Issuu

AAR4546 and AAR4817 / 2016

EMISSIONS AS DESIGN DRIVERS 2016

ISBN 978-82-7551-130-8

EMISSIONS

DESIGN DRIVERS Aoife Houlihan Wiberg

INTRODUCTION Built in 1912, the old Canning Factory in Stavanger has high historical value with regard to the city memory and to it’s industrial heritage roots. The factory functioned in its first decades as a Canning factory, before the cereal industry took over in 1962. Several expansions have taken place in the building, due to the change in function and in recent years the building has been used as a bar, and an artist has been living here, as well as, several squatters. The derelict building is owned by Helen & Hard Architects and is a live research project part of the Nordic Build Sted project. The transformed building will become the location of their new office and thus they challenged the NTNU students to seek creative ideas for the sustainable transformation and reuse of the building and surrounding areas. The course in Emissions as Design Drivers is the second semester of the MSc in Sustainable Architecture and is a combined theory and design course whose core objective is for the students to learn how to integrate emission calculations in the exploration of holistic, sustainable architectural concepts and strategies, essentially, to ‘learn through doing’. In 2016, the MSc students have been asked to develop holistic architectural concepts and strategies to examine how (if) to sustainably transform a derelict building to achieve an energy positive, and potentially, net zero emission building. In addition, the students were expected to maximise the use of ICT to support quantitative and qualitative assessment for decision support and design processes.

Solargraphy by Håvard Auklend Cover: Solargraphy by Oddgeir Auklend

FOREWORDS

Faculty of Architecture and Design - 2017 This book has been realized thanks to the support and funding on ZEB. The methods and concepts used in the teaching of the course have been developed within the Research Centre on Zero Emission

Students

Authors

Buildings (ZEB). The authors gratefully acknowledge

Eline Marijke Stubert

Aoife Houlihan Wiberg

the financial support from the Research Council of

Mads Løkeland Slåke

Håvard Auklend

Norway and ZEB industrial partners. We would also

Håvard Aukend

like to thank Helen & Hard for their support and time,

Andrea Reinlund Hansen

Layout and graphics

in particular Håkon Solheim, and the network and

Jason Andrew Hannah

Håvard Auklend

participants of Nordic Built STED for the outstanding

Pablo Marin Mora

culture of exchange of research and objectives.

Liisa Valdmann

Edit

Claire-Elise Bard

Håvard Auklend

The book has been organized following the structure

Fei Ding

of both the theory and design courses “Emissions

Karine Hemstad

as Design Drives”. The content of this book reflects

Monica Hagen

NTNU Grafisk senter

the work accomplished though the whole semester,

Winnie Po Ting Poon

resulting in the final group projects and their display

Deni Nae

ISBN

of accumulated learning. The students would like

Isabella Netz

978-82-7551-130-8

to thank the teachers for their enthusiasm and

Janice Lobo

specialized knowledge within the fields of study.

Mariya Stoyanova Linda Cairenius Claire McConnell

2016 _ teachers:

Internal Reviewers:

Kristian Bøe

Course Leader: Aoife Houlihan Wiberg

Aoife Houlihan Wiberg

Marco Aparicio Kirwant

Per Monsen

Luca Finocchiaro

Martin Fischer Zorbey Tuncer

Chiara Bertolin Flavio Carniel

External Reviewer:

Emilie Botella

Maria Coral Ness

Paul Woodville

Orlane Guillouet-Lamy

Tobias Hofmeister Francesco Goia Steinar Hillersøy Dyvik Gabriele Lobaccaro 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE COURSE

SITE ANALYSIS

COURSE BACKGROUND Course Description ZEB Nordic BuilT Sustainable Transformation & Environmental Design (STED) IEA Annex 57 Course Learning Outcome Course Structure LCA TOOLS

9 9 11 13 14 15 16 17

CLIMATE

STUDENTS’ RESEARCH Individual report

18 18

MATERIALS

QUALITATIVE DIAGRAM

CATEGORIES The skin Construction Insulation Foundation Windows and doors

24 24 25 26 27 28

CULTURAL HERITAGE

CLIMATE: Cfb SOLAR ANALYSIS WIND ANALYSIS URBAN ANALYSIS STAVANGER MUNICIPALITY STAVANGER CITY STORHAUG NEIGHBOURHOOD NEW PLANS AND URBAN RENEWAL REGULATIONS REFERENCE CULTURAL HERITAGE History of the site History of the factory References

PROJECTS

38 39 39 40 43 45 45 45 46 46 48 49 49 51 54

GROUP 1:

Y100 - MØLLEHAUGEN I STAVANGER

GROUP 2:

STØPERIGATA 6

GROUP 3:

SOLBAKKEN

GROUP 4:

THE RIB CAGE

GROUP 5:

THE GREENHOUSE FACTORY

CULTURAL HERITAGE IN STAVANGER

CONSERVATION AND BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE

STED MEETUP

FIELD WORK Surface temperature Degradation mapping

33 35 36

MATERIALS & PRODUCTS

96 6

THE COURSE 7

COURSE BACKGROUND The courses AAR4817 and AAR4545 encompasses the

second

semester

the

master

program

MSc Sustainable Architecture at NTNU. As a part of the philosophy of the course, the groupwork is

fundamentally

aimed

towards

interdiciplinary

cooperation with students with different academic and cultural backgrounds.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Site

Urban & Neighbourhood Cultural Heritage

The key aspect of both theory and design courses is to understand how emissions act as a driver for design.

Lifecycle Assessment

Conversely, how do the design strategies and the choice

Embodied Emissions of Materials (kgCO2eq)

of materials act as a driver for CO2eq emissions but also the tectonics and cultural heritage aspects? The course gives an overview of architectural concepts and strategies for energy positive (and potentially) nZEB buildings in a renovation context. The key objective of the parallel courses (AAR4817 + AAR4546) is to link theory and design.

Tectonics and Materiality

The main design project is a live research project part of the Nordic Build Sted project. In addition, the design site, Canning Factory will be the location of Helen & Hard’s new office. The research questions to be addressed in this project are part of the those being investigated in Nordic Build Sted, as well as from the client Helen & Hard. The results and outcomes from this course will feed into the Nordic Build Sted and will be part of a larger publication being planned through the network.

ZEB

The vision of The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings, ZEB, is to eliminate the

WP5

greenhouse gas emissions caused by buildings. This national research centre will place Norway in the forefront with respect to research, innovation

IEA

Nordic Built STED

Annex 57

and implementation within the field of energy efficient zero-emission buildings. The main objective of ZEB is to develop competitive

The Course

products and solutions for existing and new buildings that will lead to market penetration of buildings that have zero emissions of greenhouse gases related to their production, operation and demolition. The Centre encompasses both residential and commercial buildings, as well as

Design

Theory

public buildings.

Materials Cultural Heritage

The ZEB work package 5 deals with definitions, strategies and concepts for zero emission buildings. This includes developing transparent guidelines/instructions on how to document zero emission buildings, which in turn can form the basis for future norms and regulations.

Group Projects

Individual Reports

NORDIC BUILT SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (STED)

IEA ANNEX 57

Nordic Built STED is a project that targets

More than that, renovation projects offers

The content of the theory lectures following the

innovation in design solutions and design

a chance to improve the quality of the built

course AAR4817 is extracted from the results in IEA

processes

environment on many more parameters than

Annex 57. Through observations from case studies,

just

for

construction,

renovation

and

transformation. The main aims of STED is to: Develop innovative generalizable system

The main objectives of the project are to: –

Collect

existing

research

results

design

the research is lectured in ten parts comprising

concerning embodied energy and CO2 emissions

may improve wellbeing, welfare, health, social

both an overview of the methods and their

due to building construction, to analyze them and

cohesion, security and economic value too.

application to design.

to summarize into the state of the art

energy

Knowledge

efficiency:

Management

Architectural

and

Innovation

–

Develop guidelines of the methods

design solutions for construction, renovation and

Architecture. Architecture, engineering, social

The IEA Annex 57 includes participants from over

for evaluating the embodied energy and CO2

transformation.

sciences and economy competencies need to be

20 countries worldwide and aims to provide

emissions due to building construction

methods

integrated in the earliest stages for renovation

stakeholders with detailed information, as well

–

using ICT for decision support combining energy

processes to achieve the best possible results, yet

as, guidelines on calculation methodologies,

to design and construct buildings with less

efficiency, environmental design and lifecycle

knowledge management for innovation is rarely

databases

embodied energy and CO2 emissions

thinking

used in a systematic manner among architectural

construction of buildings with low embodied

practices and external partners.

energy (EE) and embodied greenhouse gases

Design Processes and Design Methods using

emissions (EC). Information and guidelines will be

Create

Boost creating

innovative

knowledge

Nordic

design

creation

innovation

through

platform

for

construction, renovation and transformation.

and

methods

for

design

and

ICT for Decision Support and Design processes

of relevance for different stakeholders, reflecting

for renovation are under pressure of time and

the current state-of-the art and will have a

Nordic Built STED is a collaboration between

economy, while solutions have long lasting

scientific basis.

schools;

impacts. ICT offer essential tools for resource

DTU

Arkitektskole

(Denmark, (Denmark),

Kunstakademins NTNU

(Norway),

Chalmers (Sweden) and architecture offices; White

management, performance modeling and decision

The project is dealing with methods for evaluating

support, but services need to be developed.

embodied energy and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Arkitekter (Sweden), Vandkunsten (Denmark),

emissions of buildings, to develop guidelines that

Helen & Hard (Norway), Studio Granda (Iceland),

contribute to practitioners’ further understanding

and OOPEAA (Finland).

of the evaluation methods and to helping them

Develop guidelines of the measures

to find better design and construction solutions The three major STED challenges

of buildings with less embodied energy and CO2

Sustainable Transformation of Existing Buildings:

emissions.

ARchitectural design holds the key to increasing building performance dramatically.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

COURSE STRUCTURE

The aim of the ZEB design course is to enable students to attain knowledge about developing architectural

Theory Lectures

strategies relevant for energy positive (and nZEB) buildings in a renovation context. The key objective of

Design Studio Days

the parallel courses is how to integrate emission calculations in the exploration of architectural strategies

Materials and Tectonics

in terms of renovation, cultural heritage and tectonics and aesthetic qualities. The learning is achieved through both quantitave and qualitiative methods using analogous and digital methods to analyse and explore the various elements that contribute to lowering energy and CO2eq

Cultural Heritage

emissions in order to achieve the net zero emission ambition. Through the semester, students develop deep knowledge on how to create a net ZEB balance (CO2eq emission) between the embodied emissions from materials and emissions from operation, with the

IEA Annex 57 Lectures

“avoided” emissions from renewable energy systems i.e. PV production. The design project focuses on developing holistic architectural concepts and strategies to examine how to sustainably transform a derelict building to achieve an energy positive, and potentially, net zero emission building.

