the Case Study re-dux 2.0

spring 2023.

HISTORY

1900-1940

World War 1 (1914-18), World War 11 (1939-45) 9 Million Immigrants arrive in the first decade

Influenza Pandemic (1918-20)

OF

Ford Model T (1908), Wired Electricity in Homes (1910’s), and Radio Broadcasting (1930’s) 19th Amendment (1920), the Prohibition (1919-33), and Treaty of Versailles (1920)

THE

Cities Grow, Incomes Rise, Period of Peace and Prosperity (1900’s), Then the Great Depression (1929-39)

HOME

case study redux2.0

Isolated & Functional 1

Formal Gathering and Display 2 Display Social Status and Class 3

1940-1960

World War 11 (1939-45), Cold War (1947-1991)

Birth Rates Skyrocket & Suburbs Boom (post WW2), and the Civil Rights Movement begins (1954-68) Television became common in Homes (1950’s) and a Pop Culture Boom (1950’s)

Housewives Peaceful Domain in the Nuclear Family 1 Separation of Family and Living Room 2

Gathering Space for the Nuclear Family 4

1 Giltner, D. (2022, August 30). The history of the modern kitchen: History of the kitchen. BAUFORMAT SEATTLE. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. bauformatseattle.com/resources/2020/8/17/kitchen-history 2 Magnuson, S. (2020, November 11). The warm and fuzzy history of the American “family room”. Apartment Therapy. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. apartmenttherapy.com/history-of-american-family-room-36840292 3 Baumgarthuber, C., & Baumgarthuber, C. (2020, July 21). A short history of the dining room (part 1). The New Inquiry. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://thenewinquiry. com/blog/a-short-history-of-the-dining-room-part-1/

spring 2023.

1960-1980

Vietnam War (1955-75) and Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Civil Rights March (1963), JFK Assassination (1963), EPA & OSHA Created (1970), Water Gate Scandal (1972-74)

Video Games at Home (1972)

Colorful, Functional, & Becoming the Heart of Domesticitity 1 Trending Towards Informal and Comfortable 5

Gathering Space for the Nuclear Family 4

4 Griffin, M. (2016, February 16). ‘no place for discontent’: A history of the family dinner

case study redux2.0

in America. NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/sections/ thesalt/2016/02/16/459693979/no-place-for-discontent-a-history-of-the-family-dinnerin-america 5 How The family room went public. Herman Miller. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.hermanmiller.com/stories/why-magazine/how-the-family-roomwent-public/

1980-2020

Gulf War (1990-1991), 9/11 (2001), Iraq War (2003-11)

COVID Pandemic (2020-??)

NAFTA (1994) and The Great Recession (2007-2009) Email (1980’s), Personal Computer (1980’s), Mobile Phones (1980’s), MTV (1981), Internet (1993), Google (1998), WIFI (2000’s), Smart Home Technology (2010’s), Streaming (2010’s), and Social Media (2010’s)

Open, Expensive, & Stylish 6

Technology Driven 5

Informal & Multi-Purpose 3

6 Walton, J. (2023, February 2). Homes through the ages. House Beautiful. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/renovate/design/news/ a104/homes-through-the-ages/

spring 2023.

CASE STUDY HOUSE #12 Seite 45

1946 - Whitney R. Smith The client’s living pattern was a prominent aspect in the design.

The lath house provided openness for the plants throughout the space.

Each portion of the home is purposefully zoned for function. 1

A+A_1948_12_31-60

13.05.2005

11:42 Uhr

Seite 33

1

Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1946, February).

Case Study House 12 Arts & Architecture, 44-47.

CASE STUDY HOUSE #20 1948 - Richard Neutra Designed with a prefabricated utility core with ready to use mechanicals.

Mechanical program of the house is built around the core.

Modest square footage to meet budget and leaves room for later improvements. 2

case study redux2.0

5 Uhr

2

Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1948, December).

Case Study House 20 Arts & Architecture, 32-41.

CASE STUDY HOUSE #25

A&A_1962_10.qxd

02.02.2007

11:53 Uhr

Seite 18

1962 - Killingsworth, Brady, Smith + Associates Light is used as a sculptural element.

