l➜y➜s➜i➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜l➜i➜k➜e➜l➜y➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜i➜m➜p➜o➜r➜t➜a➜n➜t➜ t➜o➜ b➜e➜a➜r➜ i➜n➜ m➜i➜n➜d➜ t➜h➜e➜ s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ t➜y➜p ➜e➜ follow several steps: from cleaning the of material that each of them is designed information from inaccuracies, to capturing to generate: survey responses, interview emerging themes; from checking with transcripts, observation notes, and a range ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜ t➜h➜a➜t➜ t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜ t➜h➜e➜m➜e➜s➜ r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜ of non-textual items such as diagrams, their views, to drawing conclusions. The drawings and maps—all of them recorded conclusions drawn from analysing the data either digitally or on paper. ➜a➜r➜e➜w➜h➜a➜t➜w➜e➜s➜o➜m➜e➜t➜i➜m➜e➜s➜r➜e➜f➜e➜r➜t➜o➜a➜s➜ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜.

Broadly speaking, analysing the data that you have collected means making sense of this large amount of diverse material, in order to understand meanings and identify patterns and common trends. We advise that you start the process by analysing each of the Tools for Collecting Data separately, and then compare them to each other, until common patterns begin to emerge and you can start developing a narrative.

Crucially, at this stage it is important to decide how you will engage your

➜T➜h➜e➜s➜e➜ ➜s➜t➜e➜p➜s➜ ➜a➜p➜p➜l➜y➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜y➜p➜e➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ information, including qualitative data (texts and narratives), quantitative data (quantities and numbers), and spatial data (maps and drawings). Information should be initially analysed separately, one data collection tool at the time. Yet, it is by looking at these ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ t➜y➜p➜e➜s➜ o➜f➜ i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ t➜o➜g➜e➜t➜h➜e➜r➜ t➜h➜a➜t➜ you might start to see patterns and draw ➜c➜o➜n➜c➜l➜u➜s➜i➜o➜n➜s➜ ➜a➜b➜o➜u➜t➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜i➜s➜s➜u➜e➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h settlement.

69

Qualitative analysis

➜d➜i➜s➜s➜e➜m➜i➜n➜a➜t➜e➜ t➜h➜e➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ f➜r➜o➜m➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜o➜oß➜n➜g➜ process, as discussed in the next section.

This is the process of taking descriptive ➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ a➜n➜d➜ oœ➜e➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ a➜n➜ e➜x➜p➜l➜a➜n➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜Wf➜h ➜o➜e➜r➜n➜ ➜ ➜a➜n➜a➜l➜y➜s➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜, ➜i➜t➜ is important to acknowledge personal what it says. Qualitative analysis traditionally perspectives and implicit bias. If someone revolves around the impressions and is showing bias in analysing the information opinions of key researchers. However, they gathered, it means that their own through facilitation and support, residents, ➜v➜a➜l➜u➜e➜s➜, ➜i➜d➜e➜a➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜i➜n➜t➜e➜r➜e➜s➜t➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜u➜e➜n➜c➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ their representatives and their partner research in a particular direction. organisations can play a lead role in interpreting the data that concerns them.

For instance, if someone thought that access to water is the key issue in their community, they might give more weight to data t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ ➜c ➜ o ➜ n ➜ ß➜rm ➜ e➜ d ➜ ➜t ➜ h ➜ a ➜ t ➜ ➜o ➜ p ➜ i ➜ n ➜ i ➜ o ➜ n ➜ ➜. W➜ e➜ ➜ a ➜ l ➜ l ➜ ➜h ➜ a ➜ v ➜ e➜ ➜ Quantitative analysis is expressed using unconscious biases and it is important that you numbers, for instance concerning discuss it within your team during the analysis. population density. These numbers are often organised in tables and spreadsheets; however, a spreadsheet does not always allow for understanding the characteristics of a settlement. Graphs and charts can help you to analyse these datasets, and turn quantitative data into usable information.

