GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SONIPAT 131001
DISSERTATION REPORT November, 2020
URBAN STREET “Place and movement”
SUBMITTED BY: Shreya Sharma (GCAD/16/327)
GUIDED BY: Prof. Vipin Gupta
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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
DECLARATION
I, Shreya, Roll Number, GCAD/16/327, hereby declare that the dissertation titled “Urban street – place and movement” submitted by me, in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other source.
_________________________________ Shreya
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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled “Urban Street – place and movement”, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of Shreya, Roll Number GCAD/16/327, who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana. We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.
______________________________ Prof. Vipin Gupta Signature of the Guide
______________________________ Prof. Tanushree Das Signature of the Coordinator
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Abstract Streets are the heart of the city; reflect the city's identity. So street consider as an important element for urban design. And which can be successfully done if they could meet human values and need to physical frame, as a creature whose vivacity is due to human presence and movement, then what could come up to the surface for such continuous vivacity is life. Street move people and, the community translate street in their desired form. To achieve a good urban form, first urban life if cities needs to be improve and in their street is the place which is not own by any one, as well as it add beauty to the daily routine of their life. “Today’s picture display street as a straight passage from which car pass through and its surface is asphalt (Tavassoli, 1999). Today the street's role as a place for social interactions, meetings, encounters and the presence of citizens has been severely weakened. Instead, the streets is as regards duct which become full of fame , pollution and traffic congestion in which different kinds of inconvenience comes forward to not only to off the road way ,but also the roadway is a runway from. streets is one of the most important public spaces since they used to cover an aspects of peoples need in case of communication, leisure, be togetherness, travel deals transaction a long time ago. So this study is an understanding of urban street and its response to urban life. Street which when derive is an outcome of its surrounding built environment, which later termed as typology of street, also Every Street has its own character and it is justified by the elements used in it. For better understanding, several case studies are done, including different typologies and also some modern streets and some old ones. Some are also examples of redevelopment or evolution from past character to the present one. And later these case studies analyzed through the principles used in it which are Connectivity, Inviting, Legibility, Safety, Diversity, Place and people, Local character and identity. And these are understood by implementation on street n later their social influences. The results from this study is proving the hypothesis, which is “Street is balance of community place and movement corridor”.
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Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my parents, who, through thick and thin, have been there for me and encouraged me. progress, Their support and drive is what has made me who I am. my faculty Ar. Vipin Gupta for bringing me to a comfort zone and visiting all my issues as his personal, I also dedicate it to my friends who have supported me throughout the process.
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to Gateway College of Architecture and design, Sonipat for giving me the opportunity to research and write this dissertation. I would like to thank my guide Ar. Vipin Gupta and coordinator Ar. Tanushree Das for their support throughout the research. I would also like to thank all my fellows from all of their respective fields, who supported me and helped in accomplishing this research.
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List of Tables Table 1 Street as link and a place .................................................................................... 17 Table 2 Street terminology .............................................................................................. 18 Table 3 Charbagh street activities ................................................................................... 31 Table 4 Physical criteria .................................................................................................. 31 Table 5 7s streets of chandigarh functions ...................................................................... 36 Table 6 Observations of case studies .............................................................................. 41 Table 7 Analysis of case studies ..................................................................................... 44
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List of Figures Figure 1 Street terminology ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 2 Pedestrian priority spaces - after....................................................................... 19 Figure 3 Pedestrian priority spaces - before .................................................................... 19 Figure 4 Laneways and Alleys ........................................................................................ 20 Figure 5 Parklets ............................................................................................................. 20 Figure 6 Parklets vary in configuration and design but typically replace two or more parallel parking spaces, or three to four angled parking spaces. ..................................... 21 Figure 7 Pedestrian Plazas-before ................................................................................... 21 Figure 8 Pedestrian Plazas-after ...................................................................................... 21 Figure 9 Public plazas ..................................................................................................... 21 Figure 10 Reclaimed Plazas ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 11 Through-Block Plazas .................................................................................... 22 Figure 12 Intersection Plazas. ......................................................................................... 22 Figure 13 Abdul Razzaq Street ....................................................................................... 26 Figure 14 Abdul Razzaq Street plan ............................................................................... 27 Figure 15 Abdul Razzaq Street interior .......................................................................... 28 Figure 16 Abdul Razzaq Street nodes ............................................................................. 28 Figure 17 Abdul Razzaq Street section ........................................................................... 28 Figure 18 Charbagh Street plan....................................................................................... 29 Figure 19 Avenue of Chahar Bagh- then and now.......................................................... 29 Figure 20 Avenue of Chahar Bagh view ......................................................................... 30 Figure 21 Avenue of Chahar Bagh ................................................................................. 30 Figure 22 Avenue of Chahar Bagh nodes ....................................................................... 30 Figure 23 ......................................................................................................................... 31 Page viii
Figure 24 ......................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 25 Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street ............................................................... 32 Figure 26 Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street stalls ...................................................... 32 Figure 27 Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street ............................................................... 32 Figure 28 Redevelopment of Church Street .................................................................... 33 Figure 29 Redevelopment of Church Street pattern ........................................................ 33 Figure 30 Redevelopment of Church Street movement seperation ................................ 33 Figure 31 Redevelopment of Church Street plan ............................................................ 34 Figure 32 Redevelopment of Church Street edges.......................................................... 34 Figure 33 Redevelopment of Church Street section ....................................................... 34 Figure 34 Street art .......................................................................................................... 35 Figure 35 Street art .......................................................................................................... 35 Figure 36 landmark metro station ................................................................................... 35 Figure 37Road pattern ..................................................................................................... 35 Figure 38 Plan ................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 39 Section ............................................................................................................ 36 Figure 40 Section ............................................................................................................ 37 Figure 41 Section ............................................................................................................ 37 Figure 42 plan ................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 43 Good line street ............................................................................................... 39 Figure 44 Good line street plan ....................................................................................... 39 Figure 45 Elements ......................................................................................................... 40 Figure 46 ......................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 47 ......................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 48 ......................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 49 Illustration of two streets merged ................................................................... 52
