O en CREATING CONDITIONS FOR INNOVATION
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Open Economy = (WORLD CLASS DEMOCRACY) + (WORLD LEADING OPEN DATA) + (RICH INSTITUTIONAL HERITAGE) + (WORLD LEADING IMPACT FINANCE INDUSTRY) + (SOCIALLY NETWORKED CITIZENS) The UK stands at the edge of creating a whole new, vertically-integrated lead market; in fact a whole new sector: The Open Sector, to sit alongside the existing Public, Private and Citizen Sectors. This is not some distant future - it is already beginning to happen. This is a near-future in which the UK will lever its extraordinary combination of a world class democracy, its globally unique data rich-heritage; its world leading social ďŹ nance industry and one of the world most socially-networked citizenries to create the next Economic Revolution. It will start here in the UK, in East London.
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Open Everything. When we think about ‘open’, most of us think about of open source software. What emerged in the 1990 and 2000s as a small, niche culture of free code-sharing online has become a mainstream force in one of the most successful industries in the world, and foundation for global commons such as Wikipedia. If you use the internet, you use open source software. We now know that those successes were not an accident. The principles behind OS – transparency, free access, peer-to-peer community production, open standards, open governance, the licenses and democratic constitutions, the wealth held in open commons for anyone to use, all apply not just to software, but also to hardware, to tools, institutions, businesses, to space and cities themselves. Abundant commons are a radical advantage. For a long time, the question hanging over East London has been whether it can ever emulate Silicon Valley, constrained as it is by the limitations of the city. But shared, open, intense proximity – is what cities do best. London will never be able to match Silicon Valley, but it could leapfrog it altogether. It could turn the loud, diverse messiness of the city pavement from an inconvenience into a radical advantage, to deepen democracy, and to seed this next, open, economy.
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1215 Magna Carta
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1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 The Reform Act
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1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
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Towards an Open Economy. The drive towards openness is not new. The UK has been at the leading edge of a movement towards greater openness, transparency and freedom in society for hundreds of years. It’s an overlooked history of structural freedoms which shaped our values, our institutions, our technology. From Magna Carta in 1215 to the system of Universal Weights and Measures in 1825, we have long realised that when we have common rights and shared standards, we all do better: socially and economically.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
1832 The Reform Act
1855 Limited Liability
1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
1918 Representation of the People Act
1990s – Open Source
2003 Creative Commons
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The Statute of Monopolies. 1624. England follows other leading nations in instituting the a system of patents. Patents are now usually perceived as a restriction on openness, they were originally conceived as the opposite: a mechanism whereby inventors would publish and share their new innovations, in exchange for which they were given exclusive commercial rights guaranteed over a period of time.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 The Reform Act
1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
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The Reform Act. 1832. The Reform Act makes parliament more accountable to the population, by opening up the right to vote to an ever-wider section of society.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 The Reform Act
1855 Limited Liability
1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
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Limited Liability. .
1855. Limited Liability is offered to British companies for the first time, offering security for innovators in exchange for accounting obligations, resulting in technological investment and greater transparency.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
1832 1832 The Reform The ReformAct Act
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1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
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Natural History Museum 1856 Victoria & Albert Musuem 1852 Royal Society 1850 Royal Society of Medicine 1834
Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors 1862
Zoological Society of London YMCA 1824 1844
Octavia Hill Housing 1865 The National Trust 1884
The National Gallery 1824
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English Heritage 1983
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60 19
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40 19
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National Health Service 1948
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Wikipedia 2001
Open University 1969
Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts 1904
Peabody Trust 1862
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Royal Academy of Music 1822
Royal Society of the Arts 1754 00
Tate 1897
Royal Institute of British Architects 1834
The British Museum 1753
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Carnegie Trust 1913
Institute of Mechanical Engineers 1847
Royal Academy of the Arts 1768
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Scouting Movement 1907
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Royal College of Art 1837
Royal Institute 1799
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The Football Association 1863
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Reform Club 1836
Atheneum 1824
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 1832 The Reform The ReformAct Act
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1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
01/ The Representation of the People Acts edged the UK closer to universal suffrage by extending the right to vote first to all men regardless of background, and in 1918, to women.
