Issuu

Aus dem Amerikanischen von Gabriele Kohlmann

Copyright © 2013 by Dr. Caroline Leaf Die amerikanische Originalausgabe erschien im Verlag Baker Books unter dem Titel Switch On Your Brain. All rights reserved. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National bibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über https://dnb.de abrufbar. Bibelzitate, sofern nicht anders angegeben, wurden der »Neues Leben Bibel« entnommen. Copyright © 2017, SCM R.Brockhaus im SCM-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Witten. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Alle Bibelübersetzungen wurden mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Verlage verwendet. Hervorhebungen einzelner Wörter oder Passagen innerhalb von Bibelzitaten wurden von der Autorin vorgenommen. elb Revidierte Elberfelder Bibel, © 2006 SCM R.Brockhaus, Witten. eü Einheitsübersetzung, © 2016 Kath. Bibelanstalt GmbH, Stuttgart. gnb Gute Nachricht Bibel, © 2000 Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart. hfa Hoffnung für alle, © by Biblica, Inc.®, hrsg. von Fontis. slt Bibeltext der Schlachter Übersetzung, © 2000 Genfer Bibelgesellschaft. Zitate aus den folgenden Bibeln wurden aus dem Englischen übersetzt: amp Amplified Bible, © 1987 The Lockman Foundation. www.lockman.org kjv King James Version. msg The Message, © by Eugene H. Peterson 2002. NavPress Publishing Group. nlt New Living Translation, © 2007 by Tyndale House Foundation. Umschlaggestaltung: Heather Brewer WLPY Health and Wellness Umschlagbild: SUPERSTOCK Corporate Design: spoon design, Olaf Johannson Korrektorat: Thilo Niepel Satz: Grace today Verlag Druck: CPI − Clausen & Bosse, Leck Printed in Germany 4. Auflage 2021 © 2020 Grace today Verlag, Schotten Paperback: ISBN 978-3-95933-152-4, Bestellnummer 372152 E-Book: ISBN 978-3-95933-153-1, Bestellnummer 372153 Hörbuch MP3-CD: ISBN 978-3-95933-165-4, Bestellnummer 372165 Nachdruck und Vervielfältigung, auch auszugsweise, nur mit Genehmigung des Verlages. www.gracetoday.de

2 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Einleitung Bildliche Darstellung eines gesunden Gedächtnisses

Bildliche Darstellung eines toxischen Gedächtnisses

Abbildungen | 3

Kapitel 2 Im Inneren des Gehirns Fornix Nucleus caudatus (Anteil d. Basalganglien)

Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Dura mater

Stria terminalis Hypothalamus

Gyrus cinguli (Pars anterior)

Thalamus Zirbeldrüse (Epiphyse)

Präfrontaler Cortex Insula & Claustrum (tiefer bis lateraler Sulcus)

Amygdala Hippocampus

Mamillarkörper

entorhinale Hirnrinde (umgibt Hippocampus)

basales Vorderhirn (enthält Septumkerne)

Kleinhirn (Cerebellum)

Hirnanhangdrüse (Hypophyse)

CRF

Mittelhirn

Sehen

ACTH

Hirnbrücke

Nerven

Medulla retikuläres Aktivierungssystem (im Hirnstamm)

Hören Riechen

Rückenmark Herz

Schmecken Tasten

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Adrenalin Kortikosteroide

Nieren

Rückenmarksnerven

4 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Emotionales schwarzes Loch

Die sieben verschiedenen Arten des Denkens

Abbildungen | 5

Kapitel 8

DAS SCHEMA DER GEODÄTISCHEN INFORMATIONSVERARBEITUNG nichtbewusste

METAKOGNITIVE EBENE 90% des Lernens

Automatisierte komplexe höhere kortikale Funktionen

Ursprung des Denkprozesses und dann Struktur des Nichtbewussten

MMA

1–7 METAKOGNITIVE MODULE Fähigkeit, zu verstehen und mit anderen zu interagieren

Fähigkeit zur Objektmanipulation und zum Feintuning von physischen Fertigkeiten

VERARBEITUNGSSYSTEM

INTERPERSONELL

Bsp.: Lesen

KINÄSTHETISCH

LESEN (L) SCHREIBEN (S) ZUHÖREN (Z) SPRECHEN (Sp)