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Figure 50 ......................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 51 ......................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 52 ......................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 53 ......................................................................................................................... 54
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Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………… (Page iv) List of tables ………………………………………………………………… (Page vii) List of figures ………………………………………………………………. (Page viii) CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………… (Page 14) 1.1
Introduction and background
1.2
The Definitions and Meaning of the important parameters
1.3
Significance of the project/topic
1.4
The Central Claim/ Hypothesis
1.5
The Research Question(s)
1.6
The Aim and Objectives of the Research
1.7
The Scope and Limitations of the Research
1.8
Research methodology
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………… (Page 16) 2.1
Purpose of the Literature Review
2.2
Categorization of Literature
2.2.1 What is a Street? 2.2.1.1. In the street 2.2.2. Street Typology 2.2.2.1. Pedestrian-Priority Spaces 2.2.2.1.1. Pedestrian-Only Streets 2.2.2.1.3. Parklets 2.2.2.1.4. Pedestrian Plazas2.2.2.2. Shared Streets 2.2.2.2.1. Commercial Shared Streets 2.2.2.2.2. Residential Shared Streets 2.2.2.3. Neighborhood Streets
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2.2.2.3.1. Residential Streets 2.2.2.3.2. Neighbourhood Main Streets 2.2.2.4. Avenues and Boulevards 2.2.2.4.1. Central One-Way Streets 2.2.2.4.2. Central Two-Way Streets 2.2.2.4.3. Transit Streets CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY ………………… 3.1
Method(s) opted for Data/ case Selection and its Justification
3.2
Method(s) opted for Data Collection and its Justification
3.3
Method(s) opted for Data Analysis and its Justification
3.4
Advantages and Limitations of the method(s) adopted
CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY DATA PRESENTATION ………………
(Page 25)
(Page 26)
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Case 1: Abdul Razzaq Street 4.2.1 Presentation of data 4.2.2 Elements 4.3 Case 2: Charbagh Street 4.3.1 Presentation of data 4.3.2 Elements 4.4 Case 3: Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street 4.4.1 Presentation of data 4.4.2 Elements 4.5 Case 4: Redevelopment of Church Street 4.5.1 Presentation of data 4.5.2 Elements 4.6 Case 5: Streets of Chandigarh 4.6.1 Presentation of data Page xii
4.6.2 Elements 4.7 Case 6: The Goods Line 4.7.1 Presentation of data 4.7.2 Elements 4.5 Conclusion CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION…………………………
(Page 44)
5.1 Principales 5.1.1. Connectivity 5.1.2. Inviting 5.1.3. Legibility 5.1.4 Safety 5.1.5 Diversity 5.1.6. Place and people 5.1.7. Local character and identity 5.2 Implementations 5.3 Social Influence CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………… (Page 52) 6.1
Summary
6.2
Research Inference and its Significance
BIBLIOGRAPHY: ………………………………………………………… (Page 55)
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction and background Formation of city is through linkages and associations, so a street is a public passage or act as linkages between built environments with different character according to different land use pattern around. It’s a public parcel of land adjoining buildings, where public can interact, may freely assemble, and move about. Cities that bring out the best in us, those are more resilient, happier, and wealthier. It’s the one who draw us together. “When we think of the city and what it’s the street which comes to our mind. If a city’s streets look interesting, the city looks interesting; if streets look dull, the city looks dull.” Thus Streets holds the character of city. Urban streets are veins of urban body. Most Trusting cities will be the happier cities. “The street is the river of life of the city, the place where we come together, the pathway to the centre” – William H. Whyte Street, a place within two, which reflects the city’s personality and impression. The Dimensions of streets are its width, neighbourhood façade and its play with shadow and light. Streets satisfy a multitude of the functions of a community’s public life. Streets as the movement corridors,they are our community's showcase, the location where we present,who we are and the ideals that we consider significant. It's where we meet, walk, ride, sit, and watch others. They are the places where most of our public life occurs. “Complete streets are streets for everyone, no matter who they are and how they travel.”
“A complete street is a road” that is designed to be safe for drivers; bicyclists; transit vehicles and users; and pedestrians of all ages and abilities. The complete streets concept focuses not just on individual roads but on changing the decision-making and design process so that all users are routinely considered during the planning, designing, building and operating of all roadways. It is about policy and institutional change.” (Laplante & McCann, 2008). Does the community has lost its trust in rush? We need new ways of feeling cities. Its time for the reconsideration of streets as a place. "The one public service we all use every day are the streets where we live" (Government South Australia, 2012, p.4) Its just not a movement corridor but a dialogue between spaces by the community with no sense of ownership. This is the overall corridor/place. The balance between its role as a movement corridor and as a place, determined in large part by its role in the overall public realm and/or movement network, will lead towards its appropriate design. Every street have its own definition, where it is recognised by the community it belong to. Street should be vibrant and dynamic not just a blank environment. People, their behaviour patterns, physical infrastructure and mobility are significant structural elements of any street. Streets do not serve just transportation needs but also provide a platform for social and entertainment activities. Streets have diverse roles and functions. Some of the roles and functions are overlapping and complex which result in the streets’ continuous evolving flow throughout the cities. Community corridors are an art of creating memorable experience for people. Those are potentially transformative. A place which is an antidote to our addiction to movement. Place breaks down focus from one single future to ‘n’ no. of possibilities.
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1.2 Definition – Streetscape- Streetscape is a term given to the combined visual and physical qualities of footpaths, building facades and elements within and immediately adjacent to the street. It is the overall effect created by pavement, roadway, public space of hard and soft landscaping within the edges of the two alignments of the street in combination with the defining built facades and those publicly visible private spaces that adjoin it, impact on it and are probably connected to it. 1.3 Significance of the topicUrbanization has led to the need of new and innovative recreational and communal spaces. For that street have opted to act inflexible and in multifunctional ways to meet the need. From development of pedestrian for morning walks to façade development for the characters of historical context are the ways in which street enhances a urban neighborhood. This research is an attempt to look into the need of communal space and different ways streets act as a place of community along with impacts of those methods through one literature and one live study. 1.4
Hypothesis “Street is balance of community place and movement corridor”
1.5
The Research QuestionsHow community space impacts the surroundings? Does street create a desirable microclimate or amenity for people? How does a street deliver (with the principles of Crime Prevention through Design) a secure environment for users for purpose of transport and communal gathering space? How we can improve the street as community space in an Indian context? Does street reflect the needs of the different groups within the community, such as the young, the elderly, the physically challenged, the poor, the newcomer or visitor….?
