Light Environments

LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS: Where light becomes is the medium that creates space in extreme environments.

DAGMARA NOWAK 2014 PARSONS THE NEW SCHOOL FOR DESIGN SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENTS MASTERS OF FINE ARTS LIGHTING DESIGN

SHORT ABSTRACT :

This thesis explores an experimental use of light to create both architecture and habitable

conditions in the Arctic circle. By applying new technology that gives light a tangible quality, the potential of light extends into the realm of building material to create a safe, comfortable and sustainable environment for a research facility in Alert, Canada..

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS :

To my own A.R.C.T 2014 For believing + supporting me, Even though they probably had No idea what I was talking about.

A special thanks to Alexa Griffith Winton.

v

CONTENT SHORT ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS

00: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06:

OBJECTIVES THESIS ABSTRACT THESIS INTENT

ii v vii 9 9

PRESENT DESIGN 01_ “SOLID LIGHT” ANTHONY MCCALL 02_ “HORMONORIUM” PHILLIP RAHM 03_“SILO 468” LIGHTING DESIGN COLLECTIVE

15 16 17

A NEW FRONTIER SITE PROGRAM

22 23

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY OF 2014 LIGHT PHENOMENOM

27 28

LIGHT MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVATION CONTROL

35 38 39

RLS PODS GROWTH + CULTIVATION COMMUNICATION

47 49

A NEW FUTURE WIDER IMPLICAIONS

53

LIST OF FIGURES ENDNOTES

lvii lviii

vii

00:

OBJECTIVES

THESIS ABSTRACT

Light has an agenda; with its ephemeral and intangible nature it can create an embodied

experience through internalized and externalized relationships. These relationships between user and space begin to reengage individuals with the surrounding context of the environment, specifically through the creation of experiential environments, or situational participations. These relationships are further strengthened through the quality of light, specifically in combination with a medium. Quality of light can also convey emotions and memories, comparing new situations to familiar ones. Using light this way can begin to inform our environments and define the characteristic of space. The intangible qualities of light are a phenomenon, but it cannot be perceived unless in conjunction with a medium such as dust, smoke, filters, etc. that begin to imbue light with texture. The percieved texture begins to transform light into a tangible object, which can in turn become externalized. Light therefore can be used as a transformative process to create psychosomatically tangible environments.

It is our responsibility to design for future environments; cities are ever changing ecosystems

that react to social and environmental factors as well as advances in technology. As a response to the constant amount of new data being sent out and received, light can play an instrumental role in this fluctuating landscape. The exploration of my thesis revolves around light acting as a primary activator of architecture, where light becomes a malleable emissive material that reacts to set parameters and conditions in the envisioned future.

THESIS INTENT:

I began my exploration with a question; can light be physically tangible? Can it be a physical

object that we can interact with? The answer is a resounding yes; it is possible through our perception and the interplay through a medium. These mediums can be controlled or unregulated; they can be air, dust, smoke, filters, or nature. I established five goals for my thesis with the parameters that light plus a medium equals the perception of space. The goals are as follow: 9

1. Light becomes a diaphanous and emissive material.

Light creates the space through setting parameters or boundaries whether they are physical or perceived (fig. 1).

outside inside

fig. 1

2. Light creates flexibility within rigid architecture.

By forming static and dynamic environments that are responsive to the activity within them. (fig. 2).

10

1.

2.

3.

static

dynamic

static fig. 2

3. Light responds to set parameters.

By establishing triggers, light can respond directly to the participation of the individual. (fig. 3).

LIMITLESS

A

B CONDENSED

A

B trigger points

fig. 3

These factors can be environmental or human and can then create appropriate spatial conditions and

human factors

environmental factors

multiple scenarios. (fig. 4).

fig. 4

11

4. Light becomes a medium through the introduction of new technology.

Light can create barriers in a space as well as physical and physiological boundaries. Through

the establishment of triggers, the act of being physically present becomes a form of participation where light acts as a sensitive skin that is alive and reacts to a specific rule set dictated by internal and external factors. Where scripted conditions create spatial settings that react to controls triggered as a response to humans or the environment. Light therefore creates flexibility within rigid architecture.

