ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Gospel Hall, New Pier Road: the Hall front facade

Gospel Hall, New Pier Road: entrance hall with painted biblical quote

NJ 95738 05779 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 31 January and 10 February 2020 prior to the Gospel Hall being converted into a community hall. The hall was built in one phase in 1951 by the Brethren as a meeting house, replacing a wooden shed which had previously been in use for the purpose. The main entrance is in the NE wall on New Pier Road and this leads to a corridor with male and female cloakrooms and toilets on each side of the corridor. Above the door into the hall is a painted plaque ‘IT IS TIME TO SEEK THE LORD’. The hall is one main room with a dais at the SW end with a full immersion font lined with sheet steel and with copper fittings. There is a painted plaque above the dais ‘GATHER MY SAINTS TOGETHER UNTO ME’ and there is a wooden lectern with a bible and ‘THY WORD IS TRUTH’ on the NE panel facing the congregation. The door in the SE end of the room leads to a small kitchen and a door to the rear. Excavation of the garden has revealed surfaces and finds dumped in the grounds prior to the hall being constructed and this has added information to the history of this area of Footdee. Archive: NRHE

NJ 93920 08785 A ground penetrating radar survey was carried out at St Machar’s Cathedral (Canmore ID: 20216), on 21 April 2020, along with the replacement of the drainage system and lightning protection. A number of features were recorded including services and graves, and a watching brief will be carried out on all the groundworks associated with these works. Archive: NRHE Funder: St Machar’s Cathedral

Evaluation Alison Cameron – Cameron Archaeology

NJ88275 10214 A 5% evaluation was carried out, 11–12 November 2019, prior to a housing development. No features were identified or finds recovered apart from 19th and 20th-century agricultural features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt North Scotland

Watching brief Moyra Simon – Cameron Archaeology

NO 52631 99580 The watching brief, held in November 2019, prior to the construction of a garage, revealed the foundations of a 19th-century building. Evidence of a possible laundry copper base, lead water pipes and cast iron sewer pipe validate the owner’s belief that this building was used as a laundry. Archive: NRHE Funder: AJC

Watching brief and excavation Alison Cameron and Robert Lenfert – Cameron Archaeology

NO 80150 74653 A watching brief and subsequent excavations of human skeletal remains took place, September 2020, in advance of a small building extension for a disabled toilet and associated drainage works. The articulated burials (SK1–4) were Christian burials placed in an E–W extended supine orientation. They are the remains of two ‘lairs’; it is possible that there were other burials above and adjacent to these which were removed when the extension was built onto the church in the late 19th or early 20th century. The ‘lairs’ excavated align with current gravestones dated to the late 19th century and it is thought that burials SK1–4 also date to that period. Disarticulated bone recovered is usual for a

busy medieval and post-medieval graveyard. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: The Church of Scotland

Assessment Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NO 72330 91223 An assessment was undertaken within the Scheduled Monument called The Nine Stanes, Mulloch Wood, Stone Circle (SM979, Canmore ID: 36748) on behalf of Forestry and Land Scotland in relation to two recently windblown trees located immediately to the E of the stone circle within the Scheduled Area. The purpose of the work was to assess whether the uprooting of the two trees had caused any damage to buried archaeological remains, and the assessment was carried out between 16 December and 21 December 2019. The work comprised excavation of a single trench incorporating the two tree root bowls and an area to the SW next to the outer edge of the stone circle. Although excavation was limited, this extension allowed comparison of deposits encountered at the windblow site with those on the fringes of the stone circle, while also providing an opportunity to re-examine an area thought to have been excavated in the early 1900s by F Coles.

Overall there had been minimal disturbance to buried archaeological remains as a result of the two windblown trees, although a very small portion of a possible trampled surface that was present around the outside edge of the stone circle may have been partially disturbed. In addition to the trampled surface a small, truncated cairn was recorded to the E of the standing stones while the origins of a large cairn-like deposit of earth and stone, defined on its eastern side by a possible narrow gully running between the fallen flanker and an upright stone to the NE, remains unclear. This material could relate to the ephemeral remains of a larger cairn within the stone circle or be the result of backfill and reinstatement from the 1904 excavation. Archive: NRHE Funder: Forestry and Land Scotland

Fieldwalking Alison Cameron, Sheila Duthie − Mesolithic Deeside

Mesolithic Deeside is a group of archaeologists, students and volunteers researching for evidence of human activity on Deeside, Aberdeenshire, during the Mesolithic period.

During the spring of 2020, the following fields were walked (please note that all grid references are for the NE corner of the field):

NO 74706 96922 Candieshill 2

NO 79528 98851 Sunnyside 1

NO 79708 99140 Sunnyside 2

NO 79833 99242 Sunnyside 3

NO 79984 99318 Sunnyside 4

NO 79761 99394 Sunnyside 5

NO 79914 99592 Sunnyside 6

NO 79703 98055 Drumallan 1

NO 72629 96142 Knappach 1

NO 74488 95656 East Balbridie 4

NO 74684 95654 East Balbridie 5

NO 80259 99116, NO 80099 99213, NO 80316 99359 Mosside 1,2 and 3

NO 73505 95830 Balbridie 2

NO 73232 95891 Balbridie 3

NO 73486 95998 Balbridie 4 NO 79080 98164 East Park 2

NO 79122 98428 East Park 3

NO 61593 96590 Sluie 1

NO 62402 96511 Sluie 2

NO 61242 96853 Lower Tillydrine 1

NO 60739 97481 Lower Tillydrine 2

NO 60219 97928 Lower Tillydrine 3

NO 76205 96741 Nethermills 8 1569 lithics (including 1 barbed and tanged arrowhead) recovered – analysis pending. (See Back Cover). Archive: NRHE Funder: Aberdeenshire Council Marr Area, Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service, King George V Wind Turbine Panel, Aboyne Games, ScotMid Community Fund, Bread of Life Community Fund

Mesolithic Deeside: lithics in situ East Park 2

NJ 6919 6399 A survey was undertaken of a small townhouse prior to demolition and a watching brief was undertaken during demolition and during the machine excavation for a new yard wall along the street frontage. The work took place from 26 June to 7 August 2020. It is possible that this street frontage was built up during the 18th century, but no 18th-century structural details could be identified.

The house was two and a half storeys high with a projecting extension in the centre of the back wall containing the stairwell. The windows and doors had been replaced and the interior had been restructured when the house was used as a bed and breakfast and no original details survived.

The watching brief showed that the walls were built directly on shingle. No traces of earlier structures or artefacts were observed. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

NO 79629 67027 A photographic survey was carried out at Murray McBay Lobster warehouse prior to alterations to the B-listed building. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief and excavation Leah Watt − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NJ 6687 6481 to NJ 8344 4439 A watching brief and subsequent excavations were undertaken in a 40m wide cable route corridor running from landfall in Inverboyndie Bay (NJ 6687 6481) to the substation at New Deer, S of Burnside (NJ 8344 4439). The work took place between November 2018 and December 2019.

In Section 1 (NJ 6618 6448), a stone-lined souterrain was excavated. The souterrain measured 13m in length, 1.2–3.3m wide and survived to a maximum depth of 1.1m. The souterrain appears to have been deliberately backfilled and the backfilling deposits were overlying the remains of what was interpreted as a potential occupation deposit. In addition to the souterrain, two curvilinear ditches, assumed to form part of a circular, ditched enclosure, were identified during topsoil stripping. The northern arc measured 34m long and the southern arc measured 27.5m. The northern ditch ranged in width between 1.5–3.0m and depth between 0.22–0.74m. The southern ditch ranged in width between 1.5–2.4m and depth between 0.32–0.66m. The diameter across the enclosure was 24m externally and enclosed an area of approximately 160m². A 9m wide entrance was located to the E and another possible entrance to the N. The fills were indicative of a natural slow silting up of the ditches.

In Section 2 (NJ 6617 6370), a large irregular scooped pit presented an abundance of Late Bronze Age pottery across sequential phases of activity.

In Section 5 (NJ 6620 6077), a N–S alignment of shallow pits contained compact pebble surfaces possibly indicative of a kilntype structure.

In Section 12 (NJ 7191 5992), a circular pit arrangement surrounded the heat-affected traces of a hearth, bounded by two curvilinear ditches.

In Section 8 (NJ 6911 5977) the excavation followed on from an evaluation on six cropmark sites which identified a number of archaeological features. The excavation was undertaken during topsoil stripping operations. An extensive spread of negative features was identified. These are considered to be prehistoric in date. Two clusters of complex features were identified close together and although their purpose is unclear, they are likely to present the remains of structures used in industrial activity. A fourposted structure was identified, and numerous pits and several ring ditches were spread across a wider area. It is highly likely that these remains present the partial remains of a wider complex which likely extends to the N.

A cluster of features comprising a curvilinear ring ditch, a large pit, a possible posthole and a partially exposed feature were identified and excavated in Section 9 (NJ 6949 6047). No other features were identified in this area although the possibility remains that further remains may survive nearby, especially to the N and E.

An excavation of a stone-built corn-drying kiln was undertaken within Section 29. The kiln consisted of a sub-circular fire pit, a stone-built flue and a substantial sub-circular dry stone chamber, orientated NE to SW down the slope. Accumulated deposits comprised ashy bands of silting within the flue mouth and organic silt within the chamber, sealed with rubble and backfill across the feature. Morphologically, the round kiln is similar to widespread examples in Scotland dating from the medieval to post-medieval periods. No archaeological finds were recovered from the deposits. No further archaeologically significant deposits were identified in the vicinity.

Finds across the sites included prehistoric pottery, worked flint and stone consistent with the common distribution of prehistoric features and activity throughout the local area. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Natural Power Consultants

Mar Lodge Estate: National Trust for Scotland Archaeologist Dr Daniel Rhodes and The Glenlivet Master Distiller Alan Winchester surveying a potential illicit still site

a programme of measured recording was carried out by the NTS Archaeology Team from 21 to 25 September 2020. Eight known still sites were hand drawn and photographed, and a series of other potential sites inspected and recorded for future visits. (Canmore ID: 27750, 27755, 27762, 81243, 81247, 81431, 180791). Archive: National Trust for Scotland Funder: National Trust for Scotland and The Glenlivet

Historic building survey Stuart Farrell

NJ 53133 39346 A photographic and measured building survey was undertaken of the remains of Bleachfield Sawmill (Canmore ID: 90090) prior to its demolition. Few features of interest of the building survived. The building seems to have been built in the mid-19th century and gone out of use as a sawmill in WW2. The work took place on 29 May 2020. Archive: NRHE Funder: RT Architectural Design Services

NJ 79146 00420 A historic building survey was carried out by the National Trust for Scotland Archaeology Team on 8 October 2020. The focus of the survey was a small cottage and byre on the Drum Castle Estate. Drumhill Cottage forms part of the 19thcentury Drum Estate and is a largely unaltered example of an estate worker’s dwelling. In its form the house and byre contain examples of features typical of 19th-century rural dwellings such as the cobbled byre floor and central drain and the ladder access to upper storey of the house. The survey also shows that the byre predates the dwelling and so may be pre 19th century. Archive: National Trust for Scotland Funder: National Trust for Scotland

NO 8812 8384 A watching brief was undertaken during drainage works in the floor of the 17th-century dining room at Dunnottar Castle, on 3 December 2019. The dining room is at first-floor level above barrel vaulted cellars. The floor make-up appeared to be a mixture of clay and topsoil brought in from elsewhere on the castle promontory. It yielded three sherds of ceramic ranging in date between a bowl fragment of 14th to 15th -century date and a sherd of early 20th-century china, suggesting that this surface may have been laid during the 1920s restoration of the castle by the Pearson family. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Dunecht Estates

NO 86386 84757 A watching brief was carried out on 18 March 2020 during the soil strip for a new bridge in woodland at Dunnottar Woods. No archaeological finds or features were identified. Archive: NRHE Funder: Forestry and Land Scotland

NJ 7540 0379 A historic building survey was carried out on 27 January 2020 on the steading at Tillyshogle. Early 19th-century U-plan steading with cattle byres, a stable for three horses and a cart bay. In the early 20th century, a motor-powered mill was built across the open side of the court, replacing an earlier freestanding water mill which is shown on maps to 1899. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Annie Kenyon Developments Ltd

NO 87 88 A silver denarius of Commodus. RIC III Commodus 94b, AD 184, Rome mint. The coin has been damaged and approximately 25% is missing. 18.5mm diameter, 1.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 89/19) and allocated to University of Aberdeen Museums and Special Collections

NO 9068 9297 A watching brief was undertaken, in February and March 2020, during the soil strip for a new housing development. Much of the site was rocky and gorse covered, and so a small area of watching brief was required at the site of a cottage or small farmstead. One drystone wall foundation was identified which was probably one of the walls of the former structure. Finds included 19th-century pottery. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt North Scotland

NO 7290 7880 A watching brief was undertaken of part of the soil strip prior to a residential development, on 27 November 2019. This was centred on a small pit excavated during an evaluation in 2008. The pit was sampled but there was insufficient charcoal for dating. The soil strip did not reveal any further features and no archaeological finds were evident. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: DLB Scotland Ltd

NK 00 65 Three copper-alloy objects of late medieval and postmedieval date were recovered through metal-detecting: a complete late medieval tumbrel, or folding coin balance, with zoomorphic terminals; a late medieval zoomorphic single-loop clasp; and a post-medieval book fitting. Relatively few tumbrels have been reported as stray finds in Scotland, so this example is an important addition, not to mention a beautiful example. It is 61mm in length, 18.5mm in width and weighs 17.8g. The late medieval clasp comprises a rectangular loop with a stylised, convex zoomorphic head at one end. It is 28mm in length, 13mm in width and weighs

3.8g. The book fitting takes the form of a long rectangular plate which flares at one end to a scalloped edge and has a blunt hook at the other. There is a rivet hole at the flared end. The upper face is inscribed with RT 17. While this is not an uncommon form of postmedieval book fitting, this example is noticeably thick. It is 46mm in length, 13mm in width and 3mm in thickness (without hook).

These objects were found in proximity to the church of Philorth, which may indicate a context of use. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 92/19) and allocated to Aberdeenshire Museums Service

NJ 98 64 A copper-alloy annular brooch complete with copper-alloy pin was recovered through metal-detecting. The brooch has a wide, flat frame fashioned from a folded sheet; the ends overlap to form a rebate for the pin. An inscribed line dissects the centre of the frame on one face, probably as a decorative touch. An overlapping pin rebate features on a group of copper-alloy brooches from northern Scotland which likely date to the end of the medieval and into the post-medieval period. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 227/19) and allocated to Aberdeenshire Museums Service

Metal-detecting find Matthew G. Knight and Ella Paul – National Museums Scotland and Treasure Trove Unit

NJ 40 40 Two complete copper-alloy flanged axes were found roughly 50m apart while metal-detecting in Glass. Both date to the Middle Bronze Age c1500–1400 BC. Although their association cannot be proven, their close chronology and proximity means they were probably part of the same depositional tradition.

Short-flanged axehead 1, Type Kirtomy or Cargill: the axehead has a square butt and cast and hammered flanges extending from the hafting end to about halfway down the body where they stop just below a bevel. The body is straight and narrow before moderately diverging towards the cutting edge. The cutting edge is damaged and more worn on one side. Length 151.5mm; cutting edge width 53.5mm; butt width 28.5mm; max. flange height 54mm; weight 369.1g.

Short-flanged axehead 2, Type Kirtomy, variant Arnhall: the butt of this axehead is slightly broken but was probably straight. The body is straight and narrow, with flanges that are convex in side-view and a straight bevel nearly two thirds of the way along the blade. The axehead bulges slightly where the flanges meet the body, before splaying out to the cutting edge. The cutting edge is strongly curved, with the one remaining tip slightly recurved. There is heavy wear along the cutting edge, typical of use, and one side of the axehead is much less well-defined than the other. Length 94mm; cutting edge width 42.5mm; max. flange height 25mm; weight 183.5g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 135/19) and allocated to University of Aberdeen Museums and Special Collections

NJ 2964 0083 A walkover survey was undertaken, 19 June 2019, in advance of the construction of a new bridge.

Six archaeological sites were recorded within the development area. The sites are predominantly located on the N side of the river and include possible structures and walls, which may relate to the depopulated settlement of Dalphuil. Archive: NRHE Funder: Aberdeenshire Council

Burnside of Kirkbuddo, by Forfar

NO 49774 42219 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 17 July 2020 prior to demolition for construction of a new house. The structure is a 19th-century cottage and steading which appears to have been built in one phase. Much of the structure is inaccessible but recording took place of all accessible areas. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 82000 18801 A watching brief was carried out during the soil strip for a new house, on 11 October 2020. No archaeological features were identified but two flint objects and a large sherd of medieval pottery were recovered from the topsoil. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Kildrummy: Romano-British headstud brooch (TT 90/19), drawn by Alan Braby

NJ 46 17 A Romano-British copper-alloy headstud brooch found by metal-detecting is a common type (Mackreth type 3a), but this one is unusual because the catchplate was repaired. L 48mm, W 23.5mm, H 25mm. Iron Age activity is recorded in the vicinity, and it is likely this was a Roman find which had come into local hands. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 90/19) and allocated to Aberdeenshire Museums Service

NJ 45 16 A complete late medieval silver annular buckle or brooch was recovered through metal-detecting. The object has a circularsectioned frame. The silver pin is flat and attached via a loop at one end. There is no pin restriction or rest. The object is 19.9mm in diameter and weighs 4.44g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 228/19) and allocated to Aberdeenshire Museums Service

NJ 6416 0561 A survey was undertaken prior to the partial demolition of a house and small farmstead, on 9 December 2019. An L-plan byre with a bothy at one end appeared to be of mid19th-century date. There were 20 tied-cow stalls. Another L-plan building included a stable for two work horses with the trevis surviving. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ7903159865 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 23 September 2020 prior to demolition for a new house. The croft is probably early 19th-century in date and has been extended over at least 4 phases up to the mid-20th century. One of the family who grew up in the croft detailed the uses of the buildings and rooms for housing stock and described a large family growing up in the house. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NO 71369 72098 A watching brief was carried out at the last plot in this self-build development. No archaeological features were recorded but two undiagnostic quartz lithics, one tertiary hard-hammer flake and one intermediate piece were recovered from topsoil. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 56678 09486 Excavation was carried out, in August 2020, by the National Trust for Scotland Archaeology Team as part of new interpretation on the site. The line of the now demolished barmkin wall was excavated to a depth of 0.3m ahead of the laying of stone slabs to mark the position of the enclosure. (See Front Cover, Image 3). Archive: National Trust for Scotland Funder: National Trust for Scotland with support from Professor Ian Young

NJ 5289 1289 The steading at Culmellie was surveyed on 4 March 2020. Culmellie was a large E-plan steading built in the last quarter of the 19th century. The mill and barn appear to have been in the central range with cattle byres on either side. A bothy and a probable stable were built at the ends of the two open courts. More recently, one of the courts had been roofed over and an additional building constructed abutting the E range. Few original details survived. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

Survey Stuart Farrell

conducted in September 2020 for an area of proposed woodland of 12 hectares, the site lying on an area of a cairnfield (Canmore ID: 139915). Work revealed the site not to be as described previously, but comprised modern clearance material. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: McConnachie Forestry

NK 0415 6148 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 8 January 2020 prior to demolition of this building to allow for a new house. Two buildings were recorded which are the remains of a small unnamed farm probably constructed in the early 19th century. Building 1 was a farmhouse with fireplace, range and chimneys and Building 2 an agricultural building with cobbled floors (Canmore ID: 265744). Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 8094 2914 A historic building survey was carried out on 18 February 2020, prior to development. The site comprised a U-plan steading, a small cottage and a semi-circular kennels block. An estate plan of 1780 shows the main steading was built in the late 18th century. A mill, byre, stable and cart bays can be identified but only the outer walls survive. The elegant kennel block appears to have been built in the early 19th century. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: CALA Homes (North) Ltd

NJ 8126 2909 A series of small blocks within the Meldrum house estate are being developed for housing, field walking and evaluation were carried out from 22 September to 6 October 2020.

Evaluation of four areas did not reveal any archaeological features or finds. A trench across the yard in front of the 19thcentury kennels showed that a water-filled feature on the 1867 OS map had been a bitumen-lined pool, presumably for the dogs.

Field walking was undertaken in woods around the development. Well-preserved rig and furrow was recorded on the SE perimeter of the estate (NJ 81670 28890), pre-dating the woodland which is shown on a 1780 estate plan. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: CALA Homes (North) Ltd

NJ 66319 08660 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 14 October 2020 prior to demolition for a new house. The house and steading were probably constructed in the early 19th century and were well established by the 1st Edition OS map. Additions were added before the 2nd Edition OS map and then, subsequently, further small additions, including six stack bases. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 80593 53824 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 27 August 2020 prior to demolition for a new house. Six phases of activity were recorded including a Phase 1 house, probably early 19th century, Phases 2–4 mid to late 19th century, Phase 5 building early to mid-19th century and a late 20th-century garage (Phase 6). Archive: NRHE Funder: The Chalmers Trust

NJ 8665 1745 A survey was undertaken, on 5 November 2019, at Woodside of Elrick prior to its partial demolition. The documentary evidence suggests it was built in the mid-19th century as an L-plan steading open to the S and with a detached house forming the S side of the block. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 9812 5045 A watching brief was undertaken over the site of a new dwelling house, on 3 June 2020. Three small undatable burnt spreads appeared to represent short-lived open fires. A single flint flake was found nearby. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

NJ 9787 4727 A watching brief was carried out on 5 August 2020 during the soil strip for a new house opposite the South Lodges of Aden Country Park. Modern plough scores were recorded in the clay in the S half of the soil strip area but no other features and no finds were identified. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Evaluation Peta Glew – AOC Archaeology Group

NK 12063 42921 (centred) An evaluation was undertaken at the site of the proposed substation at Peterhead, on 14 to 21 September 2020. The subsequent development will include construction of a platform area, control building, plant enclosures, associated plant and infrastructure, ancillary facilities, landscaping works, road improvement works, a new cable sealing end compound and cable connection to the existing 275/132 kV OHL.

The evaluation involved excavation of 38 trenches across the site, of a proposed 47. Nine of the proposed trenches lay within inaccessible and/or heavily disturbed ground. The site was found to have been largely disturbed by the late 20th-century works associated with Peterhead Power Station and the existing substation.

The northern and western limits of the proposed development area, however, did show potential for further surviving archaeology – four late or post-medieval rig and furrow ditches were identified to the northwest side of development, while a pit and shallow ditch were identified to the N. Three flint objects were also recovered suggesting the possibility for prehistoric activity as well. Archive: NRHE Funder: SSEN

Peterhead substation: flint scraper

NJ 6765 3292 A historic building survey was carried out on 5 February 2020. Mains of Rothmaise was a large 19th-century quadrangular steading around an open court. Documentary evidence suggests that some of the farmstead may have been built in the late 18th century. Few original details survived. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Annie Kenyon Developments Ltd

NJ 82830 07925 to NJ 81870 08300 A watching brief took place during ground-breaking works associated with the excavation of trial pits and the construction of an additional service reservoir and replacement water pipeline near Westhill. The site is located adjacent to Hill of Keir enclosure (SM 12334), which is thought to be of later prehistoric date.

Seven trial pits were excavated under archaeological supervision on 19 April 2017. No archaeological features were identified in any of the trial pits.

The watching brief for the access track, laydown compound, and parts of the main compound was carried out over four days between 4–7 March 2019. Four pits were identified. The watching brief resumed for the main compound and reservoir site between 4 February and 24March 2020. A further eight post-medieval pits were identified and recorded.

The watching brief for the water pipeline wayleave was carried out intermittently between 15 June–7 August 2020. Several post-medieval agricultural features were identified and recorded including three pits, three drystone walls and numerous field drains. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Water

NO 6778 9243 A historic building survey was carried out on 27 February 2020. Gateside was a mid-19th-century U-plan farmstead with later 19th-century additions. It had been infilled and considerably adapted throughout the 20th century and few original features survived. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

Historic building survey and metal detecting survey H K Murray and J C Murray − Murray Archaeological Services Ltd

Hillhead chain radar station: guard house

NJ 8606 2607 A historic building survey was carried out at Cairnfechel on 2 March 2020. This large quadrangular early 19thcentury steading had been much altered during its use as a dairy since the 1950s. However, a fine roadside range survived, with a central pended arch flanked on either side by cart bays and stables. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: JKR Contractors Ltd

NJ 9413 6173 A historic building survey and a related metal detecting survey were undertaken, on 8 November 2020, prior to demolition and the construction of a dwelling.

The hut, near the W perimeter of the site, may have been a guard house. It is of brick with concrete render. The roof, which is missing, appears to have been asbestos. It is 15.5 x 6.5m (50 x 21 feet). To the W it comprises two office or guard rooms with large doors opening to the approach road. A smaller door to the E opens to three accommodation rooms, a toilet and shower.

The metal detecting survey revealed roof nails, door fittings and what appeared to be a metal waste pipe leading to what appeared to be a brick-lined hollow, possibly a cess pit. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

NO 56 57 A late medieval gold finger ring with square gemset bezel was recovered through metal-detecting. The hoop

is rectangular in section and widens slightly to the bezel. The gem is opaque reddish-purple with white inclusions and is held in place by the burred-over walls of the setting. The hoop is decorated on either side of the setting by an incised heatershaped shield containing a cross, beneath which is a series of linear incised motifs. A similar gold finger ring was recovered from Kirkton of Kingoldmeldrum, Angus in 2016 (TT 164/16); like the example from Aberlemno, this had heater-shaped shield engravings and a red/purple stone with white mottles, in this case, set in a heart-shaped bezel. The similarity of these two finger rings as well as the proximity of their findspots suggests that they originated from the same workshop. In both of these examples, the gem is either porphyry or a similar feldspar-like rock chosen for its visual similarity to porphyry. Red/purple porphyry is encountered in the medieval period in ecclesiastical contexts such as portable altars and church floors, the source of which was re-used Roman material. Its use in jewellery appears to have been rare, although more examples may await identification. Certainly, a 15th-century Flemish painting of a jeweller’s shop (‘A Goldsmith in His Shop’ by Petrus Christus) depicts a slab of red porphyry, suggesting that it did have a place in late-medieval jewellery-making. It is worth noting that the apparent rarity of the setting appears to be at odds with the relatively roughly executed engraving on both examples. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 109/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

NO 31 51 A late medieval copper-alloy composite swivel strap fitting was recovered through metal-detecting. The object is formed of two D-shaped loops with zoomorphic terminals which expand into connecting domed sockets. The loops retain traces of gilding. The object is 45.7mm in length, 22.7mm in width and weighs 31.97g. Such objects are typically identified as components in hunting leashes for dogs, although their function may have been varied. Precise dating information is lacking and a broad range of cAD 1100–1500 is suggested. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 217/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

Watching brief Ian Suddaby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NO 3666 5040 A monitored topsoil strip was carried out in advance of quarrying at Powmyre Quarry in March 2020. The features identified consisted of a single pit with a sterile fill. Overall, the results indicate a low and diminishing density of anthropogenic activity through the Phases 4 and 5 extraction areas. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Breedon Aggregates

NO 30 46 A small, corroded fragment of a copper-alloy axehead was found while metal-detecting in Ruthven. The fragment represents the lower body and cutting edge of an undiagnostic axehead, covered in extensive light green corrosive pitting. The surviving body is solid and sub-rectangular in section and this might suggest it was once part of an Early Bronze Age flat axehead, rather than later flanged types, dating to c2150–1500 BC. There is enough of the body intact to be confident that the axehead was not originally socketed (and therefore not later in date).

The find-spot for this object falls within the known distribution range for flat, developed flat, and flanged axeheads in Scotland. There appears to have been prehistoric activity in the area, with several Scheduled barrows and enclosures nearby. Maximum surviving dimensions: 31mm x 45.5mm, 8mm thick, weight 58.7g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 74/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

Evaluation Stuart Mitchell and Oliver Rusk − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NO 64310 41275 Twelve trenches were excavated, in February 2020, within the grounds of Arbroath Abbey (Canmore ID: 35546; PIC006) as part of the Minor Archaeological Services Call-Off Contract in February 2020. The aim was to test a range of geophysical anomalies and to try to answer research questions on the extent of 19th-/20th-century clearance and the survival and sensitivities of any archaeological remains within the grounds.

It is apparent that archaeological structures and deposits do survive in this area. Stone walls were recorded in Trenches 1 and 7. A linear clay feature with a groove was recorded in Trench 3. Negative cut features were recorded at the base of Trenches 3 and 5. Two concreted, flat-topped sandstone structures were recorded in Trench 6. Their purpose and function are unknown but it is almost certain that they were contemporary and functioned together. Possibly in situ medieval deposits were recorded in Trench 8. The top of a possible vaulted flue was recorded in Trench 9. A metalled surface was recorded in Trench 12. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Angus Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

NO 63921 41831 A photographic survey was carried out at 39 Dens Road, on 17 July 2020, for a former engineering workshop prior to demolition to form a joinery workshop. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NO 30488 67735 to NO 30198 67863 A watching brief was kept on 26 October and 2 November 2020 during the excavation of trenches for six poles to carry a new 11kv overhead power line to an EE mast, crossing the remains of a pre-Improvement township W of Craigiemeg, Glen Prosen. Nothing of archaeological significance was uncovered in the trenches. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: SSEN

NO 72 54 A silver medieval penny of James I was recovered through metal-detecting. The coin was minted in Inverness and dates to AD 1424–1437. The condition of the coin is poor; the bust has been lost on the obverse and most of the legend on both faces is no longer visible. However, the end of the obverse legend does survive and indicates a previously unrecorded type. The obverse reads +IAC[OBVS DEI GRA R]EX S and depicts a front-facing crowned bust. The reverse reads VILL[/A IN/NER/]NIS and depicts a long cross with pellets in each angle. The coin is 16.5mm in diameter and weighs 0.7g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 147/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

NO 31687 34396 to NO 32097 34065 A watching brief was undertaken, in June 2020, during the excavation of a replacement water main pipe trench at Denhead, near Fowlis. No archaeological features, deposits or artefacts were recorded. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with HER Funder: Scottish Water

NO 30 35 A late medieval copper-alloy finger ring was recovered through metal-detecting. The finger ring has a dual-facetted rectangular bezel which displays a pseudo-inscription possibly alluding to the Holy Name. The object has an external diameter (inc. bezel) of 26mm and weighs 6.8g. This form of finger ring was widespread in Britain during the 15th century. This particular example demonstrates the replication in base metal of a style more commonly found in silver gilt or gold, indicating the popularity of the form across social classes. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 201/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

NO 68 47 A lead token, known as a ‘pieta’ token, cAD 1300–1500. 32.5mm long, 21.0mm wide, 2.9mm thick, 9.81g. With thanks to Peter Yeoman for his identification.

The object is irregular but broadly oval in plan. One side is decorated and depicts the Virgin Mary holding a deceased Christ across her lap. The letters ‘S M’ (likely Santa Maria) flank the main figure. The reverse is flat and undecorated.

The ‘pieta’ is a well-known subject in Christian art and grew in popularity c1300. A token such as this likely relates to a Marian pilgrimage; there were some shrines in Scotland as well as elsewhere in Britain, and of course the continent. Although it is not possible to refine a source location for TT 205/19, it must be noted that ‘pieta’ tokens are not common finds in Scotland. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 205/19) and allocated to ANGUSAlive Museums

Inverkeilor: ‘pieta’ token (TT 205/19), Crown copyright

NO 32 56 A complete copper flat axehead was found while metal-detecting near Kirkton of Kingoldrum. The body diverges moderately from a square butt to the broad cutting edge. There is slight damage to the cutting edge, with additional evidence that the blade was hammered out and re-sharpened during use. The profile of the axehead is lenticular, and the surface colour is mostly mid brown and green, with patches of orange staining.

XRF analysis showed the axehead was produced from an arsenical copper. This composition, as well as the form of the axehead, indicates it was produced and deposited during the Chalcolithic period, c2450–2200/2100 BC. It falls within Schmidt and Burgess’ (1981, Axes of Scotland and Northern England, PBF) Type Lough Ravel/Minto/Ballybeg/Roseisle.

Length 153.5mm; cutting-edge width 93.8mm; butt width 47.2mm; max. thickness 13.2mm; weight 809.8g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 222/19) and allocated to ANGUSalive Museums

NO 65 66 A complete gold posy ring, cAD 1600–1700, 18.4mm diameter, 3.7mm wide (hoop), 0.9mm thick (hoop), 2.41g.

The ring is circular in plan and D-shaped in section. The external face of the hoop is plain, although the interior of the band bears the inscribed word ‘Constancie’. The engraving is somewhat uneven and angular in places. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 211/19) and allocated to ANGUSAlive Museums

NO 65910 62266 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on 21 February and 4 March 2020 prior to partial demolition and rebuilding for housing. At least four phases of development of the farm were recorded including an early 19th-century U-plan farmstead around a central courtyard with opening to the SE. Extensions were added through the periods of the 1st–3rd Edition OS maps and later concrete block additions for stabling. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NO 66681 57063 On 18 November 2019, a watching brief was conducted on an operation to replace a wooden pole carrying overhead power lines on the edge of a Scheduled Area (SM 6117), within which cropmark and ground survey evidence suggested extensive prehistoric activity. (Canmore IDs: 35688, 35689, 35706, 35707, 35708). A small pit was excavated by machine under close archaeological supervision, to take the replacement pole. No finds or features were exposed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: SSEN

NO 71788 57724 A Level 1 Standing Building Survey was conducted of a derelict flax mill (Canmore ID: 72775) in advance of conversion to flatted dwellings, on Eastern Road, Montrose, on 29 April 2020. The building, B-listed and more recently a whisky bond, was part of a complex first constructed in 1795 and once containing the largest spinning mill in Angus outside Dundee. The poor condition of much of the structure (which had been standing empty since 1989) rendered the exercise hazardous and prevented access to a large part of the interior. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: George Martin Builders Ltd

steading, a B-listed building, on 2 March 2020, in advance of conversion to three dwelling houses. The steading, of late 18thcentury origin with early 19th-century additions, included a main vehicle house with extensions and attached horse mill, dovecot, stables and cottage. The most notable feature was a group of three 17th-century armorial panels incorporated into a gable wall, probably taken from nearby Duntrune House. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NO 2981 4133 A Level 1 survey was carried out, 6 December 2019, on a former church hall in Newtyle, in advance of conversion to housing. The hall was constructed in the early 20th century and was used post-war as additional classroom space for the local primary school. It was built in the neo-Gothic style in stugged, snecked grey sandstone with unstugged pink sandstone quoins and casings, on an ecclesiastical plan with nave and transept. It appeared to have been built in one phase, but interior modifications, including subdivision, indicated its later use. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Sidlaw Joiners and Builders Ltd

NO 59 37 An assemblage of 34 items, dating from cAD 1100–1800. This new assemblage of metal detected finds contributes to our understanding of everyday activity at this site. Finds include spindle whorls, dress accessories, an imported knife pommel and coins.

Other material from the site has previously been claimed (TT 135/11; 144/15; 162/16). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 132/19) and allocated to ANGUSAlive

NO 57 35 A small assemblage of ten finds from West Haven, cAD 1350–1700. The group comprises mostly coins as well as a lead token and two dress accessories. Continental coins are well represented and include two billon double tournois and a gold écu d’or of François I, and a silver ¼ patagon of Albert and Isabella.

These finds are from the same site as previously claimed finds (TT 162/16) and represent day-to-day activity in the area from the late medieval period to c1700. Claimed as Treasure Trove (COTT 214/19) and allocated to ANGUSAlive

Watching brief, metal detector survey Alison Cameron – Cameron Archaeology

NO 47754 57864 A watching brief was maintained at Barnyards, 21–24 August 2020, during the soil strip for a new potato shed following a metal-detector survey which produced only modern ironwork. No archaeological finds or features were identified. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NM 92809 35607 In advance of the construction of a new house a watching brief took place on the machine topsoil strip of the footprint of the house, car parking area and the new access. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were encountered during the controlled topsoil strip. The work took place on 29 November 2019. Funder: Private individual

Watching brief Andrew Young – Highland Archaeological Services

NM 9636 4214 A programme of archaeological mitigation involving watching brief and recording was undertaken, in February 2020, during remedial work required to remove a series of temporary fence posts and gravel surfacing located within and directly adjacent to the Scheduled Area (SM3905).

Five wooden fence posts set in concrete, three of which were located within the Scheduled Area, were removed under archaeological supervision along with the part of the temporary road formation that also extended into the Scheduled Area.

The postholes revealed a simple sequence of natural deposits and did not reveal any significant archaeological features, deposits or finds. The entire road formation was removed to the depth of the natural substrate in the Scheduled Area. A sequence of modern road formation deposits was revealed but no significant archaeological deposits or finds were identified.

The results of the project indicate that no significant archaeological deposits or features were damaged or destroyed as a consequence of the construction of the temporary road and fencing. Archive: Highland HER; NRHE Funder: Robertson Northern

Evaluation Lachlan McKeggie – Highland Archaeology Services

NN 10896 36449 Following the walkover survey (DES 2017, 36), archaeological mitigation was undertaken during the construction of two run-of-river hydro schemes along Allt Hallater and Glen Kinglass, Loch Etive, near Oban. This entailed marking out, a watching brief and recording of dykes damaged during the works. Marking off was undertaken in October 2019 and a watching brief undertaken in January 2020 along a section close to the loch but a second section was not observed and was inspected following the work. No features or finds of archaeological significance were noted during this work. Sections though four dykes were recorded in August 2020 following the laying of a cable along Glen Kinglass. Three of these walls were found to be of classic double skin rubble core construction while the fourth was too degraded to be certain. No further archaeological work is recommended. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Argyll Hydro Ltd

and soakaway associated with the upgrading of a pre-existing barn structure into a dwelling. The footprint of the septic tank and associated soakaway were stripped down to natural sands and gravel. The work took place on 8 August 2020. No features or deposits of archaeological or historical significance were discovered. Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey Clare Ellis – Argyll Archaeology

In May 2020 a pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted over a parcel of land at Cardon, near Broughton. Seven previously recorded sites comprising a fort, enclosure, homestead, 3 burnt mounds and a track were re-recorded and 28 other new or previously unrecorded sites, mainly comprising stone quarries but including a drove road and a possible twining pen, were also recorded.

NT 10590 32028 Possible burnt mound (Canmore ID: 194012). Nothing visible at previously recorded location (NT 10547 32057) however a low irregular mound is visible at the given location but is just composed of peat/turf with no visible stone so this is very probably natural. It appears to have a spring on the SW side. There is a small water-filled scoop 0.25–0.30m deep with gravel at the base. The mound is 8 x 8m. It is steep and 1–1.5m high on the N side. The S side is barely visible.

NT 10725 32120 Curvilinear track/holloway. Probably part of an old drove road, up to 3m wide, multi-stranded in places, cuts under fence, oriented NNE–SSW (NT 10726 32054) up to 0.5m deep. NT 10654 31530 runs under stone wall so earlier than this. NT 10605 31457.

NT 10487 31407 Tester quarry. Oval hollow, 3 x 4m, up to 1m deep set into the side of the south-facing slope – possible structure or small sink hole or tester quarry? No evidence of bank etc.

NT 10459 31506 Quarries, pile of stones. Series of probable quarry pits and small piles of stones, grass and moss covered. These could be the possible stone quarries for the stone wall marking the southern boundary. Two quarry scoops measuring 6 x 6 x 2m deep, 6 x 2 x 1m deep. At NT 310447 631512 there is a small pile of stone and a third quarry scoop measuring 7 x 6 x 2m deep is located at NT 10440 31513.

NT 10507 31535 Quarry. Circular hollow measuring approximately 6 x 6m with a depth of 1m. Stone present and the back with rubble skirt at front.

NT 10496 31544 Tester quarry 2 x 1 x 0.3m deep.

NT 10534 31560 Quarry scoop. Two quarry scoops, the first measures 6 x 5 x 1.5m and is situated 7m apart from the second scoop which measures 5 x 4m.

NT 10475 31569 Quarry scoop. One large quarry scoop 5 x 4m x 1m with a much smaller depression around the edge.

NT 10433 31536 Quarry scoop. Quarry scoop 7 x 13m x 1m deep, plus downslope rubble skirt.

NT 10528 31736 Drove road. Probable portion of old drove road holloway with bank either side, splits at main drove road (site 2), oriented NNW–SSE.

NT 10138 31947 Quarry scoop measuring 3 x 6 x 2m deep.

NT 10150 31942 Quarry scoop 8 x 8 x 2m deep.

NT 10152 31953 Quarry scoop 8 x 10 x 1m deep.

NT 10135 31972 Quarry scoop 8 x 5m.

NT 10122 31946 Quarry scoop with large central stone measuring 5 x 5 x 1m.

NT 10111 31984 Quarry scoop 4 x 4x 1m.

NT 09968 32049 Hillfort (Canmore ID: 48717 a small hillfort with six internal houses within it, surveyed in 1967). Hillfort with an outer bank of maximum height of 2m with internal relatively shallow ditch with an inner wall up to 3.5m high. N entrance

– inner hard earth with some stone visible in the sheep erosion hollows. Outline of roundhouses within the fort just visible.11m diameter. Where these are visible there is lots of small hearting-like stone and occasional larger stone.

NT 09946 32098 Quarry scoop 6m x 4m. May possible have been the source of rock for the hillfort.

NT 09955 32115 Possible quarry scoop 10m x 7m x 2m.

NT 09961 32120 Quarry scoop 5m x 5m x 1.5m deep.

NT 09595 32224 Reported in Canmore (ID: 48732) as an old sheepfold with circular foundations within prominent ring enclosure, visited in 1964. Surveyed in May 2020, it measures 20m long, 2m wide, 0.3– 0.4m in height, an earthen bank circular enclosure with possible faint trace of inner circle 8m diameter. Shown as ‘old sheepfold’ on 1st Edition OS map (Sheet XV 1859).

NT 10333 32471 Stone quarry oval 18m x 28m, 2m deep.

NT 11045 31880 Quarry scoop, 5m x 4m x 1m deep oval. May have been the source for the wall stone.

NT 11134 32285 Quarries. Series of interconnected quarries for stone 25m x 27m. Possible source of stone for wall?

NT 11163 32457 Twinning pen. Possible remains of a twinning pen, 2m x 3m, 3 stones in a row in a stony hollow.

NT 10774 32305 Possible burnt mounds. Location of burnt mound given as 1078 3234. At this location there was nothing found, just natural surface. There is an elongated mound at the given grid reference but again this appears natural.

NT 10655 32432 Recorded as the location of a burnt mound (Canmore ID: 193985), however there is no charcoal or firecracked stone at all so unlikely to be a burnt mound. Elongated mound spur measuring 35m of ground on one side of the burn. Main mound is 9m x 9m with a slightly sunken centre. This appears to be natural.

NT 10585 32877 Quarry scoop 18 x 18m cut into the hillside. Another smaller scoop measuring 8m x 8m is located above it.

NT 10631 32871 Oval quarry scoop 17 x 5m.

NT 10667 32788 Homestead (Canmore ID: 49932) The Canmore entry describes a palisaded site with internal timber buildings, excavated in 1959, then ploughed over in 1979, after which the palisade trench could still be traced. This current survey found there was nothing to be seen other than an undulating hill top and occasional stone.

NT 10717 32759 Sheepfold. As on map, low earthen banks with internal division, 50 x 38m.

NT 10690 32995 Quarry scoop 3 x 4m.

NT 10735 32994 Old track (Canmore ID: 341896) Old track route into field with homestead and enclosure, curves around to run parallel with stone wall – not much of a holloway.

NT 10930 32900 Burnt mound (Canmore ID: 193984) Nothing visible at this location, or in the vicinity – actual grid reference probably lies beyond limits of the proposed scheme. Funder: RDS Forestry Ltd

Survey Stuart Farrell

NR 65616 19920 Unroofed building of two compartments and sections of walls and a possible second unroofed structure shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1867 (Argyllshire & Buteshire CCLVIII.10 1:2500 surveyed 1866) marked as sheepfold. Almost the same shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1899 (Argyllshire CCLVIII.10 1:2500 revised 1898). Unroofed building shown on current OS map and visible on current aerial photograph. Surveyed on 17 January 2020.

Survey Stuart Farrell

NR 65091 20086 L-shaped roofed building shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1867 (Argyllshire & Buteshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 surveyed 1866) with garden on S side and well to E. Shown as roofed (four compartments) with two additional structures on 2nd Edition OS map of 1899 (Argyllshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 revised 1898). Still marked as roofed on 3rd Edition OS map of 1921 (Argyllshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 revised 1915). Marked as ‘ruins’ and unroofed on OS map of 1961 (NR 6420–6520 1:2,500), three-compartment unroofed building shown on current OS map. Traces of garden wall visible on current aerial photograph.

NR 65043 20110 Rectangular roofed building shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1867 (Argyllshire & Buteshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 surveyed 1866) with well to NE. Shown as unroofed on 2nd Edition OS map of 1899 (Argyllshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 revised 1898). Not shown on 3rd Edition OS map of 1921 (Argyllshire CCLVII.9 1:2500 revised 1915). Not shown on current OS map. Walls visible on current aerial photograph. Both surveys conducted on 17 January 2020.

Walkover survey Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NR 74368 24820 A pre-afforestation walkover survey, conducted in May 2020, discovered a single earthen bank.

NR 7467125109 Bank, 1m high x 2m wide, oriented SE–NW, on modern and 1st Edition OS map, visible on Google. Funder: RDS Forestry

Desk-based assessment and walkover survey Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeological Services

NR 62835 20673 A desk-based assessment and archaeological walkover survey was carried out in advance of a new fish hatchery development at Lossit Point (Uisaed), Machrihanish, on the Kintyre Peninsula. The archaeological input had been requested due to the development being located in a landscape with high archaeological potential. In particular, the construction of the fish hatchery will impact on the site of the Wireless Radio Station at Lossit Point, which was constructed between 1905 and 1906. The station, along with a similar facility built at Brant Rock, Massachusetts, in the United States, took part in the first wireless communication transmissions across the Atlantic. The work was the brainchild of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, who has been named ‘The Father of Radio Broadcasting’.

A full inspection of the development area was conducted and all upstanding remains relating to the former wireless station were surveyed and recorded. These included concrete foundations relating to buildings, the concrete base of the mast/antenna which

Lossit Point: the Wireless Radio Station boiler and concrete mounting blocks, courtesy of North Carolina State Archives

Lossit Point: pyramid mounting blocks for boiler at Machrihanish station (see previous image)

dominated this site when it was in use, and concrete anchor points for the antenna stays. In the time available during the survey, some features were recorded in more detail including the mounting blocks for the boiler and steam engine that powered the station, and a section of the antenna base that included ceramic insulators. Within the footprint of one concrete structure at the site, a water tank, disturbance by rabbits had revealed fuel waste (most likely from the boiler) and artefacts including industrial period ceramic and glass sherds.

One additional feature was recorded in close proximity to the development area. This comprised the remains of a Royal Observer Corp monitoring post, dating to the Second World War, and remained in use until 1960.

Although the Fessenden wireless station has been reduced to its concrete foundations, the site retains a number of significant features relating to its design and layout. The sister station at Brant Rock has been almost completely removed, with just the base for the antenna remaining, along with one of the concrete anchor blocks. Therefore, additional archaeological input has been recommended at the site, especially with regards to any elements of the site infrastructure that will be removed or destroyed by the development. The wireless station sites located at Machrihanish and Brant Rock contributed to some of the earliest trans-Atlantic transmissions and although the Machrihanish station only remained in operation for less than a year (due to the antenna being destroyed in a storm), it is important that the maximum amount of information is recovered before the new development takes place. The additional archaeological input recommended at the site, including targeted excavations and a watching brief, will also be supplemented by targeted research of all available records, to complement the information already gathered for this report. This will include data retained in the Fessenden Archive, held at the National State Archives of North Carolina in the USA. Archive: WoSAS HER and NRHE – (intended) Funder: MOWI (Marine Harvest Scotland Ltd)

Desk based assessment, walkover survey and watching brief Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeology Services

NR 63358 20732 to NR 71075 20368 An archaeological deskbased assessment, walkover survey and two watching briefs were carried out prior to a water main replacement scheme between Machrihanish and Campbeltown, on the Kintyre Peninsula. The desk-based assessment, walkover survey and watching briefs were required because the proposed developments are located within areas where a number of important archaeological sites and monuments are known, and where new archaeological sites may be found. The desk-based assessment and walkover surveys were conducted prior to the commencement of site works and a number of sites were identified in close proximity to the proposed water main renewal route. As a result of these discoveries, archaeological watching briefs were recommended on two sections of the water main renewal scheme: at Machrihanish and Drumlemble.

Machrihanish mains rehab: low foundations of Mine Manager’s House, Drumlemble

No archaeological sites, features or deposits were found during the watching brief at Machrihanish. The watching brief at Drumlemble identified areas of deep and well-stratified midden deposits and demolition debris relating to the dismantling of buildings, an area of burning and an adjacent pit, a shallow gully feature, a ceramic drain, and modern services. Artefacts recovered from the features comprised industrial period ceramics and glass, corroded iron objects, roofing slates and ceramic pan-tiles. The demolition debris and artefacts related to a number of miners’ cottages located at Drumlemble, some of which were occupied in

the 20th century. Several small, crumbly sherds of possible Craggan Ware or later prehistoric pottery were recovered from the topsoil. The very-degraded foundations of a complex of buildings relating to the Mine Manager’s house at Drumlemble were also recorded but were not disturbed by the cutting of the water main trench. Archive: WoSAS HER and NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish Water

Excavation Nieves Ruiz-Nieto and Eduardo Perez-Fernandez – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 3188 8110 (centred) Following a trial trench evaluation in 2017 where one intact inverted cremation urn was recovered, and several prehistoric features were recorded, a strip, map and sample excavation was required prior to the development proceeding. This took place from 18 March 2020 to 29 July 2020. In total, an area amounting to 10,975.79m² was stripped of topsoil to establish the extent of the archaeological features with an appropriate buffer. The archaeology uncovered included the remains of a burial cairn with three stone-built cists, two of which contained cremated bone, and four separate burial urns of varying types including one small collared urn. In addition, several other features of likely prehistoric date were excavated across the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: Bellway Homes

Historic Scotland Human Remains Call-off Contract Samuel Kinirons − AOC Archaeology Group

NR 36218 95505 This report presents the results of an excavation of archaeological human remains disturbed by rabbit burrowing at Lower Kilchatton on the Isle of Colonsay. The remains were excavated on 8 August 2020, under the terms of the Historic Environment Scotland Human Remains Call-off Contract.

The remains were located beneath a substantial rock overhang. Excavation revealed that very little skeletal material had survived as the area had been heavily disturbed by rabbit burrowing. A partially rock cut sub-rectangular grave was recorded and this appeared to be cut into substantial midden deposits. A small pile of stones seemed to mark the southern end of the burial. Among these were a large perforated stone weight and a possible ard point. The location, orientation and associated artefacts of the burial suggest a later prehistoric date. A programme of post-excavation analyses may be required. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Evaluation Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NR 64838 48778 An evaluation was carried out on the site of proposed new housing on land at Ardminish, Isle of Gigha, on 9 October 2020. No features of archaeological significance were observed during the archaeological evaluation. Funder: Isle of Gigha Heritage Trust

NR 64154 50655 An enhanced building recording was made of the interior and exterior of Ardailly Mill, Isle of Gigha, prior to conversion of part of the old mill building to form an artist’s retreat. Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey Clare Ellis – Argyll Archaeology

NN 17333 31159 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted at Glen Strae, near Dalmally, in June 2020. A defunct

field bank, a clearance cairn and 15 shielings were recorded.

NN 16220 30848 Clearance cairn. Large boulder clearance cairn, 8 x 3m, set up against a large glacial erratic.

NN 15887 30838 Stony bank. Bank, maximum of 0.5m high x maximum 2m wide. Runs along the base of the hill/slope from the burn southward.

NN 17207 31250 Shieling. Orientated N–S roughly 5 x 4m oval, stone built. Entrance on the E side. Wall roughly 0.2m high x 1m wide. Dry burn on W side.

NN 17243 31257 Shieling. Oval shieling, 4 x 3m, orientated N–S with turf banks 0.2m high x 1m wide and an entrance on the E side.

NN 17250 31220 Shieling. Oval shieling, 6 x 4m, orientated N–S with stone and turf banks 0.2m high x 0.8m wide and an entrance on the E side.

NN 17266 31195 Shieling. Oval shieling 4 x 3m, orientated N–S with stone and turf banks 0.3m high x 0.8m wide. No clear entrance. Burn on the W side of the structure.

NN 17296 31201 Shieling. Large stone and turf shieling 5 x 5m. Banks 0.2m high x 0.8m wide. NE entrance.

NN 17621 31213 Shieling. Stone and turf shieling, 4.5 x 4m sub-square, sitting on knoll adjacent to burn. Walls maximum height of 0.5m and 0.8m thick. Entrance to the N side. Burn to the W side of the structure.

NN 17622 31230 Stone and turf shieling, 6.5 x 4.5m rectangular with walls 0.3m high x 1m wide. Situated on knoll adjacent to stream. Entrance on N side. Burn on W side of structure.

NN 17648 31249 Shieling. 6 x 4m oval with stone and turf walls of 0.3m high x 0.8m wide. Entrance on N side. Twinning pen on E side 1.3m square with rubble built wall 0.6m high and 0.4m wide.

NN 17659 31194 Shieling 3.5 x 4m sub-square, stone and turf walls 0.6m high x 0.6– 0.8m wide. Entrance on N side. Burn on W side of structure.

NN 17637 31208 Possible large shieling/enclosure. 7 x 9m illdefined structure with a stony bank/wall slightly irregular around it, orientated N–S with burn to W side.

NN 17592 31225 4 x 4m square shieling, stone and turf walls of 0.6m wide. Burn to the E side of the structure.

NN 17572 31230 Shieling 4 x 3.5m with stone and turf walls 0.6m high x 0.4m wide on knoll close to a stream.

NN 17603 31282 Shieling 4 x 5.5m with stone and turf walls 0.3m high x 0.7m wide. N entrance. Stream to the W side of the structure.

NN 17625 31285 Shieling 4 x 4m square with stone and turf walls 0.2m high x 0.7m wide with either an E or southerly entrance. Burn to the E of the structure.

NN 17623 31292 Shieling 4 x 6m, walls mostly stone, 0.3–0.5m high x 0.7m wide. Burn to the E of the structure.

It is recommended that future work should protect the bank and clearance cairn with a 5m buffer zone of no physical disturbance and protect all shielings with a 10m buffer zone of no physical disturbance. Given that there are two distinct clusters of shielings it would be preferable if the integrity of these sites was maintained by avoiding planting between the individual shielings of each cluster so that the shielings remain inter-visible within their specific group. Funder: Scottish Woodlands Ltd

Field visit David Dorren and Nina Henry

NS 03533 74770 The OS 25-inch map (Argyllshire and Buteshire CLXXXII.16, surveyed 1864, published 1868) shows five rectangular roofed structures which we designate A–D, and one unroofed, E, together with three enclosures. They are in a roughly square area c100m E–W and N–S at an altitude between 40m and 50m. The ground slopes steeply down to the Milton River which bounds the site on the N and W sides. The site is wooded, mainly around the perimeter. On the N side the river runs E to W, then turns S along the W edge of the site then downhill to the Kyles of Bute shore, past the site shown on the 25-inch map, c200m N of the shore, of a corn mill, an inn and a smithy, all now demolished. The Milton name of the site under investigation evidently implies an association with the corn mill, and may have been the location of the miller’s house. To the E of the site, the ground slopes gently uphill, and to the S it slopes down to the shore, some 500m distant.

All the structures are dry stone, though A has a small mortared modification. A, B, and C form a close group in the SE corner of the site; E is a short distance to the NW. The 25-inch map shows a track running up to them from the S. This has been replaced by a surfaced road which passes close by on the E and continues uphill to the SE to a modern reservoir. D is c60m NNE of the main group, at the S end of an enclosure which is clearly identifiable. The other enclosures are obscured by vegetation.

There is a knocking stone between A and E, 6.3m from the N corner of A in a 340º direction. It is a flat-topped boulder 1.2 x 0.8m containing a circular bowl 0.25m in diameter and 0.1m deep.

A and B are substantial, with B the better preserved. Much of A has tumbled, whereas B retains much of its NE and SW gables. C, D and E are very low fragmentary ruins.

The long walls of A are at 310º, approximately NW–SE. The long walls of B are at 40º, at right angles to A, and its SE long wall is in line with the SE short wall of A on the NE side, so that A and B form an L-shaped group, with a 1.6m gap or lane between them. The GPS position at the corner of B at the gap is NS 03533 74770.

A is overall 5.9 x 15.4m externally with walls 0.6m wide. It is partitioned by a cross wall, forming a SE compartment (1) of internal length c5.0m and a NW compartment (2) c8.6m internally. There is much tumble within at the SE end of compartment 1 and at both ends of compartment 2. There is a 0.9m wide doorway in the NE long wall of compartment 1 and a possible window in the opposite long wall. Compartment 2 has a possible window in the NE wall and also in the opposite wall. Part of the NW gable is standing; however, the SE gable wall has been modified: the centre section of the wall has been rebuilt in loose dry stone form and capped to form a straight-topped wall.

At the W end of the NW short wall there is a 1.5m gap. At the corner of the NW wall is a rectangular stone column or pillar 0.6m wide on the NW side and 1.25m wide on the SW side with a second gap 2m wide in the SW wall next to this pillar. A second, lower pillar is on the other side of the 2m gap. Both are mortared, whereas the rest of A is dry stone, as are the other structures on this site. A vertical groove at a corner of both pillars running the full length, and horizontal grooves on the two facing surfaces, indicate that the gap had been boarded up, probably to keep animals out of the dangerous area of tumble. In addition, the OS 25-inch map shows an OS surveyors’ benchmark precisely at that corner of A where the larger pillar is located, and that pillar, stabilised by mortaring, may have been used for the benchmark.

A yard or garden is attached to the NW end of A. A rectangular area 8.3m long and approximately the width of A extends from its NW short wall up to a low stone wall. Beyond that is a slightly raised area of the same width and 1.6m long, and beyond that, an area of tumbled stones 5.2m wide and 2.3m long, with the total length of this feature 12.2m from A.

The gap between A and B is a 1.6m wide lane that continues along the side of the garden, kerbed on the opposite NE side. Adjacent to that on the NE side is a raised area 0.2m wide whose outer edge is 2.9m from the wall of A. Along this edge is a line of iron fence posts. Two are closer together indicating that there was a gate. Structure E and the knocking stone described above lie

Milton Township, Colintraive: Structures A, left and B, right

adjacent to the fence line on the NE side. Elsewhere, to the W and S of A, iron fencing survives in places though partly broken, and a gate survives in the S stretch where a second track leading uphill from the river approaches.

B is 8.9 x 5.4m externally, with walls 0.6m wide. Its long wall is at 40º, perpendicular to the long wall of A. A low stone and turf wall attached to the short NE wall, roughly rectangular, forms an annexe 4m wide extending out 3.3m, with an entrance gap in its NW wall. The entrance to B is in the long SE wall, a doorway with a clear edge on the NE side but the other side broken and unclear. The width can only be estimated to be c0.7m. There is a 1m wide window in the same wall 1.5m from the NE end. The opposite long wall is featureless. The exterior of the SW wall shows a horizontal line at a height of c2.0m indicating that a structure had been built against it. This structure was evidently a roof across the passageway between A and B: the 1898 revision of the OS 25-inch map shows the gap to be roofed; it was unroofed on the 1st Edition OS map of 1864.

Both end gables of B are substantial, and are double-walled; the NE gable stands up to c2.0m outside and c3.0m inside. The SW gable measures 1.9m up to roof level and from this its total surviving height is estimated to be at least 4m.

All that remains of structure C are parts of the two walls forming its NW corner, 8m NE of the annexe of B: a 1.5m stretch of low walling in the 70º direction and a 2.8m length at 160º. It is likely that C was largely destroyed when the surfaced road replaced the earlier track to the settlement. A cup mark reported in 1971 (Canmore ID: 40496) on a boulder in the area of C was not located; however, a long boulder matching the dimensions given, 1m long, 0.5m wide and 0.25m high, lies next to C. There is no cup mark on the visible surface. It may be that the boulder was turned over during the road works, but this was not investigated further.

D is at NS 03548 74827, c60m distant on a 15º line from the S corner of B. It lies at the S end of a large enclosure and has been badly disturbed. In the revised 1898 25-inch map D is absent and enclosures have been added at the S end, as well as enclosures elsewhere. These were not investigated. A small rectangular structure shown to the N of D was not located. The NW corner section of D survives as a 2.6m stretch of walling in the 40º direction and 3.5m at 130º. The greatest wall height is 1.5m at the corner. There are traces of walls to the SW.

E is shown as an unroofed structure on the OS 25-inch map of the 1864 survey to the N of A. Part of the N and S walls survive. The S wall is c13m NNW of A. It is 5.8m long, aligned at 60º, and is composed of large boulders. The N wall is probably represented by a 3.0m long parallel line of smaller boulders. The distance between the two walls is 6.1m measured externally.

Watching brief Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NM 79925 13240 In December 2019, in advance of the construction of a replacement house, a watching brief took place on the machine topsoil strip of the footprint of the new dwelling, garage and courtyard area as well as a portion of the garden ground. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were encountered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Kilchoan Estate Management Ltd

Excavation Roderick Regan

NR 86760 68717 Following on from the excavation results in 2019 and prior to the production and installation of new information panels, Scheduled Monument Consent was sought to establish whether there was another entrance to the castle (Canmore ID: 39316), between the two drum towers situated along its northern wall. The small scale excavation took place in June 2020 and revealed the presence of a second portcullis gate on this side of the castle, complementing the one found on the southern side during the 2019 excavation work. Funder: Tarbert Castle Trust

Buildings and materials analysis Mark Thacker − University of Stirling

NR 86770 68730 Following a programme of masonry survey at Tarbert Castle (Canmore ID: 39316), an assemblage of mortarentrapped relict limekiln fuel (MERLF) fragments removed from

the complex has been subject to a suite of lab-based analyses in 2019. Archaeobotanical analysis indicates this MERLF assemblage is composed of oak, birch and hazel fragments consistent with local woodland populations, whilst radiocarbon analysis of two samples has returned determinations which calibrate to similar 13th-century date ranges. These samples were removed from the NE face of the cross-wall separating the inner and outer enclosures, and from the core of the curtain wall close to the SW outer enclosure gateway.

The results of these analyses represent the first independent chronological evidence relating to the construction of Tarbert Castle and suggest the inserted cross-wall and SW gateway were both constructed in the 13th-century or soon after. Together with the re-interpretation of the structural development of the complex reported previously, this materials evidence is informing a re-evaluation of the archaeological, architectural and historical context of the site and surrounding lordship during the medieval and later periods. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Evaluation Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NR 24132 58184 An evaluation was carried out, 19 October 2020, on the site of proposed new housing on land opposite the Water Treatment Plant, Port Charlotte, Islay. No features of archaeological significance were observed during the archaeological evaluation. Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey Clare Ellis and Hilary McLaughlan – Argyll Archeology

NR 33490 44013 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted at Lurabus, Mull of Oa, Islay, in October 2020. Two banks/field boundaries and one old track were recorded.

