Passive Design Approach for Energy-Efficient Buildings.

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Undertaken by: HIMANSHI SHARMA Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARF40P043 V Year B.Arch (A)

Prof. ANUBHAV MITTAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022

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APPROVAL The study titled “PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS” is hereby approved as an original work of Himanshi Sharma enrolment no. 16E1AAARF40P043 on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

December 2020 Jaipur

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

PRINCIPAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

COORDINATOR

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DECLARATION I, Himanshi Sharma, hereby solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Passive Design Approach for Energy-efficient buildings’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide.

HIMANSHI SHARMA V Year B.Arch (A) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, ‘Passive Design Approach for Energyefficient buildings’ is a bonafide work by Himanshi Sharma of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

This research work fulfills the requirements relating to nature and standards laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University.

Prof. ANUBHAV MITTAL Guide Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been an essential growth in the learning curve of my architecture education. I am grateful to my college, Aayojan School of Architecture for enabling me to take up this Assignment.

I am thankful to Prof. K.S. Mahajani (Principal, Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur) for providing a conducive college environment and the proficient faculties who made this dissertation a fruitful learning process.

I thank, Prof N.S. Rathore (Dean Academics, Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur) for his able advice and valuable time.

I would like to express my deep gratitude and thank towards, Dissertation guide Prof. Anubhav Mittal for his continued guidance, encouragement, patience, and support throughout this project.

My parents are a constant source of motivation, which put faith in me and urged me to do better. A big thanks to my father, Dr. P.N Sharma. I would also like to thank him for his support throughout my research.

Himanshi Sharma V Year B.Arch. (A) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

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ABSTRACT Passive design approach in Energy-efficient buildings

By Himanshi Sharma The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. The present climate changes and the exploitation of fossil fuels are directly linked to human activities. Rapid economic growth, rising income, growing population, and urbanization are factors in the growth in India’s buildings' energy consumption. India’s commercial sector accounted for nearly 69% of the country’s gross domestic product in 2015, and this share is expected to continue growing, leading to more energy demand in the commercial sector.

The study finds that to increase the energy efficiency of a building, a variety of passive design strategies can be incorporated, passive design strategies include building orientation, building shape & form, stack effect, courtyards, wind towers, water bodies, insulation of walls & roofs, proper fenestration, shading, proper landscaping, skylights, daylighting, and designing a building to take advantage of natural ventilation opportunities. The passive design uses natural processes as an alternative to using active systems which decreases our need for energy consumption. The comfort achieved by natural processes is far more rewarding for building users than being stuck in a windowless room with only an HVAC system to condition the air. Responding to climate conditions is essential and the study focuses on composite climate.

The study finally concludes with recommendations of appropriate design guidelines in architectural design on the aspect that passive design strategies are helpful because of this no toxic gases released in the environment, helps to sustain the natural environment. The key to designing a passive building is to take advantage of the microclimate, which will help to reduce the energy consumption of a building, as stated in the hypothesis.

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CONTENTS Page No. Approval

ii

Declaration

iii

Certificate

iii

Acknowledgement

iv

Abstract

v

Content

vi-viii

List of illustrations

vii

List of tables

ix-xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-3

1.1 Background of the study

1

1.2 Criteria of selection

1

1.3 Research question

1

1.4 Hypothesis

1

1.5 Aim

1

1.6 Objectives

1

1.7 Scope and Limitation

1

1.8 Methodology

3

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO ENVIRONMENT

5-11

2.1

Introduction

6

2.2

Climate change

7

2.3

Air Pollution

8

2.4

Depletion of Fossil fuels

9

2.5

Green-house effect

10

2.6

Renewable Resources

11

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CHAPTER 3: PASSIVE DESIGN

12-16

3.1

Passive design

13

3.3

Thermal comfort

14

3.1

India’s energy situation

15

3.2

Factors affecting energy consumption

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CHAPTER 4: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

17-36

4.1

Basic Principles in Energy Efficient Building Design

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4.2

Need for Passive design

19

4.3

Passive ventilation

19-24

4.3.1 Form & Orientation 4.3.2 Building shape 4.3.3 Courtyards 4.3.4 Space Planning 4.3.5 Wind Towers 4.3.6 Buffer spaces and double facades Passive Cooling techniques

4.4

20-25

4.4.1 Shading 4.4.2 Landscaping 4.4.3 Thermal Mass 4.4.4 Evaporative cooling 4.4.5 Thermal Insulation in roofs and walls 4.4.6 Cool roofs 4.4.7 Fenestrations 4.5

Passive Daylighting

25-32

4.5.1 Open layout 4.5.2 Skylights 4.5.3 Fenestrations 4.5.4 Light shelves 4.6

Applying the strategies- commercial

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33-36

CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES

37 –56

5.1

Parameters

37

5.2

Live case study

38-43

5.2.1 IIHMR, Jaipur 5.3

Literature Case study

44-55

5.3.1 Indira Paryawaran Ministry of Environment & Forest, Delhi 5.3.2 IRRAD, Gurgaon 5.3.3 CESE, IIT KANPUR

CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS 6.1

Parameters

6.1

Analysis

56-57

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

58 – 67

7.1

Conclusions

58-59

7.2

Recommendations

60-67

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

68

BIBLIOGRAPHY

69-71

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE NUMBER

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Buildings should be constructed in such a way that they use least amount of energy Sector -wise emissions in the selected Indian cities

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https://s3dadesign.com/environmental-issuesconstruction-industry/ https://www.climatelinks.org/resources

Figure 2.3

Healthy interior enviornment

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Figure 2.4

Major threats to environment

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http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/

Figure 2.5

India's climate crisis

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Figure 2.6

Air pollution level at delhi

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https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ the-growing-threat-of-climate-changein-india-1563716968468.html https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Se ven_Biggest_Environmental_Threats

Figure 2.7

Present situation of air pollution

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Figure 2.8

Graph showing future energy reserves for coal, oil & gas

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Figure 2.9

Threats to environment

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Chapter 2: Threats to Environment Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2

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Figure 2.10 Green-house effect

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Figure 2.11 The Climate change- Greenhouse Effect

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Figure 2.12 Renewable Energy Resources

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Figure 2.13 Solar energy

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Figure 2.13 Solar energy

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/greenhouse-gas-emissions-india https://www.greenepots.com/2019/02 /energy-efficient-passive-techniquesfor.html

https://www.wionews.com/indianews/delhis-air-pollution-drops-by-49owing-to-coronavirus-inducedlockdown-298265 https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/ urbanisation/india-loses-naturalresources-to-economic-growth-report61836 https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Se ven_Biggest_Environmental_Threats https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhou se-effect-101 https://enhancedgreenhousegasemiss ions.weebly.com/enhancedgreenhouse-gas-effect.html https://news.energysage.com/exampl es-of-renewable-resources-andalternative-energy/ https://www.orfonline.org/expertspeak/why-india-needs-to-nudgedomestic-manufacturing-for-solarindustry-67388/ https://www.orfonline.org/expertspeak/why-india-needs-to-nudgedomestic-manufacturing-for-solarindustry-67388/

FIGURE NUMBER

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/ https://gruenecodesign.com.au/therm al-comfort/ https://www.ecophon.com/en/aboutecophon/functional-demands/thermalcomfort/ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com /industry/energy/oil-gas/indias-energyconsumption-to-grow-faster-thanmajoreconomies/articleshow/56800587.cms ?from=mdr https://energy.umich.edu/newsevents/energy-economics-weeklybriefings/story/indias-energy-sector/ https://www.slideshare.net/OracleUlti mate/energy-sector-in-india-2017basics-and-post-budget-insightsarindam-1

Chapter 3: Passive Design Figure 3.1

Section of a building with passive design features

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Figure 3.2

How comfort can be achieved

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Figure 3.3

Ensuring thermal comfort of a person

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Figure 3.4

Graph shows India's energy consumption growth to be highest

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Figure 3.5

Breakdown of energy Consumption in a building

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Figure 3.6

An overview of energy sector in India

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FIGURE NUMBER

TITLE

Chapter 4: Passive Design Strategies Figure 4.1 Using passive cooling strategies for thermal performance Figure 4.2 Building with passive design strategies Figure 4.3 Importance of croos ventilation

PAGE NO.