With the introduction of light as a medium the capability to manifest these objectives cohesively becomes possible (fig. 5 ).

light as structural material

fig. 5

12

01:

PRESENT DESIGNS

To further understand these set goals it is necessary to look at three existing projects that

express both the ephemeral and tangible qualities of my proposed objectives.

Case Study_01: “Solid Light” Anthony McCall

Anthony McCall’s series of “Solid Light,” (fig. 7). a series of six films originally released in the

1970’s, is an installation of three-dimensional spatial constructs created through the projection of light and the passage of time. They draw upon the sculptural qualities of light and empathize and emphasize form through the transmission of light through a medium, which originally was cigarette smoke but re-exhibited with a haze machine. These forms that sweep through the space engage the spectator by catching and reflecting the lights, embedding tactility to the translucency of light.

The environment created is experienced best in direct sensory contact. “(Solid Lines) exists

only in the presence, at the moment of projection, and yet at the same time calls up all kinds of filmic EMISSION SOURCE (PROJECOR)

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (HAZE)

RECEPTION

fig. 7

USER (VOLUMETRIC SHAPE)

15

references, previous cultural experiences, and bodily states, “ stated McCall in an interview with Graham Ellard, and Stephen Johnstone. In this instance the projected light in combination with a medium elicits an externalized reaction, the volumetric shapes created begin to describe enclosed spaces. It is a physically subjective space that can be inhabited for a duration of time. It is within these temporary environments that a relationship between the user and the space becomes enlivened, the quality of space suggests social situations and interactions that evoke conversations and physical social motion as the user moves in and out of the volumetric projections. In this case “Solid Light” creates boundaries that are perceived as physical that the user stays within, relating to the first objective, where light becomes a diaphanous and emissive material.

Case Study_02: “Hormonorium” Phillip Rahm

fig. 8

Philip Rahm’s “Hormonorium” (fig. 8). responds to the second goal, light creates flexibility

within rigid architecture. Philip Rahm Architects created a space in the Swiss Pavilion at the 8th Biennale of Architecture, 2002, that was “based on the disappearance of the physical boundaries between space and organism… opening the space up to invisible, electromagnetic, and biological determinations.” The space included a luminous floor that house 528 fluorescent tubes, emitting 16

between 5,000 – 10,000 lux which caused a decrease of melatonin, therefore a decrease in fatigue as well as an increase in sexual desire. The level of nitrogen was also increased, (fig. 9) inducing a slight notion of euphoria and increasing the body’s physical capabilities. Focusing in on the increased levels of brightness, a space can become limitless as the corners of the room disappear. This intention can be used to manipulate architecture through the creation of light and shadow, where architecture can be limitless, or infinitely dispersed, where it can be dense and confining, as well as where it is dynamic.

Light and architecture can breathe in tandem. melatonin levels

increase in activity

static infintely dispered

decrease in activity

dynamic breathing in tandem

static contraced dense condition

fig. 9

Case Study_03: “Silo 468” Lighting Design Collective

“Silo 468” is a permanent urban light installation that reacts to the surrounding environment

(fig. 11). The installation was constructed in a disused oil silo to commemorate Helsinki as the World Design Capital of 2012 and signifies the new water development. The concept behind “Silo 468” that LDS chose reflects the history of the area as an industrial area and its future as a residential area. It is a significant feature in the landscape that can be seen from miles away. There are 1250 LEDs that 17

when active produce patterns based upon prevailing winds, temperature, weather, and swarms of birds native to the land. Due to the dynamic nature of weather the patterns that are created are never duplicated, solely unique to the predominant weather of the moment (fig. 10). These displays are both on the interior and exterior of the silo, allowing for viewing from further destinations such as the city across the water and an immersive experience in the interior. To take it a step further, Light Design Collective chose to turn the exterior red for an hour at midnight as a reference to the history of the silo as a container of energy. As stated in the third goal, light responds to set parameters through triggers which can have internal and external factors. In the case of “Silo 468� these factors are primarily external and environmental, however it is an excellent example of how light creates immersive experiences and multiple scenarios through its dynamic nature.

fig. 10

18

fig. 11

02:

A NEW FRONTIER

Alaska (USA) Pevek

Chukchi Sea Barrow

Canada

fort

u Bea

st

Sea

Tuktoyaktuk

Yellowknife

ct

Ea

Inuvik

rth

No

est -W

e

sag

Pas

Sib

ere

an

Se

ic

Yakutsk

Ci

rc

le

a

Tiksi

r Sea pola Trans Route

Arctic Ocean

Ar

Khatanga Churchill

Dudinka a Route Norther Se

Alert

Thule

Iqaliut

enl

and

Sea

Amderma Longyearbyen

Gre

Ilulissat

Greenland (Denmark)

nts

re Ba

a

Se

Murmansk Tromso

Arc

tic

Bri

dge

Arkhangelsk

Ro

ute

fig. 12 +13

Arctic Ocean

Alert

Ellesmere Island (Canada)

mi.

