MarApr 2026

VOLUME 15 ISSUE 2

$5.99 MARCH APRIL 2026 SERVING CONTRACTING FIRMS AND THE ARIZONA COMMUNITY. . . THEN & NOW

AL CARTER: THE INNOVATOR BEHIND ARIZONA SAND & ROCK COMPANY FROM SOAP BOX THRILLS TO A JUDGE’S BENCH: THE JIM CARTER STORY THE SLAWSONS: FROM AHWATUKEE RANCH TO ARIZONA SAND & ROCK JEANETTE DALEY: ARIZONA’S TRAILBLAZING FEMALE CONSTRUCTION BOSS MYSTERY CASTLE: SOUTH PHOENIX’S ENIGMATIC HAND-BUILT HOUSE

Arizona’s Timeless Magazine

ENJOYING SEAFOOD TO ACCRUE AGGREGATES: TABBY CONSTRUCTION

ARIZONA SAND & ROCK COMPANY: POURING PHOENIX’S FOUNDATION PENTA/AECOM HUNT FINISH DESERT DIAMOND CASINO

RECEIVED ADOSH CITATION? STEPS FOR ARIZONA EMPLOYERS

RED BRICK CONSULTING BUILDS SKY HARBOR UPGRADES

THE CHALLENGE OF HOT WEATHER CONCRETING

PRIMAK CONSTRUCTION’S WORK AT MESA’S FALCON FIELD

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01 · Agriculture 02 · Truck & Trailer 08 · Vehicles 09 · Construction 09 · Arnt Construction 14 · Government 15 · Agriculture 16 · Truck & Trailer 22 · Vehicles 23 · Construction 28 · Government 29 · Agriculture 30 · Truck & Trailer

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03 · Government 04 · Agriculture 05 · Truck & Trailer 11 · Vehicles 12 · Construction 17 · Government 18 · Agriculture 19 · Truck & Trailer 24 · Kansas DOT 25 · Vehicles 26 · Construction 31 · Government

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CONTENTS Contributors - Christian Lestinsky & Marcus Reichley From The Editor: Amassing Aggregates at Mealtime: Tabby Construction - Douglas Towne Construction Around Arizona: Projects • People • Practices Back When: A Playhouse of Hope for Phoenix’s Youngest Patients - Billy Horner Arizona Sand & Rock Company: The First 30 Years (1927–1957) - Billy Horner Arizona Sand & Rock Company: The Second Chapter Billy Horner Al Carter: The Innovator Behind Arizona Sand & Rock Company - Billy Horner The Slawson Family: From Ahwatukee Ranch to Arizona Sand & Rock - Billy Horner Mystery Castle: South Phoenix’s Enigmatic Hand-Built Folk-Art Masterpiece - Douglas Towne Saluting Arizona’s Builders: Jeanette E. Daley Donna Reiner Old School Equipment: Arizona Bulldozers Feeding Crushers - Billy Horner Building on the Past: 1948 – From Soap Box Thrills to a Judge’s Bench: The Jim Carter Story - Billy Horner Architect’s Perspective: Antelope Canyon Informs Architecture - Doug Sydnor, FAIA Digging Through the Archives: Al Carter’s “Sidewalk Paver” Debuts in Tempe - Billy Horner Bid Results Advertising Index

Front Cover Shop employees with General Manager Al Carter sitting on a Mack truck hood, in Arizona Sand & Rock Co.’s maintenance department, 1953.

Article on page 48 Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

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CONTRIBUTORS S OA K IN T H E R E L AXAT I O N

CHRISTIAN LESTINSKY

MARCUS REICHLEY

PAGE 37

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castlehotsprings.com | 844.276.8052 | Morristown, Arizona

TEN

hristian Lestinsky is a litigation attorney with Lang Thal King & Hanson PC, where his practice encompasses construction law, commercial litigation, and administrative law. He represents contractors, subcontractors, and industry stakeholders across Arizona, advising on everything from ADOSH citations and business defamation to complex construction disputes.

Before entering private practice, Christian served as a Deputy County Attorney at the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office. In both capacities, Christian developed a deep appreciation for the value of clear, strategic advocacy—first in the courtroom as a prosecutor, and now in helping businesses address the problems that matter most to them.

A native of Buckeye, Arizona, Christian earned his J.D. from the ASU Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law. While there, he was recognized as a Distinguished Oral Advocate, served as a teaching assistant in Trial Advocacy, and was an editor of the Arizona State Sports and Entertainment Law Journal.

Christian is a member of the Saint Thomas More Society, a community of Catholic legal professionals committed to integrating faith and service into their practice.

Outside the office, Christian enjoys hiking Arizona’s desert trails with his wife, trying new coffee spots, volunteering at church, and reading presidential biographies. He and his wife share their home with a Bengal cat that he’s a big fan of—despite her reliably triggering his mild allergies.

M

arcus Reichley is a Phoenix-based journalist who has reported for publications such as The Arizona Republic, Northeast Valley News, and Arizona Contractor & Community.

At the Republic, he worked on the Criminal Justice and Breaking News desks and was responsible for a biweekly Sunday feature highlighting local history. These included stories on Mystery Castle, Big Surf, Chase Tower, World War I ace pilot Frank Luke, and Taliesin West.

Some of Reichley’s other works for the newspaper included coverage of the 2024 election, follow-up sentencing stories on high-profile cases, statewide winter traffic updates, and breaking news in the Phoenix area.

Reichley was born in Daly City, California, raised in Sacramento, and has called the Valley of the Sun home since 2014.

He enjoys reading, watching obscure indie films, and following San Francisco 49ers football. Reichley began his college career at Scottsdale Community College, where he wrote for the college’s independent local news outlet, Northeast Valley News.

Reichley plans to graduate from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University in the winter of 2026 with a bachelor’s degree in Journalism and Mass Communication and a minor certificate in Philosophy. For inquiries, comments, or tips, he can be reached at marcus. reichley@gmail.com.

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EDITOR’S COLUMN: AMASSING AGGREGATES AT MEALTIME: TABBY CONSTRUCTION DOUGLAS TOWNE

I

n this issue, we’re spotlighting one of the literal foundations of construction: aggregates. River-deposited sand and gravel are the default choice for mixing with cement to make concrete, though some use the crushed, jagged rock produced by Salt River Materials. Personally, I prefer what’s left on my plate after a seaside oyster meal.

My history with the delicious bivalve goes back to Christmas Eves in Denver.

Before I was born, my family had to cancel a trip to Nebraska to visit relatives. Erma Towne, my mother, asked what she could prepare to make up for the abandoned trip.

My siblings, Linda and Mark, said, “Pizza!” and my father, Robert, asked for fried oysters. I was fortunate to grow up with such delights while awaiting Santa. For years, we went to Oliver’s Meat Market on Sixth Avenue in the Mile High City to have oysters

ladled from a huge canister into pint-sized containers for cooking at home. That fried-oyster holiday tradition continues in my family to this day.

Since this auspicious introduction to what many consider a slimy, unpalatable seafood, I’ve made many pilgrimages to enjoy them fried or raw on the half-shell, most recently at Felix’s in New Orleans’ French Quarter, where the employees often break into song while shucking the bivalves.

Another unforgettable experience took place in an industrial setting in Bay City, Oregon, where I savored fried oysters while watching, through glass windows, teams of shuckers fill jars at the facility. Shucking is an art, but it is also hard, repetitive work.

Away from the dinner table, oysters

Horton House on Jekyll Island, Georgia, 2025.

Images Courtesy of Author

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Images Courtesy of Author

Top: Jarred oysters shucked by workers at Pacific Seafood, 2018.

Right: Author next to an oyster shell mound at Pacific Oyster in Bay City, Oregon, 2018.

serve as invaluable biological filters, processing about 50 gallons of water each day in marsh environments, removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and other harmful minerals and incorporating them into their shells.

Oyster shells were used as both concrete and aggregate in a building method known as tabby construction. The building material was popular along the South Atlantic Coast with the Spanish and British during the colonial era. Native American shell middens often provided the raw material for tabby, including large ones in St. Augustine, Florida, and Beaufort, South Carolina.

Colonists burned oyster shells to produce quicklime, then mixed the quicklime with water, sand, ash, and broken oyster shells. The mixture was poured or tamped

into wooden forms called cradles, built up nearby historic ruins of the Horton House, in layers like rammed earth. Tabby was used built using tabby construction in 1743 by in place of bricks because the region lacked Major William Horton, the island’s first clay, and it was also English resident. Horapplied like concrete for OYSTER SHELLS WERE USED AS ton, a Renaissance Man floors, foundations, colknown as the “Georgia BOTH CONCRETE AND AGGREGATE version of Thomas Jefferumns, and roofs.

In 2025, I became IN A BUILDING METHOD KNOWN son,” lived in the house acquainted with tabby until he died in 1749.

AS TABBY CONSTRUCTION. construction during a trip In 1898, locals stato Savannah, Georgia. bilized the historic While touring the Lowcountry, we stopped two-story building by rebuilding a wall and at the bucolic Jekyll Island, where a mem- recoating the house with stucco. The Hororable airport sign read “11 feet above ton House’s orange color comes from the sea level.” local sand used in the stucco. I’m a fan of After making a mental note not to buildings that seem an outgrowth of the buy any real estate, no matter how lovely earth, like adobe, but tabby is an even more the coastal neighborhood, we toured the delicious example of this local, sustainable building material.

For those more intrigued by the culinary intricacies of oysters than their construction uses, my lovely wife has perfected a simple method for frying the bivalves: dust with flour, dip in an egg wash, coat with panko crumbs, and fry in sizzling vegetable oil. The resulting oysters can be eaten plain with salt and pepper, or with a few drops of lemon juice, Tabasco sauce, or cocktail sauce. An accompanying glass of white wine is preferred but optional.

Best of all, you can tell people you’re conducting construction research while enjoying this epicurean delight.

Left: Author with a dozen oysters on the half shell at Felix’s in New Orleans 2023.

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Projects . PEOPLE . PRACTICES

PHOENIX AND RED BRICK CONSULTING REVEAL UPGRADES TO SKY HARBOR MARCUS REICHLEY, ASU WALTER CRONKITE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM

C

onstruction on a new concourse at Terminal 3 in Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport marks the latest phase of a long-term effort to expand capacity at one of the country’s busiest airports. Sky Harbor is also beginning the earliest phases of construction on a new terminal, which Mayor Kate Gallego announced in her 2024 State of the City address would include a new Customs facility to increase the airport’s international flight capacity. Construction on the “West Terminal” could begin as early as 2029 and potentially open in 2033, according to City of Phoenix officials.

Anticipation of the new terminal comes as Arizona recently became home to the ARIZCC.COM

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Image Courtesy of Author

largest single foreign direct investment in U.S. history, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC)’s $165 billion commitment to the state.

Although it’s still too early in the planning process for details on the West Terminal to be clear, Sky Harbor and Red Brick Consulting representatives shared with Arizona Contractor & Community details on the ongoing construction at Sky Harbor, which will expand capacity at Terminal 3, its smallest terminal.

Changes include Terminal 3 expansion and the West Taxiway The $326 million Terminal 3 expansion is expected to be completed in 2027 and will add six new gates in the form of a single-sided concourse on the north side of the terminal. The expansion also includes space for a future post-security tunnel to Terminal 4, bypassing the need to take a train between the terminals, which only exists

Construction of the new six-gate Terminal 3 expansion and associated runway.

before the secure checkpoints. For added background, Terminals 1 and 2 at Sky Harbor no longer exist, so no need to worry about how to get there.

Ongoing construction of a new taxiway at the west end of the airport will also improve aircraft mobility on the ground. A taxiway, which already exists at the east end of the airport, serves as a bridge for grounded airplanes to safely cross the east- and westbound traffic lanes at Sky Harbor. This seamlessly connects the north concourses of the airport to the south and offers a sight to see as giant aircraft move overhead as drivers pass underneath these bridges.

Terminal 3 has always been notably smaller than Terminal 4 at Sky Harbor.

Candace Huff, Deputy Aviation Director of Design and Construction Services, said ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Projects

the new concourse will only add six gates because it had to be single-sided due to limited space in the area. “You can see Terminal 4 has eight concourses, Terminal 3 has one on the north and then one on the south, that’s a linear concourse, so you can kind of count the gates there,” Huff said.

“The addition of six new gates will bring the Terminal 3 total to 26 gates,” a statement from Sky Harbor said last April. In comparison, Terminal 4 has 94 gates within its eight concourses. The new concourse will be “common use,” meaning that the airlines that typically fly out of Terminal 3 will have access to new gates within it.

Red Brick Consulting was brought back as a partner to help with the Terminal 3 concourse expansion and new taxiway. The consulting firm has a history of working with Sky Harbor Airport and of successfully taking on projects at Los Angeles International Airport and San Diego International Airport.

Mark Pilwallis, an embedded staff member at Sky Harbor representing the Design and Construction Division of Red Brick Consulting, commented on their role and the challenges they face at the airport. “Our biggest challenges are how to build these projects and maintain your operations and passenger access, but these are, I’d say, typical of the large projects that we see.”

