IZKI, HARAT AL-YEMEN. Documentation and Heritage Management Plan

MINISTRY OF HERITAGE AND CULTURE SULTANATE OF OMAN COMMITTEE FOR REGISTRATION AND PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDING CLUSTERS

DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 )25 ,=.Ʈ ȾƖ5$7 $/ <(0(1

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© Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Printed and bound in Oman by: Mazoon Printing, Publishing & Advertising (L.L.C.), Muscat

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

RESEARCH TEAM: PROF SOUMYEN BANDYOPADHYAY Principal Investigator 3URMHFW OHDGHUVKLS ½HOGZRUN FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WH[W

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DR GIAMILA QUATTRONE Research Fellow 3URMHFW FRRUGLQDWLRQ ½HOGZRUN FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WH[W analyses DR MARTIN S. GOFFRILLER Research Fellow )LHOGZRUN FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WH[W *,6 DQDO\VHV

The ministry would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Nottingham Trent University research team in carrying out the research and documentation leading to this management plan

Special thanks to the following NTU personnel: DR MOHAMMAD HABIB REZA Research Fellow Fieldwork, CAD documentation

Â&#x2021; Ann Priest, Head of College Art, Design and the Built Environment,

HAITHAM AL-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ABRI PhD Student Fieldwork, ethnographic analyses

Â&#x2021; Prof. Marjan Sarshar, Associate Dean for Research, Art and Design and Built Environment

JOHN HARRISON Project Associate Fieldwork

Â&#x2021; Prof. Dino Bouchlaghem, Head of Architecture

JOB MOMOH PhD Student CAD documentation

Â&#x2021; Peter Westland, Dean of Architecture, Design and Built Environment,

Â&#x2021; Paul Collins, Head of Engineering

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SUMMARY

SUMMARY

7KLV ÂżQDO UHSRUW EXLOGV RQ WKH SUHOLPLQDU\ ÂżHOGZRUN DQG interim Master Plan report submitted in April and May 2011, respectively. Alongside providing a comprehensive drawn documentation resulting from the survey documentation XQGHUWDNHQ EHWZHHQ 1RYHPEHU DQG 0DUFK WKLV report provides Master Plan, which addresses issues of heritage management, conservation and development, as well as approaches for its implementation.

The Master Plan discusses areas and categories of development and conservation to be carried out, which builds RQ D VWDWHPHQW RI VLJQLÂżFDQFH DQG DVVHVVPHQWV RI WKH VWDWH RI FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG WKH WKUHDWV WR KHULWDJH PDQDJHPHQW DW ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW al-Yemen, building on the experiences of researching and GHYHORSLQJ 0DVWHU 3ODQ IRU ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DV 6D\EDQĆŻ LQ 7KH report also includes a comprehensive inventory of structural and non-structural defects present at the settlement.

The Master Plan is informed by a comprehensive documentation, analysis and interpretation of the settlement

structure, morphology, building typology and social conditions of the present and the immediate past. On this basis, a culturally and technically informed Master Plan is proposed, which advocates a sustainable revitalization FHQWUHG RQ HGXFDWLRQ WUDLQLQJ DQG VNLOO GHYHORSPHQW SURJUDPPH ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ WUDGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH built environment and the crafts. The intention is to move away from an entirely tourism-focused development and towards D PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH .H\ DUHDV DUH LGHQWLÂżHG for protection, restoration, rebuilding, consolidation and redevelopment.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

Introduction to the project 1.1.

Objectives and approaches

5HFRQQDLVVDQFH DQG ÂżHOGZRUN 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Reconnaissance 3UHSDUDWRU\ ZRUN )LHOGZRUN

5.2.

5.3.

5.4.

5.5.

Introduction Context and topography History Settlement structure and morphology Settlement evolution

$UFKLWHFWXUDO YDOXHV DQG WKUHDWV WR VLWHÂśV VLJQLÂżFDQFH 4.1. Urban and architectural values

Historical values Social values 7KUHDWV WR VLWHÂśV VLJQLÂżFDQFH

6.6.

Phasing and the priority heritage conservation WDVNV

7.

Precedents

6WUXFWXUDO SUREOHPV DQG VWDWHV RI SUHVHUYDWLRQ

Broad approaches to Heritage Management 5.1.

'RFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV 3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

5.

4.2.

4.3.

Philosophy of development and conservation: principles Approaches to development and conservation General policies for development and conservation Guidelines for development and conservation Additional studies and analyses

+HULWDJH 0DQDJHPHQW 'HYHORSPHQW 0DVWHU 3ODQ

6.1.

6.2.

6.4.

6.5.

Introduction Master Plan goals ,]NL RDVLV GHYHORSPHQW Urban design and development Agriculture and irrigation

8.1.

8.2.

8.3.

8.4.

Guiding principles to conservation and rehabilitation Guiding principles to repair actions Failure analysis and repair guidance Guidance notes

$SSHQGL[ D 7ULEDO 0RVDLF

$SSHQGL[ D %LEOLRJUDSK\

11.

Appendix a3, Documentation Sheets

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INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

This Heritage Management and Development Plan, VXSSRUWHG E\ H[WHQVLYH ÂżHOGZRUN DQG RII VLWH GUDZQ GRFXPHQWDWLRQ ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ WR SURYLGH LQWHJUDWHG FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW VWUDWHJLHV IRU ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ LQ ,]NĆŻ 7KH SURMHFW ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ WKURXJK IXQGLQJ DQG logistical support from the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (MHC) of the Sultanate of Oman with expert support from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) to develop such planned VWUDWHJLHV IRU IRXU RDVLV VHWWOHPHQWV LQ WKH DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK DQG DG 'KDKLUDK UHJLRQV RI 2PDQ LQFOXGLQJ ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO Č&#x20AC;$TU LQ %DÇłOĆ&#x2014; 6LOD\I LQ Č&#x20AC;,EUĆŻ DQG ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO +XMUDK LQ )DQMD It aims to maximise tangible impact from sustained KLJK TXDOLW\ UHVHDUFK LQ WKH ÂżHOG RI 2PDQL YHUQDFXODU VHWWOHPHQW VWXG\ XQGHUWDNHQ DW 1RWWLQJKDP 7UHQW 8QLYHUVLW\ and elsewhere. This is part of a longer term aim to debate, FROODERUDWH FRQWULEXWH DQG LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH KHULWDJH DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG urban design policy in Oman at the levels of the government, public and private sectors, charitable organisations and the ORFDO VWDNHKROGHU FRPPXQLWLHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO EHQHÂżWV

becoming available to the UK and international learned bodies, heritage institutions, industries and communities. )ROORZLQJ H[WHQVLYH ÂżHOGZRUN WR ZKLFK ERWK 178 and Ministry personnel contributed, the report has been produced at the Centre for the study of Architecture and Cultural Heritage in India, Arabia and the Maghreb (ArCHIAM), based at Nottingham Trent University, UK, which aims to provide an interdisciplinary research platform for historical and contemporary cultural developments across three interconnected global regions. The Centre consists of an international team of researchers from a YDULHW\ RI DFDGHPLF EDFNJURXQGV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH VRFLDO history, architectural technology, archaeology, conservation and digital documentation, among others. In this sense one of the fundamental themes underlying the Centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research aims is the multidisciplinary study of how human culture and social practices are expressed spatially, and how in turn space affects the cultural practices of groups and communities.

The Ministry of Heritage and Culture has recently established an inventory of over a thousand vernacular VHWWOHPHQWV RI ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÂżHG IRU LPPHGLDWH DWWHQWLRQ +HULWDJH 0DQDJHPHQW 3ODQV +03V DUH WKH ÂżUVW step in the process. The NTU projects, beginning with a SURSRVDO IRU ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DV 6D\EDQĆŻ LQ %LUNDW DO 0DZ] SURGXFHG in 2011, will deliver detailed models and guidelines relevant to Oman and the Middle East, as well as develop appropriate, cost-effective and expedient methods for producing HMPs. While HMPs are fundamental to the shaping of historic settlements by suggesting methods of management and conservation of historic fabric, this research group strongly believes that the success of such approaches are only limited if not fully integrated with addressing developmental needs and aspirations of future generations. By developing

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 new models and methods, the projects aim to contribute extensively to sustainable modernisation in Oman and the Middle East. Findings are to be disseminated also to and via ORFDO LQVWLWXWLRQV VWDNHKROGHU FRPPXQLWLHV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO presence in Oman.

The existing UNESCO HMP guidelines are focused on :RUOG +HULWDJH 6LWHV DQG DUH PDLQO\ (XURFHQWULF PDNLQJ WKHLU DSSURDFK LQDGHTXDWH IRU VLWHV RI UHJLRQDO DQG QDWLRQDO VLJQLÂżFDQFH LQ WKH 0LGGOH (DVW IDFLQJ VLJQLÂżFDQW SUHVVXUHV RI GHYHORSPHQW 7KH SURMHFW ZLOO UHVKDSH UHÂżQH DQG DGDSW 81(6&2 JXLGHOLQHV DQG PHWKRGV IRU WKH NH\ DVSHFWV RI the HMP: a) detailed documentation, b) establishment RI VLJQLÂżFDQFH F LQWHJUDWLQJ GHYHORSPHQW DQG KHULWDJH management, and, d) sustainable built environment development guidelines. The contribution will underpin and inform future heritage management policy and budget allocation in the region.

The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eventual success will be measurable from its impact on heritage policy, processes and methods, change in socio-cultural attitude and greater awareness of issues related to integration of heritage with development.

1.1 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES The objective is to prepare a Heritage Management Plan +03 IRU +DUDW DO <HPHQ LQ WKH RDVLV ,]NĆŻ 7KH VHWWOHPHQW H[KLELWV VLJQLÂżFDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQFOXGLQJ D GLVWLQFWLYH setting, to develop: a. HMP and appropriate management guidelines; b. develop models and guidelines using existing; c. sustainable built environment developmental guidelines; d. expedient and cost effective documentation methods and related best practice guidelines.

7KLV KDV EHHQ XQGHUWDNHQ E\ D FRQGXFWLQJ ÂżHOGZRUN GRFXPHQWDWLRQ RYHU WZR seasons; b. producing relevant drawn documentation (maps, plans and photographic documentation); F DQDO\VLQJ GDWD IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ VLJQLÂżFDQFH d. producing a strategic HMPs as model and guideline; e. considering wider issues of design, culture and society for developing sustainable building and developmental guidelines; f. using alternative, cost effective and expedient methods of documentation.

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK

2 RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK

The settlement was chosen for a number of important characteristics: Â&#x2021; its reputation as the oldest settlement in Oman, with references in AĹĄĹĄurbanipalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s so-called IĹĄtar slab inscription (cf. below); Â&#x2021; LWV VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQ DV SDUW RI WKH ,]NĆŻ RDVLV DW WKH VRXWKHUQ HQG RI WKH 6XPĆ&#x2014;\LO *DS ZKLFK SURYLGHV the main access from the Batinah coast to ad'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK DQG DFURVV WR DVK 6KDUTL\\DK UHJLRQV through the Oman Mountains, and guarantees FRQWURO RYHU WKH VRXWK ZHVW OLQN LQ WKH :DGĆŻ ČžDOID\Q system; Â&#x2021; LWV FRPSOH[ WULEDO KLVWRU\ RI PLJUDWLRQV FRQĂ&#x20AC;LFW and successions of various groups and clans;

2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter documents the process and methods of XQGHUWDNLQJ ÂżHOGZRUN DW ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ ,]NĆŻ RYHU D SHULRG EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK UHFRQQDLVVDQFH ZRUN LQ 1RYHPEHU XQWLO WKH FRPSOHWLRQ RI ÂżHOGZRUN LQ $SULO

2.2 RECONNAISSANCE Following agreement of collaboration with MHC, a ÂżUVW UHFRQQDLVVDQFH VXUYH\ RI ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ LQ ,]NĆŻ ZDV carried out in November 2010 to assess the relevance of the settlement to the conservation policies and strategies of the 0LQLVWU\ DQG WKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI WKH GRFXPHQWDWLRQ ZRUN WR be carried out by the Nottingham Trent University research WHDP ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ ZDV RQH RI WZR VHWWOHPHQWV FKRVHQ IRU LQLWLDO GRFXPHQWDWLRQ WKH RWKHU EHLQJ ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DV 6D\EDQĆŻ LQ %LUNDW DO 0DZ]

Â&#x2021; LWV IRUWLÂżHG DQG LQZDUG ORRNLQJ FKDUDFWHU ZLWK IRUPLGDEOH DQG ZHOO SUHVHUYHG IRUWLÂżFDWLRQV consisting of walls and prominent towers, resulting from the complex social history of the oasis; Â&#x2021; its distinctive orthogonality imposed on a relatively â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;organicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preceding morphology, extremely unusual in traditional settlements of Interior Oman, resulting from recurring phases of destruction and rebuilding; Â&#x2021; the possibility of re-tracing phases of urban growth and development from various sectors of the settlement without recourse to excavation.

Within the Early Iron Age II (EIA, 1100-600 BC), the only mention of Oman in Assyrian texts appear to be IRXQG LQ WKLV OLPHVWRQH VWHOH HUHFWHG E\ WKH $VV\ULDQ NLQJ Assurbanipal (669-627 BC) in the temple of IĹĄtar at Nineveh around 640 BC. In lines 132-133 of this text, AĹĄĹĄurbanipal ERDVWV RI RQH 3DGĆ? NLQJ RI .DGĆ? ZKR UHVLGHG LQ ,]NĆŻ ZKR

Figure 2.1 al-Yemen, preliminary zoning plan and notes

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2.3 PREPARATORY WORK )ROORZLQJ UHFRQQDLVVDQFH ¿HOGZRUN H[WHQVLYH SUHSDUDWRU\ ZRUN ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ DW 1RWWLQJKDP 7UHQW 8QLYHUVLW\ WR GHYHORS ¿HOGZRUN VWUDWHJ\ DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV 7KH IROORZLQJ ZHUH XQGHUWDNHQ Â&#x2021; 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI GHWDLOHG ¿HOGZRUN GRFXPHQWDWLRQ and drawing production guideline for use on site; Â&#x2021; Procurement and preparation of aerial photographs for on-site use (Fig. 2.2); Â&#x2021; Developing inventory data sheets appropriate for XVH RQ GHVLJQDWHG VLWHV GUDZLQJ RQ SUHYLRXV ZRUN RQ 2PDQL ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW IRFXVLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ RQ VWDWHV RI preservation (Fig. 2.13); Â&#x2021; Creation of schematic components map including main building types and zoning (Fig. 2.1); Â&#x2021; Establishing a data handling and storage strategy, as RXWOLQHG LQ WKH µ)LHOGZRUN *XLGHOLQHV ¶ ZKLFK ZDV VXEVHTXHQWO\ GLVWULEXWHG WR RXU FRQWULEXWRUV from the MHC to standardize proceedings; Â&#x2021; 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI GHWDLOHG ¿HOGZRUN SODQ DQG ORJLVWLFV TKH IROORZLQJ DHULDO SKRWRJUDSKV ZHUH DFTXLUHG IURP the National Survey Authority by MHC, with the liaison being carried out by the doctoral student from Nottingham Trent University.

Figure 2.2 al-Yemen, aerial photograph, 1975

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK

2.4 FIELDWORK 7ZR VHSDUDWH ÂżHOGZRUN FDPSDLJQV ZHUH XQGHUWDNHQ DW DO <HPHQ WKH ÂżUVW ODVWLQJ EHWZHHQ ODWH )HEUXDU\ DQG late-March 2011, included surveying the wider context RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW DQG WDNLQJ RYHUDOO PHDVXUHPHQWV RI WKH settlement boundary walls (Fig. 2.9). The wider context was recorded through detailed reconnaissance survey, using VNHWFKHV DQG SKRWRJUDSKLF UHFRUGLQJ PHWKRGV WR FKDUW WKH settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship with its historic and contemporary surroundings. Most of the archaeological sites noted in DYDLODEOH OLWHUDWXUH ZHUH LGHQWLÂżHG 7KLV ZDV IROORZHG E\ PHDVXULQJ WKH VHWWOHPHQW ZDOO ZKLFK ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ XVLQJ D P V\QWKHWLF ÂżEUH WDSH PHDVXUH LQ RUGHU WR GUDZ XS D SODQ RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW DQG FKHFN LW DJDLQVW DYDLODEOH DHULDO SKRWRV $ PRVTXH DQG D IHZ KRXVHV ORFDWHG DURXQG WKH PDLQ HQWUDQFH JDWH ZHUH SLFNHG XS DV D VDPSOH FOXVWHU WR EH surveyed, of which external measurements â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by means of tape measure and laser measurer â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as well as photographs, ZHUH WDNHQ 7KLV ZDV IROORZHG XS E\ D ÂżYH GD\ ÂżHOGZRUN session during end-March 2011 by Nottingham Trent University research team in collaboration with MHC staff,

Figure 2.3 ,]NĆŻ SDQRUDPLF YLHZ IURP DFURVV WKH :DGĆŻ

when extensive drawn and photographic documentation was carried out of selected buildings and structures. During this SKDVH WKH DUHD NQRZQ DV WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU ]RQH $

ZDV VXUYH\HG ZKLFK KHOSHG GHYHORS ÂżHOGZRUN VWUDWHJLHV IRU the following season (March-April 2012).

At this stage it was decided to pursue a selective approach WR GRFXPHQWDWLRQ LQ ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ ZKLFK FRQVLVWHG LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ NH\ EXLOGLQJV IRU UHFRUGLQJ $ORQJVLGH WKH ZHOO SUHVHUYHG UHVLGHQWLDO FRPSRXQG RI WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK tribal group (Fig. 2.5), chosen as example of the distinctive dwelling type found within the settlement, all communal structures and facilities (communal halls - sablah, wells WDZĆą JDWHZD\V Âą VDEODK DQG PRVTXHV Âą masjid) were also GRFXPHQWHG ,W ZDV GHFLGHG WR WDFNOH WKHVH GRFXPHQWDWLRQV simultaneously.

In addition, one semi-structured interview was conducted with an erstwhile inhabitant of the settlement to gain detailed understanding of the tribal mosaic (Fig. 2.7).

The information provided was mapped on a settlement plan, FRPSOHPHQWHG E\ ÂżHOG QRWHV ZKLFK ZHUH ODWHU WUDQVFULEHG as necessary (Figs. 2.1, 2.10).

Figure 2.4 Map of Sultanate of Oman

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Figure 2.7 Interviews with erstwhile inhabitants

Figure 2.6 )LHOGZRUN DQG PHDVXULQJ RI IHDWXUHV ERWWRP left) Figure 2.5 DO <HPHQ HQWUDQFH WR 'KDUPDNL TXDUWHU

Figure 2.8 al-Yemen, north gate

METHODS Following reconnaissance involving the entire team, a VWUDWHJ\ ZDV ZRUNHG RXW WR HVWDEOLVK KRZ WKH ZRUN ZRXOG EH XQGHUWDNHQ ZLWKLQ WKH JLYHQ WLPH :KLOH DO <HPHQ IRUPV the principal focus of the project, it was realised that the Heritage Management and Development Master Plan would HYHQWXDOO\ QHHG WR DGGUHVV WKH RDVLV RI ,]NĆŻ DV D ZKROH LQFOXGLQJ RWKHU VHWWOHPHQWV HVSHFLDOO\ DQ 1L]Ć&#x2014;U DV ZHOO DV the extensive archaeological remains that lie in proximity to these settlements (Fig. 2.14 7DNLQJ WKLV IXWXUH HYHQWXDOLW\ into account this HMP for al-Yemen presents a specialised vision for the settlement.

7KH IROORZLQJ NH\ GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV ZHUH DGRSWHG GXULQJ ÂżHOGZRUN Â&#x2021; 6NHWFKLQJ RUWKRJUDSKLF SURMHFWLRQV SODQV DQG where necessary, sections); Â&#x2021; Measuring, using tape and laser measurers; Â&#x2021; .Photographic documentation; Â&#x2021; Recording state of preservation of buildings on specially devised context sheets;

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK Â&#x2021; Recording traces of use; Â&#x2021; Semi-structured interviews with erstwhile LQKDELWDQWV RI WKH VHWWOHPHQWV DQG RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV (e.g., government bodies) using audio and video recorders and transcribed into notes; $V D VLQJOH TXDUWHU RQ WKH 1RUWKZHVW VLGH RI WKH settlement had already been partially recorded in 2011, it was decided to proceed from this location along alphanumerically PDUNHG VHFWRUV OHWWHUV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR TXDUWHUV DQG numbers to individual dwellings.

In cooperation with the members of the MHC it was decided to split the team into groups of two to three people, WR EHJLQ VNHWFKLQJ LQGLYLGXDO GZHOOLQJV DQG WKHQ DLG HDFK RWKHU LQ WDNLQJ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH IROORZLQJ DSSURDFKHV ZHUH XQGHUWDNHQ WR physically document the settlements: Â&#x2021; 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI VNHWFK SODQV DQG ZKHUH QHFHVVDU\ sections; both white-paper drawings, as well as drawings aided by graph paper were employed (Figs 2.11)â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the latter aiding the representation of proportion in the case of largely orthogonal structures; Â&#x2021; 7DNLQJ PHDVXUHPHQWV XVLQJ WDSH PHDVXUHV P P P P DV UHTXLUHG WKLV SURYLGHG DFFXUDWH measurements using methods of triangulation through measurements of sides and diagonals (Fig. 2.6); Â&#x2021; 7DNLQJ PHDVXUHPHQWV XVLQJ ODVHU PHDVXUHU especially at locations where long distances or

Figure 2.9 al-Yemen, aerial photograph 2010

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 state of preservation of the fabric made it infeasible WR XQGHUWDNH PHDVXUHPHQW XVLQJ WDSH PHDVXUH Âą however, a degree of error has to be factored in; Â&#x2021; ([WHQVLYH SKRWRJUDSKLF GRFXPHQWDWLRQ WDNHQ LQ VHTXHQFH DQG HQVXULQJ FRPSUHKHQVLYHQHVV EXW DOVR UHFRUGLQJ VLJQLÂżFDQW HOHPHQWV REMHFWV LQ GHWDLO Â&#x2021; Detailed completion of individualised context VKHHWV WKHVH DIIRUGHG WKH UHFRUGLQJ RI VLJQLÂżFDQW information regarding a building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including its context, ownership, historical and social information, state of preservation, etc. (Fig. 2.13); Â&#x2021; Geo-location of selected features using a Garmin handheld GPS unit; this is expected to enhance the accuracy of the drawn documentation; Â&#x2021; Production of section drawings of enclosure-wall and other defensive features, and dwellings, where applicable; this enabled a better documentation RI WKH WKUHH GLPHQVLRQDO TXDOLW\ RI EXLOGLQJV DQG structures (Fig. 2.15); Â&#x2021; Collection of datable material, such as pottery and organic remains, where possible; Â&#x2021; Tracing and evaluation of water channels, where applicable. ,Q DGGLWLRQ DW ,]NĆŻ WKUHH VHPL VWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZV were conducted with erstwhile inhabitants of the settlement to gain comprehensive understanding of the tribal mosaic RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW TXDUWHUV 7KHVH ZHUH UHFRUGHG XVLQJ DXGLR and video recorders and are currently being transcribed into

Figure 2.10 DO <HPHQ DQQRWDWHG VNHWFK

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK notes, as and where necessary. The attached illustration (Fig. 2.1) represents the results from the 1st interview, recorded on ZLWK 7KDELW DO .KXZD\WLUL 6XODLPDQ DO 4DVVDEL DQG +XPDLG DO 0XJKWLVL $O 5DZDKL DQG LV WKHUHIRUH DQ LQFRPSOHWH YLVXDOLVDWLRQ RI WKH HWKQRJUDSKLF PDNH XS ZLWK further analysis forthcoming.

3RWWHU\ ¿QGV RI YDULRXV RULJLQV KDYH EHHQ FROOHFWHG IURP ,]NƯ DQG DUH FXUUHQWO\ EHLQJ H[DPLQHG IRU GDWLQJ DQG SURYHQDQFH $FFXUDWH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI WKHVH ¿QGV ZLOO DGG to the economic and cultural image of the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past DQG SURYLGH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ VXSUD UHJLRQDO WUDGH OLQNV over the ages.