SOURCE

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/S209526351400003X

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https://www.slideshare.net/swapnika1 5/passive-coolingtechniques https://www.intechopen.com/books/e nergy-efficient-buildings/energyefficient-building-design-in-the-contextof-building-life-cycle#B8 https://www.intechopen.com/books/e nergy-efficient-buildings/energyefficient-building-design-in-the-contextof-building-life-cycle#B8

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Figure 4.4 Proper orientation of windows for cross-ventilation

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Figure 4.5 Orient longer facades along the north Figure 4.6 Building orientation should be in accordance to the solar orientation

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Author

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Author

Figure 4.7 Placement of buildings according to wind direction

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fiGURE 4.8 In composite climate 22 buildings shape needs to be compact Figure 4.9 Courtyard effect at day and night 22

Figure 4.10 Mutual shading of built forms 23 Figure 4.11 wind tower design for ventilation23 Figure 4.12 Double facades 24

Figure 4.13 cross ventilation Figure 4.14 Orientation

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Figure 4.15 Shading strategy

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Figure 4.16 overhang used for windows Figure 4.17 Landscape techniques for composite climate Figure 4.18 creepers used for shading

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Figure 4.19 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25 Figure 4.26 Figure 4.27 Figure 4.28 Figure 4.29 Figure 4.30 Figure 4.31 Figure 4.32

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/

Author

https://www.newlearn.info/packages/clear/thermal/bui ldings/passive_system/images/april03a r4.pdf

Author Author

https://inhabitat.com/solar-screenbrings-beauty-and-heat-relief-to-avietnam-home/filtered-wall-house-byduc-vien-le-7/ Author

https://images.adsttc.com/media/ima ges/5d51/658a/284d/d1bc/4500/022c/ large_jpg/esquema04.jpg?1565615372 https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/

Author https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/ https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/

Vegetation used to alter microclimate 28 Author energy conservation arrangement 28 author thermal mass for cooling building28 author thermal mass for cooling building28 Author evaporative cooling 29 Author insulation on roof 29 Author Insulation for ventilated air 29 Author conditioned building Cool roofs 30 Author Window shading Pattern 31 Author heat transmission in a single clear31glass Author daylighting technique 33 Author Skylights 34 Author Light shelves 34 Author Minimisation of energy consumption 35 https://www.climatecolab.org/contest s/2014/buildings/c/proposal/1309226

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TITLE

Chapter 5: Passive Design Strategies Figure 5.1 View of IIHMR, Jaipur Figure 5.2 A series of interlinked courtyards Figure 5.3 Courtyard planning

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Author Author

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https://worldarchitecture.org/articl e-links/epnfh/ashok-b-lall-s-iihmrjaipur-is-an-exemplar-of-criticalregionalism-environmentalsustainability.html Author

Figure 5.4 Well coordinated planning of fenestrations Figure 5.5 Pattern of fenestrations Figure 5.6 Daylight Integration Figure 5.7 Daylight Integration for Basements ( Photo) Figure 5.8 Courtyard planning for effectively incorporating daylight Figure 5.9 Ventilator below the window adjustable outlet Figure 5.10 Jaali for cross ventilation Figure 5.11 Exisiting photo of IIHMR Figure 5.12 Existing monsoon watercourse dividing the 2 buildings Figure 5.13 Monsoon watercourse as a natural dividing element Figure 5.14 Material Figure 5.15 Typical ground floor plan

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Figure 5.16 Solar power plant existing photo Figure 5.17 Solar panels along the roof Figure 5.18 View of Indira Paryavaran Ministry

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40 41 41

Author

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Author

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Author

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Author Author Author

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Author

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Author https://worldarchitecture.org/articl e-links/epnfh/ashok-b-lall-s-iihmrjaipur-is-an-exemplar-of-criticalregionalism-environmentalsustainability.html Author

44 44

Author

Author https://worldarchitecture.org/articl e-links/epnfh/ashok-b-lall-s-iihmrjaipur-is-an-exemplar-of-criticalregionalism-environmentalsustainability.html

Figure 5.19 Site orientation of a building

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Author

Figure 5.20 Building punctures for proper cross- ventilation Figure 5.21 Jaali used in East & South Figure 5.22 Site Planning with nature Figure 5.23 Building showcasing biodiversity Figure 5.24 Ground floor plan

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Author

45 46 46

Author Author Author

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Figure 5.25 Solar power plant of 930 KW Capacity Figure 5.26 Section showing atrium for cross ventilation

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https://worldarchitecture.org/articl e-links/epnfh/ashok-b-lall-s-iihmrjaipur-is-an-exemplar-of-criticalregionalism-environmentalsustainability.html Author

Figure 5.27 View of IRRAD, Gurgaon

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Figure 5.28 Internal courtyards to provide daylight

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Figure 5.29 Shading devices are used

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https://architecturelive.in/instituteof-rural-research-and-developmentat-gurgaon-by-ashok-b-lall/

Figure 5.30 shading devices are designed to allow daylight Figure 5.31 Fenestrations designed to allow daylight

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https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://architecturelive.in/instituteof-rural-research-and-developmentat-gurgaon-by-ashok-b-lall/

Figure 5.32 fenestration pattern

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Figure 5.33 Solar PV Panels installed on the roof Figure 5.34 Installation of Radiant cooling pipes

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https://worldarchitecture.org/articl e-links/epnfh/ashok-b-lall-s-iihmrjaipur-is-an-exemplar-of-criticalregionalism-environmentalsustainability.html https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://architecturelive.in/instituteof-rural-research-and-developmentat-gurgaon-by-ashok-b-lall/

https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://architecturelive.in/instituteof-rural-research-and-developmentat-gurgaon-by-ashok-b-lall/

Figure 5.35 Courtyard with rectangular planning Figure 5.36 Plan of IRRAD

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Figure 5.37 Exterio walll section

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Figure 5.38 IIT Kanpur campus

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Figure 5.39 Shading on roof

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Figure 5.40 Plan of building

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Figure 5.41 Landscape on the building

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Figure 5.42 Integrating the water body with design for optimal microclimate

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FIGURE NUMBER

Figure 7.1

TITLE Chapter 7: Conclusions & Recommendations Passive design approach in buildings Buildings should be oriented to wind direction Minimize East west faรงade Maximise built shading through built forms Minimize Perimeter to Area Ratio Vertical shading, Horizontal shading, combination

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https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://www.ashokblallarchitects.c om/IRRAD-Gurgaon https://architecturelive.in/instituteof-rural-research-and-developmentat-gurgaon-by-ashok-b-lall/ https://www.iitk.ac.in/cese/features .htm https://www.iitk.ac.in/cese/features .htm https://www.iitk.ac.in/cese/features .htm https://www.iitk.ac.in/cese/features .htm https://www.iitk.ac.in/cese/features .htm

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Author

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Author

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Author Author

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Author

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.7 Inlet openings should be well oriented

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.8 Opening controls like Louvers

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6

Figure 7.9 Cool roofs

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.10 Proper placement of openings Figure 7.11 Glazing properties

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Author

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.12 Glare from direct sunlight

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

Figure 7.13 Figure 7.14 Figure 7.15 Figure 7.16

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Author Author Author https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

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https://nzeb.in/knowledgecentre/passive-design/fenestration/

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Toplighting Thermal mass Evaporative cooling Landscaping

Figure 7.17 Decidious trees

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Chapter 4: Table 4.1 Basic cooling strategies

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Author

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. The building construction Industry produces 2nd largest amount of demolition waste &, greenhouse gases (35-40%), which contribute to serious environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises to meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation & lighting that cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources.

However, buildings can be designed to meet occupant’s needs for thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels of energy & resource consumption.

Energy resource efficiency can be affected by adopting an integrated approach to building design through passive strategies, reducing the dependency on a mechanical system that would lead the way to a sustainable solution.

The primary steps in this approach would be to: 1. Incorporate passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on a conventional system- Energy flows in this system by natural means with no use of mechanical means.

2. Using renewable energy systems to meet a part of the building load. (solar photovoltaic system)- The pressure on earth’s non-renewable resources can be alleviated by judicious use of earth’s renewable resources that is solar energy. Using solar energy for meeting electrical needs for a building can further reduce the consumption of conventional forms of energy.

3. Use of low energy materials (energy-efficient materials).

In brief, an energy-efficient building balances all aspects of energy use in a building: Lighting, cooling, and ventilation by providing an optimized mix of passive design strategies, energy-efficient materials, and renewable sources of energy. The use of materials with low embodied energy also forms a major component in energy-efficient building design.

CRITERIA OF SELECTION Passive design is the key to sustainable building. The energy required by the building sector in India accounts for 33% of the national energy use.

Using passive design can reduce temperature fluctuations, improve indoor air quality, reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions. Climate- responsive design can drive the building sector in India towards a low energy future.

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RESEARCH QUESTION Could energy efficiency in a building be achieved through the application of passive design strategies?

What are the potential passive design features for an energy-efficient approach?

HYPOTHESIS “Passive design is an approach that can greatly reduce building energy requirements which help to minimizes energy consumption without the need for a mechanical system.”

AIM With rising consumption of energy in buildings, which leads to climate change and depletion of fossil fuels, passive design strategies play’s an important role.

The aim is to reduce energy usage and dependency on mechanical means in the built environment through passive design strategies.

OBJECTIVE 1.To study the need, principles, and method of passive design strategies for reducing energy consumption in a building.