Site Analysis

Concept development

FOCUS TUNING

400

Design

Renewables

Energy systems

Users / SIM

LCA

Materials GHG

Bioclimatics

Energy & Emissions Analysis

Capacity (h)

Lectures (h)

Weeks

LCA TOOLS

STUDENTS’ RESEARCH

EPD’S AND COMPUTER MODELLING

INDIVIDUAL REPORT

An integral part of doing life cycle assessments

A total of 21 individual reports was prepared by the students, where topic was proposed and defined by the

on a design in using Environmental Product

students themselves. The span of subjects within the reports are wide, from innovative materials research

Declarations (EPDs) in coordination with a

and life cycle assessments to new tool developments and operational strategies. The following list is the

computer model of the building. There is a great

full list of report titles.

potential for a bi-directional link between EPD databases and dynamic computer models to be

Use of recycled/reused materials as a strategy for lowering emissions

valuable in an early stage of the design.

A fundamental investigation of potentials for using pea fiber from food industry for thermal insulation applications in buildings Assessment of Earth and Natural fiber construction based on a LCA perspective

MODELLING SOFTWARE

PARAMETRIC CONTROL

EPD DATABASE

Cross Laminated Timber - Study of its efficiency A conceptual comparison between single and connective life cycles in wood constructions Healthy Materials: How the LCA technique can guide us towards Planetary Health “Tetra Pak” cartons and their potential to be used as a construction material Environmental impact of construction and demolition (C&D) waste Recycling Postconsumer Plastic Assessing the impact of using thermal mass on embodied and operational emissions of a building case study LCA: Brick vs Timber Houses in Australia Sustainable and Universal Design in refurbishment projects A Comparative LCA of different cardboard types as insulation materials for Wikkelhouse Comparison of embodied emissions in a steel and hybrid wood construction of 400m ice rinks How to set up a combined energy simulation and LCA tool for early stage design An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Global Warming Potential as an Estimator of Embodied Environmental Damage Integration of Simplified LCA tools in early design stage to reduce carbon emissions Conceptual methodology for the selection of building materials based on analysis of dependencies between elements with Design Structure Matrix method using an existing building as a case study Development of LCA and EPD in the construction industry - A review Selfsufficient Architecture in “Extreme” environments Passive Strategies in Architecture - Building form and architectural concept to facilitate passive features of Net ZEBs

MATERIALS 19

Photo: Eline Marijke Stubert

Material integration is a fundamental part of

During the semester, a booklet (Drivers for choosing Materials & Products) was formed with intentions

architectural design, and having a discerning

to investigate how conventional, unconventional and innovative materials and products for building

insight of how the materiality of a building

applications are affecting both the natural and the built environment. The booklet also serves as a way of

is affecting both the natural and the built

attaining an overview of how different materials compare depending on different parameters. The content

environment is key to a sensible strategy. There

of the booklet is included in the chapter “Materials & Products” on pages 78 to 156. Students following the

are however an abundance of potential building

2016 course AAR4817 at NTNU have worked in groups, each investigating one of the five major elements of

materials available, where applicability can vary

the fabric of a building; the skin, construction, insulation, foundation and windows & doors.

depending on location and desired functions or properties. No single material can be claimed to be superior to other materials in every possible way, as it is solely depending on how the material is used. This is evident through the study of architectural history, where certain types of materials has found their natural place in the building fabric. Historically, materials has been chosen largely depending on availability and climate, but as technology has advanced, new materials has entered the scene. This influences the availability for a broader range of materials and consequently a broader range of synergies between different elements. While one material can be more comfortable to the human touch, complementary elements can provide comfort in terms of temperature, air quality, spatial quality etc. All the while, the collection of material has a quantifiable impact on the natural environment depending on how it is produced, how long it will last, where it is from in relation to where it is installed, and lastly, what happens when it is considered obsolete.

QUALITATIVE DIAGRAM

CATEGORIES THE SKIN

The diagram below is a visualisation of different

The skin of the building is that part which

parameters that can have an impact on a design

protects it against the outside circumstances and

decision process, and is used for each materal

natural forces. The skin is usually a layer which

and product in the materials & products booklet.

is waterproof or endures in humid situations.

Scaled between two oposites, the paramaters are

Also, it protects its inner climate against wind

being graded by the qualitative characteristics of

and sunlight. The skin could also play a role in

each product. Comparison between the following

improving the inner climate by means of the

materials and products should be isolated for

materials chosen. The skin usually is interpreted

each chapter, as the reason for the grading can

as the layer which is directly in contact with

vary across building components in this booklet.

the outer climate. Other parts of the wall, like insulation, bearing construction or finishing on

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation Waste to landﬁll Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

Global Synthetic High tech Modern High maintenance High emitting Toxic ingredients Warm High environmental footprint Expert installation Recyclable waste Sound transmitting Robust and resilient High cost Ugly

the inner wall are not included. But some function could be shared by the skin as well, like sharing the loadbearing properties or the improvement of the insulating values. Also, sometimes the skin can help in providing energy to sustain the building in its energy demand. The materials which are investigated in this report could be devided in 5 main subjects: Concrete, transparant facades, natural stone, roofing materials and PV panels. The materials have been chosen for the local availability or its importance for improving the sustainability of the building. Wood has been excluded from this report. Each subject contains several variations/possibilities of this material. In all chapters the advantages and disadvantages are displayed, including a chart with the properties of the material.

CONSTRUCTION

INSULATION

The construction materials are chosen with two

The current market of insulation materials is

main goals; displaying a large variety of materials

highly diverse and ranges from low-tech organic

and options that are relatable to the design

to high-tech synthetic. Most of the insulation

project in Stavanger. The materials are divided

materials have their strenghts and advantages in

into 4 groups; timber and organic, masonry, glass

different areas, and the desired properties should

and plastic. Concrete is chosen because it is

therefore be predetermined conciously when

produced close to the design site and appropriate

designing for a building. There are insulation

in the climatic conditions.

materials to fit every need in a building, it be wall

While the construction materials are chosen with

thickness,

thermal

performance,

water

permeability, indoor air quality, emissions etc.

the Stavanger site in mind, they present a base range of options for initial construction system

The main purpose of an insulation material is

consideration. At the beginning of the design

to reduce thermal transfer through the building

phase, the students can change the architectural

envelope, and is used in ground, walls, floors and

approach to suit zero emission goals However

ceilings. Other than having thermal properties,

presenting data like this allows for comparing

insulation materials also plays a major role

the designs as a whole as there are other factors

that need to be considered such as strength, fire

transmission.

acoustic

insulation

reducing

noice

resistance, etc. that depend on the site location and usage within the construction system.

FOUNDATION

WINDOWS AND DOORS

Foundations provide a durable base for a building

The study of windows and doors encompasses

structure. Most foundations provide protection

examples of both local and global, natural and

from moisture and some degree of thermal

synthetic, low tech and high tech. More windows

insulation.

than doors have been studied, due to the huge impact windows have on a building, both qualities

Foundations in Stavanger are typically made of

and challenges. The production of glass also

concrete and stone. Variations of these materials

influences the environment to a large extent,

are presented, as well as wood and brick, materials

and the report looks closer into this. Some of the

local to Norway and the site, respectively. Clay

materials presented have EPDs, with quantitative

bricks using oil industry waste are examined as an

information accessible, while other materials

example of recent industry innovation that might

didn`t. The qualitative information that have been

be of particular interest to Stavanger, given the

discussed, is less scientific, but nonetheless very

importance of oil in the region.

important.

Qualitative mechanical properties related to

To compare the different windows and doors, a

foundation material performance are presented,

table was made with grades ranging from 1 to 10,

as well as a basic environmental footprint

where 1 is the lowest score, and 10 is the highest

including the global warming potential, embodied

score.

energy and water and waste produced. Materials

The window with the best total grade was the

are also analyzed qualitatively for a more thorough

window from Vindusskredderen in Stavanger, and

picture of the advantages and disadvantages of

the door with the best grade was the inner door

use in foundations.

from Nordic Dørfabrikk. Both of these products are manufactured locally, which gave them high grades for transportation, global-local and community gain.

CULTURAL HERITAGE 29

Photo: Eline Marijke Stubert

CULTURAL HERITAGE IN STAVANGER

CONSERVATION AND BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE

The original factory traces back to a time with

During a two week intensive module, the students

massive changes in the daily life of citizens in

were expected to gain a deeper knowledge of

Stavanger. Norway was now an independent

the cultural heritage and how this should be

nation, and the rapid industrialization over the

considered in a building that will be sustainably

turn of the century gave root to the term “the

transformed.

new working day”. Small local communities was

The students was introduced to Cultural Heritage

now dominated by-, and centered around the

theory and learned how to make the transition to

flourishing industry. It provided work for women

analogical and digital documentation which was

and a large working class, and a new typology of

explained using real case study examples.

densified urban architecture emerged.

In the second week of the module, the students had a two day tour to Stavanger where the

The existing factory building has inherit values

students met with Helen & Hard Architects and

associated with industrial and cultural heritage,

visited the Canning Factory.

but is currently in dire need of refurbishing and

The students learned analgous and digital

substantial maintenance.

methods of documenting an existing derelict

Throughout its service life, the building has

building. They were also introduced to a 3D

functioned as a canning factory, a puffed rice

scanner which could have been used to create

factory, an underground music venue/bar, and an

a 3D BIM model for use by the students. The

artist’s home.

remainder of the module involved an introduction to Rhino and Grasshopper modelling tools.

FACTORY IS BUILT “CANNING UNION”

NEW FACTORY “H&O.BJELLAND A.S”

EXPANSIONS

PROPERTY SOLD TO NORDKRONEN, CEREAL INDUSTRY

NORDKRONEN CLOSED

UPGRADING OF THE BUILDING!

1912

1935

1945

1962

1995

2017

FIELD WORK During the weeks prior to concept development, the educational method included site visits and field work to better understand the theory presented in lectures. The focus for these site visits was primarily cultural heritage and surveying existing building. By attaining a knowledge about how to survey and map an existing building, one can better understand how to refurbish or reuse parts of the building in a design project, and ultimately reduce the total embodied emissions from materials. The sites visited was Ringve museum and Dora 2 in Trondheim and the design project site in Stavanger. The surveys included tools used for revealing degradation of the structure, and understanding where thermal bridges occur. The students used infrared

camera,

humitity

and

temperature

sensors and sketches, from which to analyse and make a complete degradation mapping of both structure, components and surface treatments. By uncovering and mapping the problems with the existing building, the students developed a base of knowledge of the building. This knowledge was brought into the early design process.

