Sarkha magazine

ISSUE 04 | MAY 2022

Sarkha In this issue: THE SECRET OF BISHA PRESIDENT FILM Over the past seven years, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir has dropped thousands of bombs on villages across the Nuba Mountains.

THE DANGERS OF EFRATA BIRHANU “In Ethiopia, people mostly don’t mind me as a woman painting on the streets”,

SIWAPHIWE GWAMA CHANGE THE WORLD interchanging real authentic stories that many can resonate with. My aspiration is to be happy and fulfilled in my workplace

About 6.2 million people (IDPs, returnees, refugees, and vulnerable residents) need humanitarian assistance in the Darfur region in 2022,

I AM BISHA

Over the past seven years, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir has dropped thousands of bombs on villages across the Nuba Mountains. Ganja, the 26 year old pacifist son of a rebel commander, witnessed a bomb drop meters from his home. He has never found a way to fight back- until now.

Ganja became President Bashir. Or to be precise, he became the man who controls Bashir’s head. Ganja and his friends in the Nuba Mountains acquired a puppet of the dictator and filmed a satirical web series called “Bisha TV.” The show follows the president’s schemes to raise money for a campaign of violent suppression across Sudan. Over one million people have watched “Bisha TV,” most of them inside Sudan.

This short film (14’) weaves together the story of Ganja’s life in the Nuba Mountains, his creative process working under extraordinary conditions, and darkly hilarious scenes from “Bisha TV.” Through Ganja’s work- and the comic escapades of two Sudanese strongmen- we see an unlikely flowering of political humor and appreciate the true power of grassroots media.

Recognition: Rory Peck Award for News Features One World Media Short Film Award Full Frame Jury Award for Best Short Festival Screenings: Full Frame Film Festival 2018, World Premiere Hot Docs International Film Festival 2018, International Premiere Sheffield Doc/Fest 2018, European Premiere Original Thinkers 2018 Hamptons International Film Festival 2018 IFC Center Screening 2018 SF Doc Stories Screening 2018 IDFA Docs for Sale 2017 IDA Screening Series at LACMA 2018 Foreign Correspondents Association of East Africa 2018 ReFrame Film Festival 2018 JAYU Human Rights Film Festival 2018 Waging Peace, Sheffield 2018 Footcandle Film Festival 2018 41 North Film Festival 2018 FIPADOC 2019 FIPADOC Retrospective Days at Biarritz Library 2019 MUICA Film Festival (Colombia) 2019 International Documentary Film Festival of Bogotá 2019 The Media Majlis at Northwestern University 2019 Gracias Africa (Colombia) 2020 The Never Again Coalition, Rising Up: Sudan 2020 Wallay Festival (Spain) 2020 Society for Photographic Education (SPE) Media Festival 2021 REPORTED BY SOMIA AMIR

My name is Roopa Gogineni. I’m a photographer and filmmaker from Charleston, West Virginia. Growing up and I spent many summers in my family’s village in South India. For the past ten years I have worked and lived mostly in East Africa.

Roopa currently advises a cohort of doctoral students using visual methodology in their study of pastoralism and uncertainty at The Institute of Development Studies.

Roopa is a proud member of Brown Girls Doc Mafia, Diversify Photo, Women Photograph, and The Authority Collective. She speaks French, Spanish, and Telugu and gets by in Swahili and Arabic. She has completed first aid and hostile environment training.

Roopa Gogineni is a photographer and filmmaker from West Virginia, based in Atlanta and Paris. roopa.gogineni@gmail.com

Editor-in-Chief SANNA ARMAN & TOM RHODES

www.Artrika.org

FEATURED STORY

THE EDGE OF THE

WORLD My dream is to eradicate the idea of poverty and social inequality in our country & universally through documenting archiving our own true authentic stories. I yearn to write books for children to empower and shelter their brilliant minds.

PHOTO BY UN

I imagine waking up every morning on the 8th floor to the sounds of birds whistling and a sunrise that kisses my skin while I look outside our balcony having a cup of tea.

Taking long night walks to the park, looking at the blue night sky and the moon at its fullest; while this cool breeze blows your loose boy-ish dress. I sit on a bench surrounded by flowers and trees filling the air with its beautiful aroma. Suddenly, the whistle turns into a loud harsh sound. I find myself in a center of people suffering from poverty and detachment from the world. With an emptiness that peels from their eyes. An energy that screams rage and revenge - I have to learn to survive in the wilderness...