Pilwallis was previously embedded at the Los Angeles International Airport for 2 years and said that work at Sky Harbor is not much different from consulting work at other international airports. When asked whether any of the work at Sky Harbor was unprecedented for Red Brick Consulting, he mentioned a large federal grant going toward the new taxiway. “A major part of the funding is coming through an FAA grant, with federal money. So that’s probably one of the largest grants we’ve ever had at the

airport. So maybe that’s kind of unprece- flight capacity, which seems necessary as dented.” Pilwallis said. international carriers begin to offer more When asked how projects at Sky Harbor services to Phoenix. are typically funded, Candace Huff with the An influx of new international flights has City of Phoenix said, “It depends. It could be been listed in 2025. The first nonstop air bonds or airport funds, but it service from Asia to Arizona is 100 percent airport reve- TERMINALS 1 AND 2 AT SKY began when China Airlines nue. It’s nothing that comes HARBOR NO LONGER EXIST, launched flights from Taifrom downtown. Through pei to Phoenix, along with SO NO NEED TO WORRY a new service via Air France grants, through other programs, and mostly bonds ABOUT HOW TO GET THERE. connecting Paris to Phoenix. and airport funds that are British Airways and Condor collected and then reintroduced through Air offer additional services out of Sky Harprojects here.” bor connecting the Sonoran Desert to the West Terminal on the horizon European continent via nonstop flights to Many details about the future West Ter- London and Frankfurt, respectively. minal are still unclear, including whether When it was recently reported that conthat name will stick or whether it’ll be struction on the new terminal could begin assigned a number, as every terminal at Sky ahead of schedule, Sky Harbor International Harbor has been before. We do know that Airport issued the following statement outthe new terminal will be built at the loca- lining its planned timeline for the project. tions formerly occupied by Terminals 1 and “We’re currently preparing to initiate 2 and is expected to increase international the visioning phase in early 2026 for the development of our future new terminal at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.

This phase is intended to identify key needs and opportunities, and to define the strategic framework and long-term goals that will inform the design of the terminal. The visioning phase will be a collaborative process involving various internal and external stakeholders. In 2027, we anticipate starting the design procurement process. Construction on the West Terminal could begin in 2029 with a potential 2033 opening.”

Above: Rendering of the new six-gate Terminal 3 expansion.

Left: Construction of the new six-gate Terminal 3 expansion.

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PENTA AND JCJ HELP CAESARS SPORTSBAR ADVANCE HARRAH’S AK-CHIN CASINO’S EXPANSION

H

arrah’s Ak-Chin Casino continues to invest in its future, and the future of the Ak-Chin Indian Community, with a multiphase, multi-million-dollar renovation and expansion designed to enhance guest amenities, improve operational efficiency, and support long-term economic growth. One of the first components to come online is Caesars Sportsbar, a new flagship venue scheduled to open in March 2026.

Designed by JCJ Architecture and constructed by PENTA Building Group, Caesars Sportsbar reflects a highly collaborative effort to deliver an elevated guest experience while maintaining brand integrity and construction efficiency, all within an active, operating casino environment.

A Sportsbar Built Around Brand and Experience From concept through execution, the design team worked within the established EMPLOYEE SPOTLIGHT April Tawney Director of facilities and Surveillance Experience: 26 years with Harrah’s Ak-Chin

Images Courtesy of PENTA Building Group

brand guidelines of both Caesars and Harrah’s, using the recognizable palette of black, emerald green, and gold as the foundation for the space.

“When we started our design efforts, we knew it was important to incorporate the brand standards that Caesars and Harrah’s have come to expect,” says Rick Marencic, IIDA, Design Principal at JCJ Architecture.

“With other sportsbooks and sports bars to draw inspiration from, we knew from the start that creating a space that underscored the importance of the brand’s visual parameters while creating something unique for Harrah’s Ak-Chin would be of utmost importance.”

Material selections balance nostalgia with modern performance. Light woods evoke vintage Louisville Slugger bats while darker woods recall the club-like atmosphere of a neighborhood sports bar.

Emerald-green vinyl creates a visual connection to turf, reinforcing the emotional energy of game day.

A key architectural feature upon entering Caesars Sportsbar is an illuminated Caesars Most challenging part of the Job: Integrating new mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems into an existing environment while keeping the business fully operational.

Most memorable day at work: Receiving both the Trailblazer Award and the CaeFavorite aspect of the job: Seeing a proj- sars Award of Excellence in Leadership. ect through from concept to completion. Interests outside of work: Skating referStanding back at the end and seeing a suc- ee with Women’s Flat Track Derby Assocessful result makes the effort and coordi- ciation, camping, and riding the dunes in nation worthwhile.

Glamis, CA.

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Above: PENTA Building Group during construction.

Left: Caesars Harrah’s Ak-Chin Senior Vice President and General Manager Michael Kintner.

logo and a chevron wood wall that sets the tone and clearly defines the venue within the larger casino footprint.

Technology-Driven Design and Sightline Planning Spanning approximately 3,700 square feet and seating 146 guests, the Caesars Sportsbar is designed around modern sports-viewing habits. Advanced LED panel technology allows digital displays to be subdivided, enabling multiple live events to be viewed simultaneously.

Two 18-by-8-foot LED walls, mounted at 6 feet 6 inches above the finished floor, anchor the rectangular space at opposite ends. Their elevation was carefully coordinated to maintain clear sightlines while allowing guests and wait staff to circulate throughout the bar without obstructing views. Additional LED panels, measuring 24 and 31 feet in length, supplement viewing along the bar, entry, and west wall, with five eye-level monitors integrated into loungestyle seating areas.

Planning for Peak Demand and Operational Flexibility High-traffic conditions and peak game times were key considerations during the planning phase. The venue features furniture that can be reconfigured based on guest volume, as well as banquette seating along the perimeter walls. Sixty linear feet of stand-up drink rails adjacent to the bar provide overflow space while helping define seating zones.

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Industrial, rust-colored posts and wovenwire railings evoke stadium concourses and bleachers, reinforcing the sports theme while supporting crowd management.

Acoustic ceiling panels mitigate sound in the large rectangular room, balancing energy with comfort.

Lighting is intentionally functional, with a focus on bar tops, liquor displays, pathways, and artwork, keeping the LED displays as the focal point.

Integrating Local Culture and Community Storytelling In addition to showcasing memorabilia and jerseys from the NFL, NBA, MLB, and WNBA, the project included cultural elements representative of the Ak-Chin Indian Community. Artwork by community artists highlights the importance of sports, while memorabilia and historic photographs of

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Ak-Chin Lobos baseball players are also featured in the space.

Near the entry, a 16-by-10-foot digitally printed vinyl wallcovering serves as a flexible branding and marketing feature.

Designed to be changeable, the wall allows Caesars and Harrah’s to update content for seasonal promotions and major sporting events.

Collaboration, Leadership, and Efficient Execution Caesars Sportsbar is one component of a broader, multi-year expansion program at Harrah’s Ak-Chin Casino, which includes an expanded gaming floor and major infrastructure upgrades. Oversight of these concurrent projects is led by Harrah’s Ak-Chin Director of Facilities and Surveillance, April Tawney, who manages planning, coordination, and execution across the

Above: PENTA Building Group during construction.

Below: Caesars Sportsbar.

active resort campus while ensuring the property remains fully operational.

“This project was truly a collaborative effort,” says Tawney. “Working closely with JCJ Architecture, Ak-Chin Capital Projects, and PENTA Building Group allowed us to balance brand standards, operational realities, and the Ak-Chin Indian Community’s vision for the future. Every decision, from design details to construction sequencing, was made with respect for the Tribe, our guests, and the fact that we were building within an active, operating casino. The result is a space that supports long-term growth while authentically reflecting the community it serves.”

Tawney worked closely with consulting partners through weekly coordination meetings, hands-on finish reviews, and regular presentations to casino operations and the tribal arts and design committee. Efficiency and sustainability were addressed through thoughtful space planning, reuse of existing walls and ceiling heights, and straightforward rectilinear design strategies, reducing material waste, minimizing construction time, and supporting on-budget delivery.

Caesars Sportsbar follows the reopening of a newly remodeled Dunkin’ and precedes additional phases that will expand the gaming floor, introduce new bars, and install a 75-foot exterior monument marquee sign.

Together, these improvements continue Harrah’s Ak-Chin Casino’s decades-long commitment to reinvestment, innovation, and community partnership.

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PENTA/AECOM HUNT COMPLETE NATUREINSPIRED DESERT DIAMOND CASINO WHITE TANKS

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any of us have known since elementary school that group projects can be a recipe for disaster. However, the PENTA Building Group found success teaming up with AECOM Hunt in a joint venture to construct the Desert Diamond Casino White Tanks at San Lucy in Waddell. The ground-up build marks the fifth Desert Diamond Casino owned by the Tohono O’odham Nation, the EMPLOYEE SPOTLIGHT Colton Guilliams, Senior Project Engineer Experience: 4 years with PENTA Building Group Favorite job task: Throughout the White Tanks construction, I helped manage Plumbing, Mechanical, and Food Service scopes of work. My favorite was managing Food Service equipment installation, which entailed verifying utility requirements, rough-in, logistics of bringing equipment in, coordinating trim installation with plumbers and electricians, startup, and burn-in.

Image Courtesy of PENTA Building Group

collective group of the indigenous Tohono O’odham tribe.

“Overcoming obstacles as a team was essential to a successful completion,” says Greg Fox, PENTA Senior Superintendent.

The project broke ground on April 17, 2023, and construction was completed in November 2024.

At 184,000 square feet, the casino is among the newest premier destinations for dining, nightlife, gaming, and socializing in the area. The project features 900 slot machines, 36 table games, a 12-table landed correctly, the outcome will initiate gas relays, electrical shunts, mechanical exhausts, Ansul automation, and fire alarm. This was a lengthy process at the end of the project, and it was crucial to receive a Certificate of Occupancy.

Most memorable day at work: During my time at White Tanks, during the final inspection process, the majority of critical equipment was started up, and the chefs were preparing to load Food and Beverage for burn-in and the final sign-off of the hoods. The testing involved starting the equipment to ensure the hoods turn on from heat and performing pull tests with the Ansul system to ensure the power shunts and the exhaust ramp reach 100 Most challenging job task: Food Service percent. This was a critical milestone for can be a challenging scope of work, spe- personnel to begin training on equipment cifically Hood commissioning, encompass- and cooking prior to opening. ing Mechanical, Plumbing, Electrical, Con- Favorite activities away from work: I trols, and Fire Alarm and Suppression, all spend a lot of time outdoors, traveling done simultaneously to ensure the hoods with my friends and family for hunting or work as they should. Following very spe- fishing trips. cific wiring diagrams to ensure wires are ARIZCC.COM

poker room, and a sportsbook. Guests can also sip and savor at a variety of locations around the property, including Morton’s The Steakhouse, Pub Stop, a food hall, and the Lightning Lounge, centrally located on the casino floor. Additionally, the team constructed the casino’s 2,000-square-foot parking garage.

The most interesting part of the project was managing public interaction, especially with the main roads, according to Fox. “We reworked both streets while ensuring access to the zoo across the street and minimizing disruptions. This involved close coordination with the local community and stakeholders.”

PENTA also worked with developers of a new residential housing complex on the east side, sharing utilities to provide water to their site during construction. Additionally, the project included widening the roads and installing new traffic signals, which required ongoing communication to manage traffic and keep the public informed.

One of the biggest challenges the PENTA/ AECOM Hunt team faced was starting the job with incomplete drawings. “While the team was starting early on the underground and structural areas, the interior layouts were still being designed to include restaurants and other venues,” Fox says.

Approximately 9 months before the casino’s completion, with construction already underway, the decision was made to transition the steakhouse design to align with the Morton’s The Steakhouse brand. At that time, the original restaurant’s construction was already underway, requiring the project team to work closely together to efficiently ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Projects Images Courtesy of PENTA Building Group

adapt to the new direction.

“The joint venture team, designers, and trade partners collaborated through a series of meetings to evaluate which elements of the existing work could be retained and to identify the most effective ways to integrate new finishes and décor while maintaining the overall project schedule,” Fox says. “This collaborative effort allowed the team to implement these late design changes while minimizing disruption and keeping the project on track for completion.”

One of the most noteworthy aspects of the project was its design that incorporates innovative elements and draws inspiration from two dynamic sources – the rich cultural heritage of the Tohono O’odham Nation and Arizona’s unique landscape and environment. Arizona is a gateway for the migration of multiple butterfly species each spring and fall. Drawing on these elements

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for inspiration, the team developed a unified design to deliver a new and distinctive guest experience.

As visitors approach the casino, a striking butterfly-inspired canopy greets them, casting a dramatic play of light and shadow over the porte cochere. The dramatic form, striking scale, and expressive materials make a bold statement and set the tone for the interior design.

Entering the building, guests are enveloped by the refinement of the gaming floor, where their gaze is drawn to the expansive center bar. Branded as “The Lightning Lounge,” the space features a crystal chandelier that evokes the energy of a desert monsoon. Cultural displays welcome visitors at the entry points, featuring rotating artifacts and tribal elements, along with a veteran’s wall honoring tribal members who have served in the military. This integration

of history and culture is evident throughout the design.

Fox says that a key lesson involved cove lighting. “In elaborate ceilings, it can cast odd shadows if not set properly. Adjusting the soffits helped fix this, improving both the light and the shadows. In these intricate ceiling designs, it’s the details like shadows that need extra attention to make the final result look right.”

Respectful of the environment the Tohono O’odham Nation has inhabited in southern Arizona, the team drew on various desert elements to capture the unique ecosystem. Custom artwork in the High Limit area is inspired by Baboquivari Peak, as displayed in the Tohono O’odham crest.

The casino avoids generic nature images, focusing instead on specific elements of the Southern Arizona desert to ensure cultural accuracy and resonance with locals.