NR 33773 43869 2m wide, 0.5–0.7m high, orientated NNW–SSE, shown on 1st Edition OS map.

NR 33768 43862 Curvilinear, 3m wide, Stony bank on downhill side. Also shown on 1st Edition OS map.

NR 33702 43799 2m high x 0.50m wide. Orientated E–W. Shown on 1st Edition OS map. Funder: Woodland Trust Scotland

NR 38 77 A near-complete copper-alloy socketed axehead was found while metal-detecting in Killarow and Kilmeny, Islay. The axehead is slender with a faceted body, expanding to an uneven cutting edge. The socket mouth and side loop are broken, though corrosion makes it difficult to determine if this is an ancient or more recent break. This axehead falls within Type Meldreth and it is likely the collar at the mouth flared into the trumpet shape typical of this type. Other examples of Type Meldreth axeheads are known from Argyll and Bute, including one with an Islay provenance. The main concentration in Scotland, however, is based along the east coast.

Length 82mm; cutting-edge width 45mm; 85.7g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 102/19) and allocated to Museum of Islay Life

NM 84597 02252 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted at Creagenterve, near Kilmartin, in September 2020. A single defunct wall and one quarry were recorded.

NM 84639 02251 Bank, 0.30m high, 0.70m wide, orientated NE–SW. Full extent not ascertained as vegetation too high.

NM 84593 02346 Defunct quarry. Funder: RDS Forestry Ltd

NM 82216 02689 A walkover survey and a watching brief were undertaken on the route of a new deer management/access track adjacent to the Scheduled rock art site (SM5488) of Ormaig (Canmore ID: 22860: SM5488). The walkover was carried out on 8 and 9 January 2020 and recorded two structures and two clearance cairns which had probably previously been recorded in 2007. No features or deposits of archaeological or historical significance were discovered during the watching brief. Funder: Forestry and Land Scotland

Walkover survey Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NR 85500 95000, NR 85920 96435 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted at Baroile, Kilmichael Glassary, in June 2020. Three possible structures or shielings, an old track and a previously recorded standing stone were recorded within the area adjacent to Lochan an Torrnalaich. An additional 5 banks, 1 drystone wall and 1 clearance cairn were recorded in the parcel of land adjoining Lochan na Curaich.

NR 85542 95401 Track, shown on 1st Edition OS map. 3–4 metres wide, orientated NNW–SSE.

NR 85305 95033 Structure/shieling, 6m x 4m, stone and earthen wall, small cellular bit at W end.

NR 85514 95140 Previously described as an irregular jagged topped standing stone, facing E–W and leaning towards the W. Stands close under a crag at the edge of a marsh. A deep curving groove across the E face from about 0.45m from the ground gives the stone the appearance of a belted human figure. There is a possible but very doubtful cup mark above the groove. During our visit there was nothing at the reported grid reference of NR 185480 605090 however at NR 185514 695140 there was a large natural stone of 2m in height by 1.2m width at the bottom of the cliff. This looked like natural rock fall.

NR 85636 95240 Possible structure, irregular oval shaped 6m long x 4m wide. Flat area on top of knoll. Very faint trace of possible wall.

NR 85639 95341 Oval structure, 5m length by 4m width, earthen with a sunken centre. Banks 1m wide. N–facing entrance. Situated next to the old track by the edge of the lochan.

NR 85753 96340 Probable clearance cairn, 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.5m high flat clearance cairn. Visible coursing of stone.

NR 85777 96361 Broad stone bank, 0.75m high, 3m wide. Runs from boundary south-eastwards to NR 185777 696361 where it kinks across towards the burn.

NR 85756 96472 Previously surveyed (enclosure B, DES 2008, 43–4). 1m high by 1–1.5m wide stone and earthen bank, starts at boundary and runs along the ridge for 30m then curves downhill in a NE direction towards a large tree before continuing, to end at

NR 85868 96603. There is also a stony spur bank coming off the main bank along the ridge that curves own to the burn and tree NR 85849 96519.

NR 86032 96537 Previously surveyed (enclosure C, DES 2008, 43–4). Stone and earthen bank forming N boundary, up to 0.5m high by 1m wide running E–W and shown on OS map.

NR 85853 96324 Previously surveyed (enclosure D, DES 2008, 43–4). Bank runs roughly N–S along ridge, ends at top of the hill at a rocky outcrop. 0.5m high x 0.8m wide. Extends along ridge southwards to NR 185792 696263.

NR 85938 96343 Drystone wall runs from cliff eastward to edge of lower cliff then over peat ground toward boundary and loch. 0.75m high x 1m wide.

NR 85908 96301 Low earthen bank, 0.5m high x 1m wide runs from boundary NW towards second lower cliff. Funder: RDS Forestry Ltd

Field visit/chance discovery/photogrammetry Hamish Fenton

NR 83310 96803 (Canmore ID : 39455) Rock art panel discovered in September 2012 and recorded using photogrammetry in October 2015, photogrammetry reprocessed in November 2020. The cist on the SE side of the cairn is covered by a 3.8m long capstone. On the underside of the capstone at the SW end is a rock art panel depicting up to five animals. A well executed, pecked, motif of a stag with a large set of antlers, a well defined head, body and legs. A further stag facing the opposite direction is identified from a set of antlers and some legs. Three further animals with legs and backs do not have heads or antlers.

The cist was excavated W. Greenwell in 1864 who found cremated remains at the W end which corresponds to the position

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NM 79670 26738. A watching brief was kept on 16 September 2020 during the excavation of a trench for the replacement of a pole on an overhead power line in the SW of the Isle of Kerrera. Although nothing of significance was uncovered within the trench, the possible remains of a small demolished structure, previously unrecorded, were noted to its immediate S. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: SSEN

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NM 89353 29339 to NM 89387 29308 A watching brief was maintained during soil stripping over the footprint of a new domestic residence and along a new access road to it. Nothing of archaeological significance was uncovered in this trench. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Evaluation and measured survey Roderick Regan

NM 85240 31460 Two phases of work were undertaken at Dunollie Castle (Canmore ID: 76408) during February 2020. This involved the drawing of the NW and NE elevations of the tower

stonework during and prior to consolidation work. An evaluation was also undertaken to assess archaeological deposits prior to the proposed drainage works on the first floor of the castle tower. Funder: The MacDougall of Dunollie Preservation Trust

Building recording and excavation Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NM 85694 25705 In July and August 2020 a photographic survey of the interior and exterior elevations of the W gable of Kilbride church was undertaken, prior to and following, consolidation of the wall and entrance. After the initial photographic survey two small trenches were hand excavated on either side of the entrance in order that the entire length of the doorway was revealed.

The trenches on the interior and exterior of the W gable proved to be highly informative. The rubble which had built up against the door concealed a drystone blocking wall which survived to over 0.70m in height. This wall represents the last phase of construction and was probably built so that the chapel could be used to house stock (presumably sheep or cattle) and therefore almost certainly occurred after the church was partially demolished in 1876.

It also became clear that the W gable door was not part of the original design of the church. The lower stonework of the W gable wall had been broken through and the stone removed to create a new aperture at ground level. The upper portion of the door appears to have been part of an original window, the uppermost section of which was blocked up above the new door lintel and which was in an extremely poor state of repair. A line of mortared stone which stuck out very slightly from the original external wall face marked the base of the new doorway and these stones were at the same level as the original interior cobbled floor of the church. This W gable door is likely to have been part of the alterations which were carried out in 1744 when it is recorded that the windows of the church were enlarged and the door in the southern wall blocked up.

At least four grave slabs had been laid in an E–W orientation against the exterior wall of the W gable. However, these grave slabs are very unlikely to mark the position of any known burials as they sat on a thick and loose deposit comprising broken roof slate and soil and which almost certainly resulted from the partial demolition of the church in 1876.

Finds included an ornate coffin handle, a few iron nails and a 50p piece dating to 2003! Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Friends of Kilbride

Watching brief Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

NN 05961 51392 A watching brief was undertaken, on 22 January 2020, on the machine excavation of a service trench for an electricity cable associated with the hydroelectric scheme on Allt Eilidh. The machine stripping of topsoil and subsoil down to roughly 1m below the surface was watched along the length of the service trench 60m to the W and 60m to the E of a Scheduled burial cairn (SM 2541; Canmore ID 23559). No features or deposits of archaeological or historical significance were discovered. Funder: Renewables First

NS 0769 6670 A watching brief was undertaken at Rullecheddan Farm, Isle of Bute in November 2019. The work comprised the monitoring of the removal of concrete floors and foundations across an irregular area measuring a maximum of 27m N–S by 15m E–W. No archaeological material was identified before sterile in situ glacial clay was reached. Archive: Bute Museum Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey Clare Ellis – Argyll Archaeology

NS 24313 82631 A walkover survey was conducted over an archaeological landscape revealing structures, a burnt mound, graffiti, a reservoir and dam, banks, quarries and other features.

NS 24408 83115 Site 1 Glacial erratic and possible structure.

1.3m high x 0.95m x 0.80m, sits on the surface on top of the hill with a possible oval stone setting around it roughly 0.1m in height with the sides being 3m in length and the middle 4m in length formed of grass covered stone. Beside this and formed from one side of the bank setting there is a possible structure 5m x 3m x 0.1m high with a hollow centre of approximately 4m in length.

NS 24455 83142 Site 2 Possible structure – 5 x 4m wall/bank, 0.3m in height with a hollow centre.

NS 24461 83139 Site 3 Graffiti on bedrock outcrop. Bedrock outcrop at 45 degree angle with writing on. Rock measures 1.6m x 0.9m with letters of 0.4m spelling out WARD on the first line with OKIA. on the second line. Located in probable stone quarry as there is a flat circular area present in front of stone slab. There is only a small amount of lichen on the letters as opposed to a lot of much of the stone face indicating that it is not of any great age. Meaning unknown, possibly the surnames of servicemen?

NS 24402 83089 Site 4 Quarry. Much of the hill of the S side of site 1 appears to have been quarried in the past from site 3 to the given grid reference, in a 10m wide swathe.

NS 24260 83227 Site 5 Probable glacial erratic. 1.3 x 0.6 x 1.4m high glacial erratic, sitting on surface.

NS 23980 83257 Site 6 Earthen bank. Earthen bank on modern OS map, 2m wide and up to 1m in height. Not on 1st or 2nd Edition maps, but very straight, thought to be near modern.

NS 24401 81706 Site 7 Possible shieling, Oval, 5 x 3m, 0.5m deep central hollow. Earthen. Previously recorded.

NS 24390 81712 Site 8 Small, circular stone setting. 1.5 x 1.3m external dimensions, 0.9 x 0.8m internally. Possible hearth/camp fire structure.

NS 24452 82173 Site 9 Mill dam. Concrete dam shown on 1st Edition OS map – now breached near the centre. Pond nearly silted up on SE edge. In OS name book referred to as Camsail, a reservoir in the moors N of Kilcreggan formed for the purposes of regulating the water to Camsail Mill etc. There is a 1711 reference to the two mills of Camsail and the mill of Knockderry being leased to Duncan McMeill, miller in Camsail, for 19 years (21st May 1711) GD1/755/41.

NS 24454 82140 Site 10 Possible burnt mound. 7m x 4m crescent-shaped mound, 0.5m in height, Possible burnt mound but no stone visible.

NS 24455 82841 Site 11 Glacial erratic stone.

NS 24404 82893 Site 12 Possible structure, main structure 5 x 4m, 0.1m high, earthen and stone, possible shieling or kiln. On the E side is an ill-defined hollow area that may be part of the same structure extending the total area encompassing the hollow and possible structure to 5 x 5m.

NS 24609 82996 Site 13 Stone quarry cut into low mound on edge of site, approximately 10 x 10m. This is the probable source for the stone wall that runs over the knoll and forms the edge of the site.

NS 24639 82278 Site 14 Field boundary bank. Well preserved field boundary bank next to the burn but this peters out southeastwards. Up to 0.75m high x 1.5–2m wide, grass-covered turns into drainage ditch bank at 224809 82123. Not on 1st or 2nd Edition maps.

NS 24633 82089 Site 15 Glacial erratic. Small glacial erratic stone.

NS 24005 82895 Site 16 Track. Track depicted on the 1st Edition OS map, but nothing visible on the ground.

NS 24045 82479 Track. Track depicted on 2nd Edition OS map, but nothing visible on the ground. Funder: Tillhill Forestry Ltd

Walkover survey Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

conducted at Meikle Rahane, Rosneath in May 2020. A single defunct bank and four quarries were recorded within the larger area with an additional defunct bank recorded in land immediately adjoining this area.

NS 22865 86314 Quarry. Possible stone quarry for wall that edges the area. Situated on top of a knoll. Rectangular 11 x 9m, 1m deep.

NS 22907 86152 Stone quarry, rectangular 7 x 8m depression up to 1m deep.

NS 22963 86177 Stone quarry, rectangular 3 x 4m depression up to 0.75m deep.

NS 22933 86330 Stone quarry, 4 x 4m roughly square depression up to 1m deep.

NS 23120 86958 Bank. 0.5m high and 1.5m wide bank running NNW–SSE.

NS 23261 86498 Bank. 0.5m high and 2m wide, crosses burn at NS 23230 86312, ends at burn at NS 23215 86642. Funder: RDS Forestry

NS 0879 6228 A desk based study, standing buildings survey, and archaeological monitoring were carried out between March 2019 and August 2020 during construction at Lochend Farm, Isle of Bute. The overall aim of the archaeological work at Lochend, to protect any archaeological resources on the site, was successfully achieved. Although detailed documentary study demonstrated that an extended and dispersed settlement pattern in the area had existed, and was substantially altered during late 18th- and 19thcentury farm improvements, no trace of these earlier buildings was found during the programme of archaeological monitoring and monitored soil stripping at the site. Instead, much of the development footprint was shown to have been heavily impacted on by the construction of buildings from the 1800s onwards. In particular, substantial scarping and levelling of western part of the site to create level building platforms and the insertion of slurry drains for pig sheds at the NW of the site and a large concrete midden to the E had effectively removed archaeological potential from these areas. A detailed photographic and written record of all of the later building was made prior to their demolition. Archive: Bute Museum Funder: Mount Stuart Trust

NR 80 37 A complete, cream-coloured flint barbed and tanged arrowhead, Sutton type C, was found by chance on a beach at Carradale, near a stream and mouth of a river. It has a rounded/subsquare tang and short pointed barbs. The arrowhead is quite thick (c7.5mm) with a lenticular profile and section. There is broadly symmetrical working on each face, and retouch along the edges. It dates to the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age, c2450–1500 BC.

The findspot is close to that of a Neolithic stone axehead (TT 38/06) and, upstream from the beach, prehistoric terraced platforms that were excavated at Achnasavil, producing dates from the Neolithic, Early Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age periods (Carter et al. 1991, Glasgow Archaeological Journal 17, 39–52).

Length 39.2mm; width 27.5mm; tang length 13.5mm; barb length c1.2mm; weight 5.34g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 94/19) and allocated to Kilmartin Museum

NR 81178 39349 A programme of archaeological works was undertaken on Ground Investigation (GI) Works undertaken by SSE at land N of Carradale in June 2020.

The Ordnance Survey six-inch 1st Edition OS map of 1869 shows the development site to be located within open farmland, with the small presumed farm cottage of High Airds and a second unnamed building to the SE of the works. The hand-dug starter pits of two boreholes, a single test pit of 2.6 x 4 x 4m, and 47 hand augers were monitored during the GI investigation works.

No archaeological remains were observed within the GI investigations; however, a NW–SE orientated road was observed to run through both fields in which the works were being undertaken This feature is truncated to the N by the modern forestry track and obscured to the S by dense vegetation, meaning the destination and origin of this track cannot be discerned. However, given the location, it seems likely this track relates to High Airds and other contemporary structures. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: ERM

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NR 7934 3854 An evaluation was undertaken immediately NW of Carradale Substation, prior to the proposed realignment of a watercourse and creation of a hard standing. The evaluation was carried out by Clyde Archaeology on 17 March 2020 and comprised a total of five evaluation trenches totalling 170m2 which equated to just over 10% of the 1580m2 site. The evaluation revealed a number of modern field drains and plough scars; however, no archaeologically significant remains were present. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Cnoclee Environmental Services

Watching brief David Sneddon – Clyde Archaeology

NR 7934 3854 A watching brief was undertaken to the N of Carradale Substation, in relation to substation access improvements. The work was carried out on the 28 July 2020 and comprised archaeological monitoring during the creation of a passing place on the B842. No archaeologically significant remains were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Cnoclee Environmental Services

NR 81000 53000 An archaeological walkover survey was undertaken at Cnoc Breacam Wind Farm, Loch Romain, Kintyre, in advance of a proposed wind farm development. The survey was required in order to assess and record the nature and extent of any upstanding archaeology affected by the proposed development.

The walkover survey was undertaken on 26–28 October 2020 during which the locations of the proposed wind turbines were targeted. Despite extensive forestry cover and very boggy ground conditions, seven archaeological sites were identified, including a post-medieval farmstead, sheepfold, and two shieling huts.

Buffer zones around the sites have been recommended to avoid any impact or damage to the sites. Archive: NRHE Funder: Muirden Energy LLP Cnoc Breacam: view over farmstead at Croitbhridean

Cnoc Breacam: view over shieling hut towards Loch Romain

Walkover survey Clare Ellis − Argyll Archaeology

Kildavie: possible medieval structure

NR 72817 11089 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted over a parcel of land at Kildavie, in January 2020. A series of banks, a hilltop structure, the site of a former farmstead and a defunct sheep fold were recorded.

NR 72761 11703 Bank, 0.5m height x 1–1.5m wide, possible old upcast from drain, orientated SE–NW, on modern OS map, visible on Google.

NR 72909 11214 Bank 0.5m height x 2m wide, orientated NE–SW on modern OS map.

NR 73189 10982 Possible dun on top of rocky knoll, grass covered, stone and earth walls 0.5m height 0.8m wide, whole structure approx. 14m length x 6m wide. N-western end possible internal wall making 6m long subdivision.

NR 73020 10969 Bank up to 0.5m high x 1m wide, runs westwards for c50m to a burn/gorge at NR 72979 10931.

NR 72360 11013 Defunct sheep fold/sheep wash – concrete walls and concrete blocks on OS map c60m long.

NR 72388 10804 Hollow/past quarry? Man-made 5m x 10m.

NR 72244 10724 East Kildavie, shown on the 1st Edition OS map of 1869 as an elongated roofed building with 1 smaller structure on the NW side and another at the NE end, enclosure attached to the south-western side of the building. The new forestry road appears to follow the line of the road shown on the 1st Edition OS map. This settlement is not on the 2nd Edition OS map of 1897. There are no visible signs of any settlement on the ground. On Roy’s map of 1747–1752 there is a settlement called Fennavallach which would be very close to the current East Kildavie or Drum Kildavie. Funder: RDS Forestry Ltd

Watching brief David Sneddon – Clyde Archaeology

NL 9920 4547 A watching brief was undertaken between 30 July and 1 August 2020 during excavation related to the construction of a house on land S of 10 Cornaigbeg, Kenovay, Isle of Tiree. The location of the new house lay approximately 50m to the N of Dun Ceann a’ Bhaigh (Canmore ID: 21421, WoSAS Pin: 15). A substantial deposit of windblown sand was uncovered beneath the topsoil which appeared to have been deposited during at least two significant storms. A series of cultivation remains were present on top of the windblown sand. Beneath the windblown sand lay an old ground surface which sealed three pits that were partially revealed within one small area of the trench. Although only partially excavated the fills of these pits, and a fourth pit which cut through the old ground surface, were extremely sterile. Although of some antiquity, the absence of any additional remains means the date and purpose of these features remains unclear. Two unstratified small body sherds of possible prehistoric pottery were also recovered. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NM 54525 28059 A watching brief was undertaken on 12 February 2020 during the excavation of a section of trench for a new hydro-electric scheme at Rossal, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull. This work followed a walkover survey of the penstock route in April 2018. The penstock breached the remains of a pre-Improvement earth and stone boundary bank, no further features being encountered.

NM 54259 28285; NM 54295 28216; NM 54320 28156 to NM 54347 28085; NM 54320 28156 to NM 54308 28180 A second watching brief was carried out on 27 July 2020 during the excavation of a stay trench, pole trenches, a trench for a new underground power line and an earth cable trench to connect the hydro scheme’s powerhouse to the mains electricity supply. The only feature of interest was a probable rumbling drain crossing the power line trench at approximately NM 54320 28170. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: Rossal Hydro

NY 19166 65798 An evaluation was undertaken between 29 September and 15 October 2020, when 85 trenches, 50 by 2m, and one, 20 by 2m, were excavated. This amounted to 8540m², or 8%, of the available trenching area (106,730m²) after deduction for utilities and the appropriate buffers around it. The work revealed the presence of previously unknown prehistoric archaeology, including two burnt mounds. Archive: NRHE Funder: Alba Group

Watching brief and excavation Kenneth Green – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NY 19166 65798 A watching brief was undertaken, July to September 2020, during topsoil stripping. Two previously unknown burnt mounds were revealed. Both were investigated via a series of slots in order to determine their size, characteristics and to recover datable material from their stratigraphy. Finds included a partial pitchstone blade, a burnt flint fragment and a partially perforated stone. Both burnt mounds have been protected and preserved in situ. Archive: NRHE Funder: Robert Potter & Partners LLP

Excavation David Devereux

NX 72158 66270 The unauthorised excavation of a trench to lay a septic tank outfall pipe within the Scheduled Ancient Monument (CanmoreID: 64591) required a remedial re-excavation to record the location of the trench and any archaeological evidence exposed in the trench sides. The trench was located running from the septic tank’s soakaway pit for 8.5m westwards to the W field boundary and the roadside ditch behind it. Its backfill was emptied to a depth of around 0.8m to the outfall pipe. The trench location was planned and both sections drawn, with the work taking place from August to October 2020. The sections revealed a natural soil profile for 2–3m adjacent to the field boundary, but otherwise a disturbed stratigraphy with a series of mixed layers sloping slightly to the E, and a cut for a 19th or early 20th-century field drain. At the lowest level of the sections, approximately 3m from the W field boundary, the pipe trench had cut through a large mass of apparent ferrous slag or metalworking debris, leaving a 0.4 x 0.2m block in the S section and a slightly smaller block in the N section. Smaller pieces of the same debris were observed in layers to the E as far as the cut for the soakaway pit. Samples of the larger mass were taken for further analysis. No associated dating evidence was found with it. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Watching brief Karolina Saxerbo Sjoberg – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NX 656 855 A watching brief was undertaken during the groundworks relating to the construction of a telecommunications tower, an access track and associated works at Lochinvar Reservoir

in Dumfries and Galloway. The work took place between 28 April and 5 May 2020. The watching brief revealed no archaeological deposits or artefacts. Archive: NRHE Funder: Mono Consultants Ltd

NY 07351 96500 A watching brief was undertaken in advance of the construction of a telecommunications tower and associated infrastructure at Edwards Rig, on 9 June 2020.

The Ordnance Survey six-inch 1st Edition OS map of 1857 shows the development site to be located within Edwards Rig, an enclosed area with three roofed buildings. A rapid walkover survey did not record any upstanding features. Approximately 170m2 was stripped of topsoil. The excavation showed the development area to be heavily disturbed by previous works and deposits of construction-related debris.

The remains of a revetting wall and midden material were observed in section along the western limit of the excavation. These remains are likely to represent the core of a robbed-out wall potentially associated with the dwellings at Edwards Rig; however, due to the level of disturbance, its function remained unclear. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: WHP Telecoms Ltd

Field visit Tom Welsh

NX 9981 5793 Four terraces descending SW over 120m from Borron Point, the first near the summit, the next after 30m is 3m lower, then each about 20m long at a gap of 5m, and 2m change in height. The topmost has a stony mound 9m across, with a rectangular hollow 2 x 4m open S and wall foundation on end of terrace. Terraces two and three have a rectangular platform cut back into the slope, about 7m deep and wide. The lowest has just spaces between rocks.

Watching brief David Devereux

NX 68084 50970 A watching brief was undertaken to the rear of 38–40 High Street in the medieval burgh of Kirkcudbright, during February and March 2020. Works involved the demolition of the former garage/store to the rear of the property and the construction of a new house on the site. The opportunity was also taken to photograph the original 18th-century building at the front of the site after the removal of its slates and roof timbers. This building was previously recorded by RCAHMS prior to the commencement of these works (see Canmore ID 257620).

Construction trenches cut through the concrete floor of the garage/store area exposed a stone wall running on an NW–SE alignment down through the centre of the property. This may have represented the original property boundary between Nos 38 and 40 High Street, behind the street frontage. Generally, there were indications that material had been dumped under the garage/ store area to maintain a level with the High Street frontage, over a natural slope to the NW towards the River Dee. In the garden area behind the former garage/store, a trench cut to a depth of 0.6m for a new waste pipe revealed a notable thickness of top-soil to almost the same depth; a feature noted elsewhere in the medieval burgh area. Late 18th- to 20th-century ceramics and bottle glass were found across the site but there were no finds of medieval date. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Watching brief David Devereux

NX 98075 50965 A watching brief was undertaken at 42 High Street, Kirkcudbright (Canmore ID: 257669) in the medieval burgh, to observe construction work for a new garden room at the rear of the property. Work took place from 26 April to 2 May 2019 and involved site levelling and the excavation of foundation and service trenches. During levelling, the foundations of an outbuilding were noted, probably of late 19th-century date. A foundation trench excavated up to the property boundary with 38–40 High Street to the NE, exposed a small area of unmortared stone foundation aligned NW–SE and immediately adjacent to the present-day boundary dyke. This may have related to an earlier property boundary wall or possibly a building. No dating evidence was recovered from the feature. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Watching brief David Devereux

NX 68269 50804 A watching brief was undertaken at the rear of 140 High Street (Canmore ID: 212108), in June and July 2019, during the construction of an extension. Two new foundation trenches were excavated by the developer and revealed 20thcentury pipe work and other modern features. The sections of the trenches were drawn, planned and photographed. No evidence of earlier occupation or structures were observed. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Watching brief Stuart Mitchell − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NX 68242 51062 A watching brief was undertaken during the excavation of a small area to carry out repair work to an existing drain system adjacent to the Ticket Office, situated to the S of Maclellan’s Castle (Canmore ID: 64065). The work took place in October 2019. Two modern pipes were located, and no archaeological features or deposits were identified. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

NX 96 83 A complete silver denarius of Domitian struck under Vespasian, RIC II (Part 1) 921, cAD 76–77. The obverse of the coin is in good condition but much of the detail on the reverse has been lost, with the exception of the winged Pegasus in the centre. 19mm, 2.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 103/19) and allocated to Dumfries Museum and Camera Obscura

Survey Graeme Cavers − AOC Archaeology Group

Craigielands Auxilliary bunker: view of the west end showing the blast wall and ventilation flue

World War auxiliary bunker was discovered during deforestation works by Forestry and Land Scotland in Craigielands Wood near Beattock (Canmore ID: 364375). The bunker is of a type built during WWII as operational bases for auxiliary units tasked with sabotage operations in the event of invasion. Bunkers of this type are rediscovered infrequently, since their precise locations were kept secret, and most have since been buried and lost.

The Craigielands bunker was built to a standard design, accessed via a narrow passage from the E which led to an access hatch; a second escape hatch, to the W, is now infilled. The main bunker space is formed by rivetted corrugated iron sheets over a cement floor, aligned E–W and forming a chamber 7 x 3m. The ends of the unit are brick-built with poured cement roof caps, both with a ‘blast wall’ forming a division from the main bunker space, designed as protection against grenades. At each end of the structure there is a ventilation pipe 0.32m in diameter. Little evidence of the internal furnishings survives, though broken timbers on the floor of the unit may be the remains of the original timber bed frames. The bunker is buried c1.3m beneath the current ground surface at its deepest point; the terrain sloping to the E means that this depth reduces to c0.7m at the entrance. The structure was surveyed in November 2019 using a Trimble TX5 laser scanner, controlled using spherical targets registered to the Ordnance Survey national grid. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Forestry and Land Scotland

wear, both fragments do fit together and represent the upper blade and incomplete tang of a Middle-Late Bronze Age knife. The fragmentation of these two pieces likely occurred pre-deposition, or possibly shortly after, as indicated by the consistent corrosion over the breaks and the worn nature of the pieces. Tanged knives have a broad currency from c1500–800 BC, and are difficult to date precisely. They are often attributed to the Middle Bronze Age (1500–1100 BC), but are typologically similar to later examples too. Very few tanged knives are known from Scotland and they have a wide distribution. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 127/19) and allocated to Stewartry Museum

NX 05 60 Three refitting fragments of the tip and upper blade of an incomplete copper-alloy spearhead were found while metaldetecting near Stranraer. The surviving blades edges have a step bevel and are quite abraded. There is a large U-shaped notch in one surviving edge (8.2mm wide x 3.2mm deep). The blade has a lozenge-shaped section and a fillet-defined midrib. The original shape is difficult to determine, but this seems to be the tip of a large, possibly narrow spearhead. Combined: length: 130.2mm; weight 83.46g.

The fragments are covered in a mottled green-brown corrosion, and breaks across the blade have a consistent corrosion pattern, suggesting fragmentation occurred pre-deposition. The tip has broken at an angle across the upper blade, through the socket hollow, and the refitting mid-blade has broken and split along the socket. Corrosion along sections of this split appears to be more recent so this damage could be post-depositional, or the original break has degraded since deposition. There are no associated marks, but the socket hollow is slightly deformed, perhaps under

the pressure of breaking.

This spearhead can be classed as a Late Bronze Age spearhead, and likely falls within Davis’ (2015, Late Bronze Age spearheads of Britain, PBF) Group 13: Fillets type; alternatively it could fall within Davis’ Group 16, defined by blade openings that would appear on the (now absent) lower blade. Regardless, spearheads of these types occur during the Wilburton-Blackmoor assemblages of the Late Bronze Age (c1150–920 BC) and have some currency in the succeeding Ewart Park assemblage (920–800 BC). Filleted spearheads are otherwise unknown in Dumfries and Galloway and are relatively rare in southern Scotland more generally, though fragments of a Group 13 filleted spearhead have recently been found at Ayton, Scottish Borders (TT 05/19) on the opposite coast. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 209/19) and allocated to Stranraer Museum

Stranraer: three fragments of a Late Bronze Age spearhead, (TT 209/19), Crown copyright

New Abbey: medieval copper-alloy hand bell (TT 126/19), Crown copyright

NX 97 67 A small copper-alloy hand bell, missing the clapper. There are two small holes for suspension of the clapper at the top of the interior of the bell, and an additional two holes on the main body. Associated iron corrosion is visible near the suspension holes and the lower rim of the bell has some damage. Small hand bells like this have long been associated with ecclesiastical use in the medieval period. 29.5mm x 27.5mm diameter, 34mm tall, 17.3g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 126/19) and allocated to Dumfries Museum and Camera Obscura

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 21119 66518 An overview of boundary features or linear stony banks or ranch boundaries in the Southern Cross Water of Luce Catchment. Four certain examples and one probable example, and a number of possible examples exist in this area. They were surveyed in Spring of 2020 and have the following characteristics:

They consist of a linear stony bank, which evidence suggests was originally a dry stone wall.

They may be branched, as at The Caves of Kilhern, but in their original form were not part of an enclosure or enclosure system.

They were not stock proof.

They usually terminate at a water course or wet area, or at a man-made feature of earlier date.

They reference topographical features such as outcrops, boulders, erratics, cliffs, plateau edges or earlier sites.

They are not normally accompanied by a ditch in this area.

Additional Data for Canmore ID 62352. Starting at the NW end in a field area to the E of Balmurrie Farm House, waypoints and notes are as follows.

NX 21119 66518 NW most last trace in improved pasture field.

NX 21150 66502 In field at fence line.

NX 21159 66493 Short southward curve to S, towards outcrop.

NX 21165 66491 Prominent outcrop edge.

NX 21180 66483 Possible new start at E side of outcrop.

NX 21218 66463 Possible trace.

NX 21241 66457 Run resumed at plateau edge rock.

NX 21256 66462 Run.

NX 21274 66461 Termination at edge of wet area.

NX 21285 66456 Resume, at small rock outcrop next to wet area on E side.

NX 21300 66456 Run, ridge top, less clear.

NX 21321 66448 Probable run.

NX 21334 66438 Probable run, trace lost at W edge of boggy stream bed area.

NX 21362 66431 Resume, E edge of boggy stream bed area.

NX 21375 66431 Run, bottom of slope.

NX 21394 66424 Run, top of slope.

NX 21421 66413 Run, plateau area.

NX 21433 66402 Run, turn to S, plateau area.

NX 21445 66381 Run, plateau.

NX 21458 66356 Run, plateau area.

NX 21472 66339 Run, rock outcrop to immediate N.

NX 21483 66319 Run, plateau.

NX 21488 66308 Termination at watercourse edge.

NX 21480 66268 New start, E watercourse edge, 40m SSE of previous point.

NX N21490 66257 Run, uphill.

NX 21498 66244 Run, rock in run.

NX 21524 66212 Run, top of rise on W side.

NX 21548 66187 Run, top of rise on E side.

NX 21562 66176 Run toward boggy area, last clear trace.

NX 21586 66151 Edge of watercourse, presumed termination, no certain trace beyond this point.

NX 21633 66067 Possible new start point.

NX 21596 66053 An ‘L’ feature of large stones showing through peat on E side of stream, possible new start point, but no further continuity.

Terminations and dog-legs at water courses are noted, and use of conspicuous rock outcrops. Certain distance run as the crow flies is 594m. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 21800 65787 Running roughly E–W and c600–700m to the S of the features cited in Canmore (Canmore ID: 62352), another boundary feature exists in this area. Waypoints and notes for this feature are as follows, starting from the edge of the peat flow to the E.

NX 21800 65787 Peat flow edge, the N fork of the bank in this area, which does extend under the peat to the E, though vegetation trace is now unclear.

NX 21782 65794 Corner upslope.

NX 21763 65793 Join point with S fork. Possible bank extension towards SW, for c200m.

NX 21777 65788 Point on S fork below join. S fork is less clear below this point

NX 21814 65774 Nearest detectable point to peat flow edge in S fork, which as above, does run under the peat to the E.

NX 21749 65796 Towards W, rising to ridge crest.

NX 21709 65801 Run, crest area.

NX 21688 65802 Run, crest area.

NX 21671 65801 Downslope run.

NX 21659 65801 Downslope run.

NX 21650 65804 Unclear S veer.

NX 21637 65802 Apparent discontinuity at boggy area.

NX 21614 65795 Interim point in boggy area?

NX 21595 65788 Restart at edge of knoll.

NX 21584 65784 Knoll plateau. The feature is slight in this area.

NX 21576 65779 Knoll plateau run.

NX 21565 65777 Run, sherds from nearby erratic block in bank line.

NX 21565 65783 Position of erratic block near bank (not in run).

NX 21536 65767 Cliff-edge termination.

NX 21532 65764 Base of cliff resume.

NX 21516 65766 Continuation? Wet area.

NX 21496 65756 Continuation? Wet area.

In the 1980s the bank was observed to continue to a point near NX 22117 56578, close to the Dranigower Burn. Thicker ground vegetation in this area more recently has prevented confirmation of that continuation. That the feature connects the Tarff-Bladnoch drainage with Luce Valley drainage is noted. Distance run as observable, as the crow flies: 282m. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19786 64278 The accompanying 1:1000 scale map of the Kilhern Bog area shows the known extent of a boundary feature or ranch boundary, unusual in the extent to which it is branched, and in the direct reference to the Neolithic Caves of Kilhern Chambered Long Cairn. The boundary feature will be considerably later than the long cairn. Outline waypoints and notes for the boundary feature, as surveyed in Spring 2020, are as follows:

NX 219888 564257 Last trace of E branch to the E, close to the watercourse.

NX 219810 564231 Join point of E branch to SE branch.

NX 219828 564182 Last trace of SE branch to SE, next to wet area.

NX 219786 564278 Join point of SE branch to main S branch.

NX 219774 564255 S end of S branch, at edge of wet area.

NX 219831 564392 N end point at foot of Caves terrace.

The ends of the feature have been carefully explored with the aid of a peat probe, and there is no further trace of the feature beyond these points.

A small section of the boundary feature (as in the map, indicated by the small rectangle c50m to the SSW of the tail end of The Caves), excavated in a deep peat area in 1991, established that the feature was originally a drystone wall, c1m wide at the base by c0.85m high. Unlike modern drystone walls in the area, it was established as two slightly battered wall faces made with large stones, with stone infill between. There appeared to be no capping stone course, and no through-stones were identified, with the result that there has been much collapse, very likely soon after construction. This was made worse by construction across deep peat areas, though the section established an increased presence of branch and small stem wood underneath the wall, but with a 0.15m depth of peat regrowth between the timber layer and the base of the wall. There was no evidence of any intentional laying down of timber to provide a foundation, the concentration of timber likely the result of a former hedgerow line beneath the wall line. A thin layer of stone chips was identified in the surrounding peat areas, c0.60m below the modern ground surface. The wall has sunk c0.30m below the level at which it was first built, in the section area. The conditions for organic preservation underneath the basal stones in deep peat areas are excellent, with leaves of Corylus avellana and Populus tremuloides being able to be identified.

It will be noted that the E branch of the feature terminates at a watercourse immediately opposite the Kilhern Bog Site, but with any chronological equivalence being very unlikely. A date for the wall somewhere during the first millennium AD would seem plausible.

The accompanying map was drawn originally at a 1:1000 scale. Surveyed by theodolite in the early 1990s, contours are at 3m intervals. The key to marked features is as follows:

A. The Caves of Kilhern Long Cairn. The relative formality of the outline as surveyed at this level is noted.

B. The Kilhern Bog Site, Canmore ID 159023, with dashed line showing approximate site outline.

C. The Boundary Feature which is the subject of this entry. The area to the immediate SSW of The Caves terrace edge is a known area of springs, the peat in this section often being in excess of 3m deep.

D. A c20m length of shallow, flat bottomed ditch, at the S foot of a dry knoll. Probing suggests there is an archaeological site immediately to the S of this ditch, the peat remaining relatively shallow due to the concentration of small stone as identified. Drainage operations at the Kilhern Bog Site revealed small stone buried in peat below the dry knoll on the W side, suggesting human activity on this knoll.

The long dashed lines show the edges of deep peat, noting the areas raised above the bog area to the WNW and ESE. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19763 66165 Buildings or huts along an E-facing mid-slope contour, between the Cross Water of Luce and hill-top edge, were surveyed in Spring 2020.

NX 19772 66047 A subrectangular building lying E–W, it measures 9.5 x 5.1m outside, 5.8 x 3.0m inside, and has opposing entrances roughly in the middle of the two long sides.

NX 19763 66165 An E–W line of three buildings/huts and a shorter subrectangular upslope building superimposed on the upper end of a larger subrectanglar building, with a subcircular annexe added below the downslope, E end of the larger building. The W most building measures 7.7 x 6.0m externally, on top of the larger building which measures 11.6 x 6.8m externally, with the annexe measuring 4.6m on the long axis by 4.5m across the slope. The two rectangular buildings are bulky but not well-defined, and there are no clear entrances, except for a possible entrance in the N side of the central building. The annexe is defined not by a bank but by close-set stones. The layout of the site recalls that of Site 4 at Balneil Lochan to the SW.

NX 19784 66137 A possible shieling hut, sited on a knoll, measuring 4.5m by 4.0m externally.

The following 3 sites are part of a group at the N end of the terrace:

NX 19754 66227 A sub-rectangular hut, 7.5 x 6.0m externally, is less distinct and without clear entrances.

NX 19753 66239 A polygonal hut, 5.0 x 5.5m externally, a short distance from the previous hut but at right angles to it.

NX 19740 66261 A sub-rectangular building, 14.2 x 5.8m externally, 10.2 x 3.2m internally, lies upslope to the SW and downslope to the NE, with possible entrances on either long side, c6.0m from the SW outer end. The bank is substantial, particularly at the downslope end. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19530 66137 At the top of the slope with respect to the Cross Water of Luce Barnshangan sites, in conjunction with an improvement era stone-walled enclosure, the following sites were surveyed in Spring 2020.

NX 19530 66137 A part oval fragment of a much earlier enclosure or possibly a building lies outside the enclosure wall on the W side, with vestigial remnants on the inside of the wall. Measuring 14.0 x 6.0m outside, there are no entrances visible. The oval shape visible does not in any way guarantee that this was an oval structure, but the careful shaping of the visible oval part does suggest that the remainder may have been consistent with this formal shaping.

NX 19529 66159 A subrectangular shieling hut, 4.5 x 5.0m outside, lies on the edge of a bank a short distance from the above enclosure. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19385 65685 This previously disputed hut circle has been found, in a survey conducted in Spring 2020, to show good confirmation. The annular bank is substantial, with a clear floor area inside and an unmistakable entrance to the SE. The dispute may have arisen because of a more irregularly polygonal external boundary of the site, but locally this attribute seems quite common. Situated on a small promontory beside a stream and overlooking a lower lying wetter area, it measures 6.7m (N–S) by 7.3m (E–W) internally, and 13.0 x 12.2m externally, though the bank on the outside projects a further 3.5m on the N side of the entrance. The internal facing shows some flattening on the N side leading towards the entrance, and there is some flattening on the outside in the SE quadrant to the S of the entrance, with two large facing or bench stones. The bank is relatively bulky, measuring 4.3m wide to the N of the entrance, through to 4.2m to the N, 2.8m to the W, 3.0m to the S and up to 4.0m to the SE, though the bank narrows towards the entrance. Apart from the SE quadrant, the bank slopes outward from the inner edge, and this slope is conspicuously shallow on the N side, suggesting a peat or turf wall outside a stone inner rim. The stone bank extends to the outer edge only in the SE quadrant, to the S of the entrance. As indicated, the bank on the N side of the entrance projects outward by 3.5m, curving to the S, forming a ‘crab claw’ porch feature. Large boulders are built into the bank to the SE, and more exist as outliers to the S and to the SW. The hut circle is established at the lower edge of an extensive clearance cairn field on the N side.

NX 19485 65724 Shieling Hut. Subrectangular in plan, it measures 3.0 x 2.0m externally, and lies at the foot of a NW facing slope. It appears to have an entrance on the SW side. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19064 64328 field visits over the year preceding Autumn 2020 revealed a possible embankment feature/ranch boundary or enclosure in Hardcroft Area.

NX 18755 64197 First trace in bog area edge.

NX 18762 64202 Foot of steep slope to N, edge of pile of stones which are likely to be a rare remnant of the original wall constructional style, shallow left, N turn.

NX 18777 64216 Ridge crest.

NX 18794 64229 Fence intersect at top of slope.

NX 18806 64241 W bog area edge.

NX 18822 64254 Bog stretch.

NX 18845 64269 Bog stretch.

NX 18861 64279 Right and then left dog-leg, end of bog area, shallow uphill rise.

NX 18878 54277 Fence intersect, definite wall.

NX 18897 64277 Probable start.

NX 18908 64275 Trace only.

NX 18932 64280 Bank trace.

NX 18945 64288 Bank trace.

NX 18962 64291 Bank trace.

NX 18975 64295 Bank trace.

NX 18988 64298 Bank trace, just to W of East Bank crossing (Mid Bank slighted)

NX 19011 64306 Resume of Mid Bank on E side of East bank. Bank now a clear feature.

NX 19021 64311 Bank run to ENE.

NX 19033 64317 Bank run.

NX 19050 64324 Bank run.

NX 19064 64328 Corner of bank at right-angled turn to S. Bank less clear at this point, a possible entrance at corner. Area is lowlying and boggy.

NX 19066 64322 Emergence of clear bank, start of S run. Foot of slope.

NX 19068 64317 Bank run.

NX 19069 64308 Bank run.

NX 19068 64295 Bank run.

NX 19066 64288 Bank run, kink to W.

NX 19069 64283 Bank run after turn back to E.

NX 19071 64273 Bank run, shallow curve to E.

NX 19068 64249 Bank run, shallow curve to W.

NX 19071 64240 Bank run, curve back to E.

NX 19068 64231 Bank run, curve back to W.

NX 19071 64218 Bank run, becoming less distinct.

NX 19072 64202 Last trace of bank.

This feature is not connected to any other enclosure/enclosure system, and precedes the E bank. Further extent to S may well have been robbed to build nearby head dyke. It is of interest that the W end and ENE corner are lower lying boggy areas, especially the W end. The bank also passes through a boggy area near the W end. The constructional style at the W end is all large stones with no visible courses, and no separate wall-faces. The header course as such is irregular. This feature may have been part of a free-standing enclosure, but there is no trace of this now to the S and W. The round cairn, Canmore ID 61593, lies just to the N of the bank towards the E end. The East Bank above slights this cairn on the E side, 32m to the N of the crossing point with the Mid Bank. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 19002 64305 A survey from Autumn 2019 to Autumn 2020 revealed the following possible embankment features of ranch boundaries in the Hardcroft Area, Cross Water of Luce.

Probably the oldest feature in this area is detailed as follows, with waypoints followed by notes, starting from the N end:

NX 18752 64484 Start c10m to S of head dyke gateway.

NX 18751 64465 Run.

NX 18751 64448 Run.

NX 18746 64437 Run, small right turn.

NX 18744 64424 Run, on E flank of ridge.

NX 18744 64413 Run, on E flank of ridge.

NX 18744 64401 Run, foot of N facing slope.

NX 18741 64392 Possible gateway.

NX 18737 64378 Run uphill.

NX 18735 64370 Interruption.

NX 18734 64362 Possible continuation.

NX 18732 64354 Possible restart.

NX 18730 64342 End, just above bog area, with no further trace to S.

It is noted that there is no trace of the bank to the N of the head dyke, suggesting the bank may be linked to the head dyke in an earlier guise, and as such would then be part of an enclosure system.

This bank is straighter and has more extant wall examples than the others in the area. Waypoints and notes are as follows:

NX 19014 64399 N start and intersect with head dyke.

NX 19011 64379 path line.

NX 19006 64348 Hill crest.

NX 19004 64337 Round cairn (ID 61593) adjacent to W.

NX 19004 64330 Track crossing.

NX 19002 64305 Floor of dip, N.

NX 19001 64286 Floor of dip, S.

NX 18998 64264 Knoll edge.

NX 18997 64236 N edge of low area.

NX 18994 64213 Mid low area, path crossing.

NX 18990 64189 Mid low area.

NX 18984 64158 Knoll on E side.

NX 18975 64127 Top of shallow S slope.

NX 18960 64077 Bottom of shallow S slope, watercourse.

NX 18956 64063 Continuation beyond watercourse?

NX 18949 64034 Continuation, W turn?

NX 18945 64025 Rock outcrop. Continuation?

This dyke is undoubtedly younger than the angled Mid Dyke which passes under it. It is noted that this feature also terminates at the head dyke as above, with no further trace to the N. It would then be more likely to be part of an enclosure system, connecting with the head dyke in an earlier guise. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit Alistair Buckoke

NX 20603 64042 This linear boundary feature was surveyed in Spring 2020, and is affected by field systems in the Kilhern inbye area, but there are enough features providing confirmation to be reasonably certain of the identification. APs available under Canmore IDs 62428 (‘Settlement’) or 62425 (Hut Circle) show this feature, but there is no specific identification of it. It has been previously mentioned under Canmore ID 62417 (Kilhern Well). The list of waypoints with notes is given below:

NX 20603 64042 The east terminus is marked by a vegetation line extending out into the peat flow, a common finding for this type of feature.

NX 20580 64046 Emergence of the feature from the peat flow.

NX 20564 64052 Large rock in uphill run.

NX 20554 64055 Upslope run point.

NX 20541 64059 Top of slope, at point of double row of stones c1.2m apart suggesting a wall base.

NX 20533 64061 Point at further double row of stones.

NX 20525 64062 Fence crossing, run at edge of low-lying, flat area.

NX 20509 64065 Centre of flat, wet area, further double row of stones.

NX 20501 64069 Foot of slope.

NX 20478 64077 Upslope run point.

NX 20459 64083 Run slighted by later enclosure wall coming in from S side, at an angle.

NX 20451 64087 Run subsumed by later wall.

NX 20437 64091 Later wall run, outcrop on N side.

NX 20411 64096 Later wall run, second rocky knoll on N side.

NX 20402 64099 Ditto above, slight turn of wall run to N.

NX 20394 64107 Run turns back towards W.

NX 20375 64112 End of straight run across dip

NX 20364 64111 End of run upslope, foot of plateau edge, outcrop on S side.

NX 20357 64108 Top of plateau edge, outcrop on SE side.

NX 20353 64117 Reappearance of (slight) boundary feature on plateau edge, to N of later wall run, which turns toward SW.

NX 20342 64111 Run of boundary feature at top of plateau edge, beginning of flat plateau area.

NX 20322 64116 Run in flat boggy area, feature slight at this point.

NX 20303 64120 Ditto above.

NX 20271 64126 Ditto above.

NX 20265 64129 Slight southward turn of bank.

NX 20257 64128 Slight turn back to W, feature now more substantial.

NX 20242 64133 Slight turn to SW, continuation of flat boggy area.

NX 20220 64135 Slight turn back to W.

NX 20211 64139 Bank on top of outcrop at edge of plateau.

NX 20201 64144 Down dip off plateau, turn to NW, old wall line from S joins at this point.

NX 20183 64153 Bank on top of outcrop.

NX 20175 64156 Slight bank below outcrop, bank subsumed by later wall coming in at an angle from the S.

NX 20153 64160 Last trace of boundary feature, with later wall lying alongside to N.

NX 20141 64159 Possible trace of boundary outside later wall, which turns towards S at this point?

NX 20073 64179 Shepherd’s cairn at Kilhern Well, possible

terminus of boundary feature.

The W end of the feature is then less clear, with termination at Kilhern Well uncertain, though it is noted that in three instances later enclosure walls run up to and in two cases subsume the original free-standing linear feature, so as a reference point it continued to be used. It is also noted how often the feature uses natural features as reference points, prompting questions about why they were no longer enough as boundary markers. The distance run is 547m, as the crow flies. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Field visit and survey Alistair Buckoke

NX 20400 63470 In addition to the other two boundaries in the Kilhern area, a further example exists in moorland to the SE of Kilhern Farmhouse, the SW end terminating close to the burn which drains Kilhern Moss (draining into the Cruise Burn), some 50m from the Burnt Mound, Canmore ID 62433. The NE end terminates close to a burn which drains into the Dranigower Burn. Survey, carried out in Spring 2020, starts from the SW end.

NX 20400 63470 Last SW point closest to burn draining Kilhern Moss.

NX 20412 63498 Track crossing feature on rise up from burn.

NX 20427 63520 Top of col area, line less clear at this point.

NX 20453 63545 Dropping off col area, possible second track crossing.

NX 20471 63561 Edge of boggy area, line less distinct.

NX 20480 63571 Last clearly identifiable point in boggy area.

NX 20531 63612 Stone in peat cut area. Feature?

NX 20599 63648 Stone in peat at NE end of boggy area. Feature?

NX 20602 63650 Bank observable at NE end of boggy area, feature restarted.

NX 20628 63662 Probable run line.

NX 20645 63670 Definite run line, feature slight at this point.

NX 20657 63677 Run on side of knoll, feature slight.

NX 20664 63680 Run at NE edge of knoll.

NX 20692 63693 Run line adjacent to hut circle (centre NX 220678 563712).

NX 20721 63698 Run at edge of small plateau.

NX 20735 63703 Run at top of outcrop edge.

NX 20748 63707 Run down to burn.

NX 20760 63711 Last trace of bank next to burn area.

NX 20771 63714 Possible bank line in low-lying boggy area.

NX 20780 63715 Ditto previous.

NX 20785 63715 Probable sharp N turn of feature just below outcrop face to E.

NX 20789 63727 Restart of bank run to N, around flank of rocky knoll.

NX 20793 63736 Corner of bank run to NW flank of knoll.

NX 20813 63745 Last clear point of run.

NX 20831 63745 Trace of bank?

Distance run as the crow flies, 511m. Archive: NRHE (intended)

Watching brief David Sneddon – Clyde Archaeology

NX 37734 70844 A watching brief was undertaken between 12 and 15 October 2020 during excavation related to the installation of a mobile phone mast to the S of Clachaneasy and N of Newton Stewart. The site had potential to contain buried archaeological remains due to the presence of a ruined 16th-century chapel to the S (Canmore ID: 63023). The chapel is reported to have once been associated with a village, although the only visible surface remains related to the chapel itself and some disused field boundaries. No archaeological remains were uncovered during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Cnoclee Environmental Services

Metal-detecting find Fraser Hunter – National Museums Scotland

NX 05 56 An Iron Age copper-alloy belt hook was found near Cairn Pat by metal-detecting. It is in poor condition, but surviving areas indicate the display surface was beautifully polished. It is an elongated plano-convex bar, with the ends turned under to act as fastenings; one is lost. Most unusually, it is decorated with an irregular row of four ring and dot designs inlaid with opaque red enamel. L 69mm, W 14mm, H 13mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 104/19) and allocated to Stranraer Museum

Cairn Pat: enamelled belt hook (TT 104/19), drawn by Alan Braby

Chance find (surface) Hugo Anderson-Whymark– National Museums Scotland

NX 08 52 A complete polished stone axehead of fine mid-greyish green volcanic tuff was found as a surface find in Stoneykirk. The raw material for this artefact originates from the Langdale axehead quarries, Cumbria (Implement Petrology Group VI). The axehead has been finely ground over its entire surface, removing traces of all but the deepest flake scars. Pronounced straight facets are present on both sides. The surface is pale and weathered, except for four small flake removals from the blade edge and one on the butt that reveal the original colour of the stone. The absence of weathering on these flake scars indicate they occurred comparatively recently, while various small scrapes and scratches probably result from contact with agricultural machinery. Axeheads of Langdale tuff are widely distributed in Britain, with examples recorded from southern Britain to the north of Scotland, and recent radiocarbon dating indicates that the industry spanned around 500 years, from

early in the Neolithic, c3800 to c3300 BC.

Dimension: 136.7mm long, by 59.7mm wide 33.6mm thick. Side facets max. 6.5mm wide. Weight: 325.8g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 246/19) and allocated to Stranraer Museum

Excavation David Devereux

NX 69764 53895 After a delayed start because of Covid-19 restrictions, further trial excavations were undertaken in the garden of Mansewood, Tongland on the site of the Premonstratensian abbey (Canmore ID: 64048), founded by Alan, Lord of Galloway in 1218 (see DES 2015–2019 for previous work). The work took place between 27 May and 30 November 2020.

Four trial trenches were excavated, between May and November 2020, in the central part of the lawn area to the S and E of previous trenches, and recovered more structural evidence for the location and plan of the abbey. Trench 24 exposed the E wall of the previously noted structure at the presumed W end of the S range of the cloister. This demonstrated that the structure stood as a separate building (Building A) rather than as part of a continuous range. Its 0.9m wide, shell-mortared foundation included large rounded blocks of porphyrite. The SE corner of the building was identified and the turn of the S wall. Close to this, the N end of a second building (Building B) was found. Its E wall followed the same N–S alignment as Building A, but was offset slightly to the E. Its unmortared foundations and the absence of porphyrite blocks, may indicate that it was constructed in a different phase. Its E wall continued S beyond the limit of the trench; its N wall continued through Trench 27 (3m W of Trench 24) with no indication of a NW corner or a turn for a W wall. There was a gap of approximately 1.5m between the two buildings through which ran the stone-lined water channel or drain recorded in 2019. Aligned E–W, its S side was formed by the N wall foundation of Building B. In Trench 24, remnants of a stone surface adjacent to both buildings, together with a channel capping stone in situ, may indicate that the channel was covered and ran beneath a slype or passage between the two buildings. Similarly, Trenches 25 and 26, excavated on the W side of the two buildings, exposed a rough cobbled stone surface overlying the channel, the line of which continued W through and beyond Trench 25. Much of the stone surface had been stripped away, possibly to rob out the channel capping stones. The stone surface was bounded on the N by a 0.6m wide, unmortared stone wall foundation, largely robbed-out, but originally extending W from the SW corner of Building A. On the N side of the wall, there was a contrasting 1m thick deposit of dark grey-brown clayeyloam, possibly indicative of an open, possibly cultivated, area. Overall, the excavation provided more evidence for the general layout of the W end of the presumed S range of the cloister garth and the peripheral area to its W. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Hunter Archaeological and Historical Trust

Watching brief Ben Saunders – Wessex Archaeology

the border of Scotland and England (Dumfries and Galloway, Tower V75) and Galashiels in the Scottish Borders (Tower V359). The watching brief was carried out during groundworks associated with access tracks and foundations of towers in areas of archaeological interest near designated or non-designated heritage assets. The work took place between February 2019 and January 2020.

Groundworks near designated heritage assets associated with proposed access track were the area of the Battle of Darnick near tower V352 and access track and foundation works at the Iron Age fort Terrona near pylon V136. The non-designated heritage sites were Eweshaugh cropmarks near towers V158 and V159 where excavation for an access track was monitored, features at Teinside Hill near V230 where an area intended for an access track, helicopter landing platform and foundation works was monitored and the Iron Age settlement at Wiltonburn Hill near tower V266 where an area under tower was excavated for foundation works. No archaeological features or material culture was encountered from any of the any of the areas monitored. Only topsoil, subsoil and natural deposits were encountered. A metal detecting survey completed around groundworks in the area of the Battle of Darnick returned only modern ironwork associated with agricultural activity.

Additionally, a LiDAR assessment of the route was completed to inform the design of access tracks away from heritage assets, leading to the identification of additional parts of the hollow way/ Roman road between Harelaw and Groundistone Height at tower V289 and an improved mapping of the Mosspaul Burn hollow way between towers V280 and 289. Earthwork walkover survey was also completed at these locations. The access routes were re-designed away from these monuments to ensure preservation in situ. Archive: NRHE Funder: Keltbray Ltd

Excavation Héléna Gray and Mac Coxhead

NS 5170 3777 Since December 2019, Mr Coxhead has continued to undertake investigation of the small-scale excavation areas he has previously opened up and been working on (2017 to date) on the north-eastern part of the Loudoun Castle site, with the continued support (remotely) of Archaeology Scotland, through their Adopta-Monument (AaM) project. Any larger-scale excavation project work, which had hopefully been due to take place in 2020, has been postponed due to Covid-19.

Previous excavation work included the excavation of four testpits (TP1–4), and two larger rectangular strip trenches across the alignment of an upstanding section of substantial bank (BTN and BTS). Mr Coxhead’s work over the past year has comprised small extensions and re-examining and recording of testpits 2–4, and a small extension to the BTN trench across part of an upstanding bank. The small extensions, no more 1m in width, have been excavated in order to better expose, further investigate and elucidate, the potential buried structural features already identified in these locations.

The TP2 extension confirmed the presence of a substantial wall, at least 1m in thickness, perhaps with a corner/return present within the testpit. An earlier structural phase was also identified, possible flagging for a floor or another wall, underlying a deposit of smaller rubble stones abutted the substantial wall. Also identified were two possible postholes set into a compacted clay, with some iron hammer scale recovered from the clay surface around the stones.

The TP3 extension identified a possible posthole with packing stones, further evidence for a compacted clay floor and a drystone wall.

The TP4 extension suggests that there do appear to be two walls or a wall and flooring, representing different structural phases, the earlier of which is associated with a series of small post or stakeholes. It is not clear now if this earlier structural feature does align with the substantial wall previously encountered in BTN trench.

Within the BTN trench extension, further evidence of the substantial wall previously encountered was identified, suggesting that it is deeper than first supposed and does have a wall foundation cut associated with it. Potentially two cuts have now been identified within the BTN trench; of which one may relate to the wall construction.

Further excavation and survey at the site is planned as part of a wider project. Archive: NRHE Funder: Archaeology Scotland; Historic Environment Scotland

Big Wood, Loudoun: stakeholes and structural features within TP4, © Mac Coxhead

Coachford cottage and adjacent ruin, Dumfries House Estate

NS 52159 20718 A historic building recording was undertaken of a single-storey 18th-century cottage and the remains of a singlestorey outbuilding at Coachford Cottage, Dumfries House Estate. This was in advance of the reconstruction and extension of the cottage, demolition of the ruin, and the erection of an artist’s studio. The site of Coachford Cottage is located towards the western extremity of the Dumfries House Estate and Pennyfadzeoch farm. The cottage and ruinous remains were recorded through photographic survey, written description and annotated architect’s drawings. The cottage was constructed as a single phase with minor alterations when its usage changed, converting two thirds of the buildings into a living space. The work was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020.

Following the historic building recording, a watching brief was conducted during all ground-breaking works in and around the cottage. Excavation revealed 20.5m of cobbled pathway, a cobbled floor in and leading to the cottage, and the W and S walls of the ruined building, along with an associated cobble and mortar floor. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: The Prince’s Foundation

Evaluation Anthony Byledbal and Orla Craig – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 53161 72086 An evaluation was undertaken on a site proposed for residential development at Bearsden Golf Course, Bearsden, from 14 January to 2 February 2018. A total of 1212m² of the 2.8ha available area was investigated by 19 trenches excavated by machine. The remains of a possible field boundary was encountered in one trench. No archaeological finds were uncovered in the infill deposit to help to identify the function and date of this linear feature. Another trench contained the remains of a possible clearance cairn, which also contained no archaeological finds. Two trenches were excavated by hand, cutting through a trackway possibly related to post-medieval quarrying activity in the surrounding area. Archive: NRHE Funder: Robertson Homes

Geophysical survey Ian Hawkins − Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society

NT 6777 7797 An area ground resistance survey totalling 800m2 was conducted in March 2020 near to the standing remains of Old Lochend House at the corner of Kellie Road and Baillie Court in Dunbar in an attempt to locate evidence of earlier structures. A higher resistance roughly circular anomaly of 11.2m in diameter with a central lower resistance area of 3.0m, a possible 1.0m gap through it and projecting spurs to the W and E was recorded. Heavy tree and shrub growth prevented the survey of the corner of the area of the anomaly to the SE. In addition, a N aligned line of higher resistance ‘blobs’ terminating in a 4 x 3m high resistance rectangle at the N extremity of the survey area was noted. The survey produced reasonably convincing evidence of earlier structures. Its proximity to the surviving gable end suggests that it may be a structure associated with Old Lochend House rather than solid geology. Archive: NRHE, East Lothian Council Funder: Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society; Private individual, Dr Arran Johnston (Scottish Battlefields Trust)

Metal detecting survey and evaluation Alan Hunter Blair – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 69118 77540 A metal detecting survey and trial trench evaluation were undertaken in December 2019, prior to the commencement of proposed development works at Newtonlees Farm. The metal detecting survey recovered 108 significant finds

which included a 17th-century Charles II copper turner, an undated lead pistol shot and 19th-century buttons among other finds. The evaluation consisted of 12 trenches measuring 50m in length and 1 trench measuring 55m in length, all measuring 2m wide. The trenches were located at regular intervals across the development site. A pit containing a charcoal-rich fill, fire cracked stones and a small unburnt lithic was found in one of the trenches. Archive: NRHE Funder: East Lothian Council

NT 60193 69446 Historic building recording was undertaken, 22 October 2019, of a two-storey agricultural building at Castle Moffat steading in advance of its restoration and conversion to student living accommodation. The site of Castle Moffat steading is located SE of the village of Garvald. The building dates to the 19th century and is a category B listed building (LB7328) (Canmore ID: 209316). The steading was constructed as a single phase with later minor alterations carried out to fulfil different functions as agricultural practices changed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Castle Moffat Properties Ltd

NT 54 75 A copper-alloy harness pendant, cAD 1200–1400, 45.2mm long, 25.7mm wide, 13.37g. The pendant is shieldshaped in plan, with an integrally cast transverse suspension loop on the upper edge. The decorative motif comprises a running stag in red enamel, while the reverse is undecorated.

