Hatcheryfeed vol 6 issue 3 2018

Vol 6 Issue 3 2018

Hatcheryfeed Advances in feeding early life stage and broodstock aquatic species

SYNBIOTICS A management tool for improving nursery efficiency

SPHERE-IZED FEEDS onsite diatom cultivation WORMS

New! Hatchery mart Classifieds

An emerging source of protein Improving the Diagnosis of Deoxynivalenol Ingestion in Rainbow Trout

HE 6TH GLOBAL EED AND FOOD CONG RESS 2019

THE 6TH GLOBAL FEED AND FOOD CONG RESS

NGKOK, THAILAND. 11—13 MARCH

THE FUTURE OF FEED & FOOD ARE WE READY? Date & Venue

Theme & Topics

The 6th Global Feed & Food Congress (GFFC), organized by the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF) with technical support provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and in collaboration with VIV worldwide will be held at the exclusive Shangri-La Hotel in Bangkok, Thailand, on 11-13 March 2019.

The 6th GFFC theme ‘The future of Feed & Food – are we ready?’ links to the global challenge to provide safe, affordable, nutritious and sustainable animal protein sources through innovative solutions to feed 9 billion people by 2050 and reflects our shared vision to achieve this for a growing world population now and for the future.

Join us

The 6th GFFC will look ahead at key topics for the feed & food chain, including:

The 6th GFFC is expected to attract executive level delegates from Asia, Europe, Africa and the Americas.

Join us and you will: — Experience exceptional speakers who will share their insights on the future of feed and food.

— Network and discuss strategy with business leaders, senior government officials, experts and policy makers from the feed & food value chain.

— Engage with leading animal nutrition and food companies, food chain partners, international organisations, national authorities and international civil society.

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— Digital Revolution — Sustainability — Feed & Food Safety — Nutritional Innovation — Global Regulations & Policy — Markets & Trade — Future of Farming Systems

How to register?

For more information please visit www.gffc2019.com

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The 6th Global Feed & Food Congress 2019. 11 – 13 March 2019, Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Learn more at www.gffc2019.com

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VOL 6 ISSUE 3 2018

Contents •

News Review

AquaChile and Benchmark to create salmon breeding operation - trū Shrimp and Oceanic Institute to develop a nucleus shrimp breeding

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program in the US - Benchmark and European aquaculture to benefit from a better quality of live feed - India hikes tariffs on U.S. Artemia imports - System developed for optimizing juvenile fish production Aquaculture still growing, says new FAO SOFIA report - ADM moves to

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buy Neovia, including Epicore and BernAqua - BioMar expands its R&D capabilities in the hatchery feed sector - INVE Aquaculture, first Asian company to be granted certificate for direct import Artemia into Ecuador - Pilmico gains controlling share in Gold Coin for US$413 million - Mono-sex broodstock advantages come a step closer.

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New on the market

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Improving the diagnosis of deoxynivalenol Ingestion in Rainbow Trout

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Diatoms as hatchery feed onsite cultivation and alternatives

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18 23

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"Sphere-ized" aquatic feeds

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Worms: An emerging source of protein

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Synbiotics as a management tool for improving nursery efficiency

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Three ways microbes are improving aquaculture

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New research developments in aquatic animal

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Calendar of Events

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* Cover : Valentin Thépot, James Cook University, Australia.

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VOL 6 ISSUE 3 2018

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Alltech Coppens

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Aquaculture 2019

17

Aquaculture without Frontiers

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Aquafeed.com

41

Frozen Ocean

32

Global Feed and Food Congress

2

International Aquaculture Forum

48

Lallemand Animal Nutrition

26

Megasupply

8

Prochaete

19

Reed Mariculture

29

Skretting

16

Sparos

37

Tom Algae

41

Hatchery Mart (Classifieds)

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Hatcheryfeed magazine is published by Hatcheryfeed, a division of Aquafeed.com LLC. Aquafeed.com, LLC., Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA.

Š2018 all rights reserved. Copyright & Disclaimer.

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NEWS REVIEW Highlights of recent news from Hatcheryfeed.com News as it happens in the Newsroom at Hatcheryfeed.com - sign up for our free newsletter for monthly updates

AquaChile and Benchmark to create salmon breeding operation Benchmark and AquaChile, the world’s 6th largest salmon producer, signed an agreement to form a breeding and genetics joint venture.

The joint venture, which will be named Benchmark Genetics Chile, will produce eggs in the Chaicas high-quality biosecure land-based facilities in Chile, with back-up from Benchmark Genetic’s land-based breeding operations in Iceland and genetic technology from Benchmark’s Akvaforsk Genetics in Norway.

Benchmark Genetics Chile is expected to supply AquaChile’s entire Atlantic salmon egg requirement as well as for other customers. The company will also market Coho Salmon and Rainbow Trout eggs adapted for Chilean conditions.

The new Company will combine leading-edge technology in salmon genetics and genomics from Benchmark and AquaChile to drive progress in the future on many of the key traits to the Chilean Industry, including resistance to diseases such as SRS and sea lice.

“Genetics provide the best starting point for production in terms of disease resistance, production efficiency and processing quality and yield. This agreement establishes a strong platform for Benchmark in Chile and we look forward to working with the industry to support its sustainable development for the long-term future”, said Malcolm Pye, Benchmark CEO. Agustín Ugalde, CEO of AquaChile commented: “This partnership will

allow AquaChile to continue improving the genetics of our fish and, with that, the productivity and overall performance in our core salmon and trout farming business.

We have found in Benchmark a partner with a solid track record and the right focus on the main aspects of our business, such as health, nutrition and genetics. This transaction also validates our efforts to date in building local capacity for the production of salmon eggs to the highest quality and biosecurity standards.”

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trū Shrimp and Oceanic Institute to develop a nucleus shrimp breeding program in the US

The trū® Shrimp Company has signed an agreement with Oceanic Institute of Hawai`i Pacific University to develop a nucleus shrimp breeding program in the US. The agreement confirms Oceanic Institute as the supplier of Pacific white shrimp breeding stock selected and developed exclusively for trū Shrimp.

means Oceanic Institute shrimp breeding stock are certified to be free of the nine major shrimp diseases recognized by the World Organization of Animal Health. This assures trū Shrimp that our breeding stock will be disease free and have been raised under the highest of biosecurity standards.”

The agreement is the beginning of a relationship with the scientists of Oceanic Institute to identify which of their breeding stock best perform in trū Shrimp’s patented production environment. Dr. Bruce Paterson, Chief Technical Officer of trū Shrimp, said it is critical highperforming breeding stock are chosen and certified specific pathogen free since trū Shrimp does not use antibiotics in its production systems.

In addition to supplying brood stock for the hatchery at the trū Shrimp Innovation Research Center, Oceanic Institute will supply post larvae shrimp for the initial stocking of the Balaton Bay Reef, which will be the largest shrimp production facility in the Midwest when it comes online later this summer. trū Shrimp President and CEO Michael Ziebell said the agreement with Oceanic Institute is an important step forward.

“Biosecurity of the supplier’s facilities and the health and growth capability of the breeding stock were high priorities during the selection of a shrimp brood stock supplier,” Paterson said. “Oceanic Institute was the first company in the world to receive the designation ‘specific pathogen free’. This

“Oceanic Institute is a pioneer in the selective breeding of Pacific white shrimp. With this agreement, trū Shrimp has aligned itself with the best in the industry. It is our honor they agreed to work with us.

A nucleus breeding program is a major piece of the fully integrated model we are pursuing to produce

safe, antibiotic free shrimp for the U.S. market,” Ziebell said.

“This is an exciting opportunity for us,” Shaun Moss, Executive Director of Oceanic Institute said.

“We developed our shrimp breeding technology with funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, with the intention to support a domestic shrimp farming industry. However, many beneficiaries of this technology grow shrimp overseas, so it is very rewarding for us to have this partnership with trū Shrimp here in the U.S. We believe the combination of trū Shrimp’s innovative production environment, coupled with Oceanic Institute’s breeding technology, will result in production efficiencies which will make trū Shrimp a leader in sustainable shrimp farming in the U.S. and beyond.” trū Shrimp’s Balaton Bay Reef will be stocked with shrimp in September. It will also break ground on Luverne Bay Harbor in Luverne, MN this fall. The Luverne Bay Harbor, will be capable of producing millions of pounds of shrimp annually.

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Benchmark and European aquaculture to benefit from a better quality of live feed The aquaculture sector is growing, with fish farming being a key way to ensure Europe gets the quality food it needs without exploiting marine resources further. One key problem the industry faces is how to get the immature fish though their first few months – one EU project may be about to smooth the way.

Planktonic AS, the company behind the CryoPlankton2 project, has developed novel and gamechanging techniques to use marine crustacean nauplii, CryoProduct, both commercially and sustainably.

They have discovered a way to cryopreserve the nauplii in large user-friendly entities, and to revive them as live individuals after thawing.