Photo: Andrea Reinlund Hansen

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

DEGRADATION MAPPING

The IR photos of the facade displays surface

The damage and items marked on the diagram above indicate how different processes are connected. We

temperatures

south

can for example see notice a relation between the paint flaking off at the bottom right side of the small

facade. Dependent on material properties, the

which

occour

the

ventilation grill and the rust marks on the cover of the larger ventilation grill. This is a sign of water forming

temperature varies. Dark surfaces, as the painted

in the corner of the small vent and drizzling down the wall, resulting in flaking paint. The water then runs

bear, are warmer due to higher absorption. While

over the cover below and rust is formed. Another example is the correlation between the mortar crumble

lighter and more reflective surfaces, like the steel

and vegetation in the center of the facade at ground level. The vegetation can be expected to enhance the

door, have lower surface temperatures due to

crumbling process. The highest amount of vegetation is locaded on the bottom right half of the facade.

ther high reflective properties. When renovating

This part of the wall is more sheltered from winds than the left part of the wall, since ground level is lower

the building or designing a new addition, one can

than further to the right of the building. On the left side of the facade, the ground level is higher than the

take the surface temperatures into consideration

terrain further to the left of the building. This could result in better drainage of the ground, and contribute

to avoid dew occouring on the surfaces at a

to poor conditions for plant growth. The crumbling mortar on the bottom left corner of the facade can

certain air temperature and relative humidity to

be caused by combinations of exposure to salty winds, splashes from raindrops hitting the ground and

avoid any upcoming moisture damage.

shifting ground conditions.

Painter bear, paint

Toy, paint Graffiti, paint

Mortar crumble

Paint flaking Vegetation

Rust

Dents Cracks 35

SITE ANALYSIS 37

CLIMATE CLIMATE: Cfb

SOLAR ANALYSIS

challenges in this climate, which conditions we

An oceanic climate (also known as maritime)

Sun path diagrams can tell you a lot about how the sun will impact your site and building throughout the

can take advantage from, and what we have to

is the climate typical of the west coasts at the

year. The relative position of the sun is a major factor in the heat gain of buildings and in the performance

protect the building from, because of its location.

middle latitudes of continents, and generally

of solar energy systems.(2) Accurate location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is

The yellow factory is located in the eastpart of

features warm (but not hot) summers and cool

essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation, landscaping, summer shading,

Stavanger

called

(but not cold) winters, with a relatively narrow

and the cost-effective use of solar trackers.(3)

“Vindmøllebakken”. This is an area with a maritime

annual temperature range. The Stavanger-area

climate, and we can see the loads from that on

does not have a dry season, and precipitation

the condition of the buidling today. The building

is more evenly dispersed throughout the year.

body has been a canvas of different uses and

Oceanic climates can have much storm activity,

users throughout the years, and an insufficient

and are characterized by a lot of rain and wind

maintenance, leading to several damages, has

through the whole year. (1)

In this analysis we want to look closer into the environment in Stavanger, qualities and

city,

little

hill

occurred.

(2) “Solar Resource Information”. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-03-28.

(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate

(3) Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). “Geometry and the physics of seasons”. Physics Education 47 (6)

December 21. cumulative hourly shading analysis

June 21. cumulative hourly shading analysis December 21. shading analysis 12:00

June 21. shading analysis 12:00

WIND ANALYSIS Wind rose diagrams help you visualize wind patterns at a site. Use them to better inform your design decisions, but be aware of unique microclimates and site considerations that wind rose diagrams will not capture. There are photos from simulations done in a 3D model at our site further down in the report. January

February

March

April

Model showing the leward area with wind velocity of 4 m/s and lower with a source wind speed of 10 m/s from north west.

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Model showing wind speeds around structures when source wind speed is 10 m/s from north west.

URBAN ANALYSIS NEW PLANS AND URBAN RENEWAL REGULATIONS

This urban analysis is built up looking first at the area of stavanger and then moving in on the building site of the canning factory. The analysis is covering the nature and development in

Helen & Hard arkitekter who had their office in

Stavanger in general, and then describes the type

the Vindmøllebakken block took on the planning

of buildings found in the area, the inhabitants and

and development of this small block located in

living standards, as well as the development plan.

Storhaug. The old canning factory Canning Union

At the end the actual building site of the canning

who is listed as cultural heritage and should be

factory covering motivation, plans of Helen and

preserved is also in this block. Their plan for the

Hard.

area is quite strictly regulated to make sure the area is suitable for families with children and that it fits into the surroundings. The plans state that

STAVANGER MUNICIPALITY

STAVANGER CITY

STORHAUG NEIGHBOURHOOD

Stavanger is the fourth largest city municipality

The city centre of Stavanger is small and compact,

The area of Storhaug is characterized by big

offices. The main building material should be

in Norway with 132 644 inhabitants, 50 000 less

with Vågen as the social meeting point with

contrasts with small wooden houses, bigger

wood, both in construction, cladding, details and

than Trondheim. The city municipality is 71,4 km²

restaurants, shops and a public dock. The history

brick buildings and large concrete constructions.

other elements indoor and outdoor. The reason

located in the middle of Rogaland county in the

of the city is apparent in the architecture with

Storhaug is a part of the old wooden town of

for these regulations is to value the heritage of

south west of Norway. Rogaland county is known

Stavanger domkirke, Rogaland Teater and the

Stavanger and therefore also a part of the cultural

the old wooden town. The plan also regulates the

for its beautiful nature and is often addressed as

small wooden houses in the old town. Stavanger

heritage. This area scored lowest of all areas in

appearance of the building volumes so that the fit

miniature Norway because of the vast variation

is considered as the largest wooden house city

Stavanger on the latest living standard survey. It is

into the surroundings better. The scale should be

in the landscape you can recognize in the rest of

in the world which is highly rooted in the city’s

dominated by young adults and it has the lowest

broken down by choice of materials and details

the country. Rogaland was also where the first

regulation plan. But there are also new and

percentage of children. This is also the area with

so that the volumes appear smaller and various.

people settled in Norway after the ice receded for

modern buildings in concrete and glass which

the highest relocating frequency, debt burden

There is a maximum of 49 new apartments in the

approximately 10 000 years ago, and today it is

tells the story about a new era of industry,

and criminality. Because of this the municipality

plan and the minimum size of one apartment is

the fourth most inhabited county in Norway after

shipping and oil. The city is divided into seven

would like to develop Storhaug into a residential

50 m2 without being a single room apartment. This

Oslo, Akershus and Hordaland.

districts, which again is divided into 22 subareas

area with a more diverse demography. One of the

is to prevent more young adults to move in and

and 218 circuits (grunngretser). The city centre is

strategies to connect Storhaug with the city center

encourage families to move in. All apartments

located in Eiganes and Våland.

is to establish a “blue walk” that connects all the

should have at least 5 m2 of outdoor area which

seaside areas with the city centre.

could be roof terraces or balconies.

the area is to be converted into a housing area with some mixed use including business and

The buildings in the corners of the area should

The restrictions for the Union Canning is however

be lower the the middle ones to allow sunlight to

not as restricted probably because they don’t

enter the area. The highest building height allowed

have a set plan for the old canning factory and

is 28,5 m amsl except towards Støperigata where

because it is marked as cultural heritages and

the maximum building height is 22 m amsl. Parks

should be preserved in some extent. The use

and areas for recreation should be established

of the building is not set and there is also a

within the plan to make the area more attractive.

possibility to demolish parts of it.

The Union Canning factory building that is facing Støperigata should be renovated and converted into housing, offices and/or business facilities. The building was protected earlier but is no longer protected, it is however suggested to keep some of the valuable elements. An elevator must be installed inside or in connection to the old factory. The plan also allows for destruction of the roof to create a common roof garden. The plan states that the area has good solar conditions and that solar energy should be considered. The municipality has many plans for both the city and the east parts of Stavanger where The Union Canning factory is located. Helen & Hard have

REFERENCE Stavanger kommune, Last edited 13. oktober 2014, https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_kommune Rogaland fylke, Last edited 27. jan. 2016, https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland Stavanger past, fresent and future, Stavanger Municipality Department of Culture and Urban Development, 2009 http://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/Brosjyrer/cityguide2.pdf Stavanger, Last updated 19.09.2014, https://snl.no/Stavanger http://statistikk.stavanger.kommune.no/index.html New plan for Stavanger municipality 2014-2029, http://www.stavanger.kommune.no/no/Tilbud-tjenester-og-skjema/Samfunnsutvikling/Kommuneplan/NY-Kommuneplan-for-2014---2029/Ny-kommuneplan/ Stavanger kommune, Vindmøllebakken regulations https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/KBU%20-%20Kultur%20og%20byutvikling/PLANSAKER/Vedtak/Vedtatt%202015/2475P/2475P%20bestemmelser.pdf Stavanger kommune, Vindmøllebaken plan https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/KBU%20-%20Kultur%20og%20byutvikling/PLANSAKER/Vedtak/Vedtatt%202015/2475P/2475P%20plankart.pdf Helen & Hard plans and regulations https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/KBU%20-%20Kultur%20og%20byutvikling/PLANSAKER/Vedtak/Vedtatt%202015/2475P/2475P%20saksfremlegg.pdf Preservation; canning factories in Stavanger, ftp://www3.stavanger.kommune.no/Kommunalstyret%20for%20byutvikling/2015.10.01/277-15%20HERMETIKKFABRIKKER%20I%20STAVANGER/4%29%20 UTDYPENDE%20INFORMASJON%20OG%20BILDER%20AV%20OBJEKTENE.pdf

made a suggestion for how the area could be developed and from that a regulation plan was made. This is strictly regulated possibly for Helen & Hard to make sure their ideas will be completed in case someone takes over the project. It could also be to make sure high quality of the build environment. The strictly regulated plan could however cause problems in the next step of the design because it is now fixed by law and any changes will be time and resource consuming.

CULTURAL HERITAGE HISTORY OF THE SITE Dokkgata was named after the two docks that

Our canning factory building is located in a

Stavanger Stoberiet & Dok built in the 1870s.

mixed urban area (industrial and residential).