Figure 2.13 ,]NL FRPSOHWHG LQYHQWRU\ VKHHW

Figure 2.11 DO <HPHQ SDUWLDO VNHWFK RI 'DUÆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU

Figure 2.12 DO <HPHQ &$' GUDZLQJ RI 'DUÆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU

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Figure 2.14 ,]NƯ 2DVLV FRQWH[W DQG IHDWXUHV OHIW

Figure 2.15 al-Yemen, selecitve sections of settlement walls (top)

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3 DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Figure 3.1 DG 'Æ&#x2014;NKLOƯ\DK UHJLRQ 2PDQ

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 3.2 ,]NƯ 2DVLV VWLWFKHG DHULDO LPDJH ULJKW

7KLV FKDSWHU RXWOLQHV WKH ¿HOGZRUN SURFHVV DQG approach as well as providing a contextual and historical LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH RDVLV RI ,]NƯ DQG WKH VHWWOHPHQW RI DO <HPHQ

3.2 CONTEXT AND TOPOGRAPHY 7KH RDVLV RI ,]NƯ OLHV DERXW NP WR WKH ZHVW RI 0XVFDW LQ WKH XSSHU UHDFKHV RI :DGƯ ȾDOID\Q RQ WKH VRXWKHUQ HQG RI WKH 6DPÆ&#x2014;È&#x201A;LO SDVV ZKLFK FRQQHFW WKH %DWLQDK FRDVW to the interior of central Oman. Numerous archaeological ¿QGV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKLV ZDV RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW points of transit through the al-Hajar mountains (Fig. 3.1).

7KH RDVLV RI ,]NƯ Fig. 3.2) is one of the largest in central 2PDQ DV LWV ORFDWLRQ DW WKH VRXWKHUQ HQG RI WKH 6DPÆ&#x2014;È&#x201A;LO JDS not only provides it with a strategically important location, but also affords it with a large amount of water from a number of falaj channels. These originated from the Falaj al0DONL ZKLFK LV VDLG WR RULJLQDOO\ KDYH KDG RYHU IHHGHUV

2ULJLQDOO\ VWUHWFKLQJ IRU DOPRVW NP IURP ,PÄ«L 0XÄ«L LQ WKH QRUWK WR =XND\W LQ WKH VRXWK WKH RDVLV RI ,]NƯ LV FRQVLGHUHG to be the oldest permanent settlement in Oman with remains dating well into the 3rd millennium BC (Schreiber 2007, Yule 2011). Today the agricultural area is reduced to a core area FRPSULVLQJ WKH SDOP JURYHV RI DO <HPHQ DQ 1L]Æ&#x2014;U 6HGGL ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO 5DdzÆ&#x2014; 0DJK\Ç&#x152;WK DQG ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW %DQƯ +XVVDLQ 7KH WZR PDLQ VHWWOHPHQWV DQ 1L]Æ&#x2014;U DQG DO <HPHQ DUH ORFDWHG DWRS a 10m high conglomerate ridge which runs roughly northVRXWK DORQJ WKH ZHVWHUQ EDQN RI WKH :DGƯ ȾDOID\Q Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5). This location allowed the inhabitants of either settlements to occupy the high ground while remaining close to their farmlands and water sources. Neither settlement has

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Located in the vicinity of the settlements are a number of FHPHWHULHV WKH ODUJHVW RI ZKLFK OLHV DFURVV WKH :DGƯ ȾDOID\Q IURP DO <HPHQ DQG 1L]Æ&#x2014;U 7KH WRPEV DQG JUDYHV DW WKLV ORFDWLRQ have been dated to as early as the Early Iron Age (EIA), often consisting of enclosures and cairns made from large rounded ERXOGHUV 7KHLU XQLTXH DSSHDUDQFH KDV OHG DUFKDHRORJLVWV WR FDOO WKHP µ,]NƯ JUDYHV¶ 6FKUHLEHU Figs. 3.7, 3.8).

Figure 3.3 &OLPDWRORJ\ RI ,]NƯ 2DVLV Figure 3.4 Conglomerate ridge (right) Figure 3.5 7HUUDLQ SUR¿OH RI :DGƯ ȾDOID\Q EHORZ

7KH FOLPDWRORJ\ RI WKH ,]NƯ UHJLRQ LV ODUJHO\ FRPSDUDEOH WR WKDW RI WKH DG 'Æ&#x2014;NKLOƯ\DK UHJLRQ LQ JHQHUDO Fig. 3.3). Rainfall averages around 250mm per year with July and August being the wettest months, and temperatures ranging from around 310C in mid-summer to about 150C during the winter months.

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3.3 HISTORY 7KH RDVLV RI ,]NĆŻ LV QRWDEOH SULPDULO\ IRU LWV UHSXWHG DQWLTXLW\ (DUO\ ,URQ $JH ,]NĆŻ DSSHDUV WR ÂżQG PHQWLRQ LQ cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia. According to Neo$VV\ULDQ VRXUFHV LQ %&( Âł3DGĆ? NLQJ RI 4DGĆ? ZKR OLYHV LQ ,]NĆ?ÂŤVHQW HQYR\V WR FXOWLYDWH JRRG UHODWLRQV >DQG D VWDWH contract] burdened with gifts. They travelled six months, came WR PH >$ĂŁĂŁXU%DQĆŻSDO@ DVNHG RI P\ FRQGLWLRQ DQG EHVHHFKHG P\ UXOH´ 7KRPSVRQ =DGRN 7KHUH DUH KRZHYHU DOVR +DÂżW DQG 8PP DQ 1DU UHPDLQV ZLWKLQ DQG DURXQG WKH RDVLV RI ,]NĆŻ LQGLFDWLQJ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH DUHD VWUHWFKLQJ well into the 3rd millennium BC (Schreiber 2007:120). $ QXPEHU RI ,URQ $JH FHPHWHULHV DORQJ WKH EDQNV RI WKH :DGĆŻ ČžDOID\Q LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DUHD RI ,]NĆŻ FRQWLQXHG WR EH populated well until the arrival of the Azd tribes (Schreiber 2007; Figs. 3.7, 3.8) 1HYHUWKHOHVV ,]NĆŻ QHYHU GHYHORSHG LQWR DQ XUEDQ FHQWUH :LONLQVRQ FI EHORZ $V D UHVXOW of early migratory trends tribal organisation and strife the tribes did not unite to form lasting urban nodes. The twin ZDOOHG WRZQV ,]NĆŻ DO <HPHQ DQG DQ 1L]Ć&#x2014;U GLIIHU IURP HDFK other in size and appearance. The former presently has half RI WKH VXUIDFH DUHD DV WKH ODWWHU DQG $Q 1L]Ć&#x2014;U LV VWLOO SDUWLDOO\ inhabited; al-Yemen (Fig. 3.10) has been uninhabited for over 30 years, but some of the house owners still care for their own properties. The present appearance, especially the regular streets, results from the repeated damage and rebuilding %DGJHU Âą EXW PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ :LONLQVRQ 1977: 216) and rebuilding of al-Yemen in the 18th century. ,W LV DW WLPHV FODLPHG WKDW ,]NĆŻ LV WKH ROGHVW continuously inhabited settlement area of central Oman.

7DNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VHWWOHPHQWÂśV DJH DQG SULYLOHJHG location along central Omanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main axis of communication it may appear surprising that despite the existence of

Figure 3.6 &RQJORPHUDWH EHGURFN UHG DQG SDVW H[FDYDWLRQV

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 Figure 3.7 ,URQ $JH JUDYHV DORQJ :DGĆŻ ČžDOID\Q ,]NĆŻ Figure 3.8 ,URQ $JH JUDYHV DORQJ :DGĆŻ ČžDOID\Q ,]NĆŻ Figure 3.9 Panoramic view of al-Yemen (bottom)

around two dozen hill-top towers scanning the hinterland DQG WKH H[LVWHQFH RI VHYHUDO IXOO\ Ă&#x20AC;HGJHG IRUWV ZLWKLQ the oasis itself, it never seems to have evolved into D PDMRU IRUWLÂżHG FHQWUH OLNH 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; %DKOĆ&#x2014; RU 5XVWDT :LONLQVRQ H[SODLQV WKLV DSSDUHQW LGLRV\QFUDV\ ZLWK IDFWRUV UHODWHG WR WKH JHRSROLWLFDO PDNH XS RI FHQWUDO Omanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s territory throughout much of the Islamic period. ,]NĆŻ ZDV DW WKH SHULSKHU\ RI WKH ,PDPDWH EDVHG DW 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; and indeed appears not to have played a central regional role and the main settlement area of the Gap gravitated heavily WRZDUGV 6DPĆ&#x2014;Č&#x201A;LO ,W DOVR GRHV QRW FRPSOHWHO\ GRPLQDWH any major lines of communication as the settlement could be easily circumnavigated by travelling along the western IRRW RI WKH PRXQWDLQV DQG WKH ZKROH :DGĆŻ ČžDOID\Q VHFWLRQ RI WKH 6DPĆ&#x2014;Č&#x201A;LO *DS FDQ WKHRUHWLFDOO\ EH E\ SDVVHG E\ D QXPEHU RI URXWHV IURP WKH 6KDUTL\\DK QDPHO\ WKH :DGĆŻ DO $TT )LQDOO\ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW UHDVRQ ZK\ WKH VWUDWHJLF potential of the oasis was never fully exploited appear to lie in the distribution of political power within the settlement, ZKLFK ZDV YHU\ GHOLFDWHO\ EDODQFHG EHWZHHQ WKH 1L]Ć&#x2014;ULV DQG WKH <HPHQLV :LONLQVRQ 'LVWXUEDQFHV LQ WKH status quo which existed between both groups would OLNHO\ KDYH VSDUNHG RII ODUJH VFDOH FRQĂ&#x20AC;LFW EHWZHHQ VRPH RI 2PDQÂśV WULEDO SROLWLFDO JURXSLQJV WKH %DQĆŻ 5L\Ć&#x2014;P DQG WKH %DQĆŻ 5XZĆ&#x2014;KDK $ORQJ ZLWK WKH WRSRJUDSKLFDOO\ determined layout of the water distribution system, it

was this political split which was the prime conditioner LQ WKH SK\VLFDO HYROXWLRQ RI ,]NĆŻÂśV VHWWOHPHQW DUHD 'XULQJ WKH FRQĂ&#x20AC;LFWV RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ ZKLFK VDZ WKH HQG RI WKH <DČ&#x20AC;DULEDK ,PDPDWH DO <HPHQ XQGHUZHQW QHDUO\ wholesale destruction. During this period the settlement was almost completely depopulated, as were many of the smaller villages, such as Saddi and hart ar-Raha. While VRPH RI WKH ODUJHU VHWWOHPHQWV OLNH DO <HPHQ LWVHOI ZHUH eventually rebuilt some of the smaller ones never recovered: WKHVH LQFOXGH DO 4LVKD Č&#x20AC;$GEL DQG Č&#x20AC;$\Q É&#x2039;DQČ&#x20AC;DČ&#x201A; :LONLQVRQ

0DQ\ RI WKH WULEDO LGHQWLÂżHUV RI WKHVH VHWWOHPHQWV are to be found again among the inhabitants of al-Yemen as shall be illustrated below. Al-Yemenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fortunes altered at various periods during the 18th and 19th centuries, with 1L]Ć&#x2014;U JLYHQ LWV ODUJHU VL]H DQG SRSXORXV QDWXUH KDG D JUHDWHU say within the affairs of the oasis. Nevertheless, during the latter half of the 19th century a political balance and stability ZDV UH HVWDEOLVKHG DV WKH %DQĆŻ 5XZĆ&#x2014;KDK DQG WKH %DQĆŻ 5L\Ć&#x2014;P supported by their respective leading groups, entered into a dialogue. This aptly illustrates the extent to which tribal relationships have a supra-regional character in which in which minor localised issues often had wider implications as non-directly affected parties entered into the debate, with the LPSDFW FDVFDGLQJ RXWZDUGV WR RWKHU UHJLRQV :LONLQVRQ

The numerically important tribe in al-Yemen was WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK D .LQGD GHVFHQW JURXS )XUWKHU FODQV RI LPSRUWDQFH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ WKH 0DJKWDVL\LQ 5L\Ć&#x2014;P

WKH 6XTXU 5L\Ć&#x2014;P WKH )X]DUL\LQ 'KLE\DQ WKH 1DKZL\LQ 6KDQXČ&#x201A;D $]G WKH 8PEÇ&#x152; Č&#x20AC;$OĆŻ 7D\\ WKH $ZODG %DKOĆ&#x2014;QL $EV 4DVVDEL\LQ DQG WKH .KXZD\ÄŤLUL\LQ 7KH SUHFLVH VSDWLDO distribution of these and other groups within the settlement of al-Yemen, established through substantial ethnographic ÂżHOGZRUN FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH 1RWWLQJKDP 7UHQW 8QLYHUVLW\ team in February-March 2011 and March-April 2012, is

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS LOOXVWUDWHG VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQ WKLV FKDSWHU 7KH ÂżHOG VXUYH\ KDV also provided a map of the general ownership pattern in alYemen. The private ownership of dwellings, whose names were gathered during the interview conducted on site, along with all civic and religious buildings and structures are mapped on the settlement plan where urban areas were delimited and VHTXHQWLDOO\ QDPHG WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH VXUYH\ Figs. 3.13-3.18).

While this plan is as accurate as possible within the time frame, resulting from interviews with 4 erstwhile inhabitants DQG FURVV UHIHUHQFHG IXUWKHU UHÂżQHPHQW PD\ EH UHTXLUHG IRU additional factual accuracy. When read in conjunction with the table listing the propertiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; owners by areas (Appendix D LW GRHV DOUHDG\ UHĂ&#x20AC;HFW WKH DYHUDJH GHQVLW\ RI KDELWDWLRQ RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO TXDUWHUV DQG WKHLU WULEDO DVVRFLDWLRQV However, a note of caution must be added here, as the material presented is not intended for the purposes of ascertaining SURSHUW\ RZQHUVKLS RI DQ\ NLQG ZLWKLQ WKH VHWWOHPHQW

Figure 3.10 al-Yemen and surroundings

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3.4 SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY LAYOUT The settlement structure of the ÇľĆ&#x2122;UDK of al-Yemen (Fig. 3.11) was studied in great detail in order to learn more RI LWV HYROXWLRQ DQG KRZ LW DFTXLUHG LWV FXUUHQW IRUP ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ LV D FOHDUO\ GHÂżQHG DQG VHOI FRQWDLQHG XUEDQ XQLW ORFDWHG ZLWKLQ D ZHOO SUHVHUYHG IRUWLÂżHG HQFORVXUH RI roughly trapezoidal form. While there has been little to no modern development within the enclosure itself, the VXUURXQGLQJ DUHD KDV VHHQ VLJQLÂżFDQW UHFHQW XUEDQLVDWLRQ often straying far into the palm groves and outlying agricultural lands (Fig. 3.20, 3.21 7KH QHDU FRPSOHWH ODFN RI SRVW V PRGLÂżFDWLRQ KDV DOORZHG WKH VHWWOHPHQW TXDUWHU WR UHWDLQ LWV YHUQDFXODU IDEULF LQ LWV HQWLUHW\

Figure 3.11 al-Yemen, access to dwelling A1

The settlement is located on a relatively level plateau at around 550m ASL. Though the terrain drops slightly on its HDVWHUQ HGJH WKH JHQHUDOO\ Ă&#x20AC;DW JURXQG DOORZHG IRU D UHJXODU RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH VLWH 'LYLGHG LQWR QHDWO\ DUUDQJHG EORFNV al-Yemen is unusual in its orthogonality when compared to the highly irregular and organic standard usually observed LQ 2PDQL XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQWV H J %DKOĆ&#x2014; :+6 Fig. 3.22).

Al-Yemen is currently accessible from north and east via two gates, though there are clear evidences of two others on the western side and the south-western corner, which are QRZ EORFNHG DQG WKH SRVVLEOH DUFKDHRORJLFDO HYLGHQFH RI D further gate on the eastern side (Fig. 3.18). The settlements unusual orthogonality is indicative of various phases of destruction, reconstruction and expansion, with successive layers often building upon earlier foundations. The oldest phase of occupation within al-Yemen appears to have been concentrated on its southern end, coinciding with a cluster of irregular dwellings with cyclopean single-course foundations.

This early settlement may have extended south as far as QRUWKHUQ HQG RI DQ 1L]Ć&#x2014;U DV VXJJHVWHG E\ ,URQ $JH SRWWHU\ ÂżQGV DQG LVRODWHG PDVRQU\ IRXQGDWLRQV LQ WKLV DUHD 6FKUHLEHU

7KH DUULYDO RI $]G WULEHV IURP WKH ČžDGUDPDZW 0DOLN ELQ )DÇłP WULEHV DQG UHODWHG P\WKRORJ\ FI WKH 2PDQL VRXUFH ,]NDZL HYHQWXDOO\ EURXJKW DERXW WKH PLWRVLV RI ,]NĆŻ into two separate settlements in opposition to one another.

7KH XQXVXDO JULG OLNH SODQ RI DO <HPHQ Fig. 3.15) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a later imposition on the ÇľĆ&#x2122;UDK â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is dictated by a series of straight avenues running at more or less right angles to each other, which is at its most prominent at the heart of WKH VHWWOHPHQW DURXQG EORFNV ' DQG ( 7KH ZHVWHUQ DYHQXH UXQQLQJ QRUWK VRXWK IURP WKH PRVTXH WR WKH QRUWKHUQ JDWH (Fig. 3.15 0 6LNNDW DO Č&#x20AC;$OĆŻ FOHDUO\ OLQHV XS ZLWK WKH HDVWHUQ HQFORVXUH ZDOO RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH 0DVMLG DO -DPĆŻČ&#x20AC; VXJJHVWLQJ D UHODWLRQVKLS HVWDEOLVKHG EHWZHHQ these two features at some point. Crossing this dominant passage, two streets running west to east tilt eastwards, broadly following the northern boundary wall; a possible third one appears to have lost its western extension beyond 0 )XUWKHU VRXWK FORVHU RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH DQRWKHU VWUHHW RULJLQDWLQJ IURP D QRZ EORFNHG ZHVWHUQ JDWH WXUQV south after it crosses M1 leading to the cyclopean enclosure LQ EORFN 2 7KH QRUWKHUQPRVW RI WKHVH VWUHHWV 0 6LNNDW DV 6KDUT FRQQHFWV ZLWK WKH HDVWHUQ JDWH RI WKH ÇłĆ&#x2014;UDK Fig. 3.15 KHQFH LWV QDPH 7KLV HDVWHUQ HQWUDQFH LV Ă&#x20AC;DQNHG RQ WKH outside by the sablah on the south and on the inside by the PRVTXH 0DVMLG %DQĆŻ É&#x2039;DEW RQ WKH QRUWK $ QXPEHU RI ODQHV DQG SDVVDJHV EUHDN GRZQ WKH XUEDQ IDEULF IXUWKHU DQG SURYLGH access to dwellings and communal structures (Fig 3.12).

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS On entry through the northern gate, a large open space is ¿UVW YLVLEOH GH¿QHG ODUJHO\ E\ 'DUÆ&#x2014;PLNDK EXW DOVR RQH %DQƯ 5XZDKD 0DJKWDVL\ƯQ GZHOOLQJ 6DEODW DO È&#x20AC;$OƯ Fig. 3.28) LV WR WKH HDVW RI WKH HQWUDQFH D VLJQL¿FDQW DQG SURPLQHQW structure, fronted by an accessible raised terrace. Given WKH H[WHQVLYH GHVWUXFWLRQ DQG UHEXLOGLQJ WKDW WRRN SODFH DW DO <HPHQ LQ WKH SDVW WKLV VTXDUH LV OLNHO\ WR KDYH FKDQJHG FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ RQ VHYHUDO RFFDVLRQV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH VTXDUH played an important role during communal festivities, ZHGGLQJV DQG (LG FHOHEUDWLRQV $W WKH VRXWKHUQ HQG RI 6LNNDW DO È&#x20AC;$OƯ FORVHU WR WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH WKH VWUHHW RSHQV XS DJDLQ LQWR DQ RSHQ VSDFH GH¿QHG RQ WKH VRXWK E\ WKH ORZ HQFORVXUH RI WKH 0RVTXH DQG RQ WKH ZHVW E\ WKH ZHOO DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LW 7DZL DO -DPƯÈ&#x20AC; DQG WKH UDLVHG FKDQQHO WKDW H[WHQGV WRZDUGV WKH 0RVTXH 7KH HDVWHUQ HQWUDQFH GRHV QRW KDYH DQ HQWUDQFH VTXDUH ZLWKLQ WKH VHWWOHPHQW DOWKRXJK WKLV KDV EHHQ SDUWLDOO\ established outside with the extended sablah to the south of WKH HQWUDQFH GH¿QLQJ D UDLVHG WHUUDFH $ ZHVWHUQ JDWH WKDW once provided access to the settlement close to the Friday 0RVTXH ZDV ODWHU EORFNHG Fig. 3.23 $ IXUWKHU EORFNHG RII ramped access â&#x20AC;&#x201C; possibly for bringing in cattle â&#x20AC;&#x201C; existed at the VRXWKZHVW FRUQHU RI WKH dzÆ&#x2014;UDK WKH DUHD EHKLQG WKH qiblah wall RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH ZKHUH WKH FDWWOH ZDV NHSW ZDV NQRZQ DV ȾDUÆ&#x2014;P DO -DPƯÈ&#x20AC; SRVVLEO\ DOOXGLQJ WR DJH ROG QRWLRQV RI sacred territory in South Arabia (cf. Serjeant 1962). The LQFOXVLRQ RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH ZLWKLQ WKH ZDOOHG TXDUWHU LV yet another unusual feature of settlement layout in al-Yemen.

Analysis of settlement geometries and morphological traces suggest that less regimented settlement structures will have existed that gradually transformed into the visibly orthogonal urban structure.

Figure 3.12 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ GHWDLOHG GRFXPHQWDWLRQ SODQ (partial)

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ȾÆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 Figure 3.13 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VKRZLQJ XUEDQ components

Figure 3.14 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ ]RQLQJ DQG QXPEHULQJ RI architectural units

Figure 3.15 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VKRZLQJ street pattern, highlighting orthogonality

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS Figure 3.16 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VKRZLQJ WULEDO mosaic

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ȾÆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 Figure 3.17 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VKRZLQJ GZHOOLQJ DFFHVVHV

Figure 3.18 ȾÆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VKRZLQJ VHWWOHPHQW access

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS Figure 3.19 ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ GHWDLOHG documentation plan

DEFENCES The defences of al-Yemen are of a roughly trapezoidal form broadening towards the north which, through various expansions, determined the general layout of the settlement.

The enclosure consists of a solid masonry wall of around P LQ KHLJKW DQG DOPRVW P WKLFNQHVV DOWKRXJK UHGXFLQJ VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ DW FHUWDLQ SRLQWV ZLWK D EURDG VHQWU\ ZDON DQG D FUHQHOODWHG SDUDSHW PDGH IURP PXG EULFN Figs. 3.24, 3.25 7KH ZDOO LWVHOI LV EXLOW LQ D GRXEOH VKHOO WHFKQLTXH with medium sized boulders forming the inner and outer IDFHV DQG DQ DJJUHJDWH VDQG DQG FOD\ ÂżOO $W VRPH partially collapsed sections a third interior shell is visible, hinting at a gradual strengthening process of the walls.

The corners of the settlement are protected by three towers (Fig. 3.19), all of which are different in shape and size, suggesting separate developments. The tower at the northZHVWHUQ FRUQHU FRQWDLQV D ZHOO É&#x201E;DZĆŻ DO %XUM DW LWV FHQWUH DFFHVVLEOH WKURXJK D ORZ YDXOWHG SDVVDJH IURP WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK area (next to house A2). The largest and most impressive of WKHVH LV WKH RQH NQRZQ DV DO 4DOČ&#x20AC;DW Fig. 3.24), positioned in the southern corner to control the no-manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-land between DO <HPHQ DQG 1L]Ć&#x2014;U DQG RYHUORRN WKH <DČ&#x20AC;DULEDK IRUW $SDUW from serving as a defensive structure this tower appears also functioned as a prison with four dungeons located in its base. The upper levels contained a number of embrasures and gun loops covering the southern approaches, and a stair well leading to the roof, which was originally crenellated. ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR VWURQJ XUEDQ IRUWLÂżFDWLRQV LQ WKH IRUP of walls, towers and gate houses the oasis as a whole was SURWHFWHG IURP LQFXUVLRQV E\ D V\VWHP RI DURXQG ÂżIWHHQ WR twenty visually connected watch towers located on hill tops which provided a complete overview of the surrounding WHUULWRU\ )LQDOO\ WKHUH LV DOVR WKH ODUJH <DČ&#x20AC;DULEDK SHULRG IRUW

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 located close to the southern edge of al-Yemen, constructed during the early 19th century probably to create a buffer zone EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ZDUULQJ VHWWOHPHQW RI DO <HPHQ DQG DQ 1L]Ć&#x2014;U

DWELLINGS The dwellings of al-Yemen are all built exclusively IURP PXG EULFN Figs. 3.27, 3.28), though the shallow topsoil necessitated the construction of at times substantial masonry foundations to counteract rising damp and EDVDO HURVLRQ 8QOLNH DW RWKHU VLWHV LQ WKH UHJLRQ VXFK DV %LUNDW DO 0DZ] WKH ORFDO VWRQH XVXDOO\ FRPHV LQ WKH form of rounded boulders of varying sizes. This was XVXDOO\ TXDUULHG RXW RI WKH FRQJORPHUDWH RU FROOHFWHG from the ZDGĆą EHG DQG RIWHQ UHTXLULQJ FRSLRXV DPRXQWV of mud mortar to maintain structural cohesion (Fig. 3.30).