)

( 29

1m i. )

0 ( 30

Eureka

Greenland (Denmark)

(4

20

mi .)

Alexandra Fiord

( 992 mi. )

Baffin Bay

Qaanaaq (Thule)

21 ( 2,387

Nuuk, Greenland

mi. )

Copenhagen, Denmark

Russian Federation

SITE:

Let us envision the future of

THE ARCTIC CIRCLE 2074 . Alert, located in the

province of Nunavut, Canada in the Arctic Circle is the northernmost habited location (fig. 12). Here, at 82°30’ north latitude, environmental conditions become extreme and the means to support life become almost nonexistent. Therefore, in this extreme condition how do we begin to create ecosystems that are dependent on the control of light? Through the inclusion of new light technology as well as a vision of the future of light as a structural material, re-engagement can occur in perilous locations, the uninhabitable becomes a destination, an occupiable zone. When we look closer (fig. 13) we can see that this is a very remote city, almost at the top of the world. It is 300 miles away from any surrounding communities on the Ellesmere Island, and the easiest way to get there is by flying from a city that you also have to fly to in Greenland. This remoteness makes receiving supplies very difficult not only due to the distance, but also to the harsh conditions of the climate. There is scarce wildlife, some of which are predatory, the climate is cold, with temperatures below freezing, lack of daylight in the winter months and of course an abundance of snow. The landscape itself is a frozen terrain, difficult to build on. But where there is difficulty there is also beauty (fig. 15). This is a new frontier, young couples are moving to the north, the average age is 25, there is energy to be harnessed, minerals to be mined, all bolstering a growing economy.

The irregular seasonal light conditions and harsh climate in the arctic perpetuate the difficulty

of life at Arctic research facilities. Polar research stations are extremely important in studying the current climate and atmospheric conditions in order to predict what the future may hold for us. Current facilities are primarily occupied in the summer months when living in the Arctic is more bearable due to the amount of daylight received as well as levels of food cultivation. Human safety also becomes a concern whether that is health, protection from the exterior climate, or protection from predatory wildlife.

22

PROGRAM:

This project proposes a systemic intervention in research facility design to accommodate for

unlivable conditions - maximizing the potential to make the arctic region habitable. The capacity for life is inherently dependent on light. Through complex systems and controls humans have empowered themselves to manipulate uncontrollable environmental inputs to meet their needs. Examples of the multiplicity of impacts light has includes controlling sleep patterns, affecting mental health, seasonally impacting produce and livestock, etc. Therefore, by creating a rule set for a responsive system to the harsh environmental factors of the Arctic using a dynamic light cycle we can establish and maintain livable conditions. Through a series of positive and negative feedback loops the responsive light system (RLS) enables the polar research facility to become self-sustaining year round. The research facility becomes a closed micro-biome with the capacity to produce food, regulate temperatures, provide security, and cultivate comfortable living conditions.

In this proposal the responsive light system (RLS) of the research facility can be divided into

four primary areas of performance; security, operations, science, and life cycles, which respond to a series of external factors. These can further be segmented into the necessities needed to support human life. In order to create a fully functional micro-biome, each sector needs to be carefully balanced and controlled to create a light–living cycle (fig. 14).