1.6
The Aim and Objectives of the Research 1.6.1 AimAim of research is to understand how streets play the role of community space along with movement corridor. 1.6.2 Objectives To understand the History of streets and street as community place. To understand streets in today’s urban context. To understand Behavioral pattern of users on streets. To document different types of streets are used for community places all around the world. To understand the impact of a well-designed community based street on society. Literature case study – understanding the influences of neighborhood and city as whole. Page 15 of 56
1.7
Live case study to understand different aspects of a specific street of an Indian city in its use and challenges as movement corridor and as community space. Suggestions to improve the analyzed street of case study.
The Scope and Limitations of the Research1.7.1 Scope – Research will explain the role of street as a movement corridor and community place. Research will explain the different parameters in design of successful street. Research will explain the user pattern of street.
1.7.2 LimitationThe study will consider only the architectural & designing parameters. The study will not involve the design guidelines or policies in detail. The study will not consider transportation planning in detail.
1.8 Research methodology Selection of topic Aim and objective Define research questions Literature study Data analysis –quantitative and qualitative Literature case study Case study analysis Conclusions
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
Purpose of the Literature Review
The purpose of a literature review is to put each add the context of its contribution to understanding the research problem being studied. Idea is to gather all information about
the topic and to review or gain an understanding of the existing research and debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in the form of a written report Identify new ways to interpret prior research. Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature. 2.2
Categorization of Literature
2.2.1 What is a Street ? Page 16 of 56
The word street is derived from Latin word strata which mean a paved road. The idea of street is on principle of linkage theory, where street act as connection between built area for the need of movement A Street is often distinct from a road. a road could be a 2-dimensional path connecting two places. it fulfils the essentials of obtaining from one place to another. a street is a three-dimensional space between 2 rows of adjacent buildings. it provides linkages between buildings. It assists the movement of pedestrians and vehicles. It’s huge social connotations. It fosters interaction between individuals and act as an area wherever the local urban community will derive pleasure recreation, spoken language and amusement. it also plays a vital role within the fulfilment of ancient rituals. However this doesn't rule out the usage of streets for the aim of traffic. The street, sq. and also the public face of buildings square measure the principle style components that add within the conception of a sense of place. Streets as pedestrian oriented place; and Roads as corridors in which vehicle and movement is the central goal. The community is aware of their square measure substantial variations within the movement corridors of the Region. within the regional network, there square measure obvious variations within the purpose of the myriad of linear corridors: between major highways and native streets, between the roads in residential, industrial and city centre precincts, between busy streets and quiet ones, between ones in densely-peopled urban areas et al. in natural landscapes, between streets of civic importance to the regional community and people of a better to nonpublic or intimate tiny community nature. partly this has been as a result of the role of those elements of our community as convenient movement corridors for individuals in vehicles has too often been allowed to overwhelm, ignore or deny their role as accessible places for people as pedestrians, cyclists and transportation system users. Table 1street as link and a place
2.2.1.1. In the street – Page 17 of 56
Figure 1 street terms Table 2 street terminology
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2.2.2. STREET TYPOLOGY Different Street have different purpose or function which has unique character, form by its surrounding. So every city have variety of streets fall into different categories of street typology. 2.2.2.1. Pedestrian-Priority Spaces -
Figure 2pedestrian priority spaces - after Figure 3 pedestrian priority spaces - before
Pedestrian-priority areas play a outstanding role in shaping a walk able, accessible, and enjoyable town. They supply places for folks of all ages and talents to use town without competitive with alternative modes of transportation. These places encourage folks and invite to stop, stay, and spend time. they supply an area of relief in dense urban areas, activate underutilized areas, and boost the native businesses. When lined with business activity and supported by high volumes of traffic, pedestrian-priority areas might permit businesses access for loading and deliveries at limited times. In some cases, smaller lanes or alleys support native transport access at very slow speeds. Whether they area unit little plazas or pocket parks, slim lanes or giant searching streets, pedestrian priority areas operate as a section of town’s larger network of streets, parks, and public places to produce a comprehensive network of quality public open areas, and a spread of urban experiences. 2.2.2.1.1. Pedestrian-Only Streets As clear by its name it is pedestrian priority street where mostly vehicular traffic is restricted. These are typically most appropriate for commercial activity on both edges of the street. Streets become a destination for diverse activities such as shopping or sitting, dining or dawdling, promenading or performing, When they are placed, designed, and maintained well. Street like these Prohibit parking and vehicular traffic to ensure that clear paths should be unobstructed and provide a smooth and level surface to optimize walking accessibility which should be continuous and navigable. Street should be design for all which means it should provide accessibility ramps and tactile paving to assist the visually impaired Street elements – (to add character and support a range of activities.)
Street furniture Artwork Seating Tables Page 19 of 56
Benches Trees Landscaping Cycle racks Water fountains
2.2.2.1.2. Laneways and Alleys –
Figure 4Laneways and Alleys
Laneways conjointly referred to as alleys, narrow streets in between buildings that raise the variety of the overall public area network, supporting the fine grain character of a town. These streets are most dynamic spaces which adds to character of city. Street should maintain an accessible clear path for emergency vehicle access. Give cycle parking and cycle-share facilities within the immediate surroundings of the laneway. Prohibit parking in laneways except below special circumstances. Street element –
Movable or permanent furniture can be used according to its location. While maintaining a clear path along the buildings, furniture can be placed along edge or at the center of lane. Elements like lighting for better experience of space at all hours. 2.2.2.1.3. Parklets – Parklets are basically conversion of street into vibrant public space. It can be temporary or permanent. They are narrow crowded street and street elements Page 20 of 56
Figure 5Parklets
should not create congestion there.
Figure 6 Parklets vary in configuration and design but typically replace two or more parallel parking spaces, or three to four angled parking spaces.
Street elements –
movable furniture, seating, tables, planting, cycle racks, artwork, shade structures etc.
2.2.2.1.4. Pedestrian Plazas-
Figure 7 Pedestrian Plazas-before Figure 8 Pedestrian Plazas-after
Public plazas transform unused areas of the street into vibrant social spaces for surrounding residents and businesses. They are a result of successful partnerships between the city and a neighbourhood group or business association. Plazas energize surrounding the streets and public spaces, creating foot traffic that can boost business and invigorate street life. Figure 9Public plazas
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Plazas Configurations Configuration 1: Reclaimed Plazas
Figure 10 Reclaimed Plazas
Configuration 2: Through-Block Plazas
Figure 11 Through-Block Plazas
Configuration 3: Intersection Plazas.