Most dwellings throughout the settlement are single storied and often with open courtyards, though several of WKH KLJKHU VWDWXV VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU RU those of area L and elsewhere are spatially substantial with XSSHU Ă&#x20AC;RRUV DW WLPHV VHW RQWR WKH FLW\ ZDOO &RPSDUHG WR DQ 1L]Ć&#x2014;U DQG RWKHU VHWWOHPHQWV LQ WKH DUHD WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH of al-Yemen appears to have been of a lower status, though WKLV LV PRVW OLNHO\ GXH WR WKH VXFFHVVLYH UH EXLOGLQJ SKDVHV the settlement underwent. This also explains the existence of an unusually high number of courtyards compared to other VHWWOHPHQWV RI WKH DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK UHJLRQ /DUJHO\ IROORZLQJ the spatial type prevalent in this part, some dwellings show W\SRORJLFDO DIÂżQLW\ ZLWK %RZVKDU DQG RWKHU FRDVWDO DUHDV suggesting possible political connections and emulation.

With certain exceptions the current state of preservation of al-Yemenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dwellings is largely ruinous, with preservation ZRUVHQLQJ TXLFNO\ GXH WR FROODSVHG FRYHULQJV DQG WRS Ă&#x20AC;RRUV

Figure 3.20 ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ SDQRUDPLF YLHZ VKRZLQJ VHWWOHPHQW DQG PRGHUQ GHYHORSPHQW ORRNLQJ QRUWK Figure 3.21 ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ SDQRUDPLF YLHZ VKRZLQJ VHWWOHPHQW DQG PRGHUQ GHYHORSPHQW ORRNLQJ VRXWK

Figure 3.22 $HULDO YLHZ RI %DKOĆ&#x2014; VKRZLQJ RUJDQLF OD\RXW and irregular urban fabric

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

PUBLIC STRUCTURES Among the most prominent public buildings of al<HPHQ DUH WKH WZR PRVTXHV WKH ODUJHVW RI ZKLFK ZDV D )ULGD\ 0RVTXH 0DVMLG DO -DPƯÈ&#x20AC; SUREDEO\ VWDUWHG OLIH DV D )ULGD\ PRVTXH EHIRUH EHLQJ LQFOXGHG LQWR WKH settlement in the course of the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expansion.

7KLV LV D ODUJH PRVTXH ZLWK WKUHH WUDQVYHUVDO ED\V VHSDUDWHG E\ WZR URZV RI VXEVWDQWLDO PXG EULFN FROXPQV The mihrab and qiblah wall are still in a good condition, though the roof has collapsed in large parts (Fig. 3.33).

7KH RWKHU PRVTXH 0DVMLG %DQƯ É&#x2039;DEW ORFDWHG E\ WKH HDVW gate, is much smaller in size and was restored fairly recently.

7KH DFFHVV WR WKH KLJK HDVW IDFLQJ WHUUDFH FRXUW\DUG EDUdz OHYHO ZLWK VHQWU\ ZDON LV WKURXJK D UHFRQVWUXFWHG UDPS WKH access originally might have been stepped) running alongside 0 6LNNDW DV 6KDUT 7KH SUD\HU KDOO LV DFFHVVHG IURQWDOO\ IURP WKH WHUUDFH 1HLWKHU PRVTXH UHPDLQV LQ XVH WRGD\ )LJ

$VVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH JUDQG PRVTXH LV D ZHOO KRXVH É&#x201E;DZƯ DO -DPƯÈ&#x20AC; XVHG WR SURYLGH ZDWHU IRU WKH FRPPXQLW\¶V ablutions at prayer time, and probably also for domestic purposes (Fig. 3.29). While its depth has to date not been DFFXUDWHO\ GHWHUPLQHG LW OLNHO\ H[FHHGV P DQG LV WKHUHIRUH the largest and possibly oldest well on site. An examination of its deposition layers would doubtless bring to light some IDVFLQDWLQJ LQVLJKWV LQWR ,]NƯ¶V RFFXSDWLRQDO KLVWRU\ $QRWKHU ZHOO É&#x201E;DZƯ DO 0DÈ&#x201A;LZD LV ORFDWHG RQ D ZLGH VWUHHW SDUDOOHO WR 0 6LNNDW DV 6KDUT ZKLFK DSSHDUV WR KDYH EHHQ WKH PDMRU VRXUFH RI ZDWHU ZLWKLQ WKH ZDOOHG TXDUWHU )LJ $ WKLUG ZHOO É&#x201E;DZƯ DO %XUM LV SUHVHQW DW WKH FHQWUH RI WKH QRUWK ZHVWHUQ tower, as already indicated. However, as interviews suggest that the women generally collected water from the falaj channel )DODM DO 0DdzGXWK QHDUE\ LW ZRXOG DSSHDU WKDW WKH ZHOOV were conceived mainly with long periods of strife in mind.

Figure 3.23 al-Yemen, West gate

Figure 3.26 al-Yemen, North gate

Figure 3.24 DO <HPHQ 6RXWKHDVW WRZHU µDO 4DOÆ&#x2014;¶DW¶

Figure 3.25 al-Yemen, South wall

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 There also remain a number of sbal (s. sablah) or male congregation halls. 6EDO ZHUH XVXDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VSHFLÂżF tribes and associated client groups, of which there is at least one, possibly two, in the settlement. Distinctively, at least three of these were placed against the defensive city walls ZLWK WKHLU SOLQWKV UDLVHG WR WKH OHYHO RI WKH VHQWU\ ZDON Fig. 3.34 6DEODW DO Č&#x20AC;$OĆŻ QH[W WR WKH QRUWKHUQ JDWH ZDV IRU WKH use of the entire settlement, as was the sablah immediately outside the eastern gate. These semi-public spaces served as reception halls and meeting places for guests and outsiders.

Another, located close to the southeast corner, was used as D WHPSRUDU\ FRQÂżQHPHQW SODFH IRU PLQRU RIIHQGHUV ,W LV possible that additional rooms within dwellings (e.g., the ÂżUVW Ă&#x20AC;RRU URRP VWUDGGOLQJ WKH HQWUDQFH WR 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU and part of dwelling A3) could have been used as tribal and family reception. There were also a small number of shops and a madrasah within the harah.

3.5 SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION Figure 3.27 0XG EULFN GZHOOLQJ RQ WZR VWRULHV

Figure 3.29 Ablution water trough

Figure 3.28 Open space and sablah inside north gate

Figure 3.30 Traditional dwelling with stone foundation

While the oldest traces of occupation on the FRQJORPHUDWH ULGJH RI ,]NĆŻ VXJJHVW D VHWWOHPHQW RFFXS\LQJ WKH VRXWKHUQ HGJH RI DO <HPHQ WKH <DČ&#x20AC;DULEDK IRUW DQG WKH RSHQ JURXQG WRZDUGV 1L]Ć&#x2014;U GXULQJ WKH ,URQ $JH 6FKUHLEHU 2007), the present appearance, and in particular the orthogonal street plan, results from 18th century destruction %DGJHU :LONLQVRQ DQG UHEXLOGLQJ RI DO <HPHQ (Fig. 3.35). /DFNLQJ HLWKHU VXEVWDQWLDO DUFKDHRORJ\ RU XVHIXO documentation retracing the settlement evolution of al<HPHQ EH\RQG WKH HYHQWV RI WKH WK WK FHQWXU\ LV ODUJHO\ a matter of conjecture. One can, however, distinguish two SULQFLSDO VHWWOHPHQW SKDVHV WKH ÂżUVW IDOOLQJ LQWR WKH 3UH

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS Historic to late Iron Age time span (Fig. 3.36), and a second SKDVH PRVW OLNHO\ FRPPHQFLQJ DURXQG WKH VRXWKHUQ $UDELDQ migration giving rise to al-Yemen proper. &LUFXPVWDQWLDO HYLGHQFH DQG SRWWHU\ ÂżQGV LQ WKH DUHD suggest that the boulder foundations of some of the structures LQ DUHD 4 DQG DURXQG WKH JUDQG PRVTXH FRXOG SRVVLEO\ GDWH WR WKH HDUOLHVW SKDVH RI RFFXSDWLRQ RI WKH ,]NĆŻ SODWHDX coinciding with the mid-to-late Iron Age. Examination and H[FDYDWLRQ DURXQG WKH PRVTXH DQG WKH <DÂśDULEDK IRUW PD\ well yield evidence for even earlier structures.

At the centre of the site on the northern edge of area P are the remains of an earlier access gate with a series of steps and cyclopean masonry foundations (Fig. 3.37). It has not been possible to date these remains though their formality and regularity suggest a later construction than that of the irregular structures in area R. 7DNLQJ WKH VWDWH RI UHVHDUFK LQWR DFFRXQW WKLV +03 KDV LGHQWLÂżHG D QXPEHU RI DUHDV ZLWKLQ DQG DURXQG WKH settlement to be protected from disturbance to facilitate future investigations.

7KH ČžĆ&#x2014;UDK RI DO <HPHQ FOHDUO\ GHPRQVWUDWHV D VHULHV RI outward expansions, visible primarily in the irregularity of WKH HDVW ZDOO WKH EORFNLQJ RI WKH ZHVW JDWH DQG WKH FKDQJHV in building type and morphology visible from the southern to the northern ends of the settlement. The east wall presents two angles indicating a fanning out of the wall by positioning LW IXUWKHU GRZQ WKH VORSH (TXDOO\ JLYHQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WKH PDMRULW\ RI $ZODG %DÇłOĆ&#x2014;QL RQH RI WKH HDUOLHU LQKDELWDQWV of the harah) dwellings in eastern and north-eastern parts, the possibility that the curvilinear north-eastern section might represent an earlier phase of settlement boundary cannot be HQWLUHO\ LJQRUHG 7KH DEUXSW VKLIW RI WKH ZDOOÂśV SURÂżOH DW WKH southern end of this curved part is possibly an indication of an

Figure 3.31 É&#x201E;DZĆŻ DO 0DČ&#x201A;LZD DERYH

Figure 3.32 0DVMLG EDQĆŻ 6DEW WRS ULJKW

Figure 3.33 0DVMLG DO -DPĆŻČ&#x20AC; EHORZ

Figure 3.34 6DEODW DO Č&#x20AC;$OĆŻ ULJKW

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 erstwhile gate or a boundary, building on a condition that had existed from ancient times, as indicated above. The Awlad %DÇłOĆ&#x2014;QL FRQFHQWUDWLRQ PD\ KDYH UHVXOWHG IURP WKH UHWXUQ RI this tribe following Manadhirah rebuilding of al-Yemen at the HQG RI WKH ÂżUVW TXDUWHU RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ 7KH VRXWKHUQ SDUW of this east wall could well have been built contemporaneous with parts of the west wall, although these lie at different angles to each other. The materials appear to have been reused, though mounds of gravel and aggregate suggest substantial left over material and a preference for larger boulders in the newly built sections. While the structures in areas Q and R are of a much more irregular type with curved walls and positioned at odd angles to each other, regularity LQFUHDVHV DV RQH PRYHV WRZDUGV WKH QRUWKHUQ TXDUWHUV The oldest standing structure is probably the Grand 0RVTXH ZKLFK ZDV RULJLQDOO\ ORFDWHG RXWVLGH WKH VHWWOHPHQW DV LV WKH FDVH LQ RWKHU 2PDQL KDUDW DQG ODWHU Âą TXLWH XQXVXDOO\ Âą LQWHJUDWHG *HRPHWULFDO HYLGHQFH LQGLFDWHV D VWURQJ OLQN between this, the orthogonal street organisation and the 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU VXJJHVWLQJ D OLQN EHWZHHQ LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI D ZHVWHUQ JDWH GRPLQDQW RUWKRJRQDOLW\ DQG WKH PHWHRULF ULVH LQ 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK fortunes between 1825 and 1875.

Figure 3.35 al-Yemen, settlement meta-structure demonstrating the high degree of orthogonality

The north-western corner of the harah appear to have extended out beyond its original alignment to incorporate DW OHDVW RQH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK GZHOOLQJ $ DQG WKH ZHOO É&#x201E;DZĆŻ al-Burj, resulting in the partial disappearance of a passage which transformed into a series of outlying dwellings and storage cells on the western edge of dwellings A1 and A4. $QRWKHU VWUHHW LV OLNHO\ WR KDYH H[WHQGHG WKURXJK EORFNV ) * D, K and O, ending near the distinctive curvilinear enclosure at the southern end of the latter. Traces of other erstwhile streets are also present.

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTAL SCENARIOS: $IWHU WKH 1L]Ć&#x2014;U <HPHQ VSOLW WKH IRXQGHUV RI al-Yemen established a settlement core comprising WKH DUHDV ZLWKLQ TXDUWHUV * - , DQG WKH QRUWKHUQ KDOI of P, laying the foundations of the regular grid plan ZKLFK ZDV UHWDLQHG WKURXJK DOO VXEVHTXHQW H[SDQVLRQV 2. A core settlement established on the eastern edge of the ridge around areas L, M and H, gradually expanding westwards and south wards. This would have provided close access to the palm groves as well as a more defensible position upon the ridge.

3. The continuation of core within the Iron Age the expansions of which RUWKRJRQDO TXDUWHUV ZLWK WKH

a permanently settled dwellings of area Q, were regularised into DUULYDO RI QHZ WULEHV

7KHUH PRVW OLNHO\ VFHQDULR WKDW WKH RUWKRJRQDOLW\ of al-Yemen is a comparatively recent phenomenon DQG WKDW ROGHU SKDVHV RI RFFXSDWLRQ ZRXOG KDYH ORRNHG much more organic. Destruction events in the 18th century and the rise in the fortunes of one tribe and the demise of another may have erased surface evidence of these earlier urbanism and established new ones.

Expansions of the settlement can be explained not only by the gradual growth of the families residing within the settlement, but also by the arrival of new WULEDO JURXSV UHTXLULQJ OLYLQJ VSDFH DQG SULYDF\

Figure 3.36 Hypothetical urban evolution of al-Yemen

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ȾƖ5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1

Figure 3.37 Cyclopean walls construction of al-Yemen

Figure 3.38 3UH +LVWRULF WR /DWH ,URQ $JH VHWWOHPHQW LQ ,]NƯ (after Schreiber 2007)

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SIGNIFICANCE

4 ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SIGNIFICANCE

7KH IROORZLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ VXPPDULVHV WKH NH\ DVSHFWV RI WKH VHWWOHPHQWÂśV VLJQLÂżFDQFH

4.1 URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL VALUES Â&#x2021; By not being inhibited by any major topographical constraints, the settlement of al-Yemen could be ODLG RXW LQ D XQLTXH JULG OLNH SDWWHUQ Âą XQXVXDO IRU 2PDQ ZKLFK LV OLNHO\ WR KDYH IDFLOLWDWHG WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO TXDUWHUV QHDWO\ WR VSHFLÂżF descent groups. While extant historical accounts of successive destructions and reconstructions of alYemen and the geometrical analysis determine that the site bears a highly complex meta-structure, the clarity and regularity of its current morphological state suggest that this latest incarnation of alYemen never reached a high level of saturation.

The collision between the orthogonal grid and previous morphological states is evident at a

number of locations within the urbanscape. Â&#x2021; The availability of space is further evidenced by the fact that the majority of structures are single-story, relatively open plan and with large courtyards at their core serving as focal points of domestic and HFRQRPLF OLIH 7KH FRXUW\DUGV DOVR LQGLFDWH VLJQLÂżFDQW socio-economic constraints and shifts, which probably resulted in a move away from traditional agricultural activity to small scale cattle herding. In dwellings courtyards acted as cattle holding areas. Â&#x2021; The preponderance of single-storied dwellings with large enclosed courtyards indicate not D GLVWLQFWLYH KRXVH W\SH LQ DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK region but an early, incomplete phase in the process of dwelling establishment, which also DGGUHVVHG D VSHFLÂżF VRFLR HFRQRPLF VKLIW Â&#x2021; The settlement incorporates powerful perimeter defences in the form of highly robust walls and towers. The wall, as visible today, was VXUPRXQWHG E\ D EURDG VHQWU\ ZDON DQG DSSHDUV to be largely the product of a single constructive effort although individual phases are discernible. A VLJQLÂżFDQW IHDWXUH LV D ZHOO ZKLFK ZDV LQFRUSRUDWHG into the base of the north-western tower. Â&#x2021; An unusual feature of the settlement is the LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH ZLWKLQ WKH ZDOOHG HQFORVXUH 7KLV ZLOO KDYH WDNHQ SODFH DV D UHVXOW RI VLJQLÂżFDQW SROLWLFDO turmoil and warfare in the 18th century. Â&#x2021; $ VLJQLÂżFDQW FRQWLQXLW\ LQ DQFLHQW FXOWXUDO WUDGLWLRQV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÂżHG LQ WKH QDPH RI WKH DUHD VXUURXQGLQJ WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH +DUDP DO -DPĆŻČ&#x20AC;

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 alluding to the perception of a sacred precinct. Â&#x2021; Associated with the settlements defences are a series of male meeting halls (s. sablah, pl. sbal) which were positioned above or in the immediate vicinity of the gates. Â&#x2021; Some dwellings incorporate male meeting halls, a feature not normally found in other VHWWOHPHQWV RI DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK UHJLRQ H J 0DQDÇł DQG 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; ,Q VXFK LQVWDQFHV YDULRXV PHWKRGV are used to ensure privacy within the dwelling. Â&#x2021; 8QLTXHO\ WKH VRXWK HDVWHUQ SDUW RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW FRQWDLQV VLJQLÂżFDQW DUFKDHRORJLFDO UHPDLQV ZKLFK FRLQFLGHV ZLWK VXJJHVWLRQV WKDW WKH ROGHU ,]NĆŻ settlement might have extended further south from WKLV DUHD WRZDUGV 1L]DU :KLOH WKLV ZLOO UHTXLUH further investigation, the presence of conglomerate EHGURFN FORVH WR WKH VXUIDFH DQG KHDYLO\ GLVWXUEHG archaeological contexts could prove problematic to conventional approaches. Initial archaeological LQYHVWLJDWLRQ XQGHUWDNHQ ZLWKLQ WKH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH LQGLFDWH WKH SUHVHQFH RI DQ HDUOLHU PRVTXH

4.2 HISTORICAL VALUES Â&#x2021; 7KH RDVLV RI ,]NĆŻ LV SRVVLEO\ WKH ROGHVW VWLOO occupied settlement in Oman, with a history stretching well into the 3rd millennium BC. 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH VLWH LV UHĂ&#x20AC;HFWHG LQ WKH continued re-settlement of al-Yemen even after successive demolitions and de-populations. Â&#x2021; The large numbers of pre-Islamic tombs in the area hint at a dense clusters of population inhabiting the area since the pre historic era, providing

WKH RDVLV UHJLRQ ZLWK D VFLHQWLÂżF UHOHYDQFH WKDW spans practically all periods of human activity. Â&#x2021; 7KH RDVLV RI ,]NĆŻ ZDV KRPH WR D ODUJH QXPEHU of tribes. Their complex relational dynamics PDGH ,]NĆŻ D PLFURFRVP RI QDWLRQDO SROLWLFV ZLWK relations between tribes and confederations having great supra-regional impact. Â&#x2021; Extant al-Yemen in an example of late settlement development during the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries AD, paralleling GHYHORSPHQWV LQ DO ČžDPUĆ&#x2014; DQG WKH UHEXLOGLQJ RI PDQ\ VHWWOHPHQW TXDUWHUV DW WKH WLPH H J ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DV 6D\EDQĆŻ LQ %DUNDW DO 0DZ] &KDUDFWHULVHG by rapid construction or reconstruction, these settlements indicate resource centralisation DQG FRQVHTXHQW GHYHORSPHQW LQLWLDWLYHV XQGHU <DČ&#x201A;DULEDK LPDPDWH ZKLFK ZDV LPSDFWHG E\ major movement and ascendency of tribal groups.

4.3 SOCIAL VALUES Â&#x2021; The settlement of al-Yemen provides a record of how the ascendancy and upward social mobility of LQGLYLGXDO WULEDO JURXSV VXFK DV WKH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK LV PDWHULDOLVHG LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKHLU TXDUWHU DV well as within the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban characteristics. Â&#x2021; The settlement shows a representative presence RI %DQĆŻ 5L\Ć&#x2014;P JURXSV ZLWKLQ D SUHGRPLQDQWO\ %DQĆŻ 5XZĆ&#x2014;KD LQKDELWDWLRQ 7KLV XQXVXDO WULEDO composition is distinctive from both the single FRQIHGHUDWLRQ VHWWOHPHQWV H J ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DV 6D\EDQL %DUNDW DO 0DZ] DV ZHOO DV WKH PRUH PL[HG ÂľFRVPRSROLWDQÂś VHWWOHPHQWV H J ČžĆ&#x2014;UDKW DO %LODG 0DQDK DQG ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO Č&#x20AC;$TU 1L]ZĆ&#x2014;

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SIGNIFICANCE Â&#x2021; The settlement contains small remnants of erstwhile tribes inhabiting and dominating it. The $ZODG %DKOĆ&#x2014;QL DQG WKH 0DQDGKLUDK KDYH RQO\ small representations within the harah. Their dwellings provide important direction towards constructing the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s morphology. Â&#x2021; The wide range of meeting halls â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from semi-private to communal ones â&#x20AC;&#x201C; show a diversity of attitudes towards congregation and community activities, certainly a distinctive feature amongst settlements of the Interior. Â&#x2021; Social history indicate the complex use of communal and civic spaces, one of which is WKH QRUWKHUQ HQWUDQFH VTXDUH WKDW SURYLGHG the setting for Eid and other festivities. Â&#x2021; The important role of women in collecting water IURP H[WHUQDO IDODM FKDQQHOV LV D VLJQLÂżFDQW UHPLQGHU of how notions of privacy were given distinctive articulation in individual Omani settlements. The presence of a small number of wells within the harah indicate a more egalitarian distribution of water resources, especially during periods of strife. Â&#x2021; The existence of client groups within the KDUDK LQGLFDWH WR FRPSOH[ VRFLDO VWUDWLÂżFDWLRQ within Omani societies of the Interior.

4.4 THREATS TO SITEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SIGNIFICANCE The following describes a list of primary threats that DUH OLNHO\ WR DGYHUVHO\ DIIHFW WKH VHWWOHPHQWÂśV VLJQLÂżFDQFH Â&#x2021; The settlement currently remains entirely uninhabited. This is a result of demographic shift,

both generally from the predominantly rural interior to its main town, Nizwa, as well as, towards the FDSLWDO 0XVFDW 7KHUH LV DOVR D JHQHUDO ODFN RI LQWHUHVW in living within traditional environments resulting IURP VLJQLÂżFDQW VRFLDO FKDQJH DQG ÂľPRGHUQLVDWLRQÂś Depopulation and abandonment rather than overcrowding is the problem of Omani vernacular settlements. This Management Plan proposal aims to address this problem by introducing a wide range of accommodation types of contemporary relevance. Â&#x2021; The day-to-day maintenance and conservation issues arising from the above situation is VLJQLÂżFDQW 7R DGGUHVV WKLV WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI +HULWDJH DQG &XOWXUH 0+& KDV WDNHQ WKH ÂżUVW VWHS E\ FRPPLVVLRQLQJ DQG VXSSRUWLQJ ZRUN on this documentation and management plan. Â&#x2021; )DOOHQ GHEULV SRVHV VLJQLÂżFDQW KHDOWK DQG VDIHW\ threats as well as conservation challenges.