2. To study the implementation of passive design strategies for energy-efficient buildings.

3. To analyze how buildings can reduce energy consumption by the use of passive design strategies.

SCOPE & LIMITATIONS Scope The study focuses on passive design strategies which can be used to reduce the energy consumption in a building without the use of mechanical means, & thereby reducing dependency on a mechanical system.

Limitation 3

Mechanical systems are not taken into consideration. The study does not consider active design strategies.

The study does not take passive heating techniques into consideration as the study area is limited to composite climate.

METHODOLOGY

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2.1 INTRODUCTION Our construction industry is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world. Residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructural development has taken a boom all over the world in the last four to five decades. As a result, due to numerous construction activities throughout the world, the issue of global warming has been a concern to the world.

Environmental protection is an important issue in developed and Figure 2. 1 Buildings should be constructed in such a way that they use least amount of energy developing countries. Climate change has been noticed throughout the world. To control the same and maintain a good environmental condition throughout the world, a remedy for it is a sustainable building.

A sustainable building is the one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiently, conserves natural resource, generates less water, and provides healthier spaces for the occupants as compared to a conventional building.

Figure 2. 2 Sector-wise emissions in the selected Indian cities, 2007-08

For a project to be considered sustainable, it must meet the following criteria: 1. It must be energy efficient 2. Reduced emissions 3. Prevent pollution 4. Improved indoor air quality 5. Inexpensive 6. Low maintenance cost 7. Biodegradable after abandonment

Figure 2. 3 Healthy interior Environment

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Threats to Environment: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Climate change Depletion of fossil fuels Air pollution Green-house effect Renewable resources

Figure 2. 4 Major Threats to Environment

2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE According to the Global Risks Report 2019 from the World Economic Forum, environmental concerns have been gaining on concerns over economic issues as the prominent risks people face.

Increasing incidents of extreme weather events are blamed on climate change cited as a top concern.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural events like droughts, wildfires, heatwaves, rainstorms, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes explain the Scientific American (Environment, n.d.).

Figure 2. 5 India's Climate Crisis

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2.3 AIR POLLUTION Air pollution in India is a serious health issue. Of the most polluted cities in the world, 21 out of 30 were in India in 2019.

Air pollution contributed to the death of 16.7 lakh people in India in 2019. However, the main sources contributing to air pollution are well Figure 2. 6 Air Pollution Level at Delhi identified and this list is common for all Indian cities – vehicle exhaust, heavy industry including power generation, small scale industries including brick kilns, resuspended dust on the roads due to vehicle movement and construction activitie s, open waste burning, combustion of various fuels for cooking, lighting, and heating, in-situ power generation via diesel generator sets. Additionally, seasonal influences from dust storms, forest fires, open field fires during harvest season, and sea salt near coastal areas.

Pollution is the greatest risk to human life, more so in India than in any other country. Air Quality Index (AQI) is a numerical scale used to measure and report the air quality of an area on a given day. Eight pollutants namely PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb are the major parameters taken into consideration while deriving the AQI of a region.

Figure 2. 7 Present situation of Air pollution

A city of our particular interest in India is New Delhi, the capital city of India.

WHO and the United States Environmental Protection Agency ranked New Delhi as the world’s most polluted city in 2014 and 2016 respectively (Mulhern, n.d.)

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2.4 DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUELS Fossil fuels are hundreds of millions of years old, but in the last 200 years consumption has increased rapidly, leaving fossil fuel reserves depleted and climate change seriously impacted.

Reserves are becoming harder to locate, and resources won’t last forever – here’s when fossil fuels could run out.

Figure 2. 8 Graph showing future energy reserves for coal, gas and oil To keep average global temperature increases below 1.5°C, we need to leave up to 80% of our fossil fuel reserves in the ground – but globally, our reliance on fossil fuels is increasing (Ecotricity, n.d.)

Figure 2. 9 Threats to Environment

Figure 2. 9 Threats 9 to Environment

2.5 GREEN-HOUSE EFFECT

Figure 2. 11 Climate change: Greenhouse effect

Figure 2. 10 Greenhouse effect

India's total GHG emissions in 2014 were 3,202 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), totaling 6.55% of global GHG emissions. India's GDP increased 357% from 1990 to 2014, while GHG emissions increased 180%. Relative to GDP, India emits twice as many GHGs as the world average. India pledged to achieve electric power installed capacity of about 40% from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030 with the help of technology transfer and low-cost international finance, create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030.

(Climatelinks)

2.6 RENEWABLE RESOURCES A renewable resource is a natural resource that will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of time on a human time scale.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Solar energy Wind energy Hydro energy Tidal energy Geothermal energy 6. Biomass energy

Solar energy

Figure 2. 12 Renewable energy resources

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Sunlight is one of our planet’s most abundant and freely available energy resources. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth’s surface in one hour is more than the planet’s total energy requirements for a whole year.

Although it sounds like a perfect renewable energy source, the amount of solar energy we can use varies according to the time of day and the season of the year as well as geographical location.

Figure 2. 13 Solar energy - Solar panels being installed

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3.1 PASSIVE DESIGN India has different climatic conditions ranging from extremely hot conditions to severe cold conditions. Energy availability is scarce and people have to protect themselves from these extremities of the climate in a natural way.

Figure 3. 1 Section of a building with Passive design features

To increase the energy efficiency of a building, a variety of passive design strategies can be incorporated. Passive design Strategies include building orientation, form & shape, insulation of roof and walls, fenestrations, shading, landscape, daylighting, etc, and designing a building to take advantage of natural ventilation opportunities.

Passive design strategies take advantage of natural energy opportunities as they relate to the location of the building’s site, the local climate (and the site’s microclimate), and the properties of building materials.

3.2 THERMAL COMFORT Our daily life cycle comprises states of activity, fatigue, and recovery. The mind and body must recover through recreation, rest, and sleep to counterbalance the mental and physical fatigue resulting from activities of the day [19]. This cycle can be and is often impeded by unfavourable climatic conditions and

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the resulting stress on the body and mind causes discomfort, loss of efficiency, and may eventually lead to a breakdown of health. The effect of climate on man, is, therefore, a factor of considerable importance [20].

The task of an architect is to create the best possible indoor climate (it is not feasible to regulate out-door conditions). The occupants Figure 3. 2 How Comfort can be achieved of a building judge the quality of the design from a physical as well as an emotional point of view. It is a challenge for the designer to strive towards the optimum of total comfort, which may be defined as the sensation of complete physical and mental wellbeing.

Passive design strategies aim at achieving thermal comfort using as little active cooling and heating as possible. This means reducing cooling requirements during the summer and heating in the winter through appropriate orientation, external shading, an appropriate amount of glazing, and natural ventilation.

Figure 3. 3 Ensuring thermal comfort of a person

3.3 INDIA’S ENERGY SITUATION India is a rapidly growing economy that needs the energy to meet its growth objectives sustainably. The Indian economy faces significant challenges in terms of meeting its energy needs in the coming decade.

The increasing energy requirements coupled with a slower than expected increase in domestic fuel production has meant that the extent of imports in the energy mix is growing rapidly[1].

Figure 3. 4 Graph shows that India's Energy Consumption growth to be highest among major economies

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India is among the top five greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters globally[2].

The fast Increasing World Energy consumption levels are raising concerns over the depletion of natural resources and the increasing environmental pollution impacts like Ozone Figure 3. 5 Breakdown of Energy consumption in a building depletion, Climate change, global warming, etc. The contribution from the developing countries towards energy consumption is increasing with increasing economic stability and population growth.

India also has one of the highest potentials for harnessing renewable energy as it is bestowed with such natural resources and geographical and climatic conditions that support the promotion of renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, biomass, and small hydro.

3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY SITUATION

Figure 3. 6 An overview of Energy Sector in India

Rapid economic growth, rising income, growing population, and urbanization are factors in the growth in India’s buildings' energy consumption.

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Patterns of energy use vary between rural and urban populations. India has the world’s highest projected gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate among the IEO2017 regions, averaging 5.0% per year from 2015 to 2040.

Building Energy is a very wide field which is affected by a variety of factors on many scales. the highest impact on energy consumption is caused by heating and cooling loads, and some of these factors are: 1- Site of the building, and the exposure of the building to the sun, and how much this affects the heating and cooling loads.

2- the regional climate in which the building exists, and its influence on wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity levels, and so on. and this is important to calculate the thermal comfort zone for the building which if exceeded, the users of the building will use more energy to feel comfortable again.

3- Light design also affects the use of energy. It's advisable to design the building to benefit from natural light and not dependent on artificial lights.

4- Also the material of the building highly affects the energy consumption, it is good to use recycled materials and high-performance ones with high capacity which able to isolate the building interior from the outside in a hot climate.