"Our overall vision was to upscale, pilot and commercialize the innovative CryoPlankton produc-

Photo Š CryoPlankton2

tion process for cryopreserved marine crustacean nauplii. This can replace conventional live feeds used at marine hatcheries," explains lead researcher Dr. Nils Egil Tokle, of CTO Planktonic AS. A large-scale, industrial trial showed that the vulnerable period during which larvae consume live feed could be greatly reduced in comparison to the time needed when the fish juveniles exist on diets commonly used at marine hatcheries.

"Traditionally, juveniles often display a high rate of deformities. These fish have a low market value and must be sifted out manually before going into sea cages," explained Dr. Tokle, citing sub -optimal feed as being the main reason for the low quality of juveniles. The rate of deformities in the last trial was extremely low, at less than 2 percent. However, Dr. Tokle is quick to point out that although the usual rate is far higher, the controls were also low so there was no statistical difference.

"We do have strong indications that deformities are reduced, but we can't yet make that an absolute claim," he explains.

The project managed to scale up production more than they had estimated initially, producing more than 8 tonnes, and protcols

India hikes tariffs on U.S. Artemia imports India notified the World Trade Organisation (WTO) it would impose higher import tariffs on 30 U.S. goods, including Artemia, in retaliation for higher tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.

The United States is the largest exporter of Artemia to the Indian market.

It has been speculated in the local Indian press that repeated calls by US-based trade bodies to penalize Indian exports of lobsters may have been the reason behind brine shrimp finding its way into the list of tariff hikes.

The revised duties came into force June 21.

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developed at end-users' hatcheries resulted in fish juveniles which showed 50-100percent higher growth rates and far higher rate of survival compared to the control treatments. The produced fish juveniles were better quality, with low deformities and high stressresistance.

Along with the benefits arising from the quality of CryoPlankton, the project has found a way of making the process more environmentally-friendly by reducing the amount of plastics normally associated with the process. "This is also much easier to use," says Dr. Tokle. In the past, the hatcheries had to take out pouches of feed from a dewar flask (a doublewalled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the

walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature). "This which was a difficult task considering that the temperature inside as 196° Celsius. In addition, it was difficult to open the pouch as it became brittle in the liquid nitrogen."

Their system is also more efficient: it uses just one unit to thaw, wash and revitalise the nauplii which means it is more practical to undertake at the end-user's location. The whole process takes just half an hour a day.

"Conventional live feed diets," said Dr. Tokle, "require a lot of time and considerable skill."

But however good the feed, its use has to be simple and distribution smooth. "We were also pleasantly

surprised to see that delivering the product was relatively straight forward," explained Dr. Tokle. The team sent out containers full of CryoPlankton to Greece, Portugal and Malta with no hitches. "We used ordinary road transportation; there is no need for any special logistical effort."

The team believes CryoPlankton can help the aquaculture industry to overcome problems such as growth, survival, vitality and stressresponse. "One of the reasons for high mortality is the presence of pathogenic bacteria in conventional live feed diets. No pathogens have ever been detected in CryoPlankton, and fish producers have even medicated infected fish larvae with our product," Dr. Tokle said.

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System developed for optimizing juvenile fish production A European project, ALFA, has developed a state-of-the-art automatic system to control the most important variable parameters in live feed production for fish hatcheries. The systems were geared to suit conditions for aquaculture in Greece and Norway.

Among the most important parameters regulating algal growth are nutrients, temperature and light.

As the use of manpower is expensive and prone to error, the EU project ALFA aimed to develop fully automated systems, one for northern Europe powered by electricity and another for more southerly countries supported by solar powered units.

Both photobioreactors are designed for the stable growth of algae by using illumination and control of other variables including nutrient content, pH and water carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The project team also developed a novel optical algal monitoring system to ascertain quality and growth rate of the algae.

Added value came with several features. The system was linked to a newly developed continuous rotifer production system (CROPS).

Rotifers are zooplankton and therefore will provide an additional source of food for the juveniles. An automatic harvesting system was also incorporated so algal food can be controlled and maintained at

levels of usage or the excess stored.

Two full-scale complete systems were built and tested in Greece and Norway. Not only was performance evaluated but adaptations were made to optimize output according to local conditions. The data were then compared with a stochastic model incorporating the random variables.

Aquaculture is a highly important sector in the European economy, providing jobs and revenue and aiding conservation of fish species.

Deliverables from ALFA optimize conditions for live food production for fish hatcheries as well as reduce manpower requirements.

Aquaculture still growing, says new FAO SOFIA report FAO has released its latest official world fishery and aquaculture statistics report, the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2018.

According to the report, with capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing impressive growth in the supply of fish for human consumption.

Global fish production peaked at about 171 million tonnes in 2016, with aquaculture representing 47 percent of the total and 53 per-

bined has risen continuously, reaching 46.8 percent in 2016, up from 25.7 percent in 2000. With 5.8 percent annual growth rate during the period 2001–2016, aquaculture continues to grow faster than other major food production sectors.

cent, if non-food uses (including reduction to fishmeal and fish oil) are excluded.

The contribution of aquaculture to the global production of capture fisheries and aquaculture com-

The report also revealed that the growth of farming of fed aquatic animal species has outpaced the farming of unfed species in world aquaculture. The share of unfed species in total aquatic animal production decreased gradually from 2000 to 2016, shrinking by 10 percentage points to 30.5 percent.

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ADM moves to buy Neovia, including Epicore and BernAqua In a move that would substantially increase ADM’s aquaculture footprint, Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) announced that it has agreed to terms granting exclusivity in discussions to purchase Neovia.

The 100 percent cash deal has an approximate enterprise value of €1.535 billion, subject to customary adjustments.

“The acquisition of global leader Neovia would represent a transformative step for our Animal Nutrition business, and a major strategic investment in France,” said Juan Luciano, Chairman and CEO of ADM. “At ADM, everything starts with the farmer, and we are eager to deepen our relationships with French farmers and French agriculture as we bring together the resources, technologies and expertise of two great companies.

We look forward to working with them to leverage their global presence, integrated value chain and world-class innovation to reach new markets and new customers together."

“The acquisition of Neovia would be a major step as we continue to execute the value creation strategy we first outlined in 2014,” Luciano continued. “Neovia is a major global provider of animal nutrition solutions, with significant operations in Western Europe, South and Central America, and Southeast Asia. Combining Neovia’s global

Europe, the company’s footprint complements ADM’s.

“This transaction is a great opportunity for both Neovia and ADM to establish what will be a global leader in animal nutrition solutions," stated Thierry Blandinières, CEO of InVivo.

presence and product and innovation expertise with our own growing Animal Nutrition footprint and capabilities would be the ideal platform for future growth.”

Founded in France in 1954, Neovia manufactures and sells a wide range of nutrition solutions for the feed industry, operating in business lines including premix and valueadded services, additives and ingredients, aquaculture and complete feed. Through acquisition, the current portfolio includes Epicore and BernAqua hatchery feeds and specialty feed firm, Pancosma.

The company, which is currently majority owned by leading French agricultural cooperative group InVivo, has about 8,200 employees.

It has extensive innovation capabilities, with 11 R&D centers in six countries. It had global sales of €1.7bn in 2017, and, with very limited presence in the United States and more than 75 percent of its sales coming from outside Western

"ADM will pursue partnerships with French cooperatives and reinforce its relationships with the French agricultural world. At the same time and in line with our strategy ‘2025 by InVivo’, the sale of Neovia will enable us to accelerate our transformation by favoring investments in our growth levers: agriculture, agribusiness & wine, and retail & digital, in France and abroad."

Over the last four years, ADM has undertaken an extensive portfolio transformation. In its Animal Nutrition business, ADM has added premix and aquaculture capabilities in Asia; built new, modern facilities in North America; and moved into pet treats in 2017. Earlier this year, ADM combined its human and animal nutrition businesses into a single business unit that offers complete nutrition solutions.

Under French law, the signing of an acquisition agreement is contingent upon informing and consulting with relevant employee representative bodies. Subject to that process and regulatory approvals, the acquisition is expected to close by the fourth quarter.

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BioMar expands its R&D capabilities in the hatchery feed sector tomer needs”, Ole Christensen, VP of EMEA at BioMar said.

BioMar has increased its research capabilities in hatchery with an expansion of its Aquaculture Technology Centre, ATC Hirtshals facility in Denmark. BioMar has now opened a state-of-the-art marine fish larval trial unit that not only allows for larval rearing but also the production of live feed.

BioMar is this year celebrating 15 years of excellence in hatchery feeds as it continues to invest in business growth in new geographical markets and new species. BioMar has recently streamlined its product portfolio and adopted new innovations and functional raw materials in its LARVIVA hatchery range to maximize health and performance. The new research facilities will enable BioMar to continue to drive breakthrough innovation in the hatchery feed segment.

The opening of the new hatchery

research and development facilities is the second of a three-phased strategic plan for the segment. Last year BioMar announced heavy investment in the area, including the establishment of a business unit in Nersac, France headed by Chris Dinneweth and the expansion of the fry feed production line in Brande, Denmark expected later in 2019.