I’m a city breed from Pretoria that relocated to Cape Town at the age of 15 years. I battled with cultural identity for a long while, however, through isolation, cultural crisis and trying to exist in a “Kasi” I felt I had no voice in - I fell in-love with healing the body, mind and spirit.

At the age of 10 I did not understand what the word love meant - age 10 doing my grade 3 I was molested then sexually abused. For years of confusion not being able to be a child, to even play I drowned myself in books, had no friends but an emptiness that lingered on my skin.

At the age of 16 I realised that I had been inflicted with an injury so deeply wounding and traumatising that it required more than just reading books.

Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, freecontent encyclopedia project. | wikipedia.com

THE ESSAY WILL BE PUBLISHED IN SERIALS

PHOTO BY LUKE CATINA

I find myself in a center of people suffering from poverty EDITED BY KONAN TIPEN

The damage was so profound that I gave up on myself. Age 20 I had a dark hole not even my family could complete, so I left home, moved to Johannesburg to introspect - time out from family and right there was my turning point. The genie was out of the bottle; I could breathe, it was as if I was awakened. I became more in-tune with my dreams and aspirations. I started aligning with my inner voice and I made a pledge to self that I would not stop working hard for myself.

Spirituality plays a very sequential role in my personal life. Through spirituality I found my liberation and empowerment. ``We are not human beings having a spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human experience’ French philosopher, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

After having isolated myself from my entire family; because of this yearning in me, deep in my soul I came to realize that I am made of more than just my thoughts, feelings and life situation that’s when it hit me that I am more infinite than just a little “me”. And I have all this fire in me to be the best version of myself. www.artrika.org

I am slowly going back home. Slowly grounding, slowly loving myself, slowly giving gratitude, slowly building my faith, slowly loving all parts of me.

EDITED BY SIFA ADAM

My dream is to eradicate the idea of poverty and social inequality in our country & universally through documenting - archiving our own true authentic stories. I yearn to write books for children to empower and shelter their brilliant minds. I aspire to be the best storyteller. I also dream of traveling the world to learn more about different cultures, to connect and exchange stories so I can expand my mind, especially be inspired.

My greatest passion is working to become the best version of myself. I am also passionate about Film & Tela-vision; mostly documenting, storywriting and sharing stories.

Nevertheless, my biggest passion is to travel across the world documenting - interchanging real authentic stories that many can resonate with. My aspiration is to be happy and fulfilled in my workplace.

To share this wealth in abundance with many souls that don’t know how to find their genie. I aspire to be the mentor I have always needed.

Ingama lam ngu’ Siwaphiwe Gwama.

I currently reside in Khayelitsha, Ekuphumleni with my two siblings, two nephews and niece. I am the second born; I still believe in magic. I haven’t fully found balance, nonetheless, I am euphoric with the path I am on.

Identity, who you are? For a while I was in denial, ignorant, I knew the truth but I was made of too many lies. I am slowly going back home.

Slowly grounding, slowly loving myself, slowly giving gratitude, slowly building my faith, slowly loving all parts of me. I am picking myself up and then the rest is written in the stones. I am safe and supported. I am full, nothing is lacking.The beauty of Nature inspires me, every time I leave the house I am reminded by Nature to serve with a selfless attitude.

I still believe in magic. I haven’t fully found balance, nonetheless,

SOUTH AFRICA

www.Artrika.org | 4

Artist of the Month

#ART IS NOT CONSIDERED A CAREER '03

lufituaeBsIkcalB# aipoihtErettamsedahsllA#

'01

PHOTO BY KONAN TIPEN

Art in the world at large, is something people appreciate the consumption of, but is still not given the respect it deserves for it to be a paying career. This is especially so on the Afrikan continent; a continent where artists were once upon a time considered the backbone of society and given utmost respect. However, as a result of colonialism, value in culture, which was represented, painted, written and sang by the artists, dropped and became something that was looked down upon, in favour of more white collar careers. Not only is this challenging for all artists across the continent, but more so for artists who are women.

Efrata Birhanu, is a 20 year old artist from Addis ababa, Ethiopia who works with Addis Street Art, a group of visual and street artists. She shares with Artrika her story of being a female artist in a world where art is not considered a career for most and in particular, for a woman, pursuing art full time, it is something that is even laughed at. In her words, “I’m at the very start of my art career, and have a lot more people to convince, but I would like to share how I got here to encourage girls like me out there”.

