DISSERTATION REPORT 2019
DECONGESTION OF RAJPUR ROAD, DEHRADUN DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY GARIMA GROVER
May, 2019
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - IET BHADDAL ROPAR, PUNJAB, INDIA
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ABSTRACT
This paper will address the causes, consequences and solution of road congestion problems in area of intervention and the various measures that have been develop to curb. Traffic congestion seems to be one of the difficult problems in country like India. Traffic congestion is a critical problem which happens on roads which make traffic busy. Traffic congestion challenges traffic flow in urban area. Congestion is growing rapidly and has been become a more problem today. Increased number of vehicles and increase number of infrastructure and people develop the problem of congestion which leads to the hazard of roads and humans. Different conditions of traffic congestion are based on cities and markets, which bring out various individual characters of a place and thus holds different solution of problem. Traffic congestion is directly proportional to the vendors, parking.etc alongside road. Shifting of path vendors, alternate possible direct road solution also studied in this paper. The study aims to find out the traffic congestion strategies and their management. This study is also useful for administrator and city planner to solve the broader problems of traffic in future.
(Keywords: Congestion, traffic, city, urban, Infrastructure, markets, etc).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Munish Sharma, COA IET Bhaddal, Ropar, India, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work. I also wish to extend my thanks to Dr. Munish Sharma and other colleagues for attending my seminars and for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this dissertation work. I am extremely thankful to Prof. Bipin Malik, Director, COA-IET Bhaddal, Ropar, for providing me infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.
GARIMA GROVER
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CONTENT
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1.1 About the topic .....................................................................................................................8 1.2 Problem Statement..................................................................................................................8 1.3 As per Dehradun Master Plan....................................................................................................8 1.4 Land Use................................................................................................................................9 1.5 Scale of growth..........................................................................................................................9 1.6 Area of study........................................................................................................................10 1.7 Key Issues ...........................................................................................................................10 1.8 Types of encroachments on roads.......................................................................................11 1.9 Peak Hour...........................................................................................................................12 1.10 Type of Congestion...........................................................................................................12 1.11 Factors responsible for traffic congestion.........................................................................12 1.12 Points of Congestion on entire RAJPUR road..........................................................................14 1.13 Parking requirement w.r.t. available parking....................................................................15 1.14 Aims and Objectives..........................................................................................................15 1.15 Scope.............................................................................................................................. 15 1.16 Limitation............................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER II - LITERATURE STUDY AND REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to Dehradun.............................................................................................16 2.1.2 Dehradun and Urbanisation 2.1.2 Site Context : Dehradun 2.2 What is market ?.................................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Classification of Market...................................................................................................16 2.2.2 What is need for market...................................................................................................20
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2.2.3 The Benefits of Public Market.........................................................................................20 2.2.4 Qualities Of Successful Public Markets..........................................................................21 2.2.5 Why Public Market Fails.................................................................................................28 2.2.6 General Factors In Market Planning And Design............................................................29 2.3 Classification Of Urban Roads..........................................................................................34 2.3.1 Types Of Street Systems..................................................................................................35 2.3.2 Traffic Management........................................................................................................39 2.3.3 Characteristics of Traffic Flow........................................................................................41 2.3.4 Factors affecting transportation.......................................................................................44 2.4 Literature reviews from journals, research papers etc........................................................50 2.5 Internet case studies............................................................................................................59
CHAPTER III - LIVE CASE STUDIES 3. 1 Redevelopment of Khan Market, Delhi.............................................................................80 3.1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................80 3.1.2 Location and context........................................................................................................80 3.1.3 Evolution of Khan Market...............................................................................................81 3.1.4 Site Connectivity..............................................................................................................82 3.1.5 Existing Land Use Pattern...............................................................................................83 3.1.6 Built v/s open spaces........................................................................................................84 3.1.7 Permeability.....................................................................................................................84 3.1.8 Issues and analysis...........................................................................................................86 3.1.9 Existing Pedestrian circulation and issues associated with Pedestrian infrastructure and circulation.................................................................................................................................86 3.1.10 Existing Vehicular circulation and issues associated with Vehicular infrastructure and circulation.................................................................................................................................87 3.1.11 Existing Parking facilities and issues associated with parking facilities.......................89 3.1.12 Proposed site zoning......................................................................................................90