“We see significant growth potential in the hatchery feed segment. Our new research facilities will help us continue to evolve our larval feed range while allowing us to respond faster to market and cus-

The ATC Hirtshals now houses 24 RAS larval rearing trial units ranging from 50 to 100 litres, all operating under strict controlled conditions. The new system allows for fine-tuning protocols for larval rearing as well as the production of live feed including Rotifers and Artemia. BioMar has complete control within the trial units, including temperature, salinity, photoperiod and light-intensity, allowing for strongly replicated trials and the ability to work on a range of marine species.

“The launch of the hatchery trial facility at our ATC Hirtshals is a significant boost to the BioMar Hatchery business unit which will allow us to undertake in-house marine fish larvae feed trials. We look forward to developing and bringing to the market new and exciting innovations in hatchery feeds”, concluded Ole Christensen.

Keshuai Li, Scientist Nutrition Formulation, BioMar ATC Hirtshals hatchery.

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INVE Aquaculture, 1st Asian company to be granted certificate for direct import Artemia into Ecuador

Pilmico gains controlling share in Gold Coin for US$413 million

AEV’s food subsidiary Pilmico International Pte Ltd has acquired a 75% equity interest from Golden Springs Group for Gold Coin Management Holdings Limited, one of Asia’s largest privately-owned agribusiness corporations, for US$413 million, as it expands its feeds business in the Asia Pacific region.

INVE Thailand, part of Benchmark, has become the first company in Asia to be awarded a certificate to export its Artemia cysts, feed and health products into Ecuador. It will now be used as a reference in the region for other companies seeking similar certificates. The announcement came after three full days of audits by COTERI (Technical Commission for Import Risk, Ecuador) at the company’s factory in Thailand.

The certificate, which is valid for four years, was presented by Ecuador’s Minister of Aquaculture and Fisheries Mrs. Ana Katuska Drouet and Mr. Daniel Carofilis, sub-secretary of Aquaculture and Fisheries, during a ceremony at INVE’s office in Bangkok.

The Minister commented on the

high standard of operations at the factory, which will now be used as a benchmark for other companies applying for a similar certificate in the future.

Addressing his team after the ceremony, Philippe Léger, CEO of Benchmark’s INVE said: “We are proud of the dedication of our management team and staff in Thailand. This is not only a milestone achievement for INVE and Benchmark, but also the next step towards a more efficient supply chain and enhanced service for our customers in Ecuador. “ We look forward to working with producers in Ecuador to share and develop concepts, best practices and technologies to drive the growth of their business and the industry as a whole.”.

Established in Singapore in 1953, Gold Coin employs 2,600 people across 19 production facilities, in 9 countries. With a milling capacity of approximately 2.5 million tonnes per year, Gold Coin offers products for both livestock and the aquaculture, including young animals and hatchery feed, premixes, concentrates and compound feed. Gold Coin’s aquaculture business is reported to be worth $90 million in sales.

Pilmico International’s first ASEAN venture was in Vietnam in 2014 when it bought a 70% stake in Vinh Hoan Feeds (VHF), one of the country’s major aquafeed manufacturer. In 2017, it bought an additional 15% stake in VHF, effectively increasing its stake to 85%.

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Mono-sex broodstock advantages come a step closer ing of highly important animal protein agro-industries, such as shrimp and aquaculture, as a vital food source,” said Dr. Gil Ronen, CEO of NRGene. “We work ceaselessly to continually improve our technology to have an ongoing, powerful, positive impact on the world food supply.”

Enzootic, an animal biotechnology and genetics company, and NRGene, the world’s leading provider of genomic big data analysis, have completed the sequencing and assembly of the world’s first high- quality genome of freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

The major factor that distinguishes the genome of the female shrimp from that of its male counterpart is the distinctive chromosome (W) carried only by the female. Despite the obvious importance of this chromosome, the sequences and encoding genes unique to this chromosome remained unknown until now.

The incentive to study the genome of female shrimp derived from the dramatic performance advantages of farming all-female populations of shrimp. Enzootic’s leading position in the commercialization of this novel mono-sex strategy led to the partnership with NRGene in a

quest to learn more about the performance superiority of female shrimp and to enhance the breeding of the all-female broodstock.

“The preliminary study of this outstanding high-quality genome has already revealed dozens of new previously unknown putative Wspecific genes, with a fascinating array of functional motifs that could shed light on the importance of the W chromosome and its potential impact on the performance of females,” said crustacean endocrinologist Prof. Amir Sagi of BenGurion University in the Negev and co-founder of Enzootic. “Further research will be needed to reveal the role of these novel genes and how they regulate the physiology of females under mono-sex aquaculture conditions.”

“Our collaboration with Enzootic on the assembly of the first highquality, reference-level shrimp genome is part of NRGene’s strategy to support and enhance breed-

The impact of the female shrimp genome assembly on shrimp production was expressed by Prof.

Xuxiong Huang, Vice Dean of the College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University: “Farmed shrimp is an imperative protein source for many countries.

In 2016, China alone produced around 3.3 million metric tons of marine and freshwater shrimp, representing about 50% of the global production. This newly assembled high-quality freshwater shrimp genome is an important addition to the advanced technological tools that will be used in coming years in the breeding of shrimp toward a more effective and sustainable shrimp farming industry.

“The freshwater shrimp industry today still predominantly relies on traditional, low-tech methodologies, which lag behind those of other more advanced livestock industries.

“With the addition of this genome and the introduction of mono-sex technologies, I believe this can promote this industry towards 21st century practices.”

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NEW ON THE MARKET A new start for fish larvae and fry

Sea bream larva . Photo: Dr. Bernd Ueberschär

The reliable production of high quality offspring is paramount for successful aquaculture. This is true for both a shift from quantity to quality in established species as well as for closing the lifecycle of new candidate species. High mortality rates can occur in hatcheries if abiotic and biotic conditions are not within tightly framed optima, which is a consequence of the reproductive strategy of many teleost fish species.

The cultivation of many species still relies on the provision of live feed in the early stages. In fact, the discovery and extensive use of rotifers and Artemia may have been the main driving force behind the tremendous growth in aquaculture production so far.

Nevertheless, the tremendous efforts in research for manufac-

tured diets in the recent years has substituted live feeds to a large extent.

Dr Robert Tillner, Product Manager, Aller Aqua Research says the company has increased its efforts to supply fish in the early life-stages with optimal and tailored feeds.

Some fish species benefit from more energy-rich feeds such as fry of rainbow trout, whereas other fish species thrive on feeds with less energy. A series of trials at Aller Aqua Research in Buesum, Germany have shown significantly higher growth, lower FCR and improved nutrient retention in fry of rainbow trout when fed a more energy-rich feed. Consequently, Aller Aqua is relaunching its successful ALLER FUTURA EX GR with a higher fat and energy content, fully dedicated to the

nutritional requirements of rainbow trout and other salmonids.

At the same time, Aller Aqua is launching ALLER THALASSA EX GR with a balanced protein to fat ratio, more suited to larvae and fry of marine species as well as species with lesser energy requirements.

New premium starter diet for fish larvae and early fry For the most delicate early stages, Aller Aqua launched its new premium starter diet for fish larvae and early fry at the end of August.

ALLER INFA EX GR, incorporates only premium ingredients, including high levels of krill meal, and the highest standards in production technology. With particle sizes down to 0,1 mm,

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ALLER INFA EX GR (INFA short for latin “infant”) acknowledges the immature and delicate stages of fish larvae and early fry in the best possible manner to support healthy development, fast growth and high survival rates.

“The company has increased its efforts to Aller Aqua Hatchery Pack supply fish in the early life- - improved growth and stages with optimal and health of larvae and fry tailored feeds” The larvae of many fish species are —Dr Robert Tillner, not fully developed at the time Product Manager, they start feeding, some lack a fully developed stomach with the Aller Aqua Research. complete range in digestive

enzymes, and the digestion of feed particles as well as the nutrient uptake is of highest importance to match the high potential for growth.

To aid the developing fish in their digestive processes and organ development, ALLER FUTURA EX GR, ALLER THALASSA EX GR and ALLER INFA EX GR are naturally enhanced to support organ development and health of the liver and the gallbladder. Consecutively, this leads to an enhanced secretion of digestive enzymes, improved nutrient uptake as well as improved growth and health of larvae and fry.

SuperSmolt FeedOnly patent imminent for owner Europharma

The European Patent Organization (EPO) has issued an “Intention to Grant” relating to the smoltification feed SuperSmolt FeedOnly.

"EPO now signals its approval of our first and most important patent application on this product.

After a nearly four year long pro-

cess we are of course very happy about that", said Paal Christian Krüger of Europharma.

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Europharma holds the global rights to the original SuperSmolt patents and has developed SuperSmolt FeedOnly through extencive R&D efforts. The product was launched globally in 2014, quickly gaining a strong market position.

SuperSmolt FeedOnly offers feedbased smoltification of salmon, eliminating the need for the growth-inhibiting winter photo period associated with traditional hatchery smoltification.