Figures 4.1, 4,2 respectively analyze and map the state of preservation within the harah (suggested repairs appear in Chapter 8). Â&#x2021; The tourism activity is as yet not managed and do not follow any strategic guidelines; guides DUH RIWHQ LQDGHTXDWHO\ LQIRUPHG DQG YLVLWRUV DUH DOORZHG WR URDP WKH VHWWOHPHQW XQFKHFNHG 7KLV not only poses a threat to the safety of the visitors but also affects the existing built fabric. Vehicular access into the settlement due to unplanned tourism is also affecting the built fabric of the oasis TXDUWHUV 7KLV +03 DLPV WR DGGUHVV WKH SUREOHP Â&#x2021; The wide range of constructional, structural and architectural issues arising from neglect poses an extremely important threat. Structural failure arises

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 IURP XQFKHFNHG ZHDWKHU DQG EDFWHULDO DFWLRQ RQ the built fabric, as well as altered levels of stress and strain on building materials and components UHVXOWLQJ IURP Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWLQJ OHYHOV RI KXPLGLW\ and collapsed structures. Key architectural features of the settlement are being lost through erosion and collapse. In addition to the decay of structures due to the eroding action of the elements, abandonment and resulting dilapidation, WKH LQHYLWDEOH ORVV RI WKH ULFKQHVV DQG FXOWXUDO material value of the earthen architecture is FDXVHG E\ UHSDLU PDLQWHQDQFH PDOSUDFWLFHV 7KLV report provides a comprehensive understanding of the extent of constructional problems. Â&#x2021; Figures 4.1, 4.2 show that the majority of WKH VWUXFWXUHV DUH LQ D VWDWH RI VLJQLÂżFDQW damage and would need immediate attention. Â&#x2021; The late adoption of heritage management and new development strategies for the settlement has LQWHQVLÂżHG GHWHULRUDWLRQ DQG FRQWLQXHV WR WKUHDWHQ WKH ZLGHU VLJQLÂżFDQFH RI WKH KHULWDJH VLWH 7KH SUHVHQW report aims to address this problem by establishing VSHFLÂżF VWUDWHJLHV DQG GHWDLOHG DSSURDFKHV ZKLFK UHTXLUH LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK EURDG HFRQRPLF VRFLDO cultural and spatial development strategies. Â&#x2021; The local residents and especially the younger generation do not feel the sense of ownership they once had. This is due to a socio-cultural shift UHVXOWLQJ IURP D SDUWLFXODU NLQG RI ÂľPRGHUQLVDWLRQÂś that has moved the new generation away from a deep and continued understanding of vernacular environments. New urban development has paid very little regard to the existing vernacular environments. This again the Master Plan

aims to address through concrete propositions. Â&#x2021; 7KHUH LV D ODFN RI DYDLODEOH FRQWHPSRUDU\ DOWHUQDWLYHV for intervening within such historic fabric to bring it EDFN WR XVH ZLWKLQ WKH PRGHUQ FRQWH[W ,W LV LPSRUWDQW that such international approaches and precedents are studied with care with a view to adapting these to the Omani context. This appears in Chapter 7. Â&#x2021; 7KH 5R\DO 'HFUHH SURPXOJDWLQJ WKH /DZ RQ the Protection of National Heritage, establishes foundation and provides guidance regarding the importance of conserving built heritage. MHC LV ZRUNLQJ WRZDUGV RYHUFRPLQJ WKH FKDOOHQJHV in extending, developing and coordinating the LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN UHTXLUHG IRU GHDOLQJ with a complex phenomenon. It is important WKDW RWKHU JRYHUQPHQWDO ERGLHV ZRUN FORVHO\ with MHC to coordinate policies at national and local levels to address integration of heritage management with planning and development.

A robust tourism policy is again critical to the sustainable management of the historic built fabric. Â&#x2021; In the short term, pending the development of wider coordinated policy, the present pressures on land for developing new housing, and HFRQRPLF VRFLDO DQG FLYLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV OLNHO\ to lead to further deterioration of the settlement. Â&#x2021; Heritage should be regarded as a living entity and not as a mere object of preservation. There is reason to believe that the object of heritage management in Oman has been the latter.

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE Figure 4.1 States of preservation mapping

Figure 4.2 Failure types mapping

Figure 4.3 (following pages) Analysis of state of preservation Figure 4.4-4.9 Architectural, constructional, decorative and IXQFWLRQDO IHDWXUHV RI ȾƗUDW DO <HPHQ

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ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

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ȾƖ5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

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ȾƖ5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

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PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

5 PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Principle number P1 P2

Description of Principle Minimum intervention Reversibility Retention of buildings, settlements

P3

and context: conserve vistas, views, spaces and enclosures and sensitively interpret as necessary Anthropological (i.e., people centred)

P4

approach to heritage management and reuse Integration of the younger generation

P5

through reuse and interpretation of the site Private and public sector engagement

In accordance with the European Charter on Conservation (1975) and the ICOMOS Conservation Charter (2004) WKLV FKDSWHU VHWV RXW WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK WKH VLJQL¿FDQW values of the settlement, its integrity, and the heritage and material culture are to be safeguarded within a context of sympathetic development. Following the establishment of a broad philosophy, a set of general policies for development and conservation are discussed. This is followed by a set of detailed guidelines for restoration, consolidation, rebuilding DQG UHGHYHORSPHQW PHDVXUHV FI GH¿QLWLRQV EHORZ

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

–

organisational

and

individual

VWDNHKROGHU FRRSHUDWLRQ A combined bottom-up and top-down approach Introducing functional diversity – SRVVLEOH FRPSDWLEOH XVHV IRU H[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJV WKURXJK LQQRYDWLYH WKLQNLQJ Sustainable management and conservation New buildings not copy, replica or pastiche but interpretation: buildings ‘of their time’

5.1 PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION: PRINCIPLES 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH NH\ SULQFLSOHV WKH +HULWDJH 0DQDJHPHQW Plan intends to embrace and develop further with special reference to the harah (Table 5.1):

Table 5.1 source: European Charter on Conservation, 1975, and the ICOMOS Conservation Charter, 2004

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5.2 APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION

YLVXDOO\ )XUWKHU VWXGLHV LGHQWL½HG EHORZ Â&#x2020; DUH FUXFLDO WR HVWDEOLVK D FRPSUHKHQVLYH SLFWXUH RI WKH G\QDPLF QDWXUH of this heritage.

7KDW DOO VLJQL½FDQW DVSHFWV RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW PRUSKRORJ\ IRUWL½FDWLRQ WRZQVFDSH VWUXFWXUHV LQVWLWXWLRQDO DQG UHVLGHQWLDO LUULJDWLRQ DQG DJULFXOWXUH EH UHWDLQHG VDIHJXDUGHG FRQVROLGDWHG UHVWRUHG DQG ZKHUHYHU DSSURSULDWH UHEXLOW WR SUHVHUYH WKH LGHQWLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI WKH VLWH

7KLV ZLOO GHPDQG D NQRZOHGJH EDVHG \HW FUHDWLYH DSSURDFK to establishing policies, strategies, master plan and all interventions. An experienced multi-disciplinary team, which ZLOO GUDZ IURP ODWHVW PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG WHFKQLTXHV VKRXOG be entrusted with addressing all aspects of development, conservation and heritage management.

The identity of the settlement depends on the retention RI DOO VLJQL¿FDQW PDWHULDO VRFLR FXOWXUDO DQG KLVWRULF characteristics amidst development that is both necessary and inevitable. Development should not overwhelm the past; rather, development needs to be carefully managed and integrated with heritage to retain the identity of Al<HPHQ 7KH VLJQL¿FDQW DVSHFWV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG LQ earlier chapters (chapters 4 & 5). However, further issues are H[SHFWHG WR HPHUJH IURP WKH QHFHVVDU\ DGGLWLRQDO VWXGLHV DQDO\VLV LGHQWL¿HG EHORZ WR H[WHQG RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH infrastructural and socio-cultural aspects (§7.5).

7KDW DOO QHZ GHYHORSPHQW VKRXOG EH V\PSDWKHWLF WR WKH FXOWXUDO DQG PDWHULDO KHULWDJH RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW All development should respect and remain subservient to the rich cultural and material heritage of Al-Yemen.

Development should not in any way become overbearing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; urbanistically, architecturally and otherwise visually. Further VWXGLHV LGHQWL¿HG EHORZ Â&#x2020; DUH FUXFLDO WR HVWDEOLVK D comprehensive picture of the dynamic nature of this heritage. $OO GHYHORSPHQW VKRXOG UHVSHFW DQG UHPDLQ VXEVHUYLHQW WR WKH ULFK FXOWXUDO DQG PDWHULDO KHULWDJH RI DO <HPHQ 'HYHORSPHQW VKRXOG QRW LQ DQ\ ZD\ EHFRPH RYHUEHDULQJ ° XUEDQLVWLFDOO\ DUFKLWHFWXUDOO\ DQG RWKHUZLVH

$OO QHZ EXLOG DQG H[WHQVLRQ VKRXOG EH FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH IURP H[LVWLQJ DQG ´DXWKHQWLFµ EXLOGLQJ DQG VHWWOHPHQW IDEULF $OO DOWHUDWLRQV DQG DGGLWLRQV VKRXOG UHÃ&#x20AC;HFW WKH FXOWXUH RI LWV time and therefore should employ materials and construction systems relevant to the present. Hybrid systems engaging traditional materials and methods may be introduced to allude to the complex culture of today. The materials and construction methods chosen for new-build and extensions should explore the full range of opportunities presented by the juxtaposition of traditional and modern contexts, as long as it does not compromise with the essential integrity of the traditional settlement and its fabric.

7KH XVH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO PHWKRGV DQG WHFKQLTXHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG XVH RI PDWHULDOV DQG EXLOGLQJ FRPSRQHQWV DUH WR EH HQFRXUDJHG 7KLV VKRXOG HVSHFLDOO\ EH WKH FDVH ZKHUH D µVLJQL¿FDQW¶ FRPSRQHQW RU IUDJPHQW LV UHTXLUHG WR EH UHEXLOW RU ZKHUH WKH character and integrity of the structure would be lost through WKH XVH RI QHZ PDWHULDOV DQG RU FRQVWUXFWLRQ V\VWHPV ,W ZRXOG DOVR EH SRVVLEOH WR HPSOR\ QHZ WHFKQLTXHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ WR

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN traditional materials or in some cases, employing traditional construction methods to modern materials. Salvaged building materials and architectural components, wherever possible and relevant, should be reused. Such hybrid construction ZRXOG VWLOO DOORZ IRU PDNLQJ WKH FOHDU GLVWLQFWLRQ UHTXLUHG under §7.2.4. $ OLQN QHHGV WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG EHWZHHQ PRGHUQ GD\ DVSLUDWLRQV DQG FRQWLQXDWLRQ RI DJH ROG PHWKRGV RI OLYHOLKRRG DQG FXOWXUH 1HZ SURJUDPPHV ZRXOG QHHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH ¿QH EDODQFH between the continued and very welcome existence of traditional life and those demanded by the globalised environment and societal change. Continued sustenance of the traditional ways of life gives the settlement its character and identity and is clearly an important socio-cultural and HFRQRPLF UHVRXUFH 5HTXLUHPHQWV HPHUJLQJ IURP VRFLHWDO changes driven by shifts in the globalised culture and economy, on the other hand, demands careful attention from the developmental perspective.

Economics, employment, education, cultural and social development should be considered. Wherever feasible, traditional industry and economic methods should be safeguarded (e.g., agriculture, crafts, infrastructure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; irrigation systems and tertiary sectors dependent on traditional economics and modes of production). The nature and scale of new programmes to be introduced should be considered carefully â&#x20AC;&#x201C; what size of production, its appropriateness, etc? A large scale â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; industrial production might be inappropriate for a settlement such as al-Yemen; however, D VFDOHG GRZQ DQG PRGLÂżHG RU SDUWLDO SURGXFWLRQ PLJKW ZRUN ZLWK D ODUJHU LQGXVWULDO FRPSRQHQW VLWXDWHG RXWVLGH WKH vernacular environment. Decoupling of industrial production ZLWK FDUHIXO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI LPSDFW RI VSHFLÂżF FRPSRQHQWV

of the processes might need to be carefully and creatively thought through.

Cross programming should be considered to avoid zoned restrictions.

The education industry might be a very useful programmatic introduction, possibly coupled with economic activities.

Extension of an existing higher education provision (e.g., the nearby Nizwa University) into several autonomous â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;University Collegesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, with a wide reach and geographical distribution, could be a model worth considering. $ KROLVWLF DSSURDFK WR GHYHORSPHQW VKRXOG EH DGRSWHG WR DFKLHYH D EDODQFHG DQG VXVWDLQDEOH IXWXUH ZKLFK LV LQ V\PSDWK\ ZLWK WKH SDVW 6XFK VWXGLHV VKRXOG WDNH WKH HQWLUH RDVLV DQG LWV VHWWLQJ LQWR account. Development needs, therefore, would have to be established for the entire oasis and not for a constituent settlement â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as al-Yemen â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in isolation. In the light of the research being currently conducted, the present report thus calls for a revision of existing regional planning strategies and policies to integrate heritage management as a crucial component of development.

A regional approach should be adopted for the establishment RI XVH SDWWHUQV IRU VHWWOHPHQWV $Q DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK ZLGH plan is needed to consider the range and hierarchy of settlements for reuse. The strategy should be drawn up NHHSLQJ VLJQLÂżFDQFH DQG DVSLUDWLRQV LQ PLQG $ UHJLRQDO VLJQLÂżFDQFH KLHUDUFK\ VKRXOG EH HVWDEOLVKHG WR DVFHUWDLQ the importance of settlements and should be aligned with national and regional development policy and growth plans.

Regional development plans, therefore, should include a comprehensive understanding of the extant historical settlements and fabric. The region-wide strategy will help

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ȾÆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 avoid duplication and repetition of provisions (e.g., too many museums). It will avoid stresses and strains on limited infrastructure and resources. $ IXOO HYDOXDWLRQ RI DOO FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ DYDLODEOH DQG VWDQGDUGLVHG VWUDWHJLHV VKRXOG EH XQGHUWDNHQ EHIRUH HPEUDFLQJ DQ\ RI WKRVH DV DFFHSWDEOH DSSURDFKHV An example of this would be the often uncritical adoption of tourism as a universal panacea for heritage settlements.

While this sector is certainly to play an important role, on its own it will fail to ensure sustainable heritage management.

Less direct tourism might be worth considering â&#x20AC;&#x201C; resulting in more ecologically and socially appropriate tourism. Tourism need to be also considered in terms of its very local nature ± QRW MXVW DV LQWHUQDWLRQDO RU $UDE UHJLRQDO WRXULVP *&& $UDE ZRUOG WKLV LV RIWHQ RYHUORRNHG ,QFUHDVLQJ VHQVLWLYH and sustainable local tourism (even within the region of e.g., DG 'Æ&#x2014;NKLOƯ\DK ZRXOG LQWURGXFH D ULFK SDOHWWH RI H[SHULHQFHV across visitor groups.

5.3 GENERAL POLICIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION The following general policies are envisaged to form the EDVLF IUDPHZRUN IRU GHYHORSPHQW SODQQLQJ DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ initiatives in al-Yemen.

(VWDEOLVKPHQW RI D %XIIHU =RQH WR VDIHJXDUG WKH VHWWOHPHQW LWV LQWHJULW\ DQG LWV YLVXDO DSSHDUDQFH This would ensure that the settlement retains its traditional FRQWH[W RU OLPLWV SUHYHQWV DQ\ IXUWKHU GDPDJH WR LW $GGLWLRQDOO\ DOO VLJQL¿FDQW YLVXDO FRUULGRUV QHHG WR EH FRQVHUYHG UHWDLQHG DQG RU RSHQHG XS WR RSWLPLVH WKH VLJQL¿FDQW FKDUDFWHU RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW $ GHWDLOHG VXUYH\ QHHGV WR EH XQGHUWDNHQ WR

LGHQWLI\ DOO VLJQL¿FDQW VWUXFWXUHV PRVTXHV VEDO GZHOOLQJV water and agricultural infrastructure, etc.) located within the Buffer Zone. Conservation and developmental policies and guidelines established for the settlement will apply to the Buffer Zone to retain integrity.

3ULRULWLVH DFWLRQ RQ DUHDV DQG VWUXFWXUHV DFFRUGLQJ WR KLVWRULFDO DQG VWUDWHJLF LPSRUWDQFH WR VHWWOHPHQW 6HWWOHPHQW DQDO\VLV DQG WKH 6WDWHPHQW RI 6LJQL¿FDQFH KDYH LGHQWL¿HG LPSRUWDQW SKDVHV RI VHWWOHPHQW GHYHORSPHQW DQG structures that are historically important. Such high-value VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUHDV LQGLFDWLYH RI NH\ SKDVHV RI GHYHORSPHQW need to be given action priority. Approaches to conservation and development (§7.2.6) have to be established in accordance with the priority list and the value assigned to structures.

(VWDEOLVK D SKDVLQJ SODQ IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI VWUXFWXUHV 7KH SKDVLQJ SODQ ZLOO WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH SK\VLFDO VWDWH RI VWUXFWXUHV SULRULWLHV DSSURDFK DQG DYDLODEOH UHVRXUFHV 7KH SKDVLQJ SODQ QHHGV WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH HVWDEOLVKHG SULRULW\ DUHDV DQG VWUXFWXUHV +RZHYHU D NH\ LVVXH LQ WKDW LV the physical state of individual structures, their ownership and approaches to conservation and development those would GHPDQG 7RJHWKHU WKH SKDVLQJ SODQ UHTXLUHG DSSURDFKHV and available resources would provide the premises of the Master Plan.

(VWDEOLVK VSHFL½F JXLGHOLQHV IRU FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQ VHWWOHPHQW JLYLQJ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WR ownership.

Detailed conservation and development guidelines will have

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH RZQHUVKLS DQG QDWXUH RI RFFXSDWLRQ of all structures concerned. A few important issues of ownership and occupation may be highlighted here: Â&#x2021; Mosques (s. masjid, pl. masajid :KLOH WKH PRVTXHV DUH used for prayer and congregation by the neighbourhood and the community, its day-to-day running is entrusted ZLWK WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI $ZTDI DQG 5HOLJLRXV $IIDLUV +RZHYHU SK\VLFDO XSNHHS RI DQ\ PRVTXH PRUH WKDQ 100 years old falls within the purview of the Ministry of +HULWDJH DQG &XOWXUH $OO H[WDQW WUDGLWLRQDO PRVTXHV DUH in use and are in an acceptable state of preservation. Â&#x2021; 0HHWLQJ KDOOV (s. sablah, pl. sbal) and communal facilities: Male meeting halls are normally owned by a particular tribes. However, in this harah there is also another distinctive type: those associated with dwellings as private reception lounges (s. majlis, pl. majalis) and under private ownership but also used by the tribe, of which there are a number in al-Yemen. While these lie in a state of disuse and dereliction, the socially and historically perceived and actual ownership issues are important FRQVLGHUDWLRQV LQ WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKHVH SURSHUWLHV DQG in the preparation of guidelines and Master Plan. The ownership of other communal facilities, such as roasting pits (tannur), water access and bathing points along the falaj channels, etc., again, needs to be established. Â&#x2021; 'ZHOOLQJV: All but two of the dwellings are occupied â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one is owner-occupied and the other used as accommodation for farm labourers. The occupied dwelling are preserved; however, the maintenance problems arise from either under-or over-occupancy, as well as, from changed IXQFWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ URRPV VSDFHV DQG WKH XVH RI LPSURSHU structural arrangements. Unoccupied dwellings are either DFFHVVLEOH QR ORFNV RQ GRRU QR GRRUV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ GHUHOLFW RU LQDFFHVVLEOH ORFNHG XS ,Q ERWK FDVHV

relationships between ownership (perceived and actual) and maintenance are complex. A small number of vacated dwellings are still maintained and others are neglected, expediting dereliction.

0LQLVWU\ RI +HULWDJH DQG &XOWXUH WR HVWDEOLVK SROLF\ DQG VWUDWHJ\ IRU WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI DOO UHOHYDQW ODQG DQG SURSHUWLHV FXUUHQWO\ XQGHU SULYDWH RZQHUVKLS $FTXLVLWLRQ FRXOG ZRUN LQ WDQGHP ZLWK D VWUDWHJ\ WR LQYROYH WKH SULYDWH sector. $FTXLVLWLRQ RI LPSRUWDQW SURSHUWLHV LV FULWLFDO WR WKH VXFFHVVIXO application of the Master Plan and phasing programme. All SRVVLEOH VWUDWHJLHV DQG DSSURDFKHV UHODWHG WR DFTXLVLWLRQ including a range of incentive measures, need to be given FRQVLGHUDWLRQ :KLOH DFTXLVLWLRQ LV LPSRUWDQW IRU WKH HDUO\ phase of the project, it should form part of a broader policy that incorporates the involvement of the private sector, the community and individual residents. &RQVHUYDWLRQ DSSURDFK VKRXOG EH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO DSSURDFKHV DQG JXLGHOLQHV DQG VKRXOG EH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH SKLORVRSK\ RI GHYHORSPHQW DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ HVWDEOLVKHG IRU DO <HPHQ &RQVLVWHQW ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO JXLGHOLQHV DQG GHÂżQLWLRQV IRU conservation and development within historic contexts, the conservation and development proposal will adopt the following distinction in approaches: Â&#x2021; Restoration: Those structures of components of structures that will need careful attention to return it to its original condition and appearance.

In al-Yemen this approach will be mainly directed towards painted decoration (wall and ceiling), stucco decoration, inscriptions and wood carvings (doors and windows), with the possible inclusion of

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 one complete dwelling (H3). Â&#x2021; &RQVROLGDWLRQ Physical addition and the application of adhesive or supporting material to retain the architectonic, visual and structural stability of the ensemble. It will also involve the removal of all debris and organic and inorganic ZDVWH GHSRVLWHG RQ VLWH 8VDEOH DQG VLJQLÂżFDQW architectural and constructional components will be salvaged and treated for reuse. In al-Yemen such measures will be directed towards a wide range of derelict properties (communal and dwellings) which are to be retained as ruins. Â&#x2021; 5HEXLOGLQJ Considerable reconstruction based on available documentation and conjecture to give the structure its earlier and more authentic appearance. ,Q DO <HPHQ WKLV ZLOO EH GLUHFWHG WRZDUGV VLJQLÂżFDQW structures needing intervention to reinvest the DXWKHQWLF H[SHULHQWLDO TXDOLW\ Â&#x2021; 5HGHYHORSPHQW New build with an established and restricted context of architectural operation.

In al-Yemen this will be directed towards either, L VLWHV SUHVHQWO\ O\LQJ HPSW\ DQG HDUPDUNHG IRU development or, ii) properties in such a state of severe dereliction so as to demand immediate clearance and redevelopment.

5.4 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION All guidelines for development and conservation have been developed consistent with the development and conservation philosophy and policies established above. The settlement has not been treated as a mere assemblage of built structures DQG DUWHIDFWV EXW VSHFLÂżF DWWHQWLRQ KDV EHHQ JLYHQ WR WKH

present state of life and future aspirations of the inhabitants, ownership status of structures and the opportunity for publicSULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLS 7KH JXLGHOLQH WDNHV D KROLVWLF YLHZ RI development in Al-Yemen. The guidelines are put forward with a view that the private sector, owner-occupiers and individuals with ownership of properties within Al-Yemen ZLOO WDNH DQ DFWLYH LQWHUHVW DQG SDUW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG conservation initiative to move towards the holistic goal. A set of general guidelines for development and conservation in the harah LV IROORZHG E\ D VHW RI PRUH VSHFLÂżF GHYHORSPHQWDO GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV DSSOLFDEOH WR VSHFLÂżF VLWHV EXLOGLQJV DQG structures to be redeveloped or rebuilt. The dwelling is given special attention in the light of their numerical dominance, the opportunities these present, the concerning state of preservation, and the range of development and conservation possibilities that can be envisaged. It is envisaged that the JXLGHOLQHV ZLOO EH KHOG XQGHU UHJXODU UHYLHZ DQG UHÂżQHPHQW as the project progresses. *HQHUDO *XLGHOLQHV The following general guidelines will be applicable to all development and conservation measures: Â&#x2021; The morphology of the original phase of the features, RU WKH SKDVHV GHHPHG WR EH RI PRVW VLJQLÂżFDQFH ZLOO EH VDIHJXDUGHG DQG RU KLJKOLJKWHG WR SUHVHUYH the identity, integrity and authenticity of the site. Â&#x2021; All reasonable attempts will be made to ensure the appropriate, and if possible, authentic reuse for any redundant components and features. It will be ensured that the new or continued inauthentic use of features does not distort or distract from the LGHQWLÂżHG VLJQLÂżFDQFH RI ROGHU IHDWXUHV RU WKH ZLGHU traditional assemblage.