Efrata notes that when starting, one does not immediately understand themselves and their style of art easily. It takes some time to explore, discover oneself and find a steady footing and comfort with your art. She is currently working with different media and styles, with her art form mainly being street art that is about inspiring the people who see it.

ARTRIKA is a multilingual, web-based, content of Artrist project. | Artrika.org

S A R K H A

M A G A Z I N E

PAGE 08 / ISSUE 04

“In Ethiopia, people mostly don’t mind me as a woman painting on the streets”

S O M E T H I N G

T H A T

H A S

B E E N

N O R M A L I S E D

“In Ethiopia, people mostly don’t mind me as a woman painting on the streets”, says Efrata. From her experience, she says it usually depends. Most times they don’t believe the paintings were done by her and their surprise is a normal reaction she got used to and finds to be “harmless”.

ADDIS STREET ART

She collaborates with Addis Street Art on bigger

reported by Somia Amir Edited by Sanna Arman and Mihad yousif

propelled her career. Unlike many artists on the

projects and says working with them has really continent, she is one of the few that can say she has a strong support unit that keeps her encouraged, motivated and determined to pursue her dreams as an artist. Her family, she says, are very supportive, although she still has some convincing to do because she took the big risk of dropping out of university to pursue art.

“In Ethiopia, people mostly don’t mind me as a woman painting on the streets”, says Efrata.

From

her

experience,

she

says

it

usually

depends. Most times they don’t believe the paintings were done by her and their surprise is a normal reaction she got used to and finds to be “harmless”. However, she notes that sometimes men will try to overpower or intimidate her. She deals with this by ensuring she never works alone because women are attacked with words all the time - something that has been normalised in her country she says; “but there are also people who 14 | FEATURED STORIES

are very supportive”.

JANUARY 2022

Conflict in West Darfur

17

Highlights Conflict displaces 11,100 people in Ag Geneina locality. · Eight people were reportedly killed in Adikong village following armed group attacks. · UNHCR verifying reports of about 4,500 people crossing into Chad. · More displacement in Kereneik locality.

28

37

SITUATION OVERVIEW Since 20 January, there were renewed reports of increasing tension, sub-national conflict and violence in Ag Geneina and Kereneik localities in West Darfur State. In Ag Geneina locality, violence led to the displacement of 11,100 people from Adikong village. Arab armed groups reportedly also killed nine people and burnt and looted parts of

ON THE COVER

the village.

SUDAN: Conflict in West Darfur - Flash Update No 1 (27 January 2022)

About 6.2 million people (IDPs, On 20 January, clashes were reported in Adikong village in Ag Geneina locality, following the killing of an Arab man by a Masalit man reportedly due to an interpersonal dispute. Fighting in Adikong village between armed nomad groups and market owners escalated further, and the nomad groups attacked the police station and looted weapons. T

Editor's FSofie Karlsson

About 6.2 million people (IDPs, returnees, refugees, and vulnerable residents) need humanitarian assistance in the Darfur region in 2022, according to the 2022 Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO).

s. The armed groups also torched and looted the market and the western part of the village. The fighting continued on 21 January as a large group of armed nomads attacked the village again, killing eight people (including three women and two children). In a pattern that has been seen in recent months houses were burnt and looted making it difficult for people to return.

Head of Communications and Analysis, OCHA Sudan, karlsson2@un.org, Mob: +249 (0)912 174 456

VOLUME 04

ARTRIKA SUDAN SOUTH AFRICA

SUDAN CONFLICT IN WEST DARFUR

S A R K H A

M A G A Z I N E

PAGE 14 / ISSUE 04

think less, live more

KERENEIK LOCALITY: INSECURITY IN KERENEIK LOCALITY

SUDAN

The clashes spilled over to a neighboring village, and an unknown number of houses were reportedly attacked and looted in Domi village, 2km south of Adikong. On 22 January, armed Arabs attacked Adikong village for a third time.

Nomads also allegedly killed one of the traders at the local market. Since 21 January, the state authorities deployed a joint security force with units from the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF), Central Reserve Police and the Rapid Support Force (RSF).

The security situation in the area remains tense and unpredictable. Following the clashes, 11,100 people moved away from the villages of Adikong, Domi, Dokaiat and Jegijegi in Ag Geneina locality, within El-Genina locality, according to the Sudan Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). UNHCR is aware of reports of about 4,500 people who might have crossed into Chad. UNHCR and partners in the border areas of Chad are verifying these reports of cross-border population movements. Partners are monitoring the situation and an inter-agency assessment will be conducted when the security situation allows. An estimated 646,000 people live in Ag Geneina locality and more than 371,500 people are in need of humanitarian assistance (HNO 2022).