The Europharma innovation makes smoltification faster and more predictable, at the same time preventing the problem of desmoltification. These qualities make it easy to produce homogenous fish groups where every fish has good seawater tolerance at the time of transfer, which again contributes to less mortality and faster growth.

Krüger is relieved by the EPO´s decision, even though its conclusions were as expected.

"The decision will not change much in terms of our daily work and focus but it means that we no longer need to spend any energy arguing that this is indeed an innovation, and that it is our innovation. We have worked on smoltification over many years and put significant resources into developing SuperSmolt FeedOnly.

The EPO has reached its conclusion after an extremely thorough assessment process and its decision is an acknowledgment of the innovative qualities of this product", said Krüger.

The use of SuperSmolt FeedOnly has increased significantly every year since the 2014 launch. 102 million smolts were produced this way in 2017, all markets combined.

"Going forward, our focus will continue to be to offer a better way of smoltification to salmon producers around the world. Compared to traditional smoltification methods, SuperSmolt FeedOnly is undoubtedly a giant leap in the right direc-

tion regarding both fish health and welfare, production efficiency and predictability as well as increased earnings for the salmon producers themselves. In a time where fish farmers increasingly demand bigger smolt, and the significance of low mortality and growth performance is ever more important, SuperSmolt FeedOnly has a big role to play. For us, this is one of the products we are most proud of having developed", said Krüger.

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18

Improving the diagnosis of deoxynivalenol ingestion in rainbow trout

By Rui A. Gonçalves MSc, Scientist - Aquaculture, BIOMIN.

Future growth and sustainability of the aquaculture industry depend on the sector’s ability to identify economically viable and environmentally friendly alternatives to marine-derived ingredients. In recent years, the industry has concentrated efforts on finding alternative sources of protein to substitute fishmeal in aquafeeds.

Consequently, many new alternatives are available, e.g. insect meal, macroalgae meal or single-cell protein. However, high costs and limited availability are still challenges that must be overcome for these novel alternative protein sources. Plant-based meals seem to be one of the most promising and viable alternative solutions, but a common problem arising from the use of plant ingredients is the presence of mycotoxins. The trend to replace marine-derived ingredients with plant meals is expected to continue (Figure 1).

Mycotoxin management is therefore an important step to avoid performance losses and disease vulnerability.

Fig. 1. Percentage of fishmeal inclusion in aquaculture species. Data obtained from Tacon and Metian, 2008.

What is deoxynivalenol?

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by moulds and fungi, which can be produced on agricultural commodities before and/or after harvest, during transportation or storage.

Mycotoxins are a significant problem worldwide, causing adverse health outcomes when consumed by humans and animals, and are responsible for significant global economic losses due to

condemned agricultural products.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of more than 400 mycotoxins that have been identified so far. DON is produced by Fusarium fungi, which are generally produced in the field rather than under storage conditions. This means that DON is present on the plant-based raw materials used to produce aquafeeds, as mycotoxins commonly occur in plant materials and are not destroyed during most processing operations.

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Deoxynivalenol and the iceberg principle The toxic effects of DON, a mycotoxin commonly known as “vomitoxin” as it causes vomiting in livestock, are well described including clinical symptoms for land -farmed animals. However, despite increasing knowledge of the effects of DON in aquaculture species, very little is known about the clinical signs of DON ingestion. Normally, when DON is ingested, no known distinct subclinical signs of DON toxicoses (i.e. no distinct lesions/ pathologies) are shown, except accentuated anorexia and the evident decrease in feed intake (also a characteristic effect in livestock). In a very small number of cases, as reported by Gonçalves et al., a reduction in fish length in

Fig. 2. Fish presenting protruding anal papilla after being fed 2,745 ± 330 µg/kg DON. Results presented in Gonçalves et al., In Press.

relation to width, and a protruding anal papilla was observed (Figure 2). Interestingly, protruding anal papilla or haemorrhages are also typical clinical signs in swine fed

DON. However, in the case of trout, this clinical manifestation was only observed in a small number of animals (Gonçalves et al., 2018).

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Fig. 3 . The iceberg principle, showing that visible clinical manifestations (above the surface) are minimal, with most of the symptoms being sub-clinical (under the surface) and therefore hard to detect.

One of the main constraints to detecting the impact of DON in aquaculture species is the lack of DON-induced clinical symptoms. Although it is true that several published reports describe some clinical signs for the most common mycotoxins (Anater et al., 2016), most of these clinical signs are very general and can be attributed to any other pathology or challenge faced by the animals, for example, anti-nutrition factors or lectins in the diet (Hart et al., 2010). Furthermore, the presence of some minor clinical signs, such as protruding anal papilla, are highly variable.

The iceberg principle (Figure 3) illustrates the problem of DON ingestion for aquaculture species very well.

With the exception of some minor visible effects (e.g., protruding anal papilla) and histological damage (only detected by euthanizing the animal and analyzing tissues slides), many other effects are below the surface, making them harder to associate with DON ingestion. These sub-clinical effects normally lead to a

decrease in performance and increased disease vulnerability, indirectly leading to profit losses without being noticed.

Diagnosing DON ingestion without clinical symptoms In order to understand the reasons behind the lack of clinical manifestation, an experiment was setup to evaluate and elucidate the impact of DON on rainbow trout, by exploring new tools and evaluating new diagnostic factors, which may be used later by the industry as a standard to better diagnose DON intake in fish.

In the experiment, quadruplicate groups of 50 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with a mean Âą standard deviation (s.d.) initial body mass (IBM) of 2.52 Âą 0.03 g, were fed one of the three experimental diets for 60

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days (Control, 4,714 ± 566 µg/kg and 11,412 ± 1,141 µg/kg). An accentuated reduction in growth performance was observed after trout were fed DON, which was expected and previously described in many other studies (Hooft and Bureau, 2017; Hooft et al., 2011; Matejova et al., 2014). Along with many other results, it was observed that despite the accentuated anorexia, especially at the higher exposure level of DON (Figure 4), no macroscopic lesions were found (e.g. internal or external haemorrhages, dermal and oral lesions, abnormal pigmentation or damage to fins). This confirms that diagnosing DON ingestion is extremely difficult at farm level, which can lead to severe economic losses.

The experiment authors (Gonçalves et al., 2018) observed that DON contamination seemed to affect essential amino acid digestibility. In the study, it was observed that DON affected trypsin, which consequently influenced the levels of insulin, which ultimately influenced amino acid uptake. The influence of DON on this pathway may directly influence the decrease in growth performance.

The decrease in feed intake was also elucidated in the present work. Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuroendocrine satiety regulator, seemed to be influenced by the ingestion of DON. PACAP plays an important and direct role in the regulation of feed intake, and its upregulation in trout fed DON provides a possible

Fig. 4. Visual differences in growth between Rainbow trout given the three dietary treatments (Control, 4,714 ± 566 and 11,412 ± 1,141 µg/kg, from bottom to top).

Fish shown are examples of the growth difference found in the different experimental groups. No visible clinical signs were observed, except the accentuated anorexia in DON 11 (top). Results presented in Gonçalves et al., 2018.

link to the observed reduction in feed intake. Moreover, PACAP greatly decreases the frequency of gut motility waves, which might also have an impact on nutrient absorption.

The most curious aspect of DON intake is the lack of symptoms,

especially when compared to livestock species also affected by DON ingestion. In the same study (Gonçalves et al., 2018), it was shown for the first time in rainbow trout that DON is metabolised into DON-3-sulfate, which is less toxic than DON. The formation of DON-3

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-sulfate can help to explain the absence of major clinical signs in trout fed DON, as the exposure to DON is minimised.

Going one step further to help the industry The ingestion of DON significantly decreases the activity of trypsin, which seems to have a direct influence on the levels of insulin, which ultimately influences amino acid uptake. Suppression of appetite due to DON ingestion, and the observed increased gene expression of PACAP might be defence mechanisms in order to decrease exposure to DON, therefore reducing its potential negative impacts. Moreover, the biotransformation of DON into DON-3-sulfate minimises exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to the potential toxicological effects of DON, also helping to explain the lack of symptoms in animals fed DON. The discovery of DON-3-sulfate as a novel trout metabolite makes it a potential biomarker of DON exposure, helping farmers to better diagnose the ingestion of DON by simply collecting and analysing a sample of faeces.

References Anater, A., Manyes, L., Meca, G., Ferrer, E., Luciano, F. B., Pimpão, C. T. & Font, G. 2016. Mycotoxins and their consequences in aquaculture:

A review. Aquaculture. 451. 1-10.

232.

Gonçalves, R. A., MenanteauLedouble, S., Schöller, M., Eder, A., Schmidt-Posthaus, H., Mackenzie, S. & El-Matbouli, M. 2018. Effects of deoxynivalenol exposure time and contamination levels on rainbow trout. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 0.