Quantitative analysis

guidelines for analysing data Household survey

You can analyse information from the household survey in a quantitative way, as the survey asks a number of closed ➜I➜n➜ t➜h➜i➜s➜ t➜o➜o➜l➜k➜i➜t➜, t➜h➜i➜s➜ i➜s➜ d➜eß➜n➜e➜d➜ a➜s➜ t➜r➜a➜n➜s ➜f➜e➜r➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ with answers that are easily questions the data collected into a geographic ➜q➜u➜a➜n➜t➜iß➜a➜b➜l➜e➜, ➜f➜o➜r➜ ➜i➜n➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜: ➜h➜o➜w➜ ➜d➜o➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜ ➜g➜e➜t➜ information system (GIS) and creating ➜t➜o➜w➜o➜r➜k➜?➜T➜h➜i➜s➜ m➜e➜a➜n➜s➜ t➜h➜a➜t➜ d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ a➜n➜s➜w➜e➜r➜s➜ maps and visuals in order to better ➜c➜a➜n➜ b➜e➜ c➜o➜u➜n➜t➜e➜d➜ i➜n➜ o➜r➜d➜e➜r➜ t➜o➜ ß➜n➜d➜ t➜r➜e➜n➜d➜s➜. F➜o➜r➜ understand how the information relates to example, it may be useful to understand particular places. You can then adapt and what the most common forms of transport use the outputs generated through GIS to to work are.

Spatial analysis

70

This data can also be mapped, for instance using GIS software or KoBo Toolbox, to identify spatial patterns within the settlement. This can help you to understand ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜c➜e➜s➜ ➜b➜e➜t➜w➜e➜e➜n➜ ➜a➜r➜e➜a➜s➜: ➜f➜o➜r➜ ➜e➜x➜a➜m➜p➜l➜e➜, whether there are parts of the settlement where households have more limited transport options than others.

with participants. When doing so, it might be important to consider, and discuss, how gender, age, and other aspects of identity impact on participants’ daily activities, and what this says about the local area. This information can provide you with a narrative to understand other data, but also provides rich information as a method itself.

Photo diary

Timeline

Photo diaries provide you with information about participants’ understanding of their own environment. Reviewing this data needs to happen in a collaborative way

Information from timelines can help you to understand the history and growth of a settlement from the point of view of the ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜. ➜T➜i➜m➜e➜l➜i➜n➜e➜s➜ ➜c➜r➜e➜a➜t➜e➜d➜ ➜b➜y➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜

Cockle Bay community timeline - extract (SLURC and ASF-UK, 2022)

71

people or groups can be compared to transect walk captures journeys between ➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜i➜f➜y➜ ➜s➜i➜m➜i➜l➜a➜r➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜c➜epoints. ➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜tYou ➜h➜e➜ can compare the outcomes experiences of individual participants. This ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜w➜a➜l➜k➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜i➜d➜e➜n➜t➜i➜f➜y➜ ➜s➜i➜m➜i➜l➜a➜r➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s allows you to build a nuanced picture of ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜c➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜m➜o➜n➜g➜s➜t➜ ➜p➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜n➜t➜s➜, ➜f➜o➜r➜ the settlement’s history and local attitudes instance with regards to accessibility. Your ➜t➜o➜w➜a➜r➜d➜s➜ ➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜ ➜e➜v➜e➜n➜t➜s➜. ➜Y➜o➜u➜r➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜c➜aß➜➜n➜ d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜b➜e➜ ➜r➜e➜c➜o➜r➜d➜e➜d➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜a➜ ➜d➜o➜c➜u➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ be recorded in a document that compares ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜p➜a➜r➜e➜s➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜r➜a➜n➜s➜e➜c➜t➜ ➜w➜a➜l➜k➜s➜ ➜b➜y➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜i➜m➜e➜l➜i➜n➜e➜s➜, ➜i➜n➜ ➜a➜d➜d➜i➜t➜i➜o➜i n➜ ➜d➜t ➜e➜n➜o➜t➜i➜f➜y➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜s➜i➜m➜i➜l➜a➜r➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜c➜e➜s➜, condensing the timelines into one diagram addition to condensing the transect walks that captures key events. into one or two summary drawings that capture the key features of the area.

Transect walk

Physical map

The information from a transect walk can help you to understand the general Information gathered through mapping can character of a route within a settlement, from be analysed qualitatively, quantitatively and the perspective of a community member. spatially. For example, you can use the data ➜R➜a➜t➜h➜e➜r➜t➜h➜a➜n➜s➜e➜l➜e➜c➜t➜i➜n➜g➜s➜p➜e➜c➜iß➜c➜p➜o➜i➜n➜t➜s➜s , ➜u➜cgathered ➜h➜a➜s➜ during the mapping exercise in a those gathered using the mapping tool, the quantitative way by counting the number of

A walk in Cockle Bay (ASF-UK, 2019)

72

Social map

water points or health centres in the area.