Approximately 90 ships were produced there,

The surroundings present a background mades

by this shipyard and iron foundry which was in

of abandoned and currently used concrete silos of factory building. Around the factory, some old wooden houses are facing to industrial buildings. Many factories with chimneys were on this area around the 50’s. They all disappear with the

The peninsula Svankeviga was full of brygger,

operation between 1871 and 1931. In 1926 the

these wooden building used by the fishing

company was in a weak financial condition and

industry. Today everything disappear and was

most of the machinery and equipment at the yard

replaced by residential buildings.

was moved to Buøy, on the north of Stavanger.

closure of these compagny and most of them were replaced by parking lots or warehouses. In

1951 (source: Stavanger arkiv)

Pedersgata, the B-camp project designed by Helen and Hard (2004) is an experimental development where scrap from the oil industry have been used to create low-budget combined living and working housing. Two hundred meters from the factory, the Stavanger Bybru seems to be the one event to have caused the major impact on the urban landscape of this industrial area. The decision

2008 (source: Google Earth) 2008 (source: Google Earth)

to build this bridge was accepted in 1972 and the construction took place from 1974 to 1978.

Sports square:

Office facilities:

Throughout recorded history

Probably built in the 80’s turned today into

from old maps, this area has always been a green

storage area and a training center.

space in front of the Sankt Johannes church. Stavanger Bybru:

BI / Business school:

It was Norway’s first cable-stayed bridge and

Built in the 90’s, where previously there had been

opened new year 1978. The traffic is overloaded,

a mechanical workshop and canning industry.

more than 17000 cars in 2014, so one has started construction of tunnel with higher capacity. Møllehaugen in the past with the silos in the background.

HISTORY OF THE FACTORY

EXTERIOR

MACHINERY

The factory was built on Støperigata 4-6 in

When the need for investments rose in the

By looking at the historical photographs of

Likewise, the machinery in the building seems

Stavanger in 1912 and nine pressure cookers were

beginning of the 1960’s, they to stop the

the building it becomes evident that several

to have come in its entirety from the time it

installed when Union Canning Co. A.s started

operations of the factory. The property was sold

modifications have been made to the exterior

served as a rice puffing factory. It appears that

with almost 100 people at work. Behind this firm

to Nordkronen in 1962, a firm exporting cereales

of the building. The most evident one is the

the equipment and machinery necessary for the

were Schouw and Bjelland, surname related to

in the country. In this transformation most of the

removal of the chimneys on the southern end

canning of fish was removed during this time.

the city’s biggest canned food producer. The first

canning labeling and other materials went to the

of the building and the total or partial covering

Therefore it could be preserved as showpiece

years of business, the company was struggleling,

city’s garbage dump. Then new pressure cookers

of at least four of the front window openings.

to highlight the industrial background of the

economic conditions were difficult.This situation

were installed of a new business with puffed rice

Furthermore, all windows have been replaced.

building or removed if it interferres with the

changed after the First World War outbreak : as

and wheat start.

Since the original purpose of the building was

architectural program. Particularly, the clutter of

most of the factories, Union could get significant

that of serving as a canning factory, and this

machinery and equipment in the southermost

revenues, and two years after the profit increased.

industry has deeper cultural links to the history

area is an issue that needs to be adressed, since

The setback for the industry in the interwar

of the city, the recovery of its original aspect

in its current conditions it provides an unhealthy

period hit Union, and the firm was forced to write

might be a desired option. The original tiles of the

environment for its users.

down the capital due to a “loss and decline in

roof have also been replaced with a more recent

values”. This decline had motivated Erik Bjelland

equivalent, which nowadays presents the growth

to start a new canning company in 1935 which

of moss on alarge parts of its surface. The reuse

was named “H & O. Bjelland A.Ş”. A city’s other

or replacement of the roofing system are both

company with the same name reacted in a trial,

options to be considered after a more thorough

and the verdict was that the name must change.

analysis of its integrity and after ensuring its

From 1937, the company named “Havgull Packing,

proper functionality. A particular element that

breads Bjelland”. After the Second War, there have

stands out on the eastern façade is the room

been several expansions at the company and it

annexation to the original building. It may be

could annually produce 25,000 cans and had 80

inferred that this addition was added as a break

employees.

room during the time the building served as a rice puffing factory. The preservation or removal of this element can both be considered, either if the original aspect of the façade is to be recovered or if the building process of the factory is to be highlighted.

ARTWORK

STRUCTURE

INTERIOR

A controversial topic that could arise in the

Given a more thorough analysis, the structural

Since the building has served multiple uses

refurbishment is the preservation or removal of

integrity of the building seems to be in an overall

since its construction, the layout and interior

the sample of street art present in the southern

proper condition. It appears to be comprised of

decoration has been modified multiple times.

facade. Whereas the paintings present in the rest

brick exterior walls and a load bearing structure

Since the original canning machinery is lacking,

of the facades can be regarded as vandalism, the

of steel, with a substructure of wood. The current

the original layout and working process is unclear,

mural depicting a bear painting the word “TOY”

mostly

provides

although the presence of chimneys might indicate

is a fine example of the street art present in

aesthetic qualities that could be exposed to

that the location of the smoking ovens was

many parts of central Stavanger, and therefore

provide an attractive architectural atmosphere to

located in the southernmost part of the building.

an element that culturally links the building to

the space. The system also provides knowledge on

Currently, the first floor presents the decoration

its surroundings. However, the process necessary

building techniques from when it was built and is

and layout used during its time as a nightclub

to revert the degradation might require its

an example of traditional workmanship in unison

venue, and the upper floors are cluttered with

destruction o and the nature of street art is

with early modern methodologies. Although the

furniture and decorations in disuse, as well as

temporary by itself. Therefore, althought attempts

preservation of this structure should be sought

machinery that renders several spaces unsafe

could be done to preserve it, its removal with

for, if the integrity of the building has been already

for human occupation. There is no evidence that

prior documentation is also a viable option.

compromised, the modification of this system is

indicates that this layout and interior decoration

adviced. Modifications and enhancements of this

should be preserved as part of the cultural

structure can also be implemented. It is unclear

heritage of the building, therefore its interior

whether the columns in the first floor are part of

modification should have no restrictions.

STAIRCASES

hidden

composite

system

Particular elements present in the building which

the original fabric, since they are in discordance

are noteworthy are the staircases. The first one,

with the rest of the structural system. A more

made of wood, appears to be part of the original

thorough investigation should be followed to

fabric of the building and possesses aesthetic

determine this.

REFERENCES http://www.museumstavanger.no/museums/the-norwegian-canning-museum/research/the-amazing-story-ofthe-

properties that could enhance the refurbishment

stavanger-sardine-industry/1810--1872/

intervention. This building element should be

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger

preserved for such qualities, as it also seems

http://stravaganzastravaganza.blogspot.no/2011/03/history-of-norwegian-canning-industry.html

to be in a well preserved condition and still

http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/r6918e/R6918E05.HTM

provides its original function. Although if in the

http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/r6918e/R6918E06.HTM

second staircase, made of steel, it is not evident

http://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/Brosjyrer/cityguide2.pdf

if it belongs to the original fabric of the building,

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/2014-revision-world-urbanization-prospects.html

the industrial character and proper functionality

Utdrag fra Gatelangs i Hermetikkbyen

make its preservation desirable. 53

PROJECTS 55

The main aim of the task is to generate a range of proposals for a resource efficient development of the Canning Factory in Stavanger. The key aspect of the course is to understand how emissions act as a driver for design. Conversely, how do the design strategies and the choice of materials act as a driver for CO2eq emissions but also the tectonics and cultural heritage aspects. The aim is to turn ‘ inside out’ the idea of a fixed building concept for a fixed building use. The aim of the ZEB design course is to enable students to develop knowledge about developing architectural strategies relevant for energy positive (and nZEB) buildings in a renovation context, such that so that more energy is produced than consumed. The students should use their design project to investigate whether it is possible to achieve a net Zero Emission Building (nZEB) by balancing emissions from the energy used for operation and embodied emissions from materials with those from on-site renewables in a renovation context. The key objective of the course is how to integrate emission calculations in the exploration of architectural strategies in terms of renovation, cultural heritage and tectonics and aesthetic qualities. A second goal for this task is to contribute to raising awareness regarding a sustainable, “closed loop” approach to resource management among architects and engineers, and the necessity of interdisciplinary co-operation among these two groups from the early stages of design onwards.

GROUP 1: Students:

Y100 - MØLLEHAUGEN I STAVANGER Andrea Reinlund Hansen, Eline Stubert, Mads Løkeland Slåke, Håvard Auklend

Located in a historical industrial area in eastern Stavanger, Støperigata and Vindmøllebakken is home to

Our project seeks to exploit the situational

our project; Y100. 100 years of past history and 100 years of future possibilities. The heritage value of the

conditions, both in terms of climate and building

original building and its connection to the historical industrial area is of great significance, and has played

functions. The atrium introduced behind the

a central role in considerations during the design process. Although the existing building has surpassed its

western façade is providing sufficient daylight

intended lifespan, it is clear to us that there are multiple benefits of approaching the redesign thoughtfully

conditions for a large portion of the interior space,

by reuse of building materials.

while at the same time functioning as a part of the ventilation strategy and housing the main vertical communication. The exposed structural system in the atrium provides a transversal articulation along the length of the space, a tectonic feature we find attractive and also in line with the industrial

From 2nd floor in the atrium, looking south

character and heritage of the building. We open up the interior volume and reveal the different levels resting on top of each other, and establish a visual bond between users on different levels of the building. The correlation of the functions in the project is of high importance in order to maximise the hours of use. The office is used from morning to midday, the community space is used in afternoons and weekends, and the bakery is used at night and early mornings. This ensures that the daily fluctuation in temperature is balanced, resulting in a reduced demand for active temperature control for each separate function. By using these design strategies, we are able to quantify the extent of modifications needed to gain a high level of human comfort, and thus control the environmental impact from new building materials. Cross section

A1-A3 PRODUCT STAGE Total A1-A3 over 100 years: 178277,66 kgCO2eq No reuse and excl. biogenic CO2

Ground floor 1:500

st floor 1:500 1st

2nd floor 1:500

3rd floor 1:500

No reuse

2,59 kgCO eq/m y

Reused bricks and roof tiles

2,27 kgCO eq/m y

Removed

Added

Neighbourhood section 1:500 A-A 61

Weekday Schedule

B4 REPLACEMENT

B6 OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE

Windows replaced twice over 100 years

ZEB grid mix: 132 gCO2eq/kWh

OO:OO

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL Life Cycle Modules 4,00

3,12 kgCO eq/m y

3,71 kgCO eq/m y

3 71 3,71

3,50

06:OO

kgCO2eq/m2y

18:OO

ENERGY STRATEGIES Reference:

3,00

126,61 kWh/m y 2

3,12 2,59

2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50

12:OO

0,00 A1 - A3

Weekend Schedule OO:OO

Increased daylight

Total EE over 100 years

DAYLIGHT FACTOR Closed loop floor heating

18:OO

No reuse

9,47 kgCO eq/m y

Reused bricks and roof tiles

9,15 kgCO eq/m y

06:OO

Average: 0,81 %

Before

12:OO

Goal: 2,5 %

Suspended radiant ceiling cooling

Average: 3,15 % After 63

Energy demand:

36,47 kWh/m y

Heat recovery in ventilation

Wardrobes

Café

Bakery

Office

Café Kitchen

Meeting room

Community space

Atrium

The Office 64

GROUP 2: Students:

STØPERIGATA 6 Emilie Botella, Zorbey Tuncer, Martin Fischer, Marco Aparicio, Orlane Guillouet

The main guidelines of this project could be defined as “insertion, connection, and linear clearness.” The

In order to maintain a well-designed urban fabric,

urban intention is to keep the connection with the harbour and redraw the urban context with straight and

a dwelling type that reinterprets the traditional

small streets, in concordance to the pre-existing urban typology.

housing typology is proposed. The two-storey

Bearing a striking potential to function as a connection element, the closed south façade will be demolished

houses integrate with the surroundings while the

to create a grand entrance and displaced into the building to provide shadowing from excessive solar heat

three-storey volumes will adapt to the scale of

gains in the summer, while providing with passive heating during the winter period.

the old factory. Moreover, the existing spaces of an unused factory are not being extended, rather a new design is being inserted into it in order to respect and enhance the industrial spirit in a modern way. The new light roof structure, using cables in tension, permits to win habitable space while preserving the industrial spirit of the factory. Providing for this same purpose, the insertion does not touch the old walls, it is a wooden machinery which brings new public uses to the building. june

march

december

EXCL. CARBON STORAGE

13.90 642,294

kg CO2eq/m2/ yr

GROUND FLOOR 1:500

SECOND FLOOR 1:500

THIRD FLOOR 1:500

kg CO2eq/m2/ 60years

ATTIC 1:500

the trias energetica philosophy: firstly, building

The different usages are conceived to extend the

energy needs should be minimized (space heating,

daily amount of hours of occupancy.

cooling), and then promoting energy efficiency

The zone programmes were also implented in the

and implementing renewable energy sources.

energy simulation software.

VOLUME INTE

CROSS SECTION

N IO

LA S

occupancy.

OIN SJ

MESH AN DG

use, different schedules for heating, cooling and

reduce the energy needs for heating. Following

TE R

strategies and a well performing envelope to

GU T

We defined 9 different zones and according to the

RS EC T

In general, the focus was on using passive

GROUP 3: Students:

SOLBAKKEN Claire-Elise Bard, Fei Ding, Pablo Mora, Liisa Valdman, Karine Hemstad

Our project is located in Støperigata 6, Stavanger. It is a multi functional building which include a floor

Our approach was to investigate three different

of gym, a floor of office, a floor of resterant and two floors of appartments. The total area of the building

scenarios, compare them and then choose the

which we focused our design on is 1655m2. After a series of LCA analysis, energy analysis and considering

best one to further develop that scenario.

other value, we decided to demolish the union canning factory and the warehouse, but we keep the slabs of the warehouse as our building's foundation, and we reuse the bricks and metal from the demolished

The scenarios were:

part. When we started developing this scenario, we stood in front of a difficult question - what should the

1. Preserve the factory building and Helen & Hard

new structure be like. As our course was not only about LCA, but also valuing heritage, the canning

dwellings

industry's historical importance in the context of Stavanger, we wanted to incorporate some of the main characteristics of the canning factory. And we also want to provide an active and lovely space for more

2. Refurbish the factory building and make some

people in the future.

adjustments to the Helen & Hard dwellings

Scenario 1

3. Demolish the factory building and making new housing project We chose to look further into scenario 3 because of the big possibilities to design a better project with fewer restrictions. To preserve some of the cultural heritage we chose to implement the shape of the windows in the factory in the new buildings because we considered this as the most characteristic feature of the factory.

Scenario 2

The result of the design process is a new building mixing public functions and dwellings, with a special focus on outdoor spaces and materials. Large amounts of materials from the existing building are reused in the new project. We used a few different passive design strategies to maximize thermal comfort and minimize the energy use.

Scenario 3

In scenario 3 we wanted to explore what we could

Life span

Passive strategies

One of the main strategies to lower emissions

Flexibility

achieve by demolishing the factory building and

was to keep the site layout and reuse the

the warehouse, making a new project combinding

footprint of the former canning factory.

possible to preserve part of the warehouse's

public functions and housing. By creating a project from scratch, we had more possibilities

Community gain

Functional

with designing the project. We could take more

Low Carbon Footprin

foundation, which forms half of the foundation of the new structure. This decision saves a large amount of possible emissions in production and

advantage of the sun by orienting the buildings to get as much sun- and daylight as possible. One of our project goals were also to create good

It is

Larger areas

outdoor spaces. We chose to build up towards the

Good outdoor spaces

construction phase of the LCA, due to lower need Daylight

for excavation and new concrete, which is our main emission driver.

north, which is more industrial and with a nice

We rpreserved the dimensions of the factory and

view, and lower to the south to match the heights

connecting warehouse, restructuring it from two

of the existing houses. This also made it possible to make the buildings terraced, with great sun

Reuse of existing materials

equal parts to three 15 x 12 m parts. The entire

Space planning

building - beam-system and room plans, follow

condition and the possibilities to implement

the 7.5 x 12 meter base-grid.

different funstions such as green roofs, urban agriculture, outdoor seating areas etc. There would be two buildings at the original site, with a terraced outdoor space between them, in addion

+17.50

to another building with the same appearance. The public functions of this project would be located

+14.00

in the first two floors of the building located were the factory/warehouse were situated. The

+11.00

functions would be the offices of helen and hard in addition to a gym and a restaurant. +8.00

+4.00

+0.00

Rain harvesting water harvesting Rain water

Underlying stone carved from the slopeRain water harvesting Underlaying stone carved from the slope

The building is divided into three zones -

Although we chose to explore the idea of

4.0

public, private and atrium. Public part of the

deconstructing and demolishing the existing

3.5

building is roughly 1000 m2 and private 500 m2.

buildings and developing a whole new concept,

3.0

Two upper floors are dwellings, built of CLT and

the design embodied emissions turned out to be

clad with charred wood. Three lower floors are

considerably low even when adding the embodied

public functions and resemble the old factory in

emissions due to tearing down of the existing

appearance. The structural material in this part

buildings (4.78 kgCO2eq/m2/yr). This low result

1.5

is CLT covered with lime plaster. Structural inner

can be due to the fact that we are reusing a lot

1.0

walls are made of CLT and clad with bricks. The non

of the materials of the existing buildings (bricks,

0.5

load bearing walls are reclaimed brick structure.

steel), we are using a wood and CLT in a significant

0.0

3.91

2.48

2.5 2.0

0.67

0.68 0.08

A1- A3 A4

0.06 B4

Total

Public functions are connected through three

extent (not accounting the carbon sequestration

storey high atrium, built of structural reclaimed

of wood- if so the total emissions will be of -2.98

bricks. Each public floor has a straight connection

kgCO2eq/m2/yr + 0.80 kgCO2eq/m2/yr = -2.18

The total embodied emissions account for 3.98 kgCO2eq/

with the ground for easier access and emergency

For our design proposal, an LCA analysis

kgCO2eq/m2/yr), and also due to the fact that we

m2/yr of which as we can see in the table to above, the

situations.

was performed with a system boundary that

are only considering main building elements and

product stage has the biggest impact accounting for 62%

covered the product stage (A1-A3 modules), the

do not have the use of special systems like PV

of the total, while A4 and B4 accounts for 17% each, and

The focal point of the building is the atrium, which

construction process stage (A4-A5 modules), and

arrays.

A5 and B6 account for 2% each.

functions as the main entrance and connects

part of the Use Stage (B4 and B6 modules), and

public floors.

assuming a RSL of 60 years and a floor area of

The atrium is insulated from

outside, lowering the risk of degradation of the bricks. The atrium is a non-heated buffer zone

1508 m2 (heated floor area). 150000

kgCO2-eq/m2/yr

facing the coldest cardinal direction. 120000 90000 60000 30000 0

Foundation 6XSHUႋUXFWXUH Outer Walls

Inner Walls Floor Structure

Roof 76

GROUP 4: Students:

THE RIB CAGE Claire McConnell, Janice Lobo, Kristian Bøe, Linda Cairenius, Mariya, Stoyanova

EMISSIONS BREAKDOWN

Throughout the design process, life cycle assessment was used as a tool to inform decision making, along with considerations of cultural heritage, occupant thermal comfort and daylighting, and architectural

Carbon emissions of building materials over the

aesthetics and tectonics. Material reuse was maximized wherever possible, most notably in the existing

life cycle including embodied emissions (A1-

foundations, the corrugated metal cladding of the warehouse and the factory brick façade. Research and

A3), transportation (A4), construction (A5), use

analysis was used to compare architectural design and material options throughout concept and design

(B1-B7), end of life (C1-C4) and reuse, recovery

development. A thorough assessment of the final design was conducted including all lifecycle stages and

and recycling potential (D). Wood contributes

consideration of building operation emissions and PV potential to better understand the final estimated

significantly to negative embodied emissions

carbon footprint of the proposed project.

in all building elements except groundwork and foundations, where reinforced concrete produces high emissions, larger transportation costs in terms of carbon emissions largely result from importing cellulose fiber insulation and a low emission curtain wall system. For both materials, the embodied emissions saved outweigh the transportation emissions.

DAYLIGHT Daylighting analysis was conducted to examine the interior natural light levels. Continuous daylight autonomy was assessed for a level of 500 lux, recommended for tasks such as reading and drawing. Shown are the results of this East façade

analysis over the occupied hours determined by spatial zoning. For most high occupancy spaces, daylighting provides necessary light levels over the couse of the year roughly 50% of the time.

MATERIAL BREAKDOWN

INSULATION OPTIONS

The breakdown of total emissions excluding biogenic carbon by material is shown. PV accounts for roughly

Using a function written in Matlab, the volume of insulation required to achieve an overall wall U-value

20% of total emissions. An effort was made throughout the design phase to reduce the volume of materials

of 0.18 W/m2K was calculated for a variety of materials. Using EPD data, the resulting embodied emissions

associated with high emissins including concrete and glass, and substitute with low-emission materials

were calculated and were used to select cellulose fiber as the insulating material in all walls, floors and

such as wood. These efforts resilted in an overall emission footprint of -1.55 kgCO2eq/m /yr including

roofs.

biogenic carbon and 1.61 kgCO2eq/m2/yr excluding biogenic cabon after including embodied emissions associated with the replacement of materials over the 60-year analysis period and a 30% increase to estimate the contribution of technical equipment.