Matejova, I., Modra, H., Blahova, J., Franc, A., Fictum, P., Sevcikova, M. & Svobodova, Z. 2014. The effect of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on haematological and biochemical indicators and histopathological changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biomed Res Int. 2014. 310680.

Gonçalves, R. A., Navarro-Guillén, C., Gilannejad, N., Dias, J., Schatzmayr, D., Bichl, G., Czabany, T., Moyano, F. J., Rema, P., Yúfera, M., Mackenzie, S. & MartínezRodríguez, G. 2018. Impact of deoxynivalenol on rainbow trout: Growth performance, digestibility, key gene expression regulation and metabolism. Aquaculture. 490.362372.

Tacon, A. G. J. & Metian, M. 2008.

Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture.

285.

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Hart, S. D., Bharadwaj, A. S. & Brown, P. B. 2010. Soybean lectins and trypsin inhibitors, but not oligosaccharides or the interactions of factors, impact weight gain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 306. 310-314.

Hooft, J. M. & Bureau, D. P. 2017.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial feed additive against the adverse effects of feed-borne deoxynivalenol (DON) on the performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 473. 237-245.

Hooft, J. M., Elmor, A., Ibraheem, E. H., Encarnação, P. & Bureau, D. P. 2011. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is extremely sensitive to the feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Aquaculture. 311. 224-

More information

Rui A. Gonçalves MSc, Scientist Aquaculture, BIOMIN E: rui.goncalves@biomin.net

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Diatoms as hatchery feed on-site cultivation and alternatives

By Viktor Chepurnov, PhD., Claas G. Steigüber and Philipp Siegel

At shrimp hatcheries, microalgal cultures grown on-site play a pivotal role as the principal feed for the early stages of larval development (zoea).

Cultivated algae are predominantly, or often exclusively, diatoms (Bacillariophyceae).

However, sustainable growth of high-quality diatoms in sufficient amounts remains a challenge: “Cultures will fail to grow, will become overly contaminated with competing microorganisms or will crash even in the best-run hatcheries“ (Shoji & Ajithkumar 2013).

Among possible alternatives to onsite microalgae production, we (Tomalgae, a Benchmark company), in accordance with our experience and expertise, chose for production of high quality diatoms analogous to those currently grown at hatcheries. We have also developed procedures for processing the biomass and manufacturing a diatom-based product, Thalapure Shrimp, with prolonged shelf-life and efficient rehydration and resuspension method.

In a recent publication characterizing our technology and the product in detail (Chepurnov et al. 2017), we made the following statement: “Theoretically, stability and productivity of microalgae cultures grown on-site could be improved …

However, simultaneously this would imply essentially more investment in microalgae.

Nowadays, for most shrimp hatcheries, this is an unrealistic scenario.” Here we shall try to evaluate this statement. Various literature sources are used, with quotes, to show our judgements are not unique. Hopefully, our arguments will help hatchery

managers make more informed choices when faced with the dilemma of whether to invest in modification of on-site microalgae production, or to investigate alternatives.

Methods of on-site production of microalgae were developed rapidly, from initiating phytoplankton blooms in larval-rearing tanks to, already in the 1970s, culturing selected algal species “in specialised facilities and then transported to larval or live prey rearing tanks…” (Muller-Feuga et al. 2003).

However, “the culture techniques developed then have remained relatively unchanged” (MullerFeuga et al. 2003, see also De Pauw et al. 1984, Shields & Lupatsch 2012). “Starting with sterile testtubes the algae are inoculated in large glass containers and carboys, then to bigger vessels or plastic bags and finally to large, indoor or outdoor tanks” (Dhert & Sorgeloos 1991).

It was quickly defined which abiotic parameters are the most important in regulating algal growth: “nutrient quantity and quality, light, pH, turbulence,

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salinity and temperature” (Coutteau 1996, see also Muller-Feuga et al. 2003).

Simultaneously, it was realized that none of the parameters could be adjusted perfectly at hatchery conditions, even indoor, because of costs and technical limitations.

Severe problems with biotic factors, commonly referred to as ‘contamination’ (grazers, unwanted algae, parasites, etc.), were also recognized. To date, however, there are no effective practical solutions to overcome these. The most effective water treatment methods that are considered affordable for hatcheries can only reduce initial concentration of the contaminates (Figure 1) and hence postpone their inevitable negative impact on microalgal cultures.

Earlier detection of potential problems requires high-quality microscopes which many hatcheries do not have. For example, “an algal culture that is contaminated with certain species of protozoans (such as Monas spp.) is likely to be completely destroyed within 12 to 18 hours of first detection… Even with 90% of the algal cells destroyed, the culture can retain a brown tint similar to a healthy algal culture. An algal “crash” caused by these protozoa renders the culture useless as larval food” (Baptist 1993).

Some articles of the last two decades have advertised various modes of ‘advanced’ closed photobioreactors (PBRs) as efficient protection of algal cultures from contamination. Our extended

Fig.1. Diatom cultures (‘Thalapure’ strain) infected by a flagellate ‘Monas’ (Paraphysomonas, Chrysophyceae) and a parasitic chytrid fungus (Chytridiomycota). A: two upper diatom cells have been ingested by Monas. B: the contents of four upper cells has been digested. C: a chytrid zoospore has attached to a diatom cell. D: the zoospore has developed into a mature sporangium; the contents of algal host cell has been consumed almost entirely. Scale bars – 10 µm.

practical experience contradicts this statement. A quote from a publication released by a leading microalgal company, Cyanotech, supports our position: “Many falsely claim that fully closed systems are superior because they protect the algae from contamination. This is a misconception— that closed culture production of microalgal products eliminates contamination from unwanted organisms. Closed culture systems can be (and often are) contaminated by unwanted algae, fungi, and protozoa. When this does occur, elimination of the biological contamination in closed culture systems can be very difficult because of the high surface area

and many “nooks and crannies” in such systems” (Capelli & Cysewski 2007). In addition, “PBRs are between one to two orders of magnitude more costly, capital and operating, than HRPs (high rate ponds) and also present major design and operating challenges (gas exchange, overheating, fouling/cleaning, etc.)” (Benemann 2013). There are also potential problems associated with metabolites excreted by algae in their dense cultures. These substances may inhibit the growth and provoke bacterial development.

Finally, there is a group of delicate biological, ‘intracellular’ factors which have not been addressed to

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date. From our experience, at even the most advanced hatcheries and academic institutions involved in aquacultural R&D, staff are not familiar with the complexity of the life cycles of diatoms. This complexity is associated with constant variation of cells in size.

While multiplying, the cells become progressively smaller and eventually die. Physiology of the cells is also size-dependant. Cell size restitution

occurs via sophisticated mode of sexual reproduction. To keep the reproduction under reliable control, an in-depth understanding of the sexual reproduction pattern and mating system is required, which are species-specific (Chepurnov et al. 2004, 2012).

“Diatoms are some of the most sexual organisms on earth; our problem in understanding them is that we do not invade their privacy

often enough” (Mann 1999).

As a relevant example, let’s briefly consider a diatom Thalassiosira (Conticribra) weissflogii. Currently, cultures of this species appear to be the most popular ‘live feed’ at shrimp hatcheries. To date, there are no reports on this species containing reliable information on how the life cycle is organized, although its complexity, with obligate sexuality, has been

Fig.2. Thalassiosira weissflogii (strain 0320 from BCCM/DCG collection): the life cycle. The phase of vegetative multiplication is presented by three paired images (left – valve view, right – girdle view) which consequently illustrate gradual diminution of cells in size. The sexual phase is shown as spermatogonangium, with 8 sperm (left image) and sperm in contact with the exposed membrane of oogonium. Size enlargement: two images illustrating successive stages of zygote expansion (auxospore formation). Initial cells of new generation have formed but still enclosed in the auxospore membrane.

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catalogued (e.g. von Dassow et al.

2006). We have studied the life cycle in detail and achieved its routine control in experiment (Fig. 2). Variation of cells in size (valvar diameter) is between 4 and 32 Âľm.

However, only cells of c. 12 Âľm in size and smaller can be readily ingested by zoea 1 larvae.

Simultaneously, the cells in this size range are most capable of transforming into sexualized ones (eggs and sperms). Such a transformation drastically reduces the rate of culture growth (vegetative cell multiplication) or terminates the growth entirely.

Regular subculturing of weissflogii cultures (via agar plating) to select cells of suitable size is used at some hatcheries, but it occurs without understanding and controlling the reasons of variation.

We hope that the arguments put forward above illustrate how many parameters should first be critically analysed and then modified if there is a demand to improve on-site microalgal production. But it is easier for us. Our company specializes in a few diatoms relevant for shrimp and shellfish aquaculture, but we do not need to grow the animals! Our staff are experienced in fundamental research and finding practical solutions in dealing with the diatoms, from single cells to the final product, via sustainable mass cultivation in optimized conditions.

Thalapureďƒ’ Shrimp has been applied at hatcheries in various countries. The product is progressively integrated in their feeding protocols, reducing dependence on the quality and quantity of live

diatoms grown on site.