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN Â&#x2021; Traditional materials will be used wherever and ZKHQHYHU SUDFWLFDEOH GXULQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRUNV within the settlement, whether the aim is to FRQVROLGDWH DQG RU WR UHEXLOG H[LVWLQJ WUDGLWLRQDOO\ constructed buildings or in the construction of new buildings for domestic or commercial purposes. Â&#x2021; :KHUH UHEXLOGLQJ LV UHTXLUHG WR SUHVHUYH D EXLOGLQJ RU VWUXFWXUH RI VLJQLÂżFDQFH DOO DWWHPSWV VKRXOG EH made to clearly distinguish those reconstructed elements which are based on accurate archaeological and architectural documentation and those which are merely founded on conjecture. Â&#x2021; Maximum understanding of the architectural features and social values will be achieved prior to any intervention â&#x20AC;&#x201C; whether the aim is to consolidate, rebuild or redevelop â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and that this intervention ZLOO DOZD\V EH UHVHUYHG WR WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHG to achieve those aims. Where analysis dictates that preservation in situ of a traditionally constructed building is unwarranted; then it will be preserved by record. This documentation will be approached as though one was recording an archaeological monument. Â&#x2021; $OO PHDVXUHV ZLOO EH WDNHQ WR UHPRYH GHEULV hazardous construction and organic and inorganic ZDVWH IURP VLWH $GHTXDWH PHDVXUHV ZLOO EH WDNHQ to prevent any future disposal of such waste on site and to manage and safely dispose of all household and commercial waste in future. All reusable building material and architectural components will be salvaged, catalogued and stored for reuse. Â&#x2021; Any development in the area shall be according to the approved Master Plan.

'HVLJQ *XLGHOLQHV IRU UHGHYHORSPHQW The following general Design Guidelines will be adopted for DOO UHGHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQ ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ Â&#x2021; $OO HIIRUWV ZLOO EH XQGHUWDNHQ WR HQVXUH WKDW H[LVWLQJ YLVWDV DUH UHWDLQHG DQG QRW EORFNHG ZLWK DQ\ QHZ construction. Â&#x2021; Any new development should respect and respond to the topographic conditions. Inappropriate cut DQG ÂżOO RI WKH VLWH VKDOO QRW EH DOORZHG Â&#x2021; All defensive features and traditional open spaces next to defensive features shall be retained. Â&#x2021; All existing dead end alleys and internal courtyards shall be retained and no encroachments will be allowed. Â&#x2021; The traditional sinuous building line shall be maintained wherever possible. Â&#x2021; No development shall be higher than the property it is attached to or 8 metres whichever is lower. Â&#x2021; The height, scale and composition of any new construction should be in conformity with the compositional order and rhythm of the adjoining buildings, unless photographic and other forms of documentation suggest otherwise. Â&#x2021; The traditional palette of materials and construction systems will be restricted to those found within alYemen, such as the following: 1. Stone for foundation; 2. 0XG EULFN IRU ZDOOV 3. 0XG SODVWHU FOD\ sarooj) for external and internal rendering; 4. &OD\ VWRQH Ă&#x20AC;RRULQJ

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 5. 7LPEHU RU GDWH SDOP EHDPV UHHG GDWH SDOP PDWWLQJ FRQVROLGDWHG PXG IRU FRPSRVLWH Ă&#x20AC;RRULQJ DQG URRÂżQJ 6. Terracotta water spouts; 7. Local timber for door and windows; 8. 7UDGLWLRQDO ZDWHU SURRÂżQJ DQG SURWHFWLYH PDWHULDOV Â&#x2021; 0RGHUQ PDWHULDOV VXFK DV VWHHO DOXPLQLXP JODVV etc., may be judiciously and appropriately used along with traditional materials in the development of proposed facility buildings. However, such design shall in no way distort the traditional setting, and the identity, integrity and authenticity of the area. Â&#x2021; For all buildings chosen for restoration, FRQVROLGDWLRQ RU UHEXLOGLQJ FDUH VKRXOG EH WDNHQ while positioning the doors and windows. In dwellings facing each other windows should be staggered so that no window opens facing another window. Similar principle may be adopted for the relative positioning of doors to ensure that no doors are directly facing each other and views in from one dwelling to another is restricted. Â&#x2021; Traditional Omani arched recess or arched opening employing traditional decorative elements may be adopted in traditional dwellings. Timber doors and windows of appropriate traditional design and construction may be used. Â&#x2021; $Q\ YHQWLODWLRQ DQG RU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ HTXLSPHQW should not in any way impinge upon the visual integrity of the dwellings. Air-conditioning and YHQWLODWLRQ HTXLSPHQW VKRXOG EH VXLWDEO\ REVFXUHG

'HVLJQ *XLGHOLQHV IRU FRPPXQDO IDFLOLWLHV 7KH JHQHUDO DSSURDFK WR DOO H[WDQW FRPPXQDO EXLOGLQJV DQG VWUXFWXUHV RU IRU ZKLFK VRPH SK\VLFDO HYLGHQFH H J IRXQGDWLRQ UXLQV HWF H[LVW ZLOO EH DV IROORZV Â&#x2021; $OO H[WDQW VLJQLÂżFDQW FRPSRQHQWV DQG HOHPHQWV which have suffered deterioration are to be restored DQG RU FRQVROLGDWHG Â&#x2021; $OO VLJQLÂżFDQW FRPSRQHQWV DQG HOHPHQWV ZKLFK KDYH VXIIHUHG VLJQLÂżFDQW GDPDJH RU KDYH GLVDSSHDUHG but for which documentary evidence exists, are to be rebuilt. Â&#x2021; All other components are to be rebuilt using HLWKHU WUDGLWLRQDO PDWHULDOV RU PDNLQJ FOHDU WKHLU conjectural nature through the use of adapted WUDGLWLRQDO PRGHUQ PDWHULDOV FRQVWUXFWLRQDO systems, as deemed appropriate. Â&#x2021; All communal structures for which some physical evidence exists, the remains will be retained and consolidated. Â&#x2021; All communal buildings and structures are to be reused for communal or touristic purposes with appropriate programmatic strategy for adaptive reuse. Â&#x2021; All communal facilities within Al-Yemen will be covered in Phase-1 of the Master Plan proposal and will have elaborate guidelines and constructional directives through the Tender Documents.

'HVLJQ *XLGHOLQHV IRU GZHOOLQJV The following approach is to be adopted for the various categories of dwellings. Clear guidelines will be established for all dwelling types.

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN 7UDGLWLRQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ YDFDQW DQG RU GHUHOLFW

0+& VKRXOG HVWDEOLVK SROLF\ DQG VWUDWHJ\ IRU DFTXLVLWLRQ or ownership of all relevant properties under this category IRU FRQVROLGDWLRQ DQG DGDSWLYH UHXVH 3KDVLQJ ZLOO EH WDNHQ into account to establish whether the structures are to be demolished, receive façade treatment or have internal restoration and rebuilding.

5.5 ADDITIONAL STUDIES AND ANALYSES The following additional studies will be necessary to complete our understanding of Al-Yemen. This is crucial to a holistic approach tor the development and conservation within the settlement suggested earlier. For this, it is also LPSRUWDQW WR XQGHUWDNH UHOHYDQW VWXGLHV RQ WKH HQWLUH RDVLV

Case A: Guidelines for vacant sites The conservation measure to be adopted for such buildings shall be determined on the basis of the extent of dereliction. If the building is of low heritage value and of high dereliction, it may be demolished and the land subjected to redevelopment.

Otherwise the building may be consolidated or rebuilt.

ǣ ȋ Ȁ Ȍ Ƥ rebuilt 1. )RRWSULQW The footprint of the building shall follow the existing plot boundary and shall not exceed the area of the existing dwelling.

wherever possible. For buildings subjected to adaptive UH XVH DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI WKH RULJLQDO VSDWLDO FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ should be maintained with appropriate architectural treatment.

4. 0DWHULDO RI &RQVWUXFWLRQ Modern materials such DV VWHHO DOXPLQLXP JODVV HWF PD\ EH MXGLFLRXVO\ DQG appropriately used along with traditional materials.

However, such design shall in no way disturb the traditional setting and the identity, the integrity and the authenticity of the area.

5. Height: The height of the new building shall not be greater than the height of the original structure and if appropriate consistent with the height of the neighbouring dwellings.

6. $UFKLWHFWXUDO (OHPHQWV All individual architectural elements, such as carved doors, surface decoration, decorative motifs – internal and external – need to be FDUHIXOO\ QRWHG DQG UHVWRUHG UHWDLQHG

ǣ ȋ Ȁ Ȍ Ƥ consolidated 1. )RRWSULQW The footprint of the building shall follow the existing plot boundary and shall not exceed the area of the existing building.

2.

6WUXFWXUDO 0HPEHUV Structural elements employed for the consolidation of the building should be judiciously used so as not to impinge upon the visual integrity and authenticity of the building and the area.

2. )DoDGH The façade of the dwelling shall follow the line of the line of the previous structure on the main street frontage.

7UDGLWLRQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ RZQHU RFFXSLHG

3. ,QWHUQDO 6SDWLDO &RQ¿JXUDWLRQ The internal spatial FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ VKRXOG EH V\PSDWKHWLFDOO\ UHWDLQHG

An incentive-based approach has to be adopted to deal with and encourage maintenance and appropriate extension and

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 rebuilding of the small number of traditional properties under FRQWLQXHG RZQHUVKLS RZQHU RFFXSLHG DEVHQWHH ODQGORUG

However, extension or rebuilding should be of traditional construction and guided by the following set of criteria.

7UDGLWLRQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ UHQWHG

An incentive-based approach has to be adopted to deal with and encourage maintenance and appropriate extension and rebuilding of traditional properties under ownership.

7KLV DSSURDFK ZLOO KDYH WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW DQG RIIVHW WKH discouraging effect of the present poor level of rent.

Â&#x192;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2021; ÇŁ Â&#x2018;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2039;ƤÂ&#x2026;Â&#x192;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2018;Â?Č&#x20AC; Â&#x161;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2022;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2018;Â? Â&#x2018;Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2013;Â&#x201D;Â&#x192;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2018;Â?Â&#x192;Â&#x17D; Â?Â&#x2014;Â&#x2020; structure 3URSRVDOV IRU WKH PRGLÂżFDWLRQ RU LPSURYHPHQW RI WUDGLWLRQDO buildings through extension or enlargement shall be permitted if the plans do not detract from the character of the hara h and strictly adhere to the following design criteria: 1. *HQHUDO The proposed extension should not lead to net loss of agricultural land nor should it lead to the GHPROLWLRQ DQG RU GDPDJH RI DQ\ DGMRLQLQJ WUDGLWLRQDO structure.

5. )DoDGH 7UHDWPHQW The position and form of external features and openings within the proposed extension LQFOXGLQJ WKH IDoDGH ZDOOV GRRUZD\V ZLQGRZV Ă&#x20AC;RRUV DQG URRIV VKDOO EH RI D VLPLODU GHVLJQ DQG ÂżQLVK WR WKH existing structure to limit visual intrusion. Any ventilation DQG RU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ HTXLSPHQW VKRXOG QRW LQ DQ\ ZD\ impinge upon the visual integrity of the dwellings.

6. %XLOGLQJ 3HUPLWV In considering building permits for extension to existing dwellings the policies under Case B shall apply.

Case E: Redevelopment %XLOGLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZLOO RQO\ EH SHUPLWWHG ZLWKLQ GHÂżQHG DUHDV DQG XQGHU VWULFW GHYHORSPHQW JXLGDQFH 'HÂżQHG DUHDV VKDOO EH LGHQWLÂżHG WKURXJK VWXG\ RI DYDLODEOH FOHDUHG SURSHUW\ (existing) and the ones thought to be beyond repair and of low heritage value. Any new building shall be constructed as per the following rules: 1. )RRWSULQW The footprint of the dwelling shall follow the existing plot boundary.

2. Location: The proposed extension shall be located at the rear or side of the dwelling

2. Height: The new building shall not be higher than the property it is attached to or 8 m. whichever is lower.

3. Height: the proposed extension should not be higher than any of the neighbouring buildings or 8 metres whichever is lower.

3. 0DWHULDO RI &RQVWUXFWLRQ Modern materials such DV VWHHO DOXPLQLXP JODVV HWF PD\ EH MXGLFLRXVO\ DQG appropriately used along with traditional materials in the development of proposed facility buildings. However, such design shall in no way disturb the traditional setting and the identity, integrity and authenticity of the area.

4. )ORRU 6SDFH For single storey extensions, the additional Ă&#x20AC;RRU VSDFH WR EH FUHDWHG VKDOO QRW EH PRUH WKDQ RI WKH H[LVWLQJ JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRU DUHD +RZHYHU IRU WZR VWRUH\ H[WHQVLRQV WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU DUHD VKDOO UHSUHVHQW QRW PRUH WKDQ RI WKH QHW DUH RI WKH XSSHU DQG ORZHU Ă&#x20AC;RRUV

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Study

Outline

S1

for al-Yemen to retain its traditional context and

$ GHWDLOHG VWXG\ RI WKH %XIIHU =RQH LGHQWL多HG integrity.

A study of the existing infrastructural provisions S2

(water, electricity, waste, waste water, sewage, etc) and their capacity.

A detailed study of traditional materials and their

S3

sourcing, as well as an analysis of constructional systems.

A update study of the WHS Falaj al-Khatmeen and associated traditional water supply system. This

S4

has to be dovetailed into an analysis of agricultural land within the harah and its revitalisation and optimal utilisation.

Detailed socio-cultural,

anthropological

and

archaeological studies to arrive at a more in-depth S5

understanding of life within the settlement and how changes in the economy and world view have affected age old practices.

A continual study of and the creation of a database

S6

on the tourism factor and its impact on traditional life. Using such studies to update the development and conservation policies and the Master Plan.

The creation and continual updating of a central

S7

database logging all relevant academic and professional studies of the settlement (Al-Yemen) DQG WKH RDVLV ,]NL

Revision of Regional Development Plan to integrate heritage management as a crucial component of development in the light of this present research.

S8

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60

ȾƖ5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN

6 HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN

reintegration into the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban landscape as active participants in its economy. In the long term tourism, energy production, agriculture, as well as a host of associated creative industries, can ensure not just the survival of these ancient towns and villages, but also their sustained growth over future ages into a post-oil economy. Their varied nature in terms of morphology, location and size demands a high degree of adaptability in the measures proposed for their revitalisation, the foundation of which must lie in a clear understanding of their past usage and their individualised future potential.

The future sustainable economic and social development RI WKH ,]NĆŻ 2DVLV DQG DO <HPHQ LV H[SHFWHG WR VHWWOH RQ WKUHH NH\ SLOODUV RI DFWLYLW\

6.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter summarises the rationale and principal DSSURDFKHV DGRSWHG LQ WKH 0DVWHU 3ODQ 7KH 0DVWHU 3ODQ WDNHV a holistic approach to development and conservation in al<HPHQ NHHSLQJ LQ PLQG DQ HYHQ EURDGHU FRQWH[W RI WKH QHHG WR FRQVLGHU VXFK LVVXHV IRU WKH HQWLUH RDVLV RI ,]NL DQG FXUUHQW DSSURDFKHV EHLQJ DGRSWHG ZLWKLQ DG 'Ć&#x2014;NKLOĆŻ\DK UHJLRQ H J LQ WKH %DKOD :+6 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; 0DQDK HWF DV D ZKROH +RZHYHU WR RSWLPLVH WKH XVH RI UHVRXUFHV DQG NHHSLQJ LQ mind time constraints, the Master Plan emphasises a phased DSSURDFK WR DGGUHVV DQG VDIHJXDUG NH\ GHYHORSPHQW DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ QHHGV RI ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ 7KH SKDVLQJ SODQ WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW WKH HVWDEOLVKHG SULRULW\ DFWLRQ DUHDV DQG VWUXFWXUHV )XUWKHUPRUH D NH\ LVVXH LV WKH SK\VLFDO VWDWH of individual structures, their ownership and the diverse approaches to conservation and development those would demand.

The eventual expectation for the future of the millenary settlements of central Oman is their reoccupation, reuse and

Â&#x2021; Heritage tourism: This sector shows enormous growth potential, evidenced by the sharp rise in tourism interest, both international and domestic.

While the Omani built heritage and natural assets are VLJQLÂżFDQW WKH WRXULVP LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO SURYLVLRQ LV DW DQ HDUO\ VWDJH RI HYROXWLRQ 6HWWOHPHQW TXDUWHUV RI VLJQLÂżFDQFH VXFK DV ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ SURYLGH ERWK heritage asset to a reasonably high level, as well as an armature for developing tourism infrastructure. The economic viability of locating major infrastructural nodes or provisions at strategic locations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and SRVVLEO\ VRPHZKDW UHPRYHG IURP WKH NH\ KHULWDJH locations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; might ensure distributed access to such facilities, safeguarding heritage settlements RI KLJKHU VLJQLÂżFDQFH H J %DKOD :+6 IURP over exploitation and irreversible damage. There is also the need for, and opportunity to, conserve craft traditions and create appropriate, innovate SURGXFWV IRU WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PDUNHW DQG XVH Short-stay accommodation, craftsmanship and the

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62

ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 gastronomic sector, as well as guided experiential and interpretive tours and associated businesses ZLOO HQVXUH D VHDVRQDO LQĂ&#x20AC;X[ RI FDSLWDO Â&#x2021; $JULFXOWXUH This sector has been consistently emphasised by the general strategies for national development and underpinned at different times by various royal decrees. Oasis settlements are holistic environments for inhabitation, in which agriculture, animal husbandry and related activities have played a critical role in organising livelihood and existence in an environment of restricted land and water resources. A greater reliance on local produce through the exploration of alternative methods of DJULFXOWXUH ZLOO HQVXUH 2PDQÂśV VHOI VXIÂżFLHQF\ lower food costs and the continuation of ancient WUDGLWLRQV LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK PRGHUQ WHFKQLTXHV 0XFK ZRUN KDV EHHQ XQGHUWDNHQ LQ RWKHU FRXQWULHV on alternative, small-scale methods of agricultural production, which could be emulated and adapted to the Omani context. Â&#x2021; (QHUJ\ DQG DOWHUQDWLYH WHFKQRORJ\ The vernacular settlements offer excellent solar energy harnessing SRWHQWLDO *UHDWHU UHOLDQFH RQ WKLV LQÂżQLWH HQHUJ\ source, and associated research and technological developmental opportunities will encourage the FUHDWLRQ RI D QHZ WHFKQRORJLFDO NQRZOHGJH EDVH and reduce unnecessarily heavy reliance on fossil IXHO IUHHLQJ XS VLJQLÂżFDQW TXDQWLWLHV RI UHVHUYHV IRU export.

Figure 6.1 a,b Volumetric visualisationof al-Yemen

All three of these sectors have important educational value and this HMP envisages al-Yemen as becoming KRPH WR UHVHDUFK WUDLQLQJ DQG RXWUHDFK FHQWUHV VSHFLÂżFDOO\ GHGLFDWHG WR WKHVH ÂżHOGV

6.2 MASTER PLAN GOALS $Q\ SURMHFWV XQGHUWDNHQ RQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG cultural heritage of the Sultanate of Oman will have to be DSSURDFKHG ZLWK D YLHZ WRZDUGV VWULFW ÂżVFDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ aiming for a high degree of economic sustainability by relying H[WHQVLYHO\ RQ SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLS ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH aim is not the wholesale reconstruction of entire settlements LQ D SVHXGR KLJK ÂżGHOLW\ PDQQHU VLPSO\ WR VKRZFDVH WKHLU supposed original appearance. Such a practice is necessarily economically prohibitive in the long term and does not serve the desired outcome of reinstating authenticity or revitalizing uninhabited settlements. It will also be noted that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;revitalizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is by no means limited to the immediate XUEDQ FRQÂżQHV RI D JLYHQ VHWWOHPHQW PXFK UDWKHU LW LV proposed here that successful re-habitation is only possible by addressing an oasis as a whole, including infrastructure, DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV SDOP JURYHV IDODM QHWZRUNV HWF ,W LV WKHUHIRUH SURSRVHG WKH IROORZLQJ DLPV DV GHÂżQLQJ the urban future of Omanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior: 1) Revitalization of Omanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural heritage by: Â&#x2021; Providing the necessary infrastructural improvements to allow for the development of ancient sites: water, electricity, sanitation, communications, health and safety, etc.; Â&#x2021; Doing so in a sustainable and cost effective manner WKURXJK SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLSV DQG GHYHORSLQJ D EXVLQHVV IULHQGO\ OHJDO IUDPHZRUN SULYDWH contractors competing for certain projects, opening WKH ODQG DQG SURSHUW\ PDUNHW WR IRUHLJQ LQYHVWRUV etc.; Â&#x2021; ,QFOXVLRQ RI WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV DQG VWDNHKROGHUV at all levels of development, giving them a say in

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN the development of their own settlements; Instilling a sense of pride of ownership among the locals, encouraging entrepreneurship and selfreliance to develop and maintain their cultural heritage.

2) Job creation in the private sector: Providing economic incentives in tourism, agricultural and energy production, and related industries, will add value to the region; Create the necessary economic climate and legal IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH UHYLWDOLVDWLRQ WR HIIHFWLYHO\ SD\ for itself;

Promoting a modern identity with strong traditional roots; Cultivating music, arts and traditional crafts will provide touristic incentives, as well as aiding in the preservation of traditional ways of life; Cooperation in research and study with national and international institutions to further global understanding and interest in Oman’s great heritage.

7KH LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO LPSURYHPHQWV UHTXLUHG IRU WKH development traditional settlements must go beyond the LPPHGLDWH XUEDQ FRQ¿QHV RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW DQG HQFRPSDVV WKH RDVHV DV D ZKROH .H\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO SRLQWV ZKLFK UHTXLUH addressing are the following:

Diversifying local economies importing modern technologies and job opportunities.

Energy

3) Development of Oman’s interior regions by: Expanding agricultural production;

output

and

energy

6LJQL¿FDQWO\ UHGXFLQJ ORQJ WHUP FRVWV LQ JRYHUQPHQW subsidies for energy and food; Providing communities with the possibility of contributing towards sustainable energy production and responsible consumption will not only add value to the communities but will eventually contribute towards optimisation of the domestic use of natural resources (oil and gas), potentially increasing export opportunities.

4) To protect, preserve and expand the cultural heritage by:

Of around 915.000 bpd of crude produced by Oman in DERXW ZHUH FRQVXPHG GRPHVWLFDOO\ 3URMHFWLRQV suggest that domestic oil consumption will continue rising RYHU WKH IROORZLQJ \HDUV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ OLPLWLQJ WKH FRXQWU\¶V export volume. Reduction of domestic consumption of fossil fuels must therefore be of paramount importance to ensure the current levels revenue, increased resilience against PDUNHW ÀXFWXDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV OD\LQJ WKH IRXQGDWLRQV RI D solid post-oil economy. Further points of relevance are: Decentralizing energy production and integrating it into urban and architectural designs providing D KLJKHU GHJUHH RI VHOI VXI¿FLHQF\ DQG ORZHU government subsidies; (YHQ EDVLF VWHSV ZRXOG KHOS WR VLJQL¿FDQWO\ UHGXFH energy dependence: solar water heating, biomass usage, limited photovoltaic subsidies, etc.;

Figure 6.2 a,b al-Yemen, isometric rendering of zone L

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 Â&#x2021; Greater reliance on renewable energies will free up large amounts of oil for export contributing substantially to revenues; Â&#x2021; Expansion of solar and wind energy sector, opening up new areas of technological expertise; Â&#x2021; In conjunction with water production, solar energy has the potential of dramatically reducing the cost of desalination.

Water

Figure 6.3 a, b al-Yemen, interior of L2

Â&#x2021; :LWK DQ DYHUDJH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI O S G 2PDQ OLHV about 40 litres above the world average, consuming VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ PRUH ZDWHU WKDQ WKH DYHUDJH -DSDQHVH or Scandinavian person. The scarcest resource in Oman is also the most energy intensive to produce and, in comparison with energy, the water problem will pose some substantial technological challenges WR RYHUFRPH ,Q WKH ÂżUVW KDOI RI PLOOLRQ cubic metres of water were produced, up by RYHU WKH SUHYLRXV \HDUÂśV SHULRG 'RPHVWLF FRQVXPSWLRQ LV HVWLPDWHG WR DFFRXQW IRU MXVW of all water demand in Oman. Industrial demand IRU ZDWHU LV OHVV WKDQ 7KH JUHDWHVW FRQVXPHU RI water in Oman is therefore agriculture. It consumes RYHU RI UHQHZDEOH IUHVKZDWHU UHVRXUFHV DQG FRQWULEXWHV DERXW WR *'3 DW FXUUHQW SULFHV Production is projected to rise to 197 million cubic PHWUHV GXULQJ WKH ÂżUVW KDOI RI DQG GHPDQG of water is expected to double over the next 7 \HDUV DQG ZLWKRXW VLJQLÂżFDQW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ HQHUJ\ HIÂżFLHQF\ LQ GHVDOLQDWLRQ WKLV ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D VLJQLÂżFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ IRVVLO IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ

otherwise available for export. Â&#x2021; While a number of issues regarding production DQG HIÂżFLHQF\ DUH FXUUHQWO\ EHLQJ DGGUHVVHG the potential of cost reduction is still enormous.