You can then analyse the same information qualitatively, to understand the location of community assets and where there may be gaps in provision. The spatial data can also be loaded into GIS software and presented on a digital map, which can allow you to view more than one category at once.

The information gathered using this tool will allow you to create lists and diagrams of stakeholders involved in particular issues or themes across the settlement. One way of analysing this data is to compare themes and draw conclusions about which groups are involved with which areas, and who

Mapping water points in Dworzark (SLURC, 2020) Mapping: Water Points / Dworzark Mapping outputs from data collection in Dworzark March 2019.

Key

Brazil

Cameroon

Bore holes

Streams

Pipe Water

Tank Water

Springs

Wells

Roads

Zone Priority: Water

Zone Boundary

Zone Priority: Other

Italy

Argentina

Spain

Germany France Morocco Holland

England USA

Nigeria

73

might be involved with more than one. You cultural context. Finally, spatial data gives ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜n➜ ➜u➜s➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜r➜e➜e➜cyou ➜t➜ information about the geographic on who is doing what; where the support distribution of both in the settlement. networks are; and the scale on which they operate, for example. The diagrams can be ➜L➜i➜n➜k➜i➜n➜g➜t➜h➜e➜s➜e➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜t➜y➜p➜e➜s➜o➜f➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ consolidated into one showing all issues, or and forms of analysis is known as mixed be more focused, depending on the nature methods research and provides you with ➜o➜f➜t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜. more robust evidence for the settlement ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜. ➜F➜o➜r➜ ➜e➜x➜a➜m➜p➜l➜e➜, ➜h➜o➜w➜ ➜d➜o➜e➜s➜ ➜d➜i➜s➜t➜a➜n➜c➜e➜ to a water point impact on reported health (spatial mapping, household surveys)? How do community members’ routes to work You can analyse the information gathered ➜aœ➜e➜c➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜w➜e➜l➜l➜b➜e➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜(h➜o➜u➜s➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜ ➜s➜u➜r➜v➜e➜y➜, through the ranking matrix by comparing transect walk, photo diary)? ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜p➜r➜i➜o➜r➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜ members, before contrasting these against other types of data in order to validate them. Issues of social diversity can become very important in analysing priorities: for instance, you might want to understand what are the priorities of children as opposed to adults. The ranking table can be recorded as a word document or spreadsheet.

Ranking matrix

Comparing findings ➜A➜s➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜a➜t➜a➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ ➜b➜e➜e➜n➜ analysed, you can now compare and contrast ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜e➜m➜e➜r➜g➜i➜n➜g➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜a➜c➜r➜o➜s➜s➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ tools. Quantitative research can help you describe the scale and spread of change.

Qualitative research gives you an in-depth understanding of the social, political and 74

Validating data (SLURC, 2020)

Validating data (SLURC, 2020)

75

engaging communities and stakeholders

1

clarifying data needs

collecting data

2

3

analysiing data

4

sharing findings

5

The fifth and final action to take in profiling a settlement is to make your findings understandable and accessible to different audiences, first and foremost local residents and

5.

communicating findings

their support organisations.

Introduction

how do we communicate our findings?

Once information has been analysed, you ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜s➜h➜a➜r➜e➜ ➜i➜t➜ ➜w➜i➜t➜h➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜s➜t➜a➜k➜e➜h➜o➜l➜d➜e➜B➜r ➜e➜f➜➜s o➜r➜. ➜e➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜a➜ Sharing information is important for at ➜w➜i➜d➜e➜r➜ ➜a➜u➜d➜i➜e➜n➜c➜e➜, ➜i➜t➜ ➜i➜s➜ ➜i➜m➜p➜o➜r➜t➜a➜n➜t➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜ least three reasons. First and foremost, on what information can be shared, with for accountability to the community ➜w➜h➜o➜m➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜h➜o➜w➜. ➜T➜o➜ ➜s➜u➜p➜p➜o➜r➜t➜ ➜t➜h➜i➜s➜ ➜r➜e➜e➜c➜t➜i➜o➜n➜, with whom you have worked and whose SLURC and ASF-UK have developed a set homes and lives you have researched and of principles for promoting communication documented. for inclusive urban development. These Secondly, the dissemination of information can facilitate community conversations about power and change, and promote critical consciousness and social mobilisation. Thirdly, for impact: where governmental and non-governmental organisations are able to access information about your settlement in a way that is clear to them, it is more likely that the knowledge that your community has generated will ➜i➜n➜u➜e➜n➜c➜e➜ t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜t➜h➜i➜n➜k➜i➜n➜g➜ a➜n➜d➜ p➜r➜a➜c➜t➜i➜c➜e➜.