human environmental

fig. 14

23

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

water + ice

frozen

frozen

frozen

frozen

frozen

temperature

-32.2˚C 7.2mm 9.0cm

-33.2˚C 7.0mm 8.1cm

-32.4˚C 7.5mm 8.7cm

-24.3˚C 10.6mm 12.6cm

-11.5˚C 11.6mm 18.0cm

0.0

0.0

4 -17hrs

24 hrs

24hrs

precipitation snowfall daylight

human occupation

X2

X2

X8-12

fishing

ice fishing

sealing

ice sealing

X10-25

X10-25

traditional hunting

caribou hunting

seafood

shrimp

fruits

cranberries blueberries crowberries

game polar

seal existing conditions variable cultivation

24

w

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

melting

melting

melting

open

freezing

frozen

frozen

-0.4˚C 12.0mm 13.5cm

3.4˚C 31.8mm 20.0cm

0.8˚C 17.9mm 16.9cm

-8.4˚C 22.3mm 33.1cm

-18.9˚C 13.4mm 20.2cm

-26.0˚C 10.4mm 15.2cm

-29.4˚C 6.8mm 9.3cm

24hrs

24hrs

24hrs

11- 4hrs

4-0hrs

0.0

0.0

X10-25

X10-25

X10-25

X8-12

X2

X2

X2

boat fishing

ice fishing

boat sealing

ice sealing traditional hunting

arctic char mussels

caribou bear

l

walrus

fig. 15

25

03:

TECHNOLOGY

2014 LIGHT TECHNOLOGY:

OLEDs, or organic light emitting diodes begin to explore the possibility of creating a light

emitting material. The OLED is composed of several layers (fig. 16), where an organic semiconductor is placed between two electrodes. Currently, modern OLEDs have 2 layers in between the two conductors, an emissive and conductive layer where an electric current passes through them. One layer of the electrodes is typically translucent where the photons can escape. The semiconductor is organic, which means it contains carbon. The color of light that is emitted is dependent on the organic, or polymer, layers. Initial products do have a high cost associated to them but as technology advances cost is expected to fall, creating a cost effective energy efficient product

CATHODE ( - ) EMMISIVE LAYER CONDUCTIVE LAYER

polymer / organic molecule ANNODE ( + , transperant) SUBSTRATE ( transperant)

visible light fig. 16

Subcategories of the OLED are PLEDs, or polymer light emitting diodes. These PLED’s allow for

the usage of a very thin material, as thin as that of a helium balloon, to emit light. Researchers from Japan and Australia have done exactly this, applying a PLED onto a 1.4Âľm thick PET foil substrate. This foil was then stretched and scrunched all the while remaining lit. Organic polymers have mechanical properties that are stronger and more flexible than OLEDs. Polymers are large molecules that are composed of many repeating subunits, natural polymers include proteins, wood, silk and comparitively, 27

artificial polymers include nylon and rubber. Using a polymer as a semiconductor allows for the material to be stronger, more flexible, lightweight, and brighter. They can be used for thin film displays and enable full-spectrum color display. Unlike LCDs, which are backlight, this technology allows for wider viewing angles without distortion and glare, as well as better contrast ratios. Due to the flexibility of inherent to the material, a wide variety of unexplored applications are possible to create more robust structures as well as responsive materials.

As research and exploration continue in the field of lighting technology, future design can

become more energy efficient and sustainable. OLEDs are currently not as efficient as an LED but they are more efficient than traditional light bulbs. Research conducted at the University of Louisville in Kentucky is combining OLED technology with quantum dots that would further increase efficiency and the range of colors available. They are creating this by using inkjet printers. OLEDs are a source of green energy with the potential of an efficacy over 150lm/W and contain no toxic elements such as mercury, which is an element in many fluorescents. PLEDs in combination with other technologies such as quantum dot composites and monitoring systems can begin to create reactive materials that respond directly to situational and temporal habitats allowing for light to become a primary material and an create psychosomatically tangible environments.

Light Phenomenon:

Light has a duality; the photon can be experienced in two forms, a wavelength and an

elementary particle. Currently we refer to light as electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and contributes to our sense of sight. This allows us to perceive the world around us. However, what if we were to explore the photon as a particle further? Is it possible to harness its energy and stabilize it? In 2013 Harvard Professor of Physics, Mikhail Lukin, and MIT Professor of Physics Vladan Vuletic, at the Center of Ultracold Atoms were able to conduct an experiment in which the premise was to explore the photon as a carrier of quantum information. The result was unexpected when two 28

rubidium atoms

pump

fig. 17

0ËšK (-273.15ËšC)

lower temperature

fig. 18

photons

laser atoms excite

push + pull

fig. 19

fig. 20

vacuum

fig. 21

29

photons bonded together and began to inherently act as a molecule.