The interior contains and enclosed courtyard.

The house was designed to blend in with the surrounding neighbors. 3

A&A_1963_06.qxd

15.03.2007

16:24 Uhr

Seite 22

3

Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1962, October).

Case Study House 25 Arts & Architecture, 16-29.

CASE STUDY HOUSE #27 1962 - Campbell, Wong + Associates Designed with precast concrete.

House was designed in the form of units.

Meant to be expanded upon as the user grows. 4

#2 #1

4

Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1963, June).

Case Study House 27 Arts & Architecture, 20-22.

spring 2023.

GREAT

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

EASE OF SHIPMENT AND ASSEMBLY

DURABILITY

DIY

CUSTOMIZABILITY

AFFORDABILITY

VERY POOR

KIT HOUSING (1900-1940)

case study redux2.0

INNOVATIONS/SUCCESSES: • Mail order made homes extremely accessible and inexpensive.

• DIY assembly meant homes were relatively customizable with obvious limitations.

• 21% of all confirmed homes sold by Sears between 1908 and 1940 in the US are located in Ohio, higher than any other state.

FAILURES: • Cost of homes was often inaccurate (price only reflected the cost of materials, and the total sum of purchasing land, building a foundation, gaining access to utilities, and potentially labor costs would nearly double the sum total cost of the house).

• Ultimately failed because of economic instability in the 1930s, and the development of more streamlined models for development (i.e.

Levittowns and Tract Housing).

GREAT

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

EASE OF SHIPMENT AND ASSEMBLY

DURABILITY

DIY

CUSTOMIZABILITY

AFFORDABILITY

VERY POOR

TRACT HOUSING (1945-TODAY) INNOVATIONS/SUCCESSES: • Largely in response to the establishment of the FHA to meet the large demand for housing following WWII. • Developers integrated land acquisition, utilities/access road construction into their business model, eliminating the need for buyers to address these issues individually.

• Popularized by William Levit and Joseph Eichler following the introduction of the Case Study House program. Originally focused on the relationship between the architect and developer.

FAILURES: • Ultimately sacrifices architectural quality for developer-driven design.

• Contributes negatively to car dependency in America.

• Customizability limited by HOAs and developer’s standards.

• Rising labor costs threaten sustainability of this business model, which relies on many individual trades for construction and materials.

spring 2023.

ALTERNATIVE HOUSING FIVE-OVER-ONE (2009-TODAY): • Densification of residential development from SFH. • Promotes mixed-use neighborhoods and makes new housing accessible to a wider range of buyers.

• Enabled by IBC updates and greater demand for inexpensive housing during the Great Recession.

MOBILE/MODULAR HOMES (1956-TODAY): • Constituted approximately 23% of all new construction housing projects in 1973.

• Hyper-simplification of home assembly: pre-constructed modules placed on cement blocks.

• Has fallen off in popularity due to public perception that this type of housing is unsafe, bland, and generally undesirable.

case study redux2.0

HOME CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

RESEARCH

case study redux2.0

spring research 2023.

NARRATIVE LOOKING BEYOND THE STATES. 1

2

3

Our intent is to evolve American housing by expanding our idea of American. Due to the diversity of the American people, we believe that there can be no such thing as an “average American”. In this research, we examine the current composition of American households, a cultural analysis of America, the history of cultural influence on American architecture, and housing types found outside of the United States all to allow us to better understand the many narratives of American housing. timeline of cultural influence on american architectural style.

1600-1720

COLONIAL

1700-1770

GEORGIAN

1776-1920

NEOCLASSICAL

1800-1900

GOTHIC REVIVAL

1920-1940 1925-1960

original immigrant.

Greece and Rome.

Greece.

France.

ART DECO

Paris.

MODERNIST Britain.

AMERICANS AND THEIR HOMES. In 1960, family-type households accounted for 85% of all households. Versus, in 2020, family-type households accounted for 65% of all households. The share of family-type households has been decreasing over the past 60 years and is projected to continue decreasing. Many young adults are delaying and/ or foregoing family life, and many project not having children in the future.