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3.1.13 Proposed pedestrian infrastructure................................................................................91 3.1.14 Proposed vehicular circulation and infrastructure.........................................................93 3.2 Redevelopment of Neigbourhood Market ……………………………..............................95 3.2.1 Issues and Challenges......................................................................................................96 3.2.2 Encroachments on Public Space......................................................................................96 3.2.3 The Proposal....................................................................................................................98 3.3 Paltan Bazar Redevelopment Plan..................................................................................100 3.3.1 Area of Intervention.......................................................................................................100 3.3.2 Existing Condition.........................................................................................................100 3.3.3 Design Proposals............................................................................................................101
CHAPTER IV: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................103 4.2 Research Methodology.....................................................................................................103 4.2.1 Research Design............................................................................................................103 4.2.2 Instruments Used for Data Collection...........................................................................103 4.2.3 Research Findings..........................................................................................................104 4.3 Annexure A.......................................................................................................................106 4.4 Data Analysis....................................................................................................................109 CHAPTER V- CONCLUSION 5.1 Proposals...........................................................................................................................131 5.2 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................135
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 About the topic The central axis are the most over loaded roads of the city. Rapid and unorganized growth in city of Dehradun has led to a different tangent in which city seems running left and right in utter chaos with all sides jam packed. The moment you step outside on Rajpur Road, any time of day. One feels themselves landed in a traffic which seems endless and restless. Traffic congestion and management has taken over .
The peak hours have like the school/college times or the fundays like festivals and Sundays are spent more struggling the traffic then enjoying the destination, which was totally a different scenario 20 years back when migration hadn’t occurred. But the town is facing an unpredictable rate of migration from all over the country. An escalating population shoots up the demand of public facilities, natural resources, employment opportunities and more places for accommodations. The town is now experiencing a higher rate of jammed systems and blocked roads because of the increase in vehicular traffic in Dehradun
Figure 1.1Major Dehradun Road (almost divided in four parts)
1.1.1 Growing pressures on urban road networks In 2005, almost 5 out of 10 people across the globe lived in an urban area of 1 million inhabitants or more. World urbanization prospects compiled by the United Nations suggest that this number is likely to increase to almost 6 out of 10 people in 2030. This would mean that upwards of 4.97 billion people would be living in cities and urban agglomerations by that time. Urbanization is a phenomenon that is to increase with passage of time and so the problems of the urban areas are bound to become increasingly complicated and complex unless serious efforts are made to find innovative and lasting solutions.
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Dehradun, an old organic city with the superimposition of various layers of civilization, is struggling to establish its lost identity. The quality of urban fabric evolved over the generations is compatible with the typology observed with other traditional Indian towns. One of the major elements of such urban fabric is the evolution of `traditional street’. 1.2 Problem Statement “Dehradun city is facing acute pressure of vehicular traffic on the roads. The traffic situation is worsening in Dehradun every day. It has become a nightmare to drive four-wheelers in the city due to the increasing number of vehicles and narrow roads,” (Reference - https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/vehicular-traffic-pressure-reaches-alarminglevel-in-doon/story-9U96ER985Eozo8ogzvQA5I.html)
Figure 1.2 Showing Rajpur Road Landmarks
Figure 1.3 Rajpur Road Traffic highlight at peak hours 6:00-9:00 pm
1.3 Dehradun as per Master Plan and Urban Panning department
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As per master plan, RAJPUR Road is a 33m wide road, but, at present, at some places it is as narrow as 15m. The master plan shows just the road outline, no road reservation as well as no green space has been proposed. The road suffers from various bottlenecks. In the Dehradun, the mixed land use comprising of institutions, commercial and Residential is seen along the Roads. The Land use by Master Plan along both sides is the commercial use. The master plan segregates areas in various zones. What has happened in Dehradun on the RAJPUR Road is being repeated all over the state. The commercial areas are now over crowded, as over the time the need and population of town has grown but the area of the city remains the same. Everything in the master plan is related to population and not to the area. Any increase in the urban area wether commercial or residential should be accompanied by a proportionate increase in open spaces, parkings and provision for basic amenities like water supply, sewage drainage, and roads. As per THE UTTARAKHAND URBAN AND COUNTRY PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT ACT, 1973(ACQUISITION AND DISPOSAL OF LAND) Clause 17. Compulsory acquisition of land(1) If in the opinion of the State Government any land is required for the purpose of development or for any other purpose, under this Act the State Government may acquire such land under the Provisions of the Land Acquisition Act,1894: Provided that any person from whom any land is so acquired may after the expiration of a period of five years room the date of such acquisition apply to the State Government for restoration of that land to him on the ground that the land has not been utilized within the period for the purpose for which it was acquired, and if the State Government is satisfied to that effect it shall order restoration of the land to him on re-payment of the charges which were incurred in connection with the acquisition together with interest at the rate of twelve in connection with the acquisition together with interest at the rate of twelve per cent per annum and such development charges as if any may have been incurred after acquisition. (2) Where any land has been acquired by the State Government, that Government may, after it has taken possession of the land transfer the land to the 1[State Authority or any Local Development Authority as the case may be] or any local authority for the purpose for which the land has been acquired on payment
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by 2[State Authority or any Local Development Authority as the case may be] or the local Authority of the compensation awarded under that Act and of the charges incurred by the Government in connection with the acquisition.