While some harness pendants are identifiable, it is unfortunately not possible to attribute an individual on non-heraldic examples such as this. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 207/19) and allocated to East Lothian Council Museums Service

Haddington: harness pendant (TT 207/19), Crown copyright

Geophysical survey Dan Shiel and Katherine Bradshaw – AOC Archaeology Group

NT 52181 74043 Geophysical gradiometer and earth resistance surveys were undertaken to investigate the potential for buried archaeological remains on a proposed development area in Haddington. A total of 1.5ha were surveyed by gradiometer and 1ha was surveyed using earth resistance. The work took place in November 2019.

The results of both surveys have established that no definitive archaeological remains are present within the site boundary.

A number of trends have been identified in the gradiometer data which have unclear origins. In particular, the trends detected in the northern and central parts of the survey area most likely relate to features identified on historical mapping sources, which include a possible former field boundary and former dog kennels. However, the locations do not fully correlate and therefore their origins are unclear. Pit-like anomalies have also been detected which have unclear origins. Agricultural ploughing trends were also identified, however, very few other identifiable anomalies were visible in the dataset. A large amount of magnetic disturbance is visible across the datasets which most likely relates to modern disturbances such as services and landscaping.

In the earth resistance data, similar unclear trends were identified. Mixed high and low resistance anomalies were identified which correlate with an area of pit-like anomalies identified in the gradiometer data, which could possibly relate to the former dog kennels. Similarly, a linear trend identified in the gradiometer data correlates with a band of high and low resistance and could relate to a former field boundary or trackway. Funder: WYG Planning Transport

Evaluation Ben Saunders – Wessex Archaeology

NT 75284, 74166 to NT 66431 69480 A programme of archaeological evaluation was undertaken along the route of onshore infrastructure associated with the Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm, between August 2018 and January 2019. The onshore cable easement consists of a 63.59ha strip of land starting at landfall situated to south of Torness power station at Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) at Thorntonloch (NT 75284, 74166) extending to Crystal Rig II within the Lammermuir Hills (NT 66431, 69480). The easement route was subdivided by landowner and designated as Fields 1–16.

An initial programme of 196 trenches measuring between 50m and 25m was planned. These trenches targeted anomalies identified by an earlier phase of geophysical survey as well as areas containing no geophysical anomalies. Following a review of cropmark data, a further two trenches were excavated within Field 12.2 (trenches 197–198), targeting the northern limit of a probable Cursus monument.

The evaluation of the proposed cabling route identified a low density of archaeological features across the route. These were predominately post-medieval and modern features mainly relating to agricultural land management. The most significant features were identified within Fields 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.4, 14.1, 15.1 and 16.2.

Within Field 12.1 trench 094 identified a shallow pit containing the disarticulated remains of an immature pig. Trench 197 in field 12.2 located a 0.5m deep pit/segmented ditch which corresponds to cropmark data interpreted as a probable Cursus monument. Trench 198 to the north failed to identify the cropmark of the Cursus ditch, with the western half of the trench truncated by a large gravel extraction pit, presumably of post-medieval date. Within Field 13.1 trenches 111–112 identified a deposit of organic rich sediment within a depression of unknown date. This feature is most likely a pond or natural water course.

Field 13.4 (trench 145) identified a shallow NE to SW gully as well as a shallow undated pit. Trenches 146–148 (Field 14.1), to the S, identified a series of shallow gullies and ditches as well as associated postholes forming a series of small enclosures. No dating evidence was recovered during the hand excavation of these features. They were however assumed to be prehistoric

in date based on their form. Following discussions with East Lothian Council Archaeology Service (ELCAS) it was agreed that a 0.75ha targeted excavation should be undertaken to investigate these features. The results of the Stage 2 mitigation works will be reported on separately. However, for the purposes of this report is it sufficient to say that this targeted excavation identified a series of undated pits within Field 13.4 and a probable NW to SE aligned possible Cursus monument, pit alignment and associated enclosures within Field 14.1.

Within Field 15.1 trench 184 contained a collapsed stone dyke, built of stone, turf and topsoil and measuring 1.8m wide and 0.15m high. No archaeological material was recovered to date the feature, but it may relate to an outlying enclosure from the Boonslie medieval village to the west across the cleugh.

At the very western limit of the trench array (Fields 16.1 and 16.2) a possible kiln or corn dryer was identified within trench 196. Whilst undated this feature is likely to be associated with the Boonslie earthworks, which form a probable medieval enclosure settlement. Archive: NRHE, ELCAS Funder: Neart Na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Ltd (NnGOWL)

NT 32560 72407 A watching brief was carried out at Newhailes Stables, Musselburgh, as part of the renovation of the stables buildings. Two main phases of groundbreaking works were monitored: the first oversaw the removal and reduction of the ground surface within the stable courtyard; the second involved monitoring the excavation of all sub-surface service routes, which included the installation of new drainage and lighting cabling. The work took place between March and November 2019.

The programme of works identified the fragmentary remains of the original 18th-century stable block, with substantial foundations recorded 0.35–0.4m below the surface, which align with the 1798 estate plan. The majority of the remaining features have been shown to relate to the mid/later 19th century, specifically the rectangular walled structure within the stable courtyard. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with East Lothian Council HER Funder: National Trust for Scotland

Excavation and recording Jenni Morrison − Addyman Archaeology

NT 34942 72677 A programme of recording and excavation of a series of trenches within the grounds of Pinkie House, Musselburgh, was undertaken in July 2020. Pinkie House is a Category A listed building and the walled garden is listed separately as Category B. Both are within the boundary of the Inventory Garden and designed landscape of Pinkie House. A series of trenches had previously been excavated within and to the N of the walled garden in order to supply services to temporary accommodation units. The sides and base of the trenches were cleaned and recorded and any features present were sample excavated within the confines of the trenches. The spoil was inspected, artefacts were collected and their location recorded. Historic maps and documents were consulted in order to provide information on the early layout of the walled garden.

Within the walled garden Trenches 1–4 showed that the upper 0.7m of ground had been disturbed by more recent landscaping and drainage work. At the base of Trenches 1 and 2 the remains of a central path associated with a formal garden survived. Beneath this, two linear features were excavated, which may be earlier garden features or indeed pre-date the construction of the formal gardens; no dating evidence was recovered. As Trenches 1–4 had been excavated through disturbed subsoil they had not impacted on the remains of the early garden.

Trench 5 to the N of the walled garden contained a large spread of midden material within a cut. The artefacts ranged in date from a single sherd of Roman pottery to 19th-century ceramics. The finds were evenly distributed with no concentrations in evidence. The wide date range and distribution would appear to indicate a deliberate dumping of imported material rather than an accumulation of rubbish from adjacent settlement.

In September 2020 additional excavations to provide drainage, footings for the temporary cabins, and a small area of hard standing to accommodate water tanks were monitored. Five sherds of pottery including one sherd of green glaze were found. Two brick, stone and concrete piers were uncovered. They did not appear to be in their original position but may have been bases for relatively modern garden features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Loretto School

Pinkie House: excavating trenches in front of the house

Ravensheugh Road, Musselburgh Archaeological monitored topsoil strip Kai Wallace − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 35976 72901 A monitored topsoil strip was carried out prior to a development at the rear of 2 Ravensheugh Road, Musselburgh, on 21 and 22 of January 2020.

The monitored topsoil strip was undertaken across an area of 140m2 and revealed a deep topsoil filled with building and domestic refuse, episodes of probable ground improvement in the form of imported clay material and areas of modern ground disturbance and dumping of building materials. Towards the western side of the proposed development site were multiple features, including rubbish or waste pits and posthole cuts, some of which may represent garden features which can be aligned with the sites former use as a 19th- and 20th-century pub garden. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Fouin+Bell Architects Ltd

Community evaluation Jessica Lowther − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 55680 72296 A community evaluation was carried out, in August 2019, at the suspected site of Morham Castle as marked on the OS 1854 map as part of the Whiteadder: Historic Heart of The Lammermuirs Project.

During the evaluation the substantial remains of a curving stone-built wall foundation were uncovered as well as several

sherds of medieval ceramics spanning the 12th to 15th centuries and a James IV billion penny (1488–1513). A radiocarbon date sought from the charcoal contained within the in situ mortar deposits on the foundation stones of the wall returned a date of 1295–1400 calAD (SUERC 93261). A series of linear features containing medieval ceramics was also encountered to the S of the building remains. It is likely that these features represent the dismantled and highly truncated remains of Morham Castle.

Work was undertaken as part of Whiteadder: Historic Heart of the Lammermuirs, a community arts and archaeology project led by Scottish Borders Council in partnership with East Lothian Council, and delivered by AOC Archaeology Group and CMC Associates. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: The Fallago Environment Fund and the Scottish Borders LEADER programme

Morham Castle: post excavation of curving stone wall

NT 41 75 A complete nummus, probably of Crispus, dating to 4th century AD. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 240/19) and allocated to East Lothian Council Museums Service

NT 40 75 Approximately 50% of an iron, likely 3lb, cannonball; the surviving fragment is hemispherical in section and is heavily corroded. 1lb weight, 64.5mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 250/19) and allocated to East Lothian Council Museums Service

NT 64794 63866 Excavations were carried out at the site of an anomaly identified in LiDAR data as a possible cairn. A broadly circular mound around 20m in diameter was discernible, within forestry, on a low promontory extending into the northern end of the Whiteadder Reservoir. Excavations were undertaken to determine whether or not the anomaly was of archaeological origin, and if so, whether it did, in fact, represent a cairn, and to examine the condition, nature and date of the archaeological remains there. Two trenches were excavated: T1, a 2 x 2m trench in the centre of the site; and T2, a long, 1 x 5m trench (Trench 2) running NNE–SSW over the side of the cairn.

Immediately beneath the overburden in both trenches, the mound was found to be formed of stones mostly around 0.4m in diameter but up to a maximum of around 0.6m in diameter. These stones are interpreted as cairn material, and in T1 survived to a depth of around 0.6m. The cairn material overlay the natural glacial till. A possible kerb was identified at the edge of the cairn material in T2, as well as a possible trampled surface with flat stones forming a rough paved surface around the exterior of the cairn.

Radiocarbon dates were obtained for samples from two contexts, which returned dates of 927 ± 26 BP (SUERC-93858), within the early 11th century AD, and 2841 ± 26 BP (SUERC-93859), in the early 10th/late 9th century BC, within the late Bronze Age.

A modest assemblage of artefacts included a fractured spall from the surface of a possible sandstone cobble hammerstone, a flint blade tip, and a single rim sherd of an Early Bronze Age Beaker.

The anomaly identified on the LiDAR data can be confidently identified as the remains of a cairn, though much denuded, with stone possibly having been removed for the creation of banks/ field boundaries and other features in the vicinity. It is probable that forestry activities have also caused damage and loss of stone, evidenced in T2 by linear truncation of the cairn material, on alignment with the planting layout of the trees. The lack of any clearly defined structure within the excavated areas of the cairn material suggests that the cairn is more likely to be Bronze Age than Neolithic in date. The potsherd supports a Bronze Age origin for the cairn, and considered alongside the Late Bronze Age radiocarbon date, suggests the cairn was in use over a long period.

Work was undertaken as part of Whiteadder: Historic Heart of the Lammermuirs, a community arts and archaeology project led by Scottish Borders Council in partnership with East Lothian Council, and delivered by AOC Archaeology Group and CMC Associates. Archive: NRHE Funder: Fallago Environment Fund and Scottish Borders LEADER

Whiteadder Cairn: possible slipped kerb stones at the edge of the cairn material in T2

Building survey Susan Hunter and Ken Mallard – Association of Certificated Field Archaeologists

NS 55040 56684 Broom House (original doorway opening). The original building of Broom House, a 19th-century mansion, is seen on the eastern aspect of today’s Belmont House School (Canmore ID: 43829) and shown on the 1st Edition OS map of 1856. By the

1895 OS map the building had been extended to the E. The two periods of building were built to a similar design and specification, the only exception being the size of the window openings. Both buildings are two storeys in height with a basement which probably accommodated servants’ quarters and storage facilities. Attic rooms are evident in the original building. Most of the architecture seen within the building is replicated round the building’s entire footprint.

Broom House now Belmont House School

Steps lead up to the N facing main entrance which has a flatroofed open portico supported by twin pillars on emblatures. Four tapered columns are topped with Tuscan capitals. The substantial door is timber-panelled with glazed side lights and fan light above with the school motto ‘Strenue sed Aeque’, which translates as “strong but fair”, etched into the glass. The motto was introduced by the School’s founder, Gerald Arnold Montague Dale.

At the NE side corner where the later building butts on to the original building a concrete chimney stack, a much later addition, projects from the walling.

The NE-facing side has a cast-iron balustrade projecting from the building. Between the balustrade and the building, steps lead down to the basement area with a doorway into the basement. A blocked-up stone archway opening is seen to the right running under the ground, possibly a cold store.

The E side of this building has a brick parapet leading to a small entrance opening in the basement area. Canmore (https:// canmore.org.uk/collection/1551391) ‘View of Broom House showing front of house with horse-drawn carriage’ reveals that the parapets were originally cast-iron balustrades similar to those on the front elevation and later reconstructed with brick.

On the SE side the original lower windows to the right are now a modern doorway with 11 steps and brick-built modern balustrades leading up to the door. A modern fire escape system has been installed to this side of the building.

The rear W side of the original building with identical features pilasters, mouldings, string course, etc has a symmetrical frontage with two bay windows of differing size in the basement, ground floor and upper floors either side of centrally positioned windows to the ground and first floor. A door opening with smaller windows either side is noted below in the basement area.

The central ground floor window has a pediment above supported by scrolled brackets. This window opening may have been a doorway and steps leading down into a garden area. Stonework below the central ground floor window shows evidence of there having been external steps. A squared moulding is seen above the base course in line with the basement door which may also point to an original door opening being higher and wider than at present and this base stone being added at a later date.

NS 54834 56705 Broom House Stables and Coach House – (entrance into inner area)

Broom Stables were shown on the 1st Edition OS map of 1856 and extended towards the Ayr Road by the 2nd Edition OS map of 1895. It appears as an almost square building surrounding an internal square space. The stables and coach house were converted in 1982 to modern housing with a garden area created in the internal space.

When the modern housing development was built most of the building was in situ especially the eastern side. Evidence of the original stables and coach house comprised coach sheds, stables, storage and hay lofts which are all seen within the architecture today. On the E side is the impressive entrance into the inner court and the S side provided accommodation for stable staff. As the stables and coach house had differing functions the new housing has different internal sizing and styles of decoration externally. The original hitching posts are seen outside on the S side and on the S and N interiors. Internally within the NE corner is the original well for the stables. A stone dated to 1728, found during rebuilding work and inserted into the lower area of the stonework in the internal SE corner, indicates that an earlier building may have stood on this site.

NS 55029 56913 Broom Lodge (The north Lodge house of Broom Estate). (mid SE side). As a modern extension has been added to Broom Lodge’s eastern side only the N, S and W sides were surveyed. The lodge is built of dressed smooth blond sandstone with architectural features identical to Broom House and Broom Stables and Coach House, these being pilasters, door openings and windows with pediments above and scrolled corbels

below on either side of the windows. A blocked-up doorway seen between two windows on the W side and a third window is seen on the S side.

NS 55025 56908 Broom Lodge, 71 Ayr Road – Coach-house, Lodge and Stable early to mid-19th century (Canmore ID: 203865). Main elevation facing driveway: one storey ashlar advanced ends and elaborate control entry to courtyard. Blocking course with slate roof behind, blind round arched lancets, doors to end with block cornices. Main carriage entry, with arched voussoirs, impost bands and massive 6-panel doors, flanked by panelled pilasters through main cornices to block pediment. One window bay with similar treatment to return flanks, rest of outer elevation plain with an outshot range to main road. Courtyard is mainly filled with later sheds, loft doors rise into roof on entrance side where stabling remains original wooden stalls with cast.

NS 54908 56691 to NS 54815 56712 Carriageway from Broom House to original stables and coach-house block. The carriageway starts to the NW of Broom House as shown on the 1856 and 1895 maps. It travelled in a westerly direction to a substantial sandstone ashlar bridge on the W side of today’s Broompark Drive. Much of the carriageway has been lost to extensive modern building in the area. The length of the bridge is 12.16m and it is 2.95m wide between the parapets, built of sandstone with similar architectural features to the pillars at Broom House and the gateway at the exit of the carriageway to the Ayr Road, although showing different sizing. The bridge is single arch and barrel vaulted with broached voussoirs. The carriageway continues through a small wooded area and passes the Stables and Coach House on its E side to the original exit onto the A77 Ayr Road to the N. This is an impressive sandstone opening with architectural features seen throughout the buildings of the original Broom Estate.

NS 54112 57094 to NS 55171 55772 Broom Burn and Pond.

The Broom Burn is noted on John Ainslie’s Map of 1796 and the 1st and 2nd Edition OS maps was identified at Capelrig Road. It was seen running through Whitecraigs Golf, under the A77 Ayr Road, running under the bridge of the Broom House carriageway and into the original south curling pond shown on the above O.S. maps. At the W side and N end of the existing pond an old sluice working system is seen within the undergrowth, two cast iron turning mechanisms are seen on either side of the weir and an old sluice channel runs to the N. This older sluice is also noted in 14/10/1997 (30182) on The Land Register of Scotland Title Number REN28231 survey scale 1/1250. The 2nd Edition OS map shows the sluice on its mid eastern section. A newer sluice at NS 54911 56669 is seen on the E side of the pond approached from an entrance beside Broompark Drive, built after 1997 as noted above, with all the accompanying working mechanisms. Both Sluices were measured and photographed. Continuing upstream Broom Burn leaves the pond and is seen running under Broom Burn Drive and through the fields between Windsor Avenue and Broompark Drive to the right side of Broom Court (originally where the south Boom Lodge stood) on the Mearns Road. The burn runs under Mearns Road to the left of Broomvale shops and runs through parkland behind the Broomvale shops and under a modern bridge.

Broomcroft (now 171st Glasgow Scout Hall) – South building NS55172 56724 – N building wall NS55151 56736 Broomcroft was originally a steading on the Broom Estate. Today only the South building with a modern extension to the W is in situ. The South building composed of two joined rectangular buildings measuring 21.4m long x 2.35m high with different stone construction, squared ashlar blocks and random rubble with lime wash. Quoins are seen round the original openings. Modern improvements have been made to some of the N facing wall with new window opening and door openings. Most of the S facing walling and gable end are still original along with tie thatches on both N and S sides of the building.

The E facing wall of the North building is also still in situ complete with one blocked-up doorways, two blocked-up windows, a butt joint with a metal hinge and the return of the building to the NW, this building measured 30.9m with a width of 0.5m and was built of random rubble with lime wash. Both buildings are shown on the 1st and 2nd Edition OS maps and the Broom Estate map of 1898.

To the N, sandstone gateposts are seen at NS 55173 56736 with broached stone work at the entrance into the area which was once the yard. E of these there are three steps within the walling bordering Broom Road NS55220 56710.

Broom Cottage is shown on the 1st and 2nd OS maps, however a possible foundation of the original S edge of the west building is seen on the left side of Roddinghead Road at NS55137 56821 measuring 6.07m long x 0.3m high. Archive: NRHE and WoSAS

NS 50567 57373 (centred) An evaluation was carried out in advance of a proposed development on greenfield farmland to the W of Balgraystone Road in September 2020. It consisted of a trial trench evaluation amounting to 1568m2; 8% of the 1.96ha of undisturbed land within the development area. The evaluation did not encounter any archaeological features or artefacts. Archive: NRHE Funder: CCG (Scotland) Limited

Evaluation and watching brief Katharine Warden – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 50027 60445 – An evaluation and watching brief were carried out at Grahamston Road, from 20 January to 11 February 2020. In total, 1100m² was either evaluated or monitored under a watching brief. The work revealed no features of archaeological significance within the evaluated and monitored areas. Archive: NRHE Funder: Bellway Homes Limited (Scotland West)

Evaluation Donald Wilson − Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd

NT 1426 7674 A trial trench evaluation was conducted, 27 February, on agricultural land to the S of Dalmeny, South Queensferry. The work was undertaken due to the submission of an enforcement notice related to a condition of the planning application for the provision of temporary car parking during development works at the Dalmeny Oil Storage Works. Historic mapping had indicated the presence of the 19th-century Dalmeny Row workers’ cottages at the location of the carpark. Excavation of five trial trenches amounting to 50m linear revealed the site had been truncated with no evidence of the cottages identified. The spoil from the initial topsoil strip was also inspected and no bricks or building materials was evident. The depth of the excavated trenches varied between 0.35–1.0m and in all cases exposed the geological subsoil. Archive: NRHE Funder: Ineos FPS Ltd

Standing building survey, watching brief, evaluation and excavation Bruce Glendinning, Gary Savory and Michael Cressey − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 2603 7603 A Level 3 historic building survey and targeted architectural watching brief were undertaken to record the extant mill complex prior to its demolition. The work took place between November 2018 and July 2019. The survey has shown that industrial activity at the site can be traced back to the late 18th century, although no buildings survive from this period. The buildings were at one time part of a much larger industrial complex that developed from an early 19th-century tannery and later 19th- or 20th-century paper mill. All of the buildings have undergone major internal refurbishment to suit the requirements of modern 20th- and 21st-century office use.

The architectural watching brief confirmed that the mill house had been in formal domestic use and was probably occupied by the mill manager. The partition spine wall between the hipped and pitched roof had evidence of three blocked fireplaces and cupboards. A fine Victorian decorated window may mark the position of an earlier staircase.

Further watching briefs identified wooden tanks related to the tannery that occupied the site in the mid-19th century. It also identified flue structures related to the chimney for the later 19thcentury paper mill.

An evaluation was undertaken and identified further fragmentary structural remains associated with the paper mill. The only features that could reasonably be identified as being earlier were the remains of the tanning tanks. Comparison with the map evidence provides a date range of mid-19th to mid-20th century for all the features identified.

The excavation further identified vestigial remains relating to a mid-19th-century tannery complex and the late 19th-century Bonnington Paper Mills. No structural remains dating to the early 19th century could be identified with any certainty, apart from the mill lade which is first recorded on the 1804 map but is likely to be earlier in date. The rest of the structural remains represented the foundations of recently demolished buildings, which were the subject of the earlier building survey prior to their demolition. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Queensberry Properties (Bonnington) Limited

Evaluation and metal detecting survey Steven Watt − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 27892 67218 A programme of archaeological works, consisting of a metal detecting survey and 10% samples of 8.3ha, equating to some 4200 linear metres of trenching, took place from 5–12 February 2020.

Due to onsite restrictions, trenching was severely restricted, with a total of 1,900 linear metres achieved. Trenching revealed a possible quarry bowl or natural hollow filled in with red blaize material to depths of 2m. No further significant archaeological material was recovered during the excavation.

The metal detecting survey revealed numerous objects typical of 19th/20th century farming and industrial activity. However, a couple of copper-alloy coins and buttons were recovered, one inscribed with Arabic script. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barrett Homes Ltd

NT 26455 73930 A historic building survey was undertaken of the former Studio 24 nightclub at 24–26 Calton Road in Edinburgh on 9–28 January 2020. The works were undertaken in advance of the demolition of the building as a condition of the planning consent. The present building was constructed in the late 19th century as an industrial building, possibly housing two or three manufacturing businesses. It replaced a former early 19th-century timber yard which was itself located over the post-medieval backlands of the properties on Canongate.

By the 1930s the building was appropriated by Lady Haig as a poppy factory, and it retained this function until the 1970s, after which time it was used as a television studio, then a cinema and latterly as a nightclub and music venue called Studio 24.

Studio 24 closed down in 2017 and has remained empty ever since. The development will see the removal of the building to accommodate the construction of a new apartment complex. The historic building survey identified that much of the original internal divisions of the building had been heavily altered during the nightclub phase, where modern partitions had been added to accommodate a cinema and later a dance floor and bar areas, as well as staff areas, toilets and storage rooms. The original stone rubble walling, however, was exposed in many of the ground floor areas and the first-floor area to the S side, where blocked openings provided evidence of the original layout of the building. A modern extension was added to the structure in the 20th century, which provided kitchen facilities for the nightclub to the S side of the ground floor. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Calton Studio LLP

Calton Road: general view of the frontage of the former Studio 24 nightclub, and late 19th-century factory which was used as a poppy factory in the mid-20th century before becoming a TV studio and cinema in the 1970s and then a nightclub and music venue which operated from the 1980s to the 2010s, before finally closing down in 2017

NT 26455 73930 AOC An evaluation was undertaken, on 14 October 2020, of the site of the former Studio 24 nightclub and music venue at Nos 24–26 Calton Road in Edinburgh.

The area of the site available to trenching was extremely limited, as such a single 2 x 13m trench was excavated running NNW–SSE from the northern edge of the site. Five walls were uncovered within the trenching area, three of these lay below concrete and outside the area of the recently demolished 19th-century building that stood along the N edge of the site. These three walls are not depicted on any maps of the area and represent previously unknown archaeology within the development area. Probable 18th-century midden deposits containing green glaze ceramics were reached in a small area between two walls. These deposits continued deeper. It is considered likely that further deposits are preserved in situ below the uncovered features, and further archaeological works are advised. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Calton Studio LLP

NT 17496 74393 The project work for 2020 was to finish excavating the central area of the building known as ‘the offices’, and to survey and draw the building. The excavation programme took place every Monday between 11th November 2019 until 16th March 2020 when Covid regulations stopped the work. Some work was resumed on 2nd July 2020 and continued once a week until the 20th July 2020.

The central area of ‘the offices’ was cleared and the area recorded and drawn to highlight the remains of wooden sleeper beams. The W area of the range was also cleared and the fireplace showed evidence of metal hooks for cooking equipment. At the W end of the partially flagged floor, the flags showed evidence of slots for room dividers. The E end of the room had a low sleeper wall around it with an earthen floor below.

Research in the records has indicated that in the 1911 Census the E end of the building was at known as ‘Cammo Cottage’ and was inhabited by Margaret Wright the retired cook from Cammo House. This would fit with the range of domestic artefacts found at this end of the building. A full survey of these buildings is included in the report. Archive: NRHE, City of Edinburgh HER (intended) Funder: Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society, Edinburgh Airport

NT 17474 74374 This season we worked at the building called ‘The Piggery’ in the Buildings at Risk Register, this description was attributed to it by Historic Scotland. We worked there once a week from 20th July 2020 until 26th October 2020. Our aim was to clear the rubble from the building, excavate through the debris to find a floor surface and to see if we could understand the sequence of building and the purpose of the separate parts of the building range. We started in the N area of the range. This consists of an oblong open area c16.2m N–S and 6.5m E–W. The S wall was at a height of 2.2m down to the slate layer, while the other walls were c1m high. An internal wall bisected the area to the N at 2.15m. It butted up against the outer wall, indicating it was a later addition. Two

doorways, one on the W and one on the E, were found at the N end of the open area but no evidence of windows remained. The small divided-off area to the N had a doorway on the E side and what appeared to be a window on the W side. Oral history collected from local residents informed us that originally there had also been a round window in the far N wall.

A 2 x 2m trench was put in in the centre of the open area to find a floor level. Some building debris was removed and a clay floor was found at a depth of 200mm. A significant amount of broken glass was found in the middle area. Some very fine, thin glass. A badge from a ‘Rowatts Patent Safety Lamp’ was also found. A series of large ridge tiles made by Lilliehill, Dunfermline, were found across the site.

At the N of the larger open area we found a spread of bitumen but this did not cover the whole floor and looked more like a spill due to the uneven cover. A quantity of metal objects was found in the spill and on the surrounding floor area as well as a clay pipe stem with the inscription ‘Louis Fiolet’ running around the stem.

To the S of the E doorway was found a pit with three slabs surrounding it. Two of the slabs had 70mm metal rods set in them. The pit contained a range of metal objects including paint tins and a round metal band. Also broken flower pots and an ‘Indian Tree’ plate as well as a ‘torpedo bottle’. The pit was 0.5m deep and had a void at the base on the E side with the remains of a wooden beam in it.

In the 1895 sale prospectus, the outbuildings include ‘a wright’s shop’, and from the range of metal finds and the machine base in this area it would seem we have found this part of the steading. Archive: NRHE, City of Edinburgh Council HER (intended) Funder: Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society, Edinburgh Airport

Cammo Estate piggery: ridge tile © Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society

NT 181 744 A metal-detecting survey and evaluation was carried out at Maybury Road from 23 April to 7 June 2018. The metal detecting recovered a total of 173 metal artefacts, of which 160 were modern agricultural metal. In addition to the 13 retained finds from the metal detecting, one shard of 18th-century dark green bottle glass was recovered from rig and furrow and two pieces of natural flint.

The evaluation comprised the machine excavation of trenches amounting to 10% of the 18.61ha area (18,610m²), and 5% of the 4.46ha flood zone (2,229m²). 209 trenches were excavated across the development area; post-medieval rig and furrow features were recorded in 17 trenches. The evaluation established that the average thickness of the top soil was between 0.4 and 0.5m with field drains throughout the area suggesting that the area has been consistently used for agriculture and undergone drainage improvements to facilitate this. Evidence for a palaeochannel along a similar line to the Bughtlin Burn was apparent along the W edge of the site. The degree of alluvium suggests that this may have been a much larger water course in the past. Archive: NRHE Funder: CALA Homes Limited/David Wilson East Scotland

Historic building recording and structural watching brief Diana Sproat and Robert Usher − AOC Archaeology Group

Canongate: the frontage of No 126 Canongate, Edinburgh, heavily remodelled in the late 20th century although still retaining its external 17th-century character

NT 26479 73790 A historic building survey and a structural watching brief of 126 Canongate, Edinburgh, were undertaken in advance of renovation and development. The works took place between 17 October 2019 and 29 September 2020 and have been completed as part of the planning and listed building consent. The development will see the change of use of the building from an office building to form eleven commercially-managed short-term let apartments, alterations to the rear elevation and roof and the creation of a groundfloor unit.

No. 126 Canongate dates to 1685 though it has been heavily remodified (internally) in the 20th century. Later render was also applied to the frontage of the building at the same time, in addition to a new brick stairwell at the rear of the building. Despite this, externally, it has retained its 17th-century proportions and character, most notably its widely spaced windows. A structural watching brief during the soft strip of the building exposed blocked fireplaces in the E and W walls, located in the same positions going up through the floor levels, with at least three to the E wall and one to the W. Unfortunately, no internal walls had survived the late 20th-century renovations. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Northumberland Street Properties

Evaluation Donald Wilson − Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd

NT 29071 71787 On 30 – 31 October 2019 trial trench evaluation was conducted on vacant land to the N of the City of Edinburgh Council Neighbourhood Centre, Craigmillar, prior to development of the replacement Castlebrae High School. The excavation of 10 trial trenches amounting to 428m linear revealed the southern part of the site had been disturbed during the construction of the Neighbourhood Centre and this area had subsequently been landscaped. Much of the area was covered in scrub and small trees with undulating and uneven ground. The depth of the excavated trenches varied between 0.25 and 1.1m and in all cases exposed either the geological subsoil or bedrock. No features of archaeological interest were present. Archive: NRHE Funder: Morrison Construction

NT 269766 A watching brief was undertaken in association with the excavation of a service trench at Commercial Quay, Leith, on 2 December 2019. The watching brief revealed no significant archaeology. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: PMP PLC

Historic building recording and watching brief Anthony Taylor − Headland Archaeology

NT 2203 7064 A programme of historic building recording was undertaken in March 2019, prior to the redevelopment of the Cross Keys Inn, Lanark Road. The photographic and written record focused on the Cross Keys Inn, a Category B Listed Building (LB30121) constructed in the early 19th century, along with an unlisted ancillary storeroom to the S. The works were undertaken on 22 March 2019.

The archaeological impact of the development is considered low and an adequate record of the structures prior to redevelopment has been completed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: JRA Architects

Evaluation James McGovern − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 22707 68405 A programme of archaeological works was carried out on 1–7 October 2020 at Dreghorn Barracks, 82 Redford Road. The evaluation was carried out in three areas: A, B and C. Fifteen trenches were excavated giving a total coverage of 400 linear metres. A watching brief was also carried out during intrusive works at the MT Garages location. No archaeologically significant features or material was observed during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Morrisons Construction for Ministry of Defence

NT 26487 71925 A historic building survey was undertaken, on 3 January 2020, of a mid-late 19th-century tenement (ground floor) and a former ‘horse bazaar’, now a car servicing and repair centre, at Nos 18 and 20 Duncan Street in Edinburgh.

No. 20 Duncan Street was constructed in the mid-late 19th century by John Croall & Sons, a postal and undertaking business, as a coach house for their horses and carriage or carriages for funeral processions. The only expansion to the building in the late 19th century was the addition of a small red brick lean-to, to the SW side of the original building, which may be a later rebuild of an earlier stone structure. It retained this layout into the 20th century, where, at some time in mid-late 20th century, the building was converted to a car servicing and repair centre and is now occupied by Hendry & Macdonald.

An evaluation was also undertaken after the demolition of the site, which was undertaken within the footprint of the demolished Duncan Street Garage. A 10% (59m2) sample of the development area was investigated by trial trenching. It revealed a simple soil profile of buried garden or topsoil overlain by a levelling layer of demolition or construction rubble in turn overlain by granite setts and concrete ground surfaces. No archaeologically significant features or material were recorded. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Student Accommodation

NT 24740 72665 A historic building survey was undertaken of the former St Joseph’s Nursing Home and its associated brick outbuildings at 41–45 Gilmore Place, on 6–8 October, prior to its renovation.

The present building was constructed in 1889 to a design by architect J Milne Munro. Prior to this, there was a previous building on the site, a country house for Mr Gilmour, and the 1889 building incorporated this earlier house into the build, which had already become a home for the elderly run by the Little Sisters of the Poor since 1863. The Sisters were founded in 1839 by Saint Jeanne Jugan, a French woman who established the order to care for the elderly. Her reputation was soon noted in Britain and, in 1849, the name of the Little Sisters of the Poor was adopted with a congregation of around 100.

The late 19th century and early 20th century saw a number of expansions to the original nursing home building, including an east and west wing and remodelling of the chapel, as well as two brick outbuildings to the east and west boundary walls to the S of the site, which are due to be demolished as part of the development. Given its continued used as a nursing home since the late 19th century, the interior of the main house had been extensively modernised in terms of its fixtures, fittings and furnishings. Indeed, there was an extensive renovation programme undertaken in the 1980s. Some

Gilmore Place: the N elevation of Nos 41–45 Gilmore Place, the former St Joseph’s Nursing Home

stripping out of the wall furnishings, however, exposed original windows (now blocked) within the building, which were covered over at the time of the addition of 20th-century sun lounges to the rear S elevation. (See Front Cover, Image 1). Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: S1 Developments

NT 25553 73578 A detailed historic building survey of the ground floor of Gladstone’s Land was undertaken in March 2020, after strip out works in advance of development. The works were required as a condition of planning consent and Listed Building Consent on the development which will see the renovation of the space into a new café and vintage ice-cream parlour for the National Trust for Scotland.

Gladstone’s Land is an A Listed building, the highest level of protection for an historic building in Scotland and is considered to be of national importance.

It is a complex multi-phase building dating from the 16th century which was substantially extended southwards in the early 1600s, including the addition of painted ceilings and friezes in the front rooms of the upper floors. It was re-fronted in stone, also in the 17th century, with an arcaded front, the only one surviving in Edinburgh. Throughout its life, the tenement has housed hundreds of Edinburgh residents, both rich and poor. Purchased by the National Trust for Scotland in the 1930s after several years of neglect, a major programme of renovation was undertaken on the building headed by Sir Frank Mears. Another major refurbishment occurred in the

1970s, which included the conversion of the lower floors into a visitor attraction and a gift shop. Archive: NRHE Funder: National Trust for Scotland

Gladstone’s Land: detail of a previously blocked window emerging from the floorboards in the former public bar of the ground floor

NT 26849 76154 A section of sandstone wall exposed during the redevelopment of a play area at Henderson Gardens, Leith, was recorded on 12 February 2020.

The wall fragment was 7.2m in length by 0.80m in width and was composed of lime-bonded sandstone. The wall ran parallel with Yardheads Road and appears to be associated with early 19thcentury tenements. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Edinburgh and Lothians Greenspace Trust

NT 257 736 A watching brief was held to monitor groundbreaking works associated with a proposed development at 329 High Street, Edinburgh, from 14 February to 11 September 2020.

During works, part of a substantial sandstone foundation wall was uncovered, which is likely to be associated with the 16th- to 18th-century tenement buildings formerly occupying the site. Groundworks revealed that below basement level, the former foundations had been infilled with the demolition remains of the former buildings and levelling sand to a depth of approximately 1.45m. No further significant archaeological finds or features were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Chris Stewart Group

NT 25732 73621 A historic building survey was undertaken in October 2020, of the former City of Edinburgh Council offices located at 329 High Street. The works were completed during the soft strip for a development to convert the building into serviced apartments to the upper floors and retail use for the basement, ground floor and mezzanine areas.

The site of 329 High Street has been occupied since the postmedieval period, although the present building was constructed in the 1930s to a design by architect E J Macrae. It was built with reinforced concrete superstructure although the exterior facades were designed to fit in with the older buildings surrounding it. The E and W walls form the earlier 19th-century buildings, including the City Chambers, and some minimal stripping of the render of these walls exposed a blocked window and a gable scar at the third floor (attic) level. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Lateral City Ltd

NT 26491 74554 Historic building recording was undertaken, on 10 March 2020, at 11 Hillside Crescent, in advance of its redevelopment into student accommodation. The Building is a Category A Listed Building designed by William Playfair in 1820 and was part of the Calton Scheme for the development of the area. Analysis of both the built fabric and the substantial corpus of original Playfair plans and designs held by the University of Edinburgh was able to identify the substantial remaining Greek Revival fabric and decorative elements of the building, including much intact moulded plasterwork and timber elements. These demonstrate the almost total design control Playfair exercised over the building interiors and design. Four main phases of occupancy and use were identified, from its original construction to its final use, from the 1930s onwards, as the RAF Club. These phases all demonstrate a change from the use of the building as a grand private residence to one used as an entertainment venue and finally as a service personnel’s social club. Internal modifications and decorative elements may be attributed to each phase, and the combined documentary and historic fabric record generated provides a valuable corpus of evidence for the material history of an architect-designed Greek Revival structure from the 1820s to the present. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: iQ Student Accommodation

Hillside Crescent: details of Playfair design, © Simpson & Brown Architects

Evaluation Ian Suddaby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 277 730 An evaluation of a wall on an eroded knoll to the E of the summit of Arthur’s Seat within Holyrood Park, Edinburgh, a Property in Care (PIC224), was begun in March 2020 and completed in August and September 2020.

Three trenches were excavated in order to assess the survival of the wall and understand the degree of erosion on the knoll. The results show that although the area is being actively eroded, the foundations of the wall remain present. No finds useful for dating the wall were recovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Excavation Héléna Gray – Archaeology Scotland

NT 2530 7476 As part of the Playing The Past Project (PTP), designed to explore the physical history and built heritage of some of Scotland’s most important football clubs, a programme of archaeological work was undertaken within the former ground of St Bernard’s Football Club, and the former Royal Gymnasium, both located in what is now King George V Park in Edinburgh’s New Town. Currently, the site is used as a public park and local sports ground, and is managed and owned by the City of Edinburgh Council. The archaeological work was managed and supervised by Archaeology Scotland and was undertaken in consultation with The City of Edinburgh Archaeologist, John Lawson, with support from volunteers from Crisis Skylight Edinburgh and Worldwide Volunteers. It took place intermittently between May 2015 and December 2019.

The archaeological works comprised a three-day archaeological excavation of two (out of four planned) small trenches located on the north-western extent of the former football ground, and previously the Royal Gymnasium. The trenches were sited across the recorded location of the former terraces of the football ground. Through excavation of the trenches, the project aimed to investigate any surviving remains of the former St. Bernard’s FC football ground and the Royal Gymnasium and to explore their phasing, construction, and how they were used and eventually abandoned. To provide additional background information to inform the excavation and other elements of PTP project work, map regression analysis leading to a basic desk-based assessment was undertaken of the study area, King George V Park.

The trenches (Trench 2 and 4) measured 2 x 1.5m by up to 1.2m deep, and 3 x 1m by 0.3m deep respectively. Excavation revealed the presence of deposits likely relating to the levelling of the last St. Bernard’s football ground dating to 1924, undertaken post-1949, prior to the creation of King George V Park. The nature of the deposits suggests that at least some of the material likely originally derived from the nearby coal depot. The depth of deposits encountered suggests that there is the possibility of finding remains associated with earlier features/structures (such as the 1901 St. Bernard’s ground and the Royal Gymnasium rotary boat) beneath the excavation level reached so far.

A second phase of work, including a walkover survey in and around the park, was undertaken by Archaeology Scotland staff in December 2019, in order to identify any surviving upstanding features associated with the football ground and to record the nearby Rodney Street Railway Tunnel. A few elements, namely part of the eastern terrace of the 1924 ground, and a 19th-century revetment wall, archway and access ramp, were identified and recorded within the park during the survey, together with the well preserved Rodney Street Railway tunnel and pathways in the eastern part of the park, which likely represent the remains of former railway lines. Archive: NRHE Funder: Archaeology Scotland; Historic Environment Scotland; National Lottery Heritage Fund

NT 22065 70670 A historic building survey was carried out, 1 October 2020, at 35 Lanark Road, prior to the demolition of the existing structures and the erection of purpose-built student accommodation and all associated works. The site contained a stone-built boundary wall to the roadside, which comprised what remained of 19th-century buildings on the site. The other buildings on the site were late 20th century in date and comprised a detached house and a mechanics garage. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Audley Student Living Ltd

NT 25107 76796 A historic building survey of No. 40 Laverockbank House, was carried out on 7 September 2020. The works have been completed as a condition of planning consent for the intended renovation of the house and other development within the grounds.

The site contains an original three-bay two-storey early 19thcentury villa which forms the centre of the present nursing home site, with two modern wings attached to the E and W sides constructed in the 1970s/80s. These were erected following the removal of a number of outbuildings and a glasshouse against the rear north boundary wall of the site. This development also saw the removal of some internal partitions of the original house, and general renovation altering much of the original fabric and removal of fireplaces and the replacement of the roof. Archive: NRHE Funder: Mackenzie Developments Ltd

NT 27735 74754 A watching brief was undertaken, in February 2020, in relation to proposed replacement and installation of underground drainage systems at Lochend House.

Lochend House was constructed in c1820 on the site of the former Restalrig Tower which was constructed over an earlier tower house in the late 16th century. Only a small section of the former 16th-century building remained when the house was built to the W side. Later, in the early 19th century, the house and castle remains were linked and additional living space and bedrooms were created, altering the internal layout of the house. The house lies within the Restalrig area of Edinburgh, overlooking Lochend Loch from atop an escarpment to the E.

The remains of a possible 19th-century wall were uncovered during the watching brief on the S side of the house, running between the main building and the west wing. No artefacts were uncovered in association. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Akbar Properties Limited

NT 27688 74245 (centred) A watching brief was undertaken, on 23 June 2020, in advance of the construction of a student residence block at 61–63 London Road, Meadowbank.

The watching brief demonstrated the development site to be located in an area with deep underlying deposits containing modern demolition-related debris to a depth of at least 1.7m. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were recorded during the watching brief and no further work was recommended. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Clark Contracts

NT 25792 73774 A historic building survey was undertaken, 25 October 2020, of the former fruitmarket and warehouse at 36–39 Market Street in Edinburgh. The works were undertaken in advance of the renovation of the building as a condition of the planning consent.

Nos 36–39 Market Street are one of a number of former fruitmarkets and warehouses located from Waverley Bridge up to the present-day Market Street entrance to Edinburgh Waverley Station. No. 36, the four bays to the W side of the building, was constructed in 1894 together with the stretch of buildings up to Waverley Bridge to the W which are now mostly occupied by the Edinburgh Dungeon tourist attraction. Built in tandem with the railway company of the time, they were all constructed in high quality droved ashlar in a classical architectural style. Nos 37–39, together with No. 45 (the present Fruitmarket Gallery), were constructed in the early 1930s. The ground floor shopfronts were also re-designed at the same time.

Waverley Station restricted its operations to passenger travel in 1972, and the fruitmarkets closed down shortly after, leaving the buildings empty. The Electric Circus nightclub soon occupied the buildings and undertook a number of renovations, including removing all internal divisions and creating new partitions for toilets and staff areas and also raising the floor levels for dance floors. Despite this, a number of original features from both the 1890s and the 1930s phase have survived, including the steel superstructure, shopfronts and glazing, fireplace surrounds and hoist fittings. The development will see a rejuvenation of the internal space of the building including a double-height gallery and other office, welfare facilities and staff accommodation to extend the Fruitmarket Gallery. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Fruitmarket Gallery

NT 27093 70318 A historic building survey was undertaken of the properties at Nos 224–232 Mayfield Road, on 28 August 2020, as part of a planning condition prior to their demolition to build a student accommodation block containing 124 units. The site contains a range of three-over-two terraced houses built during the 19th century, which outwardly retain their original fabric and style. Internally, the buildings have undergone modernisation during the 20th century with the removal of original features such as fireplaces. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Lanark Student Living Ltd

NT 26061 72783 A historic building survey was undertaken, on 6 January 2020, of a19th century former mews building, now a garage, at 8 Meadow Lane. The works were undertaken in advance of development as a condition of planning consent. A watching brief was also undertaken on the site during development.

No 8 Meadow Lane is a typical example of an early 19th-century mews building in Edinburgh’s New Town. As with many of these buildings, they were later converted to garages for cars, their size and the wide doorways to the street perfect for this type of conversion. Many are now seeing a new lease of life, converted to domestic accommodation, such as here at 8 Meadow Lane.

The building was constructed in the late 1820s and would have originally comprised space for a cart and horse to service the residents of the New Town tenements in Buccleuch Place. As the motor car took over from the horse as the main form of transport in the earlier 20th century, the building was converted to a garage which necessitated the blocking of a number of openings, including the door in the E wall of the easternmost garage and a slit window in the N wall. There was originally an upper attic floor to both rooms, although in the westernmost room this was later removed, probably to accommodate larger vehicles. The original access to this area was possibly via a stair against the N wall of the westernmost room, with a faint stair scar along this wall. The door was also probably heightened at the same time, which encroached upon the original upper floor window on this side.

The watching brief did not identify any archaeological finds or features with the exception of patches of cobbles which can probably be associated with the original floor level of the building, before it was largely removed and replaced with the concrete floor. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Di Rollo

Historic building survey Mike Cressey − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 23422 72659 A historic building survey was carried out, in June 2020, prior to the demolition of a derelict former wire works, its offices, and an adjoining masonic lodge. The metal works and hall were built in 1904 and occupied a vacant plot at the end of Murieston Crescent (Nos 27–29). The office comprised a twostorey flat roofed building which was in a derelict condition and unsafe to enter. The large former factory building at the rear of the offices was demolished after a fire in 2009, leaving only the works floor and the rear walls.

The masonic lodge was in good condition and was last used as dance studio. The ashlar-built street elevation included a commemorative plaque with the hall’s lodge number and masonic emblems surmounted by a pediment. The facade was framed with pilasters and the fenestration comprised tall square-headed windows. The ground floor had been modernised to suit the needs of the dance studio. The first floor was little altered and contained a large meeting hall that was largely untouched since it was built. The main room had a dais at one end and a very ornate ceiling with both a classical dental moulded cornice and higher up a floral motif cornice typical of the Arts and Crafts Period. The oak doors, dado panelling and a fireplace were all moulded and contemporary with this period. Other rooms within the first floor had been modernised but several period features could be seen. The hall had been extended post 1904 on its W side. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with City of Edinburgh Council HER Funder: Workman LLP

Watching brief and monitoring Bob Will – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 22393 72803 A watching brief and monitoring was undertaken during groundworks associated with the construction of a new pitch with four new covered spectator stands and associated infrastructure to the W of Murrayfield Stadium. The work was carried out between 12 December 2019 and 11 March 2020. No significant archaeological deposits or artefacts were recovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Axiom Project Services and Scottish Rugby

Standing building survey Michael Cressey and Graeme Carruthers − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 26724 76990 A standing building survey of the former Henry Robb’s Shipyard paint shed was required before its removal to a new location. The former Grade 2 Listed Building required a Level 2 survey which included photographic and laser scan survey. The work was undertaken in June 2019.

The building was a detached structure with a pitched roof and was completely built using riveted steel plate on steel frames. The walls incorporated re-used steel that would have been readily available within the shipyard. Originally designed and in use as a shipyard paint store, the building had been rebuilt

in its present location close to the Ocean Terminal shopping centre. The shed was last used as an art gallery, requiring the ground floors to be dry lined. The first floor was accessed by a new wooden staircase but the walls on this floor were not lined, exposing the interior of the riveted plating. The fenestration comprised re-used watertight cabin windows and traditional portholes. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with City of Edinburgh Council HER Funder: Muckle Brig Ltd

NT 30502 74264 An evaluation was carried out, 15–16 October at Pipe Lane, Portobello. The works were conducted over two days and revealed extensive deposits of made ground containing mixed ceramics, clinker and rubble between 1m and 2.5m in depth. The remains of a substantial sandstone wall were recorded close to the Portobello Harbour Road pottery kilns (SM3317) which date from 1906 and 1909 respectively. The wall is almost certainly associated with the development of the Portobello (Rathbone) Potteries which were located in the area from the mid-18th to late 20th centuries. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Bellair (Scotland) Ltd

NT 2753 7642 A historic building survey was undertaken, on 23 October 2020, of a boundary wall at Bath Road and Salamander Street in Leith, formerly part of the 19th-century Edinburgh and Leith Glassworks, which have long since been removed. The works have been completed as a condition of planning consent for the demolition of the wall in advance of a new development.

The wall was stripped of its external render and subject to an elevation survey, which identified a number of former original and inserted openings related to the operation of the glassworks and its later uses, all of which had been blocked up to create a secure boundary wall. Archive: NRHE Funder: Barratt and David Wilson Homes (East) Scotland

NT 26228 73011 Archaeological works were undertaken, on 13 August 2020, as part of the proposed development of the former builder’s yard at 3 Simon Square, Edinburgh.

Works involved observing the removal of concrete slabs which formed the yard’s surface and excavating to a depth where archaeologically sterile subsoil was observed. Three trial pits were excavated at the northern, southern, and eastern extents of site where access allowed.

A single sandstone wall was uncovered orientated N–S across the site. This wall corresponds to the rear wall of the late-Georgian tenement structures first seen on Kincaid’s map of 1784 and the Ainslie map of 1804, placing its date in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. Unfortunately, it would appear that 20th-century demolition and subsequent redevelopment has removed any associated floor surfaces and associated deposits. No other significant archaeological finds or features were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Seven Hills Property

NT 22065 70670 A historic building survey was undertaken of the buildings at 30 South Fort Street in Leith, in October 2020. The survey was carried out prior to the demolition of the existing buildings on the site, which were, until recently, occupied by James Blake & Co Engineers. Following this, a new development will be constructed on the site with associated roads/paths and parking.

The development area has a history dating back to the early 19th century when it was inhabited by a double pile country villa, which was later occupied in relation to the establishment of the Tay Gas Engineering Works in the late 1870s. The Tay Works, after changing its name to Peebles & Co in the early 20th century, slowly expanded until many of its buildings were removed to the north and replaced with a large warehouse by Blake’s metal-working business in the late 1950s. The warehouse was an aircraft hangar which had been brought over from East Fortune Airfield in East Lothian and rebuilt on the site. The Blakes occupied the site up until the business moved to new premises in 2020. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: BDW Trading Limited

Tor House: detail of treviss in the former stable block

NT 22223 73227 A historic building survey was carried out of a former country house (later a nursing home), together with its associated stables and lodge house, at 30 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh. The works were undertaken, 11–13 March 2020, in advance of development as a condition of planning consent on the

renovation of the 19th-century buildings.

Tor House was built for James Craig, proprietor of Craig & Rose, manufacturers of luxury paints, in 1850, in a Neo-Jacobean style. By the late 19th century the house was known as Torwood, and had a large conservatory to its E side about half the size of the house, with other smaller expansions made to the rear service wing. Land to the E was appropriated, and a large stable block and lodge house were also constructed to the NE and S of the house respectively. An additional wing to the house was added between 1896–1908 on the W side, undertaken by the then owner, James Ainslie, a wholesale wine and spirit merchant. The latest private owner, D W Paton, occupied the house until 1947 when it was then used as a convalescent home for RAF servicemen, then as a Salvation Army home for unmarried mothers. Between April 1940 and July 1943, the house was also used as the headquarters for the No. 34 Balloon Command Group by the RAF. It was one of five Groups across the UK, with nearly 100 balloon squadrons. Tor House became a nursing home run by the Edinburgh and Lothian Baptist Housing Association in 1971. In 2005, a major expansion was undertaken which included the construction of a large apartment-style complex to the E side of the house.

Both the main house, stables and lodge house will be affected by the new development, which will see the renovation of the buildings to form new residential dwellings together with newbuild apartments.

The buildings, despite the 2005 major renovations, have retained many of their original fixtures and fittings, including floors, wall panelling, fireplace and fireplace surrounds, wallpaper, skirting, cornices and decorative ceilings, doors and door fittings and stained glass windows. The main north stable block, particularly, has retained many of its original fixtures and fittings, fitted by Musgrave & Co Ltd, a well-known stable fitters (as well as stove makers) of the period. The lodge house has modern fixtures and fittings throughout, although it has largely retained its original layout albeit with the addition of a bathroom extension in the E side. Archive: NRHE Funder: AMA (TOR) Ltd

Historic building survey Diana Sproat, Lynn Fraser and Jamie Humble – AOC Archaeology Group

NT 26263 76169 A historic building survey of a complex of former industrial buildings located at Nos 24 and 26–28 West Bowling Green Street, was carried out on 13 December 2019. The works have been completed as a condition of planning consent for the intended demolition of the buildings prior to the construction of new dwellings on the site.

Cartographic sources from the 18th century and early 19th century identify the development area to include the landscaped gardens of Hillhousefield House, which was later referred to as Tay House. By 1877, Bowling Green Street was constructed as part of the continuous industrial expansion of the area in the mid-late 19th century. The Tay Gas Engineering Works were built in 1876 and, by 1897, had also branched out into electrical machinery. Over the following decades, the layout of the buildings changed with removals, additions and extensions. Despite this, there is still evidence of their original or early openings in many of the buildings, although much of the complex consists of modern additions and rebuilds. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: MNM Developments

Evaluation Steven Watt − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 26263 76169 A programme of archaeological works was required ahead of a residential development at 24, 26–28 West Bowling Green Street, and was conducted in March 2020.

A total of 125 linear metres of trenching, equating to a 10% evaluation, was required. Due to onsite restrictions this was limited to 95m. The trenches revealed a light brown clayey loam overlaying a grey-orange clayey sand natural. Deposits were of varying depth across the site and included previous and recent demolition material. No significant finds or features were identified during the works. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: MNM Developments

Metal detecting survey, field walking survey and evaluation Alan Hunter Blair – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 17439 73324 A metal detecting survey, field walking survey and trial trench evaluation were carried out prior to the commencement of proposed development works at Meadowfield Farm, West Craigs, on the western outskirts of Edinburgh. The work took place between 9 January and 28 June 2019. The metal detecting survey recovered 11 musket balls, one pistol shot, 74 coins, 42 copper-alloy buttons and 26 copper-alloy buckles. The field-walking survey retrieved numerous fragments of animal bone and post-medieval pottery sherds, although two small pottery sherds of the Scottish medieval White Gritty Ware and medieval redware type were also recovered. The archaeological evaluation revealed rig and furrow cultivation marks, four stone-founded structures, a series of quarry pits, linear cuts and fills, and pits, and probable buried occupation horizons sealed below a relict plough soil were recorded in discrete areas across parts of the proposed development. Numerous sherds of prehistoric earthenware pottery including rim sherds from up to three different vessel types were recovered from the fill of one of the linear cut features during excavation and fragments of flint and further prehistoric earthenware pottery sherds were recovered from features along the ridge located towards the central part of the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: West Craigs Ltd

Historic building survey Diana Sproat, Lynn Fraser, Jamie Humble and Robert Usher − AOC Archaeology Group

West Craigs Farmhouse: NT 17813 73398, West Craigs Farmsteading, NT 17850 73343, West Craigs Cottage: NT 17921 73482 A historic building survey was carried out, from February to August 2020, of a farmhouse, farmsteading and cottage located at West Craigs Farm, Maybury. The works have been completed as a condition of planning consent for the intended demolition of the cottage and farm steading and the renovation of the farmhouse prior to development.

The work was undertaken in two stages, both before and after the former farm steading buildings were cleared. West Craigs Farmhouse, farm steading and cottage all date to the early 19th century, replacing a smaller farm. The present farm steading, which was established as a range of barns centred around a courtyard, originally had a threshing machine to the S corner. This was removed in the later 19th century and replaced with a larger two-storey dwelling with tall brick chimneys.

Into the mid-late 20th century, the steading buildings underwent a significant amount of brick blocking and, in some cases, rebuilding of the original barns, which were mostly used as cow byres or storage sheds. The farmhouse has been recently occupied, and retains some original features such as cornicing, stair, ceiling roses and timber panelling to the windows (although all the windows have been replaced with UPVC). The cottage has also been largely modernised and was originally three separate dwellings, now converted to a single dwelling. Render was applied over the original stonework in the late 20th century. Archive: NRHE Funder: Taylor Wimpey East Scotland

Topsoil strip and archaeological excavation Ailsa Westgarth – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 2898 6770 Following an initial desk-based assessment and subsequent metal detecting survey and evaluation, a monitored strip and excavation was carried out, between April and October 2019. The evaluation consisted of 122 trenches and, following on from it, an area of 18.6ha was stripped, revealing eight prehistoric cremations, two circular palisades, a timber post circle, pit alignment and segmented ditch, in addition to a number of industrial mining structures including 12 mine shafts.

Evidence was found of occupation from the Early Neolithic to the 19th century, encompassing ritual, domestic and economic activities. Significant finds include a copper-alloy Romano-British double petal and boss harness strap mount (c1st to 2nd C AD) excavated from a pit alignment, and a partially preserved Bronze Age inverted cremation urn as part of a cremation group. Prehistoric pottery was also found. Archive: NRHE Funder: Miller Homes and Bellway Homes

Evaluation, metal detecting Ashleigh Airey − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 30433 71061 A programme of archaeological works consisting of an evaluation and metal detecting survey was undertaken ahead of a residential development at The Wisp in Edinburgh, in January 2020.

The development site had already undergone groundworks, including ground reduction, reprofiling and landscaping prior to the evaluation. Therefore, a total of 180 linear metres of trenching was excavated where possible along with areas of stripping and hand cleaning totalling 610m2. Hand cleaning and trenching revealed evidence of post-medieval rig and furrows were uncovered, all extremely truncated, and one large pit. Two sherds of green glaze pottery were recovered and one ceramic object.

The metal detecting survey found one copper-alloy coin, possibly dating from the 19th or 20th centuries. Other finds included various modern debris and waste. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Springfield Properties PLC

NT 14156 74460 A historic building survey was carried out, on 23 October 2020, of a garden shed at Carlowrie Castle, Kirkliston, as part of a wider development which will see the conversion of the shed, the demolition of another existing garden shed and the erection of eleven free-standing timber-clad cabins.

The history of the shed relates directly to the construction of Carlowrie Castle in the mid-19th century, having been constructed in conjunction with the walled gardens. It likely remained unchanged throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with only maintenance of the stonework being undertaken. There is evidence to support the interior was rendered and painted (as seen in the niche in the N wall); however, this has now been removed or worn away. The main changes to the shed have come in the last ten years with the renovation of the roof, the creation of an interior wall to bear its weight and the addition of a sliding door and concrete floor. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Evaluation and metal detecting survey Steven Watts – AOC Archaeology Ltd

NT 12892 74445 An evaluation and metal detecting survey was conducted, from 16–24 January 2020, at a residential development at Kirkliston. The evaluation totalled some 1,200 linear metres of trenching revealing a relatively deep improved topsoil and an underlying variable clay natural cut by rubble and ceramic field drains.

The metal detecting survey revealed large quantities of modern detritus around the edges of the development area. Other finds were restricted to two 19th century spoon fragments, pieces of farm machinery, modern coins and lead scrap. Local residents stated that the area has been subjected to previous metal detecting. No significant finds or features were identified during the works. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Dandara Ltd

Building recording and evaluation John Gooder – Argyll Archaeology

NT 16735 62792 An evaluation and Level 2 historic building survey was undertaken prior to the redevelopment of farm buildings as domestic housing.

The evaluation failed in identifying either significant archaeological features or artefacts. The building survey recorded a suite of farm buildings, predominately dating to the early 19th century, and an 18th-century bothy, formerly part of an earlier farmstead (now lost) which occupied the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NT 13230 72244 A historic building survey of a small rail bridge at Ratho Station was carried out prior to its infilling. The works took place on 22 February 2020 and comprised a Level 2 record of the bridge which included a photographic, written and drawn record. The rail bridge was constructed in the second half of the 19th century and comprises a single span arched bridge carrying Station Road over the Ratho to South Queensferry line running in a cutting below. This line was dismantled by 1970 and subsequently the western side of the bridge was infilled to allow for house construction. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Balfour Beatty

Measured survey Val Dean

NT 14624 69315 A stone lined well was recorded on 24 July 2020. The diameter was 1.1m and the depth was in excess of 1.6m. One of a pair of cover slabs remained in situ it had a semicircular notch where a pump may have been fitted. Archive: NRHE, CECAS Funder: Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society

St Mary’s Rectory Cottage: Dalmahoy Well interior

Geophysical survey Nick Hannon – Historic Environment Scotland

NS 99758 81113 Historic Environment Scotland undertook gradiometer survey at Douglas Park, Bo’ness; this was to investigate the potential for sub-surface archaeological features within the survey area.

The survey was conducted on 10 December 2020 and formed part of the Antonine Wall Geophysical Survey project, which aims to answer a range of outstanding questions relating to the Antonine Wall. The survey was conducted to establish the extent and significance of any sub-surface archaeological features within the survey area.

The geophysical survey has produced good quality gradiometer results. There is a high level of confidence that the chosen methodology and survey strategy was appropriate to assess the archaeological potential of the survey area.

In total 3.43 hectares were surveyed with a gradiometer; the results of this have led to the following conclusions.

No trace of the Antonine Wall has been identified within the survey area.

The southern half of the survey area has seen a significant amount of disturbance during the landscaping associated with the establishment of the two football pitches and their associated drainage, no features of archaeological, possible archaeological or historical origin have been identified in this area.