principles address fundamental questions such as ethics, representativeness and community ownership.

Before deciding how to communicate ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process, it is useful to consider and discuss these principles with all the stakeholders involved, and perhaps to come up with your own set of principles. This will help you to make shared decisions about potential audiences and strategies for dissemination.

➜H➜o➜w➜e➜v➜e➜r➜, c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ i➜n➜ a➜ w➜a➜y➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ ➜b➜e➜ ➜u➜s➜e➜f➜u➜l➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜a➜u➜d➜i➜e➜n➜c➜e➜s➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ b➜e➜ c➜h➜a➜l➜l➜e➜n➜g➜i➜n➜g➜. D➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ p➜e➜o➜p➜l➜e➜ r➜e➜l➜a➜t➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜w➜a➜y➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜w➜r➜i➜t➜t➜e➜n➜, ➜v➜i➜s➜u➜a➜l➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜s➜p➜a➜t➜i➜a➜l➜ ➜m➜a➜t➜e➜r➜i➜a➜l➜, ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜h➜a➜v➜e➜ ➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ ➜w➜a➜y➜s➜ of navigating information. For this reason it is important to think carefully about the ➜a➜u➜d➜i➜e➜n➜c➜e➜s➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜m➜i➜g➜h➜t➜ ➜b➜e➜n➜eß➜t➜ ➜f➜r➜o➜m➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ information, and to explore how to present ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ t➜o➜ e➜a➜c➜h➜ a➜u➜d➜i➜e➜n➜c➜e➜.

Cockle Bay City Tok

Podcast. SLURC, 2019.

77

principles for urban communication

Communication principles for a fairer Freetown (ASF-UK and SLURC, 2019)

78

Principles for urban communication

what we did

Samples of community posters Once you have agreed on a set of principles, produced by SLURC and FEDURp to you can use a broad range of media or ➜o➜u➜t➜l➜e➜t➜s➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜e➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ summarise the Community Action Plans: ➜ h➜t➜t➜p➜s➜/w➜:/ ➜w➜w➜.s➜l➜u➜r➜c➜.o➜r➜g➜/ ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜i , ➜n➜c➜l➜u➜d➜iArea ➜n➜g➜ community-posters.html visual, audio and multimedia tools. Likewise you can pursue several dissemination pathways, including social media and community events.

Audio materials

Cockle Bay City Tok Podcast (SLURC, 2019)

The appropriateness of each will depend on what audiences you need to reach, and on the knowledge, skills and technical resources that are available to you.

SLURC and ASF-UK have tested several communication pathways in Freetown.

Visual materials

The use of oral and audio communication is extremely common in Freetown. Voice messages, jingles or soundbites, podcasts, recorded debates and radio are amongst the most widely utilised media across all levels and sectors of society. Audio communication is accessible to most people and uses less mobile data than video, making it one of the ➜m➜o➜s➜t➜ ➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜a➜c➜r➜o➜s➜s➜ the country.

When producing printed and online documents, it can be useful to focus on visual outlets accompanied by as little text as possible. Drawings, illustrations and photographs can convey key messages ➜i➜n➜ ➜a➜ ➜q➜u➜i➜c➜k➜e➜r➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜m➜o➜r➜e➜ ➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜ ➜w➜a➜y➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜n➜ ➜t➜e➜x➜t➜. ➜W➜h➜e➜n➜ ➜s➜h➜a➜r➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜k➜e➜y➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜a➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜y,➜ ➜o➜u➜c➜a➜n➜c➜r➜e➜a➜t➜e➜ posters, illustrated booklets and pamphlets, interactive maps and infographics.

what we did A sample of the audio material produced by SLURC can be found here: Cockle Bay City Tok Podcast: https://www.slurc.org/audio.html

79

Community posters summarising the Community Action Area Plans. SLURC, 2019.