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Projects

PRIMAK BUILDING NEW AIRCRAFT HANGARS AT MESA’S HISTORIC FALCON FIELD

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orking for Jay Donkersloot is a blessing that we are incredibly grateful for,” declares Lou Primak, President and COO of Primak Construction Group.

The project, Falcon 12 at Falcon 12 Aviation Center (lots 3 and 4), is the eighth project that Primak has worked on with DKS Properties (Jay Donkersloot) over the past seven years. Pre-construction began in August 2024, and the project is expected to be completed by summer 2026.

The project will occupy just over 4 acres at the historic Falcon Field Airport and will include four new aircraft hangar buildings, with 12 hangars available for lease totaling 68,500 square feet. Two of the buildings will also include 7,400 square feet of corporate office space.

Subcontractors on the Falcon 12 project include Sunstate Mechanical, RDS Electric, Arrowmark Concrete, Earthcore, and Blue Altitude.

“Coordinating and installing the deep utilities was the most challenging aspect of Below: Falcon 12 at Falcon Field project site, 2025.

Right: B-25J, nicknamed “Maid in the Shade,” 2023.

Bottom right: Aerial image of Falcon 12 at Falcon Field airport project site showing infrastructure and foundation for the office space, 2025.

Images Courtesy of Primark

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the project,” Primak says. “Water intrusion testing, along with Exterior Envelope Quality Control and Assurance activities, were the innovative technologies used during the project.”

In addition, Primak gained a key insight from this project. “Spend a tremendous amount of time performing design constructability reviews before finalizing the design and submitting to the JHA (Job Hazards Analysis) for a Building Permit.”

Falcon Field opened in 1941 during World War II to train British pilots more efficiently and safely than was possible in England at the time. After graduating several

Above: Primak Construction Group clearing the 4-acre site and beginning infrastructure on Falcon 12 at the historic Falcon Field airport in Mesa.

thousand pilots, the Royal Air Force closed operations, and the U.S. sold the airfield to the City of Mesa for $1 dollar in 1945.

The facility is currently a civilian airfield that trains student pilots and is home to a unit of the Commemorative Air Force, an American non-profit organization that preserves and displays historical aircraft, including a North American B-25J Mitchell, nicknamed “Maid in the Shade.”

ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Projects

MAMMOET RELOCATES HISTORIC 786-TON WOODEN CHURCH IN SWEDEN

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ammoet has completed the safe and successful relocation of the iconic Kiruna Church, one of Sweden’s most treasured architectural landmarks. The operation, which took place over two days, marks a historic moment for the town of Kiruna, located in Sweden’s northern Lapland Province, and showcases the power of precision engineering and collaboration.

Built in the early 20th century and once voted Sweden’s most beautiful building, Kiruna Church is one of the country’s largest wooden structures. Its relocation became necessary due to the expansion of LKAB’s Images Courtesy of Mammoet

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Kiruna iron ore mine, which is weakening To ensure the church’s safety, Mamthe ground beneath the city center, requir- moet worked closely with Veidekke and ing several buildings to be moved to a newly Swedish wood engineering specialists to developed city center five kilometers away. model and test the building’s response to Commissioned by civil engineering lifting and transport. The operation was firm Veidekke and LKAB, Mammoet was timed for August to avoid adverse weather entrusted with transportconditions that could jeoparing the 786-ton wooden MAMMOET WAS ENTRUSTED dize the move. church in one piece—a task WITH TRANSPORTING THE The church was jacked up that demanded over 1,000 to a height of 1.3 meters and hours of meticulous plan- 786-TON WOODEN CHURCH placed on steel beams supning and engineering. The ported by two trains of 28 IN ONE PIECE. move, dubbed “The Great axle lines of Self-Propelled Church Walk,” drew thousands of specta- Modular Transporters (SPMTs). A custom tors, including the King of Sweden, and was in-house monitoring system ensured the carried out with exceptional care to pre- structure remained stable throughout the serve the integrity of the fragile structure. journey, allowing a maximum tilt of just 7.5 cm between sides.

The route was carefully analyzed and prepared, including temporary road widening and compacting work. Mammoet advised on these civil works and conducted road tests using SPMTs loaded with counterweights to simulate the church’s axle load.

The relocation took place over two days, with the church arriving safely at its new location. Once in place, the SPMTs lowered the structure onto its new concrete foundations, completing a move that will be remembered for generations. Mammoet also relocated the church’s 90-tonne belfry using a different SPMT configuration.

“This project exemplifies the importance of detailed engineering and planning in executing unique and meaningful moves,” said William Soeters, Project Manager at Mammoet. “We’re proud to have played a key role in safeguarding this historic building for future generations.”

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What America’s Made Of MARCH APRIL 2026

D

uring the high-stakes period of a plant turnaround, Northwest Crane Service relies on a fleet of Liebherr cranes to complete a series of critical lifts – all while ensuring maximum safety and customer satisfaction.

A plant turnaround, often called an outage or shutdown, is a scheduled period when a facility conducts maintenance on equipment and utilities.

Northwest Crane Service was chosen as the crane service provider for a plant turnaround at a site in Kansas. Utilizing industry-leading Liebherr equipment backed by months of planning, technical engineering, and ongoing communication with the customer, Northwest Crane Service maintained high productivity, kept the turnaround on schedule, and ensured the project’s safe completion.

Critical Selection At Liebherr USA, Co., safety is not just a buzzword; every crane has a sophisticated safety concept. With these safety features in mind, crane selection played a critical role in the timely completion of this project, given the several complex lifts.

The most difficult lift included a 220,000pound ammonia converter. This lift not only required a large crane but also one that could meet the customer’s ground-bearing pressure requirements. Northwest had the ideal solution by utilizing the Liebherr LR1600/2-W, narrow-track crawler crane.

Images Courtesy of Liebherr

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Projects

PIONEERING PEACE OF MIND: LIEBHERR CRANES TRANSFORMING PLANT TURNAROUNDS

As the only LR1600/2-W in the U.S., it was parameters when selecting our equipment clear that Northwest’s utilization of the Lieb- – which is why we have a fleet of exclusively herr crane was the ideal solution for this Liebherr cranes,” says Andy Hodges, owner job, as it could easily lift and maneuver in of Northwest Crane Service. a tight space.

Setting the Standard The Liebherr LR 1600/2-W excels in In addition to the LR 1600/2-W crawler heavy-lift applications across a wide range crane, Northwest utilized a fleet of Liebherr of industries. The crawler mobile cranes provide rigoffers both standard and THE MOST DIFFICULT LIFT ging and hoisting support narrow travel gear, allowa variety of technical INCLUDED A 220,000-POUND for ing it to move on tracks components, tools, and AMMONIA CONVERTER. between tight erection pipe during the plant’s sites. The LR 1600/2-W also mechanical shutdown. Due provides class lifting capacity with numer- to the tight timeframe, Northwest personnel ous enhancing attachments. needed to stay on the customer’s schedule “Safety, innovation, and teamwork are and meet their lifting needs efficiently. in the DNA of how we operate at NorthNot only are Liebherr mobile cranes west Crane Service. And we use these same efficient for the plant turnaround, but they also offer powerful, long telescopic booms that can reach incredible heights quickly and easily. As flexibility is a high priority for Northwest, the mobile cranes can also be configured promptly using functional lattice extensions, folding jibs, fixed, and luffing lattice jibs.

“Liebherr’s commitment to producing the safest and most innovative machinery on the market, coupled with the collaborative nature of our relationship, allows Northwest to provide the industry-leading service we are known for day in and day out,” concludes Hodges.

In total, Northwest deployed 10 Liebherr cranes that were operated, rigged, and supervised by a 56-member team. Working day and night, the project lasted 57 days and 12,357 man-hours. Northwest completed multiple complex and tandem crane lifts with zero incidents, owing to Liebherr’s excellence.

ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA People

DIVERSIFIED PARTNERS’ “THREE AMIGOS” PROVIDE INSIGHTS FOR SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENTS

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roundbreaking events don’t always go according to plan. Just ask Austin Payne, Matt Pergola, and Brandon Vasquez, known as “The Three Amigos,” internally at Diversified Partners, one of Arizona’s leading real estate brokerage and development firms.

“At the groundbreaking for our project at Elliot and Ellsworth [East Gate Plaza], everything was going perfectly — until it wasn’t,” says the group collectively. “The second everyone scooped up dirt for the ceremonial photo, a rogue gust of wind blasted dirt straight into our faces. Cameras caught it all: squinting eyes, awkward laughs, instant regret. Lesson learned the hard way — never break ground on a windy day.”

The development-focused brokerage team is advancing a growing portfolio of ground-up retail and mixed-use developments across the Valley. The Three Amigos operate as a dedicated unit, specializing in development-oriented assignments while also handling traditional transactional brokerage. The group remains involved throughout the full development lifecycle, from early site identification and planning to pre-leasing and project delivery.

“What sets this team apart is the way they operate as a single unit throughout the development process,” says Walt Brown Jr., founder and chief executive officer of Diversified Partners. “Their day-to-day collaboration and development-first focus allow us to move projects forward with clarity and consistency from site selection through delivery.”

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Insights for General Contractors Diversified Partners’ development approach emphasizes early evaluation, collaborative planning, and long-term market positioning to support durable projects designed to serve their surrounding communities. They also shared insights on how general contractors can improve their chances of landing a project.

“The contractors who really get our attention are the ones who come prepared and think ahead,” the trio responded. “A proposal that’s clear, detailed, and shows you’ve already thought through potential issues goes a long way. We’re much more impressed by a solid, well-planned proposal that might cost a bit more than a cheaper one that feels rushed or light on detail — those extra brain cells upfront usually save everyone a lot of pain later.”

Development-First Strategy Payne, Pergola, and Vasquez play a central role in identifying and evaluating development opportunities, often sourcing sites before they reach the open market. By assessing retailer demand, municipal considerations, and market fundamentals early in the process, the team helps mitigate risk and determine project viability.

Once a site is secured, the team works closely with architects and consultants during site planning to address access, visibility, building orientation, and overall design. Their involvement continues through pre-leasing, allowing them to clearly communicate the project’s positioning and attract tenants aligned with their long-term performance goals.

Relationship-Based Execution Diversified Partners emphasizes longterm relationships with tenants, sellers, and

Images Courtesy of Diversified Partners

Above: Construction by BPR Companies at East Gate Plaza.

Below left: The Three Amigos: Austin Payne, Matt Pergola, and Brandon Vasquez (l-r).

brokerage partners. By prioritizing transparency and collaboration, the firm continues to generate repeat business and consistent execution across multiple projects.

A recent example of the team’s work is a retail development at the southeast corner of 19th Avenue and Baseline Road in Laveen. The project is anchored by WinCo Foods, and the development is seeking additional retailers.

Current Valley Projects • Shops at the Cardinal: A neighborhood retail development in Glendale featuring Beyond Food Mart, McDonald’s, Black Rock Coffee, Señor Taco, and Swig • East Gate Plaza: A 17-acre mixed-use development in Mesa anchored by a fourstory Cambria Hotel with a rooftop bar and restaurant, along with Get Air Sports, Starbucks, Ono Hawaiian BBQ, Zeitouna Mediterranean, Señor Taco, and Einstein Bros. Bagels.

• Williams Station: A family entertainment-anchored development in Laveen led by Rush Funplex, with supporting tenants including QuikTrip, Bubble Bath Car Wash, Express Oil & Tire Engineers, Hippo Vet, and Wendy’s.

Looking Ahead As these projects move toward delivery, Diversified Partners continues to focus on disciplined site selection, collaborative planning, and long-term market positioning.

Through its development-focused approach, the firm is advancing retail and mixed-use projects designed to meet market demand and serve surrounding communities.

ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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THIRTY FOUR

MARCH APRIL 2026

CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Practices

PROBLEMS WITH CONCRETE MODULUS OF RUPTURE TESTING LUKE M. SNELL, P.E., AND MARK CHEEK, P.E.

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oncrete is categorized by its compressive strength, with its tensile strength only 10-15 percent of that compressive strength. Thus, using this criterion, 4,000psi concrete would have a tensile strength of 400-600 psi. In most cases, the structural engineer does not consider concrete’s tensile strength since reinforcement is designed to meet the structure’s tensile loads.

When designing slabs or pavements, the designer may specify a tensile beam test with a required modulus of rupture (MOR) strength. There are several variations, but the most common is testing a 6-inch x 6-inch x 21-inch beam, referred to as Third Point Loading.

We have observed issues with technicians performing the MOR test, likely due to inexperience and failure to review the proper procedures. We’ll identify common problems so technicians and engineers can collaborate to resolve them.

Important Concepts for the MOR Test Concrete beams are heavy, bulky, and difficult to move, often weighing over 75 pounds. This requires technicians to locate the testing area near the field beam storage area to minimize effort and potential damage during beam movement. Personnel on all construction projects should wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), but technicians often wear sneakers instead of safety-toe shoes, which can increase their risk of foot injury. Concrete testing must be performed by certified technicians trained in proper procedures for fabricating and testing beams, including those on the jobsite and in the lab.

Problems in Making Beams Most problems in beam fabrication stem from improper consolidation and curing, which can be prevented by using appropriate techniques.

Consolidation: Beams are to be consolidated in two layers. The number of roddings (reinforcing metal rods) is one rodding per 2 square inches of surface area. Thus, a 6-inch x 6-inch x 21-inch beam would require 63 roddings per layer, with the number determined by the beam mold size. Some technicians are inconsistent about the number of roddings per layer. Therefore, we recommend marking the required number of roddings per layer on the side of the beam mold.