This process occurred as follows:

First, Prof. Lukin + Vultec pumped a vacuum full of rubidium atoms (fig. 17), which are silvery-white metallic elements of the alkali metal group with a high electropositive element. Rubidium atoms are frequently used as target for laser manipulation. They then reduced the temperature of the vacuum to 0ยบK (fig. 18) and used a laser to shoot photons into the atomic cloud (fig. 19). Through the reduction of temperature the photons slowed and began to excite the atoms (fig. 20). The atoms where then overwhelmed as the photons began to push and pull against each other to move forward, known as the Rydberg blockade. The photons then came out together forming a structure with the atom as the intermediary (fig. 21). The practical ramifications of this could suggest that building three-dimensional structures out of light is possible in the future.

30

fig. 22

04:

LIGHT MATERIAL

CONSTRUCTION:

The RLS for the Arctic Research Facility has a simple structural framework that is portable,

which permits for easy construction and transportation. Due to the nature of the arctic landscape, it is important to take into consideration the assembly of any facility. The tundra is covered in permafrost, frozen ground (fig. ). This not only makes the growth of vegetation difficult but also building into the ground nearly impossible. The proposed Arctic Research Facility uses new technology that has harnessed photonic molecules, which allow for easy construction and mobility for the Arctic Research Coalition Team (A.R.C.T 2074).

A.R.C.T is an expedition of explorers that is composed of nine members, four of whom are

rotating scientific researchers, and five supporting members who are composed of the base commander, medical officer, cultivation technician, communications specialist, and the light engineer (a further description of responsibilities can be found below, fig. 24 ). Each member of the team will carry a Light

lightpod pack

01 : inflatable insulation

02 : light poles

team member

fig. 23

35

Pod Pack, which consists of 1. Inflatable Insulation, 2. Light Emitting Rods (LERs) , 3. Photon Laser (fig.

23). With these tools a member will be able to easily construct an RLS Pod. As the team first arrives they will choose their designated site, preferably at a higher altitude to avoid polar bears. To begin construction they will, 1. Place and inflate the insulation at the desired location (fig. 25), 2. Layout LERs flat per diagram (fig. 26), the corners will embed into the surface of the active permafrost and attach to

04: commuications specialist

08: research scientist

05: light engineer

01: base commandor

06: research scientist 02: medical officer

07: research scientist

03: cultivation technician

04: A.R.C.T. ARCTIC. RESEARCH. COALITION. TEAM

01: base commandor:

act as the commanding officer of the unitis , preside and supervise the activities of all team members, carry out policies, ensure cooperation in work enviroment

02: medical officer:

responsible for managing the various aspects of health care, perform quality assurance assessments, assesses the quality of the health care system as well as the team through procedures of internal audits and routine check ups

36

09: research scientist

03: cultivation technician:

responsible for managing cultiviation sectors and health of vegetation, supervisecultivation techniques and preside over rationing

04: commuications specialist:

responsible for internal and external communications, knowledge of LRS is essential, monitor health of facility using visual cues, awarness of communication with predators

05: light engineer:

responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the LRS, knowledge of LRS and all its components, ability to divert energy to sectors in case of emergency

06: research scientist:

part of a rotating team of four scientists expected to partake in research of the current project, specialization required

07: research scientist:

part of a rotating team of four scientists expected to partake in research of the current project, specialization required

08: research scientist:

part of a rotating team of four scientists expected to partake in research of the current project, specialization required

09: research scientist:

part of a rotating team of four scientists expected to partake in research of the current project, specialization required

fig. 24

(fig. 25)

voilĂ

01 : inflatable insulation

embed corners into ground

place in desired site and inflate insulation (fig. 25)

02 : light emitting rods layout flat per diagram below (fig. 26)

embed corners into ground

02 : light emitting rods layout flat per diagram below (fig. 26)

03 : embed LERs

place light poles appropriately and structure will form (fig. 27)

photon laser

03 : embed LERs

place light poles appropriately and structure will form (fig. 27)

04 : laser

use photon laser to begin light panel activation (fig. 28)

photon laser

04 : laser

use photon laser to begin light panel activation (fig. 28)

37

the insulation, 3. Place the LERs appropriately and structure will begin to form as it is pushed upward (fig. 27), 4. Use Photon Laser to begin Light Panel activation (fig. 28).