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Representation of the People.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 1832 The Reform The ReformAct Act
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1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
2003 Creative Commons
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Open Source. During the 90s and 2000s, lead by Linus Torvalds and documented by Eric S Raymond, the ‘Free’ and OS code movement begins to become an ever-more powerful and mainstream force in software production, with code being shared under open licenses to be freely used, adapted and improved by anyone. In the 2010s this is expanding into hardware, such as RepRap and Arduino.
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1215 Magna Carta
1624 Statute of Monopolies
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1832 1832 The Reform The ReformAct Act
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1855 Limited Liability
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1850-1960 ‘The Age of Institutions’
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1918 Representation of the People Act
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1990s – Open Source
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2003 Creative Commons
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Creative Commons. Creative Commons Foundation was formed in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred. It presents a spectrum of alternatives to ‘copyrights’ - allowing creative content to be licensed under varying degrees of openness.
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The future of work? -
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Platforms for innovators. -
INVESTORS
INSTITUTIONS Curating innovation Public access
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Inflation Gentrification
UNIVERSITIES Rising cost & falling value of traditional qualifications New forms of learning Impact R&D Research data
PUBLIC SECTOR
CITIZENS Rising rents Falling incomes Rising inequality Concentrated diversity Consumers to makers Socially-networked Peer-to-peer
+ STARTUPS Access to support Affordable space Finance VISITORS Access Visibility Identity Curiosity Delight
YOUNG PEOPLE Education Access to opportunity Real-estate lock out
Assets Data Democratic mandate Long view investment
GLOBAL DRIVERS Climate change Urbanisation Population growth Inequality Reforming capitalism Open government Democratisation of production Emerging economies Ubiquitous technology / massive data UK Manufacturing
BABY BOOMERS+ Skills Surplus Anticipatory health Ageing population
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PROPERTY SECTOR
Access to innovation Revision of the socialcorporate contract Users not consumers
Cities as innovation engines. ‘The world is not flat’, Even as the web reaches more widely, and technology allows greater dispersal, cities are emerging still more powerfully as super-nodes for production and innovation. But with rising inequality, and continuing disconnection between citizens, state, market and institutions, the potential of cities is being massively inhibited. The rules of the old closed / fragmented economy don’t work in a world where success comes from collaboration and innovation.
CORPORATIONS
Capital / Trust Return on investment Impact investing
NATIONAL RAIL LINKS
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East London.
MAKERS TECH STARTUPS DESIGNERS
East London is primed to be the lead market for the open economy, with hundreds of new startups, a hugely diverse, micro-scale economy, and entrepreneurs exploring the UK’s abundant (8000 plus) open datasets, all in close proximity.
MICRO RETAIL ECONOMY
But it also faces the challenge of rising property prices and market exclusion, a familiar scenario of economic gentrification, and the influx of large, establish corporates locking-out young people and new ventures. Sitting at the centre of it all, Old Street roundabout is an extraordinary undiscovered opportunity : capacity to create London’s next great public space – at present, a neglected underpass, but passed-through by 20 million pedestrians every year, and over 15 million vehicles. It sits at the connecting point between a design district, the financial district, the emergent technology cluster, makers, and the vast, experimental micro retail economy of East London.
FINANCE
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LOCAL & NATIONAL GOV. LEADERSHIP
Open Government
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Open Finance
Open Manufacturing
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Open Education
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Open Streets
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Imagine using this capacity to build resources for inďŹ&#x201A;uencers, leaders and early adopters across every industry: innovators, investors and experimenters brought into close proximity, and access given to everyone; not just isolated startups, but the ďŹ rst prototype of a whole economy, emerging in the UK.
Open R&D
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The Open Sector.
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Open Business
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Open Retail
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Open Services
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Open Manufacturing The factory of the future is everywhere. With ever cheaper access to digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers and CNC machines, it is now possible to share, download and fabricate products locally.
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This is driving a new generation of open source hardware designs, and a global maker movement, which promises to radically democratise manufacturing, and make the UK once more into a nation of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;makersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.
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Open R&D The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biggest design team. As large universities share more and more of their research and academic content freely online, open-source mass collaborative design communities are emerging, pushing boundaries in almost every sector, from biotechnology, prosthetics, construction and even musical instruments.