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4.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING DESIGN. The basic principles of energy-efficient design are to achieve the right balance between – maximizing heat gain in winter, minimizing heat gain in summer, and minimizing heat loss in winter. [4]

Figure 4. 1 Using passive cooling strategies for improving Thermal performance and reducing energy consumption

It is necessary to consider: -The orientation of the block to gain the best passive solar advantage, -The type of building materials to be used, -The use of mass for thermal storage, -The best possible insulation to minimize heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, - The location of windows and glass sliding doors on the north side of the home to get benefit from the sun in winter, -Shading all north-facing glass in summer, -Minimising east and west-facing glass, and where necessary ensuring that it is full shaded externally during summer, -Reducing south-facing windows to cut back on excessive heat loss in winter, -The use of double glazing or Low-E glass for south-facing windows, 18

-Locating opening windows and/or sliding doors to allow cross ventilation to provide cooling effects in summer, -Efficient lighting provision by incorporating maximum natural sunlight for reducing the dependency on artificial lighting.

4.2 NEED FOR PASSIVE DESIGN Passive design is inspired by climate, framed by the environment, and built for comfort. In an ecologically diverse environment such as India, there is no one size fits approach to passive design in both residential and commercial properties. Depending on your location in India, your passive design needs will be influenced by hot dry conditions, wet and humid conditions, and cold and damp conditions (Greenhome, n.d.)

Figure 4. 2 Building with Passive design strategies

4.3 CLIMATE UNDER CONSIDERATION India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north. Climate can influence the planning of towns, buildings, and settlement designs and can evoke strategies to promote the efficiency of thermal comfort. In turn, the built environment affects local and regional climate change and influences health and comfort. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power) and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources have divided India into the following five climatic zones: -composite region -hot and dry region 19

-warm and humid region -moderate/temperate region -cold and cloudy region/ cold and sunny region.

Two seasons occur normally in composite climate displaying the characteristics of hot and dry (two-thirds of the year), warm and humid (other third), marked with seasonal changes in solar radiation and wind direction.

Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro-and micro-climate of the site, to combat the adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable conditions.

4.4 PASSIVE VENTILATION Fresh air in a building brings health benefits and increased comfort level to its occupants. Fresh air provision is considered an efficient and healthy solution as it reduces the need for mechanical means to ventilate a building. passive design measures can be judiciously used to influence the movement of outside air into a built space by bringing in the fresh air. These interventions can reduce and in some cases (in certain climates) eliminate reliance on mechanical means to ventilate a building. Thus largely affecting airconditioning loads.

Figure 4. 3 Importance of Cross-ventilation

Figure 4. 4 Proper orientation of windows for cross-ventilation

Various forms such as appropriate orientation and form, openings in the building envelope (windows, doors, and ventilators), operable windows, internal space planning, etc. are various natural ventilation strategies that can be adopted. Other advanced ventilation techniques are courtyard effect, stack effect, wind tower, or air earth tunnels.

The effectiveness of natural ventilation varies depends on: -Dominant wind speed and direction.

-surrounding environment

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- building footprint and orientation -outdoor temperature and humidity.

-window sizing, location, and operation.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS- The passive elements that contribute to natural ventilation include the following: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Form & Orientation Building shape Courtyards Space planning Wind towers Buffer spaces and double facades.

FORM & ORIENTATION Form and orientation constitute two of the most important passive design strategies for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort for occupants of a building. It affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting, and the direction of winds. The locations of the hemisphere, slope, and aspect are important design parameters. The location of the building determines the microclimate conditions which have a very important role in buildings energy efficiency.

Figure 4. 5 Orient longer facades along the north, this will provide glare-free light from the north without shading in summer

Orientation:

Buildings should be oriented so that the windward wall is perpendicular to the summer wind. Buildings must be responsive to a solar orientation on the site. The sun is at a low angle during the winters and to the south of the east-west axis. During summer, its path is at a high angle and slightly north to the east-west axis. The alteration in path affects solar radiation

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Figure 4.6 Placement of buildings according to wind direction.

Figure 4.7 Building orientation should be in accordance to the solar orientation

penetration patterns during different seasons and consequently, heat gain and loss in a building.

BUILDING SHAPE & FORM Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate of heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope. The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled and its relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume effect.

The thermal performance of the building. In a composite climate building’s shape needs to be compact to reduce heat gain and losses. The general design objectives are:

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Figure 4. 8 In composite climate building's shape need to be compact to reduce heat gain and losses.

Use sheltering and buffering, Contain the exposure of external elements through a compact building envelope, and careful consideration of the treatment of different elevations.

COURTYARDS For buildings that feature a courtyard (in climates where cooling is desired), orienting the courtyard 45° from the prevailing wind maximizes wind flow into the courtyard and enhances cross ventilation in the building.

Working of courtyard: Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the air gets warmer and rises. Cool air from the ground level flows through the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a courtyard, thus producing air flow. At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled by convection and radiation. It can be concluded that Courtyard is moderator of internal climate

Figure 4. 9 Courtyard effect at day and night

SPACE PLANNING

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Mutual shading of built forms and compact forms i.e. forms with low surface area to volume (S/V) ratio and low perimeter to area (P/A) ratio are ideal for extreme climates. Compact forms gain less heat during the daytime and lose less heat at night time.

Figure 4. 10 Mutual shading of built forms

WIND TOWERS The hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower and is cooled when it comes in contact with the cool tower and thus becomes heavier and sinks. When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side there is a draft of cool air. After a whole day of heat exchange, the wind tower becomes warm in the evening.

Figure 4. 11 Wind tower design for Passive Ventilation

During the night the reverse happens, that is the cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the tower through the rooms; it gets heated up by the warm surface of the wind tower and begins to rise due to buoyancy, and thus an airflow is maintained in the reverse direction.

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BUFFER SPACES AND DOUBLE FACADES

Figure 4. 12 Double Facades: The air buffer works as a barrier to heat loss.

4.5 PASSIVE COOLING Passive cooling strategies prevent the building from overheating by blocking solar gains and removing internal heat gains (e.g. using cooler outdoor air for ventilation, storing excess heat in thermal mass).

Elements that contribute to passive cooling include the following: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Shading Landscaping Thermal mass Evaporative cooling Thermal insulation in roofs and walls Cool roofs Fenestrations

Fresh air in a building brings health benefits and increased comfort level to its occupants. Fresh air provision is considered an efficient and healthy solution as it reduces the need for mechanical means to ventilate a building.

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Table 4. 1 Basic Cooling Strategies

SHADING Structural controls like ‘external shading devices’ are essential environmental controls that either deviate or greatly reduce the need for mechanical heating and cooling to maintain thermal comfort inside buildings, by controlling heat gain through openings. External and internal shading devices can thus be used as an essential solution for achieving energy efficiency.

Figure 4. 13 Shading strategy (vertical fins, horizontal slabs, covered courtyards) has been determined. External shading is orientation specific and can be effectively integrated into building envelope.

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The orientation of an opening and by extension, solar radiation incident on it, is the single most important factor in the design of its external shading devices. Shading for south openings in the south must allow penetration of the low angle sun for heat gain during winter but must block the same during summer. For opening in the north, shading is needed only to prevent penetration of the high sun angle during summers.

Figure 4. 14 Overhangs used for Windows

-Heavily insulated walls and roofs need less shading.

- Usage of overhangs on outside façade of the buildings.

- Extend the overhang beyond the sides of the window to prevent the solar gain from the side.

- Use louvered shades to allow more daylight to enter, while shading windows from direct sunlight.

- Reduce solar gain by recessing windows into the wall.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN Trees and shrubs create different airflow patterns, provide shading, and keep the surroundings cooler in warm weather.

Vegetation can be used for energy conservation in buildings in the following ways: • • • • •

Shading of buildings and open spaces through landscaping Roof gardens (or green roofs) Shading of vertical and horizontal surfaces (green walls) Buffer against cold and hot winds Changing the direction of the wind

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Figure 4. 15 Landscape techniques for Composite climate

Figure 4. 16 Creepers are for flexible shading devices for shading verandah and interior spaces

Figure 4. 22isVegetation used to alter theof micro-climate a building.Figure 4. 23 Creepers are Vegetation a flexible controller solar andofwind penetration in buildings.

It reduces direct sun from striking and heating building surfaces and lowers the outside air temperature which in turn affects the heat transfer from outside to building envelope and interior. It can also be used as an internal shading element.

Vegetation also alters the micro-climate of a site and has been used as a microclimate manager for as long as buildings have been built. This is possible through evapotranspiration.

The plantation also shades building surfaces and open ground, thus inducing lower surface temperatures.

Figure 4. 17 Vegetation used to alter the microclimate of a building.