Figure 12Intersection Plazas.
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2.2.2.2. Shared Streets Many small, crowded streets around the world, such as Chandni Chowk, Delhi, already act informally as shared streets at busy times of the day or in congested areas. The street is shared by all by eliminating the formal distinctions between spaces devoted to pedestrians, bikes, and motorized vehicles, with each user becoming increasingly mindful and respectful of others. In areas where pedestrian activity is high and vehicle volumes are low or discouraged, organized shared street environments should be present. The road should be redesigned to allow safe movement and a broader range of activities in situations where the cross section of a street is too narrow to allow for universally open sidewalks with moving vehicles in separate lanes. In commercial areas, shared streets will greatly contribute to the general public space network, adding vibrancy and activity with outdoor dining, public seating, artwork and landscaping. Shared streets become the extension of front yards, places to please neighbours, and create neighbourhoods in suburban areas. For all people, mutual treatments make the streets cleaner. 2.2.2.2.1. Commercial Shared Streets Designed to allow easy loading and unloading of vehicles at particular hours. They are designed to slow traffic speeds using pedestrian volume, design, and other cues.
2.2.2.2.2. Residential Shared Streets These shared streets, where spaces are used for children to play and people walk and bike, sharing the roadway with cars, are low-volume residential streets, especially in older cities.
2.2.2.3. Neighborhood Streets The streets of neighbourhoods are where communities are created. They are the front doors of parks and playgrounds to homes, classrooms, shops, restaurants, and extensions. Main streets, or high streets, provide access to local services, while providing options for mobility that connect them with other parts of the city. The main streets, or high streets, provide access to local services while offering mobility choices which connect them to other parts of the city. Every day, the main corridors carry large numbers of people, often lively and busy with commercial activity. These streets with adjacent residential areas, invite traffic to move at slower speeds.
Well-designed sidewalks, provision of cycle facilities, shade trees, and traffic calming measures
Aim - ensure that people are invited to walk or cycle to local destinations through these neighbourhood streets. Page 23 of 56
2.2.2.3.1. Residential Streets These streets must provide walking and access to local shops and schools in safe and welcoming areas. Designs for local residential streets should combine storm water management features. Curb extensions and traffic calming measures must be applied to slow vehicles through vertical and horizontal speed-control elements. Residential streets might be designed with minimal the sidewalks, limited vehicular access, and low volumes, Allowing them to operate informally as slow zones. 2.2.2.3.2. Neighbourhood Main Streets Neighbourhood main streets lie at the heart of lifestyle, offering walk able destinations like restaurants, shops, services, and transit stops. Pedestrian volumes should be accommodated by well-designed sidewalks.
Traffic speeds should be limited, key transit routes, Cycle lanes prioritized.
These streets must be redesigned to better serve the needs of multiple users. 2.2.2.4. Avenues and Boulevards The grand streets of a city play a critical role in moving people from one neighbourhood to a different and connecting to central areas. These include large landmark boulevards, shopping streets downtown, distinctive avenues, bus streets, or commercially-lined central thoroughfares. Grand streets are often designed with the first goal of moving an outsized number of vehicles at relatively high speeds, creating a frightening environment for pedestrians and cyclists. They divide neighbourhoods, reduce the standard of the general public realm, and reduce the potential value of adjacent properties. As grand streets typically include a number of the widest and most continuous streets during a city, they provide ideal opportunities to make multimodal corridors that reconnect neighbourhoods and communities. Prioritizing sustainable transit through street design increases the street’s capacity to manoeuvre more people and creates more room for extra activities. Such streets can accommodate business activity, improved public spaces, and sustainable environments that benefit the encompassing communities 2.2.2.4.1. Central One-Way Streets During the last century, many cities converted central two-way streets to one-way operation in an attempt to streamline traffic flow and reduce conflicts. Other cities were originally designed with one-way street grids for an equivalent reason. Wide, one-way streets provide a chance to reconfigure broad roadbeds with cycle tracks and transit lanes, or to think about conversion into two-way operation for increased access, connectivity, and safety. Page 24 of 56
2.2.2.4.2. Central Two-Way Streets Central two-way streets may be a chance for transformation of the street’s capacity to serve multiple users. Narrowing streets, allocating space for cycling and collective transport, and upgrading the pedestrian environment improve the street’s performance. integrate public space and green infrastructure enhancements like street trees, permeable paving, and parklets, can further invite vibrancy. 2.2.2.4.3. Transit Streets Transit Streets, often running along commercial corridors, street which prioritize movement for pedestrians and transit. Motorists are prohibited mostly beyond limited deliveries and occasional permitted access. Can dedicate spaces between sidewalks for transit such as buses, light rail, or streetcars have times in some cases, an even surface is designed for pedestrians, allowing transit to move slowly through the shared space. CHAPTER 3. METHODS & METHODOLOGY 3.1
Methods opted for Data and case Selection and its Justification
Method for selection of data is on basis of what information is required by research. there are certain mentioned steps for involving the data: Understanding of street and its typologies – it helps to know how is street define and the typologies helps to understand the working of street. Character of street on the basis of its type – different typology seem to have different characters and study of character helps to create better community places for city. Elements and features of street – street elements are the need of street which are used on basis of some factors. Available examples on street typologies- with support of example, helps with practical understanding of theory. 3.2
Methods opted for Data Collection and its Justification Internet case studies – case study will be selected on the basis of different characters of street, and factors influencing street, how street act as community place and what features adopted and elements to make it a better place for future use. Physical case studies – for physical case study a particular street will be selected where all parameters of street will be noted and can be compared with the other internet case studies with a same typology. In this study for particular street, activity mapping can be done for better understanding. Survey with a questionnaire – questionnaire is filled by general public to know what actually people are looking for, and their suggestions.