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SHARE
VERSION 2.0
DESIGN
VERSION 1.0
ADAPT
SHARE ADAPT
SHARE
VERSION 3.0
IMPROVE
VERSION 1.2
SHARE SHARE
IMPROVE
VERSION 1.1
Open R&D Forking. Communities collaborate by means of copying, adapting, improving and iterating fast â&#x20AC;&#x201C; outperforming slow, closed teams. Often the communities consist not just professionals, but users, testing and customising products.
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_.Ltd _.LLP _.LP _.PLC _.CIC _.CIO
Open Business Text
Radical Openness. From emerging open business models such as FabLab, can we begin to imagine new forms of contract between society and businesses; offering deep transparency, open access and making a scaleable contribution to the commons?
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.OLC Open Limited Company
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Universities without walls . As the edges of formal education institutions blur to respond to new challenges and technology, new forms of peer-to-peer learning institutions are emerging across age-groups and disciplines, for example Trade School, General Assembly or the School in the Cloud.
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Open Education
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Open Finance
Closed Centralised power-lenders and investors, with monopoly over ďŹ nance.
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Open Peer-to-peer lending and ďŹ nance, from Crowdfunding (e.g Kickstarter) and peer-to-peer lending (e.g Zoho) to peer currencies (e.g BitCoin)
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Open Retail You are never just a consumer. New low-threshold selling infrastructures such as Ebay and Square have already begun to open the ďŹ eld of retail. Will we begin to see new open platforms using cheap and virtual selling infrastructure - retail businesses with open operating models, open franchises, common infrastructure and transparent supply chains. (e.g The Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Supermarket) 20
Tonight the streets are ours. Urban space is â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or should be â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the most universally accessible piece of the commons, something which is owned by everyone and to which everyone has rights of use. We need serviced public spaces with open constitutions; a simple, easy physical and legal framework of rules for all to organise and host events or sell products.
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Open Streets
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Open Gov. Git-gov With open data forming the foundation for new social enterprises, open apps, and allowing citizens to participate in public services, could the open source platforms and constitutions for mass collaboration be used increasingly to build the software framework of a more participative democracy, including even the drafting of legislation? (For example, Open City Apps)
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TRANSPORTATION BROADBAND
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Seeding the open economy.
LOW -THRESHOLD SPACE
TOOLS
Infrastructure VISIBILITY
MENTORING
ABUNDANCE
Incubators
MEDIATED PLATFORMS
As with all emerging economies and movements, success depends on the ‘thickness’ of the institutional platforms supporting it. Shared infrastructures and programmes are catalysts for engagement, knowledge sharing, and platforms for intense proximity and serendipity. GUILDS
They need to be structured to offer value to their users without prescribing their use – they must be designed to resist top-down ownership or control, and avoid the process of ossification and the risk of being ‘hijacked’ or ‘locked’ in favour of incumbents in future. How can new institutional commons remain permanently democratic and open to change?
Institutions
UNIVERSITIES
Education PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
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The case for urban commons.
LOCATED
e.g Wikipedia, WikiHouse
e.g The Bazaar
+ Scaleable, ubiquitous access, weak-ties, mediated trust, high accountability. Low initial capital cost. Resists control.
+ High intensity / proximity. Shared physical resources & infrastructure. Ambient. Machine for unintended â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;happy accidentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.
- Limited provision of common resources (software only). Deliberate, individual interaction only. Low intensity.
- Limited range. Risk of tacit inclosure / ossification. High initial capital cost.
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DISPERSED
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OPEN INFRASTRUCTURE
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Shared space & resources
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OPEN GOVERNANCE Community-interest company constitution
London Commons. A new open commons in East London: a civic platform acting both as a cultural platform and a kind of ‘open source university’ – owned by and for everyone. An extension of the pavement.
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OPEN BUSINESS MODEL Sustainable use / revenue
OPEN OPERATING SYSTEM
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Open platform software
OPEN LICENSE
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Open brand / license to support replication
OPEN LIBRARY
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Curating the commons
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PARTNERS Delivery
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Transport for London LB Islington LB Hackney Greater London Authority 10 Downing Street Community Partners
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Open governance. The London Commons will be owned as a Community Interest Company, (CIC) with a founding board of partners including not just the asset holders (such as TfL and London Boroughs, but also representatives of the local residential and business communities.)