Curing: Beams are to be moved to the ARIZCC.COM

Image Courtesy of Author

final field-curing and storage area within 15 minutes of fabrication. They are to be cured in the form and kept between 60-80°F (as verified by a max/min thermometer), with a covering to prevent moisture loss. Typically, wet burlap is placed over the concrete and mold and then covered with impervious sheeting. Field problems include: 1. Beams are moved to the final storage/ curing area too long after fabrication.

2. Beams are not covered to prevent moisture loss.

3. Beams are not maintained in the range of 60-80°F. 4. Max/min thermometers are not used.

Problems with Testing Beams Most of the problems are related to improper laboratory curing, beam orientation in the testing machine, and the loading rate during testing.

Curing: Beams are to be kept moist and maintained at 73.5 ± 3.5°F in the lab. Limewater curing tanks are often used to meet this requirement. The bulky beams can quickly fill the curing tank and overwhelm a lab; beams stored near the curing tank might not meet the required moisture-cure requirement. Another issue is when technicians remove several beams at once, leaving

some to dry before testing. It is best to remove one beam from the curing room/ tank at a time and test it immediately.

Orientation: When placing beams in the testing machine, rotate the beam 90 degrees relative to its molded position. We have observed that many technicians test the beam as cast rather than reorient it before placing it in the testing machine.

Loading Rate: The loading rate on beams is very slow and should be between 125 psi/ min and 175 psi/min. Thus, a typical test will take about 5 minutes to place the beam in the machine and make plainness checks, plus approximately 4 minutes of loading.

We have witnessed beams being loaded at excessively high rates, and the test was completed in 15 seconds.

Thoughts for a Successful MOR Testing This article addresses some costly testing issues. The best solution to avoid poor testing is to hold a preconstruction meeting with the testing laboratory, review procedures, and ensure all technicians are certified, fostering confidence and collaboration. For this article, we used ASTM C31 and ASTM C78 test methods. Some projects may use other standards or have modified these testing procedures.

ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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THIRTY SIX

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CHRISTIAN LESTINSKY, LANG THAL KING & HANSON

R

eceiving a citation from Arizona’s OSHA equivalent – the Division of Occupational Safety and Health (ADOSH) – can be stressful, disruptive, and costly.

Beyond potential penalties, an ADOSH citation can affect employee morale, operations, insurance, and your company’s reputation. How your company responds, particularly in the first days after receiving a citation, can have lasting consequences.

Below are practical, real-world steps you should take if you receive an ADOSH citation.

1. Immediately Abate the Alleged Safety Risk. Employee safety is the top priority.

Whether or not you agree with the citation, the first step should always be addressing the alleged hazard. Prompt abatement protects employees and demonstrates good-faith compliance.

Depending on the circumstances, abatement may also include: • removing employees from hazardous conditions; • repairing or replacing unsafe equipment; • implementing interim administrative or engineering controls; and • reinforcing required personal protective equipment (PPE).

Taking swift corrective action not only reduces the risk of injury; it may also help mitigate penalties and strengthen your position during the enforcement process.

One of your first actions should also be to post a copy of the citation where the

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alleged violation occurred — something ADOSH requires. If this is not practical, then you must post it somewhere where it will be visible to all affected employees.

2. Immediately Seek Legal Counsel. ADOSH citations are time-sensitive legal matters.

An ADOSH citation is a formal enforcement action with strict deadlines. If you wish to challenge any portion of the citation, a Notice of Contest must be filed within the required timeframe: 15 working days after receiving the citation(s). You may also request an informal conference with an ADOSH supervisor during this 15-day period to discuss the citation and any penalties.

3. Reinforce or Build a Strong Safety Culture. Use the citation as an opportunity to improve.

ADOSH citations often reveal broader gaps in safety systems, training, or oversight – not just a single isolated issue. You should use the citation as an opportunity to evaluate and strengthen your overall safety culture.

General steps might include: • reviewing and updating your written safety policies and procedures; • holding regular safety meetings or talks; • clarifying safety responsibilities for supervisors and managers; • encouraging employee participation in safety initiatives through incentives; and • improving incident and near-miss reporting practices.

4. Invest in Training and Education. Training is prevention – and evidence of good faith.

While a citation is pending, employers should actively pursue safety training for both management and employees.

ADOSH regularly offers training sessions, outreach programs, and employer

CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Practices

WHAT TO DO IF YOU RECEIVE AN ADOSH CITATION: PRACTICAL STEPS FOR ARIZONA EMPLOYERS

Image Courtesy of LTKH

education events designed to help businesses understand and meet safety obligations. ADOSH even has an in-house Consultation Unit that provides confidential advice to employers seeking concrete ways to build a safety culture.

5. Allocate Financial Resources to Safety Improvements. Safety spending is risk management.

Improving workplace safety often requires a financial commitment. You should be prepared to allocate resources toward meaningful safety improvements. This helps prevent future workplace safety incidents and demonstrates an overall commitment to safety.

6. Coordinate With a Safety Consultant.

Align technical compliance with legal strategy.

Consider working with a qualified safety consultant, particularly when citations involve technical standards or complex work environments.

Final Thoughts An ADOSH citation should be taken seriously. If handled correctly, the citation process can be an opportunity to reinforce a culture of safety, demonstrate good faith, protect your reputation, and position your business for success.

Need help responding to an ADOSH citation? ADOSH citations move quickly and can carry lasting consequences if not handled properly. Our experience dealing with ADOSH citations can make a meaningful difference in your company’s outcome – especially if you involve us early in the process.

ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

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AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

H

ot weather can significantly impact the construction process, particularly when it comes to placing concrete. High temperatures, low humidity, and direct sunlight create challenging conditions that affect how concrete sets and hardens. Properly managing these conditions is essential to maintain the quality, strength, and performance of the finished structure.

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) provides materials to aid contractors when working in hot weather conditions. ACI PRC305-20: Guide to Hot Weather Concreting is a guide that defines hot weather, discusses potential problems, and presents practices intended to minimize them. ACI SPEC-305.1-14(20) Specification for Hot Weather Concreting provides the requirements for hot weather concreting that the architect/engineer can apply to any construction project.

When working in hot weather, unique challenges are present for both freshly mixed and hardened concrete, which arise from increased temperatures that accelerate the hydration process.

Effects on Fresh Concrete Rapid Setting. Elevated temperatures cause concrete to set faster than desired, making it difficult to properly place, consolidate, and finish the material. This can lead to incomplete compaction and uneven surfaces, jeopardizing the specified performance.

Water Loss via Evaporation. Heat combined with wind and low humidity Image Courtesy of Author

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significantly accelerates water evaporation in the concrete. This reduces workability, increases the water demand, and can result in a stiff, unmanageable mix. Insufficient water content also hampers hydration, directly affecting strength development.

Plastic Shrinkage Cracking. Excessive water evaporation from the surface can create tension as the concrete contracts, leading to plastic shrinkage cracks. These cracks often form before the material gains sufficient strength to resist tensile stresses, compromising the finish.

Finishing. Heat affects the bleed rate, which has a significant impact on the timing and quality of concrete finishing operations. Finishing too early can trap bleed water below the finished surface in a weakened zone just below the surface. In addition, concrete mixtures that incorporate fly ash, silica fume, or fine cements frequently have low to negligible bleed rates, compounding the effects of heat.

Effects on Hardened Concrete Reduced Strength. Maintaining an optimal water-cement ratio is critical in determining the ultimate strength of concrete. Excess evaporation or the addition of water to restore workability during placement often results in lower compressive strength, reducing the durability of the finished product.

Surface Defects. Hot conditions influence the bleed rate of concrete, which can increase the likelihood of surface defects such as scaling or spalling, particularly if improper finishing techniques are employed. These imperfections undermine the concrete’s aesthetic appeal and may cause long-term damage.

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THE CHALLENGE OF HOT WEATHER CONCRETING

Thermal Cracking. Variations in temperature across different sections of concrete can result in thermal stress. If these exceed the concrete’s tensile strength, cracking occurs. This phenomenon is common in larger pours or when cooling happens too rapidly.

Mitigating Challenges in Hot Weather Concreting To successfully manage hot weather concreting, certain precautions are essential.

Some industry best practices for minimizing risks and ensuring high-quality results include cooling the mixing water, storing the aggregates in a shaded area, and incorporating retarding admixtures.

Using chilled water or replacing a portion of the water with ice helps reduce the initial temperature of the mix. This slows down the hydration process and provides more time for placement and finishing. Similarly, storing aggregates in shaded areas and cooling equipment before use can help lower the mix temperature. Utilizing white or reflective tarps over stockpiles prevents heat absorption, minimizing temperature transmission to the concrete.

Incorporating retarding admixtures is another approach, as it extends the setting time, providing contractors with more flexibility during placement. Water-reducing agents can also improve workability without increasing the water-cement ratio.

Protecting During Placement and Curing During placement, early morning or evening pours reduce exposure to intense heat and direct sunlight, minimizing evaporation.

Planning concrete delivery and placement efficiency is critical under these conditions.

A method to reduce evaporation includes applying an evaporation reducer to the concrete surface to minimize moisture loss during finishing operations, reducing the likelihood of plastic shrinkage cracking.

Proper curing retains moisture in the concrete, ensuring complete hydration and strength development. Techniques such as continuous water curing, wet coverings, and the application of curing compounds are effective in hot weather.

The best method is to ensure all team members are equipped with current knowledge on temperature management, admixture utilization, and appropriate curing techniques. Ongoing education on industry standards and recent advancements in hot weather concreting enables teams to respond effectively to evolving project demands and environmental challenges.

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BEATING THE HEAT: ROOFING THAT SURVIVES THE SOUTHWEST BRIAN DAVIS, VP OF TECHNICAL SERVICES AT BRAVA ROOF TILE

T

he Southwest experiences some of the most extreme heat in the country. With much of the region enduring triple-digit temperatures for weeks at a time and over 300 sunny days each year, roofs here face one of the toughest environments for durability. In this climate, a high-performing roof must resist UV damage, withstand seasonal storms, minimize heat absorption, remain structurally sound without excessive weight, and require minimal upkeep despite constant sun and weather stress.

Despite these challenges, one innovation gaining traction in the region is cool roofs, which are designed to help homes perform better in severe heat.

What Is a Cool Roof?

A cool roof is made with roofing materials engineered to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat. This is achieved through advanced materials, pigments, and surface designs that enhance solar reflectivity.

Two main characteristics determine if a roof is a “cool roof.” These are: • Solar reflectance (SR): Measures how much sunlight the roof’s surface reflects.

• Thermal Emittance (TE): Refers to the roof material’s ability to release the heat it has absorbed.

Materials are rated on a scale of 0 to 1; 1 being the most reflective (or emissive) and 0 being the least.

The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures how well a surface stays cool in sunlight by combining two factors: solar reflectance (the amount of sunlight it reflects) and thermal emittance (how effectively it releases absorbed heat). A higher SRI means the material remains cooler under the sun. The scale runs from 0 for a standard black surface to 100 for a standard white surface.

Traditional roofing, notably tiles in darker shades, tends to trap solar energy, heating the roof surface to 150°F or higher. In contrast, a cool roof can reduce roof surface temperatures by 55°F or more, depending on conditions. The result is less heat transferred into the home or attic, lower indoor temperatures, and less strain on cooling systems, thus saving energy costs.

Benefits for Southwestern Buildings The advantages of cool roof technology are particularly valuable in the Southwest, ARIZCC.COM

Image Courtesy of Author

where cooling needs account for a significant share of household energy use. Using cool roofs in homes in these areas includes benefits such as: Lower cooling costs: By reflecting solar energy, cool roof shingles reduce indoor heat gain, enabling air conditioning systems to operate more efficiently. This translates into smaller energy bills and more consistent indoor comfort during heat waves.

Extended roof life: High heat accelerates the breakdown of roofing materials.

By staying cooler, reflective roofing experiences less thermal stress, allowing it to maintain its performance and appearance for a longer period Durability in harsh weather: Many cool roofs are engineered with impact resistance for hail and strong winds, making them wellsuited for monsoon storms.

Fire resistance: Hotter, drier climates are more prone to wildfires. Cool roof tiles meet high-performance standards, including Class A and Class C fire ratings and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) compliance, providing reliable protection in fire-prone regions.

Sustainability: On a broader scale, cool roof technology can help reduce the urban heat island effect (UHI), where densely built areas trap and radiate heat. With fewer natural elements, such as trees, and more heat-absorbing surfaces, cities experience higher temperatures and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The widespread adoption of cool roofing can reduce energy consumption and help create healthier communities.

Performance Without Compromise A common misconception is that

energy-efficient roofing must look industrial or compromise aesthetics. In reality, advances in synthetic roofing technology now allow cool roof tiles to replicate the appearance of classic materials, such as clay and concrete barrel tiles, slate, or cedar shakes, while offering superior durability and UV resistance.

Synthetic alternatives not only reduce structural demands but also comply with energy-efficiency standards, such as California’s Title 24 cool roof requirements, which are increasingly influencing building practices across the Sunbelt. In the Southwest, where Spanish-style architecture is popular among homeowners, synthetic barrel tiles offer the same iconic look without the weight or fragility of natural clay or concrete, while also providing cool roof technology benefits.

Making the Right Choice for Your Home For homeowners and builders, selecting a roof in the Southwest can impact both durability and energy savings. When evaluating options, it’s worth considering a few key factors.

• Performance under UV exposure from direct sunlight, • Impact resistance to summer monsoon storms, • Reflectance rating for redirecting heat, and • Weight consideration for materials that may require additional structural support.