The sites of two probable prehistoric barrows have been identified within the survey area, these occupy similar topographical positions to the cists and tumulus discovered around 1000m to the east of the park, and straighten the evidence for prehistoric activity in the area.

In the far north of the survey area a portion of N–S aligned rig has been identified, some of which is still identifiable on the ground as earthworks, this contributes towards our understanding of land use patterns during the medieval period.

This survey has led to the creation of three new entries in the National Record of the Historic Environment. Archive: NRHE Funder: Historic Scotland Foundation

Evaluation V Huggett − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 00822 81269 A programme of archaeological works consisting of trial trenching was required prior to development at Grahamsdyke Lane, which lies within a World Heritage Site.

Four trial trenches totalling 30 linear metres were excavated across the site on 8 June 2020. A shallow depression with darker soils, evidence of burning and a scrap of lead was uncovered in Trench 1. The date and function of this feature is unknown, however, it is likely to be modern disturbance. No further archaeological remains were encountered during the trial trenching. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NS 9803 8056 Trenching to the W of the medieval church at Kinneil confirmed the course of the huge early circular perimeter ditch. The work was carried out in September 2020. Pottery from the medieval occupation was found above it. The latest features belonged to the late 17th-century landscaping of the area and included a road, dividing walls and garden beds. Archive: Falkirk Museum Funder: Falkirk Local History Society

Watching brief and post-excavation programme Anne Crone − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 28247 68447 As part of the Beauly to Denny 400KV overhead transmission line project a new substation was built by Scottish Power at Torwood Mire. The substation development covered an area of 6.5ha and required the removal of all deposits down to the level of the mineral sub-soil. A probing survey of the peat deposits was undertaken and a 3.25m peat column was extracted from the deepest part of the bog. During the watching brief, conducted between November 2012 and July 2013, a spread of large oak logs with axe-dressed ends was recorded and sampled. As Torwood Mire lies within an area of significant later prehistoric settlement,

it was initially thought that the working of the bog oaks might be related to activity on one of the nearby sites.

Dendrochronological analysis of the oak assemblage produced two floating tree-ring chronologies which were subsequently dated by radiocarbon to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, while the wide-bladed metal axe marks on some of the oak logs could date to any time from the Roman Iron Age to the early modern period.

Examination of the cartographic evidence suggests that land management changes in the mid-18th century provides the explanation for these apparently unrelated threads of evidence. During episodes of peat development in the Mesolithic and the Neolithic the oak trees had died and fallen into the bog and become buried there. In the late-18th century when attempts were made to channel the water in the north of the Mire south towards Saltpans, the oaks were exposed and in order to clear the way for the channel they were chopped up into manageable lengths and moved to one side. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish Power (UK)

NS 9135 7953 In September 2020, a trench 8.1m long was placed across the line of the rampart of the Antonine Wall. The stone base was found to be 4.61m wide with a superstructure of laid turf flanked by clay-rich cheeks. On the berm was a defensive pit and on the S side a slot for a lean-to building. Archive: Falkirk Museum Funder: Falkirk Local History Society and University of Edinburgh (as part of the Earthen Empire Project (Leverhulme Trust))

Chance find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NS 85 80 An incomplete denarius of Trajan, likely dating to AD 114–117. RIC II Trajan 349 or 350. There is a small fragment of the coin missing and both faces are worn. 19.1mm, 2.31g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 239/19) and allocated to Falkirk Museum

Evaluation Alex Wood − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 901 785 (centred) A programme of archaeological works was required, in August 2020, ahead of development at land on Woodend Farm. The evaluation revealed the site to have undergone significant agricultural improvement with a high density of field drains and plough scarring recorded across the site. No significant archaeological features or finds were found during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Will Rudd Davidson (Edinburgh) Ltd

Evaluation Stephen Cox − Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd

NS 92946 79114 A programme of archaeological trial trenching was undertaken on land W of Polmont, on 26–27 February 2020, prior to development. The works were undertaken in order to assess the archaeological potential of the site prior to development. The trial trenching comprised 26 trenches totalling 2454m2. In total, four archaeological features were uncovered, two of which contained evidence of burning events but were heavily disturbed by bioturbation. The features were undated and no finds were recovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Gladman Development Ltd

NS 90 84 An early Roman copper-alloy brooch of Birdlip type was found by metal-detecting E of Stenhousemuir. This is a most unusual item for Scotland, dating to the early 1st century AD, prior to the Roman invasion of the country. The type is much more common in the south and midlands of England, but the PAS database includes some examples from Cheshire, so a more northerly find is not out of the question.

The brooch is in very good condition. Its cylindrical head has slightly raised marginal mouldings and a slot for a lost hinged pin on a copper-alloy axis. From the narrow neck below the head, it expands like a trumpet, with raised margins flanked by a slight channel, to reach the raised lip moulding on the highest point of the bow. The overall profile is concavo-convex. The concave lower bow is set on the convex upper, with a raised lip at the junction topped with a beak-like moulding. The leaf-like lower bow has raised margins with marginal channels and an upturned foot. The catchplate is lost. Single-piece casting, hollowed under the head. L 57mm, W 19mm, H 20mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 146/19) and allocated to Falkirk Museum

South Bellsdyke: Roman Birdlip-style brooch (TT 146/19), drawn by Alan Braby

NO 25 17 An early medieval silver penny of Edgar, dating to AD 972–975, was recovered through metal-detecting. The coin, from the reform coinage, was minted by Oda at York. Approximately a quarter of the coin has been lost. The obverse displays a very

worn left-facing bust with the inscription +EAD[GAR R]EX ANGLO RX. The reverse displays a small cross pattee with the inscription +ODA M-O EOFO[RPIC]. The coin is 20.5mm in diameter and weighs 1.4g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 99/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 24 17 A medieval enamelled copper-alloy mount was recovered while metal-detecting. The mount takes the form of a circular domed plate with integral attachment rivet on the reverse. The upper face is decorated with four tear-shaped cells positioned at right-angles to each other with points facing outwards. The spaces between the points contain further cells, lentoid in shape. All the cells contain yellow enamel.

The date and function of this type of mount is currently unclear. A small number of similar examples are known from Scotland, including from near Kinnordy, Angus (TT 125/15), Hawick, Scottish Borders (TT 114/15) and Luffness, East Lothian (TT 21/01), the latter reported with an Anglo-Scandinavian lobed sword pommel. A date between the 9th–12th centuries is cautiously suggested until more closely dated examples come to light. Possible functions may include scabbard or harness mounts. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 79/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 27 17 A hoard of 14 Roman denarii in varying degrees of completeness. The hoard contains coins dating to 2nd century to beginning of the 3rd century AD. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 226/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 26 17 A small fragment of a copper-alloy socketed spearhead was found while metal-detecting in Lindores. The fragment is from a middle–late Bronze Age spearhead blade of uncertain length and form. A mid-rib is visible, with the remains of the socket present at one end and a solid section at the other. A fracture runs nearly halfway along the mid-rib on one side of the fragment. Two blade wings are present, although the original edges of these have corroded away. The fragment is green in colour, with a mix of lighter destructive corrosion and patches of darker patina. The fragmentation appears to be ancient, rather than more recent. The spearhead has broken across the middle of the blade and the blade-socket junction. The latter breakage is associated with a fracture running up the midrib, which is also slightly indented; this may be a blow mark. The upper fragmentation may be linked to damage on the opposite face of the spearhead, though this is slightly obscured by corrosion damage. Surviving length 30mm; width 23mm; weight 12.6g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 128/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust.

NO 36 24 A late medieval enamelled copper-alloy harness pendant was found during metal-detecting. The pendant is broadly quatrefoil in shape with a broken suspension loop at the top. The lobes are decorated on the front face with red enamel and gilded stalks, and the centre of this face displays a four-legged animal with long, snaking tail on a dark enamelled background. The form of this pendant is widely paralleled, as is the leonine imagery. The pendant is 40.1mm in length, 29.9mm in width and weighs 10.78g.

Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 219/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NT 22 87 A fragmentary copper-alloy seal matrix, cAD 1200–1500. 15.0mm long, 12.8mm wide, 6.7mm tall, 2.96g.

The object would have been conical in form, but only part of the die face and base of the handle remain. The handle shaft is hexagonally faceted, but it is unclear what form the terminal would have taken. The central motif is exceptionally crude and comprises two vertical lines (although it is difficult to be confident of orientation) and two curved lines which meet at a point and continue vertically into the legend. It may be that the border between the central motif and legend is intended to make a cross here. The legend is not discernible and may be purely imitative. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 224/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 61 08 A small assemblage of 15 finds from Crail, medieval to post-medieval in date. The collection comprises a knife pommel, a coin weight, a communion token, two buckles, three coins of Henry III of England, five coins of Edward I–II of England, one continental sterling fragment (likely of John of Avesnes), and a coin of William I of Scotland. This assemblage adds to an existing corpus of material from Crail (TT 134/11; TT 72/13; TT 142/17). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 204/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

Dalgety: Aberdour gouge (TT 81/19), Crown copyright

NT 17 84 A complete, copper-alloy socketed gouge was found while metal-detecting in Aberdour. This gouge has a circular socket with an unelaborated socket mouth. It is quite a squat form with slightly tapering sides and a curved cutting edge. The object is covered in a dark brown patina with patches of corrosion damage. Socketed gouges commonly occur in Late Bronze Age hoards in Scotland, though a number of single finds are known. The Aberdour example can be classed as Burley’s (1956, PSAS 89) Type 1, which is defined by its lack of collar moulding. This type has a broadly western and southern distribution in Scotland (Burley 1956, PSAS 89, 125–126) so the Aberdour gouge is in keeping with this. It dates to c1000–800 BC.

Length 70.9mm; cutting edge width 20.3mm; socket diameter 20.0x25.3mm; weight 83.92g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 81/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

Chance find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NO 52 09 A fragment of a copper-alloy sword pommel, cAD 1200–1400. The one surviving face depicts three lions passant within a shield. This pommel falls under Ward Perkin’s Type VIII (‘wheel’ type). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 216/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

Dunino: medieval sword pommel (TT 216/19), Crown copyright

NO 57 11 A plain button-and-loop fastener was found by metal-detecting near North Quarter. It is badly damaged, with an elongated triangular loop and plain button, its original edges lost and its form thus uncertain. L 47mm, loop W 14mm, surviving button W 19mm. Iron Age settlements are known in the vicinity. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 111/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

Evaluation Ashleigh Airey − AOC Archaeology Group

NO 3546 0127 An evaluation was undertaken in respect to a proposed gas peaking plant on land in Leven, Fife. The work took place on 14 and 15 November 2019, within a single land parcel of 1.06ha. A 5% sample of the evaluation area was investigated by trial trenching. The work uncovered a heavily truncated undulating agricultural landscape. A ditch running E–W was located to the SW of the site. This is likely the remains of a small drain or dyke. No archaeologically significant small finds were recovered during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: ARCUS Consulting

NO 46 02 A silver medieval farthing of John Balliol (r. AD 1292–1296) was recovered while metal-detecting. The coin is from the second smooth issue. The obverse, which is very worn, reads I[O] HANNES[…]A and depicts a left-facing bust. The reverse reads REX SCO/TO[….] and depicts a long cross with five-pointed mullet in each angle. The reverse die has not previously been recorded. The obverse may similarly be an unrecorded die, although the level of surface wear makes this difficult to determine. The coin is 12.0mm in diameter and weighs 0.35g. This is only the second known example of a second issue farthing for John Balliol and is therefore a significant find. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 242/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Evaluation John Gooder – ACCESS Archaeological Condition Services

NO 50356 16999 An evaluation was undertaken, 20 February 2020, prior to a development involving the creation of a hotel extension within the Rusacks Hotel carpark. Two machine-dug evaluation trenches, totaling 42m2, amounting to in excess of a 10% sample of the c400m2 development area failed in unearthing significant archaeological features or artefacts. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: MacDonalds Hotels Ltd

NO 49 16 A partial lead alloy seal matrix, cAD 1500–1650 measuring 32.5mm diameter (approx), 28.5mm wide, weighing 26.6g. The seal matrix is round, with a conical handle and trefoil fleur-de-lis (with one petal missing) terminal. The motif on the die face is very difficult to identify, although part of the legend survives: [...]R ‘ M S[...]. The letter form is irregular and the legend unevenly spaced. The seal matrix has been broken and squashed. Although it is difficult to tell whether or not this was an intentional pre-deposition act, the destruction of a seal matrix after the user’s death is widely attested. The identity of the user of this seal matrix is unfortunately not known. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 101/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 51 15 A silver conical seal matrix, cAD 1600–1700. 14.5mm long, 12.7mm wide,13.1mm tall, 3.95g.

The object has an oval die face and collared conical handle with the remnants of a trefoil or quatrefoil terminal. The central motif comprises the monogrammed letters AAI, with the central A being larger and surmounted by a geometric shape similar to the numeral 4 with a barred arm. A five-pointed mullet sits beneath. There is no legend and the motif is encircled by a single solid border. It is unclear who used this seal matrix, although the design suggests a merchant or someone of a similar social standing. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 231/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 48 19 A late medieval shield-shaped copper-alloy harness pendant was recovered through metal-detecting. Much of the original surface has been lost and it is difficult to make out the original design, although the shield appears to be parted per pale (vertically) with half of a cross engrailed on the dexter (viewer’s left) side, and three unidentified heraldic charges on the sinister (viewer’s right) side. A small amount of red enamel is visible on one of the charges on the sinister side. The arms do not appear to be Scottish and may instead be English or Continental. The pendant is 41.5mm in length, 28.5mm in width and weighs 10.0g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 100/19) and allocated to the Museum of the University of St Andrews

NO 50 14 A fragmentary late medieval lead papal bulla of Pope Sixtus IV (r. AD 1471–1484) was recovered through metaldetecting. Approximately half of the object remains, the bulla having broken along the line of the cord to which it was once attached. The remaining part is 34.5mm in length, 19.4mm in width and weighs 18.8g. One side reads SIX[TVS]/PA[PA]I[III] with evidence that there may have been a secondary inscribed inscription. The other side displays the head of St Peter within a beaded border. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 223/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 50 15 A worn late medieval lead papal bulla of Pope Paul II (r. AD 1464–1471) was found while metal-detecting. It is 37mm in diameter, 5mm in thickness and weighs 43.1g. This find adds to a now sizeable group of papal bullae from Scotland, attesting to high levels of interaction with the papal curia in the late medieval period. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 232/19) and allocated to Fife Cultural Trust

NO 50820 16928 to NO 51133 16893 A watching brief was carried out, October 2019 to January 2020, during the excavation of a service trench for a heating system within the medieval burgh of St Andrews. The watching brief monitored the excavation of c515m2 trench located within the medieval backlands of North Street. Two sandstone drains, one sandstone wall and one linear cut were uncovered during the fieldwork; all are likely post-medieval in date. Archive: NRHE Funder: Vital Energi

Evaluation Jamie Henderson – GUARD

NS 55341 60039 (centred) An evaluation was undertaken at Burnfield Road, Thornliebank, on 15 August 2018. A series of evaluation trial trenches equating to 9% (ie 570m²) of the total

area available was undertaken. A total of seven trenches were excavated across the available area and no archaeological features were uncovered, though an area of modern dump material was encountered along the western edge of the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: Bellway Homes

Historic building recording Diana Sproat and Gemma Hudson − AOC Archaeology Group

Blochairn Road, Provan: general view of Provan Gasholders 1 and 2 as seen from the top of Gasholder No 3

Blochairn Road, Provan: illustration of Gasholder No 2 (W elevation)

Gasholder No 1: NS 62021 66262, Gasholder No 2: NS 62116 66304, Gasholder No 3: NS 62467 66917, Offices: NS 62401 66449, Workshops: NS 62410 66494, Control Room: NS 62290 66375, Sub-station: NS 62373 66526 A historic building survey was undertaken of redundant Gasholders Nos 1–3 on Blochairn Road in Provan, Glasgow in advance of demolition. The work was done on 20–25 January 2020.

The Provan gasworks has been a functioning site since 1904 with several different phases of gas production and storage on site during its ongoing 116-year lifespan. Gasholders Nos 1–3 and several brick structures are no longer in use, although the site is still in daily operation using high pressure gas apparatus. The site was once the largest gasworks in Scotland but today over half the site is empty with the work areas concentrated in the south. The gasworks were highly regarded for gas production due to the constantly evolving apparatus and techniques used to manufacture high quality gas economically. The site was originally built to fulfil the growing demands for gas in homes and businesses across central Scotland and continued to successfully fulfil these demands until natural gas use became more economical at the end of the 1960s.

Gasholders Nos 1 and 2 were built in 1903 during the site’s initial construction making Gasholder No. 2 one of the oldest in Scotland, behind only Granton, Edinburgh. Gasholder No. 1 was later rebuilt identically in the early 1950s. Their variation of the Type 32 design guide frame was common around the time of original construction.

Gasholder No. 3 was built in 1970, a late date for any gasholder construction although the spiral-guided style was the most common design in the later gasholders. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: SGN

NS 679 692 A watching brief was carried out, 24–25 February 2020, during the excavation of three geotechnical test pits each, 2m by 0.5m, at Crow Wood Terrace where a WWII battery light emplacement was recorded as being situated. No material culture pertaining to a WWII battery was uncovered in the three test pits and no other archaeological features or finds were encountered during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Water

NS 58855 64873 Archaeological monitoring was carried out at Dixon Street/306 Clyde Street, Glasgow. This work revealed no previously unknown archaeological features or material culture. The remnants of an outbuilding of the Custom House, and possible walls of one of the premises of the former Glasswork factory which occupied the site prior 1840, were uncovered and recorded. Archive: NRHE Funder: Gardiner & Theobold

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NS 5997 6484 A trial trench evaluation was undertaken in relation to the proposed construction of a new residential development on land bound by Little Dovehill, Great Dovehill and Bell Street. The evaluation was carried out in two phases, between 30 and 31 July 2020 and between 7 and 9 September 2020. A series of brick and sandstone walls were revealed that related to structures visible on 18th- and 19th-century mapping of the area, as well as a relief church built in 1775. It is likely any medieval remains that may have once been present were removed when the hillside was truncated during various phases of construction from the 18th century onwards. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: CCG Scotland Ltd

Excavation Ian Hill – Archaeology Scotland

NS 58536 67171 Six days of archaeological excavation and recording took place on land to the N of the former Oakbank Cotton Mill, and later Gowanbank Iron Foundry, at the Oakbank Industrial Estate, Glasgow. The investigation was carried out as part of Scottish Waterways Trust’s (SWT) and Keep Scotland Beautiful (KSB) Canal College 2 programme, with the aim of assessing and recording any visible built remains of two structures identified by Scottish Canals as potential heritage sites located on their estate, and identifying the location and integrity of any archaeological features or deposits relating to these buildings.

The buildings were identified on maps dating to the end of the 19th century, and were potentially associated with the former cotton mill and iron foundry. Two trenches measuring 2 x 2m each were excavated across the recorded locations of the buildings,

but no structural features were identified other than remains of a cobbled surface recorded within Trench 2. The excavated area was limited in size, and further excavation or expansion of Trench 2, may reveal not only further evidence of the cobbled surface, but also any potential buried wall foundation remains related to the buildings. Excavation beneath the cobbled surface, or to a deeper level adjacent to the E, may also identify foundation remains of the former buildings. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Canals, Heritage Lottery Fund, Keep Scotland Beautiful

Oakbank Mill: cobbled Surface in Trench 2

ROV survey Robert MacKintosh – Wessex Archaeology

NC 18638 53993 A site inspection was undertaken to monitor the condition of a marine historic asset within the Kinlochbervie Historic Marine Protected Area (HMPA), Sutherland. The Kinlochbervie HMPA contains an unidentified wrecked vessel, which was likely to have been a merchant ship originating from the Iberian Peninsula and lost during the 1590s or the early 1600s. The wreck occupies an exposed coastal location on the SW and S sides of the islet of Sgeir Eorna, 4km SW of the fishing harbour of Kinlochbervie, Sutherland. The site is located in two discreet areas, a shallower area located in a lagoon like basin at a depth of 4m–14m below chart datum, and a deeper area at the base of an underwater cliff at a depth of 25–30m below chart datum. The site was investigated and partially excavated between 1997 and 2003, and large quantities of ceramics and other small finds were removed from the seabed. Four cannon and four anchors were left in situ.

Fieldwork operations took place over four days from 30 July to 02 August 2019 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The work focused on the deeper part of the site, containing Cannons 1 and 2, Anchors 1 and 2 and the original locations of the ceramic assemblage. The shallower part of the site was accessible to some degree, but no wreck material was visible under the dense cover of kelp. Cannon 3, located at a depth of approximately 12m, and resting on a ledge of the cliff face above the deeper area of the site, was also obscured by kelp, but was partially observed. Digital images and video were captured and two photogrammetric models were made of the site.

The survival and condition of the deeper part of the site appears unchanged from that listed in the site documentation. The cannon and anchors are still in position and do not appear to have significantly corroded. Wood was still present on the cannon. One sherd of ceramic material appears to have been exposed since the last archaeological investigations. Archive: NRHE Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Chance find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NJ 02 19 A gold posy ring, cAD 1650–1750. The outer face is undecorated whereas the inner bears the following inscription in italics: Time hall tell I loue thee well. 17mm diameter; 3mm wide; 0.5mm thick; 0.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 119/19) and allocated to Inverness Museum and Art Gallery

Walkover survey Jim Kirby and Marilyn Gascoigne

NM 79048 55559. On the upper side of the B 8043 road is a green grassy mound of dry, yellowish soil measuring 16m E–W by 13.5m N–S, and up to 2.3m in height. It stands out in sharp contrast to the surrounding wet, peaty ground dominated by coarse vegetation, and is assumed to be an early 19th-century coney garth or rabbit warren.

Above, a band of steeper, drier, south facing ground has areas of cultivation terraces, interspersed with rig and furrow and rocky outcrops.

At NM 78384 55655 is an oval turf foundation on a dry grassy knoll, measuring 3m N–S x 2.5m E–W, with a wall spread of 1.25m, and an entrance in the SSW side.

Loch Uisge: cultivation terraces and rig and furrow

Walkover survey Jim Kirby and Marilyn Gascoigne

NM 66546 61386 Boat slip/Naust 1. The beach is very stony here, but the boat slip is 10m wide and 34m in length, and clearance involved the removal of many tonnes of boulders. At the head of the beach is a complete good quality roofing slate with machinedrilled nail holes and a semi-circular base, which may have been intended for use on Glenborrodale Castle.

NM 66568 61381 Boat slip/Naust 2. 16m to the E of the previous

boat slip is what may have been an earlier one, 4.5m wide and 39m in length, with the outer 10m significantly deeper than on the landward side.

NM 66642 61351 Boat slip/Naust 3. On the sheltered E side of the headland is a third possible boat slip. 25m in length and 5.5m wide, gradually tapering to 3.5m. Eight m. from the landward end, and off-shoot to the E. is 7.0m long and 1.8m wide.

Rubha Suainphort: view of boatslip/Naust 1

Shore survey Steven D P Richardson and Alexandra Sanmark

Camas Drollaman shore was explored 2 July 2019, 11 September 2019, and 20 September 2020 (on this occasion accompanied by Dr Alexandra Sanmark). Observations were made of marine wall foundations, a naust, a quay, a stepped shore path, a possible boat burial, and enigmatic stone slabs.

On the southernmost point of the Rhu Arisaig peninsula, Camas Drollaman inlet courses c400m NNE to a broad inner-bay flanked by headlands W and E, rising 70m and 10m respectively. At low tide the bay’s mudflat is hemmed by a regular cobble foreshore, with the exception of minor bedrock protrusions NE and N, and a grass-crested terraced strand W (c55m N–S x c18m E–W). Overall, the bay possesses a sheltered, secretive aspect.

NM 6355 8297 During equinoctial spring tide, opportunity surfaced to examine the remains of a marine wall curving seaward c80m from the E shore to the strand foreshore W — a line coinciding roughly with the convergence of the inlet and the inner-bay. W of the curve’s apex, drystone foundations conclude at what appears to be a 4–5m wide entrance in the wall. Composed of large rectangular base stones, these foundations – c5m long x 2m wide x 1m high – represent the best-preserved remains of the entire structure; indeed, the majority of the line is in a state of total collapse and obscured by seaweed. The feature as a whole appears to have been substantial, and confirms that, in contrast to a featureless landing place, Camas Drollaman once ranked in status as a haven.

NM 6365 8307 Centred on the E of the haven, the site of a large naust is marked by a depression excavated through foreshore cobbles to the mud level, cutting inland c12m. Single cornerstone blocks at the c4m wide foreshore entrance and four aligned base stones on the N edge confirm organised structure, not erosion. Backshore, the overall frame ends with a 1.5m wide exit.

NM 6353 8310 Dialling from the naust to the N bedrock protrusion, this low bar (c35m) terminates at an islet rising above the tidemark. The islet’s smooth, almost vertical E edge drops c3m to the mudflat; a shallow trough atop the rock is distinguished by cobble-fill, 4.2 x 2m. The cobble-fill and vertical edge appear to be associated, suggesting possible remains of a quay. Certainly, no similar deposit occurs at the same level elsewhere in the bay,

Camus Drollaman: E shore naust embracing views of W strand and N quay (rock outcrop lower right of the strand)

ruling out storm debris and favouring evidence of construction.

NM 6353 8305 Moving S from the quay to the centre-edge of the strand foreshore, a possible rock step is encountered, 500 x 700mm, set firmly into the beach cobbles. Above the step rises a faintly welded footpath, running W to the strand top; continuity of the line is confirmed by a second step half-way up its course.

NM 6350 8305 (Note: Absence of grazing by livestock made the following less visible on the third visit, 20 September 2020.) Centred on the grassy strand that dominates the inner-bay by singularity of height and protrusion, minor cobble stones reveal what may be discerned as the remarkable shape of shear strakes, though faintly and in fragments. The W curve and S cusp are more obvious; internal cross dimensions, 6930mm N–S x 4100mm E–W. Given the absence of further immediate evidence, trace of a boat burial is perhaps too ambitious to suggest at present; yet, the dominant position of the spot may be revealing in itself. Moreover, four stone slabs strewn on the foreshore below the strand appear to have been quarried and clearly out of context. Enigmatic as they are, generally 650mm high and subtly trapezium in shape, these slabs may be associated with the possible burial.

Dr Andrew Jennings suggests that Drollaman possibly derives from ON trollholmr (pers. comm.). Its Norse origin certainly confirms a degree of identity. Without further investigation, however, the hydronymic context alone is not sufficient to assert that the structures observed here share a Norse origin. Nevertheless, the grouping of the marine wall S, the N quay, E naust, and possible W burial, suggest coordinates of high status. High status is further promoted by the site’s prominence on a fort-studded coast (consider Eilean n’ Ghaill immediately W, and Rubha Àird Ghamhsgail E), with strategic access to sea lanes from Loch nan Uamh to Ardnamurchan, to the Small Isles and the Sound of Sleat.

Desk-based assessment and walkover survey Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeological Services

NM 68852 70132 A desk-based assessment and walkover survey was carried out, in September 2020, in advance of a woodland creation and management scheme at High Mingarry, near Acharacle, Moidart, in Lochaber. The desk-based assessment included a review of a detailed landscape survey and recording project undertaken by the Moidart History Group (Comann Eachdraidh Mùideart), carried out during the spring and summer of 2008, which recorded 84 archaeological sites. These included post-medieval farmsteads and their associated infrastructure, field boundaries and some areas of relict rig and furrow cultivation. Their report also included a detailed appraisal of documentary and map-based sources covering the High Mingarry and surrounding townships.

The archaeological fieldwork related to this project included a walkover survey of the area covered by the Moidart History Group to evaluate their level of recording and to check on the accuracy of the grid references for individual structures. This proved to be a challenging exercise due to a number of factors including areas of dense and high bracken stands to the W of the Mingarry Burn; the sites to the E of the Mingarry Burn are now located under a well-established conifer tree plantation; and a number of sites in the SW sector of the settlement that are now located in an area where conifer trees have been felled. At the time of the Moidart History Group Survey, the latter area comprised standing conifer trees, but also a large area where the trees had been affected by storm damage resulting in tree-throw. In addition, a walkover survey was carried out on a new area of ground to the NE of the High Mingarry Township, which comprised open moorland with some rock outcrops. No new archaeological sites were recorded in this area.

The walkover survey conducted over the High Mingarry Township recorded the full extent of boundary dykes and field boundaries and areas of relict rig and furrow cultivation. Unfortunately, the extensive bracken stands to the W of the Mingarry Burn created difficulties in accessing and recording the known archaeological sites, while the recorded archaeology within the previously felled area (within the SW sector of the township) had been severely disturbed due to tree-throw and felling activity. In particular, tree brash and other felling debris partially obscured some of the sites. The archaeological sites located under the standing conifer plantation to the E of the Mingarry Burn had also been impacted by the preparation of ground for tree planting and tree-throw activity, especially within the eastern sector of the survey area. One particular group of sites was partially obscured by fallen trees

due to storm damage in this area. The archaeological sites under the standing trees were flagged-up using marker tape in advance of felling operations, to mitigate against further damage to the built heritage.

The archaeological sites recorded for this survey most likely relate to settlement at High Mingarry during the post-medieval period. It is possible that some of the sites and archaeological features may relate to earlier settlement, especially the field boundaries, during the later stages of the 17th century and early 18th century.

The settlement remains include houses and farmstead complexes, byres and outbuildings, smaller ancillary structures, kale yards and small enclosures, possible stack stands, larger field enclosures and areas of relict rig and furrow cultivation. Additional features include tracks, bridges, and bridge abutments, which would have provided access to, and between, different sectors of the settlement which were divided by stream courses feeding into the Mingarry Burn.

The various buildings and their associated infrastructure display varied levels of preservation, some of which almost certainly relates to different phases of occupation – which would have included the dismantling, modification, and construction of new structures. This would have involved the robbing of stone from older buildings to provide the materials for modifications to the settlement, leaving behind the chaotic and sometimes difficult to interpret palimpsest of remains.

A review of the settlement remains recorded for this survey shows distinct groups of buildings and smaller enclosures distributed throughout the settlement, interspersed by more isolated structural elements, surrounded by a head-dyke. Each of these groups consists of at least one substantial building together with a collection of smaller structures built to a similar design. Interspersed amongst these are much smaller, roughly built structures. It is possible that each group of buildings represents a farmstead including a house, byres, shelters, and small enclosures.

Within the settlement there are at least 17 well-constructed rectangular buildings with external dimensions of between 9–10m long and between 3–4m wide (at least 6 buildings) and between 5–7m long and 2–3m wide (c12 buildings). The buildings have a similar style of construction, with rounded outer corners and square internal corners. All have lower dry stone walls between 0.70–0.90m wide comprising inner and outer facing stones with a rubble core, while the entrances to the buildings are usually located in the centre of one of the long sides. Few of the building stones have been dressed, but comprise material gathered and quarried from the surrounding landscape. The remains of at least 5 smaller, irregularly-built shelters were also recorded. The remains of at least 10 additional buildings were found to be too damaged to discern their original dimensions. Finally, the outlines of three circular to oval-shaped turf shelters were noted.

Five enclosures were recorded in close proximity to, or adjoining substantial buildings in the settlement, while other small enclosures were distributed between buildings. The most unusual type of small stone-built enclosure includes 5 recorded encircling or running around the top of bedrock outcrops. Otherwise, a number of structures proved more difficult to interpret with regards to a function without further investigation.

The head-dyke and field boundaries recorded during the walkover survey at High Mingarry display a wide range of construction techniques and materials, much of which would have been dependant on the availability of raw materials in close proximity to the structure. For example, where the head-dyke passes close to rock outcrops, stone was quarried and a substantial wall built – sometimes measuring in excess of 1m wide at the base and comprising a double skin orthostat construction with a rubble core. However, where the dyke crossed lower-lying wet ground, where little natural stone was available, the builders resorted to the use of turves and peat for construction. The various forms of field and enclosure dyke within the settlement most likely relate to different periods of settlement at the site. Indeed, phasing within the various walls is obvious where one wall crosses above an earlier construction. Different periods of wall construction are also shown in their layout; the earlier dykes snaking around between natural features and utilising natural rock outcrops, while the later dykes comprise almost straight features, dividing the land into neat parcels resembling crofts. The phasing evident within historic period settlements, such as High Mingarry, would be worthy of further study. Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE (intended) Funder: Lochshiel Estate and Miller Harris (Kirn Ltd)

High Mingarry: distribution of archaeological sites recorded

Walkover survey John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NM 77160 82810 to NM 66400 86730; NM 77160 82810 to NM 67640 94810 Walkover surveys were conducted between 8 and 12 June 2020 along the routes of overhead power lines from Lochailort to Arisaig and Lochailort to Mallaig prior to the lines being refurbished. The only previously unrecorded site encountered on the survey comprised the sparse remains of a cairn at NM 66893 86372. Although it may represent the remains of a burial cairn, it is thought more likely to be the result of field clearance in more recent times. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: SSEN

Metal-detecting find Lydia Prosser – National Museums Scotland

NH 91 54 A late medieval copper-alloy annular brooch, complete with pin, was recovered through metal-detecting. The brooch frame is circular in section. Two overlapping flattened terminals form a pin constriction, a feature which is found distinctively on annular brooches from northern Scotland. The pin is copper-alloy.

The upper face of the frame displays a series of diagonal grooves, perhaps intended to imitate brooches made from twisted wire. The brooch is 23mm in diameter, 3.5mm in thickness and weighs 2.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 114/19) and allocated to Nairn Museum

NH 93429 54754 A watching brief was carried out at a residential development site at Moyness Road. The watching brief was required because of the presence of a Scheduled Monument (SM11644) on site and the potential for buried archaeological remains to be present on the site.

The fieldwork was carried out on 3 August 2020 during which excavations for a service trench and house foundations were monitored by an archaeologist. The area was shown to be previously disturbed by quarrying activities. The Scheduled Monument (SM 11644) on site was fenced off to prevent damage during the works, however, it was observed that works carried out during previous land use had already disturbed the monument. No archaeological features were discovered during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief C Murray – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 90412 57126 (centred) A watching brief was carried out with respect to the erection of a single dwelling and associated garage development at Muiryfold Lodge. The work took place between 27 February and 26 August 2019. The local HER notes the existence of a 120-acre class of Roman Camp (Severan) (Canmore ID 17346) within the development area. It was first recorded from the air in 1959 it lies in a series of improved pasture and arable fields surrounding Muiryfold farm. The camp is not quite rectangular and encloses over 41ha. The entrance gaps were protected by tituli and are visible in the centre of the SE side and at two points of the SW suggesting that there were six gates. Two small trenches were excavated in 1959 by St Joseph (1961) in the northwest and southeast and recorded the ditch measuring up to 3.3m in width and 1.3m in depth. No evidence of the ditch was encountered during the watching brief, however, three field drains and nine post-medieval or modern pits were uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Grant and Geoghagen

Mitigation works Ian Suddaby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NH 3557 0842 (Fort Augustus) to NN 1224 7414 (Fort William) A programme of mitigation works associated with a planned upgrade of the overhead electricity line between Fort Augustus in the N and Fort William in the S was carried out between October 2017 and August 2018. These included the surveying of known sites affected by the project, demarcating of sites near to project operations and a watching brief during ground-breaking works.

The work added to the cultural heritage database within the Great Glen. Several known sites were more accurately located through the survey and further information was recorded. Eleven new sites were found and recorded during the survey.

The watching brief recorded further information and corrected location data at a number of known sites. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Balfour Beatty/SSE

Erosion survey Graeme Carruthers − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NH 75734 44402 (centred) Visitor numbers to Balnuaran of Clava Cairns have increased year-on-year but especially within the last five years. This has created its own problems with damage and erosion being caused to the archaeological sites within the Property in Care boundary.

An erosion survey was carried out, in November 2019, within the environs of Balnuaran of Clava Cairns to look at the general condition and state of erosion suffered to the archaeological sites. The survey revealed that the monuments are suffering from various degrees of erosion ranging from intrusive to, in many cases, severe. The main cause for the erosion is visitor footfall, not only to the monuments themselves but to the roots of the surrounding tree cover.

The survey also noted the eastern half of a rectangular stone-built feature beginning to erode out of the grass between Cairn 3 and 2. The feature also appears on a recent LIDAR survey of Balnuaran of Clava Cairns as either two joined squares or a rectangular feature with a dividing wall. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Survey Stuart Farrell

NH 64807 32849 to NH 64646 33434 A desktop and walkover survey was conducted in February 2020 for a new haulage road in an area of existing woodland, the site lying adjacent to the site of a cairn and two hut circles (Canmore IDs: 13294 and 13296). Work revealed no evidence for route of proposed road to affect any existing or unrecorded archaeological features. Archive: NRHE Funder: Lumsden Forestry Ltd

Evaluation Callum Murray – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 54350 60160 An evaluation was carried out prior to the construction of new homes and associated works at land 155m NE of 30 Chestnut Road, Dingwall.

The first phase of fieldwork was carried out from 7 to 15 September 2020, where seventeen trenches were excavated. No archaeological features were present in any of the trenches. Several field drains and evidence of vegetation clearance were present across the site, indicating previous agricultural activity. No further archaeological work was recommended for this phase. The later phases are on more level ground, a S–SW facing slope and have a greater potential for archaeology. Archive: NRHE

Walkover survey and recording Meryl Marshall − NOSAS

NH 524633 (roughly centred) This group of 12 roundhouses in the upper part of Strath Sgitheach is NE of the track from the bridge/ stepping stones. The roundhouses are on a SE–facing slope in heathery ground at an altitude of c250m and on both sides of a small burn. Just four roundhouses have been previously recorded although more than this are seen on snowy aerial photographs

taken by Jim Bone in February 2010 (see JSB collection). They were surveyed in May and June 2020.

The majority of the roundhouses are circular and have internal diameters of between 6m and 9m. The surrounding banks are up to 0.5m height and are often damaged or incomplete. One of the roundhouses, SS5, has more substantial remains which are 0.6m high and have a spread of 2m. Only a few of the roundhouses have evidence of entrances.

NH 52545 63270 Roundhouse (SS1)

NH 52569 63323 Roundhouse (SS2)

NH 52533 63331 Roundhouse (SS3)

NH 52473 63284 Roundhouse (SS4)

NH 52418 63278 Roundhouse (SS5) (previously recorded as “B”)

NH 52396 63297 Roundhouse (SS6) (previously recorded as “D”)

NH 52385 63289 Roundhouse (SS7) (previously recorded as “C”)

NH 52416 63233 Roundhouse (SS8)

NH 52303 63332 Roundhouse (SS12) (previously recorded as “A”)

NH 52107 63397 Roundhouse (SS14)

NH 52297 63481. Roundhouse (SS15)

NH 52458 63350 Roundhouse (SS17) Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE

Strath Sgitheach survey

Watching brief Peta Glew – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 79221 89476 (centred) A watching brief was carried out, in October 2020, at Deans Park, Dornoch, in advance of the construction of six new dwellings, part of a wider housing development (Phase 6). The area covered by this phase of the development had been previously topsoil-stripped and had ground levels reduced, therefore no archaeological deposits or features were identified within the Phase 6 development area. Archive: NRHE Funder: Pat Munro (Alness) Ltd

NH 76870 89590 A programme of archaeological trial trenching was carried out on 30 September to 6 October 2020 in advance of an application to extend the gravel quarry and tipping facility at Evelix Quarry. Eighteen trenches were opened and examined, covering a total area which exceeded 7% of the proposed development area. Only six features were confirmed, all of which were found to be shallow sporadic pits that did not relate to structures or identifiable activities. They were all deemed to be of low archaeological value. No artefacts were recovered. No further work is recommended. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: MacLean Ardgay Ltd

NG 25219 50480 (N area centred) and NG 25344 47923 (S area centred) A desk-based assessment and walkover survey were conducted at Totachocaire Farm, near Dunvegan, Isle of Skye. The survey area included a northern area around Totachocaire and Glen Suardal, and a southern area around Druim na Creige and St Mary’s church on the N side of Dunvegan village. The survey was required in advance of a woodland planting scheme.

The walkover survey was undertaken on 18–19 November 2019, with a total of 65 archaeological sites identified. Sites comprised two prehistoric hut circles (Canmore ID: 10931) as well as numerous medieval and post-medieval farmsteads (Canmore ID: 114771, 114768, 114772), shielings (Canmore ID: 114769, 114773), enclosures (Canmore ID: 305913), dykes and rig and furrow cultivation remains. Mitigation measures are recommended to safeguard the sites during woodland planting. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Woodlands

ND 21305 71119 (centred) A watching brief was carried out at Dunnet Waste Water Treatment Works, in advance of the construction of an outfall extension and associated works. The development is situated within an area rich in Norse period archaeology; therefore, all site clearance and ground-breaking work was subject to an archaeological watching brief.

The watching brief was carried out between 24 and 30 September 2019 when topsoil stripping was monitored for compound area and the area for the outfall extension. A total of three features were recorded comprising a field drain, a rectangular pit, and a plough mark, likely associated with medieval and post-medieval cultivation. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Water

Survey Stuart Farrell

NC 630 370 (centred) A desktop and walkover survey was conducted in December 2019 for an area of proposed woodland of c120 hectares, the site lying adjacent to the site of two enclosures (Canmore ID: 91065 and 91066). Work revealed two buildings and

Totachocaire Farm: post-medieval stone structure near Totachocaire

a structure associated with one enclosure (Canmore ID: 91065) and a previously unrecorded hut circle at NC 63621 37200 and the following previously unrecorded structures:

Building (A) at NC 63972 37423

Building (B) at NC 63989 37428

Structure (C) at NC 63959 37447

Building (D) at NC 64060 37420 with later lamb pen to NE end

Building (E) at NC 64073 37439. Archive: NRHE Funder: Kelpie Woodlands for Nicholson Farms

Survey Stuart Farrell

NC 65272 30578 A desktop and rapid walkover survey was conducted in June 2020 for an area of proposed woodland to the E of Loch Choire. Work revealed the following unrecorded site outwith the scheme:

Building at NC 65272 30578 of corrugated-iron sheeting over wooden frame with stone built external lum. Archive: NRHE

Desk based assessment and walkover survey Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeological Services

NC 71647 57444 to NC 71479 57995 A desk-based assessment and walkover survey was carried out in November 2020, in advance of replacement of water mains and associated works, near Skelpick, Bettyhill, in Sutherland. The work was undertaken to assess the nature and extent of any archaeological sites likely to be affected within the areas outlined for the proposed development works and pipeline route and in order to inform recommendations for the protection and management of any sites recovered. The deskbased assessment revealed a significant number of archaeological sites and monuments within the surrounding landscape (Canmore ID: 86834; 6275; 6227; 6241; 6246).

The walkover survey recorded no archaeological sites in close proximity of the pipeline route, while the route of the pipeline had been chosen to minimise any impact to potential buried archaeological features or deposits; this being located for most of the route in the verge of the single-track road comprising made-up ground. No further mitigation measures are proposed in respect of the proposed works. Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish Water

Survey Stuart Farrell

NC 82920 68610 A survey was conducted on 1 May 2020 of two unroofed buildings forming an L-shape on a current aerial photograph. Single roofed building and field walls shown on 1st Edition OS map (Sutherland 6�-mile sheet X of 1878 surveyed 1873), the same shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1908 (Sutherland 6�-mile sheet X revised 1904). Roofed building on OS of 1963 but on different alignment to S of former building, neither structures are shown on current OS map. Archive: NRHE

Metal detecting find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NH 86 77 A hoard of coins likely dating to 16th–17th century, under the reigns of Mary I and James VI. Some of the coins have corroded together in stacks. Disclaimed by Treasure Trove (TT 168/19)

NH 51158 59643 An evaluation was carried out at a residential development site at Fodderty, near Dingwall. The evaluation was required because there was potential for buried archaeological remains to be present on the site.

Fieldwork was carried out on 4 August 2020 during which four trenches were excavated. On the N side of the site, the area had been previously cleared and disturbed, and the trenches in this area were excavated directly onto the natural subsoil. No archaeological features were identified. No further archaeological work is recommended. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Survey Magnar Dalland – Headland Archeology

ND 1332 5103 A detailed survey was carried out of Cam Ma Mairg broch, also referred to as Cairn Merk, on 31 October to 1 November 2018. The survey of the broch was part of the requirements of the planning condition for the Achlaclan Wind Farm, Caithness.

The broch is built on a slightly elevated platform on the E bank of the river Thurso and is enclosed by a ditch that runs into the river at both ends. It has an outer courtyard that appears to run around the entire broch and an external passage leading up to the entrance to the SE. The surveyed profile indicates that the walls survive to a height of some 4m above the original ground surface. Archive: NRHE Funder: Whirlwind Renewables

Survey Stuart Farrell

ND 11942 62069 A survey was conducted, on 25 July 2020, of a circular structure visible on current aerial photograph with field walls to S edge forming two fields. Not shown on 1st Edition OS map (Caithness 6�-mile sheet XI of 1876 surveyed 1872) or later editions.

NH 67330 46773 (centred) A series of Ground Investigation works was carried out as part of the A9–A82 Longman Road Junction Improvement from 8 to 20 November 2019. Access to two Ground Investigation locations were approved by the Archaeological Clerk of Works, and monitoring of the excavation of a trial pit and soakaway pit were carried out under archaeological supervision.

Archaeological monitoring was required due to the presence of known archaeological sites within the immediate area. No significant archaeological remains were uncovered or impacted upon during the works. Archive: NRHE Funder: Soil Engineering Geoservices Limited

undertaken at Craigleach, Dunain, to the SW of Inverness, on 11–13 November 2019, in advance of works for two house plots. Tree protection zones and an area of previous disturbance limited the area available for trenching. Four trenches were opened, totaling an area of 164.8m2. No archaeologically significant features were encountered during the evaluation. Two features were confirmed to be a natural depression and a modern posthole. A modern water pipe was left in situ. Topsoil was noted to be very deep across the site, in one area a natural hollow extending to 1.7m below the present ground level had filled with hill wash. No further work is recommended. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NH 64859 41507 A trial trenching evaluation was undertaken between 19–27 February 2020 at the site of the new Ness Castle Primary School, on the south side of Inverness. Twenty-two trenches were excavated across the site and three possible pits of unknown date and function were recorded. The evaluation also recorded one of three previously identified, stone cairns, showing the most likely interpretation to be field clearance. Archive: NRHE Funder: Kier Construction Ltd

Ness Castle primary school: S-facing section of probable clearance cairn

Watching brief Donald Wilson − Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd

NH 6501 4278 In June and July 2019, archaeological monitoring of groundworks at Ness-side, was undertaken. The site comprised c90ha of vacant scrubland and farmland. This had been subject to a trial trench evaluation that failed to find the presence of any archaeological remains within the development area. Several archaeological features representing prehistoric activity in the area were recorded during the construction of the West Link Road immediately west of Ness-side. Subsequently, the topsoil strip of this area was subject to an archaeological watching brief.

This phase of the watching brief covered two areas of the whole development area amounting to approximately 16ha. This was stripped of all overlying topsoil deposits. In total, 21 pits and posthole features were recorded. Most of the features were undated, though several pits contained sherds of Neolithic pottery. The information gathered from this site, along with evidence from previous excavations nearby, suggest low level Neolithic/Bronze Age activity in this area. Archive: NRHE Funder: Tulloch Homes Ltd

NH 68971 45179 A watching brief was conducted during topsoil stripping at the NHS Highland Elective Care Centre development site at Inverness UHI campus. The watching brief was required due to previous excavations across the UHI campus uncovering the remains of significant prehistoric settlement.

Fieldwork was carried out between 23 July and 11 August 2020. A total of 73 features were uncovered within the development area, comprising several discrete groups or arcs of pits and postholes, and other isolated pits. Some of the arcs of pits may represent the ephemeral remains of roundhouse structures. Small finds recovered from the features included coarse stone objects and prehistoric ceramics. A programme of post-excavation analysis is recommended in order to give a full understanding of the features, their date and function. Archive: NRHE Funder: Balfour Beatty

UHI Campus: SSE–facing section of fire pit

UHI Campus: worked stone balls

NH 65299 42635 to NH 77267 36825 A desk-based assessment (DBA) and walkover survey were undertaken to inform work on the instillation of a new 33kV underground electric cable wire between Dores Road Sub-Station, Inverness and Moy Wind Farm. The DBA identified 41 previously recorded sites and nine areas of previous archaeological excavation work close to the route. These included the Scheduled Monument at Craggie Cottage (SM4712), three crossings of sections of General Wade military roads, and several farmsteads, clearance cairns and hut circles. The walkover survey recorded 42 separate sites close to the route, the majority of which had been noted in the desk-based assessment. The sites included 19 different walls or dykes, eight clearance cairns or groups of clearance cairns, the footings of eight structures and four quarries. In addition, one hut circle, a burial monument and a kiln were also noted. A further walkover survey was undertaken in a section of alternative route. Recommendations are made to adjust the route to avoid the Scheduled Area (SM4712) and to avoid most other sites through micro-siting and marking off. Where this is not possible additional recording is recommended. Following the walkover adjustments to the proposed route were made and recommendations also include surveying new areas not previously investigated. Archive: Highland HER; NRHE Funder: SSEN

Moy Cable: structure

Field visit Lynne McKeggie and Lachlan McKeggie – Highland Archaeology Services

NH 64996 39034 to NH 62969 35966 A desk-based assessment (DBA) and a walkover survey were undertaken, on 5 June 2020, in advance of the laying of a new cable between Knocknagael Sub Station and Clune Wood near Loch Ashie, south of Inverness. The DBA noted that this was an area of high archaeological activity, particularly in the form of many prehistoric hut circles and field systems. There was evidence of post-medieval farming, and General Wade’s original Inverness to Fort William road also runs along parallel to the proposed route. The walkover survey identified and recorded 36 features or small groups of features, most of which had already been noted in the DBA. These included the remains of at least 13 dykes or walls – some of which are probably prehistoric. Also six hut circles or possible hut circles and six quarries, probably associated with the construction of the Wade road. Recommendations are made for further work including marking off and a watching brief across parts of the route. Archive: NRHE Funder: Intelligent Land Investments Group PLC

Survey Stuart Farrell

NC 671 313 (centred) A desktop and rapid walkover survey was conducted in June 2020 for four areas of proposed woodland to the E of Loch Choire. Work revealed the following unrecorded sites outwith the schemes:

Sheepfold at NC 71634 30809

Sheepfold at NC 62295 25525

Structure at NC 62175 25820

A number of clearance cairns were noted associated with an enclosure (Canmore ID: 91260) lying between it and a head-dyke. Archive: NRHE Funder: John Clegg and Co

Survey Stuart Farrell

NC 90 20 (centred) A desktop and rapid walkover survey was conducted in May 2020 for nine areas of proposed woodland of c400 hectares on the Kildonan Estate. Work revealed a number of unrecorded sites including buildings, corn-drying kiln, enclosures, sheepfolds, hut circles and a shooting lodge. A number of existing sites including hut circles were revisited and recorded. Archive: NRHE Funder: John Clegg and Co. for Kildonan Estate

NH 57178 52151 to NH 56505 52359 A watching brief was required with respect to the insertion of a new water pipeline at Drynie Park, Muir of Ord. The watching brief was required due to the presence of known archaeology in the vicinity and the potential for identification of further surviving archaeological finds, features and deposits and took place in November and December 2020.

A total of six pit features were recorded. These features had been severely truncated, situated as they are on existing agricultural fields. One pit appears to be a refuse pit containing hearth waste material and is likely to be prehistoric in date. Whilst the additional five pits are of indeterminate function and date, there is a strong possibility they are the remnants of prehistoric features, situated as they are in a landscape rich in prehistoric archaeological mortuary monuments as discussed in the desk-based assessment.

Although the contents and fills of the features were bulk sampled, post-excavation analysis failed to recover any material suitable for radiocarbon dating. Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish Water

Metal detector survey and watching brief Dominic Barrett – AOC Archaeology Group

NN 12169 75453 This report presents the results of archaeological works comprising a metal detection survey and watching brief undertaken in respect to a proposed development on a land parcel NE of Inverlochy. The site lies within Old Inverlochy Farm and to the immediate E of Inverlochy Castle, Fort William. It is also within the bounds of the demarcated areas for the Battles of Inverlochy.

The watching brief recorded the presence of a fragmentary palisade ditch and associated postholes of probable late prehistoric date. Though heavily truncated by modern groundworks the ditch provided several examples of prehistoric ceramics alongside samples of burnt bone and charcoal. The metal detecting survey produced no significant finds. It was apparent that the majority of the area had little in the way of surviving in situ deposits. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NN 12210 74170 to NN 02200 63470; NN 12210 74170 to NN 02350 64010 A walkover survey was undertaken between 31 July and 10 August along the routes of two overhead power lines due for refurbishment that run between Fort William and Corran. Two sites previously unrecorded were encountered. At NN 09580 69594 were the substantial remains of a rectangular building and at NN 09739 68350, were remnants of two scooped structures of unknown date with stretches of two boundary banks nearby. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: SSEN

Survey Stuart Farrell

NH 46069 44428 Current aerial photograph shows rectangular building aligned NNW–SSE. Depicted on 1st Edition OS map (Inverness-shire Mainland 6�-Mile sheet X of 1876 surveyed 1872) as roofed with a number of other buildings but not shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1906 (ibid revised 1902) and not shown on current OS map. A second building is visible, NH 48038 44388, aligned ESE–WNW, shown as roofed on 1st Edition OS map (ibid) and on 2nd Edition OS map of 1906 map (ibid) but unroofed on OS map of 1959 (NH44SE) and shown on current OS map.

NH 46006 44206 Two rectangular unroofed buildings of two compartments shown on current OS map. Depicted on 1st Edition OS map (Inverness-shire Mainland 6�-Mile sheet X of 1876 surveyed 1872) as one building roofed and one partly roofed, both buildings shown as unroofed on 2nd Edition OS map of 1906 (ibid revised 1902). Partial remains of one building visible on current aerial photograph.

Field visits Roland Spencer-Jones – North of Scotland Archaeological Society

On the braes to the W of Beauly lie several crofting settlements, part of the former extensive Lovat Estate. One of these settlements, Ruisaurie, had been divided into 24 crofts by 1839 (see Lovat Estate map: (https://maps.nls.uk/view/190782125). Three crofthouses, which have been present on all estate and Ordnance Survey maps since, were visited in July 2020.

NH 48464 45491 Number 4 Ruisaurie, at this site are the remains of a one-storey crofthouse, aligned E–W, with outhouse extensions at either end. All these buildings are now de-roofed and facing impending demolition. What is distinctive is that the central crofthouse has original cruck-frames still showing, although sawn off at about 1–5m above the floor surface. These crucks are curving full crucks, in that they appear to be rising from ground level with a remaining curvature that suggests they would meet at gable height with no intermediate cruck joints. There appear to be three cruck sets, one at each end of the building and one central, although the eastern cruck set is presumed rather than actually visible. The stone-walled central building in the row, with the cruck sets, appears to be the oldest part, measuring 12m E–W by 5m N–S. The doorway is to the W of centre, on the south-facing wall, with a matching window E of centre. There were no N-facing windows. To its W is a more modern stone outbuilding with straight walls, and no cruck-frame showing. Similarly, the outbuilding to the E has no obvious cruck-frames. Other cruck-framed buildings seen on the braes above Beauly have jointed cruck frames set into a wall

Ruisaurie: south facing wall of No 4, from SE

recess. This building is distinctive in having full crucks with no joints. Although it may not survive much longer it seems important to record its existence now. The photographic record shows details of the three visible surviving crucks and views of the south-facing external wall.

NH 49243 45818 Number 9 Ruisaurie, at this site can be seen the original crofthouse with a corrugated iron roof, steadings and outbuildings behind it, and a modern bungalow to the W of it. The barn behind, ie to the NW, of it contains cruck framed supports to the roof. The original crofthouse may also be constructed with cruck-frames, although as it has plastered walls no cruck-frames are visible. The barn is partially un-roofed and contains three sets of crucks. These are jointed at 1.6m high, the joints being facepegged. Three cruck posts are still visible – those on the N and S walls in the centre of the barn, and the one at the SW gable. The cruck set at the eastern end of the building was not visible because of stacked farm machinery. The photographic record shows details of the three visible surviving crucks and views of the barn and its adjacent croft-house.

NH 50116 46052 Number 11 Ruisaurie, on this croft site, a house was marked on an even earlier 1823 map (see: https:// maps.nls.uk/view/190782116) and has been present on all estate and Ordnance Survey maps since. At that site in 2020 was an old one-storey crofthouse, with a larger modern 1970s extension on the W end. In June 2020 the landowner began to renovate both parts of this conjoined building, revealing that the older crofthouse had a cruck-frame. Eventually, both the original cottage and the extension were found unfit for preservation or renovation and were demolished, pending a new house being built. The author had the opportunity to record many stages of the removal of this building’s structures as well as the opportunity to obtain information from the building owner who, with three other siblings, had been brought up in the original cottage in the early 1960s.

The original cruck-framed rectangular building was orientated NE–SW, ie facing SE, measuring 11.3m x 4.75m externally and 9.2m x 3.65m internally. The 1.6m high, 0.55m thick, doublefaced dry stone walls had a thin filling of sharp smaller stones. The stones had been plastered on the inside and lime rendered on the outside. There were stone gables at either end. The top surface of the walls was covered with peat or turf. An original 1.0m wide doorway was centred almost in the middle of the S wall, 4.6m from the SE corner. Deeply recessed windows were either side of the door. There was also a smaller window in the N wall, although there is evidence that this might have been a secondary insertion. A brick chimney had been subsequently added to the inner surface

Ruisaurie: cruck-framed Barn at No 9 , from SW

of both gables, with modern open fireplaces beneath. The fireplace of the E gable had been bricked up by the time of the demolition. Presumably, the original cottage had a hanging lum, although no trace of this now survives. In the 1960s, this building contained four rooms on one floor.

Before demolition, the older building had a corrugated iron roof, supported on a modern square-cut wooden frame. This frame rested both on the long walls of the building and on the original cruck-framed wooden structure. Once this iron roof had been removed, the original heather and peat thatch was still intact underneath. This had been supported by two pairs of crucks, 3m apart, either side of the doorway. The crucks were jointed, at the level of the top of the walls, rather than being single curved blades. A 1.6m high vertical cruck post, standing on one or two post padstones, was set within a vertical recess in the wall. These posts had been round pine timbers, 0.25m diameter and roughly squared off where necessary to fit into the wall recesses. The top of each had an inward sloping upper surface, into which three holes, or mortices, had been drilled to receive a peg or tenon from the lower angled surface of the upper cruck blade (or primary rafter). This seems to be an unusual joint arrangement, not seen extensively elsewhere. The cruck blade pairs were then bridged by an upper and a lower cross-post or tie-beam, with the ridge piece sitting on the crossed blades at the top of the building. Two purlins on each side of the roof rest on the outer surface of the tie-beams and were embedded within the stonework of the two gable ends. On to the purlins were fixed the numerous irregular round pole rafters to support the thatch.

The larger modern extension was added in the early 1970s, at which time the chimney on the western gable was heightened to take the upper pot above the extensions roof line. The NW corner of the original cottage was broken through to create a passage-way into the new extension.

The photographic record shows details of the measured plan, the old and modern roofs, the crucks and their joints lying within the walls, their padstones and the remains of the cottage stonework. Archive: NRHE (intended); Highland Council HER

Evaluation Callum Murray – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 60203 66027 (centred) An evaluation was carried out prior to development in an area with potential for the survival of buried archaeological deposits. Fieldwork was carried out from 22–24 September 2020, where seventeen trenches were excavated. No significant archaeological features were present in any of the trenches. Several field drains and evidence of vegetation clearance were present across the site, indicating previous agricultural activity and attempts to drain the field down the slope of the hill. No further archaeological work is recommended for Phase 1. Archive: NRHE

Geophysical survey Susan Ovenden – Rose Geophysical Consultants

NN 6913 9717 A geophysical survey was undertaken at Cladh Phadruig Graveyard on 24 September to 4 October. This survey formed part of wider research into the graveyard as the current owner seeks to establish the extent of available burial provision in order to continue the site’s use as a private family burial ground. The site is also the location of a former chapel and it was hoped that geophysical survey would be able to determine its location.

The resistance survey, at 0.5 by 0.5m intervals, was carried out over the area surrounding the graveyard and its immediate environs (0.36ha). The GPR survey, at 0.02m intervals along traverses 0.25m apart, covered of the walled graveyard itself (0.1ha).

The results of the resistance survey are dominated by significant variations in background response which are most likely natural in origin. Immediately to the SE of the graveyard a relatively welldefined area of high resistance has been noted. While these have been noted as potentially archaeological in origin, interpretation is cautious. It is possible that the broad response could be associated with a chapel, or rubble from the chapel. However, the more linear responses broadly follow a break in slope and may simply be due to topographic changes, the origin of which is not known. The broad area of high resistance in the S of the survey area coincides with noticeable topographic changes on the surface. While the topography of the ‘feature’ suggests the possible remnants of a two cell structure, it is assumed to have a modern origin.

The GPR survey within the graveyard has recorded several anomalies indicative of grave cuts. These broadly correspond with the known burials; however, not all of the burials are clearly defined in the data. Some of this may be due to the nature and age of the cuts. There were initial concerns that the rough ground conditions may be masking some burials. However, the ground conditions are consistent across the site and as a result it is thought that the grave cuts detected are a fair reflection of burials across the site.

A relatively well-defined cluster of GPR anomalies has been recorded in the NW of the graveyard. Elements of these responses are very rectilinear suggesting it may have an archaeological, potentially structural, origin. However, it could indicate deeper burials, or indeed simply be due to geological changes such as shallow bedrock. There are additional anomalies at depth which may be significant and resemble grave cuts. However, they are not very coherent and may be due to natural variations. Archive: Rose Geophysical Consultants Funder: Archaeology Scotland

Glenbanchor Riparian Wood: lime kiln found during walkover survey

NN 6814 9903 (centred) A walkover survey was conducted, on 14 July 2020, on the Glenbanchor Estate prior to the planting of riparian woodland on the banks of the River Calder, as part of ongoing management of the area.

The survey recorded 12 sites, which included field boundaries, kilns and hut platforms. Remains of the township of Dail an Tullaich to the S of the survey area were also recorded. All sites

recorded were outwith the proposed planting areas. Archive: Highland HER (deposited) Funder: Cawdor Forestry

Walkover survey Alistair Galt – AOC Archaeology Group

NN 69141 95817 to NH 80354 03302 This visual walkover survey to inform geophysical survey was conducted as part of the A9 Dualling Scheme undertaken by Transport Scotland between Crubenmore and Kincraig in the Cairngorms National Park as part of the proposed dualling upgrade between Glen Garry and Kincraig. The walkover survey took place in February 2020, and was to assess the suitability of 45 sites for geophysical survey along the route. Of these, 27 were fully surveyable, 13 were partially surveyable (including livestock that could be removed for survey) and 5 were not surveyable at all in their current state. The areas contained a sheepfold at Nuide (Canmore ID: 117387), a township at Drumnanoich (Canmore ID: 117383) and Knappach (Canmore ID: 78161). Some of these sites are bordered by the Dunkeld-Dalnacardoch-Ruthven-Aviemore-Inverness Military Road (Canmore ID: 139021). Archive: NRHE Funder: Transport Scotland

Evaluation Leonie Teufel – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 55542 44177 (centred) An evaluation was carried out, on 9–10 December 2019, on land 155m NW of Easter Moniack Farm Cottage, Kirkhill, in advance of development. The evaluation was required due to the presence of significant archaeological sites within the surrounding fields of the development site, including three crop mark sites and a cairn.