In 2021, 25% of young adults (25-34) resided in a multi-generational family-type household, “levels not International Housing Digital Collage Series.

1. Casa Estudio by Luis Barragan in Mexico merges geometry with nature by using simple forms, light and shadow, mixed with plants, and outdoor spaces.

2. Narrow shophouses in Vietnam are surrounded by neighboring buildings with only the roof and front facade available for design.

3. Apartment houses in South Korea are inspired by Le Corbusier’s, “Radiant City,” and are an appropriate response for a densely populated nation with mountainous terrain.

spring 2023.

7% 8% 14% UNDER 25

9%

28%

33%

married couples with children married couples without children

38%

11%

19%

4

19%

9%

26%

5

25-44 16% 45-64

37% 44%

6% 11% 10%

42%

4

65 & up AMERICAN HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION. 2021.

% of non-parents (18-49) that say...

Likely to have children

Not likely to have children 44%

55% % of parents (18-49) that say...

Likely to have more children 26%

Not likely to have more children 74%

YOUNG ADULTS’ PROJECTIONS ON HAVING CHILDREN SOMEDAY. 2021.

seen since the Great Depression.” Young adults are being forced to cope with rising student debt and housing costs.

case study redux2.0

In 2011, only 9.8% of homes were an “aging-ready home”. i.e. housing units that have a step-free entryway, a bedroom and full bathroom on the first floor, and at least one bathroom accessibility feature. The US has already started to experience an increase in its elderly population, and that increase is projected to continue.

Roughly 60% of adults claim to prefer living in a community with larger, spaced-out homes that are farther from amenities. i.e. “classic” American-suburban neighborhoods with large homes, lawns, and driveways where residents are unable to rely on public transportation and must own a car. This preference amongst adults has increased atleast 8 percentage points across all groups (political parties, ethnicities, ages, and educations) since prior to the pandemic.

single parents with children other family single other nonfamily

2020 CENSUS DATA. Mexico India China Dominican Republic Vietnam Philippines El Salvador Brazil Cuba South Korea

100,325 46,363 41,4 83 30,005 29,995 25,491 1 7, 9 0 7 1 6 , 74 6 16,367 16,24 4

U.S. CULTURAL COMPOSITION. White Hispanic Black Asain Multiple Races Native American Native Hawaiian

60.1% 18.5% 12.2% 5.60% 2.80% 0.70% 0.20%

25%

9%

1971

1981

1991

% OF YOUNG ADULTS (25-34) LIVING IN MULTIGENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS.

2001

2011

2021

spring 2023.

TOTAL

THE STATEMENT: the home will be designed with intention of total design. design will be concentrated down to every intense point. prioritizing packing, hyper-innovations, and flexibility will drive the design to be at its totality.

DEFINING RADICAL DESIGN BY:

walls program furniture environment total design is...

DESIGN

adding movable partitions that breakup spaces

RESEARCH

case study redux2.0

total design is...

transformative furniture

functional compact proportions with versatility flexibility in space convenience in design

total design all design is total design assembly of parts segmented arrangement of program division between interior and exterior

total design is...

efficiently packing programming into a single space

total design is...

relating the interior to the exterior

this is all bullshit...

spring 2023.

RADICAL

THE STATEMENT: the home will be designed with intention of radicality. not conformed by predetermined notions about what a house should be. prioritizing the client and their opinions, while challenging them and breaking the standard.

DEFINING RADICAL DESIGN BY:

walls program furniture environment radical design is...

DESIGN

planes that create diverse relationships in space

RESEARCH

case study redux2.0

radical design is...

miscellaneous paraphernalia

how can we question the original narrative? blurring the lines of defined space how to make design for a niche market catered towards a larger pubic blurring the use of functions

defining the radical multi-focal relationship to outside

appreciating the in between

fulfilling peace between the interior and exterior fold large ideas into logically compact designs expand and contract spatial depth

radical design is...

a home with no program

radical design is...

a fluid journey through air

stay attentive to your reservations...

case study redux2.0

spring 2023.