Ultimately, selecting a roof for your building is a personal choice; however, for areas prone to extreme heat, cool roof tiles can be a valuable investment.

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CARLY HANSON, CO-FOUNDER OF TAYLOR STREET COMMUNICATIONS

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en years in corporate roles taught me a lot. Mostly about what doesn’t work. I left to start Taylor Street when it became clear that the same systemic problems kept failing people. Here’s what I saw, and how it shapes the way I work today as a communications consultant.

1. I was shouting into the void.

The more time I spent in the corporate world, the less I felt my opinion mattered.

People wanted my feedback from all angles—in person, in surveys, at the team, department, and organizational levels — but rarely did anything with it. The typical response was, “Thanks for your feedback” or “We hear you.” And then… crickets. I kept asking myself: Why are they asking the questions if nothing comes of the answers?

Eventually, it clicked. Sometimes organizations are just checking a box when they send out a survey or ask a room full of people for their thoughts. Other times, they genuinely care but don’t have the tools, clarity, or courage to act on what they hear. The result is the same either way. Employees get tired of feeling unheard and eventually stop speaking up.

Why it matters now I never want employees to feel the way I did about feedback at work. So, it’s my job to help leaders ask the right questions and

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truly listen to what their people are saying.

That means knowing how to collect, prioritize, and act on feedback—and being clear about what can’t be addressed and why.

2. Honesty was too rare.

The older I get, the less tolerance I have for “polite” lies. Corporate settings are full of conversations where people say things they don’t mean, like: “I loved working with him on this project!” when you didn’t.

“I have more room on my plate,” when you don’t.

“Let’s circle back on that,” when you won’t.

And it’s not always because people are devious (though some are). More often, it’s fear. Fear of making others uncomfortable. Fear of retaliation. Fear that speaking honestly won’t change anything anyway.

Whatever the reason, it usually comes back to leadership not rewarding honesty when it’s inconvenient.

I’ve worked for companies that preached honesty and transparency as core values, but stopped there. One organization pushed “radical candor” constantly—in town halls, pamphlets, and one-on-ones —but punished it in practice. As one of the more vocal employees on my team, I was labeled “opinionated,” “resistant,” and “oppositional.”

Never to my face, of course.

Why it matters now I have a simple rule: If I don’t mean it, I won’t say it. It sounds easy, but it isn’t. It means resisting the urge to default to “I’m

CONSTRUCTION AROUND ARIZONA Practices

SIX REASONS I LEFT THE CORPORATE WORLD

Image Courtesy of Author

good” when I’m not or having the courage to contradict an “important” person. And I encourage everyone I work with to adopt the same mindset, because you can’t lead change if people don’t feel safe telling the truth. That belief shapes every communication strategy I build.

3. Performance felt like punishment.

Being a top performer at work is like being a straight-A student in a group project—you end up doing all the work. That’s why I was so frustrated as a skilled, conscientious employee. The more valuable I became, the more I was expected to carry other people’s dead weight. No one knows?

Carly will figure it out. No one cares? Carly does. No one wants to help her? She’ll help herself.

I’ve also seen countless consistently average employees get promoted over people who were clearly more qualified.

Not because they were better leaders, but because they were less valuable on the front lines. The work still needed to get done, and the strongest contributors were too important to move.

Why it matters now I can’t control who companies choose to promote, but I can help them make people’s lives easier through better communication. The last thing top performers need is to be overwhelmed or confused by internal messages. When leaders know how to capture attention, respect time, implement feedback, and inspire action, they have a real shot at retaining the people they rely on most.

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4. Everything was urgent.

Anyone who’s worked in the corporate world knows the feeling. You pour your time and energy into something, only to be told it’s no longer a priority. Instead, you’re asked to drop everything and pivot to something else. Then it happens again.

And again. Round and round we go on the hamster wheel.

As a writer, I’ve been asked to develop countless commercial scripts, campaign taglines, and crisis communications that never saw the light of day. Because I was good at my job, I was treated like a creative machine that never ran out of ideas, capacity, or energy. That assumption wasted a lot of great work and led to years of burnout.

Why it matters now A culture of perpetual fire drills doesn’t just exhaust people; it destroys their ability to recognize what’s truly urgent when it actually matters. Especially during times of change, I help leaders put clear priorities in their messages. When employees know what comes first—and what can wait—they feel respected. And when people feel respected, they’re far more willing to engage, adapt, and act.

5. My creativity suffered.

For a long time, I didn’t realize how much the corporate environment was eroding my creative confidence. I started as a writer with unshakeable instincts, and I became one who barely trusted myself to place a comma. There were too many cooks in the kitchen and no clear owner of the work. Creative projects were endlessly reviewed, revised, and watered down in the ARIZCC.COM

name of “alignment.” By the time something was approved, it barely resembled the original idea that made it compelling in the first place.

Over time, that process does real damage. You start second-guessing your instincts. You stop bringing your best ideas to the table because you already know how the story ends. For a while, I wondered if I was the problem. But I wasn’t.

The system was.

Why it matters now I’m deeply protective of clarity, ownership, and trust in the creative process. In my work with clients, I push hard to clarify roles and ensure feedback is meaningful and necessary. True creativity only happens when people are trusted to do the work they were hired to do.

6. The politics were real.

In some ways, the workplace can feel like high school. The gossip. The cliques.

The unspoken rules about who has influence and who doesn’t. It’s exhausting, especially when you care about the work and just want to do your job well.

What made it worse was seeing this behavior modeled or tolerated by leadership. When leaders play favorites, spread information selectively, or engage in quiet judgment, it sends a clear message about who belongs and who doesn’t. Even in a job you love, that kind of environment can make you feel isolated, guarded, or small.

Politics doesn’t just hurt feelings. They slowly change how people show up — making them quieter, more cautious, and far less willing to take risks.

Why it matters now I pay close attention to the signals leaders send, not just in what they say, but also in what they tolerate. Culture is shaped in the margins, and communication plays a huge role in whether people feel included or excluded; safe or scrutinized. A big part of my work is helping leaders think through the implications of what they say and how they say it.

From cubicles to clarity I left corporate life because I realized I couldn’t effect the change I wanted while juggling a full-time job. That’s why I made this my full-time work: helping organizations communicate clearly, roll out change without burning people out, and create workplaces where employees feel seen and respected. The lessons I learned from those years still guide every strategy, message, and plan I build today.

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MARCH APRIL 2026

Back When A PLAYHOUSE OF HOPE FOR PHOENIX’S YOUNGEST PATIENTS BILLY HORNER

T

he quiet parking lot beside the state Developmental Disabilities building on Garfield Street and 19th Street in Phoenix gives little hint of the laughter and excitement that once filled the air there. But on that corner in 1949, something extraordinary was taking place, the construction of the Crippled Children’s Playhouse, a small structure with a huge heart.

George Campbell, the director of the Arizona Society for Crippled Children, conceived of the idea for the playhouse and served as the project chairman. The

Crippled Children’s Hospital was built in 1942 by the Works Progress Administration, a federally funded agency, and served children with physical disabilities. Campbell saw the need for a space where young patients could simply be children, where recovery could be mixed with imagination and joy.

When Campbell approached the Phoenix Junior Chamber of Commerce, the community responded with open arms. Contractors, materials companies, and workers from across the city volunteered their time and supplies. The general contractor, E.W. Duhame, led the effort and construction crew to help bring the playhouse to life.

Local contractors like the Arizona Sand & Rock Co. and Acme Materials, two friendly

competing firms in the ready-mix business, located directly across from each other along Seventh Street and the Salt River, both supplied concrete.

Designed by Robert Wilhem, the 14-by-16-foot structure was modest in size but monumental in spirit. Construction took just two days and about $2,000 in supplies.

Arizona Governor Daniel Garvey and other dignitaries attended the groundbreaking. Children on site enjoyed the progress and watched in delight as concrete trucks, escorted by police motorcycles, arrived to pour the foundation of their new playhouse.

Years later, the playhouse was demolished to make way for a parking lot.

Youngsters with disabilities are now supported by the Office for Children with Special Health Care Needs, a sub-agency of the Arizona Department of Health Services.

Below: Children watch as an Arizona Sand & Rock Co. mixer delivers “Premix Hy-Strength” concrete for their new playhouse, 1949.

Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

MARCH APRIL 2026

ARIZONA SAND & ROCK COMPANY: THE FIRST 30 YEARS (1927–1957) BILLY HORNER

I

n 1926, Donald W. Kelley arrived in Phoenix, envisioning a place of opportunity.

Attracted by the region’s growth potential, Kelley invested his time, capital, and operational expertise to found the Arizona Sand & Rock Company (ASR). Based at 2400 South Seventh Street along the Salt River, the company became one of Arizona’s most diverse and influential construction firms.

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1897, D.W. Kelley developed an aptitude for leadership and work. He attended Princeton University, where he wrestled. To make weight, he sat on the school’s boilers in a sweater to drop extra pounds.

His education was interrupted by World War I, during which he served in the Air Service Signal Corps. After the Armistice, Kelley returned to Princeton and graduated in 1919. He then worked for American Steel Foundries for six years before relocating to Arizona.

In 1927, Kelley married Marion Boyd in Tucson, and they soon welcomed their daughter, Patricia. That same year, he launched ASR. The Seventh Street plant was visible from miles away because of its impressive 115-foot pre-mix tower, at the center of operations on the east side of the street.

Originally used in the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington. Transporting the structure to Phoenix posed significant challenges, requiring the movement of 465 tons of steel packed into 15 railroad cars. Kelley and his crew re-erected the tower in 1946. Massive cement bins, hundreds of feet of conveyor belts, and a precision aggregate control laboratory surrounded the tower.

Across the street to the west was a truck tunnel, equipped with multiple loading gates and a massive pile of various aggregate types above. As trucks entered the tunnel, several electrically controlled loading gates opened, each supplying the appropriate materials to drivers.

By the late 1940s, the company had numerous pieces of heavy equipment and 20 concrete ready-mix trucks.

Kelley and the ASR team were advocates Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

ASR’s fleet of ready-mix trucks in front of the pre-mix plant, facing east from Seventh Street, 1957.

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

Above: ASR President Don W. Kelley 1956.

Left: ASR staff: John Ryan, Don W. Kelley, and Zud Schammel (sitting, l-r), with Murt D. Crandall and Al Carter (l-r), 1950.

Below: Sandy was ASR’s mascot for company promotions in the 1950s.

Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

for the community, supporting it through donations and by setting up displays at events, all while promoting their name and logo. An example was ASR’s volunteer work and donation of materials to build a new playhouse for the Crippled Children’s Hospital in 1949.

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MARCH APRIL 2026

As ASR flourished, so did Kelley’s influence in the construction industry and the community. He served with the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, as a vestryman at Trinity Episcopal Church, and was a member of the Phoenix Country Club.

In 1950, Kelley was elected president of the Arizona chapter of the Associated General Contractors (AGC). In 1951, he became a founding member of the Central Arizona Concrete Association.

As ASR expanded, its divisions grew to include ready-mix concrete, prestressed Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

Left: ASR employees, early 1930s.

Above: ASR logo, 1948.

Below: Aggregate tunnel with dump truck under one of the material gates, 1948.

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

products, and general construction. Each eventually developed its own distinct company logo in the 1950s, with some divisions using an abbreviated script, “ASR.” ASR built an impressive industry portfolio spanning aggregate pits, material plants, asphalt and concrete ready-mix batching, and all aspects of grading, concrete, and paving for residential, commercial, and highway road construction.

When ASR celebrated its 30th anniversary in 1957, Kelley announced his resignation. Executive Vice President James Murphy was named president. In a farewell Top left: Bags of ASR Pre-Mix Mortar, 1949.

Above: ASR ditch-lining operation in Phoenix, 1951.

Left: ASR project superintendent, Roy Richards, during the company’s construction of I-17 at New River, which involved over 75 employees, 1949.

Below: ASR truck fleet logo, 1950s.

Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

address to his employees, Kelley said: “My hearty thanks go to each of you who have contributed to the success of this company, along with my wish that you extend the same wonderful support to Jim Murphy that you have always given me.”

Kelley retired to Pebble Beach, California, where he spent his time golfing, playing bridge, and traveling the world. In 1966, Kelly was struck by a car and died later that year at age 69.

FIFTY TWO

MARCH APRIL 2026

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

FIFTY FOUR

MARCH APRIL 2026

ARIZONA SAND & ROCK COMPANY: THE SECOND CHAPTER BILLY HORNER

J

ames Murphy’s leadership marked a turning point for Arizona Sand & Rock (ASR), as his operational style clashed with those of other executives. After he took over the company in 1957, several employees who had worked closely with Donald Kelley departed, some to start their own ventures.

Murphy’s tenure was cut short amid serious legal troubles. The U.S. Treasury Department filed a complaint accusing him of failing to file income tax returns for two years. He pleaded guilty, paid more than $100,000 in penalties, and sold the company to California Portland Cement Co. in 1960, but continued operating under the ASR name.

In late 1960, Ule V. Dorais, formerly of Union Gypsum, joined ASR as executive vice president. Just a few months later, in January 1961, Dorais orchestrated a strategic merger between ASR and Phoenix Concrete Co., formerly Acme Materials Co., located

just across Seventh Street. Dorais became president of the newly combined entity.

Throughout the 1960s, ASR continued to innovate and expand. In 1965, the company relocated from its original Seventh Street and Salt River location to a new, fully automated plant one mile east at 16th Street.

