COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT -AUGUST 2020-
SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING X HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR
CONTENTS
M E M B E R S
S U L T A N
A B D U L
S A M A D
E L B A T
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15
F O
3 4 5
B U I L D I N G
I N T R O D U C T I O N
F A S T
F A C T S
F U N C T I O N
T I M E L I N E
A R C H I T E C T
S I T E
C O N T E X T
A R C H I T E C T U R A L
S T Y L E
P L A N
F R O N T
D E S I G N
E L E V A T I O N
P R I N C I P L E
C O N S T R U C T I O N
A R C H I T E C T U R A L
M A T E R I A L
E L E M E N T
R E F E R E N C E S
H O S P I T A L
K U A L A
I N T R O D U C T I O N
H I S T O R I C A L
T I M E L I N E
F A S T
S I T E
O F
D E S I G N
W H Y
T H E
F A C T S
C O N T E X T
A R C H I T E C T U R A L
M A T E R I A L
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
L U M P U R
S T Y L E
B U I L D I N G
P R I N C I P L E
A R C H I T E C T U R A L
D E S I G N
P L A N
C O M P A R I S O N
O F
B U I L D I N G S
R E F E R E N C E S
MEMBERS SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING Poon Li Xuan 0338454 Tan Yi Xuan 0343850 Teoh Jia Ern 0343729 Reanie Koh 0337721
HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR Tey Pin Ting 0338966 Chuah Ji San 0338657 Tan Xiao Hui 0335215 Tan Li Xian 0339110
SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING
INTRODUCTION None other than the Sultan Abdul Samad Building (Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad in Malay) is the most prominent heritage building in Kuala Lumpur. Designed between 1894 and 1897, the iconic building was Malaysia's best-known landmark until the development of the Petronas Twin Towers and is still one of Malaysia's most photographed buildings today.[9]
FUNCTION The Sultan Abdul Samad Building is now home to the Malaysia's Ministry of Information, Communications and Culture and is situated next to the old KL Railway Station. Since it no longer serves an official function, it remains one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city and the city's historical landmark.
FAST FACTS Type: Government Office Location: Jalan Raja, Kuala Lumpur City Centre, 50050 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Construction started: September 3, 1894 Completed: 1897 Inaugurated: 4 April 1897 Architectural styles: Mughal architecture, Indo-Saracenic architecture, Moorish Revival architecture PAGE 05
TIMELINE
The Selangor State Government moved its administrative headquarters from Klang to the more developed area, Kuala Lumpur [9]
W. E. Maxwell ds of the growing population, he started to plan the construction of the new government offices as he realised the government under his leadership was in urgent need of bigger offices. [9]
1880
The construction project took 2 years and 7 months to complete. It was officially opened by Sir Frank Swettenham K.C.M.G. on 4 April 1897. [9]
1889 1882
1897 1894
Frank Swettenham took over as the Resident of Selangor and he began replacing and adding to the government offices in Bluff Road area. [9]
The foundation stone of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building was laid by H.E. Sir Charles B.H. Mitchell K.C.M.G. on 6 October 1894 to officially commence the construction work. [9]
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ARCHITECTS Originally, the building was designed by A.C. Norman and his assistant, R. A. J. Bidwell in a Classical Renaissance style, but Spooner disliked the design. Under Spooner's guidance, it was then reworked by Bidwell in a style variously described as Indo-Saracenic, Neo-Mughal, or Moorish. Later, A. B. Hubback, who had just started working in Malaya as a senior draughtsman for the colonial government, also worked on it. - Arthur Charles Alfred Norman, also referred to as A. C. Norman (1858-1944) was a British architect who was active in Malaya. - In 1883, he served under the auspices of the Malaysian Department of Public Works (PWD) until 1903. - The Sultan Abdul Samad Building was designed to a large extent by others, as he was the State Architect at the time, therefore he received credit for the construction.[17]
- Arthur Benison Hubback was an English architect and soldier (13 April 1871 to 8 May 1948) who designed several important buildings in British Malaya. - In 1895, Arthur Benison Hubback became chief draughtsman of the public works department of Selangor, which was then working on the development of government offices, now known as the Sultan Abdul Samad Building.[17]
- Alfred John Bidwell's Regent, or R. A. J. Bidwell was an English-born architect noted in Singapore for his colonial era buildings. - Bidwell was involved in the design of the public buildings of Kuala Lumpur and other works, of which the Sultan Abdul Samad Building is the most important. - Originally, the building was designed by A.C. Norman who drew the ground plan, with Bidwell designing the elevation in the Classic Renaissance style. -The State Engineer of Selangor PWD, Charles Edwin Spooner, hated the design, and he instructed Bidwell to rework it in the Indo-Saracenic or Neo-Mughal on the Norman's ground plan.[17]