INPUT

INTERN ODER EXTERN

Fähigkeit zur Handhabung von Symbolen

MMA

INTRAPERSONELL

Fähigkeit der akkuraten Selbstwahrnehmung

SPRACHLICH

S R L W LOGISCH/ MATHEMATISCH

MUSISCH

Empfindungsvermögen für Tonhöhe, Melodie, Rhythmus und Tonart

RÄUMLICH/ VISUELL

FUNKTIONEN bspw. entwicklungsförderndes Lesen das Lesen eines Romans das Lesen technischer Informationen

Fähigkeit, komplexe mathematische Operationen zu berechnen, zu quantifizieren, auszuführen und Aussagen und Hypothesen zu überdenken

5 Fähigkeit, dreidimensional zu denken, interne und äußere Bilder wahrzunehmen, Bilder zu schaffen, umzugestalten und zu variieren, grafische Informationen zu erzeugen und zu entschlüsseln

Verarbeitungssysteme, die neurobiologisch als funktionale Systeme innerhalb der Module dargestellt werden

MMA

AKTIVIERT VERBESSERT ERLEICHTERT VERANSCHAULICHT

NEUROPSYCHOLGISCHE EBENE BIOLOGISCHE DARSTELLUNG

6 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

1–7 biologisch dargestellt als modulare Säulen von neuronalen Zellen, die vom Cortex zum Subcortex zum limbischen System über die linke und rechte Hemisphäre aufsteigen

bewusste

KOGNITIVE EBENE

SYMBOLEBENE

10% des Lernens MMA

MMA

»DENKEN« Über das Denken nachdenken

METAKOGNITIVE DOMÄNE SELBSTREGU ISCHE LAT ION NAM DY deklaratives Wissen „Was“

prozeduales Wissen „Wie“

operationalisiert Metakognition

»EXPRESSION«

Überwacht von Punkt, an dem sich dynamische + aktive Selbstregulation treffen

ORCHESTRIERT DURCH AKTIVE + DYNAMISCHE SELBSTREGULATION

konditionales Wissen

„Wann/Warum“

MMA

INTERAGIEREN

MÜNDLICHER AUSDRUCK MMA

MMA

INTERAKTION ORCHESTRIERT DURCH DYNAMISCHE SELBSTREGULATION = METAKOGNITIVE AKTION MMA

MMA

KOGNITIVER PROZESS

MMA

ENTSCHLÜSSELN (ANALYSE) PROBLEMLÖSUNG

MMA

KOGNITIVE KOGNITIVE KOGNITIVE KOGNITIVE DOMÄNE ERFORDERNISSE FUNKTION (KF) HANDLUNG (KH)

AUFMERKSAMKEIT ZUHÖREN ZUORDNUNG & ÜBERTRAGUNG WAHRNEHMUNG

MMA

OUTPUT

AUFNAHME

SPRECHEN I

LESEN I

KH1 KH2 KH3

KF1 KF2 KF3

KH1 KH2 KH3

KF1 KF2 KF3

MMA

SCHRIFTLICHER AUSDRUCK

überlegen - deduktiv + induktiv = ZUSAMMENFASSEN Schlussfolgerung (CODIEREN) Beurteilung Ursache und Wirkung

ERINNERUNG

KF1 KF2 KF3

MMA

SCHREIBEN

ORGANISIEREN (AUFGLIEDERN & VERKNÜPFEN)

LESEN

= Strukur für die Kommunikation

(N) NUTZEN = kommunikative Absicht

METAKOGNITIVE DOMÄNE

1. Biologisch dargestellt als die verteilte parallele Aktivierung von dendritischen Verbindungen und Synapsen über beide Hemisphären 2. Mustererkennung - Aufrufen vorhandener Beschreibungssysteme, um die Rekonzeptualisierung von Wissen zu erleichtern

KOGNITIVE EBENE biologisch dargestellt als lokalisierte Aktivierung in den neuronalen Verbindungen, entweder links- oder rechtsseitig

Parallele Aktivierung der beteiligten Module über beide Hemisphären hinweg, da der symbolische Ausdruck das Ergebnis einer synergistischen Handlung ist

Abbildungen | 7

Kapitel 10 Ein Neuron mit Dendriten und dornen-, lolli- und pilzförmigen Auswölbungen Dendriten Lollis Zytoplasma

Pilze

Beulen

Zellkörper Mitochondrien Ribosomen raues Endoplasmatisches Retikulum

8 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Nukleus Nukleolus Myelinscheide