GROUP 5: Students:

THE GREENHOUSE FACTORY Isabella Netz, Monica Hagen, Deni Nae, Winnie Poon

In our design we are glazing the upper part of the north wall to provide daylight and view from the third

As you can see in the section, natural and mixed-

Introducing passive strategies such as thermal

floor, which is the social area of Helen and Hard. There is also a terrace accessible from this social area for

mode ventilation is a central strategy in our

mass, sufficient daylight, natural ventilation, and

the employees to be able to enjoy the view further. In warmer months, openings in the glazing can provide

project. Since the second and third floors are

reduced heat loss through the building envelope,

natural ventilation for the office space. This is feasible with the prevailing wind coming from north/north-

connected, we are using the pressure differences

the Green House Factory achieves passive house

east. The façade itself is externally insulated and cladded with concrete plaster on the exterior. This is for

between south and north/north-east for natural

standard for heating and cooling with 22kwh/m2yr.

the possibility of graffiti for supporting the NuArt graffiti festival in Stavanger.

ventilation of the office space. The extraction of

To utilize the good solar conditions at the site,

the air from the office space is through the south

we are incorporating PV-panels. They are placed

extension where the temperatures are higher.

on the roof, and the blinds on the greenhouse,

The natural ventilation system is therefore a

which are the surfaces with the highest radiation.

combination of wind driven, and buoyancy driven

In total, we are able to cover 30% of the energy

ventilation.

consumption for heating and cooling with energy

Stavanger has nearly 80 000 heating degree

production from the PVs.

hours and 250 cooling degree hours. To reduce energy consumption from heating, the building is sufficiently insulated to reduce heat loss through the envelope. By reducing the U-values by 20 to 60 percent compared to TEK 10 requirements, we are reducing the heat loss through the building envelope.

HELEN & HARD

EXHIBITION SPACE

CAFÈ

Ground floor 1:500

1st floor 1:500

2nd floor 1:500

3rd floor 1:500

Keeping the bricks and the steel structure came

The south extension is the only part of the building

out as important strategies for reducing the

with steel structure. This is because of the risk

emissions for refurbishing the Green House

of high temperature-differences and moisture-

Factory. With lightweight slabs, roof and structures

level in the greenhouse, which is not an ideal

in wood, we were able to reduce the emissions

environment for wood in terms of mould. The LCA

further. The LCA doubled when adding the

of our final design is has embodied emissions of

extensions. However, we saw them as important

3,2 kgCO2eq/m2/yr. The main drivers for the LCA

to achieve a higher standard and flexibility in

are the PV-panels, steel and concrete. The fourth

the building. And through using mostly wood as

main driver is the glazing.

the structure, the emissions turned out lower compared to using steel.

650mm

360mm brick wall 48x198mm structural pine 200mm glasswool 2mm windbreaker 18x24mm lath 36x48mm cross lath

ANGLED SHUTTERS TO PROTECT AGAINST TO MUCH SOLAR RADIATION

OPEN SHUTTERS TO LET IN SOLAR RADIATION FOR PLANTS TO GROW

NATURAL VENTIALTION BY OPENING UP

NATURAL VENTIALTION BY OPENING UP WHEN NEEDED

CLOSED SHUTTERS TO INSULATE RECYCLING OF HEATED AIR INSIDE THE SPACE

External Cladding 36mm ventilated airgap 12mm wood fibreboard

12mm parquet Paperboard 22mm fibreboard 20mm aqoustic underlay 198mm joists 150mm insulation 2x12 mm fireresistant board 12mm parquet

48+48mm ventilated airgap Windbarrier 200+200mm insulation 400mm I-beam 24mm airgap 12mm wood fibreboard

double 19x148 panel

1:20

37°

1:20

LOWERED PLANT STATIONS TO TRAP AIR IN THE FIRST FLOOR

STED MEETUP 89

On June 9th 2016 in Trondheim, participants from

The meeting in Trondheim Norway was a

the Nordic Built STED network came together

opportunity to meet and discuss the many

to share their experiences and innovations in

individual projects that the studios and universities

methods and processes concerning LCA and other

have been working on so far. The meeting ran over

tools and design processes. The seminar was a

2 days where the multiple threads of progress

great exposure for what’s moving within the field

within sustainable transformation in the built

of study for both students and professionals alike.

environment were discussed. In this page you will find the poster presentations that was the base of discussions

LCA - TOOLS & THEORY Presenter

Company/University

Poster title

Jan Kauschen Katja Frankard and Amalie Nyholm Moten Birkved

Vandkunsten DTU/White DTU

Challenges and opportunities for new tools in the design process, LCA A comparison of building material datasets in Ökobau & Ecoinvent LCA at the DTU QSA

Marios Tsikos

DTU/Vandkunsten

Sustainable design with respect to LCA using parametric design and BIM tools

Mathilde Landgren

DTU

DGNB and LCA in the design process

Sara Andersen, Katrine Møller, Simon Jørgensen

DTU

Mapping of urban district with LCA

Aoife Houlihan Wiberg and Tobias Hofmeister

NTNU

Revit + LCA

Presenter

Company/University

Poster title

Laura Fernandes Vila

DTU/WHITE

Kazunori Yamaguchi

OOPEAA

Parametric Structural Design, Optimization of Structures Based on Parametric Modelling & LCA Challenges and opportunities for new tools in the design process

Presenter

Company/University

Poster title

Elise Grosse

WHITE

What and why

Maria Tyrychtrova and Charlotte Haugvald

DTU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning Upcycling

Cathrine Björk Vindheim and Pil Whitta Andersen

KADK

Hermetikfabrikken - Helen & Hard

Helga Marie Vesterøy and Sara Helgheim

KADK

Bydelshus Stavanger Øst - Helen & Hard

Andrea Reinlund Hansen, Eline Stubert, Mads Løkeland Slåke and Håvard Auklend

NTNU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning - Y100

Isabella Netz, Monica Hagen, Deni Nae, Winnie Poon

NTNU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning - Green house Factory

Claire-Elise Bard, Fel Ding, Karine Hemstad, Pablo Mora and Liisa Valdmann

NTNU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning - Solbakken A Sustainable reinterpretation of industrial heritage

Claire McConnell, Janice Lobo, Kristian Boe, Linda Cairenius and Mariya Stoyanova

NTNU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning - The Ribcage

Emilie Botella, Zorbey Tuncer, Martin Fischer, Marco Aparicio and Orlane Guillouet

NTNU/Helen & Hard

Union Canning

Presenter

Company/University

Poster title

Aleksander Otovic Probst

WHITE

Challenges and opportunities for new tools in the design process

Elise Grosse

WHITE

Challenges and opportunities for new tools in the design process

Paula Feminias

Chalmers

Social sustainability

Peter Andreas Sattrup

DTU

The business of social sustainability

Kyrre Høgalmen Robertsen and Eline Moe Eidvin

KADK

Den Grønne Trekant - Lejerbo Tegnestuen Vandkunsten

Ludvig Håkansson Orsvall

KADK

Tall Wood in Stavanger - Helen & Hard

Jens Arnar Árnason

KADK

Hús Meistaranaa- Studio Granda

Presenter

Company/University

Poster title

Lærke Philipsen

DTU

Integrated Design Process for Urban Stormwater Management

Jennifer Fibiger

DTU

New definition of comfort in sub-zero climates

Simon Reseke and Henrik Andersen

KADK

Research Station and Public Northern Light Oberservatory, Svalbard - Helen & Hard

STRUCTURE & LCA

REFURBISHMENT & LCA

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

SNOW & WATER

For mor information, see: 93

nordicinnovation.org/nordicbuilt stednetwork.org 94

DRIVERS FOR CHOOSING

MATERIALS & PRODUCTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Transportation modes

SKIN Protran Roof Turf Membrane Double Skin Steel Faced Sandwich Panels Photovoltaic Panels Ruukki® on-wall solar Liberta™ Solar facade Natural Stone - Average Natural Stone - Quartzite Timber-Glass-Composite Façade Standard Concrete Mix Green Concrete Shotcrete Decoration Concrete Lightweight Concrete

CONSTRUCTION Straw bale Rammed earth Brick Pre-Engineered Steel Welded and coated steel truss GLULAM truss Glue-Laminated Timber (GluLam) Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Log Wall Structural Lumber Float Glass Ethylene Tetrafluorethylene Recycled Tetrapak Ecoplasbrick Low Heat Concrete 97

100

101 103 104 105 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

117 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

Local On-site Concrete Leca Blocks Prefab Concrete Elements

INSULATION EPS - Expanded polystyrene Bio Foam Insulation VIP - Vacuum Insulation Panels Expanded Cork Panels Timber Lightweight Concrete Hunton Bitroc Insulation Cellular Glass Insulation Aerogel Rockwool Insulation

FOUNDATION Ready-mix concrete with fly ash Ready-mix concrete with blast furnace slag Threaded Steel Core Piles Ribbed Reinforcement Bars Norwegian Glue Laminated Timber Spruce (fresh timber) Red Clay Brick Recycled Red Clay Brick Clay Brick with Oil Industry Waste Quartzite Granite Sandstone

134 135 136

137 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

149 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162

TRANSPORTATION MODES

WINDOWS & DOORS Holzfenster Energyframe II Reusing the existing window Ideal 600 Nordan safety Pilkington Active Trio-E steel stiffened door Variotech Thermosafe 100 Nordic door Windows & Doors Discussion Discussion table

163 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174

kgCO2eq/kgkm

Transportation modes are used for figuring out transport emissions from origin/manufacturer to building site, and applies to the A4 module in a Life Cycle Assessment. The emissions for different lorries vary depending on weight of load in tonnes and vehicle type. Source: Ecoinvent v3.1

LORRY

TRAIN

BOAT

3,5 - 7,5t EURO3

0,000524

EURO4

0,000519

Diesel Train

5,92E-05

EURO5

0,000521

Electric Train

4,65E-05

EURO6

0,000522

This Appendix chapter is compilation

7,5 - 16t

of student investigations into materials

EURO3

0,000219

and products and their properties.

EURO4

0,000217

Further information and description of

EURO5

0,000219

the rating system can be found in the

EURO6

0,000218

Freight Ship Barge

1,15E-05 5,17E-05

chapter “Materials” on pages 20 to 28.