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SITE CONTEXT The Sultan Abdul Samad Building was is built between Gombak and Klang Rivers. (7) On one side of the Sultan Abdul Samad building, across the Gombak River, are the Subordinate Courts, the former High Court building and the Jamek Mosque. On the other side is the former General Post Office building which is now the Court of Appeal Registry . Next to it is the Malaysian Handicraft Centre and further down is the Dayabumi Building which is the first Malaysian “Turnkey System” building. (7)
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE The predominantly Moorish appearance of the building incorporating a blend of British and Islamic touch depicts Malaysia’s cultural diversity and historical legacy. (8) Aside from that, its elegant 41.2 m clock tower that was designed to replicate the Big Ben, flourishes the building as a stand-out monument from the rest of the city’s constantly changing topography. (8) This over a century-old heritage has 3towers outlining its architecture. It features the use of red bricks, tall white arches, a grand porch, curved colonnades, and 2 domes that further enrich the visual of the building. (8)
ISLAMIC ELEMENTS The copper dome is a prominent feature of a mosque. (2) Brick bonding and white painted plastered strips is similar to Cairo mosque (2)
Consistent use of arches is 1 of the main features of Moorish architecture (2)
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PLAN The plan of the building is asymmetrical with a Fshaped plan form. The verandas which surround the building are arcaded and several forms of arches were used such as pointed arch, horseshoe arch, ogee arch, multi-foil arch and four-centred arch were all emphasized by the imitation of stone dressing. The building has 3 towers, that is the Central Clock Tower which is square in plan and two shorter circulation towers with outer stairway that climb the towers in a spiralled fashion. [15]
FRONT ELEVATION
For the front faรงade, the clock tower acts the axis of symmetry for the building. The front faรงade of the building is extremely symmetrical. Two circular with the same height of 17.2 meters stand on each side of the porch, separated only by a 41.2 meter high clock tower. the horse shoe arches are bricks and stone laid alternately within the arch. [13]
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HIERARCHY
RHYTHM
Hierarchy reflects the degree of importance of these forms and space, as well as the functional, formal and symbolic roles they play in the organization. In this building, hierarchy can be found at the 3 towers namely the tallest Central Clock Tower and 2 shorter circulation towers. The tower stands in three different places, the tallest tower namely Central Clock tower stand in the middle of the building while the other two stands at both sides of the building. [16]
Rhythm of Sultan Abdul Samad building is regular and repeated pattern. The building incorporates rhythm in its architecture. The element on the wall of this building shows the principle of rhythm. It is shown as a repetitive shape moving in different cadences throughout the wall.With the stairway, the rhythm in its design is shown in a more mesmerizing way as the repeating arches coincide in a melodic fashion.[16]
REPETITION
SYMMETRY
The Sultan Abdul Samad Building has plenty of repeating patterns in its design.The principle of repetition can be seen in its corridor arches, which comes in various shapes and sizes. This creates a mesmerizing pattern due to the repeating arches that creates a rhythmic pattern. The building showcases Islamic aesthetic design and it is prevalent and obvious through the entire building.[13]
Symmetry however only applies for the elevation. When viewed in plan, the F-shaped nature of he building takes away the symmetry.[13]
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 4 MILLION (1) EXPOSED RED AND WHITE BRICKS Arranged in an English cross brick arrangement (2) The exposed red bricks create an English aesthetic (2) The red bricks, white arches and banding popularized the ‘blood and bandages’ style.(3)
50 TONS (1)
OF STEEL AND IRON
It is very durable. Structural steel structures can withstand external pressures. (5) Steel is tensile. It has a high strength to weight ratio So no matter how large the overall structure is, the steel sections will be small and lightweight, unlike other building materials. (5) Steel can be easily fabricated and produced massively. This saves time and increases the efficiency of the overall construction process. (5)
5,000 LBS(1) OF COPPER-CLAD ONION-SHAPED DOME Copper domes adds sophistication and richness. (4) Copper have been frequently used to make domes by architects(4) However, copper is a soft metal, it is not the best choice for hemispherical domes even though it offers a very attractive patina as it ages and will outlast many other types of materials. (4)
30,000 CUBIC FEET (1) OF TIMBER USED Timber has long been used by man especially in building construction. (6)