CLT + MODULARITY RESEARCH

“FOR OURSELVES, WE WILL REMAIN NONCOMMITTAL UNTIL ALL THE FACTS ARE IN. OF COURSE WE HAVE OPINIONS, BUT THEY REMAINED TO BE PROVED.” The definition of “house” evolves because, people and conditions evolve. There’s never a final version of a designed house. Therefore, flexibility is a must.

The solution that is found should be adaptive to the changing conditions of the world, as well as having practicality for the future.

These homes should also take new materials and building techniques into consideration, especially if the only reason to use traditional methods is because they are regarded as “safe.”

CONDITIONS AND CONCEPTIONS CHANGE, SO SHOULD ARCHITECTURE.

We begin our proposals with a focus and constraint of using CLT panels that are 9:50—our reasons behind using CLT is the sustainability for our environment and the technical advancements to the construction process. Other materials may be considered; however, we think it leads to a conversation of how the CLT panels are used, measured, and displayed.

spring 2023.

a standardized 9:50 blank will allow for guaranteed freight delivery to the site.

9

a common language allows for us to measure and evaluate performance.

case study redux2.0

50

why 9:50? Jennifer Bonner speculates that the clt panel should be standardized. manufactures determine the dimensions and properties of clt blanks. blanks can range from “1’ - 10’ in width and 39’ - 52’, while the laminate ply has a varying thickingess of 4”, 7” and 11”, depending on the specs for each lamination.

an engineered wood product

7 ply

7 ply

clt is an engineered wood product that consists of dimensional wood lumber, that’s oriented at right angles to one another and then glued.

5 ply

5 ply

purchasing clt when clt is purchased, buyers purchase an entire blank.

3 ply

usually, clt is created strictly from 2x6 dimensional lumber; however, special arrangements can be made to create custom blanks.

3 ply

1X2

2X4

most common

7 ply

7 ply

5 ply

5 ply

clt options because clt is engineered, that means we can create panels with varying lumber3 ply sizes and special laminations. clt is usually constructed in 3, 5, 7 and 9 ply thicknesses.

3 ply

1X3

2X6

spring 2023.

homemade CLT recipe Serving size: 5 2’x6’ homemade CLT panels. here’s our step by step process:

1

2

3

4

glue is applied on the top of face, as each layer is stacked.

6

5

7

8

melanine is used to keep each layer square before tightening.

9

10

11

12

15

16

bolts will be tightened to help the clt bond under pressure.

13

14

case study redux2.0

ingredients (estimate) 1. 27 - 1x3x8 dimensional lumber 2. 8 - non-galvonized c-channels 3. 16 - washers 4. 16 - bolt

5. 8 - rods 6. 1 - bucket of titebond 7. a numerous amount of tools

1/2” Nutnut 1/2” Nu 1/2”

3”non-galvanized 3” Non Galvanized 3” C Channel Non Galvanized C Channel c-channel

1/2” Washer 1/2” Washe 1/2” washer

Cross Laminated Boards Cross Laminated Boards cross laminated boards ~1.5” ~1/8”

~1/8”

0.5”

~1.5” ~1/8”

0.5”

3/4”

3/4”

3/4”

3/4”

3/4”

3/4”

0.5” ~1.5”

~1/8”

1/2” x 2” melamine strips

1/2” XStrips 2” Melamine Strip 1/2” X 2” Melamine

0.5” ~1.5”

1/2” Washe 1/2” Washer 1/2” washer

creating a jig clt panels are pressed to an immense amount of pressure. our version uses non-galvanized c-channels, that will allow us to tightly squeeze our 1x3 lumber, into a functioning 2’-0” x 6’-0” blank.