Potential improvements in water catchment and management are the following: a. Restoration and modernisation of falaj QHWZRUNV ZLOO UHGXFH ZDWHU ORVV DQG DOORZ IRU greater irrigated areas amplifying habitable space and productive lands; b. Use of domestic atmospheric water generators, especially in high-humidity coastal UHJLRQV FDQ YDVWO\ UHGXFH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI GULQNLQJ water and waste; F :LWK PRGHUQ WHFKQLTXHV XS WR RI urban waste water can be recycled and re-used, again reducing dependence on fossil water sources.

Í&#x161;ǤÍ&#x2014; E

7KH SULPDU\ FRQFHUQ LQ ,]NĆŻ LV WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI the palm groves and associated agricultural lands and infrastructure. The piecemeal reduction of the green zones E\ HLWKHU ODFN RI PDLQWHQDQFH RU H[FHVVLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV GHWUDFWLQJ IURP WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH LQ WKH RDVLV DV D ZKROH and will impede touristic exploitation and agricultural selfVXIÂżFLHQF\ 7KLV ZLOO HYHQWXDOO\ WUDQVODWH LQWR D ORVV RI economic value for the region as a whole.

0HDVXUHV WR EH WDNHQ LQ WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH RDVLV environment: Â&#x2021; A moratorium on all construction within a set perimeter containing land of agricultural value;

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN Â&#x2021; Provision of developed land for housing established outside the agricultural perimeter; Â&#x2021; Restoration and gradual expansion of the Falaj al0DONL WR UH LUULJDWH SUHYLRXVO\ DEDQGRQHG DUHDV Â&#x2021; Introduction of electronic water management technologies to reduce water loss and labour; Â&#x2021; Introduction of advanced soil-preparation WHFKQLTXHV WR LPSURYH ZDWHU UHWHQWLRQ DQG SODQW growth; Â&#x2021; 3URYLGH PDUNHW DFFHVV IRU ORFDO SURGXFH WR incentivise production and sale; Â&#x2021; Creation of an Advanced Agriculture Information &HQWUH ZKHUH VWDNHKROGHUV RI WKH UHJLRQ FRXOG H[FKDQJH H[SHULHQFHV DQG DFTXLUH QHZ VNLOOV IURP experts.

6.4 URBAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PRESERVATION 8QOLNH RWKHU VLWHV VXFK DV %DUNDW DO 0DZ] 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; and Bahla, much of the urban fabric of al-Yemen is in a YHU\ DGYDQFHG VWDWH RI GLVUHSDLU RIWHQ PDNLQJ UHVWRUDWLRQ or rebuilding an impractical solution. Nevertheless, areas, buildings and structures of social, historical, architectural DQG FXOWXUDO VLJQLÂżFDQFH PXVW EH SUHVHUYHG DQG ZKHQ GHVLUDEOH UHVWRUHG DQG RU UHEXLOW ([DPSOHV RI VXFK XUEDQ components are: Â&#x2021; Urban structure: Key urban spatial components and the urban morphology is to be preserved, and where PRGLÂżFDWLRQ LV QHFHVVDU\ SURYLVLRQ VKRXOG EH PDGH WR GRFXPHQW DQ\ PRGLÂżHG VWUXFWXUHV DQG WR

Figure 6.4 Schematic Heritage Management Plan of al-Yemen

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 identify such previous occurrences by highlighting their traces. Â&#x2021; 0RVTXHV 4XUČ&#x201A;DQLF VFKRROV madrasah) and meeting halls: These are to remain structurally intact though new functions may be assigned. Â&#x2021; )RUWLÂżFDWLRQV 7RZHUV ZDOOV DQG JDWHV DUH WKH principal parts of the urban landscape and as such provide an important visual focus and distinctive LGHQWLW\ &RQVROLGDWLRQ DQG UHVWRUDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG and touristic development is to be encouraged. Â&#x2021; Archaeological areas: Areas containing substantial WUDFHV RI HDUO\ SKDVHV RI KDELWDWLRQ DUH LQ WKH ÂżUVW instance, to be excluded from development. They are to be protected for future examination and then included into a Master Plan that is sensitive to retaining and interpreting all traces. Â&#x2021; Structures such as water wells, grain mills (raha), communal bathing areas and latrines, as well as spaces with substantial interior or exterior decoration and distinctive architectural, structural and constructional features.

CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Based on principles, approaches and guidelines outlined above, it is proposed that al-Yemen be developed primarily along a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;4-Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; approach: Â&#x2021; Tourism: It is proposed that there is a focus on WRXULVP DV WKH NH\ HFRQRPLF GULYHU RI GHYHORSPHQW consisting of a cultural experience zone, shortstay accommodation, infrastructure and associated business opportunities, such as catering and commercial outlets. Local tourism and appreciation

of the rich built heritage is to be encouraged by DOORZLQJ RULJLQDO <HPHQLV DQG ,]NDZLV QRZ resident elsewhere in the country, the opportunity to buy a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;second homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;holiday homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; within al-Yemen; Â&#x2021; Tradition: Associated with tourism, it is proposed that emphasis be given to traditional crafts production, where tourists will have the opportunity WR REVHUYH VXFK FUDIW SURGXFWLRQ DW ÂżUVW KDQG DQG buy artefacts produced on site through traditional methods; Â&#x2021; 7HFKQRORJ\ It is proposed that parts of the site be devoted to the development and use of alternative technology related to agricultural production and energy generation. The term technology, here, is used in the broadest sense, ranging from the reduction of over-reliance on technology to the embracing of VRSKLVWLFDWHG VFLHQWLÂżF DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV and methods. Such technology will focus on developing intelligent, alternative ways of food production, small-scale and low-tech cropping, to the harnessing of solar energy for meeting the energy needs of the community. Alternative ways of achieving comfort within dwellings by moving away from heavy reliance on air conditioning is to be implemented in the eco-housing development. Â&#x2021; Training: A parallel concentration on education DQG WUDLQLQJ LQ WKH ÂżHOGV RI WRXULVP DJULFXOWXUH DQG energy production is to be established, possibly in FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK WKH ORFDO 1L]ZĆ&#x2014; 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG other governmental (e.g., the Public Authority for Craft Industries, PACI) and non-governmental (e.g., Omani Association for the Arts, Historical Association, Oman Photographic Society, etc.)

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN bodies; Â&#x2021; A secondary focus on providing public spaces for events for the local community, such as weddings and other festivities, is also proposed.

INFRASTRUCTURE 7KH ÂżUVW VWHS LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DO <HPHQ PXVW be provision of the necessary infrastructure to act as an investment motivator for private enterprises. Water, electricity, telecommunications and sanitary lines will need to be placed underground in order to retain the cityscape.

7KH VKDOORZ DQG VRIW FRQJORPHUDWH EHGURFN PDNHV WUHQFKLQJ in al-Yemen easier than elsewhere. The following concerns ZLOO KDYH WR EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW Â&#x2021; Water: while ancient wells may still be usable, areas scheduled for intervention within al-Yemen will need to be provided with a mains water source.

Grey water will be collected in treatment basins located outside of the settlement to then be reused in irrigation or domestically depending on the purity achieved. Storm water will be collected in large VHWWOLQJ DQG VWRUDJH WDQNV ORFDWHG EH\RQG WKH URDG on the Eastern side of the settlement. Combined with the use of composting toilets, aerator taps and ORZ Ă&#x20AC;RZ VKRZHUV ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ DO <HPHQ FDQ EH EURXJKW GRZQ WR OHVV WKDQ RI 2PDQÂśV average. Â&#x2021; (OHFWULFLW\ while mains power will need to be provided to motivate initial investors, al-Yemen has WKH SRWHQWLDO WR EHFRPH HOHFWULFDOO\ VHOI VXIÂżFLHQW ZLWK DQ H[WHUQDO SRZHU LQSXW RI 3KRWRYROWDLF systems will be integrated into architectural designs from the outset and solar water heaters

should be made mandatory to further reduce power consumption, diversify the local economies and LQWURGXFH QHZ VNLOO VHWV )ROORZLQJ WKH 6FKHHU model (Scheer 2006), excess power production may EH IHG EDFN LQWR WKH JULG DW Âż[HG SULFHV SURYLGLQJ added revenue for the community and setting a precedent for a new industrial sector in Oman. Â&#x2021; *DUEDJH GLVSRVDO while ultimately recycling of all synthetic waste would be desirable, in the short term organic waste should be collected for energy SURGXFWLRQ LQ PLFUR ELRJDV SODQWV DQG RU IHUWLOL]HU production.

ACCESS 7KH ZHVWHUQ JDWH ZLOO EH XQEORFNHG WR HDVH DFFHVV WR the interior of the settlement and allow for a one-way system for transport vehicles.

To retain the urban layout and spatial appearance alYemen will not be publicly accessible to cars. Instead, two SDUNLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV ZLOO EH FRQVWUXFWHG RXWVLGH WKH 1RUWK JDWH DQG DW WKH :HVWHUQ JDWH IRU YLVLWRUV DQG ZRUNHUV $ paved route will enter from the East gate, and give access to WKH SULQFLSDO TXDUWHUV DQG SXEOLF VSDFHV EHIRUH H[LWLQJ DJDLQ via the west gate. The rest of the settlement will remain pedestrianised with designated paths and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;discovery routesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for visitors.

PUBLIC SPACES ,W LV SURSRVHG WKDW WKH VTXDUH LQVLGH WKH QRUWKHUQ JDWH SURYLGHV WKH ÂżUVW H[SHULHQFH RI WKH VHWWOHPHQWÂśV KHULWDJH ZLWK information and heritage management centre located within this area (Sablat al-Ali, M5 and House N1, respectively).

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A tannur located immediately next to the north-eastern tower could be utilised as part of providing Omani food during UHFHSWLRQV KHOG LQ WKH VTXDUH 7KH VXUURXQGLQJ EXLOGLQJV are to be developed variously and the fabric restored, with its experienced enhanced through atmospheric lighting to provide a traditional spatial experience. To the east, the 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLNDK TXDUWHU KRXVHV $ $ ZLOO IRUP WKH FRUH RI WKH cultural experience, while House N1 will be rebuilt to form the administrative centre for managing heritage activities within the harah, beyond which the courtyard-focused buildings will provide opportunities for tourists to observe FUDIW SURGXFWLRQ DW ÂżUVW KDQG DQG WKH VKRSV IURQWLQJ WKH streets will offer on sale the goods produced.

A communal event area is being proposed in Zone H, which would cater for local other civic (e.g., weddings) and religious (e.g., Ed) celebrations, bringing the tourist community in direct contact with the local population.

The cultural exchange dimension through this would be VLJQLÂżFDQW

CULTURAL EXPERIENCE AREA 7KH 'DUĆ&#x2014;PLND TXDUWHU ]RQH $ LV DPRQJ WKH PRVW DUFKLWHFWXUDOO\ VLJQLÂżFDQW TXDUWHUV LQ DO <HPHQ DQG ZLOO be restored and rebuilt to much of its original appearance.

There may be a need for redevelopment in certain areas (especially in House A3), where additional accommodation could be introduced through sensitive design. Important FHLOLQJ GHFRUDWLRQV ZLOO UHTXLUH FDUHIXO UHVWRUDWLRQ 7KH DUHD will serve an important role in interpreting the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past through installations, spatial evocations, artefacts, SKRWRJUDSKV DQG UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ LPDJHV DGHTXDWHO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ OLEUDU\ DQG UHSRVLWRULHV 7KH ÂżUVW Ă&#x20AC;RRUV RI KRXVHV $ A2 and A4 will be used for short-term accommodation for distinguished guests, visiting artists and scholars. A variety of supporting facilities, including a food-court in House A3, ZLOO FRPSOHWH WKH FXOWXUDO H[SHULHQFH TXDUWHU DQG ZLOO FDWHU WR WKH QHHGV YLVLWRUV DQG ORFDOV DOLNH 7KH IRRG FRXUW ZLOO create additional cultural performance and event space close WR WKH PDLQ HQWUDQFH VTXDUH Additional facilities are to be located close to East Gate as well as the reopened West Gate. These gates will also allow service vehicle access within the harah (cf. Access, below).

ACCOMMODATION Short stay tourist accommodation will be located in the central area of the settlement within Zone E. The general spatial organisation and external appearance of the buildings will EH UHWDLQHG WKRXJK LQWHULRUV PD\ EH DGDSWHG WR UHTXLUHPHQWV through sensitive interventions and redevelopment. Upper stories may be expanded and roof spaces could be used for open-air accommodation in conjunction with semi-open spaces and terraces. Inner courtyards will serve to ventilate

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN DQG LOOXPLQDWH JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRUV 7KH H[SHFWDWLRQ LV WR SURYLGH DFFRPPRGDWLRQ DQG VHUYLFHV IRU QR PRUH WKDQ ÂżIW\ EHGV within this zone.

The Master Plan proposes that substantial portions of Zone L and all of Zone G be devoted to holiday homes to be developed. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;holiday homesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; provide excellent views east across the oasis to the Al Hajar Mountains. These homes will be supported by communal facilities located between them but will also be in proximity to the communal event space and commercial outlets in Zone H. In addition, the area currently occupied by houses C1 and J1-4 are allocated for the development of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;eco-housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to be used as additional short-stay accommodation or holiday homes for private purchase or leasing. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;eco-housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will EH GHVLJQHG DQG EXLOW WR VWDWH RI WKH DUW HFRORJLFDO NQRZOHGJH and technology, adhering to their heritage context.

CRAFTS PRODUCTION AND RETAIL The settlement of al-Yemen offers an opportunity for ORFDO FUDIWVPHQ DQG DUWLVDQV WR VKRZFDVH DQG VHOO WKHLU ZRUNV to visitors. In order to provide not only shop-front space but also production space on site it was decided to allocate the entirety of Zone N and part of Zone F to this purpose, integrating the north avenue into an ambulatory route of scenic and commercial value. This is to be extended south along streets between zones E, H and L to provide enhanced commercial capacity.

The potential for re-embedding crafts traditions within Omani society and re-utilisation of products has great potential. The Public Authority for Crafts Industries (PACI) is mandated to enable the proliferation of traditional crafts.

Imaginative employment of the crafts to suit contemporary

needs and demands would extend its vitality. To this end, associated training and educational facilities are being proposed (part of Zone F, cf. below).

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY As indicated earlier, Omani vernacular settlements have enormous potential for exploring alternative methods of HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSLQJ WHFKQLTXHV IRU HQKDQFLQJ and diversifying agricultural production. The Master Plan proposes that areas be assigned for such production, research and training activities. Zone P and the western parts of zones B and C are to be devoted to such activities with associated training and educational facilities occupying the remaining part of Zone B. The alternative agricultural production outside â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but even within â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the harah FRXOG PDNH ČžĆ&#x2014;UDW DO <HPHQ VHOI VXIÂżFLHQW LQ WKH XVH RI DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWV DV far as tourism support is concerned.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING One of the prime foci of the al-Yemen HMP is to create a sustainable local economy based on a variety of VRXUFHV RI LQFRPH DQG D TXDOLÂżHG ZRUN IRUFH (GXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ IDFLOLWLHV IRU WKH ÂżHOGV RI WRXULVP FUDIWV DJULFXOWXUH and alternative energy can be established at al-Yemen to function in conjunction with the immediate centres of production within the harah and with national institutions such as ministries and universities. Those related to crafts will be located within Zone F, while tourism and alternative technology related training and education will be housed mainly in Zone B with any tourism related spill-over in Zone $ ZLWKLQ WKH FXOWXUDO H[SHULHQFH TXDUWHU

Figure 6.5-6.8 Detailed Heritage Management Plan (overleaf)

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6.5 PHASING AND THE PRIORITY HERITAGE CONSERVATION TASKS PHASING The project is envisaged to progress through 3 distinct phases.

Phase-I to include: Â&#x2021; (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH UROH RI JRYHUQPHQW SXEOLF sector and the extent to which MHC and other SXEOLF VWDNHKROGHUV ZLOO LQYHVW LQ DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG intervention; Â&#x2021; 8QGHUWDNLQJ WKH LPPHGLDWH WDVNV GHWDLOHG EHORZ Â&#x2021; The preparation of detailed plans and design proposals â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including all infrastructure design and necessary approvals; Â&#x2021; (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI GHWDLOHG SROLF\ WR VHHN LQYROYHPHQW of the private sector, owner occupiers and interested VWDNHKROGHUV WR DGGUHVV DOO SURSHUWLHV XQGHU SULYDWH RZQHUVKLS DQG RU WKRVH QRW DFTXLUHG E\ 0+& Â&#x2021; Legislation to establish Buffer Zone to safeguard the settlement, its contextual integrity and its visual appearance and corridors.

Phase-II to include: Â&#x2021; Development of an integrated modern infrastructure provision of water and electricity supply, waste management and street infrastructure to elevate environmental standards, prevent further damage, to attract and manage tourism, and to attract VWDNHKROGHU LQYHVWPHQW Â&#x2021; 5HVWRUDWLRQ DQG UHEXLOGLQJ RI IRUWLÂżFDWLRQ DV DQG

ZKHUH QHFHVVDU\ WR EULQJ WKH VHWWOHPHQW EDFN WR LWV original character; Â&#x2021; Selective restoration, consolidation and rebuilding of all buildings, structures and spaces of fundamental historic, cultural, social and architectural VLJQLÂżFDQFH DQG UHXVH WKRVH IRU WRXULVWLF DQG communal purposes; Â&#x2021; Insertion of a carefully thought through programme to support the continuation and reintroduction of traditional life and activities, to incorporate FKDQJHV WKURXJK LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI PRGHUQLW\ DQG WR DLG the development of tourism.

Phase-III to include: Â&#x2021; Restoration, consolidation and rebuilding of all buildings, structures and spaces of lesser VLJQLÂżFDQFH EXW QHYHUWKHOHVV LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH history, socio-cultural evolution and material culture of the settlement; Â&#x2021; Aid restoration of the WHS of falaj irrigation system and its two channels running through the harah, and wells, to optimise use of available agricultural land within the Buffer Zone, beyond the harah.

Insertion of a further set of functions to support the continuation of traditional life, to incorporate FKDQJHV WKURXJK LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI PRGHUQLW\ DQG WR DLG the development of tourism.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN

PRIORITY HERITAGE CONSERVATION TASKS 7KH LPPHGLDWH KHULWDJH FRQVHUYDWLRQ WDVNV DUH WR Â&#x2021; appropriately secure the heritage site; Â&#x2021; establish a base for operation and recruit personnel; Â&#x2021; VWDELOLVH VWUXFWXUHV UHTXLULQJ LPPHGLDWH DWWHQWLRQ Â&#x2021; carry out comprehensive survey of structural problems and those relating to the consolidation and conservation of structures; Â&#x2021; clear site from all debris and hazardous and contaminating material; Â&#x2021; enhance public awareness.

1. Stabilise and secure structures :DOOV DQG Ă&#x20AC;RRU EHDPV ZKLFK DUH DERXW WR FROODSVH QHHG to be propped up.

3HUVRQQHO QHHGHG WR XQGHUWDNH WKRURXJK DVVHVVPHQW RI the state of preservation should include:

2. Restore and rebuild houses N1 and related facilities

N1 being a large property in prime location close to the North Gate, it will be reused as storage for salvaged LWHPV JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRU DQG DV VLWH RIÂżFH RSHUDWLRQDO SRLQW GRFXPHQWDWLRQ FHQWUH ÂżUVW Ă&#x20AC;RRU

Â&#x2021; )LUVW Ă&#x20AC;RRU URRPV WR EH XVHG E\ SHUVRQQHO Â&#x2021; Running water, sewage, electricity, telephone and internet connection will be installed; Â&#x2021; More daylight, if necessary, will be brought into JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRU URRPV Â&#x2021; Shading devices, e.g palm tree timber canopies, ZLOO EH PRXQWHG LQ ÂżUVW Ă&#x20AC;RRU RSHQ VSDFHV LQ RUGHU WR VKDGH VXUURXQGLQJ RIÂżFH VSDFHV Â&#x2021; ,QLWLDOO\ GZHOOLQJ 1 PLJKW KDYH WR EH WDNHQ RYHU to store large salvaged items (e.g., palm logs and beams).

3. Clearance of site

Â&#x2021; architects Â&#x2021; archaeologists Â&#x2021; structural engineers Â&#x2021; TXDQWLW\ VXUYH\RUV Â&#x2021; conservationists Â&#x2021; cost consultants Â&#x2021; technicians Â&#x2021; administrators Â&#x2021; labourers

Debris and rubbish need to be removed with two different approaches: rubbish to be collected in suitably located areas and disposed of; debris to be sorted and FROOHFWHG E\ FDWHJRULHV PXG VRLO WLPEHU RUJDQLF ÂżEUHV PHWDOV SODVWLFV FHUDPLFV IRU IXWXUH UHF\FOLQJ DQG RU reuse in restoration and new build, either on site or off site.

For example, soil in debris must be tested to see whether LW LV JRRG IRU UHXVH LQ UHVWRUDWLRQ ZRUNV H J WR PDQXIDFWXUH QHZ PXG EULFNV LQ WKLV FDVH VDOYDJHG VRLO VKRXOG EH VWRUHG LQ WKH FRXUW\DUG RII WKH PDLQ URDG LQ IURQW RI SDUNLQJ DUHD

or for agriculture (e.g. used in palm crops).

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0DFKLQHU\ DQG HTXLSPHQW QHHGHG LV WR EH LGHQWLÂżHG Also, site accessibility to lorries is to be assessed and D UHODWHG SODQ VKRZLQJ DFFHVV SRLQWV URXWHV GHEULV UXEELVK FROOHFWLRQV SRLQWV LV WR EH SUHSDUHG &DUH KDV WR EH WDNHQ DV to not disturb topography.

4. Make inventory of heritage related artefacts ,WHPV WR EH SUHVHUYHG H J SRWWHU\ DQG EDVNHWU\ UHPDLQV silver and copper utensils, timber components, etc.) need to be securely located and itemized under relevant categories.

Additional guidance should be sought archaeologists and relevant experts, as necessary.

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5. Run workshops to raise awareness Training at different levels is needed for all personnel PHPEHUV WR PDNH WKHP DZDUH RI WKH SUREOHPV WKH VLWH SRVHV DQG WR LQVWUXFW WKHP RQ KRZ WR WDFNOH WKHP 6SHFLÂżF WUDLQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHVWRUDWLRQ RI PXG EULFN DUFKLWHFWXUH RSHQ WR SHRSOH LQWHUHVWHG LQ DFTXLULQJ WKHVH VNLOOV QHHG WR EH UXQ RQ VLWH 6. Identify strategies for stakeholder partnerships Â&#x2021; 2ZQHUV DUH FRQWDFWHG WR GLVFXVV 0+& DFTXLVLWLRQ LQWHQWLRQV DQG WHUPV IRU WKH VDPH $FTXLVLWLRQ WR EH limited to those properties of critical importance to

the project (including consolidation) and may not QHFHVVDULO\ EH SURSHUWLHV RI KLJK VLJQLÂżFDQFH Â&#x2021; :LGHU H[SORUDWRU\ GLVFXVVLRQV WR EH XQGHUWDNHQ to establish potential private investors (e.g., commercial organisations, big building enterprises, telecommunication providers etc.); Â&#x2021; )RU WKRVH SURSHUWLHV IDOOLQJ RXWVLGH DFTXLVLWLRQ WKH RZQHUV DUH DVNHG ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZRXOG EH LQWHUHVWHG LQ UHQRYDWLQJ DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ UHXVLQJ WKHLU SURSHUWLHV $OWHUQDWLYHV VXFK DV DFTXLVLWLRQ E\ private investors, will also be discussed; Â&#x2021; If owners are interested and have capital to invest LQ UHQRYDWLRQ ZRUNV WKHVH PLJKW EH ZKROO\ RU SDUWO\ self-funded; in the case of the latter the project could be supported by funding from public or private sponsors; Â&#x2021; If owners are interested but do not have the funds to XQGHUWDNH UHQRYDWLRQ ZRUNV WKHVH ZLOO EH IXQGHG E\ 0+& LQ SDUWQHUVKLS ZLWK SULYDWH LQYHVWRUV sponsors and a rent agreement established with owner to recoup investment; Â&#x2021; If owners are not interested, a Royal Decrees should be in place obliging them to sell the property to MHC or private investors.