It is the most useful material available for wall, floor, roof and other structural framing. It is a good heat and electric insulator.(6) It has High tensile strength to withstand heavy duty workload. (6)
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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
CLOCK TOWER
A central clock tower is 41 m (135 ft) in height, and designed to replicating the Big Ben but in an IndoSaracenic style[9] topped by a shiny copperclad onion dome [9]
DOME
The dome was one of the most prominent features of mosque and as to this building. The three domes originally made of black painted timber and bricks, but now are replaced with copper cladded domes.[7]
TURRET
Two lower towers flanked the clock tower, come with staircase.[9] topped by a shiny copper-clad onion dome[9] The design of these two towers mwas influenced by Muir Central College of Allahabad in India.[7]
MENARA JAM a one-ton(907.185kg) bell clock striking the hours and half hours[9] surrounded by a four-sided opal glass dial 8 ½ ft in diameter[9] The clock was imported from South Croydon, Surrey in England[9]
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HORSESHOE ARCH also called the Moorish arch and the Keyhole arch[10] iconic arch in Islamic architecture [10]
POINTED ARCH It first found in Indian architecture and Islamic architecture to have more decorative windows and doorways[11]
OGEE ARCH Venetian Gothic and Gothic Revival architectural styles [12]
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PORCH a porch of 5.48m(18 feet) in height placed at the centre of the front facade with Gothic arches and thick columns[9]
DOOR & WINDOW Arches Door opening and windows frame were made by hard wood . [7] The glass used windows is let natural light to flow into the rooms. [7]
LIGHTING & SHADING The designed structures of Sultan Abdul Samad Building, made the lights and shade change according to shapes Light and Shade create strong contracts of planes and give texture to sculpted stone and brick surface of Sultan Abdul Samad building.[7] The artificial lighting is used to bright the areas where the natural light cannot reach.[7]
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REFERENCE
1] GULLICK, J. (1992). THE BANGUNAN SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 65(1 (262)), 27-38. [2] A. GHAFAR BIN AHMAD. (1993). CONSERVATION OF BRITISH COLONIAL BUILDINGS BUILT BETWEEN 1800 AND 1930 IN MALAYSIA. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14730/1/252500.pdf [3] Lee, S. (2017). A History of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 60 Seconds. Retrieved November 16, 2020 , from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/a-history-of-the-sultan-abdul-samadbuilding-in-60-seconds/ [4] Pleiter, J. (2020). Hemispherical Copper Domes in Architecture. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2005/09/copper_domes_architecture.html [5] Northern Weldarc . (2017). The Importance of Structural Steel In Constructing Buildings. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from http://northern-weldarc.com/structural-steel-constructing-buildings/ [6]Understand Building Construction. (n.d.). WOOD / TIMBER / LUMBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. November 16, 2020, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/wood.html [7]Sumarni Ismail., Mohd Yazid Mohd YUNOS., Nangkula Utaberta., &Nor Atiah Ismail. (2015).Application of Islamic Architecture at Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala Lumpur. Journal Advances in Environmental Biology,9(5) ,358-366. [8]Malaysia Truly Asia . (n.d.). Most Treasured Heritage - Sultan Abdul Samad Building. Retrieved 16 November 16, 2020, from https://www.malaysia.travel/peek-into-malaysia/wander-your-way/mosttreasured-heritage-sultan-abdul-samad-building [9] Zain abdullah, THE SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING - AN ICONIC LANDMARK THAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME,http://myheritagebuildings.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-sultan-abd-samad-buildingiconic.html [10] horseshoes arch, from https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/horseshoe-arch [11] Bechmann, Roland, Les Racines des cathédrales (pg. 322) [12] Kurt Wolff,,Helen Wolff,,Kyrill S. Schabert,,Jacques Schiffrin ,1942, pantheon book pg218 [13] [1] JohnD.Hoag. (2016) History of world architecture Islamic Architecture, Retrieved on 17 November,2020 [14] Architecutre of the Islamic World.Ernst J. Grube. Retrieved on 17 November 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269535581_Architecture_of_the_Islamic_World_Its_History_and _Social_Meaning_George_Michell [15] Zurien Onn. SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING. Retrieved on 17th November 2020. From https://www.malaysia.travel/peek-into-malaysia/wander-your-way/an-iconic-emblem-of-kuala-lumpurhistory [16] Sumami Ismail (January 2015). Application of Islamic Architecture at Sultan Abdul Samad Building, KualaLumpur. Retrieved 17th November 2020 from