80

multimedia materials

Video making (SLURC, 2019)

to engage ‘hands-on’ with the data (for instance by adding their personal story MMultimedia outlets combining visual or views). You can use scaled models in a ➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜a➜u➜d➜i➜o➜, ➜u➜s➜u➜a➜l➜l➜y➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m➜ ➜o➜f➜ ß➜l➜m➜s➜ ➜o➜r➜ similar way, to explore complex issues that ➜a➜n➜i➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜s➜c , ➜a➜n➜d➜e➜l➜i➜v➜e➜r➜s➜t➜r➜o➜n➜g➜a➜n➜d➜eœ➜e➜c➜trelate ➜i➜v➜e➜ to residents’ homes, communities or communication. For instance, you can use city. footage from workshops to communicate ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ ➜b➜a➜c➜k➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜r➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜y➜ ➜s➜o➜ ➜t➜h➜aAlongside ➜t➜ communication tools, you ➜e➜v➜e➜r➜y➜o➜n➜e➜ c➜a➜n➜ c➜l➜e➜a➜r➜l➜y➜ s➜e➜e➜ h➜o➜w➜ t➜h➜e➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜ can also consider a range of possible are linked to the activities that they dissemination pathways, or channels, by contributed to. which information may reach the intended audience/s. The pathways listed below can However, these outputs can require high allow you to reach your community in order level technical skills to produce and can ➜t➜o➜ r➜e➜p➜o➜r➜t➜ b➜a➜c➜k➜ f➜r➜o➜m➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜. ➜b➜e➜ d➜i ➜c➜u➜l➜t➜ t➜o➜ a➜c➜c➜e➜s➜s➜ f➜o➜r➜ t➜h➜o➜s➜e➜ w➜h➜o➜ d➜o➜ n➜o➜t➜ have a device or who have limited access to the internet or data.

Peer-to-peer presentations

what we did Samples of the multimedia material produced by SLURC can be found here:: Micro documentaries: https:// www.slurc.org/video.html

Interactive displays Participatory models (ASF-UK and SLURC, 2019)

Peer-to-peer presentations can provide residents with a hands-on opportunity to review the data together. Peer-to-peer presentations can involve, for instance, community researchers presenting the ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜ b➜a➜c➜k➜ t➜o➜ t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜p➜e➜e➜r➜s➜.

➜P➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜ ➜h➜a➜n➜d➜ ➜w➜i➜l➜l allow the presenters to review the data and create their own narratives. At the same time, hearing information from their peers might make it more comfortable for residents to comment, critique or ask questions.

Interactive media such as participatory ➜m➜o➜d➜e➜l➜s➜ a➜n➜d➜ d➜i➜s➜p➜l➜a➜y➜s➜ c➜a➜n➜ b➜e➜ v➜e➜r➜y➜ eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜c➜a➜t➜i➜n➜g➜ ß➜n➜d➜i➜n➜g➜s➜. ➜P➜a➜r➜t➜i➜c➜i➜p➜a➜t➜o➜r➜y➜ displays prompt and enable your audience

81

Social media

Community events

Social media platforms and social ➜A➜ ß➜r➜s➜t➜ ➜f➜o➜r➜m➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜d➜i➜s➜s➜e➜m➜i➜n➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜a➜t➜ ➜y➜o➜u➜ ➜c➜a➜n➜ messaging services like WhatsApp are consider is the use of meetings, gatherings possibly the best ways of sharing any and exhibitions. Community events are a type of information in Freetown. Social good opportunity to share visual, audio, networking, community organising, political multimedia and interactive outputs so that mobilisations and public messaging all each member of the audience is able to take place on social media through large engage with the content in the way that interest groups and social networks. best suits them. These events can also Sharing the outcomes of your settlement play a key role in gathering feedback about ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ i➜n➜i➜t➜i➜a➜t➜i➜v➜e➜ o➜n➜ t➜h➜e➜ a➜p➜p➜r➜o➜p➜r➜i➜a➜tthe ➜e➜ s➜odata ➜c➜i➜a➜lpresented, ➜ its accuracy and its media will allow you to quickly reach a wide usefulness for the community. audience.