ACTIVATION:

Each LER contains the necessary means to create a containment field for the “photonic

molecules� discussed in previous Section 03: Technology. By placing the Photon Laser in the activation slot the vacuum and rubidium atoms in the LER will create a physical Light Panel (fig. 29). Each rod is also fitted with an intensity adjustment button to either speed up or slow down the photons to control light intensity. The speed of the photons is dependent on the temperature of the LER. Each Light Panel is formed with two separate sides which allows for panels to work in tandem or independently, this fig. 29

light material double paneled connector

vacuum varies in length

intensity adjustment activation slot

38

exterior _ ON interior _ ON

panel each panel can be adjusted individually

photons photonic mass moves within the containment field

vacuum photons mix with rubidium atoms to create photonic mass

exterior _ OFF interior _ ON

panel connected panels can work in tandem

photons photonic mass continues through connected light poles

vacuum chamber is seperated into two modules

exterior _ ON interior _ ON photons speed of photons affects luminous intensity

vacuum chamber is seperated into two modules

fig. 30

also allows for panels to have visible light on the exterior or interior (fig. 30). Because we are dealing within the quantum realm the containment field of the photons in the Light Panel will stay on even if no visible light is emitted, moving into the infrared spectrum.

CONTROL: The performance of the life cycle sector is partitioned into designated programs, which include an infirmary, laboratory, equipment, health, cultivation, storage, hygiene, digestion, habitation, and hibernation. Programs are segregated through light requirement levels, which range from 0 to 1,000 lux (fig. 32). Through this separation, four standard light emitting settings are automated (fig. 33), each 39

LM : 1 (0 - 100 lux)

color temperature: 3-4 K color rendering: +80 spectrum: 340 - 730 nm heat emittance: + 3000nm controlability: yes

LM : 4 LM : 3

LM : 1 LM : 2

fig. 31

setting can be adjusted for maximum comfort with the intensity adjustment button on the LER. In the next few years, labels for the light settings will include a diagram of the portion of the light spectrum that is emitted. In fig.2 we begin to see what a RLS Arctic Research Facility will look like.

INFIRMARY (300-1000 LUX) INFIRMARY (300-1000 LUX) LUX) LABORATORY (300-1000

1000 lux

EQUIPMENT (300-1000 LABORATORY (300-1000 LUX)LUX)

1000 lux

EQUIPMENT (300-1000LUX) LUX) HEALTH (150-400

300 lux

HEALTH (150-400 LUX) CULTIVATION (150-400 LUX)

300 lux

CULTIVATION (150-400 LUX)

STORAGE (100-300 LUX)

100 lux

STORAGE (100-300 LUX)

HYGIENE (50-100 LUX)

100 lux

50 lux

HYGIENE (50-100 LUX)

DIGESTION (50 -100 LUX)

50 lux

DIGESTION (50 -100 LUX)

0 lux

HABITATION (50 LUX)

0 lux

HABITATION (50 LUX)

HIBERNATION (0 LUX)

HIBERNATION (0 LUX)

fig. 32

LM LM: :11(0 (0 -- 100 100 lux) lux)

LM 3 (300 - 1000 LM : 3:(300 - 1000 lux)lux)

LM: :22(100 (100 -- 300 lux) LM lux)

LM : 4: 4 LM

color colortemperature: temperature: 3-4 3-4 KK color rendering: +80 color rendering: +80 spectrum: spectrum:340 340 -- 730 730 nm nm heat heatemittance: emittance: ++ 3000nm 3000nm controlability: controlability: yes yes

colortemperature: temperature: 3-4 3-4 KK color color rendering: +75 color rendering: +75 spectrum:340 340 -- 730 730 nm nm spectrum: heat emittance: + 3000nm heat emittance: + 3000nm controlability: yes

controlability: yes

42

color temperature: color temperature: 5K 5K color rendering: color rendering: +90 +90 spectrum: spectrum: 340340 - 730- 730 nm nm heat emittance: + 3000nm heat emittance: + 3000nm controlability: controlability: yes yes

color temperature: 4-6 K4-6 K color temperature: color rendering: n/a color rendering: n/a spectrum: 630nm red, red, 460nm blue blue spectrum: 630nm 460nm heat emittance: + 3000nm heat emittance: + 3000nm controlability: yes

controlability: yes

fig. 33

fig. 34

section perspective

fig. 35

05:

RLS PODS

GROWTH + CULTIVATION:

The difficulties of obtaining food in the Arctic Circle are real and present a challenge to those

POD POD 01: 01:POD 01:

who occupy this polar frontier. The incorporation of Food Cultivation Sectors within research facilities will nullify the vulnerability of food supply chains and allow for these communities to be self-sufficient.