Kapitel 11 »Magische Bäume des Verstandes«, Gewebeschnitt mit Golgi-Färbung

Abbildungen | 9

Hypothalamus

10 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Hirnstrukturen und Schaltkreise, die dir helfen, gute Entscheidungen zu treffen

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Abbildungen | 11

Thalamus

12 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Kapitel 12

Gyrus cinguli (Pars anterior) Corpus callosum Präfrontaler Cortex Insula & Claustrum

basales Vorderhirn

Abbildungen | 13

Kapitel 13

Basalganglien Basalganglien

Kleinhirn (Cerebellum)

14 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

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16 | Schalte dein Gehirn an

Leseempfehlungen Die Konzepte, die ich in diesem Buch vorstelle, decken ein breites Spektrum ab. Die Grundlage dafür hat sich aus jahrelanger Lek türe und Recherche sowie meiner Forschung und der Arbeit mit Privatpatienten sowie mit Klienten in Schulen und Unternehmen gebildet. Wenn ich die Quellen aller Zitate und Anregungen kom plett auflisten müsste, um den Ursprung jedes einzelnen Fakts für eine vollständige wissenschaftliche Untersuchung zu dokumentie ren, wären die Quellenangaben insgesamt fast so umfangreich wie das Buch selbst. Deshalb habe ich mir eine gewisse Flexibilität er laubt, mit dem Ziel, das Buch allgemeinverständlich zu formulie ren und meine Botschaft möglichst effektiv zu vermitteln. Es gibt nur einige wenige, allgemein gehaltene Zitate im eigentlichen Text, ergänzt durch die nachfolgende Liste mit einer Auswahl von her vorragenden Büchern und wissenschaftlichen Artikeln, die ich in meiner Forschung verwendet habe. Achor, S. The Happiness Advantage. New York: Crown Business, 2010. Adams, H. B. und B. Wallace. »A Model for Curriculum Development: TASC.« Gifted Education International 7 (1991): 194–213. »Aging Brains Lose Less than Thought.« Harvard University Gazette. www.news.harvard.edu/ gazette/1996/10.03/AgingBrainsLose.html. Alavi, A. und L. J. Hirsch. »Studies of Central Nervous System Disorders with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography: Evolution Over the Past 2 Decades.« Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 21, no. 1 (Januar 1991): 51–58. Alesandrini, K. L. »Imagery: Eliciting Strategies and Meaningful Learning.« In Journal of Educational Psychology 62 (1982): 526–30. Allen D. und P. Amua-Quarshie et al. »Mental Health at Work« (White Paper). Pecan Ltd., Peckham, London, UK. 2004. Allport, D. A. »Patterns and Actions: Cognitive Mechanisms and Content Specific.« In Cognitive Psychology: New Directions. Edited by G. L. Claxton. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.

Abbildungen | 17

Amen, D. G. Change Your Brain, Change Your Life. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998. ———. Magnificent Mind at Any Age. New York: Harmony Books, 2008. Amend, A. E. »Defining and Demystifying Baroque, Classic and Romantic Music.« In Journal of the Society for Accelerative Learning and Teaching 14, no. 2 (1989): 91–112. Amua-Quarshie, P. »Basalo-Cortical Interactions: The Role of the Basal Forebrain in Attention and Alzheimer’s Disease.« Unpublished master’s thesis. Rutgers University, 2008. Anastasi, M. W. und A. B. Newberg. »A Preliminary Study of the Acute Effects of Religious Rit ual on Anxiety.« The Journal of Liberal and Complementary Medicine 14, no. 2 (März 2008). www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2007.0675. Anderson, J. R. Cognitive Psychology and Its Complications. 2nd ed. New York: Freeman, 1985. Arnheim, R. »Visual Thinking in Education.« The Potential of Fantasy and Imagination. Edited by A. Sheikll und J. Shaffer. New York: Brandon House, 1979, 215–25. Arrowsmith, B., N. Doidge. The Woman Who Changed Her Brain: And Other Inspiring Stories of Pioneering Brain Transformation. New York: Free Press, 2012. Atkins, R. C. Dr. Atkins’ Health Revolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. ———. Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. London: Ebury Press, 2003. »Babies Born to Stressed Mothers More Likely to Be Bullied at School.« Science Daily. 14. No vember 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121114083821.htm?utm_ source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2F mind_brain+%28ScienceDaily%3A+Mind+%26+Brain+News%29. Bach-y-Rita, P., C. C. Collins, F. Saunders, B. White und B. Scadden. »Vision Substitution by Tactile Image Projection.« Nature 221, no. 5184 (1969): 963–64. Barker, J. A. Discovering the Future: A Question of Paradigms. Johannesburg, Südafrika: Charter house Productions, South African Breweries, 1987. Bartlett, F. C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1932. »Basic and Translational Neuroscience. 30th Annual Postgraduate Review Course, Topics and Speakers.« 1. Dezember 2007–8. März 2008. http://cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cme/neurosci ence/neuro/speakers.html. Baxter, R., S. B. Cohen und M. Ylvisaker. »Comprehensive Cognitive Assessment.« Head Injury Rehabilitation: Children and Adolescents. Edited by M. Ylvisaker. San Diego: College-Hill Press, 1984, 247–75. Beauregard, M. und D. O’Leary. The Spiritual Brain. New York: Harper Collins, 2007. Bereiter, L. »Toward a Solution of the Learning Paradox.« Review of Educational Research 55 (1985): 201–25. Berninger, V., A. Chen und R. Abbot. »A Test of the Multiple Connections Model of Reading Acquisition.« International Journal of Neuroscience 42 (1988): 283–95. Bishop, J. H. »Why the Apathy in American High Schools?« Educational Researcher 18, no. 1 (1989): 6–10. Block, N. und G. Dworkin. The I.Q. Controversy. New York: Pantheon, 1976. Bloom, B. S. »The Z Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring.« Educational Researcher 13, no. 6 (1984): 4–16.