3.3 Methods opted for Data Analysis and its Justification Data analysis will be done by comparing two studies which are literature study and the internet case studies. - Street has different aspects like its character its user, elements used etc all will the basis of this comparative study to analyse the better street. Another analysis can be done on basis of different results of questionnaire. Page 25 of 56
3.4 Advantages and Limitations of the methods adopted These methods helps to have clear idea on research, and these methods apply various types of studies and get to know about various problems and hence unique solutions to those specific issues could be generated. Street has evolved due to its surrounding influences and hence the typology of street are more of objective, when same type of street behaves differently according to its surrounding. CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION – Case studies are chosen according to different typologies and their characters in different parts of world example the Adul razaq street which serves as purpose of Bazaar Street in Isfahan and Asakusa Nakamise shopping street Japan etc. there also studies of redevelopment of street example the Good line street, Sydney. All the studies defined in two parts that is street as place and as movement. ‘Movement’ where solve the basic purpose of street act as link or define connections and pauses in between of street. Whereas the other factor is ‘place’ which act as social interaction space, which is defined according to all elements which contributes to the character of street. Street type
Commercial Shared Streets
Name
Abdul Razzaq Street
Location
Grand Bazaar of Isfahan, Iran INTRODUCTION – One of the best-preserved examples of the form of large, enclosed, and covered bazaar complex typical of most cities in the Muslim world prior to the 20th century is the bazaar of Isfahan. The Isfahan Bazaar is a Safavid period heritage site, notable for having the longest roofed market. It has about 3miles of shopping streets with historic architectural design. Pedestrian only street , The Qeysarie bazaar is one of the most important urban spaces in Isfahan, Since the Safavid period, it has played a key role in connecting the new square (Naqshe Jahan Square) to the old
Figure 13 Abdul Razzaq Street
square (Old Square). All buildings are interconnected with covered market streets (rāsta) and passageways (dālān). These streets and lanes are not only market streets, but also communication routes for people and goods to enter and exit the bazaar. Goods, previously brought by caravans of loaded camels, donkeys and mules, now arrive by Page 26 of 56
Lorries, and after storage are carried on the back of porters to the various workshops and sales points. DESIGN STYLE – Iranian art and architectureThe concept of unity in art and architecture
Has (resulted from Sufism spiritual thinking) The relationship between detail and totality is considered as an Iranian urbanism branch related to unity and pluralism issue; every element and form is comprehensive, individually and combined. While market stalls are independent and complete structured in a combination they create the totality of bazaar.
CHARACTER -
Figure 14 Abdul Razzaq Street plan
The bazaar does not create a rigid and mechanical grid system in the area. In contrast, various shapes and forms are created in public open and semi open areas which help to define their use and activity and transfer feelings and senses to different user groups.
The organic design of the bazaar in Isfahan with a large variety of shapes and forms give a unique sense of diversity as well as unity to the whole structure of the city. The bazaar is typically structured in a linear form, and through this linear form, public and socio-cultural spaces are organized. Encounter a number of types of various widths, heights or even decorations that determine their position and privacy while walking through a bazaar. The bazaar can therefore be defined as a unity of diversity: an urban type that continues with a set of urban patterns and shapes. In order to achieve this unique sense, individual townscape elements and buildings are designed as part of a whole. This have been achieved by allowing diversity (within a visual framework) rather than complete visual conformity and regularity.
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The bazaar is generally composed of wide corridors and usually covered with arch ceiling and connected stores to each other on both sides of it. Dynamic character of bazaar due to the maze structured. As the long path is fatigue, in some places, it has special pauses. AESTHETIC FACTORSStreet is designed according to the Safavid aesthetic criteria and the use of Islamic architectural elements of that period, the Qeysarie Bazaar is a combination of proportion, balance, harmony, repetition, and diversity, considered as beautiful structure in aesthetic senses. Like all bazaars it has no residential function at all, for it is only dedicated to a large variety of commercial and socio-religious functions.
Figure 15Abdul Razzaq Street interior
ELEMENTS -
Figure 16Abdul Razzaq Street section
Street of bazaar is composition of high arches and These high arches are the reason to create a shadow-lightening with a rhythm during bazaar for better urban effect and allow light n also a good example of a street manages balances the air temperature and biological conditions like a thermal capacitor. The existing holes in the ceiling provide the daylight required by the bazaar.Several long arterial streets covered with brick vaults make up the bazaar's structural core. These streets are lined with shops, often surmounted by a second story that opens onto the vaulted street via a balcony or screened window. Smaller streets link these larger arteries together. The intersection of two arterial streets or the entry point for large complexes along these streets is often marked with a larger vault or dome. These crossroads are known as chahar-su (meaning four suqs, or markets). In addition to shop stalls, the bazaar streets give onto mosques, madrasas, baths and warehouses. Two types of warehouses are present, which are large vaulted halls.
Figure 17Abdul Razzaq Street nodes
Street type
Avenue
Name
Charbagh Street
Location
Isfahan, Iran Page 28 of 56
In the Safavid era of Iran, a historical avenue in Isfahan was built. It connects the northern parts of the city to the southern sections and is about 6 kilometres long. Basically street once used to serve as a purpose of garden is now act as Commercial Street of Isfahan. It was designed as a part of a larger urban project undertaken between 1596 and 1597 by the Safavid Shah Abbas I. Its name, literally translated as "four gardens", refers to a common garden typology consisting of four plots separated or divided by waterways or paths forming a cruciform plan. The gardens have since been converted into roadways, with plane trees lining either side. Running along the center of the promenade was a water channel with cascades; the promenade now only features circular flower beds and light posts. CHARACTERThe avenue of Chahar Bagh continues to be an important social gathering place of Isfahan. Avenue which was lined bye palaces and residences now is surrounded by Figure 18Charbagh Street plan
Figure 19avenue of Chahar Bagh- then and now
Four rows of tall plane trees were planted along both of its sides, Chahar Bagh Avenue (particularly in its lower section) was a promenade for the royal family and court during the reign of Shah Abbas I and his Safavid successors. There was a canal at the middle of Page 29 of 56
the avenue, and water came down from its wide levels in tiny cascades. This water was stored time and again in large basins, some of which even had fountains. In summer months, these tanks were also filled with the cut heads of roses, which floated on the water filling the air with their fragrance. Broad sidewalks were laid out on both sides of the canal for pedestrians and horsemen, and flowerbeds enhanced the street's beauty. Today, in Iranian cities, it is an ordinary street, defaced by low buildings that are typical of modern shopping streets. One collection of buildings from the Safavid era, however has survived here. Figure 20 avenue of Chahar Bagh view
Figure 21avenue of Chahar Bagh
Figure 22avenue of Chahar Bagh nodes
ACTIVITIES-
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Table 3 charbagh street activities
PHYSICAL CRITERIATable 4 physical criteria
Figure 23 Figure 24
Street type
Pedestrian-Only Streets
Name
Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street
Location
Toky,Japan
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Figure 26Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street stalls
Nakamise-dori is best explored on foot, a historic shopping street.