Left: ASR conveyors at the Salt River and 16th Street location, 1965.

Right: Advertisement for Portland Cement Association’s products in their precast division, 1962.

Below: ASR Diamond T trucks supplying concrete to casting operations, 1962.

Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

at 19th Place and University Drive, was one of the largest fully prestressed structures in Arizona, spanning nearly two football fields in length. These durable Tee Panels became a signature feature in many schools across the Phoenix metro area during the 1960s and 1970s and are still visible today.

Continuing to innovate, ASR introduced site-cast prestressed building panels, now Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

Left: Tons of concrete bags atop a double Tee Panel at ASR’s main plant, 1961.

Above: ASR matchbook, 1970s.

Below: ASR Executive Vice President James Murphy, 1956.

In 1968, a major new facility opened in Agua Fria, northwest of Phoenix. Managed by James D. Staggs, the plant installed a 54-inch El-Jay roller cone crusher and a 20-36 Austin Western jaw crusher, capable of producing 325 tons per hour.

Elmer D. Clark, with 29 years of experience, including positions at United Metro, Inc. in Phoenix, succeeded Dorais as president and general manager in 1966. Dorais joined the executive team at California Portland Cement Co. in Los Angeles.

By 1970, ASR had approximately 350 employees and had rebranded with a more modern, abbreviated ASR identity, while retaining its iconic yellow-and-redstripe logo.

ASR’s prestress division had become a vital part of its operations, producing single and double Tee Panels, joists, highway girders, and Spancrete hollow core slabs.

The ASR Spancrete building, once located FIFTY SIX

MARCH APRIL 2026

Clark remained president of ASR until Arizona Sand & Rock Company played a key 1984, the same year Conrock merged role in shaping modern Arizona. Through with California Portland innovative construction Cement Company to BY 1970, ASR HAD REBRANDED techniques, large-scale form CalMat of Arizona. concrete production, WITH A MORE MODERN, After further changes numerous construction ABBREVIATED ASR IDENTITY, projects, and leadership over the years, the company continues to operate WHILE RETAINING ITS ICONIC in industry organizations, Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community under the name CalPortASR’s legacy influenced YELLOW-AND-RED-STRIPE LOGO. the state’s infrastrucknown as tilt-up panels. These panels were land today. formed directly on-site and lifted into place From Donald Kelture and development after curing, significantly streamlining the ley’s shoestring start in 1927 to becoming while offering countless opportunities for construction process. a statewide construction powerhouse, workers.

ASR also upgraded its fleet of ready-mix trucks, replacing Challenge-Cook BoostA-Load 9- and 9.5-yard mixers with Rex Loadmaster 10-yard mixers mounted on Peterbilt trucks, further enhancing efficiency for contractors.

In 1983, Los Angeles-based Consolidated Rock Products Company (Conrock) acquired ASR’s Phoenix and Sun City plants. ASR continued operating its facility on the Salt River Indian Reservation, with Conrock serving as its exclusive sales agent.

Above: Ule V. Dorais (left) during his new role as ASR executive vice president, 1960.

Top right: ASR President Elmer Clark, 1973.

Bottom right: CalMat employees Wally Wallace, vice president & general manager; Joe Nanno, sales; Pat Kuehner, sales manager; and Pat Weaver, quality control manager (l-r), at their 1801 East University Drive location in Phoenix, 1995.

Below: CalMat of Arizona advertisement, 1980s.

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ARIZONA CONTRACTOR & COMMUNITY

Image Courtesy of Charlene Myers

AL CARTER:

THE INNOVATOR BEHIND ARIZONA SAND & ROCK COMPANY BILLY HORNER

F

rom jalopy racing to groundbreaking construction projects, Al Carter’s life was defined by grit, ingenuity, and unwavering spirit. From the hardships of the Great Depression to designing complex materials plants, Carter carved out a remarkable life fueled by determination, creativity, and a tireless work ethic. He was a man who always found a way to make things work.

Charles Albert Carter was born on October 9, 1912, in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, to FIFTY EIGHT

Arthur and Geneva Carter. As one of two sons, Al looked up to his older brother, Alva, as the family faced unimaginable hardships. During the 1930s, the Carters traveled across Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, often living in tents or in their car as they followed the harvest and worked as farm laborers. “The whole family worked in the fields,” says Carter’s daughter, Charlene Myers.

Carter’s formal education ended in the 8th grade. At 16, he left school to support

his family, taking a job as a plant watchman with the Arizona Sand & Rock Co. (ASR) in Phoenix. Over the next 26 years, he climbed the ranks, eventually becoming their manager. “It was during those years that Carter built a house for us on a small 4-acre ranchette, complete with a garage, barn, and pasture for animals,” Myers recalled.

Outside of work, Carter discovered a passion for racing, especially jalopies and midget cars. His enthusiasm for building and competing extended to his son, Jim, who participated in the ASR-sponsored Soap Box Derby in 1948 and 1949 (see page 80). In a letter for Carter’s 70th birthday, Jim wrote, “Do you recall that first Soap Box Derby project? I was so excited until the hard work started. Those heavy oak timbers you used for the shell were something else. But what a car we built.”

MARCH APRIL 2026

Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

Left: Al Carter (left) with a crane truck equipped with a clam-shell attachment he designed, built

by Arizona Sand & Rock Co., in the mid-1940s.

Above: Al Carter (right) and Zud Schammel (center) at Arizona Sand & Rock Co.’s new service shop garage lubrication facility, 1953.

Right: Wayne Kumpainan and Al Carter (l-r) examining blueprints at Arizona Sand & Rock Co., early 1950s.

Below: Al Carter’s Arizona Sand & Rock Co. business card, 1951.

Images Courtesy of Charlene Myers

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During his 26-year tenure at ASR, Carter was instrumental in the company’s expansion. He helped design and build the fleet mechanic shop, paint shop, lube center, and a $100,000 rod mill and crusher plant, while seeking ways to improve efficiency and reduce downtime.

By 1954, Carter had become ASR’s Area General Superintendent. In 1955, he left to co-found Flagstaff Paving & Equipment with partners James Bond and Cale Shearer, marking a turning point in his career. “He continued to invent,” Myers says, “building miniature models of crushing plants with conveyor belts to make sure they would work properly.”

A self-taught draftsman, Carter’s designs shaped numerous aggregate plant configurations for companies throughout Arizona.

His partners at Flagstaff Paving had other specialties, including Bond’s fleet of dump trucks. The team tackled major Left: Al Carter (left) cooking BBQ for Arizona Sand & Rock Co. employees during work on the I-17 Black Canyon Highway construction, 1952.

Below left: Al Carter and James Bond, 1970s.

Bottom left: Al Carter with sons Jack and Jim at Del Rio Ranch in Chino Valley for his 70th birthday celebration, 1982.

Below: Al Carter, 1982.

Images Courtesy of Charlene Myers

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infrastructure projects across Northern Arizona. However, after setbacks and unpaid wages from highway contracts, Carter pivoted again, this time to Southern California.

There, Carter lent his talents to companies such as Prado Sand and Gravel, Owl Rock, and Bakersfield Ready Mix, designing and building customized crushing plants tailored to each site.

Later in his career, Carter took on a new challenge: working in Saudi Arabia for Holmes and Narver, Inc. His ability to adapt proved invaluable even halfway around the world. “This was quite a different experience for him,” Myers says. “He was used to modern American equipment, but there they still relied on donkeys and carts. Carter was tasked with setting up crushing plants and then teaching locals how to operate and maintain them. His ‘MacGyver mindset’ helped him improvise many times.”

After retiring, Carter returned to Arizona and managed the Del Rio cattle ranch in Chino Valley for his longtime friend and former business partner, James Bond. He spent his final years gardening, tending the orchard, and installing water systems for the ranch. At age 70, he died of a heart attack, less than two years after retiring in 1982.

Carter’s humor and storytelling lived on through his family. One favorite tale involved transporting heavy equipment down a steep hill when a trailer wheel broke off and sped past him on the road. “He always laughed about it and how he managed to stop without wrecking,” Myers said.

His connection with James Bond went beyond business. The two families traveled together to Europe and Israel in the 1970s, and they made a pact: whoever passed first would care for the other’s widow. Bond honored that promise by providing a home for Carter’s wife, Wanda, on the ranch in Chino Valley.

Carter left behind two families: with his first wife, Edna Ruth Edwards Carter, he had two sons, James Edward and Jack Leroy.

With his second wife, Wanda Slawson Carter, he had three daughters, Carolyn and twins Charlene and Charlotte. “He missed a lot of time with his family due to work, hobbies, and inventions,” Myers says. “But we always knew he loved us.”

Despite the challenges he faced, Al Carter made vital contributions to the construction industry through his inventive spirit. His optimism left an indelible mark on everyone who knew him and, on the roads, plants, and machines he helped build.

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THE SLAWSON FAMILY:

FROM AHWATUKEE RANCH TO ARIZONA SAND & ROCK BILLY HORNER

I

n Ahwatukee, long before Presley Homes launched their master-planned communities and the I-10 freeway was punched through in the 1960s, there stood a place affectionately known as “The Big House.”

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That’s what Kathy Martin’s mother and aunts called their childhood home, part of the original Ahwatukee Ranch, once owned by the Ames family and later purchased by Helen Brinton in the 1930s.

The “Big House” was where the wealthy owners lived, and the Slawson family lived in the caretaker’s house, a small 2-bedroom, 1-bath house with a sleeping porch.

Berma Slawson was born there along with her siblings, Annamarie, Robert, Delilah, and Wanda, to Byron and Matilda Slawson.

Byron’s brother was the contractor who helped build the Ames’ “Big House,” and Byron himself assisted in the construction before becoming the ranch’s caretaker in 1922, while other family members worked as household staff.

MARCH APRIL 2026

Images Courtesy of Jim & Kathy Martin

Left: Arizona Sand & Rock Co., dispatch plant operations with Berma Slawson and a truck driver in the window, 1947.

Above: Berma (left) and Delilah Slawson (right) with other office employees at the original Arizona Sand & Rock Co. office prior to the 1948 remodel, 1946.

Top right: Berma and Delilah Slawson in Downtown Phoenix, 1940.

Above right: Arizona Sand & Rock Co. dispatcher Berma Slawson, 1947.

Right: Delilah’s mouse dispatch drawing to Berma for her “Remember When” scrapbook, 1996.

“They all attended the old Kyrene Schoolhouse, three miles east of home,” says Kathy Martin, Berma’s daughter. The children rode in a wooden cart Byron had built, hitched to the family’s horse, Dolly.

The route ran from the Big House’s threecar garage, where Warner Road ended, along a dusty road east to the schoolyard.

Later, the siblings all graduated from Tempe High School, a major accomplishment in those days.

To escape ranch life, Berma and her sister, Delilah, attended Gregg Shorthand ARIZCC.COM

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trucks, hauling aggregates for ASR. “Lowell loved his job and loved hauling material, except for one of ASR’s bigger clients, home builder, Elmer Bradley, who later became Tempe’s mayor,” says Jim Martin. “It was a struggle anytime he was sent to a new Bradley subdivision under construction. Bradley wanted the material dumped in a specific spot each time, and if it wasn’t, he would come unglued.”

Berma and Lowell’s friendship turned into romance when she asked for a ride in

Left: Arizona Sand & Rock Co. truck driver, Lowell Evans. 1972.

Above: Lowell Evans’ 1936 Arizona Chauffeur pin, 2025.

Below: Lowell and Berma Evans holding Kathy Evans (now Martin), 1950.

Images Courtesy of Jim & Kathy Martin

School at 140 South Central Avenue in Phoenix, where they learned stenography and office skills while living with their mom’s brother, Jim, and his wife, Jennybell Sorey.

“Berma and her sisters just wanted to get out of the dust and heat,” says Kathy Martin. “Hanging around in Downtown Phoenix seemed like paradise.” Her husband, Jim Martin, added with a chuckle, “and to cruise for boyfriends,” which his wife doesn’t agree with.

After graduating, the sisters answered a newspaper ad for office help at Arizona Sand & Rock Co. (ASR), a leading supplier of aggregate materials and construction services throughout Arizona. In 1946, Berma and Delilah joined ASR as stenographers and dispatch clerks, invoice clerks, and managers of truck orders and phone calls, amid the steady hum of business that fueled Phoenix’s postwar building boom. Al Carter helped arrange their hiring at ASR. It was there, amid the roar of aggregate processing, diesel engines, and the rattle of old twin-stick gravel trucks, that Berma met Lowell Evans, an experienced truck driver and proud Teamster. Lowell had hauled loads across Arizona before World War II. During the war, he was stationed at an army base in Texas, attached to Army Intelligence and tasked with driving around officers.

After returning from service, Lowell went back to driving trucks, primarily dump SIXTY FOUR

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Images Courtesy of Jim & Kathy Martin

his new 1950 Chevrolet sedan. They were married that year, and the relationship lasted 53 years. Local truck company owner, James Bond, was the best man, and Berma’s sister, Delilah, was the maid of honor. Berma soon retired from ASR, but Lowell drove for ASR until his retirement in 1977.

The Evans family lived in South Phoenix, and Lowell tended a backyard greenhouse of orchids. A member of the American Orchid Society, he supplied orchids to Watson’s Flowers in Mesa. The couple later moved to Prescott and, in 2000, renewed their vows at the Arizona Pioneers’ Home in Prescott, with James and Delilah serving the same roles 50 years later. Both Berma and Lowell died in 2003.