Figure 4. 18 Energy Conservation Arrangement: Diagram shows planting composition that provides shade throughout the day, which is more effective then planting a single shade tree. A combination will also provide additional evaporative cooling

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NIGHT VENTILATION BY THERMAL MASS: The thermal mass strategy uses the ability of material that can store and release heat energy in building design. It requires materials with high specific heat capacity, high density, and thermal conductivity for this strategy to work effectively. This process helps to maintain thermal comfort and reducing the need for heavy mechanical cooling such as air-conditioning.

Figure 4. 19 Thermal mass can be used for cooling buildings passively. Diurnal Swing is the difference between daytime and night-time outdoor temperature should be high for thermal mass to be an effective passive cooling strategy.

Thermal mass helps to store heat within the building structure and moderate fluctuations in the indoor temperature.

Building materials holds utmost importance in modulating indoor temperatures and hence reducing conventional energy loads.

Figure 4. 20 Thermal mass

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EVAPORATIVE COOLING – Water bodies Over the years, traditional wisdom has supported the idea of a water body such as a pond, lake, or fountain to provide a cooling effect on the surrounding environment. This effect lowers the indoor air temperature – a widely known concept of evaporative cooling. This phenomenon is largely witnessed in systems such as desert coolers in most Indian households.

Figure: Pools, ponds and water features immedia

Figure 4. 53 Insulation on roofFigure: Pools, ponds and water features immedia

Figure 4. 54 Insulation on roof

Figure 4. 55 Insulation for Air-conditioned and naturally ventilated spaces in a building.

Insulation should always be placed on the warmer sideFigure 4. 56 Insulation on roofFigure: Pools, ponds and water features immedia Figure 4. 21 Air is in direct contact with the cooling media, water, in direct evaporative cooling. The most commonly used methods are water bodies and water sprays.

Evaporative cooling lowers the indoor air temperature thus lowers the energy Figure 4. 57 Insulation on roofFigure: Pools, ponds and water features immedia cost for air-conditioning in buildings.

However, evaporative cooling is most effective in a hot and dry climate where the humidity is low.

THERMAL INSULATION IN ROOFS AND WALLS: Thermal insulation in walls and roofs reduces heat transfer between the inside and outside and helps maintain comfortable indoor temperature. It provides a healthier environment, adds sound control, and most important lowers the electricity bills.

Insulation helps keep indoor space cooler in the summer months and warm during winters.

Figure 4. 22 Insulation on roof

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There are a variety of materials to choose from including fiberglass, mineral wool, rock wool, expanded or extruded polystyrene, cellulose, urethane or phenolic foam boards, and cotton.

They are generally in the form of amorphous wool or rigid sheets or require in‐situ pouring. Insulation is rated in terms of R‐value, higher R‐values denotes better insulation and translate into more energy savings.

COOL ROOFS

Figure 4. 23 Insulation for Air-conditioned and naturally ventilated spaces in a building. Insulation should always be placed on the warmer side

Just as light-colored clothing can help keep a person cool on a sunny day, cool roofs use solar-reflective surfaces to maintain lower roof temperatures. Highly reflective and light-colored roofs have now become an inclusive part of energy efficiency measures in a building.

Figure 4. 24 Thermal Emittance and solar reflectance of cool roofs is much higher than conventional roofs, which enables them to prevent solar radiation

To reduce energy consumption, cool roofs can be used to reduce energy bills by decreasing air conditioning needs, improve indoor thermal comfort, and decrease roof operating temperature. Traditional dark roofs reach 31

temperatures of 66ºC (150ºF) or more in the summer sun, in contrast, a cool roof under the same conditions could stay more than 28ºC (50°F) cooler.

FENESTRATIONS Fenestrations (windows, skylights, & other openings in a building, etc.) allow daylight and the prevailing wind inside the building when needed.

Figure 4. 25 Window shading pattern

However, solar radiation that can penetrate through these fenestrations, especially windows, can lead to considerable heat gain. Glazing in windows traps the heat inside the space. Window glass allows short wave infra-red radiation from the sun to pass through easily but is very resistant to the passage of longwave radiations emitted from objects inside the building that have heated from the solar radiation. The resultant temperature inside the building can thus be even greater than the outside temperature if fenestration systems are not designed carefully. Building fenestrations can affect lighting and air-conditioning loads considerably.

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Figure 4. 26 Heat transmission in a single glazing clear glass

4.6 PASSIVE DAYLIGHTING Daylighting maximizes the use and distribution of natural diffused daylight throughout a building’s interior to reduce the need for artificial electric lighting.

Figure 4. 27 Daylighting is a technique that efficiently brings natural light in building .

Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that efficiently brings natural light in the building using exterior glazing (windows, skylights, etc), thereby reducing artificial lighting requirements and savings energy. Natural lighting has been proven to increase health and comfort levels for building occupants.

The Features which contribute to a daylighting strategy include:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Open layout Skylights Fenestrations Light shelves

OPEN LAYOUT

The open plan allows a fair amount of daylight into the building as no walls and partitions are blocking the reach of light. Hence, it eliminates the need for artificial lighting during the day.

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SKYLIGHTS

Figure 4.28 Different types of Skylights

Skylight is an opening on windows, roofs, or ceilings that allows natural light to be admitted into the building. It provides daylighting and ventilation. Skylights are located on the roof, so they can result in unwanted summertime solar heat gain and wintertime heat loss. Skylights can make a major contribution to energy efficiency and comfort

FENESTRATIONS Appropriate use of windows, skylights, clerestories, and other apertures in the building provide means to harvest daylight.

Fenestrations also influence daylight harvesting potential by reducing lighting loads without compromising on the visual and thermal comfort of building occupants. The Figure 4. 29 Daylight factor is used for determining daylight. solar radiation intensity is minimum on northfacing openings or walls both with respect to quantum and duration, followed 34

by south-facing facades. East and west-facing openings (or walls) receive a large amount of solar radiation throughout the year.

LIGHT SHELVES

Figure 4.30 Side-lighting is the common method of allowing daylight into the building. Glare from direct sunlight can be prevented by using light shelves. These shelves redirect the light rays towards the ceilings which in turn reflect indirect light.

4.7 APPLYING THE STRATEGIES- COMMERCIAL Commercial buildings have different characteristics from residential buildings, such as internal heat gains from equipment and lighting, higher ventilation requirements, and different occupancy trends. Commercial buildings benefit from passive cooling. Passive approaches that will improve the overall energy performance of commercial buildings include:

•

High-performance insulation in the envelope with minimal thermal bridging, including exterior walls and roofs.

•

Solar gain control using either high-performance windows with low shading coefficient (tinted or reflective) or external shading to block solar gains during summer and shoulder seasons and admit solar gains during winter.

• •

Window to wall area ratio limited to <50%.

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•

Double facades with operable shading elements and operable windows to act as thermal buffer spaces, preheat ventilation air in the winter, and block solar gains and provide natural ventilation in the summer.

•

Building shape and massing that enhances natural ventilation and daylighting, ideally with central atria and ventilation towers.

•

Thermal mass on the interior side of the insulation.

•

Passive cooling strategies, such as nocturnal ventilation to pre-cool spaces during summer and ventilation air intakes located in cool areas and delivered to the building using earth tubes.

Figure 4. 31 Minimisation of Energy Consumption

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PARAMETERS FOR CASESTUDIES

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5.1 LIVE CASE STUDIES I. Indian Institute of Health & Management & Research, Jaipur (IIHMR)

Figure 5. 1 View of IIHMR, Jaipur

Architect: Ashok B Lal Built-up area: 5500 sq.m Health and Hospitality Management

Category: Institute for

Criteria of selection: The building of IIHMR adopts compacts planning of the buildings around landscaped linked courtyards, which can be used to adjust the microclimate and helps in increase of heat loss by ventilation. A series of interlinked courtyards of the IIHMR building (courtyard planning). IIHMR is a proper example of Daylight integration.

Figure 5. 2 A series of interlinked courtyards of the IIHMR building (Courtyard Planning)

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I. USE OF COURTYARDS The building of IIHMR adopts compacts planning of the buildings around landscaped linked courtyards, which can be used to adjust the microclimate and helps in increase of heat loss by ventilation. A series of interlinked courtyards of the IIHMR building (courtyard planning).

I. USE OF COURTYARDS

Figure 5. 3 Courtyard Planning

II. BUILDING FENESTRATIONS

Figure 5. 5 Pattern of fenestration based on grid planning

Figure 5. 4 Well coordinated planning of fenestrations

The pattern of fenestration is well coordinated with the planning grid. The windows are designed to reduce glare and yet ensure adequate natural light for all the workspaces. Small high-level glazing panels supplement the light from the windows by throwing more daylight at the back of the room to give a fairly even illumination level across the depths of the rooms.

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III. DAYLIGHT INTEGRATION A series of interlinked courtyards of the IIHMR building (courtyard planning).