what we did In 2019, SLURC asked community researchers in Cockle Bay to share the key information that they had gathered during the previous data collection workshops with the rest of their community using WhatsApp. The resulting voice messages were ➜u➜n➜d➜e➜r➜ ➜80 ➜m➜e➜g➜a➜b➜y➜t➜e➜s➜ ➜i➜n➜ ➜s➜i➜z➜e➜ ➜a➜n➜d➜ the feedback SLURC received from ➜c➜o➜m➜m➜u➜n➜i➜t➜i➜e➜s➜ ➜o➜n➜ ➜t➜h➜e➜i➜r➜ ➜eœ➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜n➜e➜s➜s➜ and reach was very positive.

82

Community event in Cockle Bay (ASF-UK and SLURC, 2019)

83

TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATING FINDINGS 1

84

TOOLS WHAT tools do we need to share what we have found out?

communication plan - p.86

INTRODUCTION This toolkit includes a range of activities to create a communication plan. This will enable you to come up with a strategy of dissemination that addresses different audiences through different means. An important part of the plan is the use of communication principles, as a means of self-reflection and evaluation.

communication plan ➜Y➜o➜u➜ c➜a➜n➜ u➜s➜e➜ t➜h➜i➜s➜ t➜o➜o➜l➜ a➜t➜ t➜h➜e➜ e➜n➜d➜ o➜f➜ t➜h➜e➜ p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ process, to map out what information has been produced, who will share it, with whom, when ➜a➜n➜d➜h➜o➜w➜O. ➜nß➜➜ n➜i➜s➜h➜i➜n➜g➜t➜h➜e➜p➜l➜a➜n➜t➜h➜e➜r➜e➜w➜i➜l➜l➜b➜e➜a➜l➜i➜s➜t➜ of actions for each output, which can be used as a checklist during the dissemination of your ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜e➜.

85

METHOD

COMMUNICATION PLAN You can use this tool at the end of the profiling process, to map out what information has been produced, who will share it, with whom, when and how. On finishing the plan there will be a list of actions for each output, which can be used as a checklist during the dissemination of your profile.

Location Anywhere

TOOLS for communicating findings

TIMEFRAME

What will you need?

InSTRUCTIONS Step 1 •

Step 2 •

Start by discussing with participants what message you want to convey about your community. What are the key issues that have ➜e➜m➜e➜r➜g➜e➜d➜t➜h➜r➜o➜u➜g➜h➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s➜?

•

Encourage participants to think about this question from diverse points of view and ➜t➜o➜c➜o➜n➜s➜i➜d➜e➜r➜t➜h➜e➜p➜e➜r➜s➜p➜e➜c➜t➜i➜v➜e➜o➜f➜d➜iœ➜e➜r➜e➜n➜t➜ stakeholders, perhaps using the ranking Matrix as a starting point.

•

Tool worksheets, possibly printed in A3 format

•

Large writing surface (sheets of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard)

Step 3

•

Sticky notes, coloured pens or chalk

•

Brainstorm with participants what audiences they want to reach, what are their characteristics, and why your message is important to them.

•

Consider how you will reach them, possibly using the information included in Section 5 of this Toolkit as a starting point for your conversation.

2 hours, possibly more if additional research is needed

notes for facilitators

who will be involved?

.You might review your Communication Plan Participants: ➜s➜e➜v➜e➜r➜a➜l➜t➜i➜m➜e➜s➜d➜u➜r➜i➜n➜g➜a➜n➜d➜a➜f➜t➜e➜r➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s ➜s➜, Representatives of the organisations that have as new audiences and communication needs are ➜b➜e➜e➜n➜d➜i➜r➜e➜c➜t➜l➜y➜i➜n➜v➜o➜l➜v➜e➜d➜i➜n➜t➜h➜e➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜p➜r➜o➜c➜e➜s➜s likely to emerge when you start disseminating information.

Facilitators: At least one person leading the activity and one person recording it

86

After the introduction, start to fill out the sections of the Communication Plan.