Delilah continued working for ASR until she married John Cossentine in Los Angeles in 1955. Don Kelley, the president of

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ASR, wrote a nice letter of recognition on Delilah’s behalf when she was seeking new employment in Los Angeles. Decades later, in 1996, she surprised her sister Berma with a “Remember When” scrapbook, a handmade collection of photos and memories from their ASR days.

The scrapbook included a tale about a mouse, Berma, and Jack, a fellow dispatch worker at the ASR scale house. One day, Berma spotted a mouse scurrying across the floor, caught it, and decided to tease Jack, who feared rodents. When he walked in, Berma charged at him, mouse in hand.

Jack bolted out the door, across the truck scale, and halfway up a gravel pile before finally surrendering and begging Berma to “Just take it away!”

The Slawson sisters are among the many employees who helped shape ASR over its

Top left: Berma and Delilah Slawson at the Arizona Sand & Rock Co. plant, 1949.

Above: Slawson family: Berma, Wanda, Delilah, Robert, Annamarie, Matilda, and Byron (l-r), 1938.

Below: Arizona Sand & Rock Co. toy truck that belonged to Lowell Evans, now part of the Martin home, 2025.

55-year history. Though Wanda, another Slawson sister, never worked for the company, her future husband, Al Carter, did, and his story is featured on page 58. Jim Martin’s father, Harley, also worked in Arizona construction for J.H. Welsh & Son Co., which will be featured in our underground pipe theme issue.

The Slawson family’s journey from caretakers at the Ahwatukee Ranch to participants in Arizona’s early construction industry captures a special piece of our state’s history: one built not only on rock and sand but also on family, perseverance, and a good sense of humor.

Meanwhile, back at the ranch, the “Big House” became vacant in the 1960s, was ransacked, and was later demolished in the 1980s to make way for modern-day Ahwatukee. Jim and Kathy’s dining room table is a solid wood panel taken from the original bedroom door of the caretaker’s house.

Also displayed in their backyard is one of the three original Fresno scrapers that helped shape the homestead.

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8/22/25 9:25 AM

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MYSTERY CASTLE:

SOUTH PHOENIX’S ENIGMATIC HAND-BUILT FOLK-ART MASTERPIECE

BY DOUGLAS TOWNE

A

s its name suggests, Phoenix’s Mystery Castle evokes more questions than answers. An aura of the unknown permeates the whimsical structure, an eclectic mix of native rock and repurposed materials that one man began building at the base of South Mountain during the Great Depression. What is crystal clear about the building, however, is its significance, according to Robert Graham, principal architect at Motley Design Group.

“Mystery Castle is on a par with any other work of architecture in the state – in a class with Taliesin, Arcosanti, the Arizona SIXTY EIGHT

Biltmore, Riordan Mansion, and Mary Colter’s work at the Grand Canyon and La Posada,” Graham declares. ​This impressive comparison elevates the unique 7,136-square-foot house to an exclusive category; it’s an engineering marvel with 18 rooms, each situated on a different level. Yet, in 2025, Mystery Castle was named one of the 11 Most Threatened Buildings in the U.S. by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. How could this impressive exemplar of organic architecture be in such dire straits?

“Because Mystery Castle has been out

of the way since the 1940s, it has been underappreciated by literally generations of Phoenix residents,” Graham surmises. This overlooked gem, dating back nearly a century, tells a compelling story even if locals weren’t aware of its distinction.

Boyce Luther Gulley, a talented craftsman without formal training in architecture or engineering, created Mystery Castle. In 1923, he started a family in Seattle, but a few years later, Gulley abruptly abandoned his wife, Frances, and their young daughter, Mary Lou, settling in Phoenix to treat his tuberculosis. Before leaving, Gulley allegedly promised to build his daughter a permanent sandcastle, as the ones they created together on the beach always disappeared.

Gulley obtained seven acres of land as part of a homestead, six miles south of downtown Phoenix, near where Seventh Street dead-ends at South Mountain Park.

He began constructing the sprawling house MARCH APRIL 2026

Image Courtesy of Robert Graham

Images Courtesy of Arizona Memory Project

Top left: Mystery Castle, 2024.

Above: Mystery Castle, 1980.

Below: Mary Lou Gulley at Mystery Castle, 1948.

Image Courtesy of LIFE magazine

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MARCH APRIL 2026

Images Courtesy of Arizona Memory Project

Mystery Castle, 1980.

by hand around 1934. He used mortar, to generate income. It was a popular tourcement, calcium, and goat milk to build the ist attraction for almost 75 years. walls, which were constructed from rocks Mary Lou Gulley transferred ownership and a variety of repurposed items, includ- to the Mystery Castle Historical Foundaing misshapen bricks, telegraph poles, scrap tion in 2010. She died the following year. metal, glass dishes, wheels The foundation, established in from a Stutz Bearcat, and a bar MANY ASPECTS OF 1988, managed the house until made from a covered wagon.

MYSTERY CASTLE its closure to the public in 2022.

There was no electricity or Astonishingly, the Mystery water in this remote area, and REMAIN PERPLEXING Castle Historical Foundation Gulley reportedly transported TO RESEARCHERS. applied to the city of Phoethe latter in his car, five-gallon nix for a demolition permit in milk containers filled at an irrigation ditch November 2023. two miles away. It’s unclear whether he “After the multiple acts of vandalism, it worked off architectural drawings, received simply became too much for our little group construction assistance, or how he financed to continue to protect and preserve Mysthe project. tery Castle,” says Rita Spears, president of “Because of the difficult topography, the foundation. “It’s going to take an almost Gulley may have laid it out on site rather unfathomable effort to restore Mystery Casthan having a plan,” muses Graham. “As far tle. It could probably have withstood the as building it, he must have had some help climatic onslaught for an additional 100 with scaffolding; things would need to get years. But man? Not so much.” carried or hoisted up in the air. There is just Before the demolition moratorium no record of anything. Did he hire carpen- expired in December 2023, the Phoenix ters or masons, or could he even afford to? Historic Preservation Office authorized a Where did the money come from to live or building condition assessment that estito pay laborers?” mated the cost of rehabilitation at $3 Gulley died at age 63 in 1945, and his million. Soon after, Friends of Mystery Casattorney informed 23-year-old Mary Lou tle, a task force of Preserve Phoenix, was Gulley in Seattle that she had inherited a formed. The task force is collaborating property she had not known about. Both with other entities in a grassroots effort to she and her mother were astonished by the develop a future vision for Mystery Castle, house and moved in, naming it El Casalina. a handmade structure comparable to the LIFE magazine featured their story in 1948, famous Watts Towers in Los Angeles. dubbing it the Mystery Castle, and they Ideally, Preserve Phoenix wants to see began offering tours and hosting weddings the building as a vital feature of the area’s ARIZCC.COM

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growing community. “The area is still developing, and we want to see Mystery Castle be a part of the continuing revitalization of South Phoenix,” says Erin Lindsey, president of Preserve Phoenix. “It’s a beautiful example of organic architecture and folk art from the 1930s. By preserving the Mystery Castle, we are keeping our Phoenix history, art, and culture alive for future generations to enjoy.

These unique structures are one of a kind, and we must remember that once they are demolished, they are gone forever.”

The Mystery Castle’s enviable site would seem to aid its preservation. Phoenix’s South Mountain Park and Preserve, one of the largest municipal parks in the U.S., abuts on the south, east, and west; the north boundary is defined by a recent single-family housing subdivision.

The handmade building harmonizes with its natural surroundings on South Mountain, not only in its shape but also in the materials used. Mystery Castle has a rambling, irregular footprint measuring about 85 feet by 125 feet overall. While the building has relatively orthogonal geometry, its axis is tilted, so the primary façade, facing downhill, is about 45 Mystery Castle, 2024.

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degrees west of true north. Because of its hillside location, Mystery Castle is built on multiple levels.

“It’s made from a mix of indigenous materials and recycled objects, and you can tell that a true craftsman designed it,” Lindsey says. “You can see the thoughtfulness in every stone, window, and tile, and how it reflects the desert environment in which it was built.”

But there are always those who ask, “Why preserve it?” For Donna Reiner, a Preserve Phoenix board member, the answer comes easily. “For me, the structure demonstrates love and perseverance,” she says.

“We have no idea how Gulley did all that by himself. Even Alessio Carraro had a crew working for him to build that other edifice, Tovrea Castle.”

Discussions continue about the building’s survival, but many aspects of Mystery Castle remain perplexing to researchers. “The unsubstantiated stories involving the castle and the builder are part of the charm,” Reiner says. “Does the castle become more interesting because of the stories that historians can’t prove, or should we just say that the lore, embellished over time, heightens the mystery?”

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SALUTING ARIZONA’S BUILDERS: JEANETTE E. DALEY DONNA REINER

J

eanette E. Daley, nicknamed the “Petticoat Boss,” was a force who shaped the Southwest construction industry and the role of women within it. Her path from a small North Carolina town to the helm of a major construction and materials firm demonstrated her political savvy and a rare ability to lead in a field dominated almost entirely by men.

Born Jeanette Moses in 1895, she grew up as one of 11 children and, at age 14, moved in-state to Asheville to work as a domestic servant for a dollar a week. A year later, determined to carve out something bigger, she traveled to California, spending nearly 12 months repaying the $57 fare. She found work with the telephone company, quickly rising to chief operator and troubleshooter in the Mexican border town of Calexico. That combination of technical competence and fearlessness would define the rest of her life.

In 1918, she joined the small contracting firm of George Robert Daley, a California farmer turned builder. The two married a year later, and Jeanette became SEVENTY FOUR

secretary-treasurer of what would become the Daley Corporation. The company secured federal contracts for concrete airport runways and roads, opening doors to major projects throughout the Southwest.

By 1933, their work had brought them to Arizona, where they built paving facilities and a sand-and-gravel pit near the Salt River, adjacent to the Arizona Sand & Rock Co. (ASR). In 1937, the City of Phoenix awarded them one of its largest street improvement projects of the era, solidifying their foothold in Arizona.

But Jeanette’s ambitions extended beyond business. A Democrat, she ran for the California State Assembly in 1936, defeating an incumbent Republican and becoming one of only two women in the state legislature. She served six years, eventually vice-chairing an investigative committee focused on the State Relief Administration during the early 1940s.

After an unsuccessful U.S. congressional run in 1944 and a divorce the same year, Jeanette took ownership of the Daley Corporation’s Arizona holdings and launched a new chapter.

Together with Thomas P. Tulloch, she founded the Daley-Tulloch Construction

Company, later renamed Daley Construction-Acme Materials. The firm, along with neighbor and friendly competitor Don Kelley of the Arizona Sand & Rock Co., persuaded Southern Pacific Railroad to build a spur south of downtown Phoenix, which enabled bulk cement shipments.

By the early 1950s, Jeanette oversaw a network of companies, including Acme Materials (a precursor to Phoenix Concrete Company), Daley Construction, the Daley Equipment Company, and Acme Valencia Spanish Floor Tiles. Her operations employed more than 200 men, and she became known as a “one-woman dynamo,” negotiating contracts, reading blueprints, and sitting down to a poker game with her crews.

“I can talk their language, meet them on their own ground, and play poker with the best of them,” she told Arizona Builder and Contractor magazine in 1949. Her Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

MARCH APRIL 2026

Image Courtesy of L.A. Daily News

Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

philosophy for surviving in business was equally direct: adapt or be left behind, and keep “two Philadelphia lawyers in one pocket and a certified public accountant’s certificate in the other.”

Jeanette’s influence extended beyond the industry, and her firms built and supplied countless residential and commercial projects. Though she had no children of her own, she fostered more than 30 and helped establish the Girls Ranch of Arizona through the Phoenix Soroptimist Club. In 1959, she donated her Scottsdale home, “El Rancho Sueño,” to serve as a residence for girls in need of safety and stability.

Jeanette Daley died in 1960, leaving behind a legacy built on concrete, compassion, and courage. She was a woman who didn’t just break barriers but paved roads through them.

Top left: Jeanette Daley wearing a hand-sewn Associated General Contractors (AGC) dress, 1950s.

Above: Assemblywoman Jeanette E. Daley, vicechairman of a legislative committee appointed to investigate the practices and policies of the State Relief Administration in Los Angeles, 1940.

Top right: Jeanette Daley during delivery of the first load of bulk cement to South Phoenix from the Southern Pacific rail spur, 1952.

Right: Acme Materials delivering concrete during the construction of the Sahara Motor Hotel in Downtown Phoenix, 1955.

Left: Daley Construction Acme Materials, concrete sidewalk stamp in Phoenix, 1948.

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OLD SCHOOL EQUIPMENT ARIZONA BULLDOZERS FEEDING CRUSHERS BILLY HORNER

T

he cacophony of mid-century bulldozers, iron giants with their noisy engines, plumes of black exhaust, faded paint, and squeaky, steadfast tracks, once filled Arizona’s aggregate sites. These machines were essential to crushing operations, pushing vast quantities of rock into crushers that turned the raw material into aggregates, which are essential for modern infrastructure.

Although modern, high-tech equipment is now used in crushing operations, there remains a proud legacy of these vintage bulldozers and their talented operators.

In aggregate operations, the bulldozer’s job was to move rock, gravel, and sand from extraction sites to the crusher. Equipped with a massive steel blade, the bulldozer was controlled by hydraulics or, in older

models, heavy cables, and it pushed raw material into stockpiles or directly onto conveyor belts leading to the crushers.

This process demanded both power and precision. Skilled operators had to level the material evenly, maintaining a steady feed to maximize the crusher’s efficiency. A well-fed crusher meant uninterrupted productivity, and for that, a bulldozer was indispensable for the repetitive work.