Figure 25Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street
An example of Diversity along Single Street.
Bazaar like atmosphere, contrast with religious function of temple. Axial composition with an ornate Japanese arch. EDGE The vibrant pedestrian street is lined by stalls showing colorful Japanese-style products on both sides.The beautiful art on display, even when stores are shut, transforms the street into a unique cultural landmark. The 250-meter long street between two gates of temple street, and ends where the entrance of the temple is located. It features over 90 different stores that have been owned for decades by local families. Nakamise-dori, dating back to the Edo period in the 17th century, is one of Japan's oldest shopping streets and is thought to have been built by Sensō-ji neighbors. Timigs of Stalls are from 9am to 6pm, but the street is accessible at all times, inviting many to experience the surviving streets of downtown Tokyo even at night. Figure 27Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street
STREET TYPE
Neighborhood Commercial
NAME
Redevelopment of Church Street
LOCATION
Bengaluru Page 32 of 56
TIMELINE
2016 – 2018
AREA
Length - 715 Mtrs
The concept of “Pedestrianisation”, the design of Church Street redevelopment project was aimed at rationalizing the carriageway and increasing the width of pedestrian pavement. A quick revamp of 100yr old road. The idea is to keep the walkers safe, and the traffic smooth and streamlined. Broad pavements, cobble stoned carriageway adorned with a kasauti Figure 28Redevelopment of Church Street
pattern and music playing from the speakers over head have transformed
the busy street in to a space of culture.
Figure 29Redevelopment of Church Street pattern
Figure 30Redevelopment of Church Street movement seperation
The design makes use of locally sourced cobblestone and sadarhalli granite stone. The patterned granite cobblestone not only serves as a traffic calming measure but the Page 33 of 56
‘Kasuti design’ on it also brings about a sense of the local culture. For any Indian Street, the redevelopment of Church Street is the harbinger of change; striving to be”legacy architecture", aging gracefully and needing low maintenance. STREETSCAPE AND ITS ELEMENTS – Street paving Sidewalks Curb & Curb Ramps Street lighting Seating and Benches Parking Landscaping
Figure 31Redevelopment of Church Street plan
Parking and loading facilities9 parking bays that can accommodate 200 twowheelers and about 16 fourwheelers. Moving away from the archetypal scheme of Indian streets, service pipes run Figure 33Redevelopment of Church Street edges Figure 32Redevelopment of Church Street section
under the footpaths The provision of service chambers at regular intervals thus eliminates the need for un-necessary road digging by various utility agencies.
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Surface run off strategy includes storm water drains that carry rainwater in pipes. The Planning of the street Is done in a way that it is sustainable. The streetlights are made to use solar power. The design of the street is tried to be as sustainable as possible. The redevelopment work includes increasing the green cover along the street and replacing Sodium-vapour Figure 34street lights
lights with energy-efficient LED streetlights , 56 LED street lamps .
STREET FAÇADE – (street art)
Figure 35 street art Figure 36 street art
Figure 37 landmark metro station Figure 38road pattern
Streets of Chandigarh Neighborhood Residential Street Commercial Street Mixed use Street The city is designed by the French architect Le Corbusier. A sector is the primary module of a city's architecture. It is a self-sufficient group of stores, school health centres, and recreation and worship venues. The neighboring industries' shopping street, thus creating a long continuous ribbon like the shopping street. The 7Vs act as the blood stream in the town plan. These are an ordered hierarchy of roads that can put under control modern traffic circulation. A traffic circulation hierarchy ranging from 7 is defined by the 7V's. Page 35 of 56
Figure 39 plan Table 5 7s streets of chandigarh functions
STREET TYPE - Neighborhood Residential Street
Figure 40 section
This section is of V6 road that provide access to houses. These streets have proper visibility from the residences. The entrance of cars into the sectors, are exclusively reserved for family life so, no random people can come over these streets. Proper sidewalks are provided. The street is under the surveillance of the people residing there. Page 36 of 56
Edge of street The residences are low heighted and active frontages are provided in every residence. Low heighted boundary walls are provided to help visibility on streets. These types of streets are only restricted for residential units. Clear boundaries of the sectors are provided that encourage community ‘ownership’. The street is well maintained as it belongs to the people living there. Elements -The streets have clear sightlines and good lightning. All these factors help in reducing the crime rate of these type of street and building a healthier environment to live. The people living here are very satisfied and happy with their living. STREET TYPE - Commercial Street
Figure 41 section
This section is of V4 streets. The section describes the marketplace of sector 17. The market is along the street. A well-designed parking space provided on both sides and on the center of the street for two wheelers and four –wheelers. Green Lanes are also provided on both side of the street for shrubs and trees. A wide sidewalk is also provided on both side of the street to serve marketplace. The sidewalk has the space for vendors and various temporary activities. In spite of, the street serves different kind of people and different activities, the street is safe to some extent because a proper zone is provided for each activity. STREET TYPE - Mixed use Street
Figure 42 section
This section is of fast-moving vehicular traffic street i.e. V2 and V3. These types of street surrounding comprises of public buildings, educational institutions, commercial buildings, gardens and the leisure valley. The street is double lane for vehicles, it also has two more lanes for cycle track and sidewalk on both the sides. According to the Page 37 of 56
analysis, the street has proper light to serve the vehicle lane but not for the cycle track and pedestrian lane. The lane for pedestrian and cycle track are properly used in the day hours but not in the night hours. In the night hours these tracks become the space for unwanted activities. Because the main crowd is of the moving one and the spaces that surround the street are used in day hours, hence making the street dull at night. Due to this the street is not safe for the pedestrian during night hours. STREET TYPE
Pedestrian street
NAME
The Goods Line
LOCATION
Sydney
TIMELINE
2012
AREA
800 m (2,625 ft) long
The Goods Line is an example of the potential for design to transform isolated city spaces into creative and connected public destinations which enhance public life.