A total of eleven trenches were excavated across the site. No features of archaeological significance were identified during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE Funder: MRH design

Survey Stuart Farrell

NN 60174 94521 A survey was carried out on 31 July 2020, of a house (derelict) at Blairgie. It is 1½ stories with wooden boarding and corrugated-iron sheeting over wooden frame with small porch to rear with a corrugated-iron sheeting roof. Two chimney stacks of brick. Archive: NRHE

Survey Stuart Farrell

NN 63905 86329 Building likely related to ROC observation Post (Canmore ID: 317930) of concrete breeze-block with remnants of corrugated-iron sheeting roof was recorded before its demolition. Adjacent to the building is a small shieling 2 x 4m. The work took place on 31 July 2020. Archive: NRHE Funder: Leiths (Scotland) Ltd

Evaluation, excavation and watching brief Mary Peteranna – AOC Archaeology Group

NC 5820 0947 (centred) An evaluation, excavation and subsequent watching brief were undertaken on the site of the development of a new substation at Dalchork Wood, near Lairg. Prior to excavation, five roundhouses and a group of clearance cairns were evaluated. Only four of the roundhouses required excavation as one of the sites would be preserved on the edge of the development. Openarea excavation and subsequent archaeological watching brief were undertaken between during May–September and December 2020 in order to recover archaeological material and information before its loss during development.

Four very different roundhouses were revealed by the excavation. Site 1 comprised the well-preserved remains of a stone-built house measuring 7m in diameter internally with an entrance to the S. The roundhouse bank measured up to 2.5m wide, faced with orthostats and rubble coursing on the interior and rough boulder facing with some slab coursing on the exterior. It contained a central slab hearth and internal post-ring set approximately 2m from the inner wall face. There was evidence for two phases of occupation, separated by charcoal-rich deposits suggesting a burning event, and a series of potentially earlier postholes mainly on the W side of the interior. Several sherds of coarse ceramic, a fragment of a shale bangle and multiple quern fragments were recovered from the site.

Site 2 consisted of a mostly turf-built bank with rubble facing stones on the exterior and interior enclosing an internal space measuring 9.2 x 8.2m. A wide (sub-oval) entrance passage on the SW side of the site contained a slabbed surface representing more than one phase of surfacing – a broken saddle quern had been reused in the paving. A shallow ditch enclosed the outside of the roundhouse. The bank had suffered considerable degradation with deep turf deposits spread over and preserving the internal features of the site. Within the inner ring and outer ring of postholes, there was evidence for a considerable period of use represented by re-setting of posts and insertion of new postholes. The lack of ground-floor occupation material along with the double post rings suggests that the building supported a first-floor timber structure below the roof and the ground floor may have contained divisions of space potentially for holding livestock. A small amount of coarse ceramic and quern fragments were recovered from the roundhouse, which also contained a single cup-marked stone within the bank.

Site 3, the smallest roundhouse, measured 5m in diameter internally, with the very degraded remains of an entrance to the S side. The rubble spread of the bank contained internal facing stones and evidence for outer boulder facing. It contained very ephemeral evidence for small internal post settings and a central slabbed hearth. The interior of the site appeared to have been built up with redeposited subsoil, into which a ditch had been cut at the N end. This feature was partially slab-lined with a clay-rich fill and contained a slab-lined pit on one end below a prominent boulder facing-stone.

Site 4 measured 12.3m in diameter internally, comprising a rubble bank supported by boulder facing stones on the exterior, while minimal evidence survived for inner face stonework. Deep soil deposits covered the interior, which contained only shallow surface occupation deposits. One-fourth of the roundhouse had been completely truncated on the SE side, removing the location of the entrance, although an alignment of postholes on the S side of the interior represented a timber entrance passage structure. A single internal post-ring measuring 10m across showed that the posts were set 1–1.5m from the inside of the roundhouse bank. Several quern stone fragments and a

Dalchork, Lairg: pre-excavation image of Site 1, drone survey

minimal amount of coarse ceramic sherds were recovered from the site.

The group of clearance cairns, likely associated with the roundhouse settlement, were excavated by machine under archaeological supervision. Archaeological monitoring of topsoil clearance was also undertaken upon completion of the excavation and over targeted areas of ground. Other than one pit identified near the roundhouses, there were no further archaeological discoveries. (See Front Cover, Image 5). Archive: NRHE Funder: SSE

Survey and watching brief David Sneddon – Clyde Archaeology

ND 0713 1881 Between September 2019 and March 2020 archaeological surveys and watching briefs were undertaken at Ousdale Broch, on behalf of the Caithness Broch Project, as part of a project to consolidate and improve access to the Scheduled broch (SM515: Allt a’ Bhurg, Broch, Ord of Caithness). Relatively recent collapse of a stone buttress, built in the late 19th century to stabilise a portion of the internal wall, led to large amounts of rubble existing in the broch interior and an increased risk that the structure could further deteriorate at a rapid rate. The archaeological works included a pre- and post-conservation survey of the broch and watching briefs during removal of collapsed material from the broch interior, consolidation of the wallhead and removal of a mature rowan tree which grew out of the interior elevation. No significant buried archaeological remains were disturbed during the work. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Caithness Broch Project

Watching brief Alan Hunter Blair – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NM 98665 54556 (centred) A watching brief was carried out, on 25 October 2019, during the construction of the cycle path within 200m of the Scheduled Monument of Acharra Standing Stone, south of Duror. No archaeological remains or finds were encountered during the work. Archive: NRHE Funder: McGowan Environmental Engineering Ltd

Controlled topsoil strip Clare Ellis – Argyll Archaeology

NN 04752 59104 On 28 July 2020, in advance of the siting of four holiday pods, a watching brief, in the form of a controlled topsoil strip was undertaken on land 120m N of Burnside, Glenachulish. The footprint of the septic tank and associated soakaway were stripped down to natural. The footprint of each of the four pods was stripped of 0.20m of topsoil. No features or deposits of archaeological or historical significance were discovered. Funder: Ossian Developments Ltd

Survey and recording Meryl Marshall

NH 247780 (centred) The ruins of three small dry stone buildings, probably shelters for stalkers, are located along the SE ridge of Beinn Enaiglair (above Braemore Lodge) at c1km intervals. They were surveyed in August 2020. They are close to a stalkers path

Meallan Mhurchaidh: east building looking N

with which they are probably associated; the stalkers path is marked on both the 1st Edition OS map survey of 1875 and the 2nd Edition OS map survey of 1902, but not the buildings. Two of the buildings are marked on the current OS Explorer map and annotated “Grouse Butts”.

All the buildings have similar situations tucked into NE–facing slopes with views over the glen of the Allt Mhucarnaich towards Beinn Dearg. The buildings are also similar in construction and are built of dry stone with roofs of corrugated iron sheeting. Their preservation, however, varies: the E one is the best preserved whilst the middle is the poorest. The buildings are c2.5m square externally with walls 0.5m thick making the internal space just 1.5m square. The remains vary in height but appear to have been about 1.5m at the front/NE, sloping towards the rear. Entrances just 0.5m wide with lintels of large slabs are seen in the NE wall of two of the buildings and there is evidence of a stone plinth inside two.

NH 24309 79075 West building is at an altitude of 630m.

NH 24994 77891 Middle building is at an altitude of 590m.

NH 25642 77612 East building (alternative name Feith Diongaig) is at an altitude of 520m. This is the best preserved of the three buildings and is in the saddle between Meallan Mhurchaidh and Meall Feith Dhiongaig. It is about 400m N of the stalkers path and accessed by its own poorly preserved branch of the path which leaves the main path at a small cairn, NH 25563 77241. Archive: Highland Council HER

Survey Stuart Farrell

NH 818 313 (centred) Desktop and walkover surveys were conducted in April 2020 for an area of proposed woodland of 13 hectares, the area including the site of a field system (Canmore ID: 14991). Work revealed at least 30 clearance cairns and a possible structure, maybe a shieling. Archive: NRHE Funder: McGlade Forestry on behalf of Balnespick Estate

Survey Stuart Farrell

NH 81005 31426 (centred) Three roofed buildings shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1875 (Inverness-shire Mainland XXXII 6 inch to mile surveyed 1870). Same shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1904 (Inverness-shire XXXII. 6 inch to mile revised 1900) and named as Druiminturk. Single unroofed building on OS map of 1974 1:10,000. Three unroofed buildings shown on current OS map, two of which lie in area of woodlands. Survey conducted 17 March 2020.

NH 80853 31983 Unroofed rectangular structure aligned NE–SW with section of adjoining field wall to N shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1875 (Inverness-shire Mainland XXXII 6�-mile surveyed 1870) marked as ‘sheepfold’. Not shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1904 (Inverness-shire XXXII. 6�-mile revised 1900) or on OS map of 1974 1:10,000. Nothing shown on current OS map, trace of possible building visible on current aerial photograph. Survey completed on 17 March 2020.

Survey Stuart Farrell

NH 81513 30454 Derelict rubble building with corrugated-iron sheeting roof, square chimney braces at each gable end, windows boarded up. three buildings shown as roofed on 1st Edition OS map (Inverness-shire 6�-mile sheet XXXII of 1875 surveyed 1870) with two of them being to the rear of main building. 2nd Edition OS map (Inverness-shire 6�-mile sheet XXXII of 1904 revised 1900) shows only one roofed building, which is situated differently than on the 1st Edition OS map, indicating that earlier buildings have likely been removed and existing on current location so indication a date of 1875–1900 for its construction. Archive: NRHE

NH 81222 53911 During reconductoring works for the overhead line between Tomatin and Boat of Garten an evaluation was carried out at Site 24 (a site identified during a previous walkover survey). The evaluation was required because upgrading works to the adjacent Tower RG53 could not avoid direct impacts to the site.

Archaeological evaluation was carried out between 5–10 September 2019. Vegetation was cleared from the site prior to the creation of a measured plan. Three trenches (one long strip trench and two small trial pits) were then dug by hand across the site. The evaluation revealed a semi-circular stone and turf bank surrounding a central hollow. The banks consisted primarily of loose stone, which had been later cut through and metal stakes, sheeting and pipes were inserted. An old ground surface survived underneath the loose stone and one piece of burnt bone was recovered. The archaeological works have shown that Site 24 was a prehistoric clearance cairn, which has been later modified in the 20th century. The later function of the site is unclear.

Post-excavation analysis of environmental material from the buried ground surface has been recommended. Archive: NRHE Funder: Mabbett Ltd

Tomatin to Boat of Garten: NW-facing section of cairn

NG 48059 44295 (centred) An evaluation was carried out, 22 – 24 September 2020, in advance of a proposed development on farmland at Home Farm, Portree, Isle of Skye. It consisted of a trial trench evaluation amounting to 1,588m2, equivalent to 7% of the available part of the overall development area. The evaluation revealed three undated features, including one linear feature and two possible pits. No finds were encountered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Compass Building and Construction Services

Watching brief and desk based assessment Lynne McKeggie and Lachlan McKeggie – Highland Archaeology Services

NC 73951 06112 A desk-based assessment and watching brief were undertaken, in September 2020, for a new house and connected services at Drumanairgeid, Rogart.

The watching brief identified four clear cut features scattered across the area. One large pit contained a substantial stone and all were filled with what appeared to be buried turf. As these appear to be isolated, and probably modern, their heritage value is assessed to be low and no further work is recommended. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Watching brief and excavation Mary Peteranna – AOC Archaeology Group

NH 7337 5740 An archaeological controlled strip watching brief and subsequent excavation were carried out on land NW of Greenside Farmhouse, Courthill Road, in relation to the construction of 50 dwellings and associated works. Targeted excavation of areas of interest identified during the site evaluation in 2018 was not possible due to extremely deep topsoil in half of the site, from 2–3m in depth. The work took place from 10 August to 20 December 2020. Greenside Farm: slab built culvert

Extensive areas of prehistoric pit and posthole groups were identified on the site, while other areas contained the shallow remains of linear and curvilinear ditches, including a substantial slab-built culvert of probable mid-18th-century date. While there has been no clear interpretation of the ditches made, the site is located on the former glebe land and may represent areas of use for medieval/late medieval agricultural purposes.

The prehistoric areas contained extensive evidence for structural postholes within which pits containing fragments of prehistoric ceramics and struck flints, including two flint scrapers, were found. In one area at the centre of the site, a large double posthole enclosure surrounded a post-defined roundhouse. While the double postholes were sterile of archaeological finds, the roundhouse postholes contained a large amount of coarse stone artefacts, mainly hammerstones, and features that may represent non-ferrous metalworking with possible mould fragments recovered. In the same area, remnants of prehistoric soil layers were uncovered, and a large concentration of broken prehistoric ceramics was recovered within a concentration in one area, possibly defining a discrete occupation area.

The site clearance was undertaken in different stages, dictated by the contractor. As a result, the full extent of features in some areas were not recorded simultaneously. In some areas partial remains of further roundhouses – potentially up to six further structures – were identified. Further site clearance will be undertaken in the future as development works proceed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Pat Munro Homes

Metal-detecting find Fraser Hunter – National Museums Scotland

NH 73 57 A Romano-British copper-alloy plate and fantail brooch (Mackreth’s trumpet variant type 4.1a) was found by metaldetecting near Rosemarkie. The head meets the central disc in two flanking trumpet heads. The very worn enamelled design on the disc shows traces of an S-whirligig with a central reserved boss and six comma-shaped arms, alternating broad and narrow, which form champlevé enamelled fields with clear traces of yellow in the broad arms and hints of red in the narrow ones. A slight neck defines the disc from the pelta-shaped foot, similarly enamelled, but its design is very uncertain. L 50mm; disc D 19mm; head W 23mm; foot W 22mm; H 17.5mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 118/19) and allocated to Groam House Museum

Watching brief Peta Glew – AOC Archaeology Group

NG 63641 03916 (centred) A watching brief was carried out prior to the redevelopment of the existing Armadale trading area. The site is close to a chambered cairn and the site of significant Bronze Age archaeology discovered during the construction of housing.

Fieldwork was carried out in February 2020. A substantial quantity of building rubble was identified, originating from Armadale Castle, beneath modern rubbish, constituting deliberate landfill and ground levelling. No archaeological features were recorded. Archive: NRHE Funder: Rural Design Ltd

Armadale Trading Site: stone 006/007, with incised space for inlay

Desk-based assessment and site inspection Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeological Services

NG 39272 55396 A desk-based assessment and archaeological watching brief were conducted in relation to the development for a new house site near 2 Kingsburgh, on Skye. The work took place in October 2020. The archaeological input had been requested due to the development being located in a landscape with high

archaeological potential. In particular, the site of the original Kingsburgh House and home of Flora Macdonald was thought to lie in close proximity to the proposed development. Flora was the Scottish Jacobite heroine who helped Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, Stuart claimant to the British throne, to escape from Scotland after his defeat in the Jacobite rebellion of 1745–46.

Initial site ground works had proceeded without archaeological supervision and it was therefore decided that an archaeological site visit should be carried out at the site to inspect the ground works that had taken place, and the results of the visit and any potential recommended remedial works be included in a data structure report.

A full inspection of all the ground works including standing sections, prepared ground surfaces and spoil heaps was made, to check for the presence of exposed archaeological features, deposits, and artefacts. No archaeological features or deposits were noted in any of the exposures of spoil heaps, while any artefacts were limited to abraded sherds of industrial period ceramics and glass, along with the occasional roofing slate fragment and iron objects and plastic of recent date. Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE – (intended) Funder: Private individual

NH 92 84 A gold finger ring, possibly dating to the 17th century, 20mm x 17mm diameter; 2mm wide; 0.8mm thick; 1.2g. The ring is slightly misshapen in plan and sub-rectangular in section. The hoop is decorated on both sides, with a central horizontal line running around the circumference, cutting through chevron-like decoration. It is very likely that the hoop was decorated while flat before being joined together; the join is still visible. The wear pattern is unusual, with the outer surface showing more wear than the inner.

Typologically, this ring is difficult to date. It should be noted that although the manufacturing style, decoration and lack of hallmark are supportive of a 17th-century date, a later date is also plausible. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 115/19) and allocated to Tarbat Discovery Centre

NH 36000 23000 A walkover survey was undertaken at Corrimony Wind Farm in advance of a wind farm extension. The survey was required in order to assess and record the nature and extent of any upstanding archaeology affected by the proposed development.

The walkover survey was undertaken on 14 October 2020, and three archaeological sites were recorded. Site 1 comprised the remains of two degraded stone structures, which were probably post-medieval shieling huts. One of these is shown on the 2nd Edition OS map. Site 2 was a ruinous hunting lodge (Canmore ID: 364977) on an island in Loch ma Stac, with a stone causeway and footings of a boathouse. Site 3 was a stone-built dam or causeway at Loch a’Mhuilinn. The location of the hunting lodge was visited, however no evidence of a shieling hut could be found. A large erratic rock was present and this may be the feature marked on the historic maps.

Buffer zones around the sites have been recommended to avoid any impact or damage to the sites during development. Archive: NRHE Funder: Muirden Energy LLP Corrimony: ruinous hunting lodge at Loch ma Stac

Corrimony: stone-built dam or causeway at Loch a’Mhuilinn

NH 50884 29223 (centred) A watching brief was carried out prior to the insertion of underground service cabling for the installation of a new pedestrian crossing near the Drumnadrochit Health Centre, in October 2020. Previous archaeological work, undertaken between 2017 and 2019 within the surrounding area, had identified significant prehistoric archaeological features and artefacts. This watching brief was required in order to identify and record further significant archaeological sites prior to their destruction by the development.

A made-ground deposit identified across the site was evidence of extensive landscaping associated with the construction of the Drumnadrochit Health Centre. Subsoil was only encountered within the base of the joint bay, an area measuring 3.5 x 0.3m, below 0.4m of topsoil and 0.9m of made ground. Given that a large number of prehistoric features have been uncovered in the surrounding area it was recommended that future work with the potential to impact archaeology below the made ground deposit should be carried out under archaeological supervision. Archive:NRHE Funder: Scottish & Southern Electricity Networks

NH 51020 29275 (centred) A watching brief was carried out at Kilmore Farm. Previous archaeological evaluation, excavation and watching briefs carried out since 2015 have identified significant prehistoric archaeological features and artefacts in the area. These include evidence of Neolithic activity and the remains of an Early Bronze Age cemetery. The watching brief for this phase of works was required in order to identify and record further significant archaeological sites prior to their destruction by the development.

Fieldwork was carried out intermittently from September 2018 to April 2019 as ground works progressed through different areas of the development. Nine new archaeological features were uncovered: two prehistoric pit-dug hearths, three prehistoric refuse pits, two pits of unknown function and date, and two linear features. Artefacts recovered included prehistoric pottery and lithic flakes. Archive: NRHE Funder: Rural Projects & Developments Ltd

Field visit Meryl Marshall

Castlehill henge/fortified homestead looking WNW

Castlehill henge/fortified homestead walkers during the Covid pandemic. Recent work has been done to remove the paths accessing the green and reinstate the turf. The visit was made with the purpose of carrying out a measured survey of the site and photographing it. The survey was executed using the taped offset method but because of the height discrepancy (c3m) it cannot be entirely accurate. Archive: Highland Council HER, NRHE

Geophysical survey Susan Ovenden – Rose Geophysical Consultants

NH 46952 52356 A geophysical survey was undertaken within a field (0.25ha) surrounding Fairburn Tower, on 8 and 9 November 2019. The Tower is a Category A Listed square tower, dating from the late 16th to early 17th century, situated W of Muir of Ord. Although it has been assumed that the tower had a courtyard to the S and W, there is no trace of this courtyard visible today. However, toothing at the SE corner of the 17th century addition suggests there may have been one.

Resistance survey at 0.5 x 0.5m was carried out to map possible structural remains associated with the extant tower over all available areas within the field.

A range of responses were recorded across the survey area. Some small areas could not be surveyed due to bushes and trees and dense areas of rubble/stone. In addition, trenches associated with geotechnical test pits were open at the time of survey. However, this did not detract from the overall results of the geophysical survey.

Two very well-defined high resistance anomalies have been recorded immediately to the NW of the later domestic structure to the W of the tower. The well-defined limits of the anomalies suggest these may indicate in situ structural remains. Although a modern origin is possible, some documentary evidence suggests that a courtyard associated with the tower existed to the W and S of the tower, and as a result an archaeological origin, contemporary with the tower, cannot be dismissed.

A concentration of broad rectilinear anomalies has been recorded in the S of the survey area. Taken together these anomalies give the impression of a collection of buildings, potentially associated with a courtyard, some 35m to the S of the Tower, although no clearly defined courtyard walls leading off the tower are apparent in the data. However, such an interpretation is tentative given the rubble spreads across the site and the lack of archaeological deposits revealed during the excavation of geotechnical test pits Archive: Rose Geophysical Consultants Funder: Addyman Archaeology

NH 51 51 A copper-alloy harness pendant, cAD 1250–1400 measures 38.5mm long, 23mm wide, and weighs 7.1g. The pendant takes the form of a heater shield, with a transversely placed pierced suspension lug at the top. The decoration is heraldic in nature, and can be blazoned as follows: Azure, a bend cotised between six lions rampant. There is no metal tincture visible to the naked eye, but microscopic assessment shows flecks of gilding on the lions and the bends. These are the arms of the de Bohun Earls of Hereford, Essex, and later Northampton.

The de Bohun arms were heritable; it is therefore not possible to link the harness pendant to a particular individual. Several prominent de Bohuns had a presence in Scotland during the late 13th and first half of the 14th centuries. For example, Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, and Henry de Bohun are both present on the Falkirk Roll. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 112/19) and allocated to Inverness Museum and Art Galleryt

NH 51 51 A lead or lead alloy miniature axe, cAD 1200–1700. The purpose of miniature axes is unclear. 49mm long; 27.5mm wide; 6mm thick; 20.4g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 113/19) and allocated to Inverness Museum and Art Gallery.

Urray: miniature lead axe (TT 113/19), Crown copyright

NH 89824 55679 to NJ 43889 50457 A programme of archaeological works comprising site visits, walkover surveys and watching brief was carried out in advance of, and during, reconductoring works for the overhead line between Nairn and Keith. The works were carried out between March 2019 and February 2020.

One small pit, likely a natural feature, was uncovered during ground-breaking works at Tower 263. Two previously unrecorded structures, comprising the remains of a post-medieval building and enclosure, were identified during a walkover survey near Tower 335.

The reconductoring works are ongoing but no further groundbreaking works outwith already disturbed tower areas are scheduled. Archive: NRHE Funder: Balfour Beatty

Geophysical survey Sam Harrison – Headland Archaeology Ltd

NN 64607 73062 to NH 80305 03294 Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd undertook geophysical surveys of c101 hectares of magnetometry and an earth resistance survey of c3.43 hectares within the Land Made Available (LMA) for Project 7 (Glen Garry to Dalwhinnie), Project 8 (Dalwhinnie to Crubenmore) and Project 9 (Crubenmore to Kincraig) of the A9 Dualling scheme. Geophysical survey was undertaken for areas where access was granted, and ground conditions were suitable for the survey. The work took place on 13–31 October 2020. The proximity of many of the areas to the existing A9 has had a noticeably adverse effect on the magnetic results. Strong and varied magnetic responses from natural and geological features across the survey area has also made the interpretation of some parcels and specific anomalies difficult. Anomalies of either likely, or possible, archaeological potential have been identified in five parcels in Project 9, in three areas in Project 8 with two further two examples in Project 7. Seven anomalies are recorded in areas of known cultural heritage assets. Few findings were made in areas outside those with known cultural heritage assets. In many instances the presence of former structures was only evidenced in the geophysics by localised areas of magnetic disturbance and little additional information about the sites could be provided. In some areas no discernible anomalies which could be attributed to known cultural heritage assets were identified. The earth resistance surveys have broadly corroborated the findings of the magnetometer survey in areas where both techniques were undertaken. The majority of the areas subject to geophysical survey contain no anomalies of any archaeological potential and therefore, on the basis of the geophysical survey, are assessed to be of low archaeological potential. Archive: NRHE

Historic building recording Jamie Humble and Lynn Fraser − AOC Archaeology Group

NN 62969 79501; NN 64588 73287; NN 63295 80662; NN 6375 8142; NN 6496 8595; NN 63094 79598; NN 6388 8278; NN 6765 9133; NN 67634 91454; NN 7645 9976; NH 7767 0193; NH 7879 0203; NH 7888 0201; NH 7899 0228; NH 7910 0267; NH 7960 0270 During February 2020 a programme of historic building recording was undertaken ahead of dualling works along the current route of the A9 between Glen Garry and Kincraig.

Historic building recording was undertaken on sixteen cultural heritage assets.

A photographic survey to produce a full visual record of the current setting of Wade Bridge (Canmore ID: 24622), Crubenmore Old Bridge (Canmore ID: 24642), Crubenmore New Bridge (Canmore ID: 24643), Ruthven Barracks (Canmore ID: 25196), Lynchat Souterrain (Canmore ID: 14077), Balavil Obelisk and Burial Ground (Canmore ID: 111861), Balavil West Lodge and Gate Piers (Canmore ID: 109644), Balavil Mains and Former Steading (Canmore ID: 111860), Balavil House (Canmore ID: 12864) and Balavil East Lodge and Gate Piers (Canmore ID: 109646) was carried out. Enhanced historic building recording was carried out at Dalnaspidal Bridge (Canmore ID: 161391), Dubhaig Bridge (Canmore ID: 24606), Chuirn Bridge, Bhotie Bridge (Canmore ID: 24625) and Truim Aqueduct (Canmore ID: 205479). A ‘Basic’ historic building recording survey was carried out at Drumochter Lodge (Canmore ID: 110475). Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: CH2M Fairhurst Joint Venture for Transport Scotland

NT 40586 65398 A watching brief was carried out on groundbreaking works associated with the renovation and new development at Prestonmains Steading, Pathhead. The work was required due to the proximity of the site to a B-Listed building (LB748) and the Scheduled Monument of Preston Mains Enclosure (SM5885) and was carried out on 27 November to 2 December 2019.

The watching brief consisted of the excavation of an area approximately 1100m2. The majority of the site consisted of topsoil overlying a natural subsoil of light brown orange clay. In the strip undertaken between the steading buildings a thin deposit of made ground/hardstanding lay directly on the natural clay. No significant archaeological finds or features were identified. Modern deposits of made ground and hard standing were identified across the site. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Lewis and Hickey Architecture

Historic building survey and archaeological evaluation Magnus Kirby and Michael Cressey − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 3513 6711 A programme of archaeological work was undertaken at Wester Cowden Farm, Dalkeith, in September and October 2020. A historic building appraisal survey was carried out prior to the demolition/conversion works to establish the significance of the upstanding remains of the farm buildings.

The detached bothy is of low architectural interest. Such buildings were commonly part of large farms, providing domestic facilities for stockmen and other farm workers. In this case, the building has not been radically altered since it was built, and it retained its original 19th century domestic cast-iron range.

The cart shed store, byre and stable block and the store with two adjoining byres have also not been altered since they were first built and these still contain their original fenestration. These types of buildings are common on farmsteads dating from the early 19th century and do not contain anything of notable significance. The rest of the buildings are modern (20th century) and of no historical interest.

A trial trenching evaluation was carried out within two areas of land to the S and E of Wester Cowden Farm. The evaluation identified that the area had been stripped prior to being built back up again with made ground and hardcore. Deeper, historical excavation, along the southern end of the site was also identified. A stone box drain was identified within the southern area of trial trenching and a line of stones representing a possible second box drain was identified within the northern area of trial trenching. Rubble field drains were also identified. There were no features, deposits, or artefacts of archaeological significance identified. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: LAR Housing Trust

NT 26 62 A total of 237 complete or fragmentary silver pennies were recovered from soil among the roots of a tree. The hoard contained 220 English pennies of Edwards I–II, with just eight Irish issues of Dublin and Waterford. There were just nine Scottish coins, of Alexander III except for one of John Balliol, and there were no continental sterlings at all. The latest coin was a class 15c penny of Canterbury, providing a terminus post quem for the deposition of the hoard of 1322. However, as with all hoards ending with coins of this class, the date could have been considerably later, up to the late 1330s, perhaps, owing to the great rarity of issues struck during that period. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 134/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Watching brief Rob Engl − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 27411 64043 A programme of archaeological works was undertaken, in March 2020, at R & B Nursery, Roslin, ahead of the construction of a new shed located to the immediate N of an existing early 19th-century walled garden which is located within the existing nursery.

The archaeological works consisted of the metal detecting of the development area and the monitoring of twenty foundation pits. The excavation of the foundation pits revealed that the area had been significantly built up and disturbed with a 0.30m deep layer of type 1 aggregate covering the majority of the area. This deposit overlaid a mix of clay sand and redeposited topsoil with small inclusions of sandstone. The pits were excavated to a formation level of 0.90m and no clean natural was observed. The pits excavated along the escarpment revealed a modern bioturbated topsoil again overlying a mixed deposit of clay sand. Both deposits had been heavily affected by tree roots. No significant archaeological features or were observed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: R & B Nursery

NT 29 63 A Romano-British copper-alloy dragonesque brooch was found by metal-detecting near Rosewell. It is intact apart from the pin. Its reverse-S form is an unusual variant. The zoomorphic heads have prominent ears, enamelled ring-and-dot eyes, and ring-and-dot nostrils (with pale blue (?) dot and red ring). The body has a central panel of two sets of interlocking triangles, the inner rows probably blue, the outer red. The necks have two curved enamelled fields, the outer red, the inner probably blue. The pin was flattened into a rectangular strip (W 2.5mm) and wrapped

around the neck. Overall L 38mm, W 17mm, T 5mm. (See Front Cover, Image 4). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 233/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Evaluation and metal detecting survey Rob Engl − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 26610 63670 (centre) An evaluation and metal detecting survey were undertaken, in March 2020, in advance of a proposed new housing development at the Roslin Expansion site.

Forty-four trenches totalling 2140 linear metres were excavated within two large pasture fields revealing an improved ploughsoil overlying a thin ‘B’ horizon of older agricultural soil. Natural soil consisted of a pale orange sandy clay cut by numerous ceramic and rubble field drains representing three episodes of improvement.

A single significant archaeological feature of unknown date and function was recorded in the form of a large circular pit approximately 2.5m in diameter. The pit had a broad ‘U’ shaped profile and was filled by two mixed deposits of medium grey brown sandy silt and redeposited natural. Two small sherds of medieval Scottish white gritty ware were recovered from the upper fill. The centre of the pit was occupied by a circular depression or scoop covered with a stone base composed of several well fitted sandstones. A grey sandy clay fill was observed underlying the stone base.

The metal detecting survey recovered 94 objects of mainly 18th- and 19th-century date. These included a horse mount, a brass buckle, a horse bell and several coins.

It is likely given the presence of the stone-based pit feature that Stage 2 mitigation will be required. The need for and scope of this mitigation will be detailed by the East Lothian Council Archaeology Service on behalf of Midlothian Council. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt Homes and David Wilson Homes Ltd

Archaeological strip, map, and record Benet Davis − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 26610 63670 (centre) A programme of archaeological works was undertaken in advance of a proposed new housing development at the Roslin Expansion site. The works consisted of an archaeological top-soil strip and excavation as based on the findings of an earlier archaeological evaluation (see above). The work was undertaken during the last week of July 2020.

The archaeological evaluation revealed a single large circular pit approximately 2.5m in diameter. This included a number of wellset flat stones lining the base of the feature. Excavation revealed the pit to be a medieval ceramics kiln, orientated with the flue emptying to the E. It appeared to have been partially revetted into a natural bank to the W.

Two large spreads of dumped ceramic material consisting of medieval white gritty ware and reduced ware were also identified E of the kiln flue, to the N and S, leaving a likely approach to the kiln between them.

The excavation of the southern ceramic spread revealed a second kiln containing a large amount of charcoal and the truncated remains of a stone base. The kiln contained numerous sherds of dumped ceramic material including the remains of three almost complete jugs. A significant number of ceramic sherds were recovered during the excavation. This amounted to some 300 litres of material.

Due to the detection of a service running N to S along the eastern edge of the excavation the two pottery dumps and the possible second kiln were not fully recorded. Any future work in this area will be subject to an archaeological watching brief to determine the true extent and survival of the features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt Homes, David Wilson Homes East Scotland, BDW Trading Ltd, Cala Management Ltd and the Court of the University of Edinburgh

Archaeological test pits Leanne Demay − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 27466 62753 Archaeological work in the form of hand excavated test pits was undertaken, 14–15 September 2020, prior to restoration and development works at East Range, Rosslyn Castle. East Range is located in the former E wing of Rosslyn Castle and the ruined walls enclose what historically was the Great Hall with a corner tower, where many impressive architectural features survive, including a grand fireplace dated to 1597.

Eight test pits were hand excavated in the Great Hall and tower areas of the ruined structure to determine the existence of buried archaeological remains and provide engineering information for future works. The test pits in the Great Hall revealed modern cuts and deep deposits of degraded lime mortar, sandstone, and fragments of slate roof tiles; evidence of the major destruction events and phases of rebuilding and repair described in documentary sources and depicted on artists’ impressions of the castle from the 16th century onwards. Despite the archaeological potential of the site, no significant finds or in situ deposits were observed. The test pits demonstrated the site at East Range to be heavily disturbed by modern activity. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Page\Park Architects

Evaluation Anthony Byledbal – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 30274 66123 (centred) On 13 February 2020 an evaluation at School Green comprised the machine excavation of trenches amounting to 5% (160m2) of the 0.32ha building. Four trenches measuring 20 x 2m were excavated across the site. No significant archaeological features or finds were encountered. The evaluation revealed evidence of disturbance from the construction of the former school. Archive: NRHE Funder: Dimension Homes

Monitored topsoil strip Katie O’Connell − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 256 647 Topsoil stripping was monitored in advance of the construction of two dwelling houses with detached garages and associated works at Seafield House. The work took place on 11–15 September 2020.

During works three linear features and a possible pit were revealed. These are likely to relate to 19th-century field boundaries on the site, as identifiable on the 1855 OS map. No further significant archaeological finds or features were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NT 2580 6520 An evaluation was carried out, 13–14 August 2020 on behalf of Taylor Wimpey East Ltd in the advance of Phase 2 of a residential development at Seafield Road, Bilston.

In total, six trenches and six test pits were excavated across the site, revealing that most of the development area was subject to modern disturbance in the form of a cut-and-fill dump of modern site waste. A small area of the development was not disturbed and

uncovered a linear field boundary containing 19th- and 20th-century ceramics. No further archaeological remains were encountered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Taylor Wimpey East Ltd

NT 34012 65035 An evaluation was carried out, 1–2 September 2020, on a land plot located at Morris Road. The site comprised a greenfield site measuring 2.7ha, though services and other hazards meant that the area that was available for trenching was significantly less than this. The evaluation revealed extensive deposits of made ground in the NW corner of the site. Elsewhere, a thin band of topsoil lay directly over a natural reddish clay. Postmedieval furrows were observed in the eastern trenches. Apart from these, nothing of archaeological interest was encountered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Hart Builders Ltd

NT 36 66 A cutting-edge fragment of a copper-alloy socketed axehead was found while metal-detecting in Newbattle. The socket aperture is sub-rectangular and the cutting edge is mildly splayed. There are small patches of dark brown patina visible, but the axehead is mostly covered in light green destructive corrosion with much of the original surface lost. The object was broken in antiquity, but it is difficult to say whether this was intentional or not. Although incomplete, the size of the fragment suggests this was once a small narrow socketed axehead. It dates to the Late Bronze Age, 1150–800 BC. Surviving length 25.0mm; cuttingedge width 45.2mm; weight 32.74g Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 212/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Evaluation Alex Wood − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 336 671 (centred) An evaluation was carried out on 21st September 2020, ahead of the construction of a service building at land on 41 Newmills Road. The works revealed demolition rubble and possible levelling surfaces for the post-medieval mill thought to occupy the site. However, these investigations were limited by site conditions, such as services and large concrete areas. Given the possibility for further remains to survive in the SW corner of the site, further work (likely in the form of a watching brief) may be required. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Coal Authority

NJ 25 42 A late medieval lead papal bulla of Pope Innocent IV (r. AD 1243–1254) was recovered while metal-detecting. One side bears the inscription: INNO/CENTIVS/PP.IIII within a beaded border. The other side depicts the heads of St Peter and St Paul, each within a separate beaded border. The object is 38mm in diameter and weighs 35.1g. Papal bullae, which acted as authentication devices for official papal documents, are common finds in Scotland. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 121/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Survey Stuart Farrell

NJ 27462 37971 A desktop and walkover survey was conducted in April 2020 for a new proposed access splay, upgrade of existing access track, and creation of a new turning area in an area of existing forestry. The site lies to the SW of two hut circles (Canmore ID: 16311). However, the work revealed no features to be affected by the proposed works.

Watching brief Stuart Farrell

NJ 09710 63395 A controlled archaeological strip was undertaken in January 2020 for a house plot and associated services for a development lying in the area of a cropmark (Canmore ID: 15895). Work revealed no archaeological features or deposits in the areas excavated. Aerial photograph shows site to lie to W of the stripped area. Archive: Moray HER and NRHE Funder: Kinloss Golf Course

Survey Stuart Farrell

NJ 35776 26973 A survey was carried out on 28 December 2019 and revealed a two-compartment roofed building shown on 1st Edition OS map of 1867 (Aberdeenshire XLI.11 (Cabrach) 1:2500 surveyed 1865) with ‘Old Limekiln’ to S. Three roofed buildings shown on 2nd Edition OS map of 1901 (Banffshire XXXVII.11 (Cabrach) 1:2500 revised 1900) with main structure of three compartments forming two T-shaped houses, site of limekiln not shown. Unroofed building shown on OS of 1972 (NJ32NE 1:10,000), three-compartment unroofed building and traces of 2nd building to SW shown on current OS map. Traces of field walls visible on current aerial photograph in addition to that depicted on OS map.

Augering survey David Nance

NJ 50950 62770 The site (Canmore ID: 17986) was surveyed from 7 to 14 April 2019. An Eijkelkamp percussion corer was used to obtain 38mm diameter cores in 1m sections from the centre of the mound to original ground level. The stratigraphy suggested the mound was built-up from material from the ditch. Charcoal from the original ground level of the mound was dated by the SUERC AMS Laboratory, Glasgow, giving a terminus post quem of 348 to 208 cal BC (95% probability; SUERC-94505 (GU55645)). No cultural material was found during a field walk of the adjacent field to the W. A Late Iron Age date for the construction of the mound is assumed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Aberdeenshire Council

Watching brief Ben Saunders – Wessex Archaeology

NJ 20354 69653 A watching brief was undertaken, in February 2020, during the refurbishment of runways and associated taxiways at RAF Lossiemouth. The watching brief was limited to the strip area to the E of the Northern Taxiway on the airfield, identified by cropmark assessment and an archaeological evaluation in 2017 as having archaeological potential.

The watching brief uncovered a series of cut features within the strip area. While some were clearly modern relating to the construction and drainage of the airfield, the concentration of ditch and gully features within Area 3 are likely to be of prehistoric date. These included a partial ring gully, truncated to the west by the foundations of the Northern Taxiway and two sections of a wide enclosure ditch.

These remains, when brought into the results of the 2017 evaluation and the digitised cropmarks identified on aerial photography, show that there was an area of prehistoric settlement on the higher ground to the east of the Northern Taxiway. This settlement was made up of roundhouses defined by their ring gullies and enclosed by a ditch which was located at the edge of the drop off in topography. The higher ground the settlement was placed on was heavily truncated by the construction of the airfield and so any remains are generally very shallow. The archaeological works to date have identified the northern surviving limit of this settlement, however the footprint of the settlement to the south, west and east is not well defined. The lack of dating evidence for the settlement also means that the development and span of occupation is not yet understood.

No artefactual evidence relating to the prehistoric settlement was recovered, and no environmental evidence was recovered from the samples taken. Archive: NRHE Funder: Volker Fitzpatrick

NJ 19 67 A late medieval enamelled copper-alloy harness pendant was recovered through metal-detecting. The pendant is broadly sexfoil in shape with a suspension loop. The front face displays an inset sexfoil picked out in enamel, half red and half blue, split vertically; at the centre is a gilded cross with rounded terminals. The design does not represent specific arms but reflects participation in a heraldry-associating visual culture which was widespread across Scotland and England. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 82/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Metal-detecting find Matthew G Knight and Ella Paul – National Museums Scotland and Treasure Trove Unit

NJ 13 65 A complete copper-alloy flat axehead, Type Migdale, was found while metal-detecting in Duffus. The butt is thin and moderately broad. The body expands only slightly at first, with limited haft end expansion, before progressively swinging outwards to the cutting edge. The edge is broad and has visible, although worn, tips. It has been hammered in preparation for use, creating a slight edge bevel. The axehead dates to c2150–1950 BC. Length 146.5mm; cutting-edge width 81mm; butt width 35mm; thickness 10.5mm; weight 438.4g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 105/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Duffus: early Bronze Age flat axehead (TT 105/19), Crown copyright

NJ 19 68 An assemblage of ten objects, medieval – post-medieval in date. Finds of note include a silver medieval finger ring fragment with the inscription ‘Ih♥’, a copper-alloy two-piece harness pendant, a lead alloy miniature tankard, a white metal finger ring with a retrograde inscription on the bezel ‘AVE MARIA GRACIA PL[…]E’, and a copper-alloy cruciform pendant. The assemblage also includes a spindle whorl, a button, a second pendant, belt mount and hooked clasp. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 106/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 17 68 A group of Roman denarii of 1st–2nd-century date which have been fused together either by corrosion or heat. It is unclear how many coins were originally in the stack. 25.4g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 136/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 16 68 An incomplete early medieval gilded copper-alloy mount was recovered through metal-detecting. The mount has a flat rectangular body with broken ends; a short arm extends to either side, each with a pelta-like terminal. The upper face is decorated with two intertwining zoomorphic beasts. The beasts’ heads face towards the damaged ends of the mount, their forelegs splayed either side of the head. The bodies of each beast intertwine and cross, with one leg of each extending into the short pelta-ended arms. Spiral hip joints are visible at the front and back. On the reverse is the remains of a single integral rectangular lug. Red brown patches may indicate that an iron component was used for attachment. The mount is 39.4mm in length, 33.1mm in width, 5.9mm in thickness (inc. lug) and weighs 9.77g. As with many early medieval detached mounts, the function of this object is unclear. It may have been part of an interconnecting set associated with harness gear, examples of which have been recovered from Viking Age graves. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 237/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 16 67 A barbed and tanged arrowhead manufactured from a slightly granular light orangey yellow flint was found by chance in Duffus. The tip of one barb and the base of the tang are broken, but the surviving elements indicate a shaped, probably triangular, tang and point barbs, allowing this arrowhead to be classified as a ‘fancy’ Kilmarnock type. The leading edges are coarsely serrated and the point is slightly attenuated. The pressure flaking is of moderate quality, with fully invasive retouch on the dorsal surface and semi-invasive retouch on the ventral.

Length 27.6mm; width 20.1mm; thickness 5.4mm; weight 1.7g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 238/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Duffus: early Bronze Age barbed and tanged arrowhead (TT 238/19), Crown copyright

Watching brief Stuart Farrell

NJ 13035 68300 (centred) A watching brief was conducted in November 2020 for a house plot to the S edge of Clarklyhill. Work revealed no archaeological features or deposits to the development area. Archive: Moray HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief Ashleigh Airey − AOC Archaeology Group

NJ 13568 66353 A watching brief was carried out at Wester Buthill, Roseisle, in advance of development. The land is situated within an area of archaeological interest; therefore, all ground-breaking work was subject to a watching brief.

The watching brief was carried out on 14 January 2020. The development site is an area of approximately 14,746m2 containing five housing plots, only two of which were subject to the watching brief. The area had been severely truncated by previous agricultural activity and was confirmed to have no archaeological potential. A controlled topsoil strip across Plots 1 and 2 revealed no finds or features of archaeological significance. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: ARCUS Consulting

NJ 19 61 A late medieval enamelled copper-alloy shield-shaped harness pendant was found while metal-detecting. One face bears heraldic arms comprising a cross on a white enamel background with a crosslet in each of the bottom corners and possibly the top right. These can be identified as a simplified version of the arms of Jerusalem. The pendant may be Continental in origin. It is 28.1mm in length, 14.7mm in width, 5.1mm in thickness (inc. loop) and weighs 4.27g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 229/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Historic building recording Lynn Fraser − AOC Archaeology Group

NJ 23386 57158 A historic building survey was conducted of Heath Cottage, on 10 November 2020. The work was completed as part of planning consent for the intended demolition of the building on health and safety grounds. Early cartographic sources from the 19th century identify Heath Cottage as two separate buildings until 1959, later converted to one cottage. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Watching brief Oliver Rusk − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NJ 21522 62837 A watching brief was carried out, in November 2019, during the construction of a water bottle refill station at 159 High Street, Elgin. An installation pit and water main access trench was excavated to the required depth of 0.7m, uncovering an area largely truncated by disused and modern services. A fragmentary cobbled surface surviving only within the area of the installation pit underlay modern concrete and cobbles. No archaeologically significant finds or deposits were identified, and no trace of human remains relating to the nearby burial ground at St Giles’ Church were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Aberdeenshire HER Funder: Scottish Water

Watching brief Stuart Farrell

NJ 04630 58873 (centred) A watching brief was undertaken, February to March 2020, for the upgrade of a number of sections of existing paths at Cluny Hill in the area of the supposed fort (Canmore ID: 15818). Work revealed no archaeological features or deposits in the areas excavated. Archive: NRHE Funder: Forres Features

Excavation and geophysical survey Michael Sharpe

NJ 04461 59032 A community archaeological excavation was undertaken on Cluny Hill, Forres, over two weeks between 19 June–1 July 2017 and 8–22 September 2018 by local volunteers and students, under the supervision of the Cluny Hill Dig team. The excavation compliments a previous desk-based assessment which synthesised and evaluated the documentary and cartographic evidence for the presence of a hillfort on Cluny Hill. Historical and archaeological testimony for the presence of a fort overwhelmingly refers back to the Antiquarian George Chalmers’ Caledonia (1807), but a small number of earlier or independent references were identified. Extensive tree planting and intrusive landscaping in the 1840s removed or obscured any remaining evidence of the ditch and bank described in the written sources. References to the hillfort in OS maps were consequently removed in 1984, due to a lack of evidence of the monument on the ground.

A LIDAR scan of Cluny Hill commissioned by the Scottish Orienteering Association in 2015 revealed two surviving portions of the ditch, visible as shallow curvilinear depressions, interrupted by landscaping and paths. The entire circuit of the ditch, estimated to be 760m, encloses an area of approximately 3.6ha. on the northernmost summit of Cluny Hill. Intermittently, the line of the ditch was shown to coincide with the modern circular footpath. In August 2016, results from a magnetometry survey interpreted in combination with the LIDAR data and a walkover survey offered additional evidence for the presence of a significant ditch and possible bank in certain areas. In addition, significant geophysical anomalies were recorded near the summit of the hill. These results, and those from subsequent geophysical surveys undertaken with volunteers as part of the community project, provided targeted areas for excavation over two seasons in 2017 and 2018.

In 2017. Trenches A–C were opened on the S side of the hill across the apparent line of the ditch, while Trench D was opened across the remaining length of the ditch on the N side of the hill. Trench E was opened on the N-facing summit of the hill, in the enclosed area, to investigate a geophysical anomaly.

Evidence of the ditch in Trenches A–D was as follows:

A: The ditch cut was 3.7m wide x 1.1m deep. A subterranean beehive on the downhill side prevented further excavation, and thus that end of the ditch cut, and any bank, could not be revealed.

B: The ditch cut was 3.8m wide x 1.3m deep. No sign of a bank. This trench also incorporated a 1m-square pit dug at some point in the late 20th century, as dated by buried plastic food wrappers.

C: The ditch cut was 2.9 m wide x 1.2m deep with a 0.5m-high bank on the downhill side. A grey, stony deposit at the top of the bank contained charred oak from timber of approximately 0.15m diameter, and which returned a radiocarbon date of 821–769 cal BC (Beta 473313; IntCal20).

D: The ditch cut was 1.1m wide by 0.9m deep. The steepness of the slope to the S prevented full excavation of the ditch cut. Evidence of the bank was unclear, though a well-preserved stake/ posthole with a halo of charcoal around what must have been a sharpened tip was found on the downslope side of the ditch.

The ditch fills were largely composed of deep deposits of sterile sand, probably related to backfilling during the 19th-century landscaping activities described in documentary sources. The source of the sand is likely to be a quarry on the eastern hill which is also depicted on the 1st Edition OS map. The lack of any organic material in the interface suggests that turf was removed before backfilling and then re-laid above it. Unfortunately, this disturbance affects the security of the context in which the LBAdated charred oak from Trench C was found. A possible fragment of saddle quern was recovered from Trench A.

Trench E was placed to explore a geophysical anomaly and a low, curvilinear earth bank. Initially opened as a test trench, Trench E was extended southward in order to investigate suspected stone paving encountered during coring. Within the 8.7x1.1m trench, tap slag, heat affected earth, and charcoal were encountered along with an area of paving. Tentatively interpreted as a metal-working area, this trench was positioned in an area of dense foliage and was backfilled for investigations to continue the following year under better conditions. The sub-surface remains of a curvilinear bank, probably the remains of a turf-walled animal enclosure, overlay an old ground surface and were unrelated to the underlying stratigraphy. Roundwood charcoal recovered from the metalworking deposits returned a radiocarbon date of 351–52 cal BC (Beta 473311; IntCal20).

A metal-detecting survey undertaken as part of the community project recovered: 13 spherical lead shot (9.4–11.1mm); a number of post-medieval buttons and coins; iron slag, likely scattered from the metalworking area in Trench E; and numerous fragments of iron, which may be related to other modern metal discovered in the topsoil. All of the above were from unstratified contexts.

In 2018, the aims of the second season were: to expand Trench E in order to further characterise the nature of the activity around the stone paving, charcoal, and tap slag; to look for additional evidence of the ditch and possible bank, and to further characterise its nature—whether a defended or simple enclosure; and to explore additional geophysical anomalies that had turned up during the survey.

Cluny Hill Dig: smithing hearth, Trench 1

Trench 1: This was an expansion of Trench E from the 2017 season. This enlarged trench revealed a paved iron-smithing hearth (surrounded by a halo of hammer scale), other areas of paving, and numerous pits and postholes, with some of the latter suggestive of a structure. Vitrified clay and several crucible fragments were found in proximity to the metalworking area. In addition, charcoal recovered from two adjacent pits returned Early

Cluny Hill Dig: East-facing section of Trench D showing the ditch, bank, and posthole

Iron Age dates 748–402 cal BC (Beta 528474; IntCal20) and 512–233 cal BC (Beta 528473; IntCal20).

Trench 2: This 1 x 3.7m trench was opened up about 20m E of the 2017 season’s Trench C, in an attempt to find further evidence of the ditch and apparent bank revealed in Trench C. The cut of the ditch was evident, but there was no sign of a bank, nor of the stone and charcoal that had been found in Trench C.

Trench 3: This 2.4 x 3m trench was opened up adjacent to Trench D from the 2017 season in order to look for more evidence of a bank, and possibly a palisade, downhill from the ditch. No further evidence of post- or stake-holes, or the bank, was found, but rather what appeared to be disturbance dating to the 19th -century landscaping and backfilling of the trench.

Trench 4: This 2 x 6m trench was opened to explore a geophysical anomaly on the northern slope of the hill within the enclosed area. Excavation revealed what appeared to be a stony track or area of metalling, and a bank to one side, running obliquely downhill in a westerly direction from the area in which the metalworking deposits were found. The surface of the track predominantly comprised cracked and heat-affected cobbles. Charcoal from among stones at the base of the track returned a radiocarbon date of 390–202 cal BC (Beta 528471; IntCal20). Charcoal from the base of the bank dated to 751–408 cal BC (Beta 528472; IntCal20). The location, orientation, and radiocarbon dates all appear to suggest that the track is contemporaneous with the metalworking area. It has not yet been possible to determine whether or where the track intersects with the enclosing ditch. Finds in the vicinity of Trench 4 included several pieces of partially vitrified clay (possible furnace lining), a small drip-like piece of copper-alloy, and iron slag.

Trench 5: This 1 x 3m trench was opened on a terrace, downslope of Trench 1, to explore a geophysical anomaly, but contained no archaeology.

Trench 6: This 2 x 2 m trench was opened to explore a geophysical anomaly on the northern slope of the hill within the enclosed area. This trench contained no archaeology but did contain corroded fragments of modern sheet metal in the topsoil, which likely explains some of the magnetometry anomalies.

Trench 7: This 2 x 2m trench was opened to explore a geophysical anomaly approximately 10m to the W of trench 1. It contained one small posthole.

The radiocarbon dates suggest at least two phases of activity on Cluny Hill: one between 750 and 400 BC and another between 390 and 200 BC, but possibly as late as the 1st century BC. The early Iron Age dates for the metalworking area in Trench 1/E and in the trackway (Tr 4), suggest a First Millennium date for its construction. However, since the context of charcoal in the stony bank of Trench C is insecure and not replicated in any other trench, any association with the Late Bronze Age is tentative at best. Note that all dates are given with a 95.4% probability.

Samples from the bank in Trench E were mostly roots, leaves, and beech masts, and were discarded. In Trenches E and C, charred material was common, and was largely small fragments of charred wood. In a few cases, this could be identified as oak from timbers with an estimated diameter upwards of 0.15–0.20m. One of these supplied the date for the bank in Trench C. Small diameter charred roundwood was common from samples in the metalworking area of Trench E. No identifiable seeds were recovered, apart from beech masts in Trench E, and a few charred hazel shell fragments from Trench D. The flots from the bulk samples in Trenches 1 and 4 produced numerous charred cereal grains (identified under the supervision of Dr Scott Timpany, Orkney College, UHI). These were recovered from the trackway in Trench 4, and also from pit fills in Trench E, and included Emmer wheat, hulled barley, both two-and six-row hulled barley, and naked barley. Although none of these have yet been radiocarbon dated, to do so might result in tighter dating of the features, and also help flesh out a timeline for the introduction of various crop varieties in the region. Otherwise, the samples from these two trenches contained much very finely divided charred plant matter—mostly wood—including occasional fragments of roundwood charcoal, and larger chunks of hard and softwood up to 20mm in size. Charred hazel shells were found in small quantities in Trench 4, and in pits in Trench E.

The two seasons of excavations on Cluny Hill successfully confirmed the presence of the extensive enclosing ditch reported in documentary sources, even if its status as a defensive site remains unclear. The size of the enclosure places it among the largest in the region (and as the largest within the environs of the Moray Firth). It is comparable in scale, and to a lesser extent morphology, with enclosures at Little Conval, Durn Hill, Cnoc an Duin, Hill of Newleslie, Dunideer, Knockargetty Hill and Bruce’s Camp. With evidence of ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking, Cluny Hill also joins the growing corpus of Iron Age sites in Moray with such evidence; but is set apart by its hilltop location in comparison with the typical unenclosed lowland sites, and its potential for an earlier position on the regional timeline. Radiocarbon dates from the metal-working area and trackway suggest at least two distinct phases of occupation: an early phase between 750–400 BC and a later phase from 390–200 BC, possibly extending into the1st century BC. The presence of charred grains and possible quern fragment strongly supports the likelihood of domestic occupation on the hill. The lack of any deposits that might be attributed to Pictish or medieval activity provides additional support for an Early Iron Age (or possible LBA) interpretation for the ditch. Future post-excavation work will aim to further refine the site chronology with radiocarbon dating of organic remains; conduct a full metallurgical analysis; and carry out additional geophysical survey in recently cleared areas of Cluny Hill.

Funder: (2017) Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service, Lancaster University, Heritage Lottery Fund, through the Moray Society/Elgin Museum. (2018), Berry Burn Community Fund via our partners The Friends of the Falconer Museum, Forres

Historic building record C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NJ 19838 28646 A historic building survey of a ruined tower house on Crown Estate land at Castleton of Blairfindy, Glenlivet, (Canmore ID: 15970) was conducted in June 2018. It included the creation of measured elevations and plans using a Leica Total Station; a full photographic record in both digital images and black and white film of all external and internal elevations; features of interest; and the wider setting of the building, which was constructed in the 16th century and abandoned by the 19th . The work was carried out in varying but frequently wet and windy conditions. A remotely operated drone was also used to compile a record of the upper levels of the ruin, which were not directly accessible. A watching brief on engineering test pits was conducted on 11 July 2018 and forms the subject of a separate report. Follow-up visits on 28 May 2019 and 19 August 2019, recorded wallhead features and two intra-mural passages, while a watching brief on lightning conductor pits on 25 November 2019, resulted in no new features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Arc Architects Ltd

NJ 2203 3038 A survey was undertaken, on 22 June 2020, of a small early- or mid-19th century farmhouse, prior to demolition. It was a 1½ storey stone cottage with a slate roof. A bothy had been added at right-angles to form an L-plan building. Archive: NRHE and Aberdeenshire HER Funder: Private individual

Excavation Michael Sharpe and Emma Malone

NJ 05712 63894 Small-scale quarrying of sand and gravel on farmland 1km SE of Findhorn, exposed a midden deposit. Excavation of a 20m2 area, in July – August 2020, produced a mixed assemblage of animal bone and teeth, antler, shell, several stone tools, finely divided charcoal, and fire-cracked stone. There were also five pits/postholes less than 1m in diameter, and largely peripheral to the midden deposit, not particularly suggestive of a structure, the fills of which were largely free of the midden material and contained no finds. Not all of the midden deposit was exposed in the trench. A sample of deer antler, in an apparently structured deposit with a large stone tool, returned a radiocarbon date of 1205–1016 cal BC (prob. 95.4%; SUERC-95143 (GU55963); IntCal20). Archive: Aberdeenshire HER Funder: We are grateful to Ed Bichan for funding the radiocarbon date

Cullerne midden: a group of three stone tools, showing use wear, and one dished stone fragment (mortar)

Cullerne midden: deer antler with worn tine, placed in apparently structured deposit below a large stone tool

NJ 04 65 A fragmentary early medieval sandstone cross slab dating to the 8th or 9th century was recovered by chance. The surface is worn but the design on one side, consisting of two crosses, is still visible. The smaller cross is of cross pattee form. One arm of the larger cross clearly displays a circular terminal; the ends of the other arms are now truncated. The form of the larger cross is unusual but may be paralleled stylistically with cross slab fragments from Drainie, currently housed at Elgin Museum. The Kinloss cross slab fragment is 220mm in length, 130mm in width, 81mm in thickness and weighs >3kg. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 117/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Watching brief and mitigation Lachlan McKeggie – Highland Archaeology Services

NJ 06554 61460 A programme of archaeological mitigation entailing a watching brief and limited recording was commissioned by Kinloss Abbey Trust to monitor stabilisation works of the Abbot’s House, part of the Scheduled Monument (SM1227) Kinloss Abbey.

The mitigation was designed to monitor works to ensure that the historic fabric of the structure was not damaged during the works and that the limited ground-breaking that was required was undertaken under archaeological supervision. A mitigation strategy was approved in advance by HES.

The excavation work under two surviving vaults on the W side of the Abbot’s House revealed mixed modern disturbed material with some historic debris. A single piece of Scottish Redware ceramic dating to between the 12th and 15th century was recovered. Where tumbled stones needed to be moved this was also monitored, and some quality carved pieces were noted. All stone was stored on site. As no in situ deposits were found and the finds were sparse and scattered, no further work beyond standard reporting and archiving is recommended. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Kinloss Abbey Trust

NJ 24 42 A late medieval enamelled copper-alloy composite harness pendant was recovered through metal-detecting. The pendant comprises a sexfoil plate encased within a sexfoil frame with a suspension loop. The plate would once have been attached by a hinge to the outer frame (since corroded), allowing it to swing. There is an enamelled design on the front face of the plate; a central floral motif with three stemmed heads is picked out in red enamel on a blue background. The object is 44.5mm in length, 30.5mm in width and weighs 17.1g. Other similar examples are known from Scotland and England, including one reported in 1997 through the Scottish Treasure Trove system (TT 156/97) and another in the collections of National Museums Scotland (K.2011.81). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 120/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Knockando: late medieval harness pendant: front (TT120/19), Crown copyright

NJ 2692 4629 A 19th-century T-plan steading comprising a watermill and a byre containing double tied-cow stalls for 12 cattle and a stable for three work horses. The original threshing machine remained, with maker’s name ‘Morrison Drummuir’. The survey was carried out on 4 February 2020. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Private individual

Threshing machine at Clachbrake

Desk-based assessment and walkover survey Steven Birch – West Coast Archaeological Services

NJ 24859 51300 (centred) A desk-based assessment and walkover survey were carried out in advance of a woodland planting and regeneration scheme at the Moss of Rothes. The walkover survey recorded 14 archaeological sites comprising 1 prehistoric kerbed cairn, 3 prehistoric hut circles, and 136 prehistoric clearance cairns forming 3 field systems; a post-medieval farmstead, enclosure, field dyke and field system including at least 14 clearance cairns; and 3 sites relating to the use of the landscape by the Rothes Estate including 15 grouse butts and an estate wall. (See Canmore ID: 16444; 16445; 156171; 70990 for some of these).

While some of these sites had previously been recorded on the Moray Historic Environment Record, they had not previously been recorded in any detail and the survey carried out in respect of this project provides a comprehensive overview of the archaeological features focused on a prominent ridge of ground running SE from the Moss of Stonyhill. In particular, a significant number of clearance cairns and mounds were recorded within the prehistoric and historic field systems, along with a second hut circle.

A possible third hut circle and associated field system comprising clearance cairns and mounds were recorded in the SW sector of the survey area, within the area defined for planting.

Although a significant number of archaeological features were recorded during the survey, especially on the ridge running SE from the Moss of Stonyhill, extensive stands of heather created some difficulties in identification. This was further compounded while recording the prehistoric features due to their partial burial below the peat and sediment cover. Archive: Highland Council HER and NRHE (intended) Funder: Cawdor Forestry Ltd

NJ 22 66 An incomplete late 16th or early 17th-century lead seal, missing its handle and with some loss to the legend. The reverse features the Scottish-style flower petal design. The face has a fine line border separating the legend from the motif. What survives of the legend reads S PAtric [ ] [ ...] KINArd *, with sprays of foliage before and after the initial S and before Kinard. The N is reversed. The motif is a broad shield bearing the arms: 1st and 4th three crescents, 2nd and 3rd three stars. Seals bearing these arms belonged to Patrick Kinnaird of Inchture (26 Oct 1609 and 6 Jan 1610), though the spellings in both legends do not match the present seal. Owing to the popularity of the name ‘Patrick’ within the Kinnaird family, it is not clear whether this is the same individual, though the dates fit broadly with this type of seal matrix. 37.5mm diameter, 23.7g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 84/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

TT 84/19: seal matrix from Elgin, Moray, Crown copyright

NJ 22 65 A copper-alloy heraldic mount, c17th century. 48mm long, 44mm wide, 2.5mm thick, 16.6g. The object has some edge damage but is roughly circular in plan. A central shield is quartered. The lower left quarter has a single heraldic charge, likely a harp, which is surrounded by traces of blue enamel. The upper left quarter also has visible blue enamel in the top left corner. The remainder of the shield is heavily worn with some surface pitting; any further heraldic detail is no longer visible. The shield is surmounted by the royal crown, with its cushion detailed in red enamel. A small amount of red enamel is also visible to the left of the shield, suggestive of possible mantling or supporters. The reverse is plain, but for two small, off-centre depressions which are likely evidence for an attachment loop or studs.