Figure 1.3 Master Plan 2025
1.4 Land Use RAJPUR road is developed on a commercial road which holds around 25% residences which are now more than 30 years old. Eventually the new constructions are happening bringing up Malls and other
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commercial plazas. The commercial space of more than 20 lakh per sq ft is also in the process of development, which includes, booths, shops, shopping complexes and mall. 1.4.1 Existing Conditions of Study Area Rajpur Road is supposed to be 100 m wide road throughout the stretch, but, at present, at some places it is as narrow as 25 m. The road is gradually become the commercial road which had been an Elite residence area back in 1990s. There are illegal encroachments, road side parkings, no lane markings Traffic snarls each day during the school and office hours every morning and afternoon. There are many private on the Rajpur Road which makes it terrible for the residents to travel during the school hours and is one amongst the major reasons of increasing traffic in Dehradun The traffic is making it difficult for the pedestrians to walk on the roads. Reports have also showed that the town may not be having open spaces on the roads to walk on till 2025. The increasing number of scooters have jammed small nooks and corners. (Reference - https://www.dooncircle.com/traffic-indehradun-condition-of-dehradun-traffic/) 1.5 Place of study Dehradun is a historic city which lies in the foothills of the Himalayas surrounded by Doon valley. The outskirts of Doon city is so beautiful and enriched by natural resources like national parks, rivers, dense green forests with a variety of flora and fauna etc. This town is snuggled between two holiest rivers of India, i.e Yamuna and Ganga. The city is famous for its salubrious weather which makes it a favorite residential city. The Shivalik range in the south and high hills from the east gives a beguiling topographical setting to this city. So critically if you described this city geographically, then it surely lies in a very Eco-sensitive zone.
Dehradun, once recognized as a land of salubrious climate and home of the retired has always had people migrating from all over the country to have an undisturbed life in their advanced years. It has always made news for its long stretches of green pastures, unreserved folks, succulent lichi and an unseen euphoria that cannot be described but felt in the very soul of the city.
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Figure 1.5 Location of Dehradun in India
1.6 Scale of growth 50.5% of total population distributed in urban areas 49.5% of distributed in rural areas There is a characteristic scattered settlement pattern owing to the physical configuration of the valley. Though the smaller sized settlements outnumber the larger ones most of the population is concentrated in those having a population of more than 500 preferably range of 2000 to 5000.
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Figure 1.4 Dehradun colonies
There are 3 urban and 345 rural settlements. 3 main urban settlements:
Dehradun urban agglomeration
Rishikesh ( East)
Vikas Nagar ( West)
The Dehradun urban agglomeration (6423 hectares) consists of Dehradun municipal area, forest research institute, Adhoiwala outgrowth, Dehradun cantonment, and clement town and Rajpur town.
1.7 Key Issues: The Urban Built Environment or the surroundings impact our day to day life. The Dehradun settlement is mostly of the organic growth type where we can see the clear distinction between the native city and the colonial development. In the post-independence period, there was unprecedented growth in the population and the area. there was no effort to channelize this haphazard growth resulting in problems like Uncontrolled traffic and transportation, Proliferation of slums on lowlands and beds of seasonal streams, Encroachment of commercial activities, Congestion in the central core etc.