Armed sub-national conflict that started last year continues in Kereneik locality. On 23 January, armed perpetrators attacked a police convoy as they tried to rescue a Misseriya Jebel tribesman. They killed one police officer, and two civilians were injured. An unconfirmed number of people from the Hay Aj Jabal area were reportedly displaced to Kereneik town, because of continued sporadic shooting in the northern part of Kereneik locality. According to an inter-agency needs assessment in December 2021, over 55,000 people were displaced by the inter-tribal conflict in Kereneik locality that started on 4 December 2021. Most of the affected areas, villages, and IDP camps were looted. In addition, many houses and some service facilities were burnt down, people lost household items including clothes and cooking utensils.

Moreover, the conflict prevents most of the people from harvesting their land. During the assessment, access to safe drinking water was found to be one of the significant challenges in Kreinik town. Shelter and non-food items, food, health, livelihoods, and WASH services are the priority humanitarian needs identified by the affected people. Over the past few weeks, humanitarian partners had to postpone some of the planned activities in the area due to the current security situation. An estimated 487,000 people live in Kereneik locality, and more than 265,700 people are in need of humanitarian assistance (2022 HNO).

THE ESSAY WILL BE UNDER IN THE PAGE NO 10 TO COMPLETE

PHOTO BY ROOPA

OPPONENT OR VILLAIN NARRATIVE AS A PERSUASIVE DEVICE OF PEACEBUILDING Peace is a society’s mutual admiration and harmony. Peace in the context of social theory has both the connotation of not being involved in conflict (such as war) and of freedom from worries of violence amongst individuals and groups in general.

Peace. It is not just a word, it is a feeling of security and mutual reassurance.

Peace aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the structural conditions that generate deadly conflict, as it is the main factor that guarantees security and stability, and it is the opposite of war, which destroys everything in society, including lands. The word peace comes from peace, and it means the cohesion of human beings among themselves, which leads to intellectual homogeneity and

societal

understanding,

to

build

stronger

and

interconnected societies free of conflicts, killings, grudges, and others.

Peace comes from within, from simple things that affect our spirit, our soul. Peace is in the grateful smile of children when we figure out a solution to their problem. Peace is in a connection made through creating art with a client.

Also, peace is the gateway to peace between countries and some of them, which helps the exchange of experiences and transactions between countries and each other, in various fields, including health, education, economy, trade, and others. In order to achieve all this, it requires the formation of a set of sound principles and habits aimed at coexistence, and peace is one of the most important blessings enjoyed by humanity. It is the truth upon which life is built, as we were created to reconstruct the simple and spread love and tolerance among all. Wars and destruction had no place on this earth, as peace is the instinct with which we were created. Let's live with each other.

The only thing we need now in my city, which has suffered the scourge of war and paid for it, is transformations and erosion of the normal life , after it was the city of prosperity sarkha | 04

Story By : Shifa Adam

SKATING

MAY 2022

THE BIGGEST ISSUE EVER SKATING

FREE STYLE

STYLE FOR EVERY BODY

What interests me, and what I hope interests you, is our collective power to influence social change. While we accept that change is constant, we do not have to accept that we are powerless in its wake.

It is the extent to which we care about the direction of social change that we can try to shape it and help to create the kind of "change we wish to see in the world." Whether or not Gandhi actually uttered these words doesn't matter. What matters is that the phrase begs the question, what kind of change do we wish to see in the world?

What I wanna say for the youth of this generation that we are the change in our lives in our revolution and in our country we’ll build this country with our thoughts and our talents , you don’t have to say it’s late to do what you want to do it’s never too late to do anything just go for it because we’re the change.

’m a cyclist too. I just do it for fun and I’ve so many cyclists friends some of them are boxers and Muay

A R T R I K A . O R G

To be a Female athlete in Sudan is kinda challenging for many girls, especially those who were raised in Traditional Families but for Samia Kamal, she was a spirited young girl who got all the support from her family and my friends.

Samia Kamal is 16 years old and studies at sisters’ School Khartoum.

She said to Sarkha Magazine.. I started freestyle slalom skating in 2019 I used to do it for fun until I met up with one of the biggest supporters of my role model and my coach Amro one of the first people who started this sport and worked hard to share it in Sudan, he saw me skating and he told me that “you’re the future of Sudan in this game” I started training with him and I’ve learned a lot from him. I used to train for five hours a day just to improve my level and reach the world champions level to compete with them and I’m still working on that I fell a lot and I keep falling, but within every fall I learn something new this is what it’s all about learning from every fall and take a lesson not just in games but in life .