References Baptist G. (1993). Growing microalgae to feed bivalve larvae.

NRAC Fact Sheet No. 160.

Benemann J. (2013). Microalgae for biofuels and animal feeds. Energies 6: 5869-5886.

Capelli B. & Cysewski G. (2007).

Natural Astaxanthin: King of the Carotenoids. Published by Cyanotech Corporation, 142 p.

Chepurnov V.A. et al. (2004).

Experimental studies on sexual reproduction in diatoms. International Review of Cytology 237: 92154.

Chepurnov V.A. et al. (2012). How

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to breed diatoms: examination of two species with contrasting reproductive biology. In: The Science of Algal Fuels: Phycology, Geology, Biophotonics, Genomics and Nanotechnology. Dordrecht, Springer: 323-340.

Chepurnov V., van der Riet W. & Temmerman M. (2017). Reducing dependence of hatcheries on onsite production of microalgae.

International Aquafeed Magazine 20 (12): 22-25.

Coutteau P. (1996). Micro-algae. In: Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture (Edited

by P. Lavens & P. Sorgeloos). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 361: 7-48.

Dassow P. von, Chepurnov V.A. & Armbrust E.V. (2006). Relationships between growth rate, cell size, and induction of spermatogenesis in the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 887-899.

De Pauw N., Morales J. & Persoone G. (1984). Mass culture of microalgae in aquaculture systems: Progress and constraints. In: Bird C.J., Ragan M.A. (eds) Eleventh International Seaweed Symposium.

Developments in Hydrobiology, vol.

22. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 121134.

Dhert Ph. & Sorgeloos P. (1991).

Live feeds in aquaculture. in: Nambiar, K., & Singh, T. (eds).

Aquaculture towards the 21st Century. INFOFISH, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 99-109.

Mann D. G. (1999). The species

concept in diatoms (Phycological Reviews 18). Phycologia 38: 437495.

Muller-Feuga A., Moal J. & Kaas R. (2003). The Microalgae of Aquaculture. In: Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture (Edited by J. G. Støttrup and L. A. McEvoy), Blackwell Science, pp. 206-252.

Shields R.J. & Lupatsch I. (2012).

Algae for Aquaculture and Animal Feeds. Technikfolgenabschätzung – Theorie und Praxis 21. Jg., Heft 1, pp. 23-37.

“Despite their apparent simplicity, microalgae mass cultures is a difficult undertaking and most current R&D efforts

appear to lack a full ΩHF

understanding of the complexities involved, or

Principal author Viktor Chepurnov, PhD Manager of applications and development, Tomalgae CVBA (a Benchmark company)

knowledge of what has already been tried, and all too often failed,

before.”

— Benemann 2013

More information William van der Riet, CEO, Tom Algae E: w.vanderriet@tomalgae.com

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“Sphere-ized” aquatic feed

By Dana Nelson, Aquaculture Specialist, Extru-Tech Inc Global aquaculture continues to grow and mature; production has increased both regionally and globally in recent years. Experts predicted this growth, and most have also concluded that aquaculture will provide a reliable supply of seafood in the future. However, issues related to food safety, nutrition, and sustainability, as well as a significant list of additional challenges, have become increasingly apparent.

Fish nutrition and feed technology are a critical cog in the gears responsible for pushing aquaculture forward. Much of aquaculture’s success and failure worldwide is dictated by the challenge of cost-effectively compounding raw materials into a form that is readily acceptable for each stage of the aquatic species life cycle.

Although most of the world’s starter aquafeeds are still produced by breaking larger pelleted and extruded feeds into smaller pieces and screening them into the desired sizes, more and more feeds are being extruded directly to their desired sizes. This trend is attributable to many factors. Newly emerging species require different

feeds. However, the shift has also been due in part to better understanding and analysis. Feed production costs are well understood by modern producers. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the advantages of crumbling feed are hamstrung by a few significant realities.

First, even the most efficient crumbling lines require reprocessing of under- and oversized particles. This additional processing increases cost and damages nutrients.

Second, the rough texture of crushed pellets can adversely affect palatability. Palatability remains as a performance factor with even the most developed species, and a critical one with others. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, producers’ awareness of the requirement to properly reduce the individual ingredients to ensure that they are sufficiently small to be contained in each particle of crumbled feed has led to significant improvements in grinding and mixing processes. This understanding has altered perspectives on formulations and the large particles that plague directly extruding

rations to the desired sizes in one step. These changes and other manufacturing advancements have encouraged manufacturers to reexamine their ability to directly extrude fine pellets.

History Over two decades ago, the limitations of using live feeds and traditional dry crumbles led Dr. Rick Barrows of the then United States Fish and Wildlife Fish Technology Center in Bozeman, Montana, to think outside the box.

Dr. Barrows adapted pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment to produce micro-extrusion marumerization (MEM) feed. These openformula larval diets were used in fisheries restoration programs for walleye and other species.

MEM is a “batch” process that involves atypical steps to normal aquatic feed production. Once raw materials are sufficiently ground, the ration is mixed with oil and water. The mix is then introduced

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into a forming extruder that is designed to cold-press the feed into noodles. In the next step, the noodles are placed into a cylindrical chamber with a rotating plate in the bottom (Marumerizer, LCI, INC, Charlott, NC). The rotating plate incorporates engineered grooves that are designed to impart sufficient energy to break the noodles and use centrifugal force to spin these broken pieces in the chamber. Varying the diameter of the noodles, speed of the plate, time, and, of course, formulation influences the final size, shape, uniformity, and density of the final product. These smooth particles can then be dried until the desired moisture content is achieved.

Subsequent experimentation and feeding trials demonstrated promise that MEM-formed feeds

High speed centrifugal forces spin noodles into micro-pellets.

would offer greater water stability, palatability, and overall performance than traditional commercial feeds.

Many years ago, the lessons

learned from MEM and the demand for high-quality starter aquafeeds in the 300¾m–1500¾m size range motivated extrusion specialists at Extru-Tech to

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evaluate and develop a Sphere-izer Agglomeration System (SAS). Lowtemperature extrusion and agglomeration methods very similar to MEM were designed with an emphasis on developing a continuous rather than a batch process. Attention and focus were also paid to devising a solution that offered “on-size� particle yield of over 90% and capacities capable of reducing production costs. These goals were achieved.

Today Continuously processed SAS feeds are different from conventionally extruded feeds in a few important

Typical SAS process flow

Attractants can be applied as coatings in the Spere-izer step in the process.

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200Âľm to 1.5mm spheres are being produced on SAS systems

ways. SAS extrusion incorporates much lower pressures and temperatures. These low processing temperatures are suitable for the minimization of nutrient damage, production of medicated feeds, and utilization of other temperature-sensitive ingredients.

The Sphere-izing step also eliminates the necessity to cut the extrudate at the die and substantially alters the physical characteristics of the pellet. SAS feeds are smooth, as the spinning action of the process encourages lipids and other liquids to migrate to the

outside surface and polishes the rough texture.

The traditional cooking extrusion of feeds smaller than 1.5mm has become much more common in recent years. Extrusion systems and raw material preparation steps have evolved. The use of this equipment to produce pellets smaller than 1.0mm is no longer cloaked in mystery. In fact, each decade, the size deemed reasonable for extrusion decreases. The term micro pellet is used for direct extruded feeds smaller than 1.0mm. Many companies around the world are producing micro pellets. All the same realities that motivated manufacturers to crumble feeds still exist. Extruding formulations through small holes continues to be a challenge; however, much better production tools exist, and key factors are now understood to a much High “open area� dies are used for SAS forming greater extent. steps.

The die on cooking extruders has two functions. The first and sometimes forgotten function is to restrict flow. When raw materials back up in the process, they are subjected to friction from the rotating screws. As temperatures rise due to this friction, the dough becomes less viscous and the product flows through the die more easily. As these raw materials flow through the holes in the die, its second purpose is realized as the ingredients are formed into pellets and are immediately cut to a specific length. Cooking extrusion depends on a very stable balance between restriction and flow at the die. If individual particles, groups of agglomerated particles, and/or the viscosity of the dough are not sufficiently controlled, target product specifications cannot be met.

Maintaining an extrusion line that is free of materials that foul or plug small dies is not a simple task. The individual ingredient particles must be small enough to flow through the die, and the mixture must not agglomerate or thicken unpredictably. The mixing and wetting of ingredients that are acceptable for producing larger feeds are insufficient for micro pellets.

Variations in the dry feed rate, added water, steam, or oils that are easily dampened during normal extrusion are often unacceptable in micro-pellet production. Acceptable practices for traditional extrusion lines often fall well short of the minimum standards required for micro-pellet production.

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The use of SAS and more traditional cooking extrusion equipment to directly produce starter-size feeds has evolved dramatically. An increasing number of these manufacturing lines will be needed in more places around the world to facilitate the growth necessary to ensure aquaculture’s success in providing food and income for the world’s growing population and shrinking wild harvest.

References FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018.

of Diet Processing Method and Ingredient Substitution on Feed Characteristics and Survival of Larval Walleye. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Vol. 37, No. 2, June, 2006 S. Kolkovski. 2008. Advances in Marine Fish Larvae Diets.

*Mention of trade names and commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement

by ETI. Dana Nelson, Aquaculture Specialist, Extru-Tech Inc.

F. T. Barrows. Larval Feeds: Two Methods for Microbound Particles.

GAAliance Feb 2000.

F.T. Barrows and W. A Lellis. Effect

More information

E: dnelson@extru-techinc.com www.extru-techinc.com ΩHF

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Worms An emerging source of proteins Everything that lives – from the smallest

microorganism to the giant whale – has something in common; the need for nutrition – enough nutrition to grow and to reproduce. The question many now ask

themselves is: where do

So where do we find them?

With the human being well placed on top of the food pyramid, and a fast growing population, it’s about time we find out where we can obtain enough proteins to avoid a global dilemma. Today, an estimated 2 billion people suffer from malnutrition due to lack of micronutrients. And in emerging economies, the demand for animal protein is growing explosively,

partly due to rising incomes and urbanization.

Limited oceans The sea has long been designated as an increasingly important resource for food, but even in the vast oceans the resources begin to limit themselves. Large parts of the fish currently caught in the world’s oceans are used in fish farming.

Back in 2011 more than 90 percent

we find enough food to satisfy the population of the future? A population which in 2055 will likely have exceeded 10 billion people. Every single one

will need to eat, and an important ingredient in the global cycle of nutrition is proteins.

World fish utilization and supply

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large part of our food supply needs to come from aquaculture”

Worms – an emerging source of proteins

OddGeir Oddsen leads ProChaete’s efforts to make a better and more sustainable feed for aquaculture.

of our global fish stocks were overexploited. This kind of overfishing takes an enormous toll on marine ecosystems, and so the world is relying more and more on farmed seafood.

They started with research High quality proteins will be hard to come by in the years to come, says OddGeir Oddsen, the CEO of Sea Farms Nutrition, a company located United Kingdom. Established in 2013 by a group of researchers and business people, the company supplies specialized feed to a variety of species produced in aquaculture plants.

Much of this goes to Asia and Central America. Sea Farms Nutrition has also developed its own hatchery feed, and the

demand for such specialty foods is increasing.

“The enterprise actually began as a research project between several participants from different stakeholders as feed supplier, worm farmer, aquaculture specialist and seafood suppliers”, Oddsen explained. “Our shared vision is no less than to provide a new solution. Today our goal is to create innovative feed formulations for aquaculture production, without the dependency on fish ingredients”.

We have to get proteins from somewhere, says Oddsen. “Trying to feed the world using land-based animal proteins will have dire consequences. In addition to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions and waste, industrial animal farming on a large scale leads to soil degradation on an unsustainable scale. Therefore a

Sea Farms Nutrition has focused on farmed polychaetes, also known as bristle worms. Farmed polychaetes are an effective way of producing edible proteins that can form a foundation for high quality aquaculture feed. Oddsen and his partners hope that they can provide an exceptional effective feed, and help the aquaculture industry to bring better food to consumers.

“We need to start thinking about consuming and producing proteins sustainably, is Oddsen’s clear message. The development of sustainable animal feed, both on land and under water, represents a giant leap in the right direction.

One of the key elements in this area is the conversion of different waste materials into proteins. A very efficient way of doing this is by using worms; more specifically polychaetes. Polychaetes contain nutritious, versatile proteins that can form a solid foundation for high quality aquaculture feed”.

From waste to value Polychaetes convert a wide range of nutrients into protein, which again allows the company to convert nutrient sources that would normally be considered

35

waste, into valuable protein sources. But they are not satisfied just with turning polychaetes into a high quality aquaculture feed. They are determined to use polychaetes to quite simply create the best and most effective aquaculture feed in the world. Oddsen and his colleagues in Sea Farms Nutrition are currently working on research that will increase the production of worms.

From bio-secure ponds “We get our farmed polychaetes from bio-secure ponds in The Netherland”, said Oddsen.

“Our idea with Sea Farms Nutrition was – and still is – quite simple: Feeds made from polychaetes is an environment-friendly and effective alternative. The future of aquaculture needs to be sustainable. And sustainable aquaculture needs to rely on environment-friendly feed.

Great nutritional benefits Oddsen claims there are a number of advantages to using farmed polychaetes as feed in aquaculture.

Perhaps the most important is that farmed polychaetes have as good nutritional value as traditional feed from fish. In addition they also contain important amino acids, peptids and other functional molecules that are not found in the same amount in traditional fish feed.

More growth

Better tasting food

This feed is more protein-efficient and allows species such as shrimp to grow faster and healthier, giving less emissions to the environment.

Tests done with rainbow trout show that after 12 weeks, the weight gain is 14 per cent higher with added farmed polychaetes in the feed than without it. In addition worms and feed has been tested for parasites, bacteria and viruses. This ensures a disease-free feed.

The taste of seafood is also important. According to a professional taste panel species fed with farmed polychaetes also taste fresher and better. Last but not least, the use of farmed polychaetes makes the entire value chain of a modern aquaculture more sustainable.

ΩHF

36

Synbiotics as a management tool for improving nursery efficiency

By David Kawahigashi, Technical Director, Vannamei 101

Super intensive raceway in South Korea applying fermented rice bran.

Nursery systems continue to grow in popularity in both Asia and the Americas. Obvious benefits include shorter grow-out cycles, control over early disease outbreaks, limited water exchange, improved

feed management, control over culture medium, and improved shrimp health prior to transfer to the grow-out phase.

Due to recent problems with the quality of post-larvae coming from

commercial hatcheries in both Asia and the Americas, nursery systems also serve as a “quarantine� to eliminate weak, unhealthy juveniles while transferring the survivors.

37

Synbiotics ̶ The synergy or relationship between a specific prebiotic colonized with beneficial bacteria through fermentation.

Nursery systems can vary in area and volume from 50 metric ton raceways or round tanks to 1-2 hectare earthen ponds. Although the management and risk levels may vary between nursery systems, the objective remains the same...to produce large, healthy juveniles with the highest survival possible.

Different protocols have been tried when managing water quality in these hyper intensive systems stocked at 5 to 20 post-larvae per liter. Efficiencies typically range from survival rates as low as 60% to as high as 95%, depending on postlarvae quality, biosecurity, and water quality conditions. Emphasis on the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species is of paramount

importance and seems to be directly linked to inferior water quality parameters.

To improve the culture conditions and aid in the recovery of weak post-larvae entering the nursery phase, synbiotic protocols have been applied to control water quality parameters as well as reduce the multiplication of pathogens, primarily Vibrio bacteria, to non-lethal levels.

The concept of synbiotics Synbiotics is defined as the synergy or relationship between a specific prebiotic colonized with beneficial bacteria through fermentation.

Synbiotics is a relatively new and

holistic method of balancing the relationship between phytoplankton and micro-organisms resulting in “mature” and stable water quality parameters (pH, ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen).

Rice bran is considered to be the best prebiotic for water treatment using the synbiotic concept. Rice bran (10-15% fat) is first fermented over 24 hours using commercial probiotics consisting of bacillus, lactobacillus and saccharomyces (yeast derivative). Rice bran has high surface area for bacteria colonization, small particle size (>200 microns), contains fat (for flotation), and most importantly, provides the complex carbohydrates to sustain beneficial bacteria.

Prebiotics + probiotics + fermentation = synbiotics Benefits => Lower cost of production Improved survival

Control Vibrio and diseases (WSSV, EMS/APHNS)

Water quality

pH and oxygen “locked”; Promote diatoms

Clean pond bottom

Less sediment and organic matter

Faster growth

Better performance because of ideal conditions

Lower FCR

Improved environment and feeding efficiency

Shorter cycle

More harvests and cycles per year

38

Table 1 : Treatment protocols.

Protocol: Nursery 10 PL/liter Pre-stock Day -7

Fig.1. Fermented rice bran particles act as mini “bioreactors”.

Millions of these fermented rice bran particles function as mini “bioreactors” that produce organic catalysts (enzymes) and soluble nutrients to stabilize water quality.

Following a 24-hour fermentation period, the fermented rice bran (FRB) is ready to apply to the nursery pond.

It is recommended to condition the culture water using fermented rice

Fig.2. Protocols for fermenting rice bran.

bran in the nursery tank at for 7-10 days before stocking the postlarvae. If a reservoir is available, conditioning or maturing of the culture water can be done in the reservoir and pumped to the nursery tank. Pre-conditioning the culture water using fermented rice bran is essential in controlling ammonia, nitrites, algae blooms, and pathogenic Vibrio.