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The key issues and challenges faced by our city are listed below.
1.Pockets of Congestion at crossings
Crossing ahead
2. Bottle necks, Bottle necks after signals
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4
43 5
4
4
3
4
3. Booth on the shoulder 4. Garbage bin instead of foot path 5. No Zebra crossin or blocked due to mistake
5
4
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6. Footpath obstructed with various light poles 7. No green/buffer strip
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8. No space for parking, on road parkings
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9. Bus & Vikram Public transport congestion (undesignated stops)
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10. Encroachment by vendors
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The redevelopment work will improve traffic management and safety in the centre of the city and prevent the psychological adverse effects with a control on issues like accidents, chaos, congestion, women groping, pedestrian insecurity. Majorly our emphasis would be to take few other measures to organize the current chaos and accidents and provide more of positive commuting experience and facilities like pedestrian crossing, pavements, painted road surface divisions, cyclists experience. Furthermore, multiple level parking units would be recommended at certain places, and a proposal of no parking at other. We need to get this right for our future generations. We get only one chance to do it right. I have picked one area which will become a model for others to follow.
1.8 Types of encroachments on roads According to the encroachments on the different hierarchy of road patterns are of various types explain as under :1.8.1 Unauthorized and Illegal Parking Provisions– The illegal parking of vehicles on roads or carriage way causes problems in the traffic movement due to the unauthorized standing motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles which mainly causes hindrance in pedestrian movement also. Most of the road accidents are occurring just because of haphazard pedestrian movement. Uncontrolled parking also causes the hindrance in traffic movement. Encroachment on main commercial area road due to unauthorized & illegal parking. It effect badly by reducing the carriage way of this road. 1.8.2 Encroachment by Hawkers/Vendors – Hawke's mainly use the public spaces, parking area and roadside areas for doing their vending activities, which also effect badly on the row of the road and create hindrance in traffic and pedestrian movement on the RAJPUR road. 1.8.3 Encroachment by Shopkeepers – In the main commercial streets, mostly the shopkeepers use to encroach the road space area by putting their stuff on the roads for advertisements, which results in reducing of row of the roads. Also, they park their 4 wheelers for 24 hours in front of their shops. 1.9 PCU count of traffic to determine congestion at peak hours 1.9.1 Capacity estimation The capacity is estimated as the number of lanes multiplied by 2,200 vehicles per hour per lane four fourlane freeway segments and 2,300 vehicles per hour per lane for segments with six or more lanes. (source: APPENDIX B traffic level of service, calculation method) Dehradun Rajpur Road is a 4 lane segment.
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1.9.2 Peak Hour In the below table, the approx. traffic volume is counted in the RAJPUR road area. The traffic volume is counted in the congested points on entire RAJPUR road. The survey has been done in Peak hours (6:30pm-9:30pm).
Table 1.1 PCU count at 2 nodes. As per the above table count PCU AND Traffic capacity available we see that we are handling crowd 4 times over the possible capacity. 1.10 Type of Congestion There is basically 3 types of congestion is there: (a) 4 wheelers (b) 3 wheelers (c) 2 wheelers No. of pedestrians and cyclists are very few as there is always moving vehicular traffic on the roads and also there is no provision for pedestrian ways and crossings.