The presence of the Irish harp and the crown mean the arms are the Stuart royal arms post-1603 – possibly as early as James VI/I or as late as Queen Anne. As to function, similar objects recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme are described as mounts, medallions or bosses. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 108/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 22 65 An assemblage of 41 medieval – post-medieval artefacts, cAD 1200–1700. Notable finds in this assemblage include a seal matrix, harness mount, and a penny of Robert I (Bruce). Other items included a spindle whorl, pottery sherds, buckles, belt fittings and various coins. Two related assemblages from the area were also claimed (TT 235/19; TT 236/19 – see below). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 230/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 22 65 An assemblage of 69 medieval – post-medieval finds, cAD 1200–1700. The group comprises 20 lead shot, 19 coins (copper, billon and silver), 9 lead tokens, 5 lead weights, 4 copperalloy domed mounts, 4 copper-alloy buckles, 2 copper-alloy belt mounts, 1 pewter spoon bowl, 1 copper-alloy pot leg, 1 copperalloy annular brooch fragment, 1 copper-alloy ring bezel, 1 copper-alloy flat mount and a silver finger ring with the inscription ‘FEAR GOD IN♥ II’.

Two related assemblages from the area were also claimed (TT 230/19; TT 236/19). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 235/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

NJ 23 66 A small assemblage of 9 medieval – post-medieval finds, cAD 1200–1700.

The group comprises two copper-alloy belt mounts, two copperalloy buckles, two lead tokens, a lead projectile, a lead weight, and a copper-alloy domed mount. Of particular note is a token bearing a version of the Douglas arms and the domed mount made from a re-used crux pellit coin. Two related assemblages from the area were also claimed (TT 230/19; TT 235/19). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 236/19) and allocated to Elgin Museum

Evaluation Alison Cameron – Cameron Archaeology

NJ 21405 64906 An evaluation was carried out from 10–19 August 2020 prior to a housing development. 42 trenches totaling 7% of the available area. Two charcoal filled pits were identified and one flint was recovered while cleaning an area of charcoal which appeared to have washed into a palaeochannel. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt North Scotland

NJ 23 66 A late medieval gold finger ring with gem-set bezel was recovered through metal-detecting. The hoop has a D-shaped section and widens slightly to the bezel. The bezel is formed from two glass gems in circular settings. One gem is blue/green while the other is purple. This type of finger ring dates broadly to the 15th century. A number of similar examples are known from Scotland, England and wider afield, and the double gem bezel has prompted interpretation that this type functioned as a love or marriage ring. The combination of green/blue and purple/red stones appears to be particularly essential to the design and likely held symbolic connotations, perhaps reflecting a combination of religious and romantic associations seen on other dress objects of this period. The object is 19mm in diameter and the bezel is 9 x 4mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 83/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

NJ 28 67 A remarkable copper-alloy Iron Age mirror handle was found by metal-detecting near Speyslaw. It has a ring terminal and flared top slotted to take a polished iron mirror plate (now lost, but iron corrosion survives). Its trumpet-style decoration suggests it is a NE Scottish product in the ‘massive’ metalwork tradition. L 131.5mm; ring W 52mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 122/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Speyslaw: mirror handle, (TT 122/19), Crown copyright

Evaluation and metal detecting survey H K Murray and J C Murray − Murray Archaeological Services Ltd

NJ 2986 6020 A metal detecting survey and an evaluation were carried out, on 28 June 2020, prior to quarrying. The survey recovered 18th- to 20th-century domestic and agricultural artefacts and ammunition from target shooting. No archaeological features or finds were evident during the evaluation. Archive: Aberdeenshire HER and NRHE Funder: Tennants (Elgin) Ltd

Evaluation Steven Watt − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 30147 48773 An evaluation was carried out in January 2020, ahead of Phase 1 of a residential development at Blairland Farm, Dalry. The evaluation revealed a shallow, agricultural loam overlying a clay natural. Several areas were waterlogged. Trenches were placed over the position of a small late 18th-century/early 19th-century limekiln shown on early mapping. While a mound was present, no structural elements related to the kiln were observed, suggesting that the kiln had been dismantled before 1896. No other significant archaeological features or finds were revealed during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE Funder: Persimmon Homes Ltd

Watching brief Beth Gray – SLR Consulting

NS 33100 33500 A watching brief was carried out at Dundonald Gold Course, from January to October 2020. No archaeological deposits were uncovered in phase 1 of works. Archive: SLR Consulting Funder: Darwin Properties

NS 33589 39472 An evaluation was undertaken, on 7–11 September, across the development area. The 8.47% trial trench evaluation of the total available area of 5.53ha consisted of 47 trenches, 46 of which measured 50 x 2 m, and one trench measured 43 x 2 m. No features of archaeological significance or artefacts were encountered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Persimmon Homes

Monitored topsoil strip and excavation Alan Hunter Blair – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 03133 32222 (centred) An excavation was undertaken, 7 December 2018, prior to the commencement of the Lamlash Cemetery extension on land to the SW of St Bride’s Chapel. The excavation was required after an initial evaluation of the site in November 2016 uncovered archaeological features in four of the evaluation trenches and two fragments of pitchstone were recovered one of which was worked. A total area amounting to 4354m2 was stripped of topsoil to establish the extent of any archaeological features prior to developing the site. Beneath the topsoil numerous pits and postholes were uncovered, the remnants of a destroyed standing stone, the remains of part of a putative stone circle, three ditches, a stone-built culvert, an extensive occupation layer comprising a black earth containing abundant lithic artefacts, fragments of worked pitchstone and occasional fragments of flint. Beneath the occupation layer further pits, shallow gullies and an oval segmented curvilinear gully were found. A large deep curvilinear feature with a short spur off the main body of the feature, again containing frequent lithic artefacts, around which further pits were recorded, was located in the SW corner of the site. The archaeology uncovered likely spans from the Mesolithic through to the medieval period. Archive: NRHE Funder: North Ayrshire Council

Evaluation Sam Golder − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 29933 44377 An evaluation by trial trenching was undertaken, prior to a residential development at Wood Farm, in February and March 2020. The evaluation consisted of 2000 linear metres of trenching within the development area. The topography of the development area consisted mainly of undulating ground within which a substantial proportion was flooded. Due to flooding, the trench locations were concentrated on the higher areas of the site. These areas were thought to have the most archaeological potential. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were recorded during the trial trenching. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Taylor Wimpey West Scotland

NS 18 49 A late medieval copper-alloy sword pommel of wheel type was recovered through metal-detecting. The pommel is broadly octagonal in plan. It is 42.0mm in length, 39.9mm in width, 20.8mm in thickness and weighs 157.5g. The rectangular aperture narrows from 20.5 x 10.3mm at one end to 12.3 x 5.5mm at the other. While there is no immediate context for the findspot, it is interesting to note the proximity of both the medieval hall house site at Auld Hill and Portencross Castle. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 202/19) and allocated to North Ayrshire Heritage Centre

Evaluation Steven Watt − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 70860 61210 An evaluation was undertaken in February 2020. The evaluation consisted of the machine trenching of 125 linear metres from 5% of the available development area. Due to the presence of existing bunded material, previously stripped areas, and services this was reduced to 40 linear metres.

The area consisted of minimal made ground overlying a midorange/yellow clay mottled pink with sandstone inclusions. No significant archaeological finds or features were recorded. No further works are considered necessary in regard to this development. Archive: NRHE Funder: Alison Architects

Walkover survey Fraser McFarlane − Headland Archaeology

NS 90187 62203 A walkover survey was carried out, on 21 May 2020, to assess the survival of a tramway running through Muldron Forest, Shotts. The survey was carried out in advance of the upgrading of forestry tracks following advice from West of Scotland Archaeology Service (WoSAS). The results of the walkover survey were used to inform whether an additional phase of excavation work to characterise the tramway was required, should it survive as an identifiable structure. No clear evidence of the tramway was noted during the walkover survey. As a result, no further archaeological works have been recommended. Archive: NRHE Funder: DGA Forestry

Chance find Lydia Prosser and Matthew G Knight

HY 61 37 A whetstone of uncertain date was recovered by chance in proximity to a Neolithic/Viking mound. The whetstone is formed from metamorphic rock. It has a square section and tapers slightly to a broken edge. The other end is rounded and asymmetrically worn, with faint striations visible on the sides. The whetstone is 106.7mm in length, 16.5mm at maximum width and weighs 54.86g. Whetstones of similar form were used from the Bronze Age to at least the late medieval period, making them difficult to date as stray finds. The findspot of this one, however, may indicate an

early medieval date. Clained as Treasure Trove (TT 131/19) and allocated to The Orkney Museum

HY 41290 13835 (centred) A watching brief was carried out on Quanterness Farm, Orkney, prior to the erection of an anemometer mast on the land of Quanterness Farm. The mast is a temporary structure which will be erected to capture data to inform the proposed development of a wind farm at Quanterness.

Fieldwork was carried out on the 17 and 18 March 2020 and comprised archaeological monitoring of the excavation of nine anchor points. No archaeological features or deposits were identified during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE Funder: ITP Energised

Geophysical survey Sarah Jane Gibbon, Daniel Lee and Amanda Brend – Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology (ORCA)

HY 37407 30184 Geophysical survey was undertaken to the N, E and W of The Wirk (Canmore ID: 2282) in September 2020. The aim is to better understand the nature and date of this tower which has variously been interpreted as a 12th-century Norse Castle, a hallhouse tower, a defensive church tower and a 16th-century tower and range. Previous excavations by J Storer Clouston in the 1920s cleared the stone tower and exposed a large range to the E, although phasing of the buildings remains unclear. The tower was left exposed but the area to the E was backfilled. A scale plan was made but recording and description of the built remains was minimal.

High-resolution magnetometer survey and targeted highresolution earth resistance survey was undertaken across the site in order to characterise the buried structures, put the tower and hall in context and inform trench location. Clear anomalies were identified in both surveys at the site of the hall, with potential wall lines (high resistance) matching the main part of the building in Clouston’s plan to the E of the tower. This suggests that wall footings are likely to survive just below the ground surface. Other high resistance anomalies to the S of the hall could indicate the presence of additional structures. Results from the magnetometer survey showed strong positive and negative anomalies within the footprint of the hall and confirmed the presence of a possible enclosure to the S. A curvilinear positive anomaly to the NW of the tower, beyond the apron, could indicate the presence of another small enclosure.

Overall, the geophysical survey has demonstrated that the footings of the hall survive to the E of the tower, accompanied by newly discovered enclosures with possible structural elements to the S and NW of the hall tower. The extent of the site appears to extend beyond the extant remains with anomalies continuing into the kirkyard. Evaluation excavation will target the eastern hall in the next planned phase of work. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Castle Studies Trust

Chance find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

HY 27 15 A complete Roman copper-alloy coin, likely an As, probably dating to the 1st century. The coin is worn and very few of the features can be identified; however, on the obverse of the coin there is a visible bust facing right which has been identified as possibly Flavian in style, based on the length of the neck, a particular feature of the coins of Domitian. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 130/19) and allocated to The Orkney Museum

Chance find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

An incomplete composite bone comb, “fishtail” or “butterfly” type 13, dating to late 12th to early 14th century. Approx. 48mm length, 32mm width. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 110/19) and allocated to The Orkney Museum

Watching brief Derek Hall

NO 0792 2027 A watching brief was carried out on the renewal of drainage pipes to the church, on 14 to 16 September 2020. All excavations were monitored and recorded; two architectural fragments were recovered from a possible working surface/ mason’s yard on the NE side of the church. A test trench on the projected limit of the earlier graveyard located a possible buried gravestone, that trench was carefully backfilled. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Aberdalgie Outreach Programme

Artefact recovery and watching brief Lachlan McKeggie – Highland Archaeology Services

NO 08716 22833 A programme of desk based assessment, metal detecting survey and a watching brief was undertaken in advance of, and during, ground investigation works at the M90/A9 Broxden Roundabout, in July 2020. This work specifically focused on three test pits (TP10-12) located within the designated battlefield site of Tippermuir (BTL39).

The metal detector survey recovered 22 metallic artefacts with two more recovered from the topsoil during the test pit excavations. All but two of these were iron and most (19) were thought to be modern or indeterminate. These included an electric fence earth spike, a linking rod and several likely harrow tines. Of the remaining objects two were square sectioned nails. A door pivot and a possible iron pot foot were also recovered along with a small piece of lead that appears to have a part of the willow pattern design embossed on one side. No metallic objects recovered are thought to be older than the 1800s with the pot foot and lead likely to be from the middle of the 19th century.

Following the metal detecting survey, the watching brief was undertaken for the pits opened for the ground investigation works. No deposits or features of an archaeological nature were noted during the excavation of any of the pits. A small selection of glass and ceramics, as well as one small piece of slag, were recovered from the topsoil across the field. These artefacts are thought to represent a fairly typical background scatter of material probably imported as part of manuring. Nothing thought to be connected

to the Battle of Tippermuir or thought to date from the period was noted during the work and given the limited findings no further work is recommended. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: BEAR Scotland

NO 1766 1337 A watching brief was undertaken on the sites of four new wind turbines to be constructed at Binn Eco Park Wind Farm, Glenfarg approximately 2.7km SW of Abernethy in Perth and Kinross. The development is located at Binn Hill and in total covers an area of approximately 25ha of mixed upland pasture and agricultural centred on NGR NO 1766 1337.

The work was undertaken, mainly in good weather conditions, on various dates during the period 17 August 2018–2 September 2020. The requirement was to monitor groundworks needed for four wind turbines and associated infrastructure such as roads, cable trenches and site compounds. Special attention was to be paid to the possibility of finding and recording buried scattered remains of prehistoric settlement and agriculture, based on evidence from the surrounding upland landscape.

A significant archaeological feature was encountered close to the S end of a cable track at NO 17493 13334 in the form of an ovoid feature 0.90m in length and 0.60m wide cut into the subsoil. This feature appeared to be a “fire pit” containing a fill (326) of black silt or burnt material with a lens of orange burning. The “fire pit” feature was considered to be potentially prehistoric and was half sectioned and sampled. The cut for fire pit (332) had a maximum depth of 0.08m with moderately sloping sides with a flattish bottom. No finds were recovered from the excavated fill. It is recommended that the sample from the “fire pit” should be processed and that any suitable material recovered should be submitted for C14 dating. A further black deposit, context (329), elongated in shape but less defined than fill (326) was located c7m NE of fire pit (326). This deposit was not excavated.

The archaeological monitoring of the ground works for the construction of the four turbine bases and the required ancillary infrastructure established the character and depth of the topsoil and the nature of subsoil/natural. Many stone field drains were uncovered showing that the land had undergone substantial early modern or modern improvements to sustain arable and pastoral activity within this upland/marginal area. Only one significant archaeological feature was found, a “fire pit” that was considered to possibly represent buried scattered remains of prehistoric activity. Archive: NRHE and Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust Funder: Green Cat Renewables Ltd

NO 288 470 Watching brief of 44 test pits, 19 CPT pits, 14 borehole pits, and 9 soakaways; the test pits ranged in size from 2–11m in length by 1.8–7m in width. Three features of potential archaeological significance were discovered and consisted of a large sub-oval pit, a large rectangular pit, and a ditch oriented E–W. Although each of the features was investigated, no datable evidence was recovered from what may be prehistoric features. Archive: NRHE Funder: BAM Nuttall Ltd

NN 83 06 An Iron Age copper-alloy tankard handle was found by metal-detecting near Greenloaning. The oval handle form is typical of Scottish examples. It ends in circular plates with rectangular tangs to slot into the wooden vessel, broken at or before the rivet hole. The handle is notably and unusually asymmetrical; one terminal is appreciably smaller and in side view is set parallel to but higher than the other by about 4mm. This would not fit easily on either the cylindrical or concave-sided tankards which are attested; it suggests a rather different form of vessel. L 76mm, handle W 17 x T 9mm; H 33mm; terminals 19.5 x 20mm and 23 x 24.5mm; tang W 5, L 11–13mm; wall thickness minimum 5–7mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 97/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Greenloaning: tankard handle, (TT 97/19), drawn by Alan Braby

NN 96314 13150 A historic building record was carried out, on 3 June 2020, of Broadfold Farm, in advance of demolition and conversion to residential use.

The steading consists of buildings dating from the early 19th to the early 21st century, grouped around a central courtyard, mostly quite dilapidated. One building incorporates a re-used marriage lintel dated 1754. The farmhouse incorporates roughly trimmed softwood timbers in the roof and internal partition walls. The steading buildings incorporate stalls, vents and wide doors associated with the management of cattle. A mid-20th-century barn seems to have been built mainly with re-used timbers to an ingenious improvised design. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Excel Contracts Ltd

Archaeological monitored strip and excavation

Magnus Kirby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NO 07400 33200 A monitored topsoil strip was carried out, March to May 2019, in advance of the formation of a borrowpit on land at Loak Farm, Bankfoot. This monitored topsoil strip was undertaken within two conjoined areas, with the eastern area being designated for a concrete plant, asphalt plant and stocking area, and the western area being designated for the borrow pit and wash-plant. Cropmarks identified from aerial photographs suggested that there was a prehistoric pit alignment (Canmore ID: 239560) within the eastern area consisting of at least seven pits, and that there were a further two prehistoric pit alignments (Canmore ID: 27032 and 82087) located immediately to the S of the proposed development area.

There were features identified within both the eastern and the western areas. They consisted of seven roundhouses, eight four-post structures, two six-post structures, two ring ditches, an oval post-built structure, a lightweight post-built structure, a post and post-trench structure, and numerous isolated pits and groups of pits. These features indicate an extensive settlement of later prehistoric (Late Bronze Age or Iron Age) date.

A number of finds were recovered from these features. They consisted of burnt animal bone, prehistoric pottery, a saddle quern and two possible saddle querns, two possible hammerstones, two pierced stones (possibly loom weights), a grinding stone, and a number of pieces of iron slag. This would indicate various activities taking place on the site including small-scale iron smelting, grinding of grain-crops, and possibly weaving. All the finds recovered are consistent with the later prehistoric date indicated by the type of feature. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Breedon Aggregates

Standing building recording Alison Cameron – Cameron Archaeology

NO 20208 41002 A historic building survey was carried out on 18 September 2020 prior to conversion into housing. The main two-storey steading building was constructed in one phase, between 1862/3 and 1899, of red sandstone. Later alterations have adapted the building which was still in agricultural use. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Fieldwalking Piers Dixon and John Gilbert

NN 98361 77810 (centred) In July 2020, a survey was carried out of a hunting lodge on a broad haugh on the S bank of the An Lochain. This comprises a close grouping of 10 buildings and shieling huts with an outlier 50m to the SE (9 on plan). Three buildings (1, 4 and 7) are arranged around a yard open to the S and there is a terraced garden plot on the E of the eastern building of the group (4). These may be the ‘Lhontartis’ or hunting lodges recorded by Pont (see below). On the basis of one turf shieling hut being built inside the eastern building (4) it appears that the six shieling huts (2–6, 10) are secondary to the buildings. These are closely grouped within the yard. One structure (5) stands out as different from both the huts and buildings with a bench like feature in one end and is orientated from NE to SW. The measured structures are numbered according to the sketch plan: 1. This building 5.6m from E to W by 3.2m within grass-covered banks containing stone footings spread to 1.5m along the sides and standing to 0.7m in height especially at the S end which is thicker than the rest, suggesting a collapsed gable. The presence of possible facings set back within the bank on the E by about 0.5m may also indicate that the building was longer than measured bank to bank. There may be an entrance on the S and a yard wall runs off from the NE corner. 2. This building measures 6.75m from E to W by 2.5m, within grass-covered stone footings 0.3m in height spread to

1.2m in thickness. 3. This hut measures 2.35m from E to W by 1.5m within turf banks 1.3m in height spread to 1.7m in thickness. 4. This building measures 5.8m from N to S by 3m within grasscovered stone footings 0.3m in height and 0.9m in thickness. Inside it there is a secondary turf-walled hut of oval plan 3.3m in length by 2.1m in breadth within banks standing to 0.6m in height and 1.1m in thickness with a gap suggesting an entrance on the W. An outshot has been added to the S end that is slightly offset to the E and a bank runs N from the NW corner to the edge of the terrace where it turns W, while on the E there is a terraced garden plot. 5. This hut measures 7m from NE to SW by 2m within grasscovered stone footings 0.3m in height and spread to 1.2m in thickness. An oblong bank aligned on the same axis occupies the SW end and it has a possible entrance on the NW. The bench feature is analogous to those recorded at the cattle fair site of Druim Tighe Mhic Gille Chattan on the Isle of Mull (Canmore ID 22043). 6. This hut measures 5.5m from NNW to SSE by 2.2m within turf banks 0.3m in height and 1.7m in thickness. 7. This building measures 8.2m from NNW to SSE by 2.4m within turf banks up to 0.4m in height that are spread to 1.1m in thickness. The banks are patchy and ill-preserved. 8. This rectangular hut measures 4.7m from WSW to ENE by 2.7m within stone footings 0.3m in height spread to 1.2m in thickness. 9. This building stands about 50m to the SE of the group on the edge of the river terrace and extends about 9m from NNW to SSSE by 3m transversely within stone footings about 1m in thickness with an entrance on the W. 10. This turf-walled hut measures 4.2m from E to W by 2.3m within banks standing 0.3m in height and spread to 1.3m in thickness.

Timothy Pont marks ‘Lhontartis’ on the banks of the An Lochain in Glen Tilt. This is marked by a circle on the W side of the An Lochain only a short distance upstream from the likely site of James V’s palace of 1532 (Canmore ID 26457). The full placename given by Pont is ‘Rederis Lhontartis’. The nature of this accommodation is revealed by the name ‘Lhontartis’ or Luncarty. Note that the t and c are interchangeable. The word developed from the Gaelic longphort and came to mean an encampment, a palace, a shieling or a hunting booth. Theoretically any of these meanings could have applied to Queen Mary’s lodgings in Glen Tilt in 1564: an encampment of pavilions and other shelters, a more substantial structure such as that provided for James V, hunting booths or sheiling huts. Mary’s visit is recorded in two letters which she signed there and in William Barclay’s description of the hunt. Report and Archive: Piers Dixon. Report: Perth and Kinross Funders: Piers Dixon and John Gilbert

Desk-based assessment and walkover survey C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NN 85447 65499 A desk-based assessment and walkover survey were conducted, 3 August 2020, on an area of mature woodland to the W of Blair Atholl, which contained the site of a Second World War logging camp used by the Canadian Forestry Corps (Canmore ID: 167749). Several standing structures were recorded, in various states of preservation, comprising work stations, accommodation and camp facilities. Where necessary, archaeological features were marked off to reduce the risk of damage during imminent felling operations. The wood also contained metalled tracks created during the use of the camp. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Atholl Estates

NN 8915 6392 On 26th June 2020 historic building recording was carried out on a country house of Georgian origin with Victorian and later modifications, prior to planned demolition. The house was set in landscaped grounds with a walled garden and former steading (Canmore ID: 131613). Demolition work in 2009 had removed a late 19th-century extension, leaving the original core of the building; at the same time, the interior had been almost entirely stripped of furnishings including wall and ceiling plaster and ground floor boards, the roof replaced and various structural reinforcements added. An enhanced survey was conducted including background documentary research and map regression, which established the outline of site ownership and development since the 18th century. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Survey Stuart Farrell

NN 945 675 (centred) A desktop and walkover survey was conducted in June 2020 for four areas of proposed woodland in Glen Girnaig lying adjacent to a number of existing sites (Canmore IDs: 26390, 26394, 131829, 131830, 147911, 147913, 347135, 347136). Work revealed a number of unrecorded archaeological sites of hut circles, buildings, shielings, a dam and field walls. Archive: NRHE Funder: John Clegg and Co. for Lude Estate

NO 19 43 An incomplete copper-alloy axehead/chisel was found while metal-detecting in Blairgowrie. This object appears to represent approximately half(?) of an Early Bronze Age axehead, which has broken in antiquity and subsequently been reworked as a chisel-like object. This is supported by the appearance of indentations along each side of the axehead, with some of the metal at the broken end forming a slight lip. Re-hammering of the metal probably caused this effect. The axehead may have originally been a very slightly developed flat axe, but it is difficult to be certain and a broad date is therefore given c2200–1500 BC. The axehead shows a substantial amount of light green destructive corrosion and pitting, along with smaller patches of darker patina. Length 85.7mm; max. width 44.2mm; butt width 24.4mm; max. thickness 9.5mm; weight 156.77g.

The find-spot is located close to, but outwith, several Scheduled Monuments; some later prehistoric, but some of undetermined date. These include palisaded enclosures and pit-circles, an unenclosed settlement and associated souterrains, barrows, and a fort. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 238/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Evaluation Benet Davis − AOC Archaeology Group

NO 17360 43890 An evaluation was carried out prior to development of Field 4 at Westpark, on 24–26 August 2020. The area under evaluation totalled 1,155 linear metres and revealed

an improved topsoil which ranged from 0.24m to 0.50m in depth. This in turn overlaid a plough scarred natural of sands and gravel cut by modern drains. Areas of blue-grey silt were observed suggesting that standing water was present across the site before it was drained and brought under cultivation. No archaeologically significant features or finds were observed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Westpark Partnership

Field visit George Logan

NO 1567 3573 A large whinstone boulder 1.83 x 1.40m lies within a recently cleared area of commercial woodland with remaining deciduous trees. The site was visited and recorded on 8 October 2020. One very clear cup mark 0.4m diameter (at W end of stone), a second less visible with a possible further two very faint. No clear indication if this was ever a standing stone, though the end away from the cups might have been shaped and more bulbous.

Various cup marked and standing stones in the area with reference to some being moved, destroyed or not located. Newbigging, ‘brisbane Stone’ Canmore ID 28484 is a possible contender for this stone.

Field visit George Logan

NO 1565 3555 A large angular pointed stone lies beside the old woodland track in Gladsfield Wood, Newbigging, 2.00 x 0.86m. Gladsfield Wood: cup marked stone (recumbent)

When visited on 8 October 2020 it was noted to have a chamfered base. Different in character and geology to nearby Newbigging cup marked stone. Considerable quartz intrusion.

Gladsfield Wood: possible standing stone (recumbent)

NO 19495 32637 A basic historic building record was conducted, on 17 August 2020, on two buildings in close proximity: a former stable block/steading and a small bothy. The stable block was found to have originally been part of a larger courtyard steading featured on the OS 1st Edition OS map (1867), subsequently partially demolished and replaced by a modern brick barn. The bothy appeared on neither the 1st nor 2nd Edition OS maps and was clearly a 20th-century construction, albeit reusing old stone possibly derived from the demolished steading. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Metal-detecting find Fraser Hunter – National Museums Scotland

NN 72 23 A Roman copper-alloy vessel mount was found by metaldetecting near Kindrochet. It consists of a heavily worn, damaged anthropomorphic escutcheon from a basin (Eggers types E79–87) with remains of a hooked fastening to take a suspension ring. The rather stylised head, a squashed sphere in form, is probably male, its facial features very worn. Extensive solder deposits survive on the rear. H 44mm, W 31mm, T 16.5mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 245/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 77220 21960 A photographic survey was carried out, on 3 June 2020, of the building known as ‘The Gymnasium’ at The Old School, Comrie. Written descriptions were made of external and internal elevations and a suggested phasing of the building was made. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NO 22 40 A fragmentary late medieval lead papal bulla was recovered through metal-detecting. The bulla has broken along the line where the attachment cord was once positioned with approximately half now surviving. The remaining letters of the inscription […]LE/[…](N?)S would fit attribution to Popes Clement III–VI or Celestine III–V. In its current incomplete form, the bulla is 39mm in length, 20.5mm in width and weighs 16.3g. Papal bullae are common finds from late medieval Scotland. This example was found in proximity to Coupar Angus Abbey, which may indicate a context of use. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 129/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Monitoring groundworks Ray Cachart − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NN 90214 18297 (centred on) Monitoring of tree felling and the construction of a circular pathway to enhance public access to the Innerpeffray Library and Chapel was undertaken, in stages, from October 2018 to March 2019.

The development area slopes down to the River Earn, and is approximately 0.5ha in size. The project consisted of the felling and clearing of the woodland cover followed by the construction of a circular pathway within a newly planted managed woodland. The site is of archaeological significance as it contains a road cutting along its S eastern boundary which may represent the Roman Gask Frontier road, running eastwards towards Perth from its crossing of the River Earn at a ford below the Innerpeffray Library.

The pathway excavation was constantly monitored and revealed loose black organic silty loam, topsoil with abundant root disturbance containing a moderate amount of rounded and fractured stone with occasional large stone inclusions, and a maximum depth of topsoil of 0.30m. Towards the NE end of the pathway cut, some black ash and red burnt soil at the level of the subsoil were revealed where the machine had cleared through some recent tree burning. Below the topsoil was a subsoil, excavated to a depth of 0.10–0.50m comprising mid to dark grey silty clay loam, getting lighter with depth. Nothing of archaeological significance was found during the monitoring of the pathway excavation.

While monitoring deturfing on the track between Innerpeffray Library and the Schoolhouse, the top of the fill of a 19th-century NW–SE aligned soakaway was uncovered. The soakaway was 1m wide and contained some broken sandstone slabs on the surface. Alongside the soakaway was a layer of sand, gravel and black ash makeup for the pathway.

The planting of 60 saplings over the site revealed nothing of archaeological significance.

After monitoring tree felling and pathway formation and the first phase of tree planting, the watching brief was terminated due to the lack of any significant archaeology being uncovered during the monitoring of a comparatively large area of groundworks. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Innerpeffray Library and Perth and Kinross Countryside Trust

NN 81984 49280 Historic building recording was carried out of the ground floor of a former corn mill near Aberfeldy (Canmore ID 160363), on 7 September 2020. The mill, of 19th-century date, had already been converted into flats, one of which occupied the ground floor. The work was carried out in advance of the construction of a small extension. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Field visit George Logan and Steve Ponsonby

NO 03504 51694 A field visit, on 28 September 2020, following an observation from aerial imagery investigated a long narrow structure with rounded ends reminiscent of a long house/byre house in size and form. There are no other structures in the immediate area, nearest shieling type huts 156m to E (NO 03658 51682).

To the N is a sheltering crag and to the S in front of entrance a low rise of bedrock before dropping to an estate track and further beyond to Loch Ordie.

Bracken cover at time of visit. The structure; 26.5–7.2m, aligned W to E. Entrance S-facing 12.5m in from W end. Wall stone footings visible in part, mostly turf covered, approx. 0.60m in wall thickness. Both W and E ends are rounded in nature. Possible interior dividing partition; three aligned stones showing at 18m in from W end and to right of south-facing entrance.

Two metres to the E of, and in alignment with the main structure there is a circular pit approx. 3m diameter x 1.5m deep (NO 03520 51692). 1st Edition OS map names the nearby hill as ‘Chapel Hill’. Subsequent maps dropping the ‘h’.

Capel Hill: possible long house or byre house. SE. corner stone

Field visit George Logan and Steve Ponsonby

NO 03658 51682 A field visit on 28 September 2020, following an observation from aerial imagery. A small close group of four shieling-type buildings. No other structures in immediate area, nearest being a possible long house or byre house 156m to W (NO 03504 51694). 1st Edition OS map names the nearby hill as ‘Chapel Hill’, with subsequent maps dropping the ‘h’.

The huts are located on a small rise above a gully, with Capel

Hill to the N/NW and hillside to the E. Three of the huts form a non-linear tight group, with the fourth slightly to the SE. Turf and bracken cover at time of visit.

NO 0366 5168 Hut 1. Aligned NW/SE entrance to SW. 11.30 x 5.30m Possible attached extenal enclosure to SE 5.10 x 5.30m. Most extensive visible stonework.

NO 0367 5168 Hut 2. Aligned NW/SE, entrance to SW. 9.30 x 4.80m.

NO 0368 5169 Hut 3. Aligned NW/SE, entrance to SW. 8.30 x 6.85m.

NO 0369 5166 Hut 4. Aligned N/S, entrance to S. 6.60 x 4.90m.

No apparent sign of associated walling or of enclosures nearby. Two further hut structures within the area but not investigated are at: NO 03438 51783 and NO 03238 51515.

Standing building record Derek Hall

NO 00139 4801 A photographic and written survey was carried out of the 18th-century church at Dowally, prior to its conversion into holiday accommodation. The work was done on 25 September 2020. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Survey Magnar Dalland – Headland Archaeology Ltd

NO 007 111 A detailed archaeological survey of cultural heritage assets was undertaken at Knowes and Keltie Farms, prior to planting of new forestry, from November 2018 to May 2019. A total of 148 structures were recorded. Most of the structures were agricultural assets from the medieval to early modern period, including shielings, quarries, enclosures and field systems. The majority of these were centred around the Scores Farmstead to the north and are probably post-medieval in date although some may have their origins in the medieval period. Seven possible prehistoric hut-platforms were recorded in the area further south. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Woodlands Limited

Standing building record Derek Hall

NO 0188 1451 On 24 September, a photographic and written survey was carried out of a C-Listed building on Kirk Wynd in Dunning. Currently in use as a builder’s store it was formerly a domestic house of probable 19th-century date. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Standing building recording and monitoring of test pits Derek Hall

NO 24181 24611 A Level 1 standing building survey was carried out on ‘The Ballroom’, a large building lying to the W of Megginch Castle in advance of its refurbishment. The work took place from 28 April to 6 May 2020. Evidence was recorded for a series of alterations and rebuilds. Three test trenches were excavated in the footprint of a proposed new extension on the S side of the building, nothing of archaeological interest was located. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NO 26157 27876 On 18 June 2020, historic building recording was conducted on a former gardener’s cottage attached to a formal walled garden in the grounds of Inchmartine House. The cottage, a one-and-a-half storey structure built predominantly of handmade brick with stugged stone quoins, was probably of Georgian origin and constructed at the same time as the garden. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Standing building survey John Gooder – ACCESS Archaeological Condition Services

NT 02554 99508 A basic level standing building survey was undertaken on the former gardener’s bothy associated with the Category B-listed Briglands House (Canmore ID: 162836) prior to re-development which will result in the bothy’s incorporation within the design of a new dwelling house. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Historic building survey Colm J Moloney – Rubicon Heritage Services Ltd

NN 60756 35858 A historic building survey was undertaken in advance of the conversion of Morenish Chapel into a dwelling house and in accordance with a condition of planning permission. Survey included the production of measured drawings of the external elevations and a photographic survey of the interior and exterior. The work took place between 4 October and 7 November 2018

The proposed development site is in a rural location situated at Tomocrocher in the parish of Kenmore on the N side of Loch Tay approximately 5 km NE of Killin. The site fronts onto the A827. At the time of survey the chapel was being used as storage for carrying out maintenance and repairs. The area surrounding the building and within the enclosing boundary wall comprises a garden with occasional trees with the majority of the trees located to the north of the building.

Chapels of this type are more commonly found on large estates and in crypts and mausoleums in church graveyards. The chapel was commissioned in 1902 by Aline Elizabeth Todd, wife of Sir Joseph White Todd, Baronet, in memory of her daughter Elvira who died in childbirth. Aline and Joseph are buried in the Sarcophagi. The chapel was constructed near Morenish Lodge, the Highland Residence of the Todd family. While the architect is not known it appears to be similar to George Penrose Kennedy Young (British Listed Buildings 2015).

Morenish Chapel is a fine example of a memorial chapel with richly symbolic crafted Arts and Craft decoration to the interior and highly decorated sarcophagi to the exterior. The Arts and Crafts Style was an influential movement which attempted to re-establish the skills of craftmanship and rebelled against industrialisation and mass production in the 19th century. Architecture was to be reformed through traditional building crafts, the use of local materials and be free of any imposed style. The chapel was executed to a high specification for its scale and location, with a wealth of architectural treatment and attention to detail to its interior and exterior. The building is in very good condition both externally and internally and retains much of its original character. The two sarcophagi are in an excellent state

of preservation and the grounds and external walls and gates are very well maintained. Funder: Private individual

NO 15 37 A late medieval copper-alloy strap fitting was recovered while metal-detecting. The object has a triangular body, split at the wide end to accommodate a strap; a single copper-alloy rivet is retained. At the narrow end, a zoomorphic head holds an integral circular loop which lies flat in line with the body of the strap fitting. Two irregular incised lines run along the length of the body, between which are two groups of three lightly-punched crescentshaped marks. The object is 41.2mm in length, 11.6mm in width and 7.2mm in thickness. It weighs 8.67g. The precise function of the object is not clear; it may have been used as part of dress or as a book fitting. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 220/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Desk-based assessment and walkover survey David Bowler – Alder Archaeology Ltd

NO 1500 2300 A desk-based assessment and walkover survey were undertaken on the site of new woodland planting at Castlehill, just E of Perth. This was undertaken on 5 November 2020.

A dozen features were found, mainly relating to the 19thcentury designed landscape around Kinfauns Castle. These included boundary walls, adapted natural boundaries, a quarry, a water reservoir and a small gas works. There was also a field bank probably relating to wartime and later cultivation, and an Ordnance Survey Fundamental Bench Mark. There are various scheduled monuments, listed buildings and other features in the surrounding area, not significantly affected by the new woodland. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish Woodlands Ltd

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 69731 41840 A building survey was undertaken, on 17 August 2020, on two buildings at Easter Cloanlawers prior to their redevelopment. A full photographic record was made of external and internal elevations and this was backed up with existing architects’ drawings. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NN 93912 50091 A walkover survey was conducted over an extensive area of largely open hillside in advance of a proposed forestry planting scheme. The work took place on 13–16 January 2020. Two Scheduled Areas of open settlement and field systems (SM5320, SM5321) bordered the proposed planting blocks, and two extensive areas of field systems and rig were known to exist within the scheme boundary. All known sites were visited, including a number outside the planting blocks in order that impact on setting could be assessed. Three previously unrecorded sites were encountered, comprising a boundary dyke, an area of possible field clearance and a discrete field system connected to a known system by a lengthy curvilinear dyke. Recommended mitigation includes observing buffer zones around linear features and moving planting boundaries to avoid encroachment on Scheduled Areas. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: RTS Forestry Ltd

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 96131 39161 A photographic survey was carried out, on 18 March 2020, of a ruined farm building and associated enclosures at Meikle Findowie. Written descriptions were made of external and internal elevations and a suggested phasing of the building was made. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NN 954 387 A cup marked stone in the vicinity of a proposed new cabin was fenced off with a 5m boundary of cane and hazard tape, the new proposed new access route was subjected to a walkover and a watching brief was carried out on the foundation works for the cabin. The work took place on 4 September 2020. Nothing was identified on the access route and turf and topsoil to a depth of 0.15m was machined off to the top of natural clay and gravel in the footprint of the new building. Nothing of archaeological interest was located. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief Callum Murray – AOC Archaeology Group

NO 05555 39476 to NO 00527 44664 A series of ground investigation works were carried out as part of the dualling of the A9 trunk road between Pass of Birnam and Tay Crossing. A total of 48 trial pits and 16 hand pits were excavated during the works.

Archaeological monitoring was required because area is known to be rich in archaeological and historical remains, and thus there was high potential for the survival of buried archaeological deposits. No archaeological remains were uncovered or impacted upon during the works. Archive: NRHE Funder: Soil Engineering Geoservices Limited

NN 96635 30214 Kipney Farm was a traditional lowland farmhouse and steading that was subjected to a Basic Level photographic survey prior to its conversion. The survey took place in June 2020 and the detached farmhouse was found to be in good condition, although the interior had been modernised throughout during the recent past and no period features survived.

The stone-built L-shaped steading was largely a derelict shell

and all but one building was roofed. The presence of former lofted barns was evident by the height of the surviving gables and floorjoist sockets. Another building was a byre and its stalls and feed troughs were present. The farmstead was a typical estate small holding established in the first half of the 19th century. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Logiealmond Estate

NN 9587 3159 A standing building survey, carried out in March 2020, recorded the plan form and vernacular character of the former unoccupied game beaters’ bothy, stores and game larder. The complex lay to the N of an occupied gamekeeper’s lodge. The one-and-a-half storey beaters’ bothy was originally a cart shed that was later converted into living space with sleeping quarters for beaters above. An attached kennel block was situated to its S gable. Other detached ancillary buildings comprised a game larder that had been modernised internally to suit the needs of the sporting estate. A large rectangular building with an outshot on its S end contained a pantry and wash room. The main block contained a large former byre, small bothy and stable with an attached lean-to for storage at its N end. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Logiealmond Estate

NN 97122 29990 Milton House Barn was constructed as part of a small complex of outbuildings for Milton House. The barn was subjected to a Basic Level survey, in August 2020, prior to its conversion.

The barn appeared to have most recently been in use for animal stalling and was in good condition with the original single space interior subdivided to create a small clean room accessed from a door in the SW wall. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Logiealmond Estate

Watching brief Leonie Teufel and Sam Williamson AOC Archaeology Group

NN 95659 56396 An archaeological watching brief was carried out for the A9 Dualling Tay Crossing to Ballinluig, Supplementary Ground Investigation.

A total of 25 trial pits were excavated during the duration of the works and access for 20 boreholes was advised on in advance of works. All of these were monitored by an archaeological clerk of works, as required by Transport Scotland.

Fieldwork was carried out between 7 March 2019 and 22 March 2019. No archaeological remains were uncovered or impacted upon during the works. Archive: NRHE Funder: Transport Scotland (undertaken on behalf of Soil Engineering Geoservices Limited)

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NN 97167 52290 to NN 97128 52303 A watching brief was kept on 1–2 July 2019 during the excavation of a section of cable trench for a power line to an office and weighbridge for a proposed barytes quarry at Duntanlich, Loch Tummel. Although located near several prehistoric features (SM9525), nothing of archaeological significance was uncovered in the trench. Further monitoring had been planned although it was decided to run the remaining cable through ground already disturbed during the construction of an access road where further monitoring was not required. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: SSEN

Evaluation C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NN 98653 51135 Trial trenching was conducted prior to the construction of a new agricultural shed and yard. The work took place on 2 October 2020. The site lay alongside the A9 road near Ballinluig between two Scheduled Monuments: a prehistoric standing stone (Canmore ID: 26346) and an early medieval cross slab (Canmore ID: 26347). Four trenches were excavated, exposing in one the base of what may have been a drainage ditch. No significant archaeology resulted. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 88637 50290 A building survey, cartographic and archive research was carried out, on 2 September 2020, on a steading complex prior to its redevelopment. A full photographic record was made of external and internal elevations and this was backed up with amended existing architects drawings. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Evaluation C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NN 94487 59294 An evaluation was conducted, on 4 September 2020, of a disused former bowling green, in advance of the construction of two new dwelling houses. The site lay within the conservation area of the village of Moulin. Five trenches were excavated, no finds or features of archaeological interest resulted. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 79551 04582 An enhanced building survey was carried out, in August 2020, of the complex of buildings at Drummawhance Farm prior to their demolition and refurbishment. A full external and internal photographic record was made and cartographic and documentary research carried out to log the history of a building which first appears on Adair’s map of 1720. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NN 84470 18071 A watching brief was conducted, in February 2020, on remediation of heating fuel contamination at the rear of Drummond Castle (Canmore ID: 25354). Stripping of contaminated deposits revealed the deep rubble bedding for

the 19th-century estate driveway, and the foundations of a 19thcentury tower and buttress, as well as various 19th -century and later drainage features. A finely decorated porcelain fragment might be oriental, 18th century or earlier. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: OHES Environmental Ltd

NN 86 18 A copper-alloy boss-style Iron Age harness strap mount was found by metal-detecting near Drummond Park. The design consists of a central boss surrounded by a channel, with a raised margin formed of two double-headed trumpets, meeting at top and bottom; there is a single loop on the reverse. The find is a stray; nothing else of this date is recorded in the vicinity. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 73/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Drummond Park: boss-style harness mount (TT 73/19), Crown copyright

NN 85 17 A fragmentary copper-alloy half-groat of James III (r. AD 1460–1488), Edinburgh mint, was recovered through metal-detecting. Less than half of the coin remains, measuring 17mm in length, 6.5mm in width and weighing <0.1g. The coin likely relates to a previously recorded hoard which featured groats and half-groats of Henry V, James II, Edward III, James I and James III (TT 39/18). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 72/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 85255 19660 A photographic and written survey of the derelict farm building on this site was undertaken on 19 March 2020. An attempt was made to phase the building. Archive: NRHE Funder: Drummond Foundation Ltd

NO 13 04 An Iron Age copper-alloy tankard handle fragment was found by metal-detecting near Milnathort. It had broken in antiquity around the middle of the pointed oval handle (the typical Scottish form). This thickens to a rib underneath and curves down to a circular attachment plate with a broken rectangular attachment tang broken across a circular perforation (D 4mm), giving a wall thickness of 4–5mm. The handle was once decorated with raised rounded marginal ribs, within which are two broader ribs, their margins decorated with a series of incisions, surviving in places as zig-zags. L 39mm; terminal W 21mm, L 22mm; overall H 23mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 234/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Milnathort, Tankard handle fragment (TT 234/19), Crown copyright

NO 1177 0498 An evaluation was carried out in September 2020 prior to development of fields to the W of Manse Road, Milnathort.

The evaluation totalled 1,420 linear metres and revealed a deep 1.2m to 1.4m infilling deposit of redeposited natural subsoil covering the western part of the landtake. This was most probably related to the construction of the M90 motorway. No archaeologically significant features or finds were observed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Springfield Properties PLC

NO 14973 04106 A historic building recording was undertaken at Orwell Farm, prior to its conversion to offices and a workshop. The site is a good example of an historic farm steading and therefore is of archaeological and historical interest.

Orwell Farm: annotated plan

Historic maps were consulted in order to understand the development of the site. A detailed photographic survey was undertaken and plans were annotated to show phasing and any additional details. The surviving historic steading building at Orwell Farm, which lies to the E and NE of the farmhouse, comprises the S and W ranges of a former farm court whose eastern and northern ranges were replaced by more modern structures in the 20th century. The combined range appears to have been of a single overall conception and integrated design typical of an improvement farming enterprise of the mid-19th century. There is a date stone of 1841 on a loft level window on the southern range. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Orwell Farm Limited

NO 121 051 A Level 1 standing building survey was undertaken of the 18th century Orwell Parish Church at Milnathort, in advance of internal reordering and the addition of an extension to its northern side.

A watching brief was carried out on the excavation of new foundation trenches for the extension. Sixty-four fragments of disarticulated human bone were recovered and reburied under the new eastern foundation line of the new extension. The work took place between 16 December 2019 and 16 September 2020. Archive: NRHE Funder: Kirk Session of Orwell and Portmoak Parish Church

was carried out at 4 Atholl Crescent, Perth, in advance of internal alterations to return the building to residential use.

The building is part of an A-listed late 18th-century crescent on the N edge of the historic burgh, facing the North Inch. For many years it was in use as professional offices, but it preserves many features of its origins as a high-status dwelling in what was a fashionable part of the growing Georgian city. This includes decorative plaster work, elegant doors and shutters, and ornate fireplaces. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Blazon Investments Ltd

Evaluation C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NO 13998 21696 On 7 February 2020 an evaluation was conducted of the steeply sloping edge of a field in advance of the construction of a new dwelling house. The site lay c150m SW of the location of Elcho Priory (Canmore ID: 28416), of which little remains above ground. Other nearby sites suggested prehistoric activity. Four trenches measuring 12 x 1m were excavated; no finds or features of archaeological interest resulted. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NO 17 03 An unusual copper-alloy Romano-British terret (a rein-guide from a chariot) was found by metal-detecting near Easter Balgedie. It consists of a ring topped by an integrally cast decorative knob with basal moulding, with the battered remains of a basal rectangular attachment loop. The loss of the loop happened in antiquity. The terret is a hybrid between simple Romano-British

examples and Iron Age knobbed terrets. External W 33.5mm, H 38mm; internal D 22 x 23.5mm; ring W 7.2mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 96/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Easter Balgedie: terret (TT 96/19), drawn by Alan Braby

NO 1759 0285 A building record was made, on 1 November 2019, of a derelict former hotel in advance of demolition. The building (Canmore ID: 345950) comprised the original core of the establishment, following demolition of modern extensions in 2016. Evidence of the expansion and reconfiguration of the hotel was noted. The upper floor was judged to be unsafe and was recorded briefly by photograph only. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Limeblue Design Ltd

NO 16 03 A late medieval enamelled copper-alloy heater-shaped harness pendant was recovered through metal-detecting. One side retains red enamel and depicts heraldic arms consisting of Gules, six pierced cinquefoils (tincture unknown). This associates the pendant with the Frasers of Touch, Stirling. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 75/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery

Evaluation Thomas Muir – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NO 18875 45385 A 10% evaluation of the 2.35ha development area consisted of 24 trenches and revealed the presence of 52 features across 16 of these trenches. Three of the features may be relatively modern quarry pits for gravel extraction, with the remaining 49 features consisting of pits, postholes and linear features of likely prehistoric date. The work took place 16–24 June 2020. A total of 57 sherds of prehistoric pottery was recovered from four features with daub fragments from one other feature. The prehistoric activity appears to extend across much of the site, outside the areas of disturbance from the possible quarry pits. Archive: NRHE Funder: GS Brown Construction Ltd

NO 0660 2610 Historic building recording of College Mill Trout Farm, on 25 March 2020, in advance of conversion. The building was in use as a beetling mill by 1860. It consists of two ranges, E and W, and a system of lades and sluices beside the River Almond. Traces of the mill mechanism survive at the core of the building, together with a history of adaptations and repairs down to the present time. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NO 09499 28974 An evaluation was carried out, 14–22 October 2020, prior to the development of a land parcel to the south of Luncarty. The evaluation totalled 2260 linear metres and revealed 63 archaeological features situated in clusters across the site. These features consisted of circular and sub-rectangular pits, a probable ring ditch, linear ditch features and the remains of a substantial prehistoric roundhouse. This was located at the summit of a flattopped hill to the immediate W of Perth-to-Inverness Railway line. It is likely that the remains are of late prehistoric date. Several sherds of undecorated prehistoric ceramics were recovered from the features during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: A & J Stephen (Builders) Ltd and I & H Brown Ltd

Metal-detecting find Ella Paul and Matthew G. Knight

NO 16 30 A copper-alloy fragment of a socketed axehead was found while metal-detecting in Balbeggie. The fragment is small and comprises only the cutting edge, a segment of the body, and part of the socket. The cutting edge does not expand widely from the body of the axehead, with the one visible tip only narrowly divergent. The object has a well-developed patina which is dark brown in colour. The axehead has been broken deliberately in antiquity, probably whilst the axehead was heated. A very slight bowing of one face can be observed on the socket section and a slight hammer mark can be seen on the corresponding face at the point of breakage. This is a common place of deliberate fragmentation on Late Bronze Age socketed axeheads, c1150–800 BC. Surviving length: 20.5mm; cutting-edge width 40.5mm; thickness 11mm; weight 20.1g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 91/19) and allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery.

Evaluation Robert Lenfert and Alison Cameron − Cameron Archaeology

NO 08271 24629 Evaluation was carried out on specific areas on this brownfield site prior to a housing development. The work was carried out between November 2018 and January 2020. The area had been completely disturbed previously by the mart which had occupied the site as well as landscaping. No archaeological finds or features were recorded. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Barratt Homes

NO 0734 2485 A watching brief was carried out, 16 March 2020, on the replacement of a faulty 11kV power cable where it intersected a line of presumed Roman gravel-pits along the N flank of the Roman road from Camelon to Cargill (SM3630). The pit alignment is clearly seen as crop marks on aerial photographs. The watching brief confirmed that the pits continue right up to the E boundary of the field, where they are obscured by an overgrown hedgerow. The soft brown fill of the pit appeared in the base of the existing cable trench, about 1m below modern ground surface, cut into yellow natural gravel and defining a feature about 1.8m across. No artefacts were recovered. The cable was renewed within the existing trench, and backfilled. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish & Southern Electricity Networks

Chance find/Metal detecting find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NS 41 72 A hoard of 15 Roman denarii dating from the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117) to Hadrian (AD 117–138). Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 98/19) and allocated to Paisley Museum

Building survey and watching brief Graeme Carruthers and Mike Cressey − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NS 3853 6587 The basic building survey took place in January 2019 and recorded the position of extant building remains that survived within the lower terrace of the re-development area. Apart from the garden boundary wall, the rest of the recorded features are associated with the tannery complex that occupied the immediate N bank of the River Gryffe. The site had begun in around 1770 and was demolished in the later part of the 20th century. None of the recorded structural remains relate to the ‘early’ cotton mill; however, the lade may have served both the cotton and leather making industries. The results attained contribute to the local industrial archaeological record, although they represent only a small remnant of what was an extensive factory complex.

A watching brief was then undertaken in February 2019 at the site. The watching brief demonstrated that, below demolition deposits of 3–4m in depth, upstanding walls and areas of flooring survived from earlier buildings, including walls identified on the 1st Edition OS map from 1863. The structural remains relate to the development of the site through the second half of the 19th century and form components of the former tannery complex. Little evidence survived which allowed the function of the buildings to be confirmed. The archaeological survival was due to the buildings being terracing into the natural slope of the ground towards the river. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Simply UK

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NS 48477 63797 A trial trench evaluation was undertaken in relation to the proposed construction of a new residential development at 22 Bridge Street, Paisley. The evaluation was carried out between the 26 August and 1 September 2020. A series of brick and sandstone built walls were uncovered which relate to various structures that formed part of a Shawl Finishing Works. These buildings are visible on mid-19th-century mapping of the area. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Nixon Blue (Bridge St) Ltd

Excavation Anthony Byledbal and Bob Will – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 4849 6388 GUARD Two trial trenches were excavated in the park to the SW of Paisley Abbey, from 21 May to 19 July 2019 as part of a community project.

One trench was located on top of the middle section of the medieval Abbey drain and revealed part of the original roof of the drain and a section that had been repaired with concrete in the early 20th century. Several demolition layers with artefacts from the 17th/18th century were also investigated.

The other trench was at the western end of the drain and the archway that formed the exit of the Drain was partially uncovered along with a channel that lead to the River Cart. Part of the outer wall of the monastic precinct was also uncovered complete with facing stones round the arch. Another small open stone built drain running in parallel to the Abbey drain was also uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Renfrewshire Council with the support of the National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF), Historic Environment Scotland, Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire Local History Forum

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NS 4829 6384 An evaluation was undertaken within the grounds of Paisley Arts Centre (a Category B Listed Building LB39059; Canmore ID: 198205) in relation to a proposed extension to the former church, improvements to the exterior grounds and internal refurbishment. The work was carried out between 18 November and 6 December 2019 and comprised of a total of 15 trenches which targeted areas where ground disturbance would occur during construction e.g. the foundations related to the proposed extension on the western side of the building and the installation of new fencing, paving and lighting. The primary aim of the trenches was to establish if any in-situ burials or other previously undiscovered archaeology lay within these areas. The evaluation revealed a number of possible grave cuts within the depth that would be required during construction, however, no human remains were present at this depth most likely due to the burials being much deeper or, in some cases, having been previously disinterred. In addition, a number of previously unknown service trenches and remains relating to the former layout of the churchyard were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Renfrewshire Council

Historic building survey Diana Sproat, Gemma Hudson and Robert Usher − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 47308 64277 A historic building survey was undertaken of redundant Gasholder No. 4 on Well Street in Paisley, in advance of demolition. The work took place between January and August 2020.

Well Street, Paisley Gasholder: orthoimage showing the laser scan pointcloud of Gasholder No 4 in its setting, view from the NW

Well Street, Paisley Gasholder: general view

Gasholder No. 4 and several governor and instrument houses are all that remain of a once large and highly regarded gasworks and holder site, praised for its combination of gas and electrics which saved labour hours as new automated methods were adopted. Constructed in 1890, the gasholder is a late example of its double order, double tier Type 14 column guided design, with its Type F circular patterned horizontal girders. It is the oldest surviving telescopic gasholder in Scotland and was the largest at the time of its construction. It is also the only one of its kind that remains with the ornamental classical detailing making it a thing of beauty as well as a functional industrial structure. The gasholder is a celebration of its location in Paisley with the old crest-of-arms on the column pedestals. Later phases of the site operation are shown with automation systems and safety fixtures.

A second ‘Phase II’ site visit was undertaken during the demolition of the gasholder which identified a brick-built and concrete-faced tank with stepped-out design on its outer face and a central dumpling which had slumped in one area. Guide rails were seen set within the tank wall along with a trussed frame crown support structure. A dry well housing the gas mains and syphon pipework was also identified. Archive: NRHE Funder: SGN

NS 4755 6390 A programme of archaeological works was undertaken at the site of a proposed residential development on land bordered by Wellmeadow Street and Castle Street, Paisley, in May and June 2018. A previous evaluation in 2017 revealed evidence of extensive truncation and recent structural remains, but was hampered by obstructions onsite.

The subsequent watching brief revealed the post-medieval remains of walls and a stone lined pit or well, as well as revealing a section through a large ditch. The lower fills of the ditch were tightly dated to the Early Bronze Age with the primary fill yielding

a date of 2200–2035 cal BC at 2 sigma (SUERC-90396) and the secondary fill returning a date of 2139–1966 cal BC at 2 sigma (SUERC-90392). An early prehistoric shafthole implement was also recovered from one of the deposits in of the ditch. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: CCG

NT 7601 6177 Chapel Field is the supposed site of an early Christian chapel (Canmore ID: 58761). Geophysical surveys (gradiometer survey and earth resistance survey) undertaken in January 2020 to the N and W of the putative chapel site revealed numerous anomalies, potentially archaeological in origin.

Geophysical survey was also undertaken nearby at Blakerstone (NT 77327 61880), targeting a possible rectilinear anomaly identified in the LiDAR data. The surveys identified numerous anomalies considered possibly of archaeological origin. However, investigative trial trenches encountered only field drains and natural geology.

Work was undertaken, in January and February 2020, as part of Whiteadder: Historic Heart of the Lammermuirs, a community arts and archaeology project led by Scottish Borders Council in partnership with East Lothian Council, and delivered by AOC Archaeology Group and CMC Associates. Archive: NRHE Funder: Fallago Environment Fund and Scottish Borders LEADER

Survey, evaluation, sampling and monitoring Geoff Parkhouse – Ancrum and District Heritage Society (ADHS)

NT 63872 23750 A multi-faceted, local community driven project, in partnership with HES, Dendrochronicle, CARD Fund, Wessex Archaeology Coastal and Marine and SUERC, has led to the discovery and dating of one of Scotland’s earliest bridges.

The Society discovered the remains in the bed of the River Teviot in 2018, under the arches of the 1784 Toll Bridge. This verified archive references to an earlier bridge. That bridge is likely to have stood for over 350 years.

The remains comprised of pier foundations and oak branders (a wooden frame set into the riverbed). The timbers lie under the stone kerb foundations and are therefore the earliest part of the construction. From ADHS sampling, Coralie Mills of Dendrochronicle was able to identify the timber as very probably local native oak, but has so far been unable to dendro-date the branders due to lack of contemporary data, a situation which may change through the wider development of regional SE Scottish oak reference data through her SESOD research project. Wessex Archaeology underwater team surveyed, evaluated and photographed the site, retrieving more oak samples. Samples of the oak were sent to SUERC for carbon 14 dating, (funded by CARD and HES). The results gave a dating to the mid 14th century. These are the oldest scientifically dated remains of a bridge ever found in their original position across one of Scotland’s rivers. This is the first time branders have been found in an archaeological context in Scotland, a rare survival of this part of an early bridge, and in a nationally strategic location.

The 650 year-old remains appear to have been sealed under the riverbed until very recently. Recent storms and flood surges have exposed them. Now that they are exposed, they are under immediate threat of destruction. ADHS monitoring and Wessex Archaeology survey has proven that one quarter of the bestpreserved pier platform has been undermined and lost to erosion over the past two years. The Society continues to monitor the riverbed remains, seeks to retrieve more data and continues to archive research the story of the bridge and its part in local, regional and national history. Funders: Historic Environment Scotland and Community Archaeology Radiocarbon Dating (CARD) Fund

Ancrum Old Bridge: the foundations of stone and brander of the medieval Ancrum Bridge on the bed of the River Teviot, seen through the arch of the 1784 Toll Bridge, © Richard Strathie, Ancrum and District Heritage Society

Ancrum Old Bridge: Robert MacKintosh of Wessex Archaeology with a sample of oak brander that sees the light of day for the first time in over 650 years

Metal detector survey Stuart Mitchell − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 6177 2693 A metal detector survey was undertaken within a former planting strip at Lilliardsedge Holiday Park which lies within the Battle of Ancrum Moor Inventory Battlefield. The survey took place, in July 2020, following tree felling. No artefacts relating to the battle of Ancrum Moor were recovered, nor were any other significant artefacts from other periods recovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Lilliardsedge Holiday Park and Golf Course

Evaluation and excavation Thomas Muir – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 92042 60904 A metal detecting survey and archaeological evaluation was carried out, between November 2018 and March 2019, on an area proposed for a housing development at Beanburn. The trial trench evaluation amounted to a little under 10% (2,076m2) of the total area proposed for development (2.076ha) as parts of the site were inaccessible. A total of seven potentially significant archaeological features were encountered including ditches and postholes that relate to a site identified from aerial photography. Following the evaluation, excavation was undertaken to target the area where the archaeological features were uncovered. A total of 24 significant archaeological features were encountered during excavation along with three sherds of hand-made prehistoric pottery that may date to the Neolithic period. Archive: NRHE Funder: Berwickshire Housing Association

NT 59808 20735 An evaluation was carried out, 7 February 2020, on an area proposed for the construction of a private house at Newton Farm. The trial trench evaluation of 10% of the available 894m2 development area, excluding an area of mature trees that will be retained, was undertaken. Three trenches were excavated across the site, measuring 15m in length by 2m in width. During the work a linear feature, a possible small drainage gully of relatively modern date was uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NT 52602 27365 A watching brief was undertaken during groundbreaking work for the extension of Schoolhouse Cottage, on 3–4 June 2020. The site is part of the grounds of the old schoolhouse in Midlem (Canmore ID: 100131), present on 1st Edition OS maps. A possible wall foundation and related stone-lined drain were uncovered during the works. No accurate dating is possible, and no other finds were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey Clare Ellis and Hilary McLauchlan – Argyll Archaeology

NT 12576 38208 A pre-afforestation walkover survey was conducted at Broughton Place Farm. During the walkover 53 sites of archaeological or historical interested were recorded. The sites comprised 41 quarries, one shieling, three stock enclosures, three platform stances, two large field banks and two associated piles of stones, two drystone walls, a twinning pen, a ‘circle’ of stones, two drove roads, a mill lade and a duck pond.