Step 4 •

Discuss with participants what principles and values will guide your communication with your chosen audience. As a starting point, you can refer to the communication principles included in this toolkit: which of those are important to you and how will you achieve them?

TOOL

COMMUNICATION PLAN What message do you want to communicate?

Who is your audience?

Why is your message important to them?

Describe your audience in detail. Who are they? How many are they? What are their interests? What are their needs?

How will you interact with them?

How frequently will you interact?

TOOLS for communicating findings

How many are you aiming to reach?

What principles and values will guide your communication with them?

You can refer to the communication principles included in this toolkit. Which of those are important to you and how will you achieve them?

87

REFERENCES

Photo: Luis Gama (SLURC, 2019)

88

Works cited

City Learning Platform. Freetown: SLURC (Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre).

Fisher, S., Ibrahim Abdi, D., Ludin, J., Smith, R. ➜& W➜i➜l➜l➜i➜a➜m➜s➜, ➜S. ➜(20 )➜. W➜o➜r➜k➜i➜n➜g➜ w➜i➜t➜h➜ c➜o➜n➜i➜c➜t➜ 2: Skills and strategies for action. London: Allen, A., Koroma, B., Lambert, R. and Zed Books.

CODOHSAPA and FEDURP (2018).

Know Osuteye, E. in collaboration with Hamilton, ➜Y➜o➜u➜r➜ ➜C➜i➜t➜y➜ ➜P➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜. ➜A➜v➜a➜i➜l➜a➜b➜l➜e➜ ➜a➜t➜: ➜h➜t➜t➜p➜s➜/ ➜:/ A. (technical platform assemblage) and ➜c➜o➜d➜o➜h➜s➜a➜p➜a➜.o➜r➜g➜/k➜y➜c➜-p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜/ ➜(a➜c➜c➜e➜s➜s➜e➜d➜ ➜1 ➜I➜D➜E➜O➜ ➜(2015➜) ➜T➜h➜e➜ ß➜e➜l➜d➜ ➜g➜u➜i➜d➜e➜ ➜t➜o➜ ➜h➜u➜m➜a➜n➜Kamara, S., Macarthy, J., Sellu, S. and Stone, August 2020). centred design. Available at: https://www.

A. (coordination community-led data designkit.org/resources/1 (accessed 1 collection) (2018) ReMapRisk Freetown.

August 2020).

Freetown City Council (2019). Transform Freetown Online platform produced for Urban Africa Process.

FCC (accessed 1 August 2020).

Risk Knowledge (Urban ARK) [https://www.

Nesta (2014). DIY Toolkit – Development urbanark.org/] ESRC/DFID Grant No. ES/ Impact and You: Practical tools to trigger Hendler, Y. & Fieuw, W. (2018).

Exploring L008777/1. and support social innovation. Available at: partnerships with local government: https://diytoolkit.org (accessed 1 August A people-led approach to informal Ayson, D. (2018). Community mapping 2020). settlement upgrading. Cape Town: CORC and data gathering for city planning (Community Organisation Resource Centre). in the Philippines. Environment & Available at: https://www.sasdialliance.

Slocum, R. (1995) Power, process and ➜ U ➜ r ➜ b ➜ a ➜ n ➜ i ➜ z ➜ a➜ t ➜ i ➜ o ➜ n ➜ . ➜3 0 ( 2 )➜, ➜ 5 0 1- ➜ 8 . ➜D➜O➜I➜: ➜ o ➜ r ➜ g ➜ . ➜ z ➜ a ➜ / ➜ w ➜ p ➜ ➜ c ➜ o ➜ n ➜ t ➜ e ➜ n ➜ t ➜ / ➜ u ➜ p ➜ l ➜ o ➜ a ➜ d ➜ s ➜ / ➜ 2 ➜ 0 ➜ 1 ➜ 8 ➜ / ➜ 1 ➜ 1 ➜ / participation: Tools for change. London: 10.1177/0956247818767338.

Upgrading_Publication_CORC_2018_SML. Intermediate Technology. pdf (accessed 1 August 2020).