Figure 43 plan
Hisotrical Character
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It is a rejuvenation of a 500-meter stretch of abandoned industrial railway track between the pedestrian tunnel of Central Devonshire Street and the Powerhouse Museum via the heritage railway bridge of Ultimo Lane. Since1854, the rail line has been closed off. Ideas • Narrative • Identity • Movement –pedestrian and cycle • Social Interaction – place making The goods line street influence people in a very positive way creating a zone for community interaction, a space which helps in people wellbeing & health, local workers coming to the industrial area relax their and breathe fresh air, students in the institutes nearby come there to rejuvenate themselves. Thus if seen as a whole the modification of this street connected various demographics, increased tourism due to the urban elements present there, and acts in a therapeutic way.
Figure 44 good line street
As an integrated prefabricated piece, these precast concrete panels form the paving, edges, stairs, benches and seating. They are a re-tooling of an industrial feature using the digital manufacturing method for a social reason.
Figure 45 good line street plan
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ELEMENTS
-
Figure 46 elements
Figure 47 greenscape Figure 48 sittings Figure 49 interactive spaces
The 'social infrastructure' of this section of the city serves the flourishing public life, such as bleachers, benches, an amphitheatre, Wi-Fi services, a play area, ping pong tables and elevated lawns. Bespoke seating and furniture hark back to the industrial past of the site, while the blurred borders are built to encourage pop-up events and festivals along its length. There are pedestrian and bike links, unlocking connections to existing streets and communities surrounding the park, knitting Sydney back into its surrounding city fabric. Characteristics ● Low energy lighting ● Indigenous planting, retention of existing trees ● Advanced fabrication techniques ● Use of recycled materials, minimizing cut and fill by layering a new ground plane Page 40 of 56
Table 6 observations of case studies
Abdul Razzaq Street
MOVEMENT
Typology Commercia l-Shared Streets
(Pedestrian and cyclic movement),(3miles stretch) PLACE
ELEMENTS – High arches Holes in the ceiling Balcony or screened window Larger vault or dome at intersection CHARACTER – Large, enclosed, and covered organic streets of bazaar with a sense of unity in diversity.
Charbagh Street
MOVEMENT
Typology Avenue
(Vehicular and pedestrian movement) ( 1km stretch) Page 41 of 56
PLACE
ELEMENTS –
Four rows of tall plane trees a canal fountains sidewalks circular flower beds light posts Seatings
CHARACTER – Street Edge- it is lined with shops, hotels, and some remaining palaces. modern shopping street with social gathering node in between. Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street
MOVEMENT
Typology PedestrianOnly Streets
(Pedestrian movement) (250-meter stretch) PLACE
ELEMENTS – Both sides by stalls.
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The beautiful art on display, Street lights. CHARACTER – Bazaar like atmosphere, contrast with religious function of temple. Diversity along single street. MOVEMENT Redevelop ment of Church Street Typology Neighborho od Commercial
(Vehicular and pedestrian movement) (715 Metres stretch) PLACE
ELEMENTS – Street paving Sidewalks Curb & Curb Ramps Street lighting Seating and Benches Parking Landscaping CHARACTER – Pedestrianised commercial dynamic street, the walkers safe, and the traffic smooth, where street act as view point to all cafes there.
The Goods Line Street
MOVEMENT
Typology Pedestrian street
(Pedestrian and cyclic movement) (500-metre stretch) PLACE
ELEMENTS – Page 43 of 56
Seats Tables Amphitheatre Play space Bleachers Cycle ramp Garden Street lights
CHARACTER – Place for community interaction and developing safe cycle infrastructure with dedicated spaces for walking / play.
Case studies above represent their different behaviour with respect to its surrounding and it purpose. Example the Charbagh street, ishfahan, We have seen a evolution of street from a charbagh avenue into the crowded shopping street of ishfahan, and the visuals and fragrance of this street are different with respect to the weathers. Some streets which are organic in its nature plays with their form to create the effect of light and shadow, open and close. Whereas Some streets like Temple Street of Japan, which has Bazaar like atmosphere, contrast with religious function of temple represents the nature of Diversity along Single Street. Every street has its own nature, and unique way of depicting through the dimensions of it. other than shopping streets, which itself has interactive character of it, whereas the streets with the an association of educational and industrial purposes can be formed as interesting space example the the Goodline street in Sydney which used to be dull is redeveloped into pedestrianized street is now serve as palate of interactive space like park, and movement together with no obstructions, which generates a new life to the industrial part of city.
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction Analysis is done on the basis of the street principles - Connectivity, Inviting, Legibility, Safety, Diversity, Place and People, Local character and identity. These principles are analysed in each n every street by the method of implementation and its social influence to the site. 1. Redevelopment of church street Table 7 analysis of case studies
PRINCIPLE
IMPLEMENTATION
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Accessibility-
CONNECTIVITY
Address pedestrian and vehicular modes of transport. Connected - lies perpendicular to the two major vehicular roads. Openness- metro station directly open to the street allow easy
Improve user’s health and relationship. Reduce crime and anti social behaviour. Page 44 of 56
accessible.
INVITING
Pedestrianised commercial dynamic street, all shops facing street, stalls or cafes etc facing street,
Increase in active users and pedestrian.
Street art on façade, And interesting elements with landscape around.
LEGIBILITY (clarity in movement)
Proper signage Metro station as a landmark, also act as an entry point.
Increase in emotional security and attachment Increase community involvement
SAFETY
Right of way is divided with pedestrian and vehicular movement. Street lights at every interval, so no dark areas. Signals on the nodes for ease in movement.,
Shared sense of confidence in community.
24hrs community increases security.
DIVERSITY
Dynamic nature of street, contains different typologies of buildings. Which allow for more choices and opportunities.
PLACE AND PEOPLE
Street where sitting are provided as pause. Inclusive design where ramps are
Sense of belonging and ownership. Page 45 of 56
LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY
available. Human scale Street, playful elements eg curb barrier is made as cycle. Street is flexible to different functions happens there.
Foster human relationship and place identity.
‘Kasuti design’ on street pavement, also brings about a sense of the local culture.
Emotional connection with the place
2. Abdul Razzaq Street- grand bazaar PRINCIPLE CONNECTIVITY
IMPLEMENTATION
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Accessible
INVITING
Entry point
long path is fatigue, in some places, it has special pauses. This movement and stagnation in the bazaar architecture make it attractive and diverse.