IIHMR is a proper example of Daylight integration

Figure 5. 7 Courtyard planning for effectively incorporating daylight in the campus

Figure 5. 6 Daylight Integration (PhotoBasement)

IV. CROSS VENTILATION Figure 5. 8 Daylight Integration (PhotoBasement)Figure 5. 9 Courtyard planning for effectively incorporating daylight in the campus

Figure 5. 10 Daylight Integration (Photo-Basement)

Figure 5. 11 Daylight Integration (PhotoBasement)Figure 5. 12 Courtyard planning for effectively incorporating daylight in the campus

A ventilator below the window sill serves a dual purpose: it is an adjustable outlet for the air that is distributed to each space by an evaporative cooling system and it can also house a window air-conditioning unit without blocking out the view and light.

Figure 5. 8 Daylight Integration for Basements (PhotoFigure 5. 13 Daylight (PhotoGround Integration floor) Basement)Figure 5. 14 Courtyard planning for effectively incorporating daylight in the campus

V. RAINWATER HARVESTING

Figure 5. 10 Jaali for cross ventilation Figure 5. 9 Ventilator below the window: Adjustable outlet for the inflow of air.

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VI. NATURAL COOLING SYSTEM The cooling plant and service cores are designed to ensure a noise-free and draught-free air cooling system. With the exception of a few rooms which are airconditioned, all workplaces are served by a built-in evaporative cooling system. Jaipur is a hot and dry area and this system provides a high level of comfort at every little cost.

Figure 5. 11 Existing photo of IIHMR, Jaipur

VII. RAINWATER HARVESTING

Figure 5. 12 Existing monsoon watercourse dividing the two buildings

Figure 5. 13 Monsoon watercourse as a natural dividing element between the institute and the hotels

A â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;VALLEYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; between the two sets of buildings is crossed by a bridge at the center of the site, while a causeway at the eastern edge of the valley acts as a dam to impound rainwater. This helps in recharging the subsoil water table. Apart from adding to the environmental character of the campus.

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VII. MATERIAL A locally available pinkish-grey stone is used for the load-bearing walls. The rough texture of this stone contrasts with the concrete bands and, along with the precast concrete jaalis and chahjjas, provides an economical maintenancefree finish.

Figure 5. 14 Material used

Figure 5. 23 Pink Quartzite Material is used

Figure 5. 14 Typical Ground floor plan of IIHMR, Jaipur

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VIII. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

VIII. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

VIII. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

VIII. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Figure 5. 15 Solar Power plant Existing photo

Figure 5.16 Solar panels along the roof of administration block

5.2 LITERATURE CASE STUDIES II. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Ministry Of Environment & Forest, (MOef) Delhi.

BASIC FEATURE: Net zero energy Green building Plot area: 9565 sqm.

Max. ground : 30% coverage Height: 35 m Built-up area: 31,400 sqm (superstructure18726 sqm & basement12675 sqm) BASIC FEATURE: Net zero energy Green building Plot area: 9565 sqm.

Figure 5. 17 View of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Ministry of Environment & Forest, DelhiMax. ground : 30% coverage Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the new office building for MinistryHeight: of Environment 35 m and Forest (MoEF) sets is a radical change from a conventional building design, Built-up area: 31,400 now Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highest green rated building. (GRIHA 5 star rated, sqm LEED Platinum) (superstructure18726 sqm & 44 basement12675 sqm)

PASSIVE STRATEGIES I. SITE ORIENTATION Building is oriented along the north south direction.

Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to keep building height comparable to the surroundings

II. NATURAL VENTILATION Building is oriented along the north south direction.

Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to Figure 5. 28 Site planning with natureIII. SITE keep building height PLANNING WITH RESPECT TO NATURE comparable to the surroundings

Respecting the Eco-logic of the site. Building Punctures to Aid Cross Ventilation.

Figure 5. 24 Jaali used in East and South Respecting the Figure 5.Direction 18 Site orientation of building

SHOWCASING BIODIVERSITY Figure 5. 19 Building Punctures for proper cross ventilation II. SITE PLANNING WITHalong RESPECT TO NATURE Building is oriented the north south direction.

Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to keep building height comparable to the surroundings

Eco-logic of the site.

Building Punctures to Aid Cross Ventilation.

Figure 5. 25 Jaali used in East and South Direction Figure 5. 20 Jaali used in East and Direction Figure 5. South 26 Jaali used in

Stack effect and cross East ventilation and through South atriums DirectionRespecting the

Eco-logic of the site.

Building Punctures to Aid Cross Ventilation.

Figure 5. 27 Jaali used in East and South DirectionRespecting the

Eco-logic of the site.

Building Punctures to Aid Cross Ventilation.

Building is oriented along the north south direction.

Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to Figure 5. 21 Site planning with nature. keep building height comparable to the 45 surroundings

III. SHOWCASING BIODIVERSITY

Figure 5.22 Building showcasing Biodiversity

Regenerative Architecture keeping the existing balance of nature to connect outdoor greens and the courtyard greens Building form wrapped around a pedestrian-friendly shaded green open courtyard • A continuous green axis from front of site across the atrium.

• Eco park within the courtyard shall contain a self-sustaining low.

• Large openings in building form on South and North sides.

• Eco park within the courtyard shall contain a self-sustaining low.

• Large openings in building form on South and North sides.

IV. COURTYARDS The courtyard also helps in air movement besides being a shaded interaction space.

Figure 5. 23 Ground floor plan

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V. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY Solar PV System of 930 kW capacity Total Area: 6000 m

2 2

Total Area of panels: 4650 m No of panels: 2,844 Annual Energy Generation: 14.3 lakh unit Figure 5. 24 Solar power plan of 930 KW Capacity

Figure 5. 29 Low U-Value

VI. MATERIALS High efficiency glass, High VLT, Low low U-value light LightshelvesSolar PV System of 930 shelves for bringing in Diffused sunlight kW capacity Total Area: 6000 m

2 2

Total Area of panels: 4650 m No of panels: 2,844 Annual Energy Generation: 14.3 lakh unit

Figure 5. 30 Low U-Value Lightshelves

Figure 5. 31 Solar power plan of 930 KW CapacityFigure 5. 32 Low U-Value LightshelvesSolar PV System of 930

kW capacity Total Area: 6000 m

2

Figure 5. 24 Section showing atrium for cross ventilation Total Area of panels: 4650 m No of panels: 2,844 Annual Energy Generation: 14.3 Materials : Utilization of Fly ash 40 % in the building structure. lakh unit 2

Figure 5. 33 Low U-Value LightshelvesSolar PV System of 930

kW capacity Total Area: 6000 m

2 2

Total Area of panels: 4650 m No of panels: 2,844 Annual Energy Generation: 14.3

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III. Indian Institute of Rural Research & Development, Gurgaon (IRRAD)

5. 25 roof Viewfor of IRRAD, Gurgaon Figure: Sectional view of theFigure domical daylighting and ventilation

Architect: Ashok B Lal

Climate: Composite

Area: 5112 SQ.M

Materials used: Natural stone

The building is aimed to be a model of sustainable development, thus obtaining a Platinum rating under the LEED rating system post-construction. The building accomplishes some environmental goals. The excavated soil is used for making bricks in situ and the runoff water is collected for groundwater recharge ensuring zero runoff from the site.

This is the first office building in Gurgaon that is designed to minimize the ecological foot print and carbon dioxide emissions due to the type of material used.

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I. COURTYARDS Internal courtyards provide daylight and ventilation thereby reducing the load on artificial lighting and mechanical ventilation systems. The use of an internal courtyard is another way of introducing diffused daylight into the building, avoiding unwanted glare and heat gain from incident sunlight.

Figure: Internal Figure courtyard provide Daylight and ventilation.

5. 26 to Internal courtyards to provide daylight and ventilation

II. SHADING DEVICES The windows are shaded from the outside, the shading devices are designed to allow daylight into space and views out of the building, but do not allow solar heat gain through the glazed area.

Figure 5. 28 Shading devices are designed to allow daylight into the space

Figure 5. 27 Shading devices are used

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III. FENESTRATIONS- Daylight Integration.

Figure 5. 29 Fenestrations designed to allow daylight

Figure 5. 30 Fenestration pattern

The building has north- south orientation, minimal glass area, good window shading and good insulated wall and roof. Windows are designed to minimize glare. The windows are shaded from the outside, the shading devices are designed to allow daylight into the space and views out of the building IV. RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable Energy is generated onsite by Solar PV panels installed on the roof. At present the building generates enough power to give back to the grid on nonworking days All these measures make the building highly energy efficient and monthly energy savings are 35% to 40% lower.

Figure: Figure Solar 5.

PV31panels installed on the roof Solar PV Panels installed on the roof

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V. ENERGY EFFICIENT COOLING SYSTEM- Radiant cooling system The building is designed with a radiant cooling system for air conditioning, which substantially reduces operational costs. This system also delivers fresh air in an occupied zone against supplying it from the top. The building is cooled at night time making the structure thermal storage.