In 2020 during the lockdown Samia used to train at home. She used to struggle finding a nearby place, a flat playground to train on it, and she said to Sarkhar.. I’m a cyclist too. I just do it for fun and I’ve so many cyclists friends some of them are boxers and Muay Thai fighters and in that time especially she wanted to learn self defense and get into the martial arts world . I’ve joined Muqatel training center in the 10th of June 2021 I really wanted to be a part of that team “family” they’re so inspiring they work hard to reach what they want Muqatel training center is the first mma gym in Sudan created by the amazing man Mohammed al munir aka “Muqatel'' those guys went from Khartoum to Nairobi Kenya with a minibus in 6 days and they won gold u can watch their movie “ Journey to Kenya “ a real warriors , I’ve learned a lot from them ,I’ve learned that WE DON’T JUST FIGHT TO FIGHT WE FIGHT FOR OUR FREEDOM and kept on training to improve and reach their levels and I’m still working on that.

In the past year I was supposed to participate in two International championships in skating and Muay Thai “Thai boxing” but I couldn’t due to my knee injury that changed my plans, but they say “what hits you makes you stronger “ that’s why I’m planning to come back stronger inshallah.

The country doesn’t support talents and doesn’t fund them and doesn’t even support them, we struggle in finding gear skate shoes they’re just not available in Sudan but we keep working hard because if we wait for support, we will not provide or progress,I know that there’s so much talents in Sudan but they didn’t find the support and the community that makes them develop their talents .

PHOTO BY KONAN TIPEN

In this issue

The British Council’s Cultural Protection Fund in partnership the UK’s Department for Digital Culture Media and Sport awarded a grant in 2018 to the Western Sudan Community Museums Project. For an initial 18 months in its first phase, the project restored the buildings of the Khalifa House and Bramble House in Omdurman, Khartoum, which serve as an ethnographic museum for the area.

The second phase of the project ran until March 2021 and strengthened staff capacity to manage the museums, upgraded visitor facilities including air conditioning and toilets.

The sites have been cemented as cultural heritage hubs with new exhibitions focused on the museum’s existing collections, further restoration and exhibition of large items (such as the first all-terrain car and two governor’s carriages at Khalifa House) as well as new exhibits focused on new surveys and research into South Darfur focusing on traditional Sudanese ways of life.

Reported by Anyiko PR

The Sheikan Museum in El Obeid, North Kordofan also saw some restoration, including the creation of a new entrance hall and community building, while the Darfur Museum in Nyala, South Darfur was re-opened following repairs, protection against flooding and new exhibitions.

The collections in all three museums, totalling over 3,500 artefacts have been recorded, condition assessed and cleaned and a new conservation lab at Bramble House is being used by conservators to restore damaged objects. Over 50 have been restored during the first phase of the WCSM project.

The history of the Khalifa House has been researched and drone surveys and maps have been produced of Omdurman and its historic sites, together with new photographs, maps and images from archives around the world.

A series of training sessions and community engagement have further helped to highlight their importance to local people and a good level of ongoing engagement has been seen as a result of these outreach activities. A series of excellent short films on women’s heritage, camel culture, traditional dance and museummaking have also shown the importance of these museums to audiences globally.

Currently, the museum’s have just completed a third phase of work, a new project led by the British Institute in East Africa (although with the same partners Mallinson Architects and NCAM). This project focused on protecting and documenting Sudanese intangible cultural heritage and artefacts that have been impacted by climate change in the Sahel. A series of exhibitions illustrating the changing environment and how it has impacted people and their

WWW.ARTRIKA.ORG

heritage have been designed and are undergoing installation in all three museums. To improve impact and create ongoing benefit, NCAM are being supported to strengthen their strategic plans for heritage at risk of climate change including a survey of previously underresearched archaeological sites in South Darfur and preparation of a paper advocating for governmental and international recognition of the heritage at the core of this project.

Youth Organisations at each museum have also continued to be involved since their creation at the start of the WSCM project and have been engaged in exhibition design and installation and are being supported to formalise their groups to enable them to seek further funding in the future.

Led by International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) in partnership with Mallinson Architects and the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan, the project also helped preserve the museum’s collections digitally and provided training for staff in material conservation, collection management, storage and protection of the displays.