Vintage bulldozers were mechanical marvels of simplicity and strength. Brands such as Allis-Chalmers, Caterpillar, and International Harvester were widely used in Arizona aggregate operations and could withstand punishing conditions for hours on end. Their simple, durable designs meant fewer breakdowns and minimal downtime—qualities every quarry manager valued.

Back then, operators’ cabs lacked comfortable seats and climate-controlled interiors. The machines, though top-ofthe-line at the time, were still primitive, and operating conditions could be hot, freezing, and almost always dusty.

Moreover, operators had to balance the gears that controlled the cables moving the heavy front blade. After all that, most machines ran until a shift was completed, as there were no electric starters, only the cumbersome gas pony motors to turn over the flywheel.

Arizona’s operators often recalled how these machines would labor tirelessly through heat and dust, pushing tons of rock.

Their tracks provided unbeatable traction on rough terrain, and their engines, though noisy and smoke-belching, would sometimes overheat but rarely fail.

Despite today’s technological advances, some vintage bulldozers remain in use. For equipment enthusiasts, the sound of these machines in action is instantly recognizable and remains a powerful link to our bygone industrial age.

Image Courtesy of Paul C. Helmick

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MARCH APRIL 2026

Images Courtesy of Carl Ronstadt

Left: Contractor Paul C. Helmick using an AllisChalmers bulldozer during crushing operations, 1966.

Above: New Pueblo Constructors crushing operations on State Route 82 near Patagonia, 1964.

Right: New Pueblo Constructors using a Caterpillar D8 bulldozer and Michigan loader on Interstate 19 and Ruby Road near Nogales, 1966.

Below: Advertisement for Allis-Chalmers HD-21 bulldozer, showing one pushing material to a crusher, 1958.

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BUILDING ON THE PAST

1948 – FROM SOAP BOX THRILLS TO A JUDGE’S BENCH: THE JIM CARTER STORY BILLY HORNER

I

n the dusty summers of late-1940s Phoenix, 13-year-old Jim Carter wasn’t thinking about a future involving law school or city courtrooms but about spinning wheels and the hum of his soap box car as it raced down the track.

Jim, the son of Al Carter, general superintendent for Arizona Sand & Rock Co. (ASR), raced in the Soap Box Derby at the Arizona State Fairgrounds in 1948 and 1949. Like every young competitor, Jim had to build his car from scratch. The rules were simple: kids had to do the work themselves, though dads could lend a guiding hand.

Car kits could be ordered from places like Marvin Clore in Brighton, Michigan, or

80

Dave’s Auto Parts in Duluth, Minnesota.

They arrived with the basics: a 4x4-foot frame, wheels, axles, and a single brake pedal. The rest was up to the imagination and long afternoons in the backyard. Most kids shaped their car bodies from wood, but Jim’s soap box was unique, covered in a thin sheet of metal for a sleek look. The brake system was nothing more than a solid block of wood, pressed down by foot to make contact with the wooden track.

ASR sponsored him and painted Jim’s car in the company’s bright yellow, with a bold red stripe and his name hand-lettered on the sides. Once the soap box racer was complete, Al Carter took a proud snapshot of Jim in front of it, flanked by a towering ASR ready-mix truck.

The Soap Box Derby track had its own story. Built in 1947 by Del Webb Construction, the first version had a challenging rise-and-fall design that led to more than a few bumps and spills. By 1948, it had been rebuilt into a taller, smoother, and safer track. That’s the track Jim remembers racing on. The thrill, the speed, the smell of summer, all of it stayed with him.

In 1953, Jim returned to ASR, not as a racer, but as a young worker on a company project at Williams Air Force Base. His job?

Helping run the crusher as a grunt. When rocks were too big to pass through the grizzly, Jim’s task was to break them down with a sledgehammer. It was hard, hot work, precisely what his father intended. Al Carter believed in the value of sweat-earned lessons, and Jim, even as a teenager, understood.

Jim toughed it out through the summer and went on to pursue education with equal determination. He attended Grand Canyon University on a baseball scholarship, then earned a master’s degree in Education

MARCH APRIL 2026

Administration from Arizona State University in 1960, and graduated from law school.

Jim would serve Arizona in both education and public service and presided as a judge from 1991 to 2005. Incredibly, at 91, he still serves as a Pro Tem Judge for the Phoenix Municipal Court.

Born in Phoenix in 1935, Jim Carter has given us not just memories but a living link to the heritage of Arizona Sand & Rock, the excitement of the Soap Box Derby, and the values of craftsmanship, family, and perseverance.

Images Courtesy of Charlene Myers

Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

Left: Jim Carter with his soap box car after it was painted, 1948.

Above: Advertisement for soap box kits, 1947.

Top right: Al Carter with Jim, who’s wearing the event sponsor’s t-shirt, 1948.

Above right: 8mm still shot of the upgraded 1948 track at the fairgrounds, 1948.

Right: 8mm still shot of Jim prepping his car just before his race, 1948.

Far right: Jim Carter holding a photo of the 1948 picture taken by his father at Arizona Sand & Rock, 2025.

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L

ake Powell at the Arizona-Utah border has a mystique and surreal character, given its moonlike landscape of windworn rocks and the continuous horizontal plane of blue water. Our generation remembers that the original 1968 Planet of the Apes film with Charlton Heston was filmed here soon after Colorado River water filled the lake behind Glen Canyon Dam. Within Lake Powell Navajo Tribal Park are over 80 slot canyons, with about 17 that can be visited, which is the only place on earth to experience them. The area is less than a five-hour drive from Phoenix.

Some better-known slot canyons are the Upper and Lower Antelope east of Page. They are divided into sections, with

Architect’s Perspective: Antelope Canyon Informs Architecture​​​​​ Doug Sydnor, FAIA

doug_sydnor@outlook.com the Upper Antelope Canyon 660 feet long and the Lower Antelope Canyon 1,335 feet long. The width can be as narrow as 3 feet at the crack in the earth above and average 100 feet in depth to the canyon floor.

Lower Antelope Canyon is about 120 feet in depth and is also known as Corkscrew Canyon. Being on Navajo Nation land requires a Navajo Nation-approved tour operator.

In 2008, my son and younger daughter joined me touring Lower Antelope Canyon.

It was a mesmerizing experience as the tall canyon sandstone sidewalls have carved channels formed by the wind, sediments, and water over millions of years. When the natural light from above descends into the canyon, it gracefully washes the walls and highlights the curving stone ridges to a very dramatic effect. The geology, as described by the Navajos, is Hasdeztwazior or “Spiral Rock Arches.” When photographing these complex sculptural forms in the soft indirect light, it’s difficult to take a bad image, making this remote Southwestern destination popular with shutterbugs.

These scenic slot canyons have a dark side; as our tour guide said a few years earlier, about 10 German tourists were in Antelope Canyon. Without warning, a violent flash flood that originated many miles away roared through the canyon, and all those inside it perished. Those of us who grew up in Arizona know too well the hazards of flash flooding in dry washes and streams after heavy rainstorms.

Over the decades, architects have always been attracted to Northern Arizona’s slot canyons, which are some of

Images Courtesy of Author

Antelope Canyon, 2008.

EIGHT FOUR

MARCH APRIL 2026

nature’s finest architecture. One architectural firm experimenting with slot canyons as an inspirational design source is Richard + Bauer Architecture, now Richard Kennedy Architecture, in Phoenix. Let’s explore two projects this creative firm designed, which received numerous professional design awards nationally.

Arabian Branch Library is located at 10215 East McDowell Mountain Ranch Road in northeastern Scottsdale. The 20,875-square-foot, one-story library serves the McDowell Mountain Ranch community.

The design is a series of connected wings

defining a linear, narrow outdoor passageway leading to a central courtyard. The courtyard has a single desert tree and a water feature, both capturing and symbolizing a refreshing oasis in the Sonoran Desert.

This choreographed sequence of spaces with changes of direction uses angled sidewalls of rusting corten steel that lean over the space, framing the blue sky above with a slightly narrowed opening not unlike the slot canyons. Building masses are composed of angular walls and roofscapes and capture the notion of the earth erupting and elevating above the desert. To reinforce this idea,

the roof is warm-colored and uses small site rocks as roof ballast to simulate the desert surface.

Interior spaces reflect these exterior angular walls and have various-sized windows that frame the outdoor landscape and views. When touring the structure’s interior before its completion, it was the only time I experienced some vertigo, as the spaces enclosed by angled walls and ceilings were very disorienting from your everyday experience. Upon the project’s completion, this physiological reaction went away, as the interior furnishings, shelving, and millwork

Above: The courtyard of the Arabian Library.

Top right: The main entrance to the Arabian Library.

Right: The Arabian Library reading room.

Below: The outdoor entrance to Arabian Library.

Images Courtesy of Author

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Left: The University of Arizona ENR2 building.

Below: The University of Arizona ENR2 courtyard.

Images Courtesy of Author

provided a realignment with these vertical elements.

It is challenging to use natural rock formations as a prime source of inspiration and to successfully and metaphorically translate them into contemporary architecture. Still, this library was convincing in capturing the essence of Arizona’s slot canyons, a feat not easily done.

A few years later, Richard + Bauer Architecture with GLHN Architects and Engineers designed the University of Arizona Environment + Natural Resources II (ENR2) at 1064 East Lowell Street in Tucson. This tight urban site on the southern edge of the university campus warranted a different planning strategy to retain the slot canyon influence while accommodating a 155,031-squarefoot building.

The floor plan is ringed by perimeter walls with offices, and an amoebic-shaped canyon is carved out of the box-like massing. It reads as a geode within the harder rock shell. It is manipulated with curving balcony railings that change from level to level and narrow the outdoor space as you rise through the building section and ultimately arrive at the sky.

The first-level gathering spaces, such as the 600-seat auditorium, also use curved walls that define them, which is a more literal use of the slot canyon curved sidewalls.

A difference is that the balcony railings use vertical slats in a wave pattern of varying heights instead of the horizontal carved channels of a slot canyon wall, so the daylight does not highlight the slat edges quite as much. This more biophilic design strategy influenced by nature captures its sculptural and ever-changing character. The firstlevel courtyard and breezeway landscaping visually and functionally carry on with the desert canyon metaphor of curving, overlapping landscape, and waterway patterns to great effect.

Such innovative projects teach us many lessons about using nature to inspire architectural design. In time, we hope to see similar examples that teach us another way to integrate our built environment with the natural world more effectively.

Douglas B. Sydnor, FAIA: is Principal at Douglas Sydnor Architect + Associates, Inc. and author of fourw architectural books.

EIGHTY SIX

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Image Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

DIGGING THROUGH THE ARCHIVES: AL CARTER’S “SIDEWALK PAVER” DEBUTS IN TEMPE BILLY HORNER

C

hard soil, while the rear section featured a chain-driven conveyor that removed excess material. A worker sprayed water to add moisture, and a rear tamper leveled and compacted the material. The machine finished the sidewalk grade by dragging a steel

onstruction firms are always looking 1953. This innovative piece of equipment for ways to boost productivity. In the operated on steel sidewalk forms, similar early 1950s, Charles “Al” Carter, in to a train on tracks. Front augers loosened his many roles at the Arizona Sand & Rock Co., achieved this while also satisfying his engineering and inventor curiosities. His invention was an experimental machine to expedite residential sidewalk construction (see related article on page 58).

In January 1954, Arizona Sand & Rock Co. began a $241,449 contract with the City of Tempe to grade, install curbs and sidewalks, and pave an area that was previously dirt roads. The project extended from the Southern Pacific Railroad, parallel to Farmer Street, west to Judd Street, and from University Drive (then 8th Street) to 13th Street.

Carter developed the “Sidewalk Paver,” an all-in-one sidewalk-grading machine, in Above: Al Carter operating his “Sidewalk Paver,” north of Campus Homes in Tempe, 1954.

Right: Al Carter’s U.S. patent for his sidewalk machine, 1958.

Far right: The schematics for Carter’s invention, 1958.

EIGHTY EIGHT

Images Courtesy of Charlene Myers

MARCH APRIL 2026

Images Courtesy of Arizona Contractor & Community

Above: A sidewalk concrete stamp at 13th and Wilson streets in Tempe.

Right: Rear view shows the Sidewalk Paver’s chain-driven conveyor, 1954.

Below: Stills from the Carter family’s 8mm film shows the Sidewalk Paver in Tempe, 1954.

screen with chains. A family 8mm film captured the machine’s debut north of Del Webb’s Campus Estates subdivision at 13th and Wilson streets in Tempe.

“It took years, but he was able to obtain a patent for it,” says Charlene Myers, his daughter. “The Sidewalker Paver was the only one we knew of that was patented at the time.”

In 1958, Carter obtained his U.S. pat- projects, there is no evidence of its use after ent, four years after the mid- to late 1950s. the machine’s debut THIS INNOVATIVE PIECE OF EQUIPMENT The fate of Carin Tempe and three ter’s Sidewalker Paver OPERATED ON STEEL SIDEWALK FORMS, remains unknown. years after he left AriSIMILAR TO A TRAIN ON TRACKS. zona Sand & Rock Co. His son, Jim Carter, Although the comspeculates that the pany could have used the machine on other cumbersome machine was likely forgotten

and eventually scrapped. He never saw the machine when he followed his father to Flagstaff and worked at his new firm, Flagstaff Paving Co. The machine’s setup was labor-intensive and most useful over long stretches, making it less efficient as newer equipment was developed.

Images Courtesy of Charlene Myers

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