Figure 5. 32 Installation of Radiant Cooling pipes

VI. BUILDING FORM Rectangular from with spatial linear configuration. The aesthetic quality of the building is derived from the principles of sustainable design â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the use of natural materials, minimal use of glass, interesting shading device and integration of sheltered courtyard spaces makes for its unique beauty and comfort.

Figure 5. 33 Courtyard with rectangular planning

VII. ROOF The roof is also finished with a high albedo/ reflectance material further reducing heat gain. heat gain.

VII. ROOF Rectangular from with spatial VIII. LANDSCAPE linear configuration. The aesthetic quality of the building is derived VII. ROOF Many the treesofplanted are indigenous species that need protection and from theofprinciples sustainable design â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the use of natural propagation. materials, minimal use of glass, VII. ROOF shading device and interesting 51 integration of sheltered courtyard spaces makes for its unique Figure and 5. 34comfort.

Plan of IRRADMany of the trees planted are indigenous species that beauty

An important point is the effect of Landscape on the external thermal conditions. The site uses high reflectance paving material wherever it is not supporting vegetationthis itself reduces the formation of heat island effect in the vicinity of the building and goes toward reduced cooling loads.

Figure 5. 34 Plan of IRRAD

IX. MATERIALS The use of burnt brick is minimized by using the excavated soil.

This results in a 30 percent reduction of CO2 emissions.

Figure 5. 35 Exterior Wall section

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IV. CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING BUILDING AT IIT KANPUR, (5-star GRIHA Rated) Building: CESE IIT KANPUR Floor Area: 17,500 Sq.m Architect: Kalvinde Rai & Energy Consultant: TERI Chowdhury Architect & Planners.

CESE (Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering) building in IIT Kanpur 38 IIT Kanpur campus Building: CESE IIT KANPUR Floor. Area: UP Figure is fully5.compliant with energy conservation building code.

It has been 17,500 Sq.m designed in an environment friendly manner and conceptualized and Architect: Kalvinde Rai & Energy Consultant: TERI constructed as a "building&inPlanners. the garden" that is sustainable.

Chowdhury Architect Figure 5. 39 IIT Kanpur campus

Figure 5. 40 IIT Kanpur campusBuilding: CESE IIT KANPUR

Floor Area:

17,500 Sq.m Architect: Kalvinde Rai & Energy Consultant: TERI Chowdhury Architect & Planners.

Figure 5. 41 IIT Kanpur campusBuilding: CESE IIT KANPUR

Floor Area:

17,500 Sq.m Architect: Kalvinde Rai & Energy Consultant: TERI Chowdhury Architect & Planners.

I. SITE PLANNING

Figure 5. 36 IIT Kanpur campus

Sustainable site planning has been integrated to maintain favourable micro Climate, minimize disruption of natural ecosystem.

II. ROOF

Figure 5. 37 shading on roof

Shading on roof, roof has been fitted with broken china tiles to reflect heat.

Roof insulation with fiber glass was provided. Roof shaded by bamboo trellis with green cover to cut direct heat gain.

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III. COURTYARD

Provision of an internal court shaded by louvers that allow free air movement

IV. MATERIALS Use of indigenous and recycled materials with low embodied energy.

V. DAYLIGHT Natural light and ventilation through skylights & ventilators in common spaces.

VI. COOLING Use of indigenous and recycled materials with low embodied energy.

Passive strategies such as Earth Air Tunnel and thermal storage provided to enable reduction in energy consumption for conditioning the building. Efficient HVAC system with controls adopted.

Natural light and ventilation through skylights & ventilators in common spaces.

Use of indigenous and recycled materials with low embodied energy.

Passive strategies such as Earth Air Tunnel and thermal storage provided to Natural light and ventilation through skylights & ventilatorsthe in common spaces. enable reduction in energy consumption for conditioning building. Efficient HVAC system with controls adopted.

Use of indigenous and recycled materials with low embodied energy.

Natural light and ventilation through skylights & ventilators in common spaces.

Passive strategies such as Earth Air Tunnel and thermal storage provided to enable reduction in energy consumption for conditioning the building. Efficient HVAC system with controls adopted.

Passive strategies such as Earth Air Tunnel and thermal storage provided to enable reduction in energy consumption for conditioning the building. Efficient HVAC system with controls adopted.

Figure 5. 38 Plan of Building

Sustainable site planning has been integrated to maintain favourable micro Climate, minimize disruption of natural ecosystem.

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Figure 5. 39 Landscaping on the building

VII. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 30% of internal lighting demand met from renewable energy source through photovoltaic panels. Outdoor lighting demand met by solar energy.

The payback period is calculated to be approximately 5 years. An estimated net savings of 15% of total cost in 15 years.

30% of internal lighting demand met from renewable energy source through photovoltaic panels. Outdoor lighting demand met by solar energy.

VIII. FENESTRATIONS Efficient glazing for openings which minimize solar grains in summer, heat loss in winter, and period maximize natural daylight.

The payback is calculated to be approximately 5 years.

An estimated 30% of internal lighting demand met from renewable energy source through net savings of 15% of total cost in 15 years. photovoltaic panels. Outdoor lighting demand met by solar energy.

IX. WATER BODIES

30% of internal lighting demand met from renewable energy source through Efficient glazing for openings which minimize solar grains in summer, heat loss photovoltaic panels. Outdoor lighting demand met by solar energy. in winter, and period maximize natural daylight.

The payback is calculated to be approximately 5 years. An estimated net savings of 15% of total cost in 15 years.

Efficient glazing for openings which minimize solar grains in summer, heat loss in winter, and period maximize natural daylight.

The payback is calculated to be approximately 5 years. An estimated Figure 5. 40 Integrating the water body with design for optimal microclimate. net savings of 15% of total cost in 15 years.

Efficient glazing for openings which minimize solar grains in summer, heat loss 55 in winter, and maximize natural daylight.

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7.1 CONCLUSION Designs for energy-efficient building Passive design is not unconventional, it has been a leading factor in the design of buildings since humans first settled down and built structures. The passive design uses natural processes as an alternative to using active systems which decreases our need for energy consumption.

Figure 7. 1 Passive design Approach in Buildings

The study finds that to increase the energy efficiency of a building, a variety of passive design strategies can be incorporated, passive design strategies include building orientation, building shape & form, stack effect, courtyards, wind towers, water bodies, insulation of walls & roofs, proper fenestration, shading, proper landscaping, skylights, daylighting, and designing a building to take advantage of natural ventilation opportunities. The analytical study and analysis can be summed up as follows, with a conclusion on how these can effectively be incorporated in Modern design.

The passive design uses natural processes as an alternative to using active systems which decreases our need for energy consumption. The comfort achieved by natural processes is far more rewarding for building users than being stuck in a windowless room with only an HVAC system to condition the air. Responding to climate conditions is essential and the study focuses on composite climate.

The study finally concludes with recommendations of appropriate design guidelines in architectural design on the aspect that passive design strategies are helpful because of this no toxic gases released in the environment, helps to sustain the natural environment. The key to designing a passive building is to take advantage of the microclimate, which will help to reduce the energy 59

consumption of a building, as stated in the hypothesis as: “Passive design is an approach that can greatly reduce building energy requirements which help to minimizes energy consumption without the need of mechanical system”.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 7.2.1 FORM & ORIENTATION

Figure 7. 2 Buildings should be oriented to take advantage of the prevailing wind

Buildings should be oriented with their longer axis (northsouth) aligned perpendicular to the prevailing winds to facilitate maximum air-flow and cross ventilation through the building. (Buildings can be oriented at an angle between 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction). This will ensure a proper inflow of Figure 7. 3 Minimize East and West exposure shade the wind in the building and facade maximum cross ventilation will ensure comfort for the users. The East and west facade of the building should be minimized and a well-shaded façade should be considered.

Building Shape & form Compact form with a low S/V ratio is recommended. It should be as low as possible to minimize heat gain (compact plans have greater thermal

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Figure 7. 4 Maximise mutual shading through built forms, Minimise Surface to Volume ratio

efficiency, e.g. a square plan is more efficient than a rectangular one). A square plan with a courtyard would be very effective.

SPACE PLANNING The moderately compact internal planning of houses will be of benefit for most of the year. Courtyard type buildings are very suitable. Buildings should be grouped in such a way as to take advantage of prevailing breezes during the

Figure 7. 5 Minimise Perimeter to Area Ratio

short period when air movement is necessary. A moderately dense, low-rise development is suitable for these climates, which will ensure the protection of out-door spaces, mutual shading of external walls, shelter from the wind in the cold season, shelter from dust, and reduction of surfaces exposed to solar radiation.

7.2.3 SHADING Vertical shading devices protect from the sun at the sides of the elevation such as the east and west side.