Beukes, A. (2014). “KnowYour City: community Wates, N. (2014) The community planning ➜p➜r➜oß➜l➜i➜n➜g➜ ➜o➜f➜ ➜i➜n➜f➜o➜r➜m➜a➜l➜ ➜s➜e➜t➜t➜l➜e➜m➜e➜n➜t➜s„➜.➜ ➜I➜I➜E➜D➜ Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI) handbook: How people can shape their ➜B➜r➜i➜eß➜n➜g➜ ➜J➜u➜n➜e➜ ➜2014.➜ ➜L➜o➜n➜d➜o➜n➜: ➜I➜n➜t➜e➜r➜n➜a➜t➜i➜o➜n➜a➜l➜ (2020). The Know Your City campaign: cities, towns and villages in any part of the Institute for Environment and Development.

Hard data and rich stories.

SDI. Available world (2nd Edition). London: Routledge.

Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/17244IIED at: https://knowyourcity.info/explore-our(accessed 1 August 2020). data/ (accessed 1 August 2020).

Chitekwe-Biti, B., Mudimu, P. Nyama, G.M., Jera, T. (2012). “Developing an informal settlement upgrading protocol in Zimbabwe–the Epworth s ➜ t ➜ o ➜ r ➜ y➜ „➜➜E. n ➜ v ➜ i ➜ r ➜ o ➜ n ➜ m ➜ e➜ n ➜ t ➜ ➜U& r ➜ b ➜ a ➜ n ➜ i ➜ z➜ a ➜ t ➜ i ➜ o ➜ n ➜ - ➜ 1 3 , ➜ ) 1 ( ➜ 4 2, 148. DOI: 10.1177/0956247812437138.

City Learning Platform (2019). Practitioner Brief #1: Principles of engagement for the

Tools and toolkits consulted Architecture Sans Frontières UK (no date), ASF Participate. Available at: www. asfparticipate.org (accessed 1 August 2020).

89

CONTRIBUTORS

Photo: Luis Gama (SLURC, 2019)

90

Editors Beatrice De Carli, Sophie Morley

Contributors Architecture Sans Frontières UK Beatrice De Carli, Tamara Kahn, Sophie Morley, Louisa Orchard, Niki Sole, Charles Wright Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre Joseph Macarthy, Braima Koroma, Sulaiman Kamara, Ibrahim Bangura

Research support Architecture Sans Frontières UK Lucia Caistor-Arendar, Francesco Pasta Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre Abu Conteh, Tom Doughty, Mary Kamara, Brian Waters Knowledge in Action for Urban Equality Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Camila Cociña, Emmanuel Osuteye Participants to the workshop: Collecting data (01/2019)

Baych, Fatima Bello, Richard Bockie, Yirah Conteh, John AG Elliot, Kamata Forme, Alysius Ganda, Sheral Gbetwa, Umaru Jalloh, Jonathan Jan, Joana Kaine, George Kato, Rita Jimmy-Kay, Abdul Kamara, Abdulai Kanu, Awinata Kemra, Sahr Komba, Martina Konya Baion, Augusta Koroma, Uriss Mausaky, Siseom Pomba, Brima Saman, Amara Amin Sesay, Jamiatu Sesay, Fatmata Simah, Mamie Sulie, Augustine Tommy, Musa FM Wullarie, Hawanatu Yanuka

Copyediting

Data collection team (02–04/2019)

For more information visit

Fatima Belo, Yirah Conteh, John AG Elliot, Alysius Ganda, Joana Kaine, Abdulai Kanu, Saha Komba, Augusta Koroma, Amadu Labor, Brima Boboieh Samura, Jamiatu Seray, Musa FM Wullarie Participants to the workshop: Communicating findings (07/2019) Daniela Chong Lugon, Daniela Cocco Beltrame, Daniel Bruce, Mariama Jay Bah, Fatima Bello, Yirah Conteh, John AG Elliott, SIlvia Fornaciari, Alysius Ganda, Joana Kaine, Fatmata Kamara, Abdulai Kamu, Aurelie Karlinger, Haja Halima Lukay, Luis Miguel Martins da Gama Pereira, Beny Sam, Brima Boboieh Samura, James Rest, Simon Ronan, Jamiatu Sesay, Carolina Wiles, Musa FM Wullarie, Hawanatu Yanuka

Beatrice De Carli

Layout Lucia Caistor-Arendar

Publisher Architecture Sans Frontières UK, 2022

www.asf-uk.org www.slurc.org www.urban-know.com

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Osman Anomul, Fatmata Bangura, Mongu 91