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Bloom, F. E., M. F. Beal und D. J. Kupfer, eds. The Dana Guide to Brain Health: A Practical Family Guide from Medical Experts. New York: Dana Press, 2003. Boller, K. und C. Rovee-Collier. »Contextual Coding and Recording of Infants’ Memories.« Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 53, no. 1 (1992): 1–23. Borkowski, J. G., W. Schneider und M. Pressley. »The Challenges of Teaching Good Information Processing to the Learning Disabled Student.« International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 3, no. 3 (1989): 169–85. Botha, L. »SALT in Practice: A Report on Progress.« Journal of the Society for Accelerative Learning and Teaching 10, no. 3 (1985): 197–99. Botkin, J. W., M. Elmandjra und M. Malitza. No Limits to Learning: Bridging the Human Gap: A Report of the Club of Rome. Oxford: Pergammon Press, 1979. Boyle, P. »Having a Higher Purpose in Life Reduces Risk of Death among Older Adults.« Science Daily, 18. Juni 2009. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090615144207.htm. Brain and Mind Symposium. Columbia University. 13.–14. Mai 2004. http://c250.columbia.edu/ c250_events/symposia/brain_mind/brain_mind_vid_archive.htm. Bransford, J. D. Human Cognition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1979. Braten, I. »Vygotsky as Precursor to Metacognitive Theory, II: Vygotsky as Metacognitiv ist.« Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 35, no. 4 (1991): 305–20. Briggs, M. H. »Team Talk: Communication Skills for Early Intervention Teams.« Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders 15, no. 1 (1993): 33–40. Broadbent, D. E. Perception and Communication. London: Pergammon Press, 1958. Brown, A. L. »Knowing When, Where and How to Remember: A Problem of Meta-Cognition.« In Advances in Instructional Psychology. Edited by R. Glaser. Hillsdale, NJ: Melbourne, 1978. Bunker, V. J., W. M. McBurnett und D. L. Fenimore. »Integrating Language Intervention throughout the School Community.« Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders 11, no. 1 (1987): 185–92. Buzan, T. Head First. London: Thorsons, 2000. ———. Use Both Sides of Your Brain. New York: Plume, 1991. Buzan, T. und R. Keene. The Age Heresy. London: Ebury Press, 1996. Bynum, J. Matters of the Heart. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2002. Byron, R. Behaviour in Organisations: Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Work. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1986. Byron, R. und D. Byrne. Social Psychology: Understanding Human Interaction. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1984. Calvin, W. und G. Ojemann. Conversations with Neil’s Brain. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994. Campbell, B., L. Campbell und D. Dickinson. Teaching and Learning through Multiple Intelligences. Seattle: New Horizons for Learning, 1992. Campione, J. C., A. L. Brown und N. R. Bryant. »Individual Differences in Learning and Memo ry.« In Human Abilities: An Information Processing Approach. Edited by R. J. Sternberg. New York: West Freeman, 1984, 103–26.