[17] PeoplePill.com Editorial Staff (18 Sep 2020). Tse: - Biography and Life, from https://peoplepill.com/people/tse/ PAGE 15
HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR HKL
INTRODUCTION Hospital Kuala Lumpur or commonly known as HKL has 53 different departments and units. These include administrative and financial departments, pharmaceutical departments, training and research, 28 clinical departments and 12 clinical support services. Hospital Kuala Lumpur is now the largest hospital under the Ministry of Health of Malaysia and is considered one of the largest hospitals in Asia and it is the prominent public healthcare institution in the country. HKL has rolled out an integrated complex as early as 2012 for a better and upgraded medical facilities. [1]
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HISTORICAL TIMELINE
The British developed a district hospital, which comprised 3 wards [2]
1870
HKL started functioning as a teaching hospital for UKM medical students. [2]
Specialist Complex & Ambulatory Care Centre (SCACC) was constructed consisting of 16 clinical departments. [2]
1973 Maternity Hospital, North Ward Block, Radiotherapy Department and Hostels for staff were built. [2]
2013
The Paediatric Institute was constructed [2]
1992
1962
1975 Orthopaedic Institute, Urology Institute, Artificial Limb Centre and Radiology Block built. The last phase of HKL was completed. [2]
1920 The facilities were upgraded to include 25 wards. [2]
1968 South Ward Block, Neurology Institute, Surgical Block, Radiology Block, National Blood Transfusion Centre and more hostels were added. [2]
1997 Upgrading of the Institute of Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine. [2]
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FAST FACTS BUILDING NAME
Hospital Kuala Lumpur [1]
LOCATION
23, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur [1]
SPACE
150 acres of Prime Land in city with 84 wards and 2300 beds inside the building. Most of the beds are allocated for subsidized patients. [1]
FUNCTION
A non-profit institution and serves as a flagship hospital of the Malaysian Public Healthcare System. It is one of the largest hospitals in the worlds and provide access to an internationally established standard of affordable healthcare. [1]
MISSION
It provide quality healthcare to public, clients and employees needs. It delivered by a team of skilled, innovative, committed and compassionate personnel. It involves partnership with individuals and the community for promotion of health and they undertake education and continuous professional development for all levels of staff. [4]
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SITE CONTEXT
23, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
Hospital Kuala Lumpur is a ward that stands out amongst 53 �cousin� wards, departments and units which sprawls across the dense concrete jungle. With the institute of Radiotherapy / Oncology and Iktar Hospital in close vicinity, the maternity hospitals sits between the major circulation points of Jalan Utama Hospital and Jalan Masjid. Moreover, this area sits along the precipice of Jalan Tun Razak, bordering the major Titiwangsa district. [1]
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE The raw of concrete finishing is a major characteristic of Brutalism and Hospital Kuala Lumpur adopts a brutalist architecture. [3] the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital is reminiscent of Le Corbusier's High Court building and the Secretariat offices in Candigarh, India. The many buildings of the hospital are protected by a series of square concrete louvers allowing good ventilation, yet keeping the sun and rain out. Almost like a scarsophagus that consumes the building itself, the louvers succeed at bringing a greater degree of aesthetics. Apart from the issue of aesthetics, the large concrete sunshades offer a greater level of fire safety compared to grilles.[3] The hospital recently underwent a major exercise to revamp its exterior. Many bare concrete sections have since been painted bright beige. The louvers were given hints of orange or lilac to provide contrast from the main superstructure. [3]
Le Corbusier's High Court PAGE 21
ARCHITECTURE OF BRUTALIST STYLE IN HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR
Brutalist The movement placed on an emphasis on functionally and form. Most of the buildings are often monolithic erections of great mass. Brutalist architecture was about stretching the limits of how concrete could be shaped. [5]
ROOF The flat roof demands the systematic utilization for domestic purpose and the reinforced concrete is a method of protection against the changing temperatures by the maintenance of constant humidity on the concrete roof
FACADE The rectilinear frame from louvered windows in the facades allow air and sunlight enter the building. The common facades across use repetitive cement frames to form the classic brutalist "egg-crate" appearance
MATERIALS ALUMINIUM GLASS
Lightweight, cheap, insulated and highly durable
CONCRETE Concrete has the characteristics of high compressive strength, good durability, and wide range of strength grades.