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Also, no heavy vehicles like trucks, buses etc. enters the Rajpur road in day time as for trucks the NH (national highway) is the closed route from 8am-8pm. 1.11 Factors responsible for traffic congestion
Fig - Newspaper article survey of Times of India 15 march,2018 Traffic chaos due to lack of parking space on Rajpur road is one of the key problematic issues for locals, a TOI survey has found. During the survey, in which few locals as well as visitors were interviewed, TOI that mismanagement and lesser space of parking on the road was the biggest problem in the area. Locales feel the major reason for congestion is the encroachment by vendors 1.11.2 The data is collected with the help of interviewing method to know about the various causes for the traffic congestion in that area. Interviewees were: Residents, visitors and shopkeepers of Rajpur road. On the basis of interviews, there were various reasons for traffic congestion on Rajpur road, those are given below:
Encroachment by the vendors decrease the road width People use the RAJPUR road to move b/w Jakhan area and Survey Chowk (it falls 4km North and East of the Rajpur Road) Ineffective traffic police in the area Unplanned city growth Street lights are missing Unorganized or unplanned parking spaces Due to absence of pedestrian paths, they avoid walking on road and prefer commuting via their private vehicles even for short distances Inadequate lighting on the road Peak hours congestion mismanagement No marked lanes are there on RAJPUR road. No traffic lights are there Openings in medians are too far Various activities are happening on single road
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No round abouts on junctions are there Lack of different lanes for cars, cycles and Cannot walk or drive two wheelers in the rain Wastage of space due to people parking cars in an indiscipline manor
1.12 Nodes of Congestion on entire RAJPUR road As per interviews with visitors, residents, shopkeepers and vendors, the area from Eucalyptus Chowk (after CrossRoad Mall) to the RTO (Silver City Mall) is the main stretch of congestion which is already comes under the researcher's scope. According to ―MDDA Bye-Laws 2011, the parking requirement for the mixed use development is 2.0 ECS / 100 sqm built up area shall be provided within the premises. (Where this is not available, cost of development of parking, shall be payable by the plot allotted / owner to the local body concerned for Multi‐ level parking to be provided as an option. This condition shall apply even if residential premises are used only for professional activity. Approximate 24289.76 sqm is built up area is there on Rajpur road which doesn't have parking within their premises. According to MDDA bye laws, the required parking area is equivalent to 502 cars. According to NBC standards, for surface parking 25sqm/ECS area is required. So, for 502 car parking, 12550 sqm area is required but at present 8564.67 sqm area is there for surface parking which is almost half of the required parking area and also this area is partially encroached by vendors and shopkeepers. On the basis of above calculation we state that there might be need to increase the Parking numbers, which is suggested to fulfill with various feasible design solutions like Multi level Parking, etc Source:(MDDA Bye laws 2011 Page 63) 1.15 Aims and Objectives The research aims at bringing out possible design solutions for RAJPUR road to reduced traffic congestion and make it a smooth flow road, with a safe and lively situation. To achieve the aim, adopted objectives are given below:
To identify the various reasons behind the congestion and chaotic condition of RAJPUR road. To make out the optimum use of available spaces in providing a congestion free experience to all the end users. To provide proper and efficient parking. To promote more of community spaces around the Malls and shopping area To carve out the space for the pedestrians
1.16 Scope The scope will be limited to the stretch of RAJPUR road (from CrossRoad Mall to Silver city Mall).
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Inferences: Thus respondent satisfaction level is as follows 1. With Parking is medium. 2. With Foot Path is medium. 3. With Zebra crossing is medium. .4.14 How much are you satisfied with present scenario of following on the Rajpur Road (from Crossroad Mall – Silvercity Mall)?
Ratings 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
0.5 0 Traffic Lights poor
Bus/Taxi stands medium
good
best
Road network excellent
Inferences: Thus respondent satisfaction level is as follows 1. With Traffic light is medium. 2. With Bus/taxi stands is medium. 3. With Road network is medium
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DISSERTATION REPORT 2019 CHAPTER V DESIGN SOLUTION The study says that the possible solutions would be as follows: Removal of roadside encroachment by vendors or shopkeepers Removal of light pillars and garbage dump from pathways Restrict the road side parking and propose the multi-level parking at certain possible spots Restrict entry of heavy vehicles during peak hours Proper division of lanes(vehicular, pedestrian, cycle path) Provision of extra parking space Provision of fly over bridge for pedestrian crossing Provision of more traffic and street lights Provision of flyovers/underpasses for diverting traffic Addition of arterial roads to take the load Direct connection to arterial roads.
Figure 5.1 Sectional Proposal for existing main Rajpur road.
Figure 5.2 Connectivity for existing main Rajpur road.
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Figure 5.3 Connectivity for existing main Rajpur road. Thus forming a cross road connecting straight to Mall and secretariat
Figure 5.4 Proposal for alternate route
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Figure 5.5 Sectional Proposal for alternate route 18m
Figure 5.6 Area outside Silver City Plaza is proposed to have more of community space, route to basement parking is diverted before the entrance to the mall. So that market can remain a vehicular free zone. More of plaza feel is developed around it, connecting with food and market hub on opposite side of road.
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Figure 5.7 Sectional Proposal for area outside Silver City
Figure 5.8 Colour Proposal for area outside Silver City
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