DOES DARFUR HAVE A FUTURE IN THE SUDAN?

ARTICLE

B Y R E X S E Á N O ’ F A H E Y Does Darfur have a future in the Sudan? I ask the

In the same year, 1882, that the Mahdi manifested himself

question because Darfur does not really have that much

as the “divinely-guided” one, the British occupied Egypt.

of a past in the Sudan. Despite a history of interaction

Because they had no interest in the Sudan, they forced

with the Nile Valley, as much with Egypt as with what is

Egypt to abandon it, sending Charles Gordon, who had

now the northern Sudan, Darfur was not finally

been governor-general of the Sudan from 1877 to 1880

incorporated into the Sudan until 1916. Neglect by the

charged with suppressing the slave trade, to withdraw the

centre, both in colonial times and since independence,

Egyptian garrisons from the country. The Mahdist forces

has led to the emergence in the mid-1960s of political

continued to make military gains, culminating in the fall of

protest, culminating in a rebel uprising and a much-

Khartoum and the death of Gordon in January 1885. The

publicized conflict unfolding since 2003. Darfur’s place

latter caused an outcry from antislavery circles and from

within the Sudan has become an internationally

Queen

debated question. Let me say at the outset that I believe

Victoria, to whom Gordon was a hero. This British

Darfur’s future lies with the Sudan—I prefer “with” rather

government indifference changed in 1896, when for

than “in”—but it has to be with a Sudan that is ruled very

reasons that had to do with European politics, the British

differently than the present Sudan. But in order to

decided to “reoccupy” the Sudan, allegedly on behalf of

discuss Darfur’s place within the Sudan in the future, an

Egypt, using in part the Gordon myth as justification.3 By

understanding of the past is necessary.1

1898, they had destroyed the Mahdist state and gradually occupied Kordofan and the southern

I have never asked the question, is Darfur “naturally” a part

Sudan; in the same year, Sultan Ali Dinar restored the

of the Sudan? From a historian’s perspective, the answer

Darfur Sultanate, a development that the British, for the

has to be no. The modern Sudan is the artificial creation

moment, acquiesced in.4 In 1916, largely because of the

of two imperialisms, Egyptian and British in 1821. Today

French advance eastwards from Lake Chad, the British

it's the northern Sudan. They had seemingly also planned

decided to “pinch out” Darfur and occupied it, killing its

to invade Darfur, but a serious revolt along the Nile

ruler in the process.

thwarted that plan. As it turned out, there was little gold

The above is a brief and crude presentation of the wider

and the slaves were too few, so Muhammad Ali turned to

geopolitical history of what today we call the Sudan.

using Egyptian peasants as cannonfodder. From 1839

Ironically, Muslim Darfur has a shorter history as part of the

onwards, a motley collection of European adventurers,

Sudan than the non-Muslim south. Until 1874, Darfur was

Egyptian and northern Sudanese traders, and others

an independent state; it was conquered by the slave-

penetrated into the southern Sudan, looking for ivory and

trader al-Zubayr Pasha (d. 1913), who was then cheated out

slaves. The great divide between the Muslim Sudan and

of his con- quest when the Egyptians marched in on al-

the non-Muslim south had been breached. The Egyptian

Zubayr’s heels and briefly occupied the country for some

Sudan remained a wasting Egyptian asset until the

nine years (1874–1883). The latter never

Egyptians were swept away by a messianic revolution led by the Mahdi, a self-proclaimed messiah, in 1882–1885.2

African Culture Art & Identities

Explore More

in the next issue The Scramble for Arab Genealogies by M.J.H & Alex de Waal

Special thanks to the Artrika teams and people who Contributed

03

items.ssrc - African Writer Rex Seán O’Fahey is professor of African History at the University of Bergen, Norway. His connexion with the Sudan began as a lecturer at the University of Khartoum, 1967–1970.

Dr. Mohammed Jalal A. Hashim is a Sudanese writer and lecturer at Khartoum University Also thanks to - Roopa Gogineni & Rhea Schmitt Editorial and Design Team - Konan Tipen,Tom Rhodes, Rawa Ahmed, Abdelsalam yakoubmarajan

-Nawekulo Gachanja , Rethabile Thantsha, Tsakane C Langa, Shifa Adam Sibongile Mathe

There are 370 million Indigenous people around the world and spread across more than 90 countries. They belong to more than 5,000 different Indigenous peoples and speak more than 4,000 languages. Indigenous people represent about 5% of the world’s population. The vast majority of them – 70% – live in Asia.