STEEL BARS The cement and the surface of the steel bar have a good bond, so that any stress can be effectively transferred between the two
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DESIGN PRINCIPLE GRID
The gridded facades are created from louvered windows in facades that allow air and sunlight to enter the entire building. Concrete frame has dominates the aesthetic. [7]
ORGANIZATION OF FORM The form of the hospital derives from the combination of cuboid through addition and transformation as it emphasizes on the functionality of the building. [7]
REPETITION
The repetitive of use of cuboids or rectilinear forms represent the specific functional zones and create a sense of unity and harmony in the design that achieve the simplicity in Brutalism. [7]
SYMMETRICAL
The form of the hospital is balanced and symmetrical as the building is the reflection of shared forms across the axis. [7]
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WHY THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ? Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) is built in a square and rectangle shape due to the reason that they are easier, faster and more economical to build out of ordinary materials – stone, concrete, brick or wood. Square and rectangular shapes are also exponentially easier to reconcile, and there’s usually less waste. Altered shapes not only utilize more materials and assets but are more expensive to construct and maintain. [6] 90 degrees angles are very strong structurally, psychologically and spatially. Vertical stacks and vents align better. Roof planes become easier to design. Air circulation and temperature regulation are better controlled. Even electrical lines and water pipes are easier to incorporate. [6] Square and rectangular designs also mean that there’s little space that goes unused, plus it’s easy to scale up and down with slight calculations. As HKL consists of multiple stories, square and rectangular corners make loadbearing walls easier to build. The calculations needed to ensure strong loadbearing in circular and triangular designs are more complicated. Basically, low cost and ease of construction are the reasons why HKL is built in such a shape. That’s why you see so many buildings in the shapes of “H’’, “L’’ or “T’’. [6]
PLAN
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COMPARISON OF BUILDINGS SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING Mughal architecture, Indo-Saracenic architecture, Moorish Revival architecture
The repetitions of building are in windows, arches and wall areas
Symmetrical only applies for the elevation
The elements of building are domes and different shape of arches
HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR Brutalism
All of the repetitions are in rectangular form
Symmetrical and the form of building is shaped and is the reflection of shaped form across axis
The elements of building are flat roofs and rectangular facade
REFERENCE [1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Hospital [2] The Early Malay Doctor District Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 16 November, 2020 from http://theearlymalaydoctors.blogspot.com/2010/01/hospital-kuala-lumpur.html [3] Brutal Practicality from http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/portfolio/azrul/html/prac1.html [4] Clinial Research Malaysia Hospital Kuala Lumpur from https://clinicalresearch.my/hospitalkuala-lumpur/ [5] Brutalist Architecture from https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/list/a-look-atbrutalist-architecture# [6] http://www.hkl.gov.my/content/Pelan%20Bencana%20HKL%202011.pdf [7] https://www.slideshare.net/fdjaipur/principle-of-architecture https://www.slideshare.net/thurramvj/theory-of-design-principles-designs-of-architecture
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