Abbildungen | 19

Cantor, C. »Rutgers-Newark Program Aims to Combat Alzheimer’s Disease in Black Communities.« Rutgers Focus. 26. März 2008. http://news.rutgers.edu/focus/issue.2008-03-26.6300207636/article.2008-03-26.8293146433. Capra, F. »The Turning Point: A New Vision of Reality.« The Futurist 16 no. 6 (1982): 19–24. Caskey, O. »Accelerating Concept Formation.« Journal of the Society for Accelerative Learning and Teaching 11, no. 3 (1986): 137–45. Chi, M. »Interactive Roles of Knowledge and Strategies in the Development of Organized Sort ing and Recall.« In Thinking and Learning Skills, vol. 2. Edited by S. F. Chipman, J. W. Segal und R. Glaser. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985. Childre, D. und H. Martin. The Heartmath Solution. San Francisco: Harper-Collins, 1999. Church, D. The Genie in Your Genes. Fulton, CA: Energy Psychology Press, 2008. Clancey, W. »Why Today’s Computers Don’t Learn the Way People Do.« Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, 1990. Clark, A. J. »Forgiveness: A Neurological Model.« Medical Hypotheses 65 (2005): 649–54. Colbert, D. The Bible Cure for Memory Loss. Lake Mary, FL: Siloam Press, 2001. ———. Deadly Emotions: Understand the Mind-Body-Spirit Connection That Can Heal or Destroy You. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2003. Cook, N. D. »Collosal Inhibition: The Key to the Brain Code.« Behavioral Science 29 (1984): 98–110. Costa, A. L. »Mediating the Metacognitive.« Educational Leadership 42, no. 3 (1984): 57–62. Cousins, N. Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient. New York: Bantam, 1981. ———. »Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient.« New England Journal of Medicine 295 (1976): 1458–63. Crick, F. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Scribner, 1995. ———. »Thinking about the Brain.« Scientific American 241, no. 3 (1981): 228. Cromie, W. J. »Childhood Abuse Hurts the Brain.« Harvard University Gazette. http://news. harvard.edu/gazette/2003/05.22/01-brain.html. ———. »Research Links Sleep, Dreams und Learning.« Harvard University Gazette. www.news. harvard.edu/gazette/1996/02.08/ResearchLinksSl.html. Damasio, A. R. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Motion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999. Damico, J. S. »Addressing Language Concerns in the Schools: The SLP as Consultant.« Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders 11, no. 1 (1987): 17–40. Dartigues, J. F. »Use It or Lose It.« Omni, Februar 1994, 34. De Andrade, L. M. »Intelligence’s Secret: The Limbic System and How to Mobilize It through Suggestopedy.« Journal of the Society for Accelerative Learning and Teaching 11, no. 2 (1986): 103–13. De Capdevielle, B. »An Overview of Project Intelligence.« Per Linguam 2, no. 2 (1986): 31–38. Decety, J. und J. Grezes. »Neural Mechanisms Subserving the Perception of Human Actions.« Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3, no. 5 (Mai 1999): 172–78. http://condor.depaul.edu/dallbrit/ extra/psy588/Decety-Grezes.pdf.

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Schalte dein Gehirn an – Arbeitsbuch Nur wer sein Denken ändert, kann auch sein Leben verändern. Wir alle wollen zufriedener, glücklicher und gesünder sein, wissen aber oft nicht, wie wir das erreichen können. Nichts von dem, was wir versuchen, scheint echte Veränderung zu bringen. In diesem Arbeitsbuch zu ihrem Bestseller hilft Dr. Caroline Leaf dem Leser, die Wissenschaft und Weisheit von Schalte dein Gehirn an aufs tägliche Leben anzuwen den, um so das Denken zu entgiften und mehr Zufriedenheit und bessere Gesundheit zu erfahren. Schalte dein Gehirn an: Das Arbeitsbuch verknüpft Wissenschaft mit der Bibel und stellt zu jedem aufgeführten Kernpunkt tiefgreifende, per sönliche Fragen, die dem Leser dabei helfen, die Auswirkungen des ei genen Denkens auf Gehirn, Körper und persönliche Lebensführung zu verstehen. Im Anschluss folgt jeweils ein themenvertiefender Abschnitt, der wichtige Verbindungen zwischen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und der Bibel offenlegt. Bist du bereit, ein Maximum an Zufriedenheit und Gesundheit zu er fahren? Dann schalte dein Gehirn an! 112 Seiten, Paperback, ISBN 978-3-95933-162-3. Auch als E-Book erhältlich.

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