PRECEDENTS

7 PRECEDENTS

The following pages contain examples of design precedents used here to illustrate various approaches for the Master Plan. The case studies highlight the importance given to a range of issues concerning conservation, restoration and rehabilitation.

The following precedents are grouped into two primary DSSURDFKHV DQG VHWWLQJV 7KH ¿UVW JURXS FRPSULVHV PRVWO\ :HVWHUQ H[DPSOHV ZKLFK DUH GUDZQ IURP D EXLOGLQJ VSHFL¿F DSSURDFK E\ LOOXVWUDWLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUDO WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV adaptive reuse, extension, encapsulation, juxtaposition and incorporation. The second group of design precedents DSSOLHV PRUH VSHFL¿FDOO\ WR FDVH RI ,]NƯ DV LW H[HPSOL¿HV a much broader approach to conservation by addressing entire settlements and concentrating primarily on earthen construction. This second set of examples contains a number of World Heritage Sites and oasis settlements from a wide variety of locations comprising the Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East which visualise the great range RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO SRVVLELOLWLHV LQKHUHQW LQ WKLV NLQG RI VHWWLQJ

Figs. 7.1-7.8 Design Precedents at building scale Figs. 7.9-7.15 Design precedents at settlement scale

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STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

8 STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

the best way to preserve it from future deterioration is to use it. Its continued utilization, even if for a new purpose, ZLOO SRVH D QHHG IRU UHJXODU XSNHHS ZKLFK VKRXOG LQ WXUQ discourage neglect.

The alteration and extension of a building structure for LWV DGDSWLYH UHXVH UHTXLUH D GHJUHH RI VSDWLDO Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ ZKLFK earthen construction has, given its informal and plastic nature.

If reuse builds upon these intrinsic characteristics, HDUWKHQ VWUXFWXUHV DUH DEOH WR PHHW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG standards of present-day uses without losing their essential TXDOLWLHV

8.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION The following complementary and interconnected precepts must guide any intervention to be carried out on the earthen built fabric of the settlement for conservation and rehabilitation purposes: Â&#x2021; DXWKHQWLFLW\ in both material and form, which PHDQV WKDW LQ WKH ZRUN RI FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI D VWUXFWXUH which is part of a group, partially or fully, not only must the total authenticity not get diminished but the overall integrity of the group has to be enhanced too; Â&#x2021; QHXWUDOLW\ ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW LQ WKH ZRUN RI conservation of a structure its character must be neither enhanced nor degraded.

Once a structure has been restored and, thus, rehabilitated

With reference to the degrees of preservation of the settlement, conservation strategies will have to meet the following: Â&#x2021; VWUXFWXUHV LQ ÂłDGHTXDWH´ VWDWH RI SUHVHUYDWLRQ refurbishment alterations will be carried out in a way that respects the scale, massing, form, materials and the social status of the structure as well as the DUFKLWHFWXUDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG VN\OLQH RI WKH FOXVWHU it belongs to (no new construction, demolition or PRGLÂżFDWLRQ ZKLFK ZRXOG DOWHU WKH UHODWLRQV RI mass and colour must be allowed, art.6 The Venice Charter 1964); Â&#x2021; VWUXFWXUHV LQ ÂłDGHTXDWH´ ÂłDFFHSWDEOH´ DQG ÂłLQDGHTXDWH´ VWDWH RI SUHVHUYDWLRQ WKH RULJLQDO fabric will be retained as much as possible to be consolidated, restored, renewed and refurbished; Â&#x2021; VWUXFWXUHV LQ ÂłDFFHSWDEOH´ DQG ÂłLQDGHTXDWH´ VWDWH RI SUHVHUYDWLRQ PLVVLQJ HOHPHQWV ZDOOV Ă&#x20AC;RRUV URRIV staircases - will be replaced with new elements clearly distinguishable by material, form, texture,

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 grain and construction from the original structure (replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but at the same time must be distinguishable from the original so that restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic evidence, art. 12 of The Venice Charter 1964; any H[WUD ZRUN ZKLFK LV LQGLVSHQVDEOH PXVW EH GLVWLQFW from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp, art. 9 of The Venice Charter 1964); Â&#x2021; VWUXFWXUHV LQ ÂłLQDGHTXDWH´ DQG ÂłUXLQRXV´ VWDWH RI preservation: consolidation will be carried out by employing the most suitable available technologies at the time of intervention (where traditional WHFKQLTXHV SURYH LQDGHTXDWH WKH FRQVROLGDWLRQ RI D monument can be achieved by the use of any modern WHFKQLTXH IRU FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH HIÂżFDF\ RI ZKLFK KDV EHHQ VKRZQ E\ VFLHQWLÂżF GDWD and proved by experience, art. 10 of The Venice Charter 1964).

8.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO REPAIR ACTIONS The following methodological criteria must be met in implementing the general repair measures illustrated in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Repair and Failureâ&#x20AC;? sheets set: Â&#x2021; repair must be necessary, reversible, the minimum UHTXLUHG WR DFKLHYH WKH SURSRVHG UHVXOW DQG compatible with the original fabric; Â&#x2021; repair must be preceded by investigation of the reason for failure, so that recurring failure can be prevented by appropriately dealing with the causes

RI GDPDJH DQG PDNLQJ JRRG HIIHFWLYHO\ Â&#x2021; repair must be preceded by investigation into construction aspects - soil content, clay type, pH YDOXH PXG FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ EULFNV PRUWDU DQG plaster, strength of materials - climate aspects relative humidity and temperature both inside and outside the building units - environmental aspects thermal conductivity of mud walls and temperature RI Ă&#x20AC;RRUV XVH DVSHFWV FKDQJHV PDGH WR WKH structure which might have caused failure; Â&#x2021; UHSDLU PXVW WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH UHVXOWV RI recording and documentation in terms of historical EDFNJURXQG VRFLDO VWDWXV VSDWLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG construction of the structures; Â&#x2021; UHSDLU PXVW WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW VRFLDO FXOWXUDO DQG economic driving factors such as the need for local employment, maintenance of tradition and training; Â&#x2021; repair must achieve a balance between the materials UHTXLUHG IRU WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ DQG WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV of tradition; Â&#x2021; repair must be fully documented and archived WKURXJKRXW ZRUNV

8.3 FAILURE ANALYSIS AND REPAIR GUIDANCE Structural problems affecting the buildings and their GLIIHUHQW VWDWHV RI SUHVHUYDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÂżHG DQG listed under broad categories in order to accordingly devise conservation and rehabilitation strategies.

Structural and non-structural pathologies in the EXLOGLQJVÂś PXG EULFN HQYHORSH KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÂżHG DQG

STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION analysed in order to understand why they occurred, how they GHYHORSHG DQG ZKDW NLQG RI UHSDLU DFWLRQV FRXOG EH FDUULHG out.

Pathologies are the result of the combined action of â&#x20AC;&#x153;anthropicâ&#x20AC;? degradation factors, which consist in the physical transformation of the original built fabric through XVH RI FHPHQW DQG FRQFUHWH EORFNV UHSODFHPHQW RI RULJLQDO wooden carved doors with iron gates, and substitution of original downspouts with PVC or metal pipes - and â&#x20AC;&#x153;naturalâ&#x20AC;? degradation factors, which include action of rainwater, action RI ZLQG ZDWHU UXQRII ZDWHU VWDJQDWLRQV DQG LQÂżOWUDWLRQV around the buildings or on the roofs, which then lead to erosion of wall tops and bases, wall surfaces and roofs.

Figures 8.3-8.9 features a set of seven â&#x20AC;&#x153;Repair and Failureâ&#x20AC;? sheets, which: Â&#x2021; OLVW GHWHULRUDWLRQ FDXVHV E\ NH\ W\SHV RI VWUXFWXUDO and non-structural defects; Â&#x2021; show them by means of sample photos; Â&#x2021; LGHQWLI\ DQG TXDQWLI\ DIIHFWHG EXLOGLQJ XQLWV Â&#x2021; indicate general repair measures; Â&#x2021; present representative damaged building units by means of CAD drawings and photos.

Purpose of the sheets is to: Â&#x2021; identify major failure types; Â&#x2021; trace the agents that caused structures to fail; Â&#x2021; provide technical recommendations on the implementation of intervention actions PDLQWHQDQFH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHVWRUDWLRQ ZRUNV

The sheets feature 150 building units out of a total of

UDQJLQJ IURP $ WR 5 ZKLFK PDNH XS WKH VHWWOHPHQW Building unit M1, that is the eastern gate, does not feature EHFDXVH LW LV D PRGHUQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ FRQFUHWH EORFNV ZKLFK would be demolished and redeveloped.

Wherever present in Figures 8.3-8.9: Â&#x2021; for â&#x20AC;&#x153;N3â&#x20AC;? read â&#x20AC;&#x153;N3a and N3bâ&#x20AC;?; Â&#x2021; for â&#x20AC;&#x153;N5â&#x20AC;? read â&#x20AC;&#x153;N5a and N5bâ&#x20AC;?.

The sheets have to be read in conjunction with Fig. 8.10, ZKLFK LOOXVWUDWHV D SODQ PDSSLQJ WKH IDLOXUH W\SHV LGHQWLÂżHG

8.4 GUIDANCE NOTES 1. For the purpose of having a complete mapping of IDLOXUH W\SHV WKHVH KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÂżHG ZKHUHYHU present, that is in all affected building units, irrespective of their state of preservation and the IHDVLELOLW\ DQG RU H[SHGLHQF\ RI UHSDLU 2. Only building units where failure is clearly visible DQG XQHTXLYRFDOO\ FODVVLÂżDEOH KDYH EHHQ LQGLFDWHG 3. 3UHVXPDEO\ DOO PXG EULFN EXLOGLQJ XQLWV XQGHUZHQW a stage where each failure occurred, even though at present there is no clear evidence of it.

4. %DVHG RQ WKH DERYH DQDO\VLV D FDUHIXO ORRN DW PXG EULFN ZDOOV VKRZV D ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR 685)$&( (526,21 ³$´ water SHQHWUDWLRQ IURP WKH KHDG RI D ZDOO RU WKURXJK D URRI

Â&#x2021; the saw-toothed clefts which are typically produced by this type of failure are rarely present. However, they presumably developed at some point due to

103

104

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Â&#x2021; external wall surfaces are generally more deeply affected than partition walls due to prolonged exposure to wind and rain action;

Â&#x2021; wall heads that are still capped, that is those that were cemented over, show less and minor sawtooth serrations;

Â&#x2021; WKH GHJUHH RI HURVLRQ RI PRUWDU DQG PXG EULFNV YDULHV JUHDWO\ UDQJLQJ IURP VXUIDFHV ZKLFK ORRN OLNH DPRUSKRXV HDUWK PDVVHV WR VXUIDFHV ZKHUH EULFNV DUH H[SRVHG DQG FOHDUO\ OHJLEOH VHH EXLOGLQJ unit O2).

Â&#x2021; both external and partition walls are affected, irrespective of their height, and sometimes both faces of the same wall (see building unit P9).

E ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR 685)$&( (526,21 Âł%´ Â&#x2021; deep channels are visible along external and partition walls, which have been presumably caused by water UXQRII /DFNLQJ DQ\ HYLGHQFH RI JDUJR\OHV LW LV KDUG to tell whether the runoff occurred when the roof was still in place, due to faulty water spouts, or as D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH URRI FROODSVH ,Q VRPH FDVHV where roof damage is localized, channels have developed only along the inner face of the wall; Â&#x2021; ZKHQ UDLQZDWHU KDV Ă&#x20AC;RZHG GRZQ QLFKHV DQG RSHQLQJV ZKLFK FRQVWLWXWH FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZHDNQHVVHV LW KDV JUDGXDOO\ FDXVHG WKH ZDOO WR EUHDN IURP KHDG to base (see building unit K2).

F ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR 685)$&( (526,21 Âł&´ Â&#x2021; the vast majority of wall surfaces are affected; Â&#x2021; undercuts are particularly visible at the base of partition walls, where in most cases stone foundations are lower, and at the bottom of doorways (see building unit R4).

G ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR 685)$&( (526,21 Âł'´ Â&#x2021; all units are, to a different extent, affected;

H ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR '(7$&+0(17 2) &2$7,1*6 Âł$´ Â&#x2021; all units are, to a different extent, affected; Â&#x2021; on walls that are still protected, though partially, by roofs the peeling off produced by this type of failure is more accentuated that on walls that are exposed to the weather; Â&#x2021; both external and partition walls are affected, though the defect is more common amongst the latter (see building unit E7).

I ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR '(7$&+0(17 2) 685)$&( &2$7,1*6 Âł%´ Â&#x2021; all walls rendered over in cement are affected as well as the majority of walls rendered in mud-straw, especially those where the coating lies on a stone support (in all interiors mud-straw render is, in fact, missing at the base of walls); Â&#x2021; this failure type is present in units where the mud EULFN ZDOO FDSSLQJ KDV EHHQ UHSODFHG ZLWK FHPHQW UHQGHUHG FRQFUHWH EORFN FRXUVHV DQG ZKHUH VWDLUV and walls have been rendered in cement mortar (see building unit C3).

STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION J ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR :$// &5$&.6 Â&#x2021; ZDOO FUDFNV DUH JHQHUDOO\ PDUNHG DW ZDOO MXQFWLRQV (see building unit H1), near openings and niches;

Figure 8.1: DO <HPHQ H[DPSOH RI EULFN ORVV WRS

Figure 8.2: DO <HPHQ H[DPSOH RI FRDWLQJ FUDFNV ERWWRP

Â&#x2021; LQ DGGLWLRQ WR VWDQGDUG YHUWLFDO FUDFNV KRUL]RQWDO FUDFNV FDQ EH IRXQG DERYH GRRU OLQWHOV SUHVXPDEO\ due to low static and mechanical resistance, where WKH\ KDYH WDNHQ RQ D VWHSSHG FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ Though not included in the analysis sheets, two further UHFXUULQJ QRQ VWUXFWXUDO GHIHFWV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG LQ various building units. They are: Â&#x2021; EULFN ORVV Fig. 8.1), consisting in the loss of PXG EULFNV SUHVXPDEO\ GXH WR IDOO ZKLFK RFFXUV particularly above and around door lintels (see Fig 8.10 referred to building unit A3); Â&#x2021; FRDWLQJ FUDFNV Fig. 8.2 FRQVLVWLQJ LQ WKH FUDFNLQJ of the wall coating due either to an unbalanced ZDWHU VRLO UDWLR LQ WKH PXG PL[ RU WR TXLFN GU\LQJ ZKLFK FDXVHV VKULQNDJH DQG FUDFNLQJ GXH WR UDSLG moisture loss (see Fig 8.11 referred to building unit A8).

Figures 8.3-8.9: al-Yemen, analysis of failure types (following pages)

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STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

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APPENDIX: TRIBAL MOSAIC A5

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Sulayman b. Č&#x20AC;$OĆŻ E Sulayman al-Qassabi

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a1 APPENDIX: TRIBAL MOSAIC

Date: 14 March 2012 Time period: 58:42 min. Ä&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x160; Ć­ Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x2019;Ä&#x2021;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2014;

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Ä&#x2014;Ǥ Ä&#x201D;Ä&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;Ä&#x201D;Ä&#x201D;Ä&#x2014;Ä&#x2DC;

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Yasir b. Hashil alHashimi

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APPENDIX: TRIBAL MOSAIC

H3

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APPENDIX: BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bandyopadhyay, S. 2011. 6SDWLDO ,PSOLFDWLRQV RI 2PDQL 7ULEDO '\QDPLFV É&#x20AC;Æ&#x2122;UDW DO %LOÆ&#x2122;G LQ 0DQDǵ 2DVLV. Orient 52(1): 67-73. ___. 2010. &RQ¾DWLRQ RI &HOHVWLDO DQG 3K\VLFDO 7RSRJUDSKLHV LQ WKH 2PDQL 'HFRUDWHG 0LǵUÆ&#x2122;E. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40: 29-40. ___. 2008. )URP $QRWKHU :RUOG $ 3RVVLEOH %Ç&#x17D;\LG 2ULJLQ RI

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Cain, A., Afshar, F. & Norton, J. 1975. ,QGLJHQRXV %XLOGLQJ DQG WKH 7KLUG :RUOG. Architectural Design 4: 207-224. ___. 1974. 7KH ,QGLJHQRXV %XLOW (QYLURQPHQW RI 2PDQ ,WV Problems and Potentials for Contemporary Planning and Design. Unpublished report. Muscat: Ministry of Social Affairs. &(5.$6 81(6&2 &5$7HUUH Conservation 0DQXDO IRU (DUWK $UFKLWHFWXUH +HULWDJH LQ WKH SUH 6DKDUDQ 9DOOH\V RI 0RURFFR, Paris: UNESCO Consulting Engineering Services. 2004. É&#x20AC;DUÆ&#x2122;W DO È&#x201A;$TU Conservation and Development Project. Unpublished report: Survey Documentation and Master Plan (4 volumes).

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Oxford: Archaeopress. ___. 1997. 7KH +LVWRULF 0RVTXHV RI ,QQHU 2PDQ. Rome: ISMEO. ___. 1983. 1RWHV RQ WKH 6HWWOHPHQW 3DWWHUQV RI 7UDGLWLRQDO 2PDQ. Journal of Oman Studies 6(2): 247-268.

Le Cour-Grandmaison, C. 1977. 6SDWLDO 2UJDQLVDWLRQ 7ULEDO *URXSLQJV DQG .LQVKLS LQ ,EUÆ&#x2122;È&#x201E;. Journal of Oman Studies 3(2): 95-106, plus plates.

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dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Errico, E. 1983. ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH 2PDQL 0LOLWDU\ $UFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH 6L[WHHQWK 6HYHQWHHQWK DQG (LJKWHHQWK Centuries. Journal of Oman Studies 6(2): 291-306, plus plates.

Feilden, B. M., 2008. Conservation of historic buildings.

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Galdieri, E. 1975. $ 0DVWHUSLHFH RI 2PDQL WK &HQWXU\ $UFKLWHFWXUH 7KH 3DODFH RI ,PDP %LODUDE ELQ 6XOWDQ DO <DÈ&#x201A;DUDED DW -DEULQ. Journal of Oman Studies 1: 167-179.

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3UHVHUYDWLRQ $QNDUD 7XUNH\ 6HSWHPEHU 2FWREHU

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Schreiber, J. 2007. ²7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVHV LQ 2DVLV 6HWWOHPHQWV LQ 2PDQÂł $UFKDHRORJLFDO 6XUYH\ DW WKH 2DVLV RI 1L]ZĆ&#x2122; $ 3UHOLPLQDU\ 5HSRUW. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 37: 263-275.

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Peyton W.D. 1983. 2OG 2PDQ. London: Stacey International.

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Potts, D.T. 1990a. $UDELDQ *XOI LQ $QWLTXLW\ ,. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Warren, J., 1999. &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI (DUWK 6WUXFWXUHV Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

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London: George Allen and Unwin.

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ČžĆ&#x2013;5$7 $/ <(0(1 '2&80(17$7,21 $1' +(5,7$*( 0$1$*(0(17 3/$1 ___. 1971. 7KH 2PDQ 4XHVWLRQ 7KH %DFNJURXQG RI WKH 3ROLWLFDO *HRJUDSK\ RI 6RXWK (DVW $UDELD. Geographical Journal 137: 361-371. ___. 1969. $UDE 6HWWOHPHQW LQ 2PDQ 7KH 2ULJLQV DQG Development of the Tribal Pattern and its Relationship to WKH ,PDPDWH. Unpublished D.Phil thesis. Oxford. ___. 1964. $ 6NHWFK RI WKH +LVWRULFDO *HRJUDSK\ RI WKH 7UXFLDO 2PDQ 'RZQ WR WKH %HJLQQLQJ RI WKH 6L[WHHQWK Centuryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Geographical Journal 130: 337-349.

Willems, D. 2000. /HV 0RVTXpHV GDQV OÂľePLUDW GH )XMDwUDK $UFKpRORJLH ,VODPLTXH Yule, P. 1999, 6WXGLHV LQ WKH $UFKDHRORJ\ RI WKH 6XOWDQDWH RI 2PDQ, Leidorf : VML ___. 2007. 6DVDQLDQ 3UHVHQFH DQG /DWH ,URQ $JH 6DPDG 6RPH &RUUHFWLRQV KWWS DUFKLY XE XQL KHLGHOEHUJ GH SURS\ODHXPGRN YROOWH[WH SGI <XOHBVDVDQLDQB oman01.pdf. Accessed on 2nd April 2010. ___. 2005. 7KH 6DPDG &XOWXUH ° (FKRHV. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 35: 303-315. ___. 2003. %H\RQG WKH 3DOH RI 1HDU (DVWHUQ $UFKDHRORJ\ $QWKURSRPRUSKLF )LJXUHV IURP DO $TLU QHDU %DÇľOĆ&#x2122; 6XOWDQDWH RI 2PDQ. StĂśllner, T., KĂśrlin, G., Steffens, G. & Cierny, J. (eds.). Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday: 537-542.