16 - 32t EURO3

0,000169

EURO4

0,000168

EURO5

0,00017

EURO6

0,000166

>32t

EURO3

8,46E-05

EURO4

8,37E-05

EURO5

8,43E-05 100

SKIN

STUDENTS Monica Hagen Marco Aparicio Kirwant Eline Marijke Stubert Pablo Marin Mora

101

102

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

- W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,67 W/mK

Density

1,29 - 1,73 kg/m3

Density

100 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Complies with ENV 1187

Fire resistance

Complies with UNI EN 13501-2

Hygroscopicity

Non-hygroscopic, used as a waterproofing membrane

Hygroscopicity

Non hygroscopic, used as a waterproofing material

Durability

High - 40 years of service life

Durability

High - 40 to 45 years

Recyclability

95% recyclable, 4.8% energy recovery, 0.2% disposal

Recyclability

30% recyclable

GWP A1-A3

6,94 kgCO₂eq/m2

GWP A1-A3

53,5 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Nesbyen (430 km approx.)

Nearest origin to Stavanger

BFSI - Crossmolina, Ireland

Transport (km)

Lorry- 400 km

Transport (km)

Mixed: Lorry - 1300 , Barge - 150 , Lorry - 1150

Price

≈ 500 kr/m2

Price

≈ 350 kr/m2

PROTRAN ROOF TURF MEMBRANE What is it?

PVC with ployester textile

Known as

PVC roofing membrane

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Roofing- waterproofing, espe cially used for turf or vegetated roofs.

–

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation Waste to landfill Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

DOUBLE SKIN STEEL FACED SANDWICH PANELS Global Synthetic High tech Modern High maintenance High emitting Toxic ingredients Warm High environmental footprint Expert installation Recyclable waste Sound transmitting Robust and resilient High cost Ugly

COMMENTS:

What is it?

Steel roof deck with insulation

Known as

MW 200mm

Compound

Steel sheets with mineral wool

Building use

Roof

Other uses

Insulation

–

COMMENTS: Prefabricated double skin steel faced sandwich

Lightweight

Contains PVC

This material is used as the waterproofing membrane of a

Thermal resistance

70% non recyclable

panels with a core made of mineral wool used for

Flexible

Special installation

vegetated roof.

Sound insulation

Not produce locally

loadbearing, self-supporting and non-supporting

Vegetated roofs provide aesthetic, environmental, and economic

Free from asbestos and

application in roof, wall and ceiling structures.

benefits which are especially useful in urban areas.

crystal silica

The profiled internal and external steel sheets are

The Turf Roof system has been a traditional building technique

Compressive strength

made of a core of steel, which is protected against

Waterproofing

in Norway. In countryside areas they help to blend with the rural

corrosion with zinc and organic coatings.

environment whilst in towns and cities they can soften the urban 103

NEPD-98-219-EN

landscape.

EPD-EPQ-20130169-CBG1-EN

104

GENERIC VALUES_ecoinvent verion 3.1

Crystalline solar cells 1: Single-SI module, global production

278,08 kg CO2 eq

2: Single-Si module, European production

276,83 kg CO2 eq

3: Multi-Si* module, global production

213,05 kg CO2 eq

4: Multi-Si* module, European production

211,80 kg CO2 eq

Thin film solar cells 5: CIS module, global production

133,82 kg CO2 eq

6: CIS module, production in Germany

133,55 kg CO2 eq

7: a-Si module, production in USA

81,00 kg CO2 eq

8: a-Si module, global production

81,00 kg CO2 eq

*Same as Poly-Si

9: Ribbon-Si module, global production

171,06 kg CO2 eq

Some of the values are old, stating back to 2001

10: Ribbon-Si module, European production

169,82 kg CO2 eq

Some of the values are old, stating back to 2001

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS

There are three types of solar panels for home

cylindrical ingots to make squared silicon wafers.

use, mono-, polycrystalline and thin film. Almost

This makes a more area efficient panel when the

Produced from raw silicon melted and poured

Produced through depositing one or several thin

90% of the world’s photovoltaics today are based

warfers are combined, but significant amounts

into a square mold, which is cooled and cut into

layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate.

on some variation of silicon.

ends up as waste. These solar panels yield the

perfectly square wafers. The amount of waste

Depending on the technology, prototypes have

highest power outputs and require the least

silicon is less, but they tend to be less aesthetically

reached

amount of space compared to any other.

pleasing because of the speckled blue colour

homogenous appearance makes them look more

and they have slightly lower heat tolerance than

appealing and they can also be made flexible and

Monocrystalline solar panels produce up to four

monocrystalline solar panels. Heat can affect

high temperatures and shading have less impact

times the amount of electricity as thin-film solar

the performance of the solar panels and shorten

on the performance. They are cheap, but require

and uniform look, indicating high-purity silicon.

panels. However, if the solar panel is partially

their lifespans. Polycrystalline solar panels are

a lot of space and PV-equipment and is therefore

It is produced through the Czochralski process,

covered with shade, dirt or snow, the entire circuit

not quite as efficient as monocrystalline solar

not siutable for residential use. Thin-film solar

where cylindrical monocrystalline solar cells

can break down. Most solar panel manufacturers

panels. The efficiency of polycrystalline-based

panels tend to degrade faster than mono- and

are made out of silicon ingots. To optimize

put a 25-year warranty on their monocrystalline

solar panels is typically 13-16%. This is because of

polycrystalline solar panels, and typically come

performance, four sides are cut out of the

solar panels.

a lower silicon purity.

with a shorter warranty.

MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS Easily recognizable by an external even coloring

105

POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS

efficiencies

between

7–13%.

Their

106

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

EL-production

164 W/m2

EL-production

125 W/m2

Weight

System > 20 kg/m2 / Module ~ 11 kg/m2

Weight

26 kg/m2

Dimensions

1605 x 975 x 4 mm

Dimensions

790 x 1190 x 39 mm

Joints

Vert.(Dv) ~ 3 mm / Hor.(Dh) ~ 25 mm

Seams

8 mm

Durability

25 years

Recyclability

depends

Recyclability

parts

GWP A1-A3

generic values

GWP A1-A3

generic values

Nearest origin to Stavanger

RUUKKI® ON-WALL SOLAR What is it?

Photovoltaric panels

Cells

Crystal silicon panel

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Facade

Other uses

Packaging

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Finland

LIBERTA™ SOLAR FACADE What is it?

Photovoltaric panels

Cells

CIGS

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Facade

Finland

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Produces electricity

High ghg emissions

PV-panels are installed on top, therefore suitable for both

Produces electricity

High ghg emissions

Functionally and fully integrated into the facade, with a

(also in foggy and

new-build and renovation projects. They have a antireflection

(also in foggy and

nearly black surface. It is a reliable solution for ventilated

cloudy weather)

coating in dark blue, black vertical frames in steel and

cloudy weather)

rainscreen façade cladding system suitable for all kind

Effective

horizontal frames is aluminum.Ruukki on-wall panels are

Aesthetically pleasing

of backing wall types. It is suitable for new buildings

suitable for use in condition classes C2-C3 EN 12944-2). Solar

and renovation, and can be used in office, commercial,

radiation, not solar heating.

industrial and residential construction in condition classes C2-C3 (EN 12944-2). Solar radiation, not solar heating

107

No EPD available

108

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

1,2...3,4 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

5 W/mK

Density

2,5...2,8 ton/m3

Density

2,7 ton/m3

Fire resistance

High

Fire resistance

High

Hygroscopicity

Breathable

Hygroscopicity

Breathable

Durability

High, long lifespan

Durability

High, long timespan

Recyclability

100 %

Recyclability

100 %

GWP A1-A3

255 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger Transport

GWP A1-A3

Nearest origin to Stavanger Transport

NATURAL STONE - AVERAGE What is it?

Average natural stone

Compound

Natural

Building use

Facade, roofing, pavings etc.

Producer

Average based on different manufacturers

109

–

Strong Fire resistant

83,7

kgCO₂eq

broken

edges

177 kgCO₂eq sawn edges

Oppdal, Norway 952 km *0,185 = 176,12 kgCO₂eq

NATURAL STONE - QUARTZITE What is it?

Natural stone quartzite schist, even thickness, with sawn or broken edges

Compound

Natural

Building use

Facade, roofing, pavingsv etc.

Producer

Minera Skifer AS, Norway

–

Heavy to transport and install The declared product is an average natural stone

Strong

Heavy to transport and install Reference service life is same as for buildings and

Surface is rough/irragular

with an average thickness of 40mm. The shares

Fire resistant

Surface is rough/irregular

Extremely long lilfespan

of the three rock types used for production

Extremely long lilfespan

have almost unlimited life time and is therefore

Evens out temperatures

are: igneous rock 27%, sedimentary rock 64%,

Evens out temperatures

normally not being replaced during service life.

metamorphic rock 9%.

Local production

epd: EN 15804

COMMENTS:

normally set to 60 years. However, natural stones

EPD: NEPD-315-192-EN

110

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

Ucw = 0.7 W / m²K

Thermal conductivity

0,4 - 0,7 W/mK

Density

21.3 kg/m2

Density

2240-2400 kg/m3

No fire resistance or smoke control characteristics

Fire resistance

Shows cracks/damage after 600 ºC

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Durability

50 years of service life

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Recyclability

Highly recyclable

Recyclability

30% of new mix can be reused concrete

GWP A1-A3

-11,4 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

202,876 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Montabaur, Germany (500 km approx.)

Nearest origin to Stavanger

SandnesBetong, Sandnes

Transport

,101*500= 50,5 kgCO₂eq

Transport

26,3 km *0,185 = 4,9 kgCO₂eq/m3 (truck)

Price

Fire resistance Hygroscopicity

STANDARD CONCRETE MIX

TIMBER-GLASS-COMPOSITE FAÇADE What is it?

Supporting glass façade glued without

......................................metal profiles on a Glulam substructure. Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Facade cladding

Producer

UNIGLAS GmbH & Co. KG

111

What is it?

Mix of cement, mortar, sand, chemicals

Known as

Readymade concrete

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Construction, foundation, fire resistance, prefab elements

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

High energy efficiency, Not locally produced

The glass takes on a static load bearing function in the

Strong

High ghg emissions

''Normal concrete'' does not exist, but this type is

use of renewable raw

building envelope, wind bracing can be omitted in low rise

Fire resistant

Chemicals ae used

most commonly used. It is a readymade mix, which is

materials, fast assembly

buildings. The adhesive connection between the timber

Extremely long lilfespan Non-biodegradable

easily appliable and known to be applied in a lot of

and recyclable.

and glass ensures that the load bearing structure complies

Compressive strength

different building elements. Like skin, foundation and

with all static requirements.