It is important to choose the++correct vegetation to cultivate (fig.38), one that is both nutritious and cultivation growth sector cultivation + growth sector cultivation growth sector

PLANT SELECTION PLANT SELECTION PLANT SELECTION

NUTRIENT+ NUTRIENT+ NUTRIENT+

WINTER WINTER WINTER

ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS BEETS BEETS BEETS BROCCOLI BROCCOLI BROCCOLI BRUSSELS SPROUTS BRUSSELS SPROUTS BRUSSELS SPROUTS CABBAGE CABBAGE CABBAGE CARROTS CARROTS CARROTS CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER CELERY CELERY CELERY CORN CORN CORN CUCUMBERS CUCUMBERS CUCUMBERS EGGPLANT EGGPLANT FENNEL EGGPLANT FENNEL GARLIC FENNEL GARLIC GREEN BEANS GARLIC GREEN BEANS GREEN PEAS GREEN BEANS GREEN PEAS KALE GREEN PEAS KALE LEEKS KALE LEEKS MUSHROOMS LEEKSMUSHROOMS MUSTARD GREENS MUSHROOMS MUSTARD GREENS OLIVES OLIVESGREENS MUSTARD ONIONS ONIONS OLIVES POTATOES POTATOES ONIONS ROMAINE LETTUCE ROMAINE LETTUCE POTATOES SPINACH SPINACH ROMAINE LETTUCE SQUASH SQUASH SWEET POTATOES SPINACH SWEETCHARD POTATOES SWISS SQUASH SWISS CHARD TOMATOES SWEET POTATOES TOMATOES SWISS CHARD TOMATOES

BROCCOLI BROCCOLI BROCCOLI CABBAGE CABBAGE CABBAGE CARROTS CARROTS CARROTS CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER KOHLRABI KOHLRABI KOHLRABI LEAF LETTUCE LEAF LETTUCE LEAF LETTUCE LEEK LEEK LEEK MUSTARD MUSTARD MUSTARD ONIONS ONIONS ONIONS SPINACH SPINACH SPINACH SWISS CHARD SWISS CHARD TURNIP SWISS CHARD TURNIP TURNIP

swiss chard swiss chard

Bloom : April - August swiss chard Bloom : April - August Water : 25 - 38 mm Bloom : April Water : 25 - August 38 mm Temp. : :025 - 21ºC Water mm Temp. : -038 - 21ºC Soil Temp. : ½ in. deep : 0 21ºC Soil : ½ in. deep Light : 18 hrs.

SoilLight : ½ in. : 18deep hrs. gamma raysgamma rays gamma

rays

Light : 18 hrs.

x- rays x- rays

x- rays

uv

uv

infrared infrared

uv

infrared

radio waves radio waves

radio waves fig. 36

adaptable to the colder climate, ex. Swiss chard. The 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm Food Cultivation Sector is composed of three primary 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm

400 nm

460 nm

630 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

460 nm nm bushy growth) separate(encourages areas(encourages which all require control630bloom) zones.

They will

be part of multi-input centralized control system

(encourages bushy growth) 460 nm (encourages growth) by that will bebushy monitored

the

(encourages bloom) 630 nm (encourages bloom)through light engineer

a

building management system. The controls will be located directly on the LER of each Pod in order to allow easy access in case of immediate emergency. A scientist, or civilian should not have to physically flip any switches; their situational participation will be enough to prompt the correct triggers to have 47

BROCCOLI CABBAGE CARROTS CAULIFLOWER KOHLRABI the desired effect in each area.