Bochum: Deutsch Bergbau-Museum. ___. 1999a. 7KH 6DPDG 3HULRG LQ WKH 6XOWDQDWH RI 2PDQ ,UDT Yule, P. (ed.). 1999b. 6WXGLHV LQ WKH $UFKDHRORJ\ RI WKH 6XOWDQDWH RI 2PDQ. Rahden, Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf. =DGRN 5 $UDELDQV LQ 0HVRSRWDPLD

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APPENDIX: DOCUMENTATION SHEETS

a3 APPENDIX: DOCUMENTATION SHEETS

123

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, M5, M6, M7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

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GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS A2, A3, M5, M6, M7

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, M5, M6, M7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS A1, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1c

BUILDING UNITS A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, M5, M6, M7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS A1, A2, M7

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1d

BUILDING UNITS A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, M5, M6, M7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS A1, A3, A4, A8

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT A1

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LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A1_06

25

50

IZKI_Y_A1_02

IZKI_Y_A1A3_02

IZKI_Y_A1_01

IZKI_Y_A1_096

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNITS A2, A9

IZKI_Y_A2_014

IZKI_Y_A2_02

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A2_04

IZKI_Y_A2_08

IZKI_Y_A2A9_01

IZKI_Y_A9_002

IZKI_Y_A2_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT A3

IZKI_Y_A3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_A3_04

0 5 10

25

50

IZKI_Y_A1A2A3_02

IZKI_Y_A3_01

IZKI_Y_A3_03

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT A4

IZKI_Y_A4_021

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A4_01

IZKI_Y_A4_02

IZKI_Y_A4_03

IZKI_Y_A4_048

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT A5

IZKI_Y_A5_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A5_013

IZKI_Y_A1_04

IZKI_Y_A5_03

25

50

IZKI_Y_A1_096

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNITS A6, A7

IZKI_Y_A6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A7_01

IZKI_Y_A7_02

IZKI_Y_A7_003

IZKI_Y_A7_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT A8

IZKI_Y_A6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_A8_03

IZKI_Y_A8_006

IZKI_Y_A8_01

25

50

IZKI_Y_A8_02

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNITS M5, M6

IZKI_Y_M5M6_01

IZKI_Y_M5M6_014

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M5M6_026

IZKI_Y_M5_02

IZKI_Y_M5_01

IZKI_Y_M6_02

IZKI_Y_M6_01

25

50

APPENDICES

zone A+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT M7

IZKI_Y_M7_030

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M7_053

IZKI_Y_M7_08

IZKI_Y_M7_01

25

50

IZKI_Y_M7_04

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT B1

IZKI_Y_B1_002

IZKI_Y_B1_05

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B1_09

IZKI_Y_B1_03

IZKI_Y_B1_10

IZKI_Y_B1_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT B2

IZKI_Y_B2_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B2_04

IZKI_Y_B2_03

IZKI_Y_B2_06

IZKI_Y_B2_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT B3

IZKI_Y_B3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B3_01

IZKI_Y_B3_02

IZKI_Y_B3_04

IZKI_Y_B3_05

IZKI_Y_B3_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT B4

IZKI_Y_B4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_B4_004

IZKI_Y_B4_005

IZKI_Y_B4_02

0 5 10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT B5

IZKI_Y_B5_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B5_02

IZKI_Y_B5_03

IZKI_Y_B5_04

IZKI_Y_B5_07

IZKI_Y_B5_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT B6

IZKI_Y_B6_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B6_07

IZKI_Y_B6_04

IZKI_Y_B6_06

IZKI_Y_B6_09

IZKI_Y_B6_01

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT B7

IZKI_Y_B7_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B7_04

IZKI_Y_B7_06

IZKI_Y_B7_05

IZKI_Y_B7_11

IZKI_Y_B7_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT B8

IZKI_Y_B8_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B8_02

IZKI_Y_B8_04

25

IZKI_Y_B7_05

IZKI_Y_B8_06

IZKI_Y_B8_002

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT B9

IZKI_Y_B9_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B9_01

IZKI_Y_B9_02

IZKI_Y_B9_03

IZKI_Y_B9_05

IZKI_Y_B9_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone B

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 11

BUILDING UNIT B10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_B10_001

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_B10_07

IZKI_Y_B10_08

IZKI_Y_B10_10

IZKI_Y_B10_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS C1, C2, C3, C4, M8

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS C1, C2, C3, C4, M8

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT C1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

25

50

IZKI_Y_C1_01

IZKI_Y_C1_001

IZKI_Y_C1_004

IZKI_Y_C1_006

IZKI_Y_C1_005

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT C2

IZKI_Y_C2_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_C2_03

IZKI_Y_C2_04

IZKI_Y_C2_02

IZKI_Y_C2_01

IZKI_Y_C2_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT C3

IZKI_Y_C3_001

IZKI_Y_C3_02

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_C3_03

IZKI_Y_C3_04

IZKI_Y_C3_10

IZKI_Y_C3_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT C4

IZKI_Y_C4_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_C4_04

IZKI_Y_C4_05

IZKI_Y_C4_03

IZKI_Y_C4_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone C+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT M8

IZKI_Y_M8_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M8_01

IZKI_Y_M8_06

IZKI_Y_M8_12

IZKI_Y_M8_14

IZKI_Y_M8_13

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT D1

IZKI_Y_D1_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D1_02

IZKI_Y_D1_03

IZKI_Y_D1_05

IZKI_Y_D1_04

IZKI_Y_D1_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT D2

IZKI_Y_D2_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D2_01

IZKI_Y_D2_05

IZKI_Y_D2_02

IZKI_Y_D2_06

IZKI_Y_D2_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT D3

IZKI_Y_D3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D3_01

IZKI_Y_D3_02

IZKI_Y_D3_07

IZKI_Y_D3_03

IZKI_Y_D3_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT D4

IZKI_Y_D4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D3_01

IZKI_Y_D4_06

IZKI_Y_D4_07

IZKI_Y_D4_11

IZKI_Y_D4_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNITS D5, D6

IZKI_Y_D5_001

IZKI_Y_D5_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D6_02

IZKI_Y_D6_01

IZKI_Y_D6_03

IZKI_Y_D6_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT D7

IZKI_Y_D7_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D7_01

IZKI_Y_D7_036

IZKI_Y_D7_020

IZKI_Y_D7_037

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT D8

IZKI_Y_D8_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D8_01

IZKI_Y_D8_07

IZKI_Y_D8_02

IZKI_Y_D8_04

IZKI_Y_D8_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT D9

IZKI_Y_D9_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D9_01

IZKI_Y_D9_02

IZKI_Y_D9_03

IZKI_Y_D9_010

25

50

APPENDICES

zone D

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT D10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_D10_02

IZKI_Y_D10_002

IZKI_Y_D10_05

IZKI_Y_D10_01

IZKI_Y_D10_03

IZKI_Y_D10_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT E1

IZKI_Y_E1_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E1_09

IZKI_Y_E1_02

IZKI_Y_E1_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT E2

IZKI_Y_E2_001

IZKI_Y_E2_002

IZKI_Y_E2_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_E2_02

0 5 10

25

IZKI_Y_E2_003

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT E3

IZKI_Y_E3_001

IZKI_Y_E3_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E3_01

IZKI_Y_E3_05

IZKI_Y_E3_04

IZKI_Y_E3_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT E4

IZKI_Y_E4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E4_02

IZKI_Y_E4_03

IZKI_Y_E4_01

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT E5

IZKI_Y_E5_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E5_03

IZKI_Y_E5_11

IZKI_Y_E5_02

IZKI_Y_E5_11

IZKI_Y_E5_25

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT E6

IZKI_Y_E6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E5_03

IZKI_Y_E6_10

IZKI_Y_E6_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT E7

IZKI_Y_E7_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_E7_17

IZKI_Y_E7_02

IZKI_Y_E7_09

IZKI_Y_E7_18

25

50

APPENDICES

zone E

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT E8

IZKI_Y_E8_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_E5_03

0 5 10

25

IZKI_Y_E8_05

IZKI_Y_E8_002

IZKI_Y_E8_06

IZKI_Y_E8_010

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT F1

IZKI_Y_F1_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_F1_11

0 5 10

25

IZKI_Y_F1_03

IZKI_Y_F1_04

IZKI_Y_F1_06

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT F2

IZKI_Y_F2_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F2_01

IZKI_Y_F2_03

IZKI_Y_F2_05

IZKI_Y_F2_06

IZKI_Y_F2_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT F3

IZKI_Y_F3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F3_03

IZKI_Y_F3_04

IZKI_Y_F3_01

IZKI_Y_F3_05

IZKI_Y_F3_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT F4

IZKI_Y_F4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F4_13

IZKI_Y_F4_14

IZKI_Y_F4_03

IZKI_Y_F4_15

IZKI_Y_F4_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT F5

IZKI_Y_F5_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F5_04

IZKI_Y_F5_06

IZKI_Y_F5_03

IZKI_Y_F5_07

IZKI_Y_F5_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT F6

IZKI_Y_F6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F6_04

IZKI_Y_F6_05

IZKI_Y_F6_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone F

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT F7

IZKI_Y_F7_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_F7_12

IZKI_Y_F7_06

IZKI_Y_F7_02

IZKI_Y_F7_07

IZKI_Y_F7_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT G1

IZKI_Y_G1_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G1_02

IZKI_Y_G1_03

IZKI_Y_G1_05

IZKI_Y_G1_07

IZKI_Y_G1_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT G2

IZKI_Y_G2_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G2_01

IZKI_Y_G2_03

IZKI_Y_G2_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT G3

IZKI_Y_G3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G3_021

25

50

IZKI_Y_G3_06

IZKI_Y_G3_05

IZKI_Y_G3_03

IZKI_Y_G3_02

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT G4

IZKI_Y_G4_002

IZKI_Y_G4_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G4_004

IZKI_Y_G4_03

IZKI_Y_G4_05

IZKI_Y_G4_04

IZKI_Y_G4_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT G5

IZKI_Y_G5_015

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G5_01

IZKI_Y_G5_02

IZKI_Y_G5_05

IZKI_Y_G5_07

IZKI_Y_G5_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone G

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT G6

IZKI_Y_G6_002

IZKI_Y_G6_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_G6_005

IZKI_Y_G6_02

IZKI_Y_G6_011

IZKI_Y_G6_007

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT H1

IZKI_Y_H1_003

IZKI_Y_H1_006

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H1_017

IZKI_Y_H1_01

IZKI_Y_H1_007

IZKI_Y_H1_02

IZKI_Y_H1_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT H2

IZKI_Y_H2_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H2_01

IZKI_Y_H2_02

IZKI_Y_H2_001

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT H3

IZKI_Y_H3_015

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_H3_01

0 5 10

25

IZKI_Y_H3_03

IZKI_Y_H3_06

IZKI_Y_H3_04

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT H4

IZKI_Y_H4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H4_04

IZKI_Y_H4_01

IZKI_Y_H4_03

IZKI_Y_H4_02

IZKI_Y_H4_017

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT H5

IZKI_Y_H5_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H5_01

IZKI_Y_H5_03

IZKI_Y_H5_04

IZKI_Y_H5_05

IZKI_Y_H5_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT H6

IZKI_Y_H6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H6_03

IZKI_Y_H6_02

IZKI_Y_H5_03

IZKI_Y_H6_006

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT H7

IZKI_Y_H7_001

IZKI_Y_H7_014

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_H7_017

0 5 10

25

IZKI_Y_H7_01

IZKI_Y_H7_02

IZKI_Y_H7_007

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT H8

IZKI_Y_H8_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H8_01

IZKI_Y_H8_003

IZKI_Y_H8_008

25

50

APPENDICES

zone H

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT H9

IZKI_Y_H9_001

IZKI_Y_H9_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_H9_019

IZKI_Y_H9_03

IZKI_Y_H9_02

IZKI_Y_H9_05

IZKI_Y_H9_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, M2, M3

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, M2, M3

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT I1

IZKI_Y_I1_01

IZKI_Y_I1_03

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_I1_04

IZKI_Y_I1_05

IZKI_Y_I1_07

IZKI_Y_I1_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT I2

IZKI_Y_I2_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_I2_02

IZKI_Y_I2_03

IZKI_Y_I2_03

IZKI_Y_I2_13

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT I3

IZKI_Y_I3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_I3_01

IZKI_Y_I3_02

IZKI_Y_I3_002

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT I4

IZKI_Y_I4_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_I4_02

IZKI_Y_I4_05

IZKI_Y_I4_12

IZKI_Y_I4_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT I5

IZKI_Y_I5_01

IZKI_Y_I5_06

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_I5_07

IZKI_Y_I5_03

IZKI_Y_I5_09

IZKI_Y_I5_10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone I+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNITS M2 - M3

IZKI_Y_M3_002

IZKI_Y_M3_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M3_022

IZKI_Y_M3_09

IZKI_Y_M3_12

IZKI_Y_M3_11

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8, J9, J10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8, J9, J10

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT J1

IZKI_Y_J1_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J1_02

IZKI_Y_J1_03

IZKI_Y_J1_05

IZKI_Y_J1_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT J2

IZKI_Y_J2_001

IZKI_Y_J2_01

IZKI_Y_J2_03

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J2_04

IZKI_Y_J2_003

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT J3

IZKI_Y_J3_001

IZKI_Y_J3_05

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J3_13

IZKI_Y_J3_03

IZKI_Y_J3_07

IZKI_Y_J3_10

IZKI_Y_J3_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT J4

IZKI_Y_J4_001

IZKI_Y_J4_16

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J4_17

IZKI_Y_J4_02

IZKI_Y_J4_04

IZKI_Y_J4_07

IZKI_Y_J4_14

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT J5

IZKI_Y_J5_001

IZKI_Y_J5_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J5_004

IZKI_Y_J5_05

IZKI_Y_J5_07

IZKI_Y_J5_10

IZKI_Y_J5_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT J6

IZKI_Y_J6_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J6_01

IZKI_Y_J6_01

IZKI_Y_J6_02

IZKI_Y_J6_005

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT J7

IZKI_Y_J7_003

IZKI_Y_J7_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J7_007

IZKI_Y_J7_02

IZKI_Y_J7_05

IZKI_Y_J7_04

IZKI_Y_J7_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT J8

IZKI_Y_J8_002

IZKI_Y_J8_037

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J8_039

IZKI_Y_J8_05

IZKI_Y_J8_02

IZKI_Y_J8_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT J9

IZKI_Y_J9_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J9_01

IZKI_Y_J9_07

IZKI_Y_J9_02

IZKI_Y_J9_08

IZKI_Y_J9_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone J

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 11

BUILDING UNIT J10

IZKI_Y_J10_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_J10_02

IZKI_Y_J10_10

IZKI_Y_J10_15

IZKI_Y_J10_11

IZKI_Y_J10_17

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT K1

IZKI_Y_K1_002

IZKI_Y_K1_003

IZKI_Y_K1_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K1_013

IZKI_Y_K1_009

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT K2

IZKI_Y_K2_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_K2_03

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K1_18

IZKI_Y_K2_13

IZKI_Y_K2_20

IZKI_Y_K2_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT K3

IZKI_Y_K3_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K3_02

IZKI_Y_K3_10

IZKI_Y_K3_08

IZKI_Y_K3_12

IZKI_Y_K3_13

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT K4

IZKI_Y_K4_001

IZKI_Y_K4_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K4_006

IZKI_Y_K4_01

IZKI_Y_K4_02

IZKI_Y_K4_03

IZKI_Y_K4_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT K5

IZKI_Y_K5_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K3_02

IZKI_Y_K5_04

IZKI_Y_K5_03

IZKI_Y_K5_06

IZKI_Y_K5_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone K

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT K6

IZKI_Y_K6_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_K6_05

IZKI_Y_K6_06

IZKI_Y_K6_02

IZKI_Y_K6_08

IZKI_Y_K6_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13, L14, L15, M1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, M1

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13, L14, L15, M1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS L11, L12, L13, L14, L15

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1c

BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13, L14, L15, M1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, M1

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1d

BUILDING UNITS L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13, L14, L15, M1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS L11, L12, L13, L14, L15

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT L1

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_L1_005

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L1_01

IZKI_Y_L1_07

IZKI_Y_L1_06

IZKI_Y_L1_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT L2

IZKI_Y_L2_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L2_10

25

50

IZKI_Y_L2_08

IZKI_Y_L2_17

IZKI_Y_L2_055

IZKI_Y_L2_03

IZKI_Y_L2_091

IZKI_Y_L2_105

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT L3

IZKI_Y_L3_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L3_01

IZKI_Y_L3_07

IZKI_Y_L3_04

IZKI_Y_L3_09

IZKI_Y_L3_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT L4

IZKI_Y_L4_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L4_01

IZKI_Y_L4_05

IZKI_Y_L4_02

IZKI_Y_L4_03

IZKI_Y_L4_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNITS L5, L6

IZKI_Y_L5_008

IZKI_Y_L5_006

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L6_002

IZKI_Y_L6_01

IZKI_Y_L6_04

IZKI_Y_L6_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT L7

IZKI_Y_L7_001

IZKI_Y_L7_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L7_012

IZKI_Y_L7_02

IZKI_Y_L4_05

IZKI_Y_L7_037

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT L8

IZKI_Y_L8_001

IZKI_Y_L8_01

IZKI_Y_L8_062

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L8_04

IZKI_Y_L8_031

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNITS L9, L10

IZKI_Y_L9_002

IZKI_Y_L9_003

IZKI_Y_L9_010

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L10_001

IZKI_Y_L10_006

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT L11

IZKI_Y_L11_002

IZKI_Y_L11_06

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L11_005

IZKI_Y_L11_02

IZKI_Y_L11_04

IZKI_Y_L11_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 11

BUILDING UNITS L12, L13, L14

IZKI_Y_L12L13L14_001

IZKI_Y_L12L13L14_003

IZKI_Y_L12L13L14_01

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_L12L13L14_007

IZKI_Y_L12L13L14_004

0 5 10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 12

BUILDING UNIT L15

IZKI_Y_L15_003

IZKI_Y_L15_02

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_L15_05

IZKI_Y_L15_04

IZKI_Y_L15_01

IZKI_Y_L15_001

25

50

APPENDICES

zone L+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 13

BUILDING UNIT M1

IZKI_Y_M1_015

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M1_01

IZKI_Y_M1_05

IZKI_Y_M1_02

IZKI_Y_M1_06

IZKI_Y_M1_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS N1, N2, N3a, N3b, N4, N5a, N5b, N6, N7, M4

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS N1, N2, N3a, N3b, N4

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS N1, N2, N3a, N3b, N4, N5a, N5b, N6, N7, M4

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS N5a, N5b, N6, N7, M4

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT N1

IZKI_Y_N1_014

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N1_01

IZKI_Y_N1_07

IZKI_Y_N1_02

IZKI_Y_N1_08

IZKI_Y_N1_027

25

50

IZKI_Y_N1_03

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT N2

IZKI_Y_N2_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N2_01

IZKI_Y_N2_02

IZKI_Y_N2_023

IZKI_Y_N2_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT N3a

IZKI_Y_N3a_002

IZKI_Y_N3a_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N3a_07

IZKI_Y_N3a_05

IZKI_Y_N3a_01

IZKI_Y_N3a_03

IZKI_Y_N3a_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT N3b

IZKI_Y_N3b_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N3b_01

IZKI_Y_N3b_02

IZKI_Y_N3b_08

IZKI_Y_N3b_06

IZKI_Y_N3b_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT N4

IZKI_Y_N4_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N4_11

IZKI_Y_N4_05

IZKI_Y_N4_08

IZKI_Y_N3b_06

IZKI_Y_N4_10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT N5a

IZKI_Y_N5a_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N5a_01

IZKI_Y_N5a_03

IZKI_Y_N5a_08

IZKI_Y_N5a_10

IZKI_Y_N5a_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT N5b

IZKI_Y_N5b_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N5b_02

IZKI_Y_N5b_01

IZKI_Y_N5b_002

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT N6

IZKI_Y_N6_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N6_03

IZKI_Y_N6_08

IZKI_Y_N6_01

IZKI_Y_N6_05

IZKI_Y_N6_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT N7

IZKI_Y_N7_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_N7_08

IZKI_Y_N7_03

IZKI_Y_N7_01

IZKI_Y_N7_02

IZKI_Y_N7_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone N+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 11

BUILDING UNIT M4

IZKI_Y_M4_001

IZKI_Y_M4_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M4_012

IZKI_Y_M4_01

IZKI_Y_M4_02

IZKI_Y_M4_007

IZKI_Y_M4_010

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT O1

IZKI_Y_01_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O1_01

IZKI_Y_O1_02

IZKI_Y_O1_04

IZKI_Y_O1_11

IZKI_Y_O1_05

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT O2

IZKI_Y_02_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O2_03

IZKI_Y_O2_05

IZKI_Y_O2_02

IZKI_Y_O2_11

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT O3

IZKI_Y_03_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O3_01

IZKI_Y_O3_04

IZKI_Y_O3_02

IZKI_Y_O3_05

IZKI_Y_O3_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNITS O4, O5

IZKI_Y_04_001

IZKI_Y_04_007

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_05_001

IZKI_Y_O5_02

IZKI_Y_O5_01

IZKI_Y_O5_03

IZKI_Y_O5_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT O6

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_06_003

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O6_01

IZKI_Y_O6_02

IZKI_Y_O6_06

IZKI_Y_O6_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT O7

IZKI_Y_07_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O7_01

IZKI_Y_O7_03

IZKI_Y_O7_08

IZKI_Y_O7_15

IZKI_Y_O7_12

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT O8

IZKI_Y_08_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O8_03

IZKI_Y_O8_02

IZKI_Y_O8_01

IZKI_Y_O8_05

IZKI_Y_O8_10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone O

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT O9

IZKI_Y_09_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_O9_02

IZKI_Y_O9_03

IZKI_Y_O9_01

IZKI_Y_O9_04

IZKI_Y_O9_003

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, M10, M11

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, M10, M11

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS P9, M10, M11

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1c

BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, M10, M11

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1d

BUILDING UNITS P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, M10, M11

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR OF BUILDING UNITS P9, M10, M11

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT P1

IZKI_Y_P1_002

IZKI_Y_P1_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P1_029

IZKI_Y_P1_04

IZKI_Y_P1_01

IZKI_Y_P1_05

IZKI_Y_P1_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT P2

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_P2_001

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P2_04

IZKI_Y_P2_05

IZKI_Y_P2_01

IZKI_Y_P2_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT P3

IZKI_Y_P3_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P3_01

IZKI_Y_P3_02

IZKI_Y_P3_009

IZKI_Y_P3_03

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT P4

IZKI_Y_P4_002

IZKI_Y_P4_004

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P4_005

IZKI_Y_P4_04

IZKI_Y_P4_02

IZKI_Y_P4_03

IZKI_Y_P4_010

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT P5

IZKI_Y_P5_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P5_01

IZKI_Y_P5_024

IZKI_Y_P5_006

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT P6

IZKI_Y_P6_001

IZKI_Y_P6_012

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P6_013

IZKI_Y_P6_02

IZKI_Y_P6_01

IZKI_Y_P6_03

IZKI_Y_P6_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT P7

IZKI_Y_P7_001

IZKI_Y_P7_006

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P7_009

IZKI_Y_P7_01

IZKI_Y_P7_018

IZKI_Y_P7_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT P8

IZKI_Y_P8_001

IZKI_Y_P8_005

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P8_010

IZKI_Y_P8_01

IZKI_Y_P8_006

IZKI_Y_P8_003

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT P9

IZKI_Y_P9_031

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_P9_01

IZKI_Y_P9_02

IZKI_Y_P9_03

IZKI_Y_P9_06

IZKI_Y_P9_08

25

50

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 11

BUILDING UNIT M10

IZKI_Y_M10_001

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M10_06

25

50

IZKI_Y_M10_014

IZKI_Y_M10_018

IZKI_Y_M10_024

IZKI_Y_M10_02

APPENDICES

zone P+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 12

BUILDING UNIT M11

IZKI_Y_M11_026

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M11_01

IZKI_Y_M11_02

IZKI_Y_M11_07

IZKI_Y_M11_03

IZKI_Y_M11_09

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, R5

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, R5

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT Q1

IZKI_Y_Q1_001

IZKI_Y_Q1_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q1_005

IZKI_Y_Q1_01

IZKI_Y_Q1_03

IZKI_Y_Q1_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT Q2

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_Q2_001

IZKI_Y_Q2_01

IZKI_Y_Q2_02

0 5 10

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT Q3

IZKI_Y_Q3_001

IZKI_Y_Q3_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q3_003

IZKI_Y_Q3_06

IZKI_Y_Q3_05

IZKI_Y_Q3_07

IZKI_Y_Q3_01

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT Q4

IZKI_Y_Q4_001

IZKI_Y_Q4_002

IZKI_Y_Q4_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q4_004

IZKI_Y_Q4_005

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT Q5

IZKI_Y_Q5_001

IZKI_Y_Q5_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q5_003

IZKI_Y_Q5_01

IZKI_Y_Q5_02

IZKI_Y_Q5_03

IZKI_Y_Q5_004

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT Q6

IZKI_Y_Q6_001

IZKI_Y_Q6_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q6_003

IZKI_Y_Q6_01

IZKI_Y_Q6_02

IZKI_Y_Q6_03

IZKI_Y_Q6_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 8

BUILDING UNIT Q7

IZKI_Y_Q7_001

IZKI_Y_Q7_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q7_004

IZKI_Y_Q7_02

IZKI_Y_Q7_01

IZKI_Y_Q7_03

IZKI_Y_Q7_06

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 9

BUILDING UNIT Q8

IZKI_Y_Q8_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_Q8_03

IZKI_Y_Q8_04

IZKI_Y_Q8_08

IZKI_Y_Q8_20

IZKI_Y_Q8_02

25

50

APPENDICES

zone Q+R

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 10

BUILDING UNIT R5

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R5_01

IZKI_Y_R5_14

IZKI_Y_R5_16

IZKI_Y_R5_15

IZKI_Y_R5_17

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1a

BUILDING UNITS R1, R2, R3, R4, M9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

GROUND FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 1b

BUILDING UNITS R1, R2, R3, R4, M9

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

0

1

2

5

10

FIRST FLOOR

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 2

BUILDING UNIT R1

IZKI_Y_R1_001

IZKI_Y_R1_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R1_005

IZKI_Y_R1_01

IZKI_Y_R1_013

IZKI_Y_R1_006

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 3

BUILDING UNIT R2

IZKI_Y_R2_001

IZKI_Y_R2_003

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R1_005

IZKI_Y_R2_01

IZKI_Y_R2_03

IZKI_Y_R2_02

IZKI_Y_R2_008

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 4

BUILDING UNIT R3

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

IZKI_Y_R3_001

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R3_01

IZKI_Y_R3_03

IZKI_Y_R3_02

IZKI_Y_R3_04

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 5

BUILDING UNIT R4

IZKI_Y_R4_001

IZKI_Y_R4_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R4_035

IZKI_Y_R4_01

IZKI_Y_R4_04

IZKI_Y_R4_05

IZKI_Y_R4_07

25

50

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 6

BUILDING UNIT R6

IZKI_Y_R6_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_R6_01

IZKI_Y_R6_06

IZKI_Y_R6_006

IZKI_Y_R6_07

IZKI_Y_R6_03

25

50

IZKI_Y_R6_10

APPENDICES

zone R+M

FLOOR PLANS AND SELECTED PHOTOS

sheet 7

BUILDING UNIT M9

IZKI_Y_M9_001

IZKI_Y_M9_002

LOCATION IN SETTLEMENT

0 5 10

IZKI_Y_M9_025

IZKI_Y_M9_01

IZKI_Y_M9_02

IZKI_Y_M9_009

25

50