1/2” X 4 1/2” Bo 1/2” x 4 1/2” 1/2” X 4 1/2” Bolt bolt

japanese joinery clt joinery is tricky. in order to be precise, joinery must be done by milling and must be pre-planned. connections can be strengthened using rods, nuts and bolts. the possibilities of joinery are endless. here is a small sample.

interior facing supplies hardware joint

half lapped joint screw butt joint single surface spline

bracket joint

rabbited joint

single internal spline

spring 2023.

hyrbid traditional stud frame

post+beam

hidden steel connections

clt+brick

clt+steel

shell

kit of parts

exclusively clt blanks

post+panel

schindler shelter

case study redux2.0

the schindler shelter uses the idea of symmetrical housing which can rotate about a core with a series of modular parts to create a home. the units are comprised of only 9 panels, constraining the design to work within a 4’ grid, while also providing endless combinations of layouts. with the access to clt as a reliable, accurate resource in which parts are fabricated before arriving to the site, the can construction times and labor costs can be streamlined while not sacrificing flexibility in design.

hybrid

shell

most flexible

cost of material

post+beam

most custom

customizability at fabrication/construction

stud frame

cost of labor shell

speed in field

post+beam

adaptability over time

kit of parts

hybrid

stud frame

kit of parts

accuracy

most static

least custom

Tower Within A Tower. (n.d.). kwongvonglinow.com. Retrieved from http://www.kwongvonglinow.com/projects/towers-within-a-tower.

Gili Merin. “AD Classics: Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects” 09 Feb 2023. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Feb 2023.

“Bay Window Tower House / Takaaki Fuji + Yuko Fuji Architecture” 29 Nov 2022. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Feb 2023.

4 Sears Catalog Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.dghistory.org/Sears-Catalog-Homes.html 5 Park, J.-H. (2004). An integral approach to design strategies and construction systems R. M. Schindler’s “Schindler shelters.” Journal of Architectural Education, 58(2), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1162/1046488042485376 6 Kit houses from Sears, Roebuck. Old House Journal Magazine. (2021, July 1). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. oldhouseonline.com/house-tours/kit-houses/ 7 Bonner, J., & Kara, H. (2022). Blank: Speculations on Clt. Applied Research and Design Publishing.

8 Timber product mapping, Gray Organschi Archtiects, Timber City 1

2

3

spring 2023.

1 - sears catalog home advertisement between 1908 and 1942, sears sold around 75,000 homes that were advertised in this manner, showing plans and amenities that the kit included.

2 - “ohio bungalow” by sears, robuck

1

this is an example of a sears home that still survives today, unlike a large amount of them which were left abandoned. after the war began, the price of lumber no longer allowed for sales of homes like this one.

3 - schindler shelters study models

case study redux2.0

this is a panel-post construction example, which was the main driver to schindler’s pre-fab homes. The bottom of the image shows a computer generated model of a similar construction.

examples of prefabricated or catalog homes have been attempted in the past, but were limited by the materials used. we believe CLT can be the saving grace for this idea.

4 - schindler drawing

plan

all of the pre-fab homes that were conceived were based on a 4’ x 4’ grid, which he said related to the human body scale as well as common construction materials available at that time. the system was known as the “space referance frame.”

2

4

3

spring 2023.

modularity for our case study home, can allow for custom applications created off site. clt has inherent modular characteristics, allowing for a successful material for modularity

1

1 - bay window tower house the levels are designed with different program ideas and share very similar form. the building reduces the need for air conditioning by observing stimulations of light, wind and heat.

2 - tower within a tower a new take on the typical residential tower, splitting the units into vertical stacks. options consist of single units, couple units and family units, allowing inhabitants to choose exactly what they may need.

2

3 - habitat 67 a clustered approach to prefabricated housing, using a majority concrete. offers amenities normally found in single family homes.

4 - bathroom concept 01 larger bathroom with a rectangular layout, consisting of 64% of a blank.

case study redux2.0

5 - bathroom concept 02 smaller bathroom with a square layout, consisting of 56% of a blank.

6 - bedroom concept 01 owner bedroom, typical punch windows and utilizing 96% of a blank excluding window cutouts.

7 - bedroom concept 02 owner bedroom, with floor to ceiling window utilizes 95% of a blank.

3

12’ x 12’ footprint

10’ x 6’ footprint

4

7’ x 7’ footprint

6

14’ x 10’ footprint

5

7