NT 12596 38353 Earthen and stone enclosure (Canmore ID: 341903). Wall 1.5m high and 3–3.5m wide. Internal wall 8m in from southern entrance. Internal wall 1m wide by 8m long. N end drystone structure, 5 x 8m. Circular northern end and then near straight wall across. Internal wall 0.7m wide of rounded cobbles. Shown on 1st Edition OS map, sheet XII, 1859 as ‘old sheep fold’. Also shown on a second plan of Broughton Farm (undated) as a ‘stell’.

NT 12447 38636 Possible cup-marked stone. 2.10 x 1.10m rounded semi-circular stone with possible cups (natural?) in it. Circa 30 cups, either erosion or pecked?

NT 12395 39325 Quarry. Stone quarry, separate pits/faces circa 30m in side of hill.

NT 12098 38751 Drove road. 1–1.5m wide, roughly following contour.

NT 12133 38472 Small quarries. 8 x 5m, oval quarry scoop.

NT 11821 37988 Small quarry. 8 x 5m, oval quarry scoop.

NT 11731 37959 Large Enclosure/ Field Wall. Right angle corner at top of slope. 3.3–3.5m wide and up to 1m high.

NT 11617 37819 Small quarry. Oval scoop with vertical rock edge and small pile of stone on S side.

NT 12180 37641 Rectangular enclosure (Canmore ID: 341906). Rectangular enclosure 6m x 5m, low earthen and stone walls 0.5m wide and 0.2m high with low bank 8m long and 0.5–1m wide extending down to track. Shown as rectangular structure set against the field boundary, sheep fold on 1st Edition OS map, sheet XII, 1859.

NT 12267 37638 Quarry. 8m x 8m quarry, 3m deep from back edge.

NT 12306 37663 Series of 3 quarry scoops. Series of quarry scoops culminating in large scoop near base of the hill (NT 12306 37680).

NT 12349 37696 Quarry scoop. 8m x 5m quarry scoop.

NT 12362 27703 Two quarry scoops (Canmore ID: 341905) Smaller upper 8 x 5m and much larger lower one used as a farm dump. Rubble scree to the front. Shown on 1st Edition OS map Sheet XII, 1859 as ‘old quarry (whinstone)’.

NT 12328 37528 Stone pile. Pile of stones 3 x 3m probably for adjacent wall/bank.

NT 12315 37517 Bank. Stone and earthen bank running NNW–SSE, up to 0.8m high and 3m wide. These field boundaries appear to be shown on the plan of the farm surrounding Little Hope parcel of land.

NT 12369 37513 Stone pile. 5 x 4m pile of stone presumably for nearby bank.

NT 12350 37382 Bank. Possibly part of previously recorded bank, 0.2m high and 2m wide stone bank. These field boundaries appear to be shown on the plan of the farm surrounding Little Hope parcel of land.

NT 32326 37160 Field bank or part of enclosure system running NNW–SSE 1 – 1.5m wide and 0.2m high.

NT 12268 37099 Quarry scoop 5 x 4m.

NT 12224 37091 Quarry scoops x 3 in a line.

NT 12154 37078 Quarry scoop 5 x 3m.

NT 12091 37086 Large quarry (Canmore ID: 341902). Quarry 25m x 15m. Shown on 1st Edition OS map, sheet XII,

1859 as ‘old quarry (whinstone)’.

NT 12337 37119 Quarry scoop. Elongated quarry 10m x 3m.

NT 12364 37129 Quarry scoop 3 x 4m.

NT 12406 37151 Quarry scoop 5 x 5m.

NT 12493 37168 Quarry scoop 5 x 5m.

NT 12504 37189 Two quarry scoops 15 x 5m.

NT 13110 37668 Quarry scoops, elongated with stone exposed at N end with 2 further circular scoops to the N.

NT 12395 37857 Enclosure. Sub-rectangular enclosure 21m x 14m. Walls maximum of 3m wide and circa 0.3m high. Entrance facing N.

NT 12383 37864 Enclosure. Roughly circular enclosure 15m x 17m, no clear entrance. 2m wide bank, circa 0.3m high.

NT 12272 37906 Duck pond with dam, stock enclosure (Canmore ID: 341904). Duck pond with dam (1930s) and sluice gate. Sits at base of glen. Location of sub-triangular sheep fold shown on 1st OS map, Sheet XII, 1859. This sheep fold is no longer visible and was probably destroyed when the duck pond was created and the small deciduous plantation was planted so nothing visible on the ground.

NT 11942 37693 Wall. Defunct stone wall, max 0.5m high and 1m wide, collapsed. Runs NE–SW.

NT 11919 37672 Small platform. Small platform – possible alluvial cone or deliberately made? 5m x 5m, near flat, located next to the burn.

NT 12905 38020 Circle of stones. Small circle of rocks 1.6 x 1.3m, possible twinning pen.

NT 13139 38552 Artificial platforms. Two artificial platforms with rubble stone front. 1m high fronts, 6m x 4m platforms, possible roundhouse stances.

NT 13227 38404 Drystone boulder-built structure, 1m wide wall, 0.5m high, 4.3 x 4.2m with possible animal pens to NW side of the structure.

NT 13187 38467 Stone circle. Circle of stone 2.5m diameter with stone piled within. 0.2m high. Small animal pen/burial cairn?

NT 13120 38517 Quarry 7m x 15m with scree slope.

NT 12887 38451 Bank/Mound. C-shaped 0.75m high bank with lower interior, 10m x 8m. Next to stream. Possible burnt mound or structure.

NT 13207 38859 Small quarry and large quarry adjacent to defunct drystone wall 8 x 8m on top of Hammer Head.

NT 13211 38868 Drystone wall 0.3m high and 0.75m wide runs alongside fence and forms boundary wall.

NT 13279 38794 Quarry. Rock quarry on edge of very steep gully 8m x 8m.

NT 13414 38674 Quarry scoop 5 x 5m.

NT 13425 38646 Quarry scoop 3 x 3m.

NT 13431 38625 Large Quarry (Canmore ID: 344407) 7 x 7m, exposed rock at back. Shown on 1st Edition OS map Sheet XII, 1859 as ‘old quarry (Whinstone)’.

NT 13498 38387 Very small quarry scoop, 2m x 2m.

NT 13402 38021 Quarry scoop 10 x 4m.

NT 12634 37352 Quarry scoop 3 x 3m.

NT 12486 37394 Three quarry scoops adjacent within a 15 x 15m area.

NT 12122 37489 Mill lade on 1st Edition OS map, sheet XII 1859. Shown with 4 wooden footbridges over it, the remains of which can be seen today. Active ‘drain’.

NT 11325 37489 Defunct drystone wall c20m long, 1m high and 0.4m wide runs N–S shown on 1st Edition OS map sheet XI 1859.

NT 12443 38369 Track. Probable former drove road, now John Buchan Way. Funder: RDS Forestry Ltd

Metal-detecting find Lydia Prosser, Alice Blackwell and Ella Paul – National Museums Scotland

NT 80 59 A late medieval gold finger ring was recovered through metal-detecting. The finger ring takes the form of a rectangularsectioned hoop, inscribed on the outer face with + AGLAL + VECERAICC + VEI and on the inner face with + AG LIE HVRE hAhEAS TAV. Assessment under a microscope showed that the engraver lightly traced some letters on the inner hoop before engraving them fully; the visibility of these preparatory marks suggest that the object was lost soon after manufacture. The contraction and abbreviation of religious phrases on medieval jewellery was widespread and deciphering their meaning often poses challenges. AGLA is a common contraction of the Hebrew phrase Ate Gebir Leilam Adonai ‘Thou art mighty forever, O Lord’. TAV may represent the Greek letter and the medieval T-shaped cross associated with St Anthony, though this was more commonly represented pictorially than in script. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 80/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Marygoldhill Plantation: the outer bank viewed from the SSW

NT 8072 6051 Excavations were undertaken on the linear earthwork forming an enclosure close to Marygoldhill Plantation fort (Canmore ID: 59927). The enclosure is visible on the ground as a linear depression which partially encloses the fort, running for approximately 200m SE–NW, turning at a right angle to extend around 425m SW–NE and around 85m NW–SE. Entrances/ breaks in the earthwork are suspected at its western end, on both the SE–NW and SW–NE stretches. The enclosure is generally considered to be an annexe of the nearby fort. Excavations were carried out at the site in 1983, following severe plough damage. The ditch was found to be V-shaped, 5m in width, with a bank measuring around 3m in width on the interior. Excavations were halted at 3m in depth, which appears to have been close to the lowest point of the ditch. The objectives of the current excavations were to explore the nature and condition of the earthworks with a view to gaining a better understanding of the form, function and date of the ditch.

A trench 9 x 2.5m and was placed across the ditch on an SW–NE alignment, close to the northern edge of the plantation. An extension around 2m and 1.5m wide was later added to the SW, to catch the edge of the outer bank.

The outer bank was found to be formed of a stony, mixed deposit

surviving to a depth of around 0.2m which overlay a layer of weathered natural. Running along the exterior edge of the outer bank were the traces of a wall formed of rounded and sub-angular stones up to 0.25m in diameter, surviving only to one course. This is interpreted as a footing or low wall demarcating the extent of the outer bank.

The ditch was cut into the bedrock, with the upcast material being incorporated into the banks. The ditch fill was very stony, formed mostly of what appeared to be bank material that had slipped into the ditch. Despite the previous excavators having commented on how wet the ditch fill was, in this area the fill was well drained and appeared sterile; indeed, the soil samples collected did not yield any organic material suitable for dating.

Work was undertaken as part of Whiteadder: Historic Heart of the Lammermuirs, a community arts and archaeology project led by Scottish Borders Council in partnership with East Lothian Council, and delivered by AOC Archaeology Group and CMC Associates. Archive:NRHE Funder: Fallago Environment Fund and the Scottish Borders LEADER programme

NT 46 38 A complete copper-alloy developed flat axehead was found while metal-detecting in Caddonfoot, near Galashiels. The axehead has a thin and moderately narrow curved butt; the body gently curves on both sides to a curved cutting edge. Minimal flanges are present on both sides, running along the length of the body. The axehead is heavily worn, with much of the original surface missing. There are small patches of dark brown patina but largely areas of light green destructive corrosion causing delamination of the original surface. It can be classified as Schmidt and Burgess’ (1981, Axes of Scotland and Northern England, PBF) Type Aylesford and dates to the Early Bronze Age c1950–1875 BC. Developed flat axes are well-known in Scotland and the find-spot falls within the expected area of distribution. It was found close to Torwoodlee broch and fort, but falls outside of the Scheduled Area. Length: 105mm; cutting-edge width: 50.7mm; butt width: 23mm; weight: 132.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 85/19) and allocated to LiveBorders

Field visit Andrew Jepson – Archaeology Scotland

NT 48901 07574 – NT 48877 07309. A field visit to Barns Moss Firing Range was carried out, 28 October 2019, at Stobs Camp by Archaeology Scotland. Three observation posts, one building platform and a possible firing range boundary marker were recorded in a parcel of land measuring approximately 265m N–S. Barns Moss was used as a firing range during the First World War. It is depicted on a Stobs “Special Sheet” map published by the War Office in 1923.

NT 48887 07424 Half-buried L-shaped concrete observation post measuring 5.7m on an E–W alignment and 2.1m N–S. Significant collapse was observed; the concrete walls and roof were broken and the latter was laying upside down. A metal plaque marked “JOHNSON & PHILLIPS LTD, No. 3614 1918” was observed bolted to the concrete. The majority of the E–W section was flooded making access difficult although half a dozen vertical wooden stakes were observed along the inner face. Some were fixed in place with strong wire.

NT 48916 07448 (centred on) Building platform. An area of flat ground was observed 38m ENE from the observation post at NT 48887 07424. The “Special Sheet” map suggests that a tramway ran close to this area. It is possible that the feature may have been part of the infrastructure. A flat layer of concrete was found 0.03m beneath the surface. The size and extent of the building platform could not be identified. Further exploration and possible excavation is required to reveal the footprint.

NT 48925 07553 Half-buried concrete observation post comprising a trench measuring 9.65m by 0.94m on an NW–SE alignment and a shelter at the NW end measuring approximately 3.2m square. The trench was 1.2m deep. Although the shelter contained water a metal plaque marked “JOHNSON & PHILLIPS LTD, No. 3635 1918” was observed bolted to the inner wall. An aperture in the plaque suggests that it would have housed a telephone receiver or communication device. Further assessment of the shelter interior was not possible. The concrete walls throughout were reinforced with chicken wire. Across the top of the shelter at roof height there was a horizontal metal pole with 7 vertical hooks. It was unclear whether this was contemporary with the observation post.

NT 48901 07574 Half-buried concrete observation post comprising an entrance section on an NW–SE alignment measuring 5.45m in length and a shelter to the NE measuring 1.5m wide. It is located 32m NW from the observation post at NT 48925 07553. A metal plaque marked “JOHNSON & PHILLIPS LTD, No. 3559 1918” was observed bolted to the concrete.

NT 48877 07309 Firing range boundary marker (possible). A weathered wooden stake fixed vertically in the ground was observed 115m S from the observation post at NT 48887 07424 and E from the firing range embankment. Two metal L-shaped brackets were attached to the upper section on opposing sides with square-headed bolts. A coil of wire was wound round one bracket.

No archaeological finds were discovered. Archive: Historic Environment Scotland, Scottish Borders Council, HER (intended) Funder: Heritage Lottery Fund (Scotland), Historic Environment Scotland, Borders LEADER, Fallago Environment Fund and BCCF Environmental

Barns Moss: observation post shelter

Metal detecting find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NT 54 16 A silver denarius of Hadrian, AD 117, Rome mint, RIC II Hadrian 9a. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 215/19) and allocated to Trimontium Museum Trust

Kinninghall: range looking N

NT 53299 15473 (centred on) Two corrugated iron structures and a brick building, on an NE–SW alignment on the outskirts of Hawick in the Scottish Borders. Emergency building survey conducted by the Stobs Camp Project, March 2020, following the felling of a bank of trees along the NW side of the structures. The survey concluded that the condition of the buildings ranged from ‘fair’ to ‘very poor’.

Building 1 – Rectangular corrugated iron structure with SE face approximately 17.2m long by SW face approximately 4.9m wide. From the SW a section measuring 11.1m longitudinally resembled a standard Nissen hut configuration; it was 11m (36 feet) long and comprised of six sections, each 2 x 4.8m (6 feet long and 16 feet wide). Features include four dormer-style windows on the SE elevation although the window frame furthest SW was found lying on the ground. Externally the hut was partially covered in vertical corrugated iron panels but much of the roof and walls had collapsed. Internally, cast steel half-circle ribs were identified. In places they were attached to wooden purlins and bolted to wooden bearers. Straining wires were also observed attached to the ribs. Further internal examination was not possible due to the unsafe condition of the structure. An access door is present, SW facing. The remaining 6.1m of the structure at its NE end appeared incongruous with the Nissen hut and was lower in height. The structures were joined but the purpose and use of the NE section was unclear.

Building 2 – Square corrugated iron structure approximately 5.3m SE facing by 4.9m SW facing. Building largely collapsed with the roof space now at ground level. Alterations suggest that it was converted to a dovecot at some point. Due to its instability an internal investigation was not possible.

Building 3 – Rectangular brick building with corrugated roof sloping down to the NW and timber-lined internally. SE facing 6.42m by 3.7m SW facing. Features include three large windows SE facing, one SW facing and a smaller window NE facing. Access was via a single square-headed door facing NE. Internally, the window sills were decorated with patterned tiles. Externally, two vertical wooden batons were visible at the SW elevation attached to the brick walls. They suggest that an additional lean-to building had been attached at this location which had subsequently collapsed or had been taken down.

Although no specific dating evidence was identified all three buildings are believed to be 20th century in date. Archive: Scottish Borders Council, NRHE (intended) Funder: Heritage Lottery Fund (Scotland), Historic Environment Scotland, Borders LEADER, Fallago Environment Fund and BCCF Environmental

Building evaluation Andrew Jepson and Dianne Swift – Archaeology Scotland

NT 50422 09678 (centred on). Vegetation clearance and archaeological assessment was carried out on the concrete foundations of a previously unidentified building in a wooded area SW of Stobs Station by Archaeology Scotland’s Stobs Camp Project, 20–21 November 2019. The structure is depicted on Ordnance Survey Roxburghshire Sheet no. XXIV, surveyed in 1916 and the War Office Stobs “Special Sheet” published in 1923. Anecdotally, the structure may have a connection to a tea house described in an oral history recorded in 2017. Rectangular in plan with longitudinal sides facing N and S. N facing wall 9.4m and W facing wall 6.4m with an outer concrete pavement, broken in places, visible N and W measuring 2.1m and 1.2m wide respectively. The concrete foundations measure approximately 0.4m wide. Features include two concrete steps W and E facing interpreted as entrances to the building. At the W-facing door the concrete wall section had a wavy edge suggesting that vertical corrugated iron panels formed the walls of the structure. In the SW corner there was an external drain running along the ground measuring 0.3m wide and leading to a soakaway. Evidence of a drain was also discovered in the NE corner. Whilst no flooring had survived, eight concrete posts, each measuring approximately 0.3m square, were located at intervals in the interior, suggesting they supported floor joists. There was a series of holes in the N and W wall foundations, visible internally and externally. Some had broken ceramic pipe in situ. To the N of the structure three concrete steps led up to the building from a tarmac road.

Finds included a complete clear glass jar marked with the Food Manufactures Federation logo, probably dating to the 1940s or 1950s and a fragment of a cream-coloured glazed ceramic pot base marked “NEWCASTLE”. Possibly made by Maling for Keiller. The evaluation did not conclude a purpose for the building. Archive: NRHE (intended); Scottish Borders Council HER (intended) Funder: Heritage Lottery Fund (Scotland), Historic Environment Scotland, Borders LEADER, Fallago Environment Fund and BCCF Environmental

Stobs Camp: drain and soakaway in SW corner

NT 87 56 A gold, decorated penannular ring was found while metaldetecting in Chirnside. The ring is complete, though deformed, with a triangular section. This form of penannular ring is conventionally referred to as a ‘lock-ring’ and dates to the Late Bronze Age, c1000–800 BC. Full publication of the ring is in preparation. Diameter: 27.6 x 26.5mm; thickness 6.7mm; weight 6.61g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 77/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland (X.FE 114).

NT 86 56 A fragmentary early medieval gilded copper-alloy great square-headed brooch was recovered through metal-detecting. The surviving fragment consists of part of the headplate and part of the bow. The headplate has an incised rectangular frieze on the front face, containing a Style I abstract and intertwining zoomorphic design. The frieze runs around two circular glass insets, positioned latitudinally, something that is fairly unusual although not completely unknown. Between the two insets is a feature that was probably intended to represent a zoomorphic head; this continues onto the bow and turns into a broad raised rib. The remains of an undecorated cast boss is visible in the centre of the rib. Remnants of two iron rivets penetrate the front of the bow and it is possible that these once secured a separate decorative roundel to the bow. Alternatively, the rivets may represent a repair to the catch mechanism. On the reverse of the headplate are two lugs to hold the (now missing) pin bar. The fragmentary nature of this object makes fitting it into the established typology difficult, although the continuation of the bow rib into the headplate might align this example with two variants found around Humberside (Hines types XXII and XIV).

This is the first early Anglo-Saxon Style I-decorated brooch fragment recovered from Scotland and is therefore a significant discovery. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 78/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland.

NT 87 56 A late medieval gold demy lion of Robert III was recovered through metal-detecting. The coin is from the light issue, dating to AD 1403–1406. The obverse depicts a shield with lion rampart and single flory tressure within a ribbed border. The obverse legend reads: + ROBERTVS DEI G : REX SCOT. The reverse depicts a saltire cross with fleurs de lis and trefoils in alternating corners. The reverse legend reads: XPC/ ReGnAT/XPC/VInCT. The coin is 17.5mm in diameter and weighs 1.18g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 125/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Chirnside: gold demy lion of Robert III (TT 125/19), Crown copyright

Watching brief Leah Watt − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 75380 68800 Watching briefs were maintained in both February 2019 and February 2020 during the extension of the quarry extraction area at Fulfordlees Quarry. A total of three individual pit features and one linear feature, that ran outwith the excavation area, were identified; no artefacts were recovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Kinegar Quarries Ltd

NT 82030 40575 A historic building survey of two derelict barns located at Crooks Farm near Coldstream was undertaken on 6 February 2020. The works were completed in advance of the part-demolition and renovation of the buildings.

The barns subject to survey are one of the few remaining 19th-century elements of the former steading range at Crooks Farm, much of which has now been removed and replaced with a larger modern agricultural shed. Some of the steading buildings remain to the N side, and these have now been converted to domestic accommodation.

Both barns can be dated to the 19th century, although the southernmost barn is the earlier, constructed as a cart shed, in the early 19th century. The features within this barn, including bearing boxes and other blocked openings, indicate that at some point it was also used as a possible threshing barn. The northernmost barn was a later addition to the steading constructed between 1862–1900 as a cow byre. It had fewer features than the southern barn, forming a simple large open space with the roof joists and rafters supported by a rectangular array of thin cast-iron columns. A cart entrance once linked the byre to the barn to the E side, although this has now been blocked up. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Hudson Hirsel

Evaluation Rob Engl − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 82030 40575 An evaluation was undertaken on 26 February 2020, ahead of the redevelopment of land at Crooks Farm. The evaluation was restricted by numerous live services that feed surrounding cottages and farmhouse. However, a total of five linear metres (125 linear metres) were excavated within the land plot revealing a sterile agricultural topsoil 0.05m to 0.40m in depth. The topsoil overlaid a natural of pale yellow boulder clay.

A thin deposit of colluvial silt 0.25m in depth was revealed during the excavation of Trench 3. This deposit overlaid a broad rubble drain of probable 19th-century date cut into the natural.

The excavation of Trench 5 along the northern edge of the existing hayrick revealed the truncated remains of a single sandstone base which due to its position was probably part of the original 19th-century barn structure. No other significant archaeological features or material was observed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Hudson Hirsel

NT 78 54 A Romano-British copper-alloy headstud brooch (Mackreth type 5a) was found by metal-detecting near Duns Law, where an Iron Age hillfort is known. L 28.5mm, W 16mm, H 10.5mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 124.19) and allocated to LiveBorders Museum Service

Historic building recording Alan Hunter Blair – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 57220 39746 In December 2019, a basic historic building recording survey of the interior of Huntshaw Farmhouse was undertaken. The property is L-shaped in plan and in its original form may have been a farmhouse and byre. Extensive internal and external remodelling of the building have taken place. This was evident in a first-floor brick-built extension over the original ground floor rubble built North Wing. Various blocked original openings and new slapped openings were visible along with extensive remodelling of the hall and stairway at ground and first floor levels in the two-storey South Wing. Two-tone painted

original plaster walls visible in some of the rooms in the South Wing suggest the property was built during the first half of the 19th century. Archive: NRHE Funder: Murray Land and Buildings

Chance find/Metal detecting find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NT 74 27 A scattered hoard consisting of 48 silver pennies of Edward I and II and Alexander III of Scotland. A deposition date for this hoard can be estimated to cAD 1307–09 based on the latest coins in the hoard (class 10cf3), the relatively low number of class 10 and the absence of later coins supports a terminus post quem in the early 1300s. Disclaimed by Treasure Trove (TT 87/19)

Evaluation and historic building survey Ian Hill and Michelle Gamble – Heritage and Archaeological Research Practice (HARP)

NT 70609 27008 The former Eckford Parish Church is a Category B Listed Building (LB3840: Canmore ID: 58233), and sits near to the eastern bank of the River Teviot, approximately 1km to the N of the modern village of Eckford. The archaeological works associated with the planned development consisted of historic building recording (HBR) at the former parish church, and an evaluation of the Glebe (located to the W of the church graveyard) and took place on 19 March to 28 July 2020. A watching brief to monitor groundbreaking works associated with the insertion of services through the graveyard, and ground level alterations in the former church crypt will be carried out at a later date.

The HBR created a baseline record of the church and its architectural features, identifying five distinct units within the complex of buildings, some of which date to the original church construction in the 1660s, whilst other elements relate to later renovations, or more recent repair works. Over 140 architectural features were identified and recorded during the HBR, however several further features are likely present within the building, particularly within the main church building, but were not identifiable due to the extensive rendering on the exterior of the building, and plastering on the interior of the building. The evidence of a former church entrance at the eastern end of the south wall of the church was, for instance, only discernible in historic documents. Features or elements pertaining to an earlier structure or church on the site could not be identified.

The overall condition of the features recorded was generally good; however, there are areas of weathering to some of the stonework, and damage to the wooden framework of several windows, which will need repaired or replaced. Some loose stonework was also identified in the dormers of the windows on the S wall of the church, and the lintel stone of the vestibule entranceway is badly cracked. Archaeological evaluation in the glebe field was conducted to cover not less than 10% of the glebe field subject to development. Six trenches were excavated, with one containing features identified as being potentially archaeological. Trench 2 contained three possible features, however all three features appeared to be of either a more modern date, or not archaeologically significant. Two pits identified within the trench displayed characteristics of more modern features, and the fills of both pits suggest that these may have been modern dumps. A spread of stones identified at the N end of Trench 2 showed no structural, or drainage, characteristics and likely represented a more modern dump or spread of rubble material. No further features were identified across the remaining trenches, and therefore no features of archaeological significance were identified during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NT 75 26 A complete copper-alloy miniature socketed axehead was found while metal-detecting near Morebattle. The socketed axehead is very small and appears to be a miniature of larger forms dating to c800–600 BC. Length 40.0mm; cutting edge width 20.1mm; socket dimensions (width x height) 14.0 x 13.9mm; weight 14.89g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 86/19) and allocated to LiveBorders

NT 23862 54295 A historic building survey of an abandoned steading at Craigburn, near Leadburn, was carried out on 19 February 2020, in advance of the part-demolition and renovation of the steading buildings.

This small range of three barns located to the SE of Shepherd’s Cottage once formed the main range of farm buildings associated with Craigburn Steading, originating in the late 18th century, with Shepherd’s Cottage itself forming the original farmhouse. All three barns are of different phases, with the central barn possibly starting life as a bothy, although it was possibly later converted for use as a threshing barn. The SW and NE barns were most latterly used as cow byres, although it is unclear whether this was their original function. The NE barn has also been largely rebuilt in brick. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NT 86585 54301 A historic building survey of a former coach house adjoining the Allanton Inn, Main Street, Allanton was undertaken on 22 January 2020, ahead of intended development. The works included a ‘Basic’ level of survey on the cottage which included a photographic, written and drawn (floor plan and elevation) record of the building prior to its redevelopment. The Coach House at Allanton appears to have been built in 1835, at the same time as the adjacent Allanton Inn. The building has served a number of functions since this time, from stable and hayloft to fire station and finally as a store. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NT 4986 3578 A watching brief was carried out, in March 2019, at Glenfield Industrial Estate, Currie Road, Galashiels. The remains of an icehouse and a length of wall most probably associated with the former Langhaugh House were identified.

The icehouse was roofless and had been cut through by a later wall at its southern end. The surviving remains indicated that it was rectangular in plan and built of mortared stone with thick

(0.44m wide) walls and had once had a vaulted roof.

The length of wall was of a similar build to the icehouse, so may have been contemporary. It was not possible to identify if the wall was associated with the icehouse.

The surviving remains were reduced in height and preserved in situ below hard landscaping. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Hart Builders (Edinburgh) Ltd

NT 50034 14366 A historic building survey of a former mill building at 9–11 Buccleuch Street was undertaken on 14–15 January 2020 in advance of the part-demolition and renovation of the building.

The mill building at Nos 9–11 Buccleuch Street, forming part of the Peter Scott textile mill established in 1897, was constructed between 1899–1916. It operated as a yarn store to the ground floor areas, with additional storage and finishing activities to the two upper floor levels. Its large steel superstructure allowed it to be heavily fenestrated to provide the maximum amount of light for the workers undertaking the valuable finishing activities inside. The two-bay hipped roof was supported by a central row of castiron columns in the upper floors. The mill is a typical example of a finishing and yarn store for a textile mill of the early 20th century, which were generally housed in two- or three-storey structures in contrast to the large single-storey weaving sheds with saw-tooth roofs. Closing in 2016, the mill will now see a new lease of life as a residential complex, retaining something of the original character of the building. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Pesco Developments

NT 50056 14409 A historic building survey was undertaken of the former Peter Scott’s Mill located at Nos 7–11 Buccleuch Street, Hawick. The works were completed, in July 2020, in advance of the demolition of the buildings to create a new car park area for a new development.

Peter Scott’s Mill was founded in the late 1890s by Peter Scott at Buccleuch Street, with the Buccleuch Street frontage, which contained the main offices to the mill complex, completed by 1913. The industrial areas of the mill were located to the S and included two large single-storey weaving sheds, typically large buildings with an expanse of columns supporting the saw-tooth roofs. Storehouses for the yarn, final products and other goods and materials were housed in taller multi-storey buildings, and a large red brick chimney signifies the use of steam engines to provide power to the machines, which is still a prominent feature in Hawick’s skyline.

The mill buildings which were subject to survey in this report include a range of mill buildings which are central to the complex and consist of the two large former weaving sheds, two former milling rooms, a yarn store, loading bay, several circulation areas and other small ancillary rooms and workshops. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Pesco Developments

NT 50435 15135 (centre of Hawick) A historic building survey was carried out, in June 2020, of features which will be affected by the Hawick Flood Protection Scheme. The survey included a number of river wall sections, the Albert Bridge and the frontage of the former Glebe Mills building.

The sections of river walls were originally constructed in coursed stone rubble, although there have been later repairs, undertaken in the last 10–15 years in response to major floods, in the form of breeze-block walls and steel sheeted walling housing large boulders. The Albert Bridge is a typical example of a mid-19thcentury segmental stone arch bridge, mostly unchanged since being opened in 1865. The only notable addition or alteration is the addition of modern bracketing and pipework on the outside of the western parapet to carry utilities across the river. The Glebe Mills frontage remains largely intact as it was when constructed in the 19th century, although has had many additions and alterations in the mid-late 20th century. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: McLaughlin & Harvey Ltd for Scottish Borders Council

Watching brief Gary Savory − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 50260 15211 Human remains were identified by members of the groundwork team for the Scottish Borders Council whilst excavating trenches on Princes Street in Hawick. The work was halted and the find was reported to the relevant authorities. Work commenced again when an archaeologist was present to monitor the remainder of the excavation, in December 2019 and January 2020.

The articulated remains of an adolescent male aged 16–18 years were identified in a grave cut, aligned E–W and in a supine position with the arms by either side of the torso. The skull and torso were within the trench and were excavated. The adolescent had mild spinal and extra-spinal degeneration in the form of Schmorl’s nodes and osteophtyes, suggestive of physical labour. At the time of death, he was suffering from a chronic respiratory condition. A sample of bone was dated to AD 1663–1917.

The remains of a second individual were recovered whilst cleaning the slumped-in material from the sides of the trench. There was no visible grave cut for this skeleton, but the remains appear to have come from slightly higher up and to the S of the adolescent burial, although there was no stratigraphic relationship between the two. The remains consisted of an infant aged 8–16 months, which displayed cranial lesions; these could not be diagnosed although haemorrhage and scurvy are possibilities. A sample of bone was dated to AD 1681–1940. A single neonatal left femur from a different individual was found along with the infant.

The skeletons are thought to have derived from the former Wilton Old Church graveyard (Canmore ID 55293) which was cleared of its tombstones in 1957; the graveyard was noted to contain burials dating back as far as 1606 when it was cleared. The original parish church was built in 1762 and the new church was built around 1859. The skeletal remains will be reburied by SBC in due course. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

construction of a wooden holiday chalet. The site is located to the N of a cropmark site, therefore it was thought possible that associated archaeological remains may be present within the area of the proposed development.

No features or finds of archaeological significance were uncovered. The only archaeological feature noted was the heavily truncated remnants of a small outbuilding at the S, this is likely to relate to the former early 20th century piggery on the site. Previous work nearby (DES Vol 17, 153) similarly found no archaeological finds or features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NT 35563 37382 An evaluation and watching brief were undertaken at 10 Caberston Avenue, Walkerburn, prior to development. The site had previously formed part of a Scheduled Area comprising a number of cultivation terraces, the remains of Purvishill Tower and a related enclosure (SM2391, Canmore ID: 53104). Currently, the boundary of the Scheduled Area lies to the W and N of the development area. Seven evaluation trenches, which targeted either possible cultivation terraces or areas directly within the footprint of each of the buildings, and a watching brief on a section of access road, were carried out between 20 January and 14 February 2020.

The evaluation showed that the features originally interpreted as possible cultivation terraces were a series of tracks and paths relating to quarry activity which took place to the N and W of the development area during the 19th and 20th centuries. Forty-six sherds of domestic Bronze Age pottery were discovered at the eastern extent of the development area; however, as no ground disturbance was to be undertaken here as part of the development, excavation was limited and any additional remains which may have been present were preserved in situ. It is, therefore, unclear whether the pottery relates to prehistoric activity on the eastern side of the development area or further upslope, the pottery having been naturally carried down slope with hill wash. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Excavation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NT 73033 33693 A phase of archaeological mitigation was undertaken on the south eastern edge of the Kelso Abbey precinct, a Scheduled Monument (SM90177), on behalf of the Kelso Heritage Society in relation to the proposed development of a community orchard. The first phase comprised a geophysical survey conducted in June 2019 (Ovenden, DES 2019). The second phase consisted of the archaeological excavation of 16 planting holes corresponding to the proposed fruit tree locations. The trenches measured 1m² and aimed to establish the topsoil depth as well as the presence or absence of any archaeological remains. The excavation was conducted between 25 and 28 September 2019 focusing on volunteer participation and school engagement which aimed to raise awareness of the project, develop new skills and confidence in archaeology and heritage and encourage a greater sense of community ownership of the proposed orchard.

No significant archaeological remains were uncovered within any of the 16 planting holes, the majority of which comprised significant depths of topsoil lying on sterile alluvial deposits. A single negative cut feature, most likely relatively modern in date and possibly relating to the removal of a tree or hedge, was recorded within Trench 11 and a moderate quantity of postmedieval pottery, glass and bone was recovered from the topsoil deposits. The results indicate that it is highly likely all geophysics anomalies are the result of activity from the last 200 years when the site was an orchard then an allotment. Archive: NRHE(intended) Funder: Kelso Heritage Society

Basic standing building survey Michael Cressey − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 38048 23760 A basic historic building survey was carried out at Kirkhope Steading, near Ettrickbridge, in August and September 2020, before its proposed conversion into modern dwellings. Historical maps show that the steading was built with a loose pen-ended courtyard layout and, by the late 19th century, additional outshot buildings were added to the existing E and W ranges. During the first half of the 20th century additional ranges were added to form an enclosed U-shaped steading.

The economy of the farm was mixed arable with an emphasis on cattle rearing. With the emergence of mechanised grain production some of the buildings were converted into grain stores for cattle feed. The cattle were over- wintered in the courtyard with access to large open byres for shelter.

During the later decades of the 20th century the south range was demolished and this changed the plan of the steading back to its 19th-century footprint. A timber-clad tackroom was installed to store equipment for hunting horses that were stabled within the farm. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Camerons Strachan Yuill Architects

NT 11 43 A very battered Romano-British copper-alloy enamelled headstud brooch (Mackreth type 3a or 4a) was found by metaldetecting near Lochurd. It is notably small, and it is unclear if the pin was hinged or sprung. L 26mm, W 12.5mm, H 13mm. A hillfort is known in the vicinity, suggesting this was a Roman find that had come into local hands. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 123/19) and allocated to LiveBorders Museum Service

Watching brief Magnus Kirby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 55400 45765 A watching brief was undertaken during groundworks for a dwelling house at land W of Joel House, St Leonards Farm, near Lauder. The work took place in February 2020. St Leonards Farm is understood to occupy the site of a medieval chapel and hospital, and it was considered possible that associated remains may have survived within the footprint of the proposed dwelling. The watching brief identified one large ditch and one much smaller linear feature. There was no dating evidence recovered from these features and it is uncertain if they relate to the medieval occupation of the area. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Private individual

Measured survey Brenda Dreghorn, David Drury, Bill Glass, Jim Ness, Ian Aitken – Biggar Archaeology

NT 14961 51637 A plane table survey at 1:100 scale was completed to show the exact location of gravestones. These were first identified by Sheila Scott in Monumental Inscriptions (pre-1855) in Peeblesshire, 1971. The Carved Stone Decay Project in 2002 and 2003 recorded further, more modern, inscriptions. A new database was created linking this survey with original and newly found inscriptions. Supplementary photographs were taken. Archive: Biggar and Upper Clydesdale Museum

NT 20 34 A silver vervel, or hawking ring, cAD 1600–1650. 17.8mm diameter; 3.9mm wide (hoop, max); 0.8mm thick; 1.0g. The object is of annular ring type and rectangular in section. The frame is inscribed in semi-Italic script with ‘Ja : Nasmith of Posso’ on one side, and ‘in Tweddale’ on the other. The style of script suggests an early 17th-century date, with two possible candidates: James Naesmyth (1575–1658) and James Naesmyth (1615–1693).

Vervels are not common metal detecting finds in Scotland; this is a significant find. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 200/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Manor: vervel or hawking ring (TT 200,19), Crown copyright

Evaluation and metal detecting survey Steven Watt − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 526 343 An evaluation and metal detecting survey were carried out in advance of a new development and associated infrastructure at Borders Gateway, Tweedbank.

Eighteen trenches totalling 900 linear metres were excavated revealing a mid-brown silty loam topsoil overlying a subsoil of mid orange sandy gravels with frequent stone inclusions, a reddish pink sandy gravel and mid greyish orange clayey silt. These revealed a pattern of modern disturbance and no significant features or materials were uncovered. Sixty anomalies were uncovered during the metal detecting survey all of which consisted of modern detritus. The archaeological works revealed no significant finds or features. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Manor Place Developments Limited

NT 54926 34213 A standing building recording was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020 at the Brewery Yard within Melrose Abbey.

The survey work was confined to two areas. Area 1 was at the end of a long range of former brewery buildings with a ruined N gable. The N and S sides of the reduced gable wall was recorded. The N side contained a blocked window that surmounted a small blocked doorway above which lay a horizontal timber wall plate. The opposite side of the wall contained the lower blocking work of a window and the small blocked doorway which was brick-lined on this side. Two cast iron tie plates corresponded with the timber wall plate opposite and represent probable 19th-century insertions to stabilise the wall. At the base of the S-facing (interior) wall was the remains of a barrel-arched vault. These remains confirm the presence of a vaulting that may have continued below the rest of the rooms at first floor level.

Area 2 comprised the outside, east-facing elevation of the former brewery barrel store. The wall was first recorded by Kirkdale Archaeology, but the wall head could not be recorded due to the presence of heavy vegetation. Following its removal, prior to softcapping, it was fully exposed. The highest section of the wall had been rebuilt. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Watching brief Gary Savory − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 56380 34275 A watching brief was carried out, in August 2020, during landscaping ground works at Snowberry and Belmont Cottages, St John’s Wynd, Newstead.

The remains of cottages, depicted on the 1863 Ordnance Survey map of Roxburghshire, were identified during the watching brief. The only other features identified were a pit, posthole and small length of wall, which were modern in date. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Private individual

Watching brief Ian Suddaby − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NT 54577 34271 A watching brief was undertaken, in January 2020, during ground-breaking work for a new toilet block adjacent to existing classrooms at St Mary’s School, Melrose. The site is close to the historic Melrose Abbey. No archaeological features were recorded within the 10m by 5m area and no finds were recovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: St Mary’s School

Desk based assessment, building recording and watching brief Jenni Morrison – Addyman Archaeology

NT 62397 32139 Historic building recording and a watching brief were undertaken at Magdalenehall Farm, Mertoun Estate, between August and November 2019. This work was carried out in advance of the demolition of the farmhouse and the conversion of the steading. The work followed an earlier desk based assessment and historic building assessment on the site.

The historic building recording included a detailed photographic survey of the farmhouse prior to and during demolition. The steading buildings were also recorded photographically. A detailed survey of all the buildings was produced and these elevation drawings and plans were marked up to show changes in phasing,

Magdalenehall Farm: view of well revealed during watching brief

building materials and architectural details. The farmhouse was found to be of two main phases, both pre-dating the 1st Edition OS map. Originally a simple 3-bay house with central stair and attic rooms, it was extended by almost a third at its E end. The associated farm steading has undergone more extensive demolition and rebuilding into the mid-20th century. All that remains of the 19thcentury steading is a stand-alone cart shed and parts of the W and N range.

Two site visits were conducted as part of the watching brief. The first was undertaken after the discovery of a well on site. This was recorded and further stripping on site was also monitored, which revealed a small square cut of modern date but no other archaeological features. A second site visit monitored further stripping of the area for the new dwelling. Undisturbed natural clay subsoil was exposed over most of the area; a small area of made ground was not removed. No archaeological features or finds were present. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: The Trustees of the 1992 Ellesmere Settlement

structure, possibly a former cart shed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NT 71 20 A small, broken copper-alloy ‘massive’-style terret was found by metal-detecting near Shotheids. Most of the loop is lost, exposing the hollow arms which held an iron bar across the basal recess to take a leather strap for attachment. A badly-damaged central decorative device within the loop was probably gently rounded rather than flared. W 48mm, H 25mm, T 16mm. Its findspot, close to Dere St, suggests it may have been lost by traffic using this road. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 133/19) and allocated to LiveBorders Museum Service

NT 23381 55386 A historic building survey of a former tractor shed at Leadburn Farm was undertaken in 13 May 2020. The works were completed in advance of the part-demolition and renovation of the building as part of a condition on the planning consent.

The tractor shed is brick-built and is of a much later phase than the adjacent stone rubble farm buildings to the NE side. Given that a building is located within its position in the early 19th-century mapping, it is possible that this is a later rebuild of an earlier stone

NT 21 41 A Roman blue glass melon bead fragment was found casually in an area of known Iron Age settlement, suggesting it had come into local hands in antiquity. Around 25% survives, but the unworn fractures suggest it broke recently. The ends are worn from use, and the high-relief ribbing is also worn. H 17mm, D c25mm, perforation D c12mm. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 107/19) and allocated to LiveBorders Museum Service

NT 70 32 A copper-alloy vesica seal matrix, cAD 1200–1400. 28mm long, 18mm wide, 6.6g.

The seal matrix is flat, with an intact rib and suspension loop on the reverse. The motif on the die face comprises a ‘pelican in her piety’ within a beaded border. The legend, in Lombardic script, reads: + S’ A[G]NETIS . DE FENTVN (Seal of Agnes of Fenton) and is encircled by another beaded border. The ‘pelican in her piety’ was a common religious motif in the 13th/14th centuries and may have served to stress the piety of the user. The image depicts a pelican on her nest, feeding her chicks with blood pecked from her own breast; a symbol of Christ’s sacrifice. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 76/19) and allocated to LiveBorders

NT 47837 27502 A watching brief was carried out prior to the installation of a new water tank and outfall south of Selkirk, on 6 to 12 March 2020. The proposed development site lies within an area which contains some archaeological sites and findspots, including two finds made within the same field as the development.

The watching brief consisted of the excavation of an area approximately 0.8ha. The site consisted of a thin layer of topsoil overlying a natural subsoil of mid-browny/orange gravellysilt in some areas, and straight onto bedrock in others. No archaeological finds or features were identified. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Scottish Water

Historic building recording Richard Carlton – The Archaeological Practice Ltd

NT 64021 36003 A programme of building recording was carried out in October 2020 in advance of the proposed demolition of a former 19th-century Free Church Meeting Room and Schoolhouse, latterly a dwelling house known as Bank House, on the W side of Smailholm village.

The building was found to be in a state of extreme dereliction internally, with the upper floors either side of the central landing having collapsed, thus constraining access and permitting only the most cursory examination. No features were seen, either externally or internally, that relate to the 19thcentury use of the building as a school and meeting house. The basic internal structures, with door architraves, the stair with its newel posts and ball finials, and moulded square balusters, all look to be of c1900 or a little after, presumably dating to the conversion of the building for use as a private dwelling-house, with considerable modernisation, taking place in the later 20th century.

This is a building of some local historical interest, but in its present state retains little architectural merit and displays no evidence relating to its attested 19th-century functions. In consequence, no further recording work was recommended either before or during its demolition. Archive: Scottish Borders HER Funder: Private individual

Community archaeological evaluation Jessica Lowther − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 68004 65605 A community evaluation was undertaken, in February 2020, at the site of a long building (Canmore ID: 57464) revealed by a LiDAR survey as part of the Whiteadder Project. The excavation revealed a well-built structure with a possible annexe and no internal features, consistent with the remains of buildings in England identified as medieval sheepcotes. Medieval sheep farming was being undertaken in the valley from at least the 12th century by the monks of Kelso Abbey.

A radiocarbon date obtained from the foundation level of the wall returned a date of 1249–1299 calAD (SUERC-93853 at 1σ), whilst another date from a linear feature below the wall returned a date of 1223–1284 calAD (SUERC-93854 at 1σ). It is likely therefore that the building was constructed in the latter half of the 13th century and may have even been constructed by the monks of Kelso Abbey.

Work was undertaken as part of Whiteadder: Historic Heart of the Lammermuirs, a community arts and archaeology project led by Scottish Borders Council in partnership with East Lothian Council, and delivered by AOC Archaeology Group and CMC Associates. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: The Fallago Environment Fund and the Scottish Borders LEADER programme

South-west elevation of wall

Evaluation Kai Wallace − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 83900 47311 (centred) An evaluation by trial trenching was carried out on 13–14 July 2020. It revealed the presence rig and furrow, and a substantially sized field boundary ditch located near the easternmost edge of the site. Artefactual evidence recovered from within excavated slots, including ‘white gritty ware’, would suggest the features identified are of medieval origin, some of which may relate to cropmarks observed in imagery from the 1970s. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Hudson Hirsel

NT 38087 06246 A watching brief was maintained, in December 2019, during the excavation of the footprint for an agricultural shed. Part of a collapsed drystone enclosure and a benched

trackway, which were visible on the surface crossing the development area, were recorded prior to, and following, their removal from within the development area. The wall forms part of a long thin rectangular enclosure visible on the 1862 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map with a footpath adjacent to it. The enclosure wall was found to be a denuded drystone wall marking the downslope edge of an informal track benched into the slope, which corresponds to the enclosure and footpath recorded in the historical maps. No other archaeological remains were uncovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Keith Marley

NT 31386 33686 A watching brief was undertaken on all groundbreaking works associated with the erection of a 25m lattice mast and the installation of telecommunications equipment. The work took place from 27 August to 11 September 2020.

The watching brief revealed no significant archaeological material or features. Excavation revealed a simple soil profile across the site consisting of a stony unimproved topsoil directly overlying a subsoil of sands and gravels. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: WHP Telecoms Ltd

Evaluation Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NT 63344 50107 An evaluation was undertaken on behalf of Eildon Housing Association on land north of 4 Edgar Road, Westruther. The work was carried out on 15–16 September 2020 prior to development. Nine evaluation trenches were excavated totalling 405m2 (approximately 10% of the development area). No significant archaeological remains were uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Eildon Housing Association

NT 86089 50514 A watching brief was carried out, in February 2019, at Whitsome Church, prior to the construction of a new dwelling and garage. No buried archaeological remains were identified. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Private individual

NT 30000 24000 A rapid walkover survey was conducted in June 2020 by Peeblesshire Archaeological Society in advance of proposed forestry on the rough grazing to the S of Eldinhope Cottage, an area defined roughly by the catchment of the Eldinhope Burn. The following sites were located with handheld GPS (accuracy level 5m).

NT 30210 23785 (centred).A sinuous pre-improvement field bank is visible extending E in a rough semi-circle from the corners of the modern field on the W side of the burn (visible on Bing Aerial).

NT 30260 23670 Turf shieling huts.

NT 30155 23595 U-shaped building, open at E end, possibly a sheep house with banks standing to c1m in height.

NT 30183 23496 Quarry.

NT 30098 23037 There was a string of small quarries along the E crest of the ridge of Meg’s Hill.

NT 30016 22762Roughly circular pit, possibly a tree throw.

NT 29829 22682 Sheepfold. Not on 1st Edition OS map, but appears on 2nd Edition OS map.

NT 29700 22646 Hut and attached bank running S from it at the foot of the hill slope, probably a shepherd’s store and gathering place.

NT 29648 22420. Corrugated iron shed with timber uprights, mostly collapsed, and an arc of bank on N of Long Grain Burn, with a drystone sheep pen immediately to W.

NT 29543 22320 Curvilinear bank on the terrace to W of Long Grain Burn, probably the remains of a sheep enclosure, but only one side found.

A drove road crosses Long Grain Burn to E of the bank above. This is part of the drove way, which runs from NT 29856 23720 to S of Eldinhope Cottage along the W of Meg’s Hill as far as Cadgers Craigs at NT 29621 21032. Where it is not in boggy ground it may still be followed as a hollow way. Canmore ID: 344795.

NT 29905 22271 Scatter of small earthen heaps on a terrace on the N flank of Mid Rig, probably tree throws.

NT 30461 22530. Right angled stone wall set into the bank of an unnamed stream that runs into the Eldinhope Burn immediately to E of sheepfold and livestock pens (item 14 below), either a dam, or possibly a sheep dip.

NT 30441 22544 The sheepfold W of the previous item first appears in roughly this form as a rectangular fold on the 2nd Edition OS map, but within a larger fenced enclosure, having previously been circular with a roofed building on the 1st Edition OS map.

NT 30651 22660 A drystone enclosure or sheepfold on a terrace S of the Eldinhope Burn partly formed against rock outcrop.

NT 30704 22963 Sheepfold on both the 1st and 2nd Editions OS maps.

NT 30487 23664 Sheepfold on both the 1st and 2nd Editions OS maps which is now eroding into the burn.

NT 30482 23755 (centred) Eldinhope Tower, yards and enclosures on a terrace to the E of the Eldinhope Burn. Canmore ID 53094.

NT 30202 23907 (centred) Farmstead set on either side of burn. Large ranges robbed to footings on terraces in gully on E of Eldinhope Burn. One platform lies on the W of the burn. Canmore ID: 344815.

NT 30281 23853 Enclosure on a promontory on the edge of the river terrace W of the Eldinhope Burn. Canmore ID 344814. Archive and Report: Peeblesshire Archaeological Society. Report: Scottish Borders HER Funder: Forest Direct

Watching brief Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

in connection with the construction of a 15m high Hutchinson telegraph pole and associated works. The watching brief was carried out on 31 March 2020 and uncovered no significant archaeological remains. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Cnoclee Environmental Services

NT 31580 31380 Excavation took place during July to November 2020 on the site of a building previously recorded in 2012 as part of the survey of Shootinglee, a forest stead in what was formerly Ettrick Forest (DES 2012, 166). The building is situated on a wide terrace 25m NW of a peel house (DES 2019, 184).

A 10 x 6m trench (Trench 7) was opened over the W half of the building to reveal the footings of the building with 0.08m thick clay-bonded walls. Internally there is a well-built drain running E–W down the centre of the floor space, ie along the length of the building, to the W wall which has collapsed into the drain. The drain terminates at the outer edge of the wall where it is blocked by a large boulder. To the S of the drain the floor is paved and a depressed area in the centre infilled with cobbles. To the N the flooring is a rough mix of earth and stones with some paving. Unusually, the entrance appears to be in the middle of the N wall where there is an area of rough paving.

Outside the S wall there is an 0.08m depth of topsoil under which is a spread of tumbled stone in a dark brown silty soil with patches of orange. Adjacent to the wall there is a discrete area of small shattered stones measuring 0.75 x 0.75m beside a paving slab. A 1.0m wide wall extends SW from the SW corner of the building which is interpreted as forming the revetment of the terrace edge.

The removal of the tumble of the W wall revealed the wall had been built on top of a thick layer of reddish-brown clay with flecks of charcoal which forms the edge of the terrace thought to possibly be from a previous building. The W end of the N wall may have been vulnerable to subsidence due to water seepage and to counteract this it has been built on courses of placed supporting stones with a short section of drain parallel to it below.

Finds have been mostly from the 17th century onwards and consist of clay pipe, pottery, glass and metal including a small billon coin. One abraded sherd of late medieval pottery has been found inside the building. Archive and Report: Peeblesshire Archaeological Society. Report: Scottish Borders Funder: Peeblesshire Archaeological Society

NT 82550 28038 Work was carried out in July 2020 to evaluate the impact upon potential archaeological remains of proposed groundworks at a site bordering the SW side of Kirk Yetholm parish churchyard in the Bowmont Valley. The evaluation was requested by Scottish Borders Council as the first stage in the invasive archaeological investigation of the site which may subsequently lead to further exploratory or mitigation excavations.

The evaluation trench revealed no archaeological features of high importance, but two linear features associated with water management were uncovered. The first was a straight, shallow, open gully draining in the direction of Yetholm Mill, while the other was a stone-lined culvert which probably drained to the S, both probably related to farm buildings formerly standing on the evaluation site. Both features are of likely 18th- or early 19th-century origin and were probably abandoned, if not already out of use, when the farm buildings to the W were terraced into the lower slope. No indications of any earlier settlement or other activity was found, notably including any suggestion that the adjacent burial ground ever extended into this area.

In summary, the remains encountered through excavation do not suggest that significant archaeological remains survive within the site. Most significant was the absence of any trace of features potentially related to medieval or earlier activity, and that of burials from any period. Thus, although there remains some potential for the survival of archaeological remains on the site, notably extensions to the two drainage features discussed above, that potential is rather low and it is not considered that any further archaeological interventions here are merited. Funder: Private individual

Watching brief and photographic survey Oliver Rusk − CFA Archaeology Ltd

HU 39819 09551 A watching brief and photographic survey were carried out, in September 2019, at Jarlshof during maintenance and re-interpretation works. The works included the removal of turf within building interiors and the re-laying of paved areas. Further recording was required prior to the reburial and differentiation of several archaeological elements using turf cover. The ground disturbance works did not disturb any previously unrecorded features or deposits of archaeological significance and no artefacts were recovered. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Metal-detecting find Lydia Prosser and Emily Freeman – National Museums Scotland

HU 38 10 A medieval base silver penning of Olav Kyrre of Norway, dating to AD 1065–1080, was recovered while metal-detecting. The conditions of the soil have caused copper corrosion to leach, obscuring some of the original surface detail. The obverse is of a left-facing helmeted bust with sceptre in front. There is an annulet on the collar and pellets on the clothing. The reverse is of a short cross with a possible pellet in one of the angles. The coin is 16.8mm in diameter and weighs 0.8g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 248/19) and allocated to Shetland Museum and Archives

Survey Magnar Dalland – Headland Archaeology Ltd

HU 4090 5504 An Archaeological Clerk of Works (ACoW) was present during ground investigations along the line of the Kergord Access track and the new Sandwater Road to make sure no known archaeological sites were damaged by the works. The work took place in October 2018.

An EIA carried out in 2013 had identified 25 archaeological sites within the development boundary. These sites were revisited and, in some instances, surveyed using a dGPS to correct some inaccuracies and errors in the earlier survey. Seven new sites were recorded during the survey.

No sites were affected by the ground investigation works, but

the survey indicated that six sites may be affected by the proposed road line. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish & Southern Energy PLC

Excavation Sam Williamson – AOC Archaeology Group

HU 40602 39906 An excavation was carried out to retrieve human remains discovered during landscaping work on a prominent mound in Upper Scalloway. The mound, formed artificially through severe truncation of the surrounding areas down to the modern ground level, is a remnant of a deeply stratified multi-period site that was extensively excavated during development works in 1989–1990 (DES 1989, 1990). These excavations revealed, in reverse chronological order, a medieval/post-medieval farm; a medieval cemetery; Early Historic settlement; Iron Age settlement that included a broch; and a Bronze Age cremation (Canmore ID: 995).

A topographic survey of the area was carried out and the archaeologists commenced excavation, identifying 18 in situ burials containing extended supine inhumations and the remains of a minimum of 23 individuals. It is expected that these form part of the previously identified medieval cemetery. Some graves contained disarticulated human remains suggesting intercutting and truncation of old graves had occurred and the disturbed remains reburied with the new inhumation. A broad range of ages were represented, including young infants and adults. There was one instance of a likely double interment but generally a single individual occupied a single grave.

The grave fills were rich in artefacts including ceramics, spindle whorls, painted pebbles, stone pot lids, coarse stone tools, loom weights, fragments of bone combs and bone pins, amongst others. None of these appeared to be deliberately included as grave goods and are expected to derive from the underlying pre-medieval phases of activity and included incidentally as part of the grave backfill.

Graves were excavated into the underlying pre-medieval stratigraphy which included the remnants of wall-defined structures in varying states of preservation. As these were at risk of being removed by the landowner to facilitate the landscaping works, the archaeologists commenced a partial excavation of the area to the depths required for the work to take place.

A minimum of five structures were identified and, of these, four were severely truncated by modern development. The structures bear stark similarities to ones identified as Early Historic from the previous excavations, comprising coursed walling in curvilinear shapes with evidence of paving within. One structure in particular formed a neatly-built cell with deliberately infilled entrance corridors and multiple occupation layers within. Associated artefacts included worked bone points and comb fragments, gaming pieces, spindle whorls and painted pebbles among others. Large amounts of animal bone were identified including cetacean, sheep/goat, cow, pig and fish. Shell was also present.

Further deeply stratified archaeological deposits are clearly present across the Upper Scalloway area and it is likely that further burials and settlement will be present in the vicinity. Archive: NRHE Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

(magnetometer) survey was carried out, from 23 September to 3 October 2019, in advance of enabling groundworks prior to the construction of the Viking Wind Farm on Shetland, in order to assess the possible archaeological impact of the proposed works. The survey covered 31 hectares comprising a new track which will provide access to the wind farm site and construction compounds. Despite the challenging terrain and ground conditions the survey was successfully completed identifying numerous anomalies. The data across all parts of the survey area are dominated by geological anomalies which are more prevalent on certain types of bedrock than others. Where granite is present or there are igneous intrusions the magnitude of the resultant geological anomalies is such that it is extremely unlikely that any archaeological features (if present) could be identified against such a strong magnetic background, particularly the types of features identified during previous phases of archaeological work ie earth banks or stone/earth features. However, in contrast the magnetic background on other metamorphic rocks, such as the psammite and semipelite, is much lower and it might be expected that archaeological features of the type likely to be present could be identifiable. In these areas a few anomalies of uncertain origin have been highlighted. However, on balance an archaeological origin is considered less likely than a nonarchaeological origin. No anomalies of probable archaeological origin have been identified by the geophysical survey. Archive: NRHE Funder: Scottish & Southern Energy PLC

NS 35326 21443 An evaluation was undertaken at Craigie Athletics Arena, Ayr from 9–13 December 2019. The evaluation was limited to 2% of the available area and amounted to 1,033m², or 2 % of the 46,013 m² area due to the presence of excessive overburden. The work revealed no features or finds of archaeological significance within the areas tested on the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: Professional Sportsturf Design Limited

Evaluation with community engagement Ian Suddaby and Bethan Gray − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NS 36360 34517 Two seasons of archaeological evaluations were carried out, between August 2018 and October 2019, for research purposes at Dundonald Castle, a Property in Care (PIC194) in the Guardianship of Historic Environment Scotland. The trenching was designed to shed new light on the castle’s development and the nature of its occupation, as well as providing an opportunity for local community engagement.

The first season was undertaken and informed by the results of a 2017 geophysical survey (carried out by Rose Geophysics). Two of the five trenches revealed previously unknown archaeological features, including the possible remains of the 14th-century barmkin wall. Other trenches provided information on the effects of more recent landscaping around the castle.

During the second season of evaluation five of the seven proposed trenches were excavated. Two trenches contained archaeological finds and features but were not fully excavated due to time constraints. One trench targeted an area of fairly level

ground, which might have formed part of an artificial terrace running round the S and E sides of the hill, revealed no structural remains or evidence for an artificial terrace, but deep deposits were recorded, with potentially medieval finds in the lower deposits. An earthwork structure in another trench was explored but no definitive evidence for date and function was recorded, it had stone and earth banks and no internal features. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

NS 36897 34685 (centred) An evaluation was undertaken on 3 August 2020, at land to the S of Kilmarnock Road on the outskirts of Dundonald. It comprised the machine excavation of trenches amounting to 8% (364m²) of the development area. Three trenches measuring 50 x 2 m and one measuring 32 x 2 m were excavated across the site. No significant archaeological deposits, features or artefacts were encountered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Hope Homes

NX 22753 96868 A watching brief was carried out during groundbreaking works associated with the installations of a new 33kV overhead line and ancillary underground cable to connect Tralorg Wind Farm to Mark Hill Substation, South Ayrshire. The work took place between 25 November 2019 and 25 February 2020. The overall length of the route was 14km, of which 9.4km comprised overhead line, and 4.6km underground cables. No features or finds of archaeological interest were uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: SPEN

NX 2275 9700 A watching brief was undertaken, in March and April 2019, at Tralorg Wind Farm during construction. This included the controlled dismantling of a group of eight turfbanked structures (Sites 45a–h); four of these, (Sites 45a–d) had been previously investigated by hand excavation. All were shown to be turf-banked with limited information on function and date. A possible fired clay floor surface, a small pit and a possible fire pit were the only features noted. No finds were recovered during the watching brief.

On the basis of morphology and other excavated examples, these structures were expected to date anywhere from the Early Historic to the Post-medieval periods. However, the secure dating of upland turf-banked structures is difficult, due to the lack of associated finds and secure deposits containing material suitable for radiocarbon dating. Therefore, WoSAS required a programme of post-excavation analysis and sample processing with the aim of radiocarbon dating these structures.

Carbonised plant remains recovered from the turf bank of structure 45e are potential evidence of agricultural activity occurring nearby and possibly cereal drying or cooking. Radiocarbon dating resulted in a date range of mid-15th to mid17th centuries. This indicates the site may represent a small late medieval to early post-medieval agricultural settlement. However, charred material contained within bank material is not taphonomically secure and so provides a terminus post quem. While it is possible that this material derives from activity taking place within the structure or from midden material, these dates should be used with caution until a larger body of dates for these types of structures has been obtained.

The burning activity noted within the small gully beneath structure 45e dates to the Mesolithic period and is not related to the use of the structures. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Tralorg Wind Farm Ltd

Evaluation, walkover survey and watching brief Steven Black – Clyde Archaeology

NS 1962 0721 Archaeological works were undertaken at Turnberry Golf Course, between 2 December 2014 and 25 May 2016. Phase 1 comprised a walkover survey and evaluation centred around Turnberry Castle (Canmore ID: 40581), Turnberry Lighthouse and Keeper’s Houses and the adjacent Walled Garden (Canmore ID: 40584). Phases 2 to 5 related to locating and excavating historical service trenches leading towards the castle and lighthouse along with various watching briefs conducted during the installation of the 9th green and the removal of the walled garden. An evaluation and watching brief undertaken during the installation of stairs and paving on the lighthouse’s western terrace included the re-excavation of a trench originally investigated in 2008.

Potentially significant archaeological remains of indeterminate date were uncovered just to the S of the walled garden while a possible entrance to the castle was recorded beneath the current trackway. Two intercutting ditches were excavated within the trench on the western terrace, however, it remains unclear whether they relate to the lighthouse or castle. Many modern services were located within the confines of the castle wall. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: SLC Turnberry Ltd

Watching brief Rob Engl − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 730 413 A watching brief was undertaken, on 4 November 2020, in advance of the construction of a new dwelling with associated infrastructure on land at Dalefield Farm. The footprint of the proposed building was stripped of topsoil. This included the area of the ruined 19th-century steading of Dalefield which was partially upstanding. The remains are to be incorporated within the new development.