OPEN INFRASTRUCTURE Space & Resources
OPEN VENTURES Market
ETHICS
Though operated on an everyday level by a team of hosts and an executive team, it will be governed according to a democratic constitution, incorporating the voices of members, fellows and town hall meetings (both in physical space and online) to which all are invited. The constitution itself will be published in the form of a ‘Wiki’, inviting all to discuss and propose amendments, and setting out founding principles. 29
OPEN EDUCATION Knowledge & opportunity
OPEN COMMUNITY ‘Town hall’
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From Pay for access
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An open business model.
Closed & regulated.
To
The Open Institute will be run for community beneďŹ t, however it must always have a sustainable revenue model and be able to invest in future growth. There are a number of approaches towards doing this, ranging from selling value which is over & above that which is free in the commons (for example, services, training etc.) to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Freemiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; models, whereby different kinds of user pay varying tariffs depending on their use of it (for example, Commercial=paid / non-commercial=free). Other commons are sustained by donations and the work of the community (for example, Wikipedia).
Open & peer-to-peer. The core innovation for the London Commons will be to replace the traditional rental model whereby one must pay for access to a space or resource, to one whereby it is free for all to use, but with the opportunity to pay to be the exclusive user for a period of time. In each case, this would be governed by a simple set of rules. 30
Free, pay for exclusivity
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THEMATICS
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Open OS. The platform is conceived not unlike a typical smartphone. It will consist of: 1. Hardware The physical kit 2. Operating system (rules and running software) 3. ‘Apps’ by third parties, such as programmes, uses, events or software. (e.g Hackspace)
1. FELLOWS ‘Professors’ as generous thematic knowledge aggregators. Seeds projects, curates networks, open IP. 2. OPEN CURATORS ‘Broadcasters’ - processing raw data and knowledge and disseminating meaning. 3. OPEN FUND Investors activating investment both in entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs (innovators within existing corporations & public sector) 4. OPEN LIBRARIAN Processing open IP, data, and making it useful. 5. OPEN AUDITORS Data collection, impact analysis, feedback and ethics commentator. 6. HOSTS Approachable operator in ‘concierge’ role, helping by co-ordinating, suggesting, introducing and responding to need. EXECUTIVE TEAM Operating team responsible for management, operation & maintenance.
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Design Law Governance Markets Technology Finance Ethics Science Medicine Behaviour ...
‘APPS’ BY THIRD PARTIES Labs Incubators Businesses Organisations Education programmes Events Lectures Civic surface Web Mobile ...
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Open License. The institutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model and brand is itself entirely open, including legal documents, software and operating model. This means that other groups can more easily replicate it in other cities under the same constitution.
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Open Library. Open is not just about ‘making available’ – what is shared must be understandable, standardised and easy to use. The vast quantity of data, content, code and documentation is such that this requires at least one resourced full-time position, keeping organisations accountable to open standards and helping manage, curate and get access / linked to open content, even where it is held by others.
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Datasets TfL ONS ODI ...
Content Live maps Videos Books Documentation / IP Photographs Press material History
Legals Business & financial models Contracts
Code Operating software APIs
EDUCATION
CITIZENSHIP
ENTERPRISE
MOOCs
Broadcasting
Open licenses
Micro courses
Collab. research
Knowledge exchange
Incubators
Expo / Beta sandbox
Global investment
P2P learning
Open labs
Mentoring
CROWD
ORGANISATIONS
TEAMS
INDIVIDUALS
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Contact Click here to contact us.
00 ‘Zero Zero ‘ Hub Westminster New Zealand House 80 Haymarket London SW1Y 4TE
T 0207 739 2230 www.architecture00.net
Team Indy Johar David Saxby Alastair Parvin
Typeface Akkurat Icon credits Marco Davanzo and Jon Caserta via The Noun Project
License This document is published and shared under a creative commons license: you are free to edit, copy, distribute and remix, providing you attribute the authors and re-share under the same license.