Day -6 Day -5 Day -4 Day -3 Day -2 Day -1 Stocking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ppm

Kg/100m3

30 30 30 30 30 30

3 3 3 3 3 3

30 ppm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

3 Kg/100 m3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10

1

39

Fig.3. Reservoir treated with fermented rice bran one week before pumping to a nursery tank

ΊHF

More information Fig. 3. Nitrite values with and without bacteria

Table 2: Average production results from nursery tanks before and after FRB treatments

Criteria Nursery

Before FRB

After FRB

Stocking density

10/liter

10/liter

Weight at stocking

0.003 g

0.003 g

Culture period

25 days

25 days

% Survival

75%

98%

Weight at transfer

0.065

0.111

0.65 kg

1.3 kg

0.98

0.58

Biomass (kg/m3) FCR

David Kawahigashi, Technical Director, Vannamei 101 E: david@vannamei101.com

40

PRODUCT FOCUS

Three ways microbes are improving aquaculture

By Bart R. Dunsford, Ph.D., PAS Business Development Manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition The management of microbial communities within aquaculture systems is a promising area. The fine balance of bacteria found within the digestive tract or surrounding environment has a huge effect on final performance.

Probiotics, yeast derivatives and specifically selected microorganisms for the aqua environment are three areas where microbial communities are working to improve the health and productivity of farms today.

contains the lactic acid producing bacteria, Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5M. Bactocell has been specifically selected to strengthen the gut microflora.

Supplementation with Bactocell is proven to increase the beneficial bacteria (e.g. lactic acid bacteria) in the gut of the animal. In fact, its ability to reduce vertebral deformities in fish is patented.

Bactocell has been proven to improve feed conversion, general health and safety.

Probiotics

Yeast Derivatives

Specific yeast and bacteria products have proven benefits for both human and animal nutrition and well-being. Using live microorganisms, such as probiotics, is a common practice in aquaculture, because it is a safe and natural solution to control the microbiological ecosystems.

A more recent innovation is the use of selected specific strains of inactivated yeast fractions to create a powerful defensive barrier and strengthen the immune system of aquatic-farmed species. The unique formula is marketed under the brand name YANG, which offers a unique formula to the aquaculture industry.

Probiotics have a positive effect on the health of the aquatic species and provide proven control over microorganisms present in the animal and the environment.

The most documented probiotic in aquaculture for use in fish and shrimp feed is Bactocell, which

Manage the Environment To achieve a successful and profitable growth cycle, it is important to maintain stability in ponds in terms of water quality,

phytoplankton bloom and eliminating waste. LALSEA BIOREM is a blend of specifically selected naturally occurring microorganisms that help maintain water quality during crop cycles — naturally degrading organic wastes and helping control phytoplankton blooms. The microorganisms in this product help maintain pond equilibrium through sediment control, ammonia control and to balance pond microbial ecosystems.

LALSEA BIOREM, YANG and Bactocell can be used separately — or in combination — to enhance production in both shrimp and fish hatchery systems.

Specifically Selected The key to harnessing the power of microbial communities is strain selection and manufacturing quality. Lallemand Animal Nutrition screens and selects specific strains dedicated to aquaculture applications using its unique marine microorganism bank called Aquapharm Biodiscovery.

As a forerunner in microbial fermentation for animal nutrition, Lallemand Animal Nutrition is

41

constantly seeking advancements in the industry. The company has scientifically selected microbial solutions for aquaculture that can be specific to the success of any operation. The extensive aquaculture portfolio offers solutions that help improve digestive health, security and defenses, antioxidant status, micro-nutrition and water quality.

Quality Guaranteed Manufacturing expertise is another critical factor in the performance of microbial products. Lallemand is a primary manufacturer of probiotic yeast, probiotic bacteria and yeast derivatives. For more than 100 years, Lallemand has been searching, selecting and studying

thousands of yeast and bacteria strains to develop innovative and high performing solutions.

Lallemand has state of the art production processes for microbial products and owns more than 25 specialized yeast and bacteria production plants around the world.

Lallemand Animal Nutrition has specific solutions for aquaculture validated based on scientific research and performance trials — often in partnership with leading international research centers, universities and commercial farms around the world. Lallemand provides its partners with technical, scientific and marketing support and shares its expertise.

HatcheryFeed.com Next issue: December ‘18

2019 Media Info now available

Specialty feed Feeding for targeted outcomes: Smoltification, Maturation, Stress and more

Editorial: editor@hatcheryfeed.com Advertising: sales@hatcheryfeed.com

More information

Bart R. Dunsford, Ph.D., PAS Business Development Manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition E: bdunsford@lallemand.com Lallemandanimaalnutrition.com Not all products are available in all markets nor associated claims allowed in all regions.

42

New research developments in aquatic animal larval feeding and nutrition—recent literature Growth, Survival, and Whole‐body Proximate and Fatty Acid Composition of Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., Postlarvae Fed a Practical Microparticulate Weaning Diet A standard formulation that can be used as a reference for hatcheries and laboratory studies to further the development of high‐quality feeds for hatchery‐reared haddock in the North Atlantic was the aim of a study by Lall et al. A practical microparticulate diet (PMD) was developed and evaluated with newly metamorphosed juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., postlarvae. Survival was just as high as those fed a high‐ quality imported feed. Fish fed PMD had higher final fork lengths, wet weights and weight gains. No differences in whole‐body moisture, ash, or protein contents were found. Lipid content of fish fed PMD (26 g/kg) was higher than those fed the commercial feed (21 g/kg) despite PMD containing 15 g/

NEW BOOK Emerging Issues in Fish Larvae Research This book deals with the fundamentals of key physiological mechanisms involved in the development and growth of fish larvae. Chapters I ncluded show how the environmental and nutritional conditions are affecting the developmental process from its molecular basis and how these same conditions also influence the final characteristics of late larvae and fry. This volume provides recent findings on the importance of environmental rhythms, some specific nutrients and the adequate microbial environment in the developmental processes including recent results of current research projects.

Emerging Issues in Fish Larvae Research, Edited by Manuel Yúfera,Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/nPuerto Real, CádizSpain.

Springer 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73244-2 kg lower dietary lipid, suggesting higher intake and/or lipid retention. The PMD formulation proved to be a highly suitable weaning diet for haddock postlarvae based on high feed acceptance, survival, and fish growth. Given the economic and logistical difficulties associated with importing commercial

weaning feeds, this easily produced practical weaning diet has good potential for use by laboratory researchers and farm managers for hatchery‐based nutrition research with haddock postlarva.

Lall, S. P., Lewis‐McCrea, L. M. and Tibbetts, S. M. (2018), Growth,

43

The information hub for all things hatchery feed

Survival, and Whole‐body Proximate and Fatty Acid Composition of Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., Postlarvae Fed a Practical Microparticulate Weaning Diet. J World Aquacult Soc, 49: 8395. doi:10.1111/jwas.12462 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/abs/10.1111/jwas.12462

Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on survival, growth and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus Researchers concluded that carefully dosed astaxanthin supplementation is a beneficial nutritional strategy for the early developmental stages of kuruma shrimp. Six dietary levels of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg diet) were added to a baseline diet and tested on growth performance, survival, and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus

japonicus). Results showing that larvae‐fed diets supplemented with different Ax levels exhibited better performance during developmental and metamorphosis to postlarvae.

Optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of larvae were 168.9 mg/kg and 82.1 mg/kg diet, respectively. A second, 30‐day feeding trial conducted on post‐ larval shrimp fed supplementations of 100 and 200 mg/kg Ax yielded significantly higher final body weight, body weight gain and specific growth rate than that in a control group. The optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of postlarvae were found to be 108.7 mg/kg and 178.1 mg/kg diet, respectively.

Amina S Moss, Shunsuke Koshio, Manabu Ishikawa, Saichiro Yokoyama, Truong H Nhu, Mahmoud A O Dawood and Weilong Wang, Replacement of squid and krill meal by snail meal (Buccinum striatissimum) in practical diets for juvenile of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus), Aquaculture Research, 49, 9, (3097-3106), (2018). Wiley Online Library https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/abs/10.1111/are.13679

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Planktonic Crustacean Culture - Live Planktonic Crustaceans as Live Feed for Finfish and Shrimps in Aquaculture (Book Chapter) Published in Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018, part of the series: Natural History of Crustacea, a chapter on the culturing procedures of the important planktonic crustaceans Artemia, cladocerans and copepods and their use as live feed and as test organisms for environmental risk assessments is discussed. The culturing procedures are cat-egorized into extensive, semi-extensive, and intensive. In general, the pros for

Artemia and cladocerans are that they are easier to culture than copepods as Copepods are often more difficult in culture requirement and feeding.

Nevertheless, copepods can cover the entire range from freshwater to saline, were cladocerans are limited to freshwater and Artemia to seawater. The authors explain that Artemia cysts and copepods eggs have well defined protocols for storage and distribution to aquaculture end users. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis of these organisms from a use and culturing capability and demonstrate that there are strong similarities and challenges across these taxa.

Jepsen, Per Meyer et al.

“Planktonic Crustacean Culture Live Planktonic Crustaceans as Live Feed for Finfish and Shrimps in Aquaculture.” Fisheries and Aquaculture (2018): Oxford University Press http:// www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/ catalog/2396124957

ΩHF

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