The watching brief revealed a thin poorly drained topsoil overlying clay natural. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were recorded during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Leanne Demay − AOC Archaeology Group Archaeological monitored topsoil strip

NS 69886 46544 (centred) A watching brief was undertaken by AOC Archaeology Group, 20 July 2020, in advance of the construction of a new dwelling and associated infrastructure on land 50m W of Heights of Coldstream, East Coldstream Farm.

Approximately 900m2 was stripped of topsoil. The watching brief demonstrated the south-western corner of the development site to be located on drained ground in the vicinity of a mill pond depicted on early Ordnance Survey maps. No features or deposits of archaeological significance were recorded during the watching brief. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

NS 71034 45150 (centred) An evaluation was carried out, 31 August to 3 September 2020, in advance of an area proposed for the construction of 37 new houses and associated infrastructure. It consisted of a trial trench evaluation amounting to 1,843 m2; 8% of the 23,042 m2 available area after deduction of services and appropriate buffers round them. The overall development area prior to services and buffers is 31,900 m². The evaluation revealed archaeology, comprising possible early Neolithic settlement activity general prehistoric pits and a possible enclosure. Seventyseven early Neolithic ceramic sherds and two possible worked flint fragments were recovered across two features, a pit and a possible occupation layer. Archive: NRHE Funder: Bancon Homes Ltd

Watching brief Stephen Cox − Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd

NS 64557 59979 A watching brief was undertaken on the construction of a car park and associated drainage in the grounds of the Old Parish Church, from 30 October 2019 to 13 November 2019. No burials were uncovered during the groundworks but the remains of 19th-century buildings in the form of two stone wall foundations, one course of bricks and a stone-lined drain were identified corresponding to the buildings seen on the OS 1st Edition OS map. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Watching brief David Sneddon – Clyde Archaeology

NS 82480 51612 A watching brief was undertaken at East Law Farm, Lawhill Road, Law, in relation to topsoil stripping in advance of the construction of a new agricultural shed. The work was conducted on 17 July 2019. Due to the topsoil having been removed without archaeological monitoring the north-western corner and eastern side of the development area were recleaned with a mechanical excavator under archaeological supervision while weathered bedrock and relatively clean subsoil were clearly visible across the western side and south-western corner. Several stone filled and fired clay field drains were uncovered but no significant archaeological remains were noted. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Evaluation Juan Ignacio De Vicente Ojeda – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

to 8% or 372m², of the 4640m² area available excluding services, trees and their buffer zones. The work revealed no features or finds of archaeological significance within the areas tested on the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: South Lanarkshire Council

Survey and watching brief Ray Cachart − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NT 02793 14099 A watching brief and a survey of a modern borrow pit were undertaken on March Burn to Little Clyde Roman Road (SM 3348), at Nether Howcleuch, near Crawford. The work was done on 10th December 2019.

The site represents a small, c20m², unplanted area on the edge of, but within, the buffer zone of the Scheduled Monument. Groundworks for a new forestry road were monitored and an adjacent modern borrow pit was surveyed. Nothing of archaeological significance was identified in the ground works for the new forestry road. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Fountains Forestry

NS 59529 52907 An evaluation was undertaken in July 2020, at Jackton Road, in advance of a new housing development. During the evaluation a localised cluster of post-medieval features containing post-medieval ceramics was encountered in the far SE of the evaluation area on a flat terrace overlooking the bend in the Gill Burn. Later settlement is noted on the historic maps, and it is possible that the uncovered features represent the remains of an earlier farm. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: CALA Homes West Ltd

NS 59529 52907 An excavation was carried out ahead of a residential development in September 2020. The excavation followed a programme of evaluation in which features containing post-medieval ceramics were encountered (see above).

During the excavation a set of curving linear features containing post-medieval ceramics was excavated, along with a few other possibly related features. It is likely these features represent the early phase of the current farm situated to the S of the excavation area which formed part of the historic ‘fermtoun’ settlement of Jackton, visible on historic mapping. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: South Lanarkshire Council

NS 66235 55916 In February 2020, a trench evaluation was undertaken across the development area. The evaluation was limited to 6.2% of the 7374m² area available due to the presence of excessive modern overburden/made ground. The work revealed no features or finds of archaeological significance within the areas tested on the site. Archive: NRHE Funder: South Lanarkshire Council

Evaluation Rob Engl and Sam Kinirons − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 60040 51840 (Area 1 centred), NS 59795 52268 (Area 2 centred) An evaluation was carried out in October 2020, ahead of a proposed housing development associated with the East Kilbride Community Growth Area.

The evaluation revealed a thick agricultural loam overlying natural deposits of sands and clays. The area contained evidence for extensive post-medieval agricultural improvements in the form of field drainage and furrow systems. No significant archaeological features or finds were revealed during the evaluation. Archive: NRHE Funder: Lynch Homes Ltd

Watching brief Bob Will – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 71987 47694 A watching brief was required at Heads Cottage in Glassford in order to discharge a planning condition. However, the area was stripped of topsoil unsupervised, prior to an archaeologist being present on site. Subsequent inspection by GUARD Archaeology encountered no features of archaeological significance. Archive: NRHE

NT 0045, 2959 An archaeological assessment, comprising a desk-based study and walkover survey, was undertaken in relation to Phase 3 of a proposed woodland creation scheme at Broad Hill, Lamington. The assessment was carried out during late October 2020. The local and national databases of previously recorded heritage sites noted a series of findspots and a set of cultivation terraces within the proposed planting area. However, it was clear this was the result of very poorly defined coordinates with their true location being outwith the proposed planting area. No heritage sites were visible within the proposed planting area during the walkover survey and, although significant prehistoric and early historic sites lie in the surrounding landscape, the steep slopes throughout the planting area, means there is low potential for significant buried archaeological remains to be present. Archive: NRHE Funder: Forest Direct Ltd

NS 90973 45841 (centred) In March and April 2020 a watching brief was carried out during vegetation removal, hard standing works, and drainage works within and on the periphery of the Roman Camp Scheduled Monument (Canmore ID: 47628).

A second watching brief was carried out in October 2020 during the replacement of a post and wire fence located within the Roman camp. No archaeological features, deposits or artefacts were uncovered during the works. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Field visits Nick Parish

NS 58743 90091 This site was first identified by Balfron resident John Pitts in the mid-1970s who informed a contact at the Hunterian Museum of a section of exposed rock bearing unusual carvings on Ballindalloch Muir but this was not followed up at the time. About 25 years later, Mr Pitts reported the carvings to Stirling Council’s archaeological officer Lorna Main, who visited the site and recorded it (HER 4853.00). More recently, the area was investigated by George Currie in 2013, who reported his initial findings in DES 2014.

The site was revisited in August 2020 for recording on behalf of Scotland’s Rock Art Project (ScRAP) and this revealed more extensive and complex areas of rock carvings than indicated by extant records. With the kind assistance of Mr Currie, the unreported portion of his 2013 finds were relocated during September 2020. In the course of this work further carvings were newly identified, most notably a rock surface bearing grooves thought to be made by made by Neolithic stone axe polishing.

Although lying at a remote site on Ballindalloch Muir, the nearest named OS map location of Broughmore Wood has been retained to be consistent with the existing Canmore records (the actual Broughmore Wood is some 500m distant). The site is a low, outcropping ridge rising a few metres above the surrounding moorland. The bedrock is a Devonian sandstone of the Kinnesswood Formation, which contains a nodular limestone termed cornstone. Discrete sections of this have been entirely quarried away in places. The ridge extends in a southwesterly direction about 150m from the boundary wall of Balgair Forest. Here it is around 50m wide, tapering down to 25m at its far SW end. The location commands expansive views to the hills north of the Highland Boundary Fault, S to the Campsie Fells/Fintry Hills and westwards to the Clyde Estuary.

The surrounding moorland has recently been deep ploughed and planted with conifers. Since the entire context of the site will soon be obscured by the forestry with access being rendered even more difficult than it is at present, it was decided to leave all the carved panels exposed rather than record and re-cover them successively as would be the normal ScRAP procedure. This was to provide the opportunity for the full extent of the exposed carvings to be viewed and assessed professionally. Consequentially, the site was visited and appraised by Stirling Council’s archaeological officer, Murray Cook, who also consulted with NMS on the provisional interpretation of the carvings.

In summary, the carvings found to date at Broughmore Wood comprise: a) Stone axe polishing stone: possibly Neolithic b) Rock art motifs: Neolithic/Bronze Age, some possibly with Iron Age enhancements. c) Rotary quernstone roughouts and, what are possibly, miniature quernstone roughouts and extraction voids – possibly Iron Age. d) Larger quernstone and small millstone in situ roughouts – post-medieval.

In the course of uncovering this site, the nearby Wester Balgair Quarry was also identified as an extensive site of grindstone quarrying from Iron Age to post-medieval times. This is reported separately in DES 2019. Together these sites comprise an area exhibiting a range of perhaps 6000 years of exploitation that has not hitherto been recognised.

The rock panels found up to November 2020 are briefly described below. 3D photogrammetry models have been produced

for each, which can be viewed via their respective ScRAP record. Panel numbers correspond with those now in ScRAP but may be subject to future review once the full extent of the site is known:

NS 58743 90091 Broughmore Wood 1: 5.7 x 1.1m. A large and complex panel which is now unfortunately crossed by a deer fence. The rock art is in places somewhat difficult to distinguish from later carvings on the surface. There three separate rosettes of nine cup marks. The largest of these appears to have been made by, or enhanced with, metal tools. There are about 10–14 scattered cups marks, a further prominent alignment of 5 deep cup marks 0.06–0.08m in diameter and a cluster of six ‘courgette’ shaped cup marks of up to 0.16 x 0.10m. Covering a large area of the rock surface are up to 30 ‘miniature quern’ roughouts ranging from about 0.13–0.25m in diameter. Additionally, there are two, possibly Iron Age, rotary quern roughouts (0.38 and 0.34m) and two millstone sized roughouts of 0.62 and 0.72m, which are post-medieval

Broughmore Wood 1: rock art and quern roughouts, © HES

NS 58729 90098 Broughmore Wood 2: 4.0x3.1m. A rosette of nine cups of 0.06–0.10m and a group of 3 cup marks 0.06–0.07m. Four quern roughouts 0.38, 0.25, 0.24 and 0.23m and up to 20 miniature quernstone roughouts, also some extraction voids.

NS 58741 90106 Broughmore Wood 3: 1.2 x 0.8m. A line of four miniature quernstone roughouts 0.11 to 0.18m and the arc of a partial quern of similar size. To the side of these an extraction void of 0.11m.

NS 58766 90110 Broughmore Wood 4: 6.6 x 2.1m. A weathered outcrop with a quernstone extraction void 0.40 x 0.32m and two miniature quernstone roughouts 0.18 and 0.16m.

NS 58720 90090Broughmore Wood 5: 2.4 x 1.7m. A weathered outcrop with 5 cup marks of 0.06–0.07m in diameter and 0.01m depth. Four courgette shaped cup marks, two 0.13 x 0.07 x 0.015m and two 0.10 x 0.05 x 0.015m.

NS 58690 90067 Broughmore Wood 6: 5.7 x 1.1m. A remarkably symmetrical panel. Two rosettes of nine cup marks separated by about 2.5m with two cup marks arranged dice-wise in the central area between the rosettes. Each rosette has an additional satellite cup mark a few centimetres beneath. The cup marks all range from 0.04–0.06m on this panel.

NS 58639 90036 Broughmore Wood 7: 3.3 x 1.9m. A rock surface exhibiting at least 34 grooves thought be the product of stone axe polishing. The grooves are all U-shaped in profile and range from 0.09–0.48m in length and 0.01–0.04m in width. The grooves are multi-directional overall but are clustered in groups that have similarly trending alignments.

NS 58633 90037 Broughmore Wood 8: Dimensions 6.6 x 2.6m. A faint array of six cup marks, each of about 0.04m in diameter. A newly exposed cup and ring mark, very crudely but clearly pecked (ring 0.17m, cup 0.05m), although this might equally now be interpreted as a miniature quern roughout. Two possible miniature quernstone roughouts (formerly assumed to be a cup and ring mark and a single ring without a central cup mark), 0.10 and 0.09m respectively.

NS 58739 90098 Broughmore Wood 9: 2.0 x 1.0m. An array of eight small quernstone roughouts ranging from 0.19 to 0.30m surrounding a central extraction void 0.40m. Two lone cup marks either side of the void 0.05 and 0.06m.

NS 58628 90042 Broughmore Wood 10: Up to six crudely pecked cup marks in an arcing alignment 0.08–0.12m, with one at 0.04m.

The original panel of carvings found by John Pitts and reported by Lorna Main in the HER has not to date been re-located. From photographs this is known to have further quernstone roughouts and a further two rosettes of nine cup marks.

The rock art is notable for the unusual number rosettes for a single site. There are at least eight and, although varying in size, they are remarkably consistent in form, each with a slightly larger

central cup mark surrounded by an array of eight cup marks. Their pattern corresponds to Type 2c in Maarten van Hoek’s 1989 classification. Also notable, is the disproportionality between the large number of in situ grinding stone roughouts to the lesser amount of extraction voids that are present, whereas one might perhaps expect that the latter would greatly outnumber the former in a worked quarry. The quernstone quarry would appear to be the largest of its type known in Scotland.

An excavation project commenced in November 2020, which is being carried out by teams of local volunteers under the supervision of Murray Cook. The object is to de-turf the ridge as far as is practicable to uncover and record the full extent of the carvings. Field walking of the plough furrows in the new plantation will take place and some stratigraphic excavation will carried out in the low points between rock panels. This first phase will culminate with a drone survey of the uncovered ridge. It is hoped to secure additional funding for finds processing and the employment of further imaging techniques and image analysis. Archive: NRHE

Field visit Nick Parish

NS 57590 89043 and NS 58218 88734 The, now vanished, mansion-house at Edinbellie was a home of the Napier family since the early 16th century. The New Statistical Account (vol. VIII, 1845) records that remains of the building were then still in existence and that ‘the arms of the Napier family are to be seen on the wall of what was part of the original house.’ Canmore records a visit by the OS in 1957 and states that they could find no trace of an armorial panel and neither did the tenant have any knowledge of it.

Edinbellie and Wester Ballochearn: Napier Stone

Following information provided by Ms Kim Christie, who currently resides at Edinbellie Farm, a visit was made to the adjacent Wester Ballochearn Farm, which lies approximately 1km to the SE, on 12 September 2020. A barn next to the farmhouse was found to have an armorial stone bearing the arms of the Napier family incorporated into its SW gable end. The panel measures about 0.48m wide x 0.55m high and the top of the panel is some 3m above ground level. Although the detail is worn, the general design is still clearly visible. There is a central shield bearing an engrailed saltire with four roses in the quarters. This is surmounted by a dexter arm, grasping a crescent. These are basic elements of the many historic variations of Napier coats-of-arms. A scallop design fills the space between the shield and the borders of the panel.

The current owner of Wester Ballochearn recalls her husband telling her that the barn was constructed from masonry brought over from the ruins at Edinbellie. The barn also, and somewhat incongruously, incorporates a number of red sandstone corbels, substantial red sandstone lintels and many other large masonry blocks, also likely to have originated from the Edinbellie mansion-house. Archive: NRHE

Field visits Nick Parish

NS 58951 89693 There is an area of outcropping ridges on the higher ground N of Wester Balgair Farm. The ridges trend from NE to SW, and occupy an area of some 500 x 160m. The area has been extensively quarried, although it is not marked as a quarry on any OS or historical mapping. The bedrock is a Devonian sandstone of the Kinnesswood Formation, which contains a nodular limestone termed cornstone.

In September 2020, on returning from a visit to view the Broughmore Wood rock art and quernstone quarrying site being uncovered on Ballindalloch Muir 500m to the NW, Alison Cunningham of Wester Balgair Farm noted a ring-shaped carving similar to those at Broughmore Wood.

The find at NS 58951 89693 was investigated (with George Currie) and three adjacent quernstone roughouts were found (0.30, 0.21 and 0.18m max. diameter) plus a void left from an extracted quern (0.30m diameter). These carvings are similar to those found at Broughmore Wood, which are possibly of Iron Age origin, and they exhibit similar tool marks from metal implements.

Further field visits to the Wester Balgair during October 2020 have identified extensive postmedieval millstone quarrying and, to a lesser extent, post-medieval quernstone extraction (note: no further Iron-age quernstone quarrying has been found at the time of writing).

The area has also been quarried throughout for limestone (a lime kiln was reported here by G Currie in DES 2014). Many of the outcropping rock faces are deeply undercut where the seams of the lime-rich cornstone nodules have been extracted. However, together with more recent and larger-scale extraction of building stone, these activities will potentially have destroyed much evidence of the earliest working of the site.

Specific sites of quernstone and millstone quarrying were found during field walking, and are listed below:

NS 58951 89693 On the rock face directly beneath the quernstone rough-outs (see above), a semi-circular millstone extraction indent 2.2m wide and a smaller indent immediately adjacent to NE 0.8m wide.

NS 59043 89787 Complete millstone, partly submerged in sphagnum bog, 1.4m diameter x 0.34m thickness.

NS 59045 89791 Millstone extraction indent with scribed arc on rock surface delineating a stone of about 1.4m diameter. A millstone indent of similar size adjacent to the E.

NS 59048 89781 Rock outcrop showing evidence of both millstone and quern stone quarrying : millstone indents into vertical SE face with cut channels at the top, an almost totally detached quernstone rough-out on the top surface of the rock to SW and an curved NE–facing shelf from millstone extraction.

NS 58963 89706 Semi-circular millstone extraction indent about 2m across.

NS 58972 89714 (10m NE of above), another millstone indent 1.9m wide and adjacent to SE a smaller indent 1.4m wide.

NS 58975 89718 (5m NE of above) an almost rectangular section cut into the ridge with a semi-circular millstone indent beneath. 1.8m wide.

NS 58978 89685 Millstone indent 1.7m wide.

NS 58981 89688 Millstone indent 2.2m wide.

NS 58978 89675 Partially carved quern stone 0.60m diameter x 0.15–0.18m in thickness.

NS 58923 89667 Detached millstone close to its extraction point, a possible misshape. 1.4m wide x 0.2m in thickness.

NS 58884 89628 Two adjacent slabs with curved edges, both about 1.2m wide are possibly partially shaped millstone fragments.

Further shaped fragments at NS 58907 89646 (1.1m wide x 0.2m) and NS 58920 89658 (1.3m wide).

NS 58882 89583 Arc left at ground level on rock outcrop from millstone extraction 1.2m wide.

Surface find at NS 58907 89612 Shaped, conical stone implement. Possibly a rubbing stone for a small quern, 0.15m diameter base x 0.07m in height with tool marking over base. Reported as treasure trove and handed to Stirling archaeologist Murray Cook. This appears to be a more complete example of a similar find made at Broughmore Wood.

The millstone quarry is extensive and, in addition to local demand, must have supplied a wider area. Millstones and querns seem to have been quarried from the two most southerly of the sandstone ridges. Extraction was from their S-facing slopes which are more gently sloping than the N-facing sides which tend to be vertical faces up to 3m in height. It was also noted that the sandstone of these southernmost ridges is grittier than those further N (Broughmore Wood comprises the same rock formation but there the sandstone is very fine grained).

The extraction indents found in the rock faces of the millstone quarry show that a variety of sizes of grindstones were produced. Larger stones of up to 1.4m diameter appear to have predominated but smaller indents down to sub-metre sizes were also found. All the extraction indents exhibited intensive pick markings around their circumference.

The stones extracted here were monolithic and were shaped in situ before detachment. There was no evidence of sectional millstone fabrication. Two fully detached millstones were found, neither having had central holes cut.

Several examples illustrating the quarrying methodology were identified: whereby an outline of the stone is first scribed onto the rock surface and then a circular channel is cut to define the millstone which, after further shaping, would be detached by undercutting. This is an ancient quarrying method used until post-medieval times and may point to the quarry pre-dating the mid-18th century. In more recent millstone quarries (late 18th to early 20th century), monolithic millstones tended not to be shaped in situ but from detached slabs of quarried rock taken away from the extraction point to be supported horizontally on boulders or blocks for easier working. No such working platforms have been found.

No reference was found to this quarry in either the Old or New Statistical Accounts of Scotland which suggests that the quarry predates the OSA. The is further evidenced by the fact that both the OSA and NSA describe the nearby millstone quarry adjacent to Millstone Wood on the Ballikinrain/Balglass Estate at NS 57024 86459. This quarry is just 4km SW of Wester Balgair and also lies on on the Kinnesswood sandstone formation.

Both Ballikinrain and Wester Balgair were on Napier family estates and it is speculated that the Millstone Wood quarry at Ballikinrain, which according to the OSA first wrought millstones Wester Balgair: quarried millstone

in the 1750s, may have opened when the Wester Balgair quarry was exhausted of suitable stone. The NSA also says that the Millstone Wood quarry produced inferior millstones as they wore rapidly, which may also explain why Wester Balgair would have been the first choice for exploitation.

A field visit to the Millstone Wood quarry at Ballikinrain was made on 26 October 2020 to determine whether or not any evidence of the post-1750 millstone quarrying remained there. Unfortunately, it was found that the quarry had very recently been re-opened for mechanised quarrying of material for construction of a new forestry road and this has obliterated all potential traces of the former millstone workings. Archive: NRHE

Watching brief Derek Hall

NN 54073 20943 A watching brief was carried out on the stripping of the footprints for a new agricultural shed, house, parking area and septic tank in the vicinity of a gallows site at Tom na Croidhe and several cup marked stones. The work was carried out in June to October 2019. Nothing of archaeological interest was located. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Watching brief John Lewis – Scotia Archaeology

NN 60664 24043 A watching brief was kept on 1 November 2019 during the demolition of a 20th-century lean-to building and excavations for a new extension to Lechine Cottage, a building pre-dating the OS map of 1862, on the E side of Lochearnhead. Nothing earlier than or contemporary with this putative farmstead was uncovered. Archive and Report: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Metal detecting find Emily Freeman – Treasure Trove Unit

NS 56 93 A hoard of thirty-two Short Cross pennies and one cut halfpenny. All but three of the coins were English, with just one Scottish penny of William the Lion and two of Alexander II. A terminus post quem for the deposition of the hoard is about AD1235, and the absence of Long Cross pennies strongly suggests that this had taken place no later than about 1247. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 240/19) and allocated to Smith Art Gallery and Museum

Standing building record Derek Hall

NN 79551 04582 A Level 1 building survey was carried out on the site of a former sawmill at Glassingall, on 6 July 2020. Previous photographs and drawings of the buildings were used to reconstruct their appearance following their demolition due to a Dangerous Buildings Order. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Evaluation Murray Cook − Rampart Scotland

NN 7458 0374 An initial 7.0 x 0.5m trench was opened, on 10 October 2020, on a possible broch as a first stage to further works. This identified the collapsed stone work of the structure. Two pieces of worked quartz were recovered from the topsoil. Archive: NRHE Funder: Rampart Scotland

NS 52 84 A complete copper-alloy long-flanged axehead, Type Arreton, was found while metal-detecting in Killearn. The axehead is heavily worn and has a thin curved butt and widely expanded cutting edge, with thick, shallow flanges. There is a curved bevel about a third of the way along the object, and no sign of decoration. The Killearn axehead falls outwith the expected distribution of Type Arreton axeheads, with only three others known from Scotland. Length 99mm; Width (butt) 17mm; Width (cutting edge) 48mm; Thickness (inc. flanges) 13.5mm; Weight 187.9g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 95/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Killearn: early Bronze Age flanged axehead (TT 95/19), Crown copyright

Excavation Gavin MacGregor and David Sneddon – Northlight Heritage and Clyde Archaeology

NN 6550 0591 The site comprised a large mound with a bank, up to 6 m wide and up to 0.70 m high, partially running along its northern extent (Canmore ID: 73611). It had been suggested this may relate to the remains of a monumental Iron Age structure, excavation of which was designed to establish the chronology and character of archaeological remains. The excavation took place on 25 to 28 October 2019.

One trench (Trench 1), measuring 10 x 1m, was hand excavated to examine the main bank structure potentially representing a massive wall construction. It revealed evidence for a probable collapsed inner wall face. A further ten smaller trenches, each measuring 1 x 1m, were excavated to target key research questions. Overall the excavation revealed three phases of activity at the site, the first comprising the remains of what appears to be a circular monumental structure, likely to date to

the late first millennium BC and/or early first millennium AD. The second, a possible medieval settlement, was evident through a clay bonded stone wall and small assemblage of probable medieval pottery. The third being evidence of an 18th- or late 19th-century farmstead, during the construction of which the prehistoric enclosure had been remodelled. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Callander’s Landscape with the support of National Heritage Lottery Fund and Historic Environment Scotland

NN 72853 01048 In January and February 2020, targeted test pits (TP) were excavated within the courtyard of Doune Castle in order to ascertain if the cobbled surface, discovered during path works in a previous phase of works, continued throughout the turfed courtyard. Possible cobbled surfaces were identified in TP7, 15 and 16, and a possible wall was also identified within TP7. No other features apart from a possible collapsed stone drain in TP17 were identified. Therefore, it appears that only sporadic patches of cobbled surface remain. It is not possible to say whether the whole courtyard was once completely cobbled or not.

In addition, three small test pits were excavated to locate a drainage pipe. Once located, a stretch of the pipe was exposed by machine for replacement under archaeological supervision. No archaeological features were identified within the trench. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Watching brief Gary Savory − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NN 72826 01035 (centred) A watching brief was conducted, in February 2020, at Doune Castle, (PIC061) during February 2020. A total of 7 postholes (0.3 x 0.3m) were excavated for the erection of a post and rail fence which will protect the W side of the castle from further erosion and prevent visitor access to this part of the grounds. No archaeologically significant features or deposits were identified during the works. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

NN 68 00 An incomplete, copper-alloy, socketed chisel was found while metal-detecting near Thornhill. This chisel has a splayed, curved cutting edge with rounded tips. The blade is thin, but thickens towards the socket. The blade-socket ‘junction’ is marked by a shallow ribbed ‘collar’, characteristic of similar chisels. The socket is square-sectioned and incomplete having fragmented in antiquity, though the remains of a small rivet hole (c1.2mm diameter) can be observed on one side. In side profile, the chisel is bowed slightly, which is probably use-related, either as part of its function or through pressure applied. The object is mostly covered in a smooth dark brown patina, though there is some delamination at the cutting edge. Length 65.3mm; cutting edge width 34.0mm; width at collar 9.0mm; thickness at collar 6.4mm; weight 17.91g.

Objects of this form are often referred to as ‘leather-working knives’ though the exact function of these objects is unknown. They are rare in Britain and parallels in Scotland are presently unknown. Where they appear in hoards in southern Britain, they date to the Llyn Fawr metalworking assemblage, 800–600 BC. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 93/19) and allocated to National Museums Scotland

Evaluation and metal detecting survey Alex Wood − AOC Archaeology Group

NS 651 944 (centred) A programme of archaeological works was carried out on 10 September 2020, ahead of a residential development at land to the SE of Burngreen, Castlehill Loan, Kippen. The evaluation revealed the site to have undergone significant agricultural improvement with numerous field drains and plough scarring recorded across the site. The metal detecting survey revealed discarded lead and iron farm machinery. No significant archaeological features or finds were found during the works. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Jewitt and Wilkie Architects

Walkover survey John Gooder – ACCESS Archaeological Condition Services

NN 82811 00493 A walkover survey was undertaken, in March to April 2020, prior to a proposed 93.41ha afforestation project at Ashentrool Farm. The following sites/locations, many previously noted in the RCAHMS Afforestable Land Survey Field Database (Menstrie Glen Survey, 1997), were examined and summarily recorded during the course of the survey.

NN 82153 00401 (centred) Site 1: Sheriffmuir Battlefield (1715) – 13ha of the Inventory battlefield lies in the W of the proposed forestry.

Site 2: Ruinous drystane dyke (19th century?) – probably the field boundary shown on the 1st Edition OS map (1866). Runs from NN 82339 00559 to NN 82480 00289 then enters small forestry plantation.

Site 3: Earthen banks/relict field boundaries (post-medieval) – one major and two minor earthen banks. The major bank, Bank C, ran N–S from NN 82430 00569 leaving the application area at NN 82521 00337. Banks A and B ran for a short distance westward from Bank C both fading near the post wire fence of ploughed field to the W. Bank B was truncated by Site 2 (drystane dyke) at NN 82455 00465. A large suite of associated field and enclosure boundaries (centred NN 82353 00356), as found by the Menstrie Glen Survey, has been completely eradicated by recent ploughing.

Site 4: (Canmore ID: 144981) Shieling hut mounds – as described in Canmore entry, albeit some elements now only seen with difficulty with two distinct clusters of features centred at NN 83089 00745 and NN 83108 00712.

Site 5: Earthen bank/relict field boundary (post-medieval) – runs from NN 82707 00342, turning at NN 82721 00395 then running eastwards to NN 83125 00458.

Site 6: Earthen banks/relict field boundaries (post-medieval), one major earthen bank with four associated minor banks. The main bank runs from N of Site 7 to NS 82866 99913 where it joins a major enclosure located to the S outside the area of proposed forestry.

Site 7: (CanmoreID: 144998) Shieling huts, earthwork bank (post-medieval), of the hut stances present on the spur, two are particularly clear at NS 82982 99932, nearby small, irregular curving earthworks features denote additional possible shieling survival. A small linear earthwork bank between NS 82985 99914 and NS 82981 999270 approaches the shielings from the S. No trace of the fifth shieling or twin parallel banks (as noted in the Canmore description) was observed.

Site 8: Field bank/relict field boundary (post-medieval) – short, isolated minor field bank located between NS 82955 99875 and NS 82971 99881.

Site 9: (Canmore ID: 144980) Enclosure, farmstead, possible mill – no trace of any of the above structures/features was observed by the walkover survey. New gravel-based sheep pens added near this location with recent earth movement, new farm tracks and regular farm vehicle movement apparently removing any surface indication of underlying archaeology.

Site 10: Rig and furrow (medieval/post-medieval) – two faint areas of ‘wide’ rig and furrow were observed centred at NN 81963 00083 and NN 82003 00457. Avoidance measures will be put in place in ensuring the protection of the archaeological resource from any adverse impacts created by the forestry proposals. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: RTS Forestry Ltd

Hogback (re)discovery Jamie Barnes – Historic England

NS 81522 96976 In 1927, A D Lacaille visited Logie Old Church and recorded the presence of two peculiar ‘hog-backed’ stones. The first (Logie 1) is complete and lies just to the SE of the old church. The second (Logie 2), which is a fragment, was discovered in a stream to the E of the church. Lacaille thought this fragment was one of three pieces of a once-complete hogback he was told was deliberately broken in the early 20th century and thrown down the embankment. Lacaille finishes his entry by noting that he placed Logie 2 beside Logie 1, and this is where the mystery of the Logie hogbacks begins.

Logie 1 remains in the same location today as previously recorded by Lacaille, and it was subsequently recorded by the RCAHMS and James Lang. Unfortunately, however, both Lang and the RCAHMS appear to have been unable to correctly identify Logie 2. This misfortune has resulted in both referring to a lumpy stone set as a headstone at the N end of row 6 as likely being Logie 2. This is a strange assumption as this stone does not match Lacaille’s description of Logie 2, which he noted as being decorated with two rows of triangular tegulation. Logie 2 was, therefore, clearly ‘lost’ sometime after Lacaille placed it beside Logie 1.

Further complicating the hogback evidence at Logie, there is a mixed pile of carved stone fragments beside Logie 1, decorated with rows of two different types of tegulation. As with the lumpy stone above, none of these fragments matches Lacaille’s description of Logie 2, nor do they represent likely fragments of what would be the missing pieces of Logie 2 because the tegulation and form appear to be different. To complicate matters even further, this collection of stone fragments has also been referred to as Logie 2.

During a recent site visit as part of a doctoral research project, a potential hitherto unknown hogback fragment was discovered. This fragment is built into the eastern wall-head of the old church and was preliminarily named ‘Logie 3’. A further site visit with Sally Foster and Rod McCullagh followed to reassess this fragment, and it quickly became apparent that ‘Logie 3’ was likely to be the ‘lost’ Logie 2. Although the rediscovered Logie 2 fragment is difficult to assess due to it being built into a wall-head, it does appear to be the end portion of a hogback. It is decorated on both sides with a least two rows of tegulation, and so it conforms with Lacaille’s description. In terms of Lang’s typology, it is likely a fragment of an 11th-century hogback of the Scottish Type B2 – Plain Tegulated Type. This new understanding means that the preliminary identifications of the stones recently considered to be the ‘lost’ Logie 2 and ‘Logie 3’ are now incorrect, and this entry should serve as both a correction and update.

The mixed pile contains three carved stones that appear to belong together and are decorated on one side with tegulation that appears different from Logie 2. Could these be the stones that Lacaille was told were thrown onto the stream bank, and part of a different monument? A fourth stone bears tegulation of a different type. It is not known when and how this pile of stones was accumulated in the graveyard, but presumably since Lang visited.

The Logie carved stone collection thus contains not two but a minimum of four stones: one complete hogback (Logie 1), one end portion of a hogback (Logie 2), and fragments of at least two other decorated stones. Digital survey of all the Logie fragments will help to resolve how many hogbacks are represented by the surviving decorated stones. I am grateful to Sally and Rod for their helpful observations and for allowing me the use of their photographs. (See Front Cover, Image 2).

Chance find Ella Paul – National Museums Scotland

NN 56 01 A cup-and-ring marked stone was found by chance during fieldwork for Scotland’s Rock Art Project (ScRAP). A full report, images and 3D model can be viewed under ID 3043 at www.rockart.scot. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 116/19) and allocated to Smith Art Gallery and Museum

Geophysical survey Susan Ovenden – Rose Geophysical Consultants

NS 80885 88881 A geophysical survey was undertaken within a field just to the E of the walled garden at Bannockburn House (Canmore ID: 74600) on 30 October to 1 November 2019. This survey forms part of a programme of assessments prior to the construction of poly tunnels and the planting of shelter belts and an orchard (see also DES 2019, 200).

Survey over an area of 0.66ha was conducted with resistance and gradiometry. The resistance data was collected at 0.5 by 0.5m intervals and the gradiometry at 0.25m intervals along traverses 1m apart.

Bannockburn House is a late 17th-century mansion with 19thcentury additions. The house and its policies are of cultural significance, having important associations with medieval battles, Jacobite history and the tartan weaving industry.

Previous excavations/trial trenching had taken place in the field and were still open at the time of survey. The excavations revealed the remains of trackways, which may be associated with the former coal roads in this area and possible coal workings to the S. Although no finds were recovered, map evidence suggests this may have 18th century origins if it is related to the former coal routes and activity in the area. Within the southern trench a possible building was revealed. A large fragment of 16th-/17th-century pottery was recovered from one of the trenches and, together with other finds derived from midden deposits, appears to have been used to infill a natural dip in the ground. The size and condition of the pottery indicates that it has not travelled far, which suggests settlement in the vicinity.

The resistance data is dominated by broad low resistance responses in the S of the area and corresponds with a pond/open water channel that took water from the rockery in the formal garden to the W to the drain in the SE of the field.

In the S of the survey area a low circular earthwork is visible. A magnetic anomaly and a resistance anomaly coincide with portions of the low bank suggesting possible revetment. Within the centre of the earthwork a strong magnetic response within a low resistance anomaly has been recorded. It is not clear if this is an indication of mine capping/entrance or simply an accumulation of other modern material. Additional high resistance anomalies have been recorded in the area which may suggest possible structural remains, although a natural origin cannot be dismissed.

A range of responses has been recorded along the eastern limits of the survey area, which show some correlation with the recent excavations but the responses are intermittent and ephemeral. This is likely to be due to insufficient contrast between the features and the surrounding material. Strong magnetic responses and high resistance values have been recorded adjacent to the field boundary. The origin of the magnetic material is not known, but it has a clear southern limit and may be due to midden deposits used to level the ground.

A broad well-defined area of high resistance has been recorded in the northern half of the field. The well-defined edges and rectilinear form of the anomalies would normally suggest possible structural remains or some form of anthropogenic activity. However, in this case it is thought that this may be due to natural variations in the subsurface. Archive: Rose Geophysical Consultants Funder: Bannockburn House Trust

Evaluation Murray Cook − Rampart Scotland

NS 73924 93681 A fourth season of evaluation at Baston Burn, from 28 September to 7 October 2020, confirmed that the site is in fact a two or three phase kerb cairn. An area of 15 x 15m E–W was cleared of bracken to expose the curving bank of the round structure. A 3 x 3m trench with a linear extension roughly E–W measuring 3.5 x 1.2m was excavated, in effect reopening and expanding Season 1’s Trench 1, which lay over the ‘roundhouse wall’.

The excavation identified evidence for edge set stones supporting uprights within the interior of the structure. There was also some evidence for later re-use of the cairn structure as a levelled platform. Stratified charcoal was recovered from a series of deposits from the structure as well as a series of potentially worked pieces of quartz and coarse stones. Archive: NRHE Funder: Forestry and Land Scotland

Excavation Murray Cook

NS 75080 90900 In September 2020 there was a small scale reopening on the 1950s trenches to recover stratified charcoal for radiocarbon dating (Canmore ID: 46233). Archive: NRHE Funder: Murray Cook and MOD

NS 79479 87968 Archaeological works consisting of a metal detecting survey was undertaken in relation to the construction of an agricultural shed at The Croft, Auchenbowie, on 18 March 2020. The site was covered in type 2 aggregate and no in situ topsoil was observed. The metal detecting recovered no significant archaeological material. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Stirling Council

Evaluation C Fyles − Alder Archaeology Ltd

NS 84134 86684 An evaluation was conducted of a mixed site comprising open field and standing buildings in advance of development. The work was carried out on 19 June 2020.

Evidence from the Military Survey of Scotland (1747–55) by William Roy indicated structures in the general vicinity, suggesting pre-modern remains might be present. Four trenches were excavated within and alongside new house footprints. Demolition rubble, probably derived from the removal of several farm buildings in the 1980s, was exposed. No finds or features of archaeological interest resulted. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Standing building record Derek Hall

NS 85807 88798 A photographic and written survey was carried out, on 30 October 2020, of the 19th-century steading at Hillhead Farm prior to its refurbishment. A group of ‘witch marks’ or Baltic timber trade marks were recorded on the wooden lintel of one of the buildings doorways. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

Metal detecting survey and evaluation Anthony Byledbal – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 77754 95373 (centred) Archaeological fieldwork was carried out, in September 2020, in advance of a proposed development on farmland located to the north of Kildean Roundabout. It consisted of a metal detecting survey and a trial trench evaluation amounting to 959m2; 5% of the available 19,179m2 area within the overall development of 24,300m2 area, taking into account services and buffers. The metal detecting survey revealed finds related to farming activity in recent centuries, with the exception of a 1697 William III silver shilling coin. The evaluation did not reveal any significant archaeological features or artefacts. Archive: NRHE Funder: Stirling Development Agency

Watching brief Derek Hall

NS 72684 84004 A metal detector survey and site evaluation was carried out, in May 2020, on the proposed site of a new house, garage and associated infrastructure. The site was located on the possible site of a farm depicted on Roy’s 18th-century map. All detected readings in the survey proved to be caused by heavily iron-panned natural rocks, the three evaluation trenches all located brown black topsoil over lying moderate to loose natural gravel and stone. Nothing of archaeological interest was discovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NS 7925 9381 Building recording was carried out on the first floor of Argyll’s Lodging (PIC107), in February 2020, prior to the renovation of the fireplace and hearth. The fireplace and hearth comprised a series of sandstone flagstones overlying a modern screed layer. This in turn covered a series of cement-mortared bricks laid end to end. Supporting the brick-built hearth foundations were two wooden joists that had been half-lap jointed to a main floor joists on the underside using iron nails. One of the timbers had a peg hole at its tapered end suggesting it was re-used, probably from a stockpile. Arguably both timbers could be from the same piece that was cut in two.

The floor plan in which the two joists were recorded was previously dated to the mid-17th century by RCAHMS. The hearth base was considered modern (20th century) and the evidence of the modern frogged brickwork used as part of the hearth foundations indicates this date is accurate. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

Evaluation Murray Cook − Rampart Scotland

NS 278155 693081 Season 3 of an ongoing evaluation of a newly discovered late prehistoric defended enclosure in Stirling’s King’s Park uncovered more of the structure’s interior, from 10 to 15 August 2020. The evaluation comprised the excavation of two trenches across the site, which revealed a possible substantial walled structure with a paved interior and an external yard all enclosed by a ditched and putative rampart. The structure appears to have burnt down and the 2019 season recovered a variety of objects including a 1st century AD Roman mortarium sherd. Other finds include a Mesolithic core and a medieval coin. The 2020 season included burnt in situ daub and a variety of coarse stone tools. Radiocarbon dating from the fills of the boundary ditch in 2019 indicates occupation in the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. Archive: NRHE Funder: Rampart Scotland

NS 79177 94039 Archaeological works were carried out in support of a proposed development at Mar Lodge, on 24 June 2020. They consisted of a photographic survey of the development area and its setting and recording a section of the boundary wall prior to construction of the new access route located on the SW edge of the site. A trial trench evaluation was also undertaken amounting to 45m2, or approximately 5% of the 900 m2 area that targeted the building plot, access route and areas of tree planting. No archaeological features or material culture was uncovered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Private individual

NS 79009 93997 A watching brief was required, in February 2020, during works to re-excavate cable ducts for the floodlighting within Queen Anne Gardens, Stirling Castle.

Four trenches were excavated. Two were excavated through the flowerbeds and along the line of existing electrical cable trenches and were within the topsoil of the flower beds. No features were noted. The third was dug to 0.7m down against the inside face of the revetting wall for the upper terrace. Within the backfill of the previous cable trench here some animal bone fragments were recovered and are most likely general kitchen waste mixed in the topsoil and re-deposited during the initial cable trench excavation. A fourth trench was dug, running approximately W–E through the lawn and wholly within the topsoil. No finds or features were noted. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland

NS 79691 93173 An interlinked complex of former light industrial units in the back lot between 14 Upper Craigs and Port Street was surveyed, on 8 October 2020, in advance of conversion to flatted dwellings. Map evidence suggests the site was first developed in the mid-19th century, with neighbouring street-front buildings being erected in the Georgian period. Further construction and reconfiguration continued in the later 19th and 20th centuries. This was borne out by the evidence of the survey. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Westerlea Properties

NS 56257 78931 A historic building survey of the property called Bluerisk at 2 Milndavie Road, was carried out, prior to the demolition of the existing house and the erection of two new dwellings. The work took place in August 2020.

The house at 2 Milndavie Road was constructed between 1898–1918, built in a muted picturesque style with gable fronts and overhanging eaves and understated bay windows in the S elevation. Much of the interior has been modernised, although some older features remain in the form of the timber-panelled doors and the main entrance door, which may be original to the building. The house may well have been originally constructed as two dwellings (as is noted on the 1947 Ordnance Survey map), with the two original depressedarch doorways providing access to each cottage, including a west-facing door on the central projecting wing of the S elevation (leading to No. 4) and another in the S side of the E elevation (leading to No. 2). Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Private individual

Walkover survey John Gooder – ACCESS Archaeological Condition Services

NS 51715 81253 A walkover survey was undertaken prior to a proposed 50ha afforestation project at Quinlochmuir, on 29 Oct 2019 to 8 Nov 2019. The following sites/locations were examined and summarily recorded during the course of the survey.

NS 51819 80889 Possible ruinous cist observed as a cluster of four stones, two appearing vertically set, located within small gully. Situation within a gully, with numerous bedrock outcrops and boulders within the local area, so high probability that this feature is, in fact, purely natural in origin.

NS 51843 81351 Turf-covered earthen bank, aligned NNW – SSE, and centred. Considered to be remnant of 19th-century stone dyke.

NS 51518 81202 (centred) A series of six turf-covered banks, four of which form a post-medieval field enclosure on ground located on an elevated ridge between two hillocks. The other two banks run eastwards off the NE and SE corners of the enclosure.

NS 51719 81070 (centred) Turf-covered earthen bank, aligned NNW – SSE. Probably remnant of post-medieval field enclosure. Avoidance measures will be put in place in ensuring the protection of the archaeological resource from any adverse impacts created by the forestry proposals. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Fountains Forestry

NT 05832 74064 A watching brief was undertaken during groundworks for the replacement of an electrical substation at Ecclesmachan on 23–25 March 2020. An area of approximately 1866m2 was stripped under archaeological supervision and revealed no significant archaeological remains or deposits. Archive: NRHE Funder: Advance Group

NT 09131 75154 (centred) A trial trenching evaluation was carried out on Block BB of the Winchburgh Masterplan Area, during August 2020.

The vestigial remains of furrows from rig and furrow cultivation were identified in four of the trenches on the eastern side of the development. These were generally aligned between NW to SE. No other features, finds or deposits of archaeological significance were identified. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Winchburgh Developments Limited

NT 09720 69333 (centred) A trial trenching evaluation was carried out, in September 2020, within the Calderwood Masterplan area, East Calder during September 2020. This covered parts of the Phase 4b development area. Trial trenching covered 8% of the area amounting to 90 trenches. No archaeological features or deposits were identified. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Stirling Developments Ltd

Evaluation and mitigation Anthony Byledbal and Eduardo Pérez-Fernández – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 02909 68226 (centred) Archaeological investigations consisting of an evaluation and follow up mitigation work was carried out at the development site of Eliburn 3 at Houston Road, Livingston, between April 2019 and February 2020. The trial trench evaluation consisted of 40 trenches equivalent to 8% (ie 3020m²) of the approximate 3.77ha available for evaluation, excluding ecological exclusion zones, services and associated buffer zones, and mature trees. Remains of a possible ditch and a group of undated postholes and isolated pit were encountered during the evaluation. A larger area was then stripped to create an archaeologically sterile buffer of 20m around the location of the archaeological features. No further archaeological remains were encountered and no material culture was recovered. Archive: NRHE

Desk-based assessment David Perry − Alder Archaeology

NT 0536 6634 A desk-based assessment was carried out on the site of a building development at the Army Reserves Centre, Beveridge Square, Livingston. The work was conducted in January and February 2020. Nothing of archaeological interest was found. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: Lowland Reserve Force and Cadets Association

Watching brief

Kenneth Green – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NS 97103 71891 A watching brief was carried out, 10–11 September 2020, during topsoil stripping of a greenfield area in advance of a replacement gas transmission station to the south of Torphichen. An area measuring approximately 1300m² was excavated to the W and SW of the current gas transmission station. No archaeological features or deposits were encountered. Archive: NRHE Funder: Advance Group UK Ltd

Historic building recording and archaeological watching brief Jamie Humble and Robert Usher − AOC Archaeology Group

NT 03260 64082 On 19 May 2020, a historic building survey was undertaken of a 19th-century weir, Limefield Falls, located SE of Polbeth on Harwood Water. The works were undertaken in advance of the construction of a fish pass and viewing platform at the site.

Limefield Falls is an interesting example of a late 19th-century river weir with the primary influence for its construction potentially being unique. Constructed as a tribute to the explorer Dr David Livingston by the chemist James Young sometime in the late 19th century, it aimed to emulate Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya). Whilst a spillway is present, there does not appear to be an industrial purpose to the weir with no mills downstream of it. Between the time of its construction and the 1960s the western side of the weir was lowered by several courses and metal railings were added to both sides. Between the 1960s and the present day these railings have been removed. Archive: NRHE (intended) Funder: West Lothian Council

Topsoil strip and record Kenneth Green – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NT 017 635 A monitored topsoil strip uncovered the foundations of a terraced row of cottages, one of ten such terraced rows which once stood along what was once known as Front Street, within the former mining village of Mossend, to the north of West Calder. The total floor space in each cottage was revealed to be 27m². To the W of the cottages were revealed a number of agricultural features including furrows and field drains as well as pits and postholes likely to have once formed parts of fence-lines for drying greens and back gardens behind the terraced cottages. These remains were mapped and recorded prior to an access road being constructed across the site for an adjacent housing development. The work took place from 23–28 September 2020. Archive: NRHE Funder: RPS Consulting Services Ltd

Geophysical survey Susan Ovenden – Rose Geophysical Consultants

NB 43345 59319 A geophysical survey was carried out over the modern graveyard surrounding Teampull nan Cro’ Naomh at South Galson, Isle of Lewis, in November 2019. Teampull nan Cro’ Naomh, is a possible 13th-century chapel and associated older graveyard which is visible in the field as a pronounced mound immediately to the N and W of the survey area (Canmore ID: 4346). The chapel is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and therefore the survey did not encroach on this Scheduled Area. Two ruins lie to the S of the chapel and mark the northern limit of the survey area in the W of the area. These are of unknown date (post-medieval – AD 1540 to 1900) and have the appearance of mausoleums. The site lies on machair adjacent to the coast.

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey, over an area of 0.4ha, was undertaken to provide a detailed plan of the cemetery grounds showing the location of past burials to assist with management of the cemetery. Data was collected with a 500MHz antenna at 0.02m intervals along parallel traverses 0.25m apart using ‘zig-zag’ data collection.

The GPR survey has successfully mapped numerous burials across the site. Anomalies indicative of burials have been identified which appear to correspond with headstones and grave markers. Additional responses clearly suggestive of burials have been identified which do not appear to correspond to any headstones and grave markers.

Throughout the survey area several areas of increased response have also been noted. These are anomalies which cannot be clearly identified as burials, and some may simply be due to natural variations in the subsoil. However, it is likely that the bands of high amplitude response in the W of the area may well be associated with burials. While some clearly defined burials have been noted within these bands of high amplitude response, the results are confusing, and several grave markers do not have a clearly associated burial response. Given that this is the oldest portion of the cemetery the complexity of the data is not surprising given the potential for a high density of burials. Archive: Rose Geophysical Consultants Funder: Galson Cemetery Committee

NF 8957 8012 During a visit, on 10 June 2020, to a previously discovered site, an area of intertidal peat with embedded prehistoric tree remains, it was noticed that the nearby dune face was further deteriorating and eroding. The newly exposed surfaces revealed several ‘lenses’ of shell-rich midden deposits, also containing some bone, ash and charcoal fragments. Towards the top of the dune there was a large section of wall revealed, still in good condition. There were at least two other sections of walling that could be determined, but these were in a greater state of collapse.

Queens Beach: near the top of the dune, a relatively intact wall section is clearly visible

Queen’s Beach: a shell-rich lens of midden material eroding from the duneies

and roughly dressed with sides and faces evident. These anthropogenically modified stones had not been noted at the beach site on previous visits and are indicative of being part of a substantial structure, now collapsed onto the beach.

It seems likely that this new site represents the first exposure of a settlement building, possibly part of an early township, likely to be related to the nearby Eilean an Dùnain (Canmore ID 10306; Site Number NF87NE 20), now a tidal island but formerly a promontory of Berneray itself

NF 7999 2984 There is often, on Uist at least, a correlation between kelping activity sites and shieling sites, as different members of township families would spend much of the summer at one site or the other. Having observed that there were two kelping sites with associated bothies, on Sloch Dubh, Loch Eynort, at Allt Bholagair and Allt Altissary, it seemed reasonable to assume these were from different townships. However, although the Allt Altissary site was well served with shielings (see DES 2019), the site beside Allt Bholagair appeared to have no such associated àirigh site, and it would not be reasonable to expect the upland pasture at Altissary to be shared with the second township. This ongoing survey work took place from September 2020.

Allt Bholagair is a well known and much visited site and has SSSI status for its plant biodiversity along its lower run, so it seemed that any àirigh sites would be well known and documented. However, examination of online satellite imagery suggested the presence of an unrecorded group of bothain àirighe (shieling huts) to the north of the designated SSSI area. A field visit confirmed a pair of significant stone-built bothies, both with conjoined structures, one as a stone construction, the other a conjoined stone setting, the residual foundations of a turf-walled structure. The secondary structures were probably for processing of dairy produce. The site conveniently fills a ‘void’ between the Allt Altissary shielings and those at South Spin (DES 2018).

By Uist standards, these bothain àirighe are large sub-circular structures – over three metres diameter internally, with slightly smaller secondary chambers conjoined, but not interconnected, to the SW of the main building. Both main bothain have their access doorway facing E. The southern site has a stone setting from a turf walled secondary chamber, but the northern site, which is on a more significant raised mound, has a substantial stone built second chamber. Both may be described as having a bicameral figure-of-eight ground-plan. The whole site is surrounded by an incomplete enclosure wall demarcated by large boulders and probably originally infilled with turf now degraded and eroded but clearly indicated in the vegetation. The entire site is heavily overgrown with bracken which would more or less completely obscure the archaeology during the summer months. Only after

Allt Bholagair shieling site: overhead virtual view from composite photogrammetry, before bracken removal

clearance of the dead bracken in the late autumn could the bothain be properly identified and recorded. The northern site’s main structure is partly infilled with tumbled masonry, chiefly flattish rounded stones, suggestive that the original structure had at least a partially corbelled roof, now lying on the floor. The main bothan structures at both sites still have standing walls up to 1 metre in height. There are few Uist sites with such well-preserved original bothain àirighe still extant.

NF 7768 4145 This year the pre-clearance township of Geàrraidh Fliuch was revisited, June to October 2020, with a view to creating a virtual 3D archive of the remaining structures across the former township territory, as recorded on William Bald’s ‘Plan of South Uist’ (c1805). Several new farmstead and related buildings have now been identified from the period before the clearance and destruction (by fire!) of the township in 1828.

One particular structure is the ruin of a small building on a peninsula on the southern banks of Loch an Dùin Mhòir. Few stones remain in situ at the site, as most of the usable masonry, from this township and several adjacent settlements, was removed soon after the clearance and destruction to be recycled into new sheep-farmsteads, some long enclosure walls and a large sheep fank. The closer a former building was to a ‘new’ structure, the more complete would be the stone recycling.

This small, almost insignificant, ruin is made more notable than other more substantial nearby sites by its underlying building platform. This appears to be an earlier stone built subcircular mound occupying the entire peninsula, in a similar manner to the northern peninsula site on the adjacent Loch Cille Bhànnain which has the ruins of Uist’s first post reformation RC church ruins overbuilt on a foundation of an Iron Age dun. Whether the under-building at Dùin Mhòir is a hut circle, a dun or another structure cannot be determined from simple external survey and observation, but would require further examination, either by physical intervention or possibly geophysical investigation.

NF 87 53 A late medieval copper-alloy stick pin was recovered by chance. The object has a hexagonal-sectioned shaft which narrows at one end to a point and at the other to a facetted head. The head is broadly cuboid in shape with angled corners and lozengical side faces. The side faces are recessed and may once have held inserts. Below the head is a square cushion collar set at a right-angle to the head so that the corners protrude. The shaft is decorated by zig-zag and diagonal lines that run along the length on alternating faces. The pin is 103mm in length. While this pin has broad similarities to early medieval types, it is likely to date to the late medieval period. Research is ongoing to clarify the chronology and typology of medieval pins in Scotland. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 88/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 75 81 A medieval copper-alloy strap end was recovered through metal-detecting. The object is rectangular; one end is split for attachment and has rivet holes in the corners. The upper face is decorated with a broadly symmetrical but irregularly-executed incised design consisting of lines and dots. The other end of the object is truncated; the smooth wear pattern suggests that it was cut deliberately before deposition. The object is now 29.5mm in length, 16.5mm in width and weighs 6.3g. The strap end is probably early medieval in date. The design is difficult to parallel exactly, although geometric designs made up of dots and lines are found on Viking Age strap ends. Stylistic similarity may be noted

Loch an Dùin Mhòir: building ruins on a peninsula on Loch an Dùin Mhòir

with incised crosses from Taynish Island, Eilean Mór and Inverneil House, dating from the period AD 700–900. The object is an intriguing one and would benefit from further research. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 137/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 74 45 An assemblage of five medieval copper-alloy dress accessories were recovered through metal-detecting. 1. A globular-headed pin fragment with part of a circularsectioned shaft. The head is 7mm in diameter. 2. A complete pin with collared square-frustum head and circular-sectioned shaft. The shaft is bent at an approximately 80˚ angle about two thirds of the way down from the head. The pin is 61mm in length (while bent). 3. A pin with circular, slightly domed head which has moulded rayed decoration extending from a central circle. The shaft is circular in section and is slightly bent approximately a third down from the head. The pin is in two fragments; the wear pattern indicates an old break. The head fragment is 24.0mm in length. The shaft fragment is 64.5mm in length. The head is 5mm in diameter. 4. A plain annular buckle or brooch with circular-sectioned frame and copper-alloy pin. The object is 18mm in diameter. 5. A square mount of late medieval to post-medieval date, formed from a thin copper-alloy sheet. Three decorative notches are taken out of the edge on each side and there is an incised circle with central dot in the centre. Two opposing corners contain circular rivet holes. A double line of punched circles runs around the outer edge and loops in at each corner. The object is 17mm in length and width. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 138/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 75 44 An Insular enamelled lead weight of 9th- to 10th-century date was recovered while metal-detecting. The weight takes the form of a trapezoid prism. The top face is decorated with a linear design picked out in blue enamel against a yellow enamel background. The object is 13mm in length, 10.5mm in width, 7.5mm in height and weighs 7.7g. Decorated lead weights of the enamelled type are not common finds in Scotland. A parallel can be found in the collections of National Museums Scotland (X.IL 777) from a Viking boat burial at Kiloran Bay, Colonsay. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 139/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

South Uist: enamelled lead weight (TT 139/19), Crown copyright

NF 75 44 An early medieval silver ring was recovered while metaldetecting. The object takes the form of a circular-sectioned hoop, the ends of which taper slightly and are twisted together to form a knot. Objects of similar form are represented from contexts dating to the Roman, early medieval and modern periods. Some of these functioned as finger rings. However, a number of examples of 10th-century date were used as simple attachment loops on pins, whetstones, brooches and necklaces. Stylistically, it is to this group that the South Uist example seems to belong. The ring is 27mm in diameter and weighs 4.1g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 140/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

1650–1750. Just under a quarter of the brooch survives. Both sides of the fragment are decorated, ornamented with crudely engraved lines. An old break is clearly visible; it is interesting to note that a riveted plate over the break line is a contemporary repair. The object is green in colour, with some patches of darker patina on one side. The brooch measures 63.5mm long; 25.5mm wide and weighs 15.4g

This example is noteworthy for its relatively crude craftsmanship and extended life through repair. This suggests the object was wellworn and cared for by its owner. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 141/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

South Uist: Highland style brooch, (TT 141/19), Crown copyright

NF 75 41 A silver Abbasid dirham dating to the 9th or 10th century was recovered through metal-detecting. The coin is heavily clipped and the mint and date have been lost. Dirhams are infrequent stray finds in Scotland, although they are well-represented in hoards, and are indicative of a Viking context. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 142/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 74 44 A bronze nummus of Valens, cAD 364–378. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 143/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 75 43 A fragmentary stone cobble tool known as a smoothing stone was recovered by chance. This is likely to date from the prehistoric to Viking periods. The rock is dark, fine-grained and igneous. There is slight wear on one face but the stone is otherwise undiagnostic. Owing to a lack of striations, it is presumed that tools such as this were generally used on soft surfaces, such as in the preparation of animal hides. The fragment is 46mm in length, 37.0mm in width, 26.5mm in thickness and weighs 83.5g. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 144/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

NF 75 41 A silver wire object was recovered through metal-detecting. The object comprises a circular-sectioned wire shaped into a loop, the ends of which are twisted together and bent up at the tip. The object is 23.5mm in length, 11mm in width and weighs 0.4g. The object was found in proximity to the Norse settlement at Drinmore

and may be early medieval in date. Similar twisted silver wire loops in the 9th century Hon Hoard appear to have functioned to attach beads to a necklace. However, copper-alloy twisted wire loops are well-represented from urban excavations in Scotland and England from contexts dating to the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, and the date of the South Uist example must therefore remain uncertain. The copper-alloy versions have variously been interpreted as shroud or dress fastenings, as well as possibly strengthening elements for purses. It makes sense that an object of such simple form and function would be represented across a wide period. Claimed as Treasure Trove (TT 145/19) and allocated to Museum nan Eilean

Evaluation Anthony Byledbal – GUARD Archaeology Ltd

NF 78193 55303 An evaluation was carried out in advance of a proposed new sewage pipe installation associated with the construction of a new Ministry of Defence Temporary Camp adjacent to Benbecula Airport. It consisted of a trial trench evaluation amounting to 12m2; equating to 8% of the 150m2 of the line of a proposed new sewage pipe. The evaluation did not reveal any archaeological features or artefacts. Archive: NRHE Funder: QinetiQ

Evaluation and desk based assessment Kevin Murphy – Comhairle Archaeology Service

NB 44049 32119 Investigations were carried out to inform potential plans for bringing the Old Sandwick Cemetery back into use. The aim of these investigations were to identify the boundary of the original cemetery, ascertain whether the adjacent grassy field had ever been used as a burial ground and identify any other archaeological deposits. These works took place on 20 to 22 May 2020 and followed on from desk based studies by CnES Archaeology Service and were informed by an earlier geophysical survey report carried out by the Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham (2009).

The results of the evaluation identified that the site comprised of four main phases. The original burial ground was located on a sandy hillock and was bounded by the coastal edge and a low sandbank, the adjacent open field had comprised of lazybeds. A main linear drainage feature ran between these two areas and probably exploited a natural feature, it had numerous later phases of attempted drainage improvements added to it. The main drainage feature ran parallel to the cemetery boundary sandbank and defined the stratigraphy between the sand deposits of the hillock and the sediment deposits of the field. A small stone structure was noted close to the road boundary. Two unmarked burials were encountered beneath the sandbank boundary; no burials were found in the field area. All pottery recovered from across the site dated to the 19th early 20th century. The origins of the cemetery, based on cartographic and physical evidence placed the site in the early 19th century. Adjacent to the cemetery the land was utilized in the form of lazybeds; the main drainage feature acting as a distinct interface between the two areas. Archive: Comhairle Archaeology Service Funder: Comhairle nan Eilean Siar

Geophysical survey Richard Bates

NB 22070 35690 General landscape reconstruction project for land and marine. Involves geophysical investigation of standing stone sites and survey in fresh and marine lochs. Geophysical survey of standing stone sites using electric, electromagnetic, magnetic methods combined with offshore multibeam sonar and sub-bottom sonar acquisition took place from February 2018 to February 2020. Archive: University of St Andrews Funder: Scottish Enterprise

Erosion survey Graeme Carruthers − CFA Archaeology Ltd

NB 21301 33020 (centred) Visitor numbers at Calanais Standing Stones have increased year on year. This has created its own problems with damage and erosion being caused to the archaeological site.

An erosion survey was carried out in March 2020, within the environs of Calanais Standing Stones to look at the general condition and state of erosion suffered to the archaeological sites. The survey revealed that the monument is suffering from various degrees of erosion ranging from ‘intrusive’ across most of the site to ‘severe’ around the central cairn. The main cause for the erosion is visitor footfall. Archive: NRHE (intended). Reports lodged with Council HER Funder: Historic Environment Scotland