Building edge LEGIBILITY (clarity in movement)
the citizens still consider it a beautiful structure with aesthetic senses. This Page 46 of 56
factor is associated with relaxation and is a motivating factor for activity in the historic bazaar and makes it resilient.
Landmark – intersection areas act as pause in between movement. Pedetrianised movement
SAFETY
Street lights- present in every interval. This have been achieved by allowing diversity (within a visual framework) rather than complete visual a unique sense of diversity as well as conformity unity to the whole structure of the city. and regularity.
DIVERSITY
PLACE AND PEOPLE
Monumental scale
LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY
Iranian architecture elements usedArcades. Vaulted ceilingetc.
3.Charbagh Street PRINCIPLE
IMPLEMENTATION Accessibility-
CONNECTIVIT
SOCIAL INFLUENCE Improve Page 47 of 56
Y
Address pedestrian and vehicular modes of transport.
user’s health and relationship. Reduce crime and anti social behaviour.
INVITING
Beautiful tree-lined pedestrian part with lots of shops And interesting elements with landscape around.
Increase in active users and pedestrian.
LEGIBILITY (clarity in movement)
Proper signage
Increase in emotional security and attachment Increase community involvement
SAFETY
Right of way is divided with pedestrian and vehicular movement. Street lights at every interval, so no dark areas. Signals on the nodes for ease in movement.,
Shared sense of confidence in community. 24hrs community increases security.
DIVERSITY
PLACE AND PEOPLE
LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY
Garden street serves a path to various function.
Human scale Street, playful elements eg curb barrier is made as cycle. Street is flexible to different functions happens there.
Islamic garden – charbagh street
Sense of belonging and ownership. Foster human relationship and place identity. Emotional connection with the place Page 48 of 56
3. Asakusa Nakamise Shopping Street PRINCIPLE
IMPLEMENTATION Accessibility-
CONNECTIVITY Pedestrianised street starting from the gate of temple to the main temple.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE Improve user’s health and relationship. Reduce crime and anti social behaviour.
Increase in active users and pedestrian.
INVITING
lined on both sides by stalls displaying colourful Japanese-style goods Increase in emotional security and attachment Increase community involvement
LEGIBILITY (clarity in movement)
Proper signage
SAFETY
Street lights at every interval, so no dark areas. Signals on the nodes for ease in movement.,
Shared sense of confidence in community.
DIVERSITY
Street is accessible at all times,
24hrs community increases security.
PLACE AND PEOPLE
inviting many to experience the surviving streets of downtown Tokyo even at night.
Sense of belonging and ownership. Foster human relationship Page 49 of 56
and place identity.
Human scale Street LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY
Emotional connection with the place
Japanese-style architecture
4. The Goods Line PRINCIPLE
IMPLEMENTATION
CONNECTIVITY
Accessibility Movement –pedestrian and cycle Situated four metres above the existing rail corridor, the elevated linear pedestrian and cycling city park provides connectivity between the city.
INVITING
LEGIBILITY (clarity in movement)
SAFETY
the green corridor, which occupies a former freight rail route, features a series of integrated platforms that can be used for a variety of recreational activities and events.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE The modification of this street connected various demographics, increased tourism due to the urban elements present there, and acts in a therapeutic way. Increase in active users and pedestrian.
Proper signage
Increase community involvement
Street lights at every interval, so no dark areas. Signals on the nodes for ease in
Improves connectivity for pedestrians Page 50 of 56
movement.,
and cyclists in a previously inaccessible corridor. Increases visitor dwell time.
DIVERSITY
Pedestrian and cycle connections are formed, unlocking access to existing streets and neighbourhoods that surround the park, knitting Sydney back into its surrounding city fabric. Sense of belonging and ownership. Foster human relationship and place identity.
PLACE AND PEOPLE
Human scale Street The ‘social infrastructure’ such as bleachers, seats, an amphitheatre, Wi-Fi facilities, a playspace, ping pong tables and raised lawns support the burgeoning public life of this part of the city.
LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY
the site has moved from a place with a rich industrial history to one of social interaction, creative industries .
Emotional connection with the place
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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Summary
Figure 50 illustration of two streets merged
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6.2 Recapitulation of Research Question & its Significance Street create a desirable microclimate or amenity for peopleStreets provide the opportunity for direct access to the buildings and spaces to their edges and the structure for our communities and neighbourhoods to be built upon. Understanding the Community Before starting the design for the community, thorough research and analysis help to understanding the community as well as the people living there. This reveals the characters of the community and the daily life of the local people.
Figure 51
Designing for the Community A successful design is a design for the end users. Fulfilling the needs and wishes from the community and improving their living environment are the major targets in the design.
Figure 52
Figure 53
Improvement on the street as community spaceStreet should be pleasant, vital and interesting to be in; provide physical connection and social and economic interaction to and throughout the communities that they serve; safe, and encourage increased usage and people to feel confident and safe when using them; Page 53 of 56
encourage activity within them and promote healthy lifestyles; are easily accessible by all, being simple to comprehend and navigate through without barriers or obstacles;
Figure 54
should respond well to our needs and the subtropical climate in the provision of appropriate shade and shelter; distinctive and reinforce the character of the local place and the region; enhance opportunities for creative and innovative place making; and Structured to be adaptable in their use and allow for change in the communities needs throughout the 24 hour day, the seasons and into the future.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Urban Street Design Guide (2013, Island Press_Center for Resource Economics)
Finding lost space roger tranick - Book
The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul- The Emergent Unfolding of a Complex_2
The Role of Vitality and Viability of Urban Streets in Enhancement the Quality of Pedestrian –Oriented Urban Venues (Case Study: Buali Sina Street, Hamedan, Iran)
Global street design guide – research paper
Streets as Places: How Transportation Can Create a Sense of Community – research paper
street place movement
Creating more people-friendly urban streets through ‘link and place’ street planning and design p. jones, s. marshall, n. boujenko - book
A Brief History of Urban Form – research paper
Street Layout Through the Ages J.H. Crawford – research paper
Struggling for the use of urban streets: preliminary (historical) comparison between European and Indian cities Angela Jain – research paper
Douglas c. allen institute for the study of cities – research paper
Overview II: Streets in Architectural History | Kostof, City Assembled, pp. 189212
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PLAGIARISM REPORT
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