Horizontal shading devices protect from the sun at high angles and opposite

Figure 7. 6 Vertical Shading, Horizontal Shading, Horizontal & Vertical Shading.

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to the wall to be shaded such as north and south sides. A combination of Horizontal and vertical shading devices protect from the sun in all directions.

7.2.4 NATURAL VENTILATION

Figure 7. 7 Inlet Openings should be well oriented for proper inflow of Natural ventilation

For good natural ventilation, building openings should be in opposite pressure zone (since natural ventilation relies on pressure to move fresh air through buildings). The building can be oriented 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction (wind rose diagram) / most preferably orientating longer facades of the building towards the predominant wind direction.

Maximum air movement is achieved by keeping the sill height at 85% of the critical height. The greatest flow per unit area of the opening is achieved by keeping the inlet and the outlet of nearly the same sizes at nearly the same levels. Windows should be staggered rather than aligned (see fig).

Figure 7. 8 Opening controls like louvers, sashes, canopies and screens can be used to control the direction and velocity of air stream flowing into a space.

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The total area of openings should be a minimum of 30% of the floor area. WindowWall-Ratio (WWR) should not be more than 60%.

Figure 7. 10 Proper placement of openings should be there in a building

7.2.5 COOL ROOFS Climate is an important consideration when deciding on a cool roof installation. Cool roofs achieve the greatest cooling savings in composite climate. For cool roof materials, it is recommended to use well-graded broken pieces of glossy glazed tiles (broken china mosaic), modified bitumen with plastic, and a layer of reinforced material, RCC roof topped with elastomeric cool roof coating or simply finished with broken white glazed tiles.

Cool roof installation costs and ongoing maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning) both are high. But, in most cases, they are considered inexpensive energy efficiency measures in buildings.

7.2.6 FENESTRATIONS Glazing area should be reduced as long as it does not affect the uniformity of daylight distribution in a building. Reduce Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) as less heat will be transferred into the building. Reduce the U-Value of glazing and also lower the SHGC. Use of â&#x20AC;&#x153;glass-onlyâ&#x20AC;? Ufactors should be avoided as they can be 10% to 40% better than the whole product value.

Figure 7. 9 Cool Roofs reflects upto 80% of sunlight

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Location, sizing, and glazing of windows can be used judiciously to reducing the cooling load. Achieving a balance between daylight penetration and heat gain requires a careful calibration between visual and heat transmission qualities of glazing and the orientation and sizing of opening.

Figure 7. 11 Glazing Properties relevant for daylight harvesting and energy efficiency

7.2.6 DAYLIGHTING

Figure 7. 12 Glare from direct sunlight can be prevented by using light shelves.

Glare from direct sunlight can be prevented by using light shelves. These shelves redirect the light rays toward the ceilings which in turn reflect uniform, indirect light. Buildings that are longer on their east-west axis are better for daylighting and visual comfort. Larger and taller buildings should have thinner profiles to maximize daylighting potential from side windows. Large buildings can get daylight into more spaces by having central courtyards or atria or having other cut-outs in the building form. Increasing the height of each storey to allow for higher windows also helps pull daylight further into the building.

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Use skylights and roof monitors in areas without easy access to windows. To reduce glare, skylights must be designed with reflective surfaces that redirect direct sunlight into space.

Design of Figure 7. 13 Top lighting can be used for daylight where side lighting direction-specific canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be used for adequate lighting skylights must take into consideration the angle and path of the sun during winter and summer. North facing skylights are most suitable for workspaces.

7.2.7 THERMAL MASS Denser thermal mass materials are more effective in passive solar materials. Thus denser the material the better it stores and releases Figure 7. 14 Thermal mass heat. Select an appropriate mass color with low reflectivity. Dark, matt, or textured surfaces absorb and reradiate more energy than light, smooth, reflective surfaces.

For cooling requirements, the ground floor is the most ideal place for thermal efficiency in winter and summer.

7.2.8 INSULATION Insulation should be placed at the hotter side of the surface (in case of summer cooling, insulation should be on the outer side. Insulation material should be chosen keeping in mind the following parameters â&#x20AC;&#x201C; thermal performance, lifetime performance, fire safety, moisture and condensation, air infiltration, and environmental benefits. Insulation should be always used with a heatstoring material, this storage mass should be placed inside a passively cooled building. Use of insulation is more effective in hot climates where demand for cooling is very high.

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It is recommended for us to check with air-conditioning system designers to explore the savings provided by an insulated wall. Providing insulation beyond 100mm thickness does not provide a much further benefit in terms of energy efficiency. Provision of the initial 25mm of insulation, provides the highest incremental energy saving. As the insulation material becomes incrementally thicker.

7.2.9 EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Figure 7. 15 Evaporative Cooling through Presence of waterbodies

Pools, ponds, and water features immediately outside windows or in courtyards can pre-cool air entering the house. As water evaporates it draws large amounts of heat from surrounding air. In public buildings, water in pools and fountains can be used as a cooling element along with a crossventilating arrangement of openings.

Evaporative cooling is most effective in composite climates. Use of porous materials - Roof materials can cause an evaporative cooling effect.

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7.2.10 LANDSCAPING

Figure 7. 16 Vegetation can be used for shading, altering the microclimate and modifying wind direction

It is recommended to work with the existing terrain of the site, natural topography, and local species for appropriate landscaping.

Use of local species for vegetation is highly Figure 7. 17 Deciduous trees allow sun penetration in winter and block sun access during summer recommended as they are accustomed to the variations in temperature, rainfall patterns, and soil conditions for that region. They are relatively low maintenance in terms of water usage and are resistant to local pests. In addition, that also support birds and insects that thrive naturally in the region and help maintain the balance of natural flora and fauna. It is recommended that exotic species should cover no more than 25% of the landscaped area of a building.

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1. Harrowing Experience- Acutely distressing experience[1] 2. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)-Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and damp conditions.

3. Monotonous- Dull, tedious, and repetitious, regular repeated pattern 4. Renewable Energy system- energy derived from resources that are regenerative or for all practical purposes cannot be depleted.

5. Passive Design techniques- Passive design strategies use ambient energy sources instead of purchased energy like electricity or natural gas. These strategies include daylighting, natural ventilation, and solar energy.

6. Site Potential- Site potential analysis assesses development potential so as to determine the likelihood of obtaining planning permission. Based on principles of sustainable development and environmental responsibility, a design proposal is established.

7. Sustainable design- Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce consumption of nonrenewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments.

8. Wayside Amenities- The wayside amenities programme envisages setting up user-friendly convenience clusters for travellers on national highways which would include parking facilities (separately for cars, buses and trucks), restaurants/food courts/low cost dhabas, telephone booth/wi-fi, ATMs, fuel stations, minor repair shops, rest rooms

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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS

1. Manual of Tropical Housing and Building: Climate design â&#x20AC;&#x201C; O.H. Koenigsberger.

2. Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (1st ED)- Umberto Desideri & Francesco Asdrubrali.

3. Energy-efficient Buildings in India- TERI By Mili Majumdar.

PUBLISH ARTICLES & RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Buildings Using Passive Design Strategies for Energy Efficiency

By Naresh https://www.climatecolab.org/contests/2014/buildings/c/proposal/1309226 2. The Effect of Passive Design Strategies on Thermal Performance of Female Secondary School Buildings during Warm Season in a Hot and Dry Climate

By Hasim Altan & Hasan Zahiri https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297653788_The_Effect_of_Passive_ Design_Strategies_on_Thermal_Performance_of_Female_Secondary_School_B uildings_during_Warm_Season_in_a_Hot_and_Dry_Climate 3. What factors influence a building's energy use?

By Jibran Hassan Suleiman https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_factors_influence_a_buildings_ene rgy_use 4. Energy-Efficient Building design in the Context of building life cycle

By Izzet Yuksek https://www.intechopen.com/books/energy-efficient-buildings/energyefficient-building-design-in-the-context-of-building-life-cycle#B8 5. Use of traditional passive strategies to reduce the energy use and carbon emissions in modern dwellings

By S. Srivastav, P.J. Jones 69

https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/4/3/141/710842 6.Climatic Responsive Energy Efficient Passive Techniques in Buildings

By Dr Anupama Sharma, K K Dhote, R Tiwari, https://www.newlearn.info/packages/clear/thermal/buildings/passive_syste m/images/april03ar4.pdf 7. J E Aronium. Climate and Architecture.Reinhold Publishing New York.

Corporation,

8. B M Givoni. Climate and Architecture.Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, 1976.

9. S Jarmul. The Architecture Guide to Energy Conservation. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1980.

10. C P Kukreja. Tropical Architecture.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1978. 6. E Martin.Housing Climate and Comfort.Architectural Press Ltd, UK, 1980 11. S Prakash. Energy Conscious Architecture: an Endless Quest.Architecture Design, vol 9, no 3, May-June, 1992

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