LEAF LETTUCE LEEK 1. Growing Chambers MUSTARD ONIONS In order for plants to grow they require exposure to UV rays, particularly from the red and blue SPINACH spectrum. The blue light encourages bushy growth while red promotes bloom (fig. 37). These lights will SWISS CHARD TURNIP remain on for 18 out of 24 hours where the remainder of the 6 hours will be set to complete darkness. swiss chard

Bloom : April - August They will be controlled by a timer that will then defined by an astronomical clock, which will only come Water : 25 - 38 mm

into effect March through October. Throughout these months daylight will be allowed to penetrate Temp. : 0 - 21ÂşC

Soil : ½ in. deep Light : 18 hrs.

through to the vegetation. gamma rays

x- rays

400 nm

uv

500 nm

460 nm (encourages bushy growth)

infrared

600 nm

radio waves

700 nm

630 nm (encourages bloom) fig. 37

2. Harvesting Circulation

The cultivation technician as part oh his duties will maintain the status of plant growth and the

timing to do so. In order to complete the inspection the LERs will be adjusted to reach a minimum of 3 lux on task level.

3. Arctic Freezers

The storage of harvested vegetation will be placed further underground in order to use the

natural coolness of the environment. These will be placed in the center of the Pod because it is the furthest from the light sources.

48

COMMUNICATION:

The Light Panels have the ability to turn on and off depending on the program and the current

occupation of the RLS Pod. However, the Arctic contains many environmental variables such as predators that the A.R.C.T. needs to be prepared for. When danger is imminent the RLS will sense activity and flash in order to scare the predator away, polar bears are detracted by flashing signals. To further exploit the signal communication, team members can use Morse code to converse with other pods across distances, warning each other of danger or other newsworthy information (fig. 38).

49

L.R.S Pod Pod flashes to scare polar bear of.

SIGNAL

SENSE

DANGER

L.R.S Pod flashes to communicate to other pods.

COMMUNICATE

SIGNAL

SENSE

DANGER

L.R.S Pod flashes to communicate to other pods.

COMMUNICATE

50

fig. 38

SIGNAL

SENSE

DANGER

06:

A NEW FUTURE

WIDER IMPLICATIONS:

This thesis proposes expanding our knowledge of light in the quantum realm in order to

envision a future where light acts as the primary function of architecture. As an emissive and diaphanous material that responds directly to environmental and human factors the life-light cycle is inherently dependent on light to make the arctic region habitable. This systematic intervention can expand to other extreme frontiers, such as the desert or jungle (fig. 39). Each environment has its own rule set which can be applied through control and analysis allowing for the creation of the RLS communities that can propagate wherever deemed necessary. Due to the lightweight nature and mobile capabilities of the framework used for construction the RLS Pods can be used as temporary or relief structures. As designers we are obligated to pursue new modes of design to accommodate unexplored frontiers, such as extreme conditions, underwater living, space shuttles, and dare we consider - off-planetary habitats. As lighting designers, we should examine light as it is perceived and its experimental potentials to push us to new borders and expand our imaginations.

53

LM : 5

L

LM : 4

LM : 1

sahara desert . africa | 23.째 N fig. 39

LIST OF FIGURES Setting physical + perceived boundaries Static + dynamic environments within rigid architecture Establishment of triggers through human interaction Environmental + human factors Light as a structural material Anthony McCall’s “Solid Light” courtesy of http://www.frieze.com/issue/ article/light_years/ Philip Rahm’s “Hormonorium” courtesy of http://www.philipperahm.com Figure 8: Space conditions Figure 9 External factors Figure 10: Design Collective’s “Silo 468” courtesy of http://architizer.com/projects/ Figure 11: silo-468/ Map of the Arctic Circle Figure 12: Map of Alert, Canada Figure 13: Light-living cycle Figure 14: Conditions and cycles of the Arctic Figure 15: Layers of an OLED adapted from http://www.edisontechcenter.org/LED. Figure 16: html#oled Figures 17 -21: Process of creating “Photonic Molecules” Exterior render of Arctic Polar Research Facility Figure 22: Expedition member with Light Pod Pack Figure 23: A.R.C.T. 2014 with member descriptions Figure 24: Figures 25-28: Construction technique for RLS Pods Light Panel activation Figure 29: Light Panel detail Figure 30: Exterior render of Arctic Research Facility with designated light settings Figure 31: Program light level requirements Figure 32: Light level settings Figure 33: Photo of site model taken by Tobias Holden Figure 34: Section perspective render of cultivation pod Figure 35: Arctic plant selection Figure 36: Light distribution spectrum Figure 37: Rendered communication diagram Figure 38: Exterior render of RLS Pods in the desert Figure 39: Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 7:

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