Endures in wet climates Breathing, so not waterproof

–

M-EPD-UGF-0.01

Non-demountable

loadbearing constructions. NEPD-344-234-NO

112

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,4 - 0,7 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

W/mK

Density

2240-2400 kg/m3

Density

2398 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Fastly shows cracks with heat

Fire resistance

High - used to protect other materials as well

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Hygroscopicity

Breathable

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Durability

High - long timespan

Recyclability

30% of new mix can be reused concrete

Recyclability

Unknown

GWP A1-A3

172,16 kgCO₂eq/ton

GWP A1-A3

664,6 kgCO₂eq/ton

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Andersens Mek. Versted AS, Klekkefjord

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Norcem AS, Brevik

Transport

393 km *0,011 = 4,3 kgCO₂eq/m3 (boat)

Transport

128km * 0,185 = 23,7 kgCO₂eq/m3 (truck)

Price

- kr/m3

GREEN CONCRETE What is it?

Concrete mix with green cement

Known as

Lavkarbonsement/betong

Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

All concrete applications

–

COMMENTS:

SHOTCRETE What is it?

Concrete mix

Known as

Spray Concrete

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Walls, Construction

Other uses

Fire resistance for steel construction

COMMENTS:

CEMENT (GWP = 503), compared to commercial

Strong

The reinforcement grids could stay

The mix is made that it can be applied

cement (859), which is used for normal concrete

Fire resistant

visible

with a high pressure tube and it will stick

The GWP is calculated with the GWP value of green Extremely long lifespan

Non-biodegradable

Can endure in wet climates Non-demountable Strong

Breathing,

Extremely long lilfespan

Can show superficial cracks when

immediately to the surfaces it touches,

Fire resistant

waterproof

stay the same, the GWP of green concrete could

Compressive strength

dried

is is known for an extreem fast building

Compressive strength

Not very local

be 503*294/859 = 172,16

Appliable

Less emissions 113

00151N REV1

not (294). If you would assume that the proportions

cold

wetMore sensitive for environment

environments

than normal concrete, because

Can be applied on site

provided ''In situ''

Can be applief on ceilings

material, with low maintenance.

EPD ALIPRE ALICEM 042013

114

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,4 - 0,7 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,7-2,0 W/mK

Density

2240-2400 kg/m3

Density

240-1850 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Fastly shows cracks with heat

Fire resistance

High

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Hygroscopicity

Breathable

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Durability

High - long timespan

Recyclability

30% of new mix can be reused concrete

Recyclability

603 kg/ton

GWP A1-A3

193,09 kgCO₂eq/ton

GWP A1-A3

664,6 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

FABEKO NORSK FABrikkbetongforening, Oslo

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Structur betong, Stavanger

Transport

13,1 km *0,185= 2,4 kgCO₂eq/m3 (truck)

Transport

552km *0,011 = 6,1 kgCO₂eq/m3 (boat)

Price

- kr/m3

DECORATION CONCRETE What is it?

Concrete mix with fine elements

Known as

Dekorasjon Betong

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Fine decoration elements, facade,

physical architectural scale models.

–

Extremely long lilfespan Weak Can

endure

climates Easy

COMMENTS: compression

wetproperties

tentionThis type of concrete can be used only for surfaces, not for loadbearing constructions.

Cracks easy with fire Because of the in

formingfine structure, more sensitive for

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE What is it?

voids and cellular/porous structure. Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Skin,

Other uses

Improves the insulation,

COMMENTS:

Less reinforcement.

Higher costs

Lightweight concrete can make the jobs for

Similar stength

Mixing is long and diffecultconstruction workers easier.

Good fire resistance.

process.

human touch.

Can store water betterNon-biodegradable

Fine smooth surface

Non-biodegradable

than normal concrete.

EPD-16-223-NO

Concrete mix with higher air

complicated shapes

Non-demountable 115

and

Non-demountable Physical stress can show cracks EPD-BBS-20130182-IAG1-DE

116

CONSTRUCTION

STUDENTS Mads Løkeland Slåke Martin Fischer Liisa Valdmann Janice Lobo

117

118

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,06 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

1,5 W/mK

Density

125 kg/m3

Density

2200 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Low

Fire resistance

Fire resistant

Hygroscopicity

High

Hygroscopicity

Medium

Durability

Low - Renewable

Durability

Medium to High

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

100 %

GWP A1-A3

-50.037 kgCO₂eq (100 years)

GWP A1-A3

16 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Stavanger, Norway

Transport (km)

Price

450 kr/m

STRAW BALE What is it?

Environmentally friendly building technique

Invented in

Paleolithic, Africa

Compound

Straw bale, Plaster, (Wood/

Wire) Building use

Walls, Roof

Other uses

Fodder, Fertilizer

Transport (km)

Price

Project-specific

RAMMED EARTH What is it?

Ancient building method using compresssed earth

Invented in

5000 BC, China

Compound

Subsoil, (Cement)

Building use

Wall, Floor, Foundation

Other uses

Fortification

Stavanger, Norway

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Cost

Regulations

GWP is calculated for a 100 year timeframe.

Locally available

Labor-demanding constr.

with a clay content around 15% is best. On-site materials

Locally available

Strength

Makes use of leftovers from grain production.

Thermal mass

Non-homogeneous

need to be tested for their suitability.

Renewable

Life expectancy

Alternative construction material for storing carbon.

Controls humidity

Tensile strength

Susceptible to water damage if inadequately protected or

Carbon storage

Rotting, fungi, pests

Requires wooden framework for better strength

Acoustical prop.

Height limitation

maintained. Not suitable to every climate.

properties.

Fire resistancy

Insulative properties

Need for formwork. Can be reused.

Insulative properties

119

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Not every soil is suitable for construction. A sandy soil

A Comparative Study of Brick and Straw Bale Wall Systems, by Larisa Brojan and Alja Petric

Rammed Earth Construction: Cutting-Edge Research on Traditional and Modern Rammed Earth,

Diffusion of straw bale building in Norway and Denmark, by Agnese Bremere

by Daniela Ciancio and Christopher Beckett

120

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,8 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

16 W/mK

Density

1395 kg/m3

Density

7820 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Fire resistant

Fire resistance

Melts at 1370 C

Hygroscopicity

Medium

Hygroscopicity

No vapour transmissivity

Durability

High

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

99%

GWP A1-A3

2,58E+02 kgCO₂eq (150 years)

GWP A1-A3

2,71 kgCO₂eq (100 years)

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Højslev ,Denmark

Melhus, Norway

Transport (km)

Mixed: Lorry - 381, Barge - 136

Transport (km)

Lorry: 1038

Price

510 kr/m2

Price

466kr pr/m

BRICK What is it?

Structure of units composed of clay and mortar

Invented in

7500 BC, Mesopotamia

Compound

Clay, Shale

Building use

Wall, Vaulted ceiling, Foundation

Other uses

Paving

–

Durability

Time

Fire resistancy Thermal mass Low maintenance

COMMENTS:

PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL What is it?

Metal structure fabricated with steel for the internal support

Invented in

1884, Chicago, USA

Compound

Iron, Carbon

Building use

Wall, Ceiling, Roof

Other uses

Bridges, Vehicles

–

COMMENTS:

High compressive andEmissions

GWP is given for cold-forming technology with

No production in Norway.

ensile strength

Fire resistancy

higher emissions.

construction

High emissions in production phase.

No height limitation

Corrosion

88% of steel is recycled.

Low tensile strength

Low percentage of reusing. Requires sustainable

Fast construction

Weight

Steel looses structural properties at 750C. Can be

Hard to clean

deconstruction and cleaning from mortar. Not

Recyclable

Maintenance cost

protected against fire and corrosion with coating

Versatility 121

Nearest origin to Stavanger

MD-14003-DA, Randers Tegl

consuming

possible in newer buildings.

and other protection methods. NEPD00240E, CFSHS Skanska

122

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

16 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,13 W/mK

Density

7820 kg/m3

Density

470 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Melts at 1370 C

Fire resistance

Low

Hygroscopicity

No vapour transmissivity

Hygroscopicity

High

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Durability

60 years

Recyclability

96%

Recyclability

98 %

GWP A1-A3

2,83 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

-6,63E+02 kgCO₂eq (60 years)

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Peräseinäjoki, Finland

Transport (km) Price

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Mixed: Lorry - 1442, Barge - 210 Project-specific

WELDED AND COATED STEEL TRUSS What is it?

230, Vatnestrøm, Norway

Structure of two-force members which behaves as a single

object Invented in

1857, Weichsel Bridge, Germany

Compound

Iron, Carbon, Coating

Building use

Roof, Ceiling

Other uses

Bridges

Transport (km)

Lorry: 230

Price

Project-specific

GLULAM TRUSS Global Synthetic High tech Modern High maintenance High emitting Toxic ingredients Warm High environmental footprint Expert installation Recyclable waste Sound transmitting Robust and resilient High cost Ugly

–

COMMENTS:

Precise engineering

Emissions

GWP is given for cold-forming technique with

What is it?

Structure of two-force members which behaves as a single

object Invented in

2500 BC

Compound

Wood, (Metal) joints, Coating

Building use

Roof, Ceiling

Other uses

Bridges

–

COMMENTS: GWP is estimated from Glulam beam

High compressive andWeight

higher emissions.

Precise engineering

Volumetric changes

Lower CO2 emissions, water pollution index and

tensile strength

Maintenance cost

Steel looses structural properties at 750C.

Weight

Rotting, fungi, pests

energy use compared to steel.

Long spans

Fire resistancy

Can be protected against fire and corrosion

Long spans

Transportation

Wooden trusses weigh less than comparative

Recyclable

Transportation

with coating and other protection methods.

P r e f a b r i c a t i o nReuse

steel trusses.

Predictability in fire sit. Recycling 123

Ruukki Norwegian EPD - beams cold rolled

NEPD-336-222-NO, Moelven Limtre AS

124

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,13 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,13 W/mK

Density

410 kg/m3

Density

430 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Inflammable

Fire resistance

Inflammable

Hygroscopicity

Highly capable for absorption of moisture

Hygroscopicity

Highly capable for absorption of moisture

Durability

Life span of more than 60 years

Durability

Life span of more than 60 years

Recyclability

Restoration, recycling, or thermal use

Recyclability

Restoration, recycling, or thermal use

GWP A1-A3

-663 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

-658 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Moelven Limtre AS, Avd. Agder, 4730 Vatnestrøm

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Norsk Massivtre, 2937 Begna

Transport

237 km * 11,9 kgCO₂eq/m = 2.820 kgCO₂eq

Transport

500 km * 11,9 kgCO₂eq/m3 = 5.940 kgCO₂eq

Price

600-1.200 NOK/m

Price

736-1.369 NOK/m2

Compressive strength (GL 28)

24 N/mm parallel/ 2,7 N/mm perpendicular

Compressive strength

24 N/mm2 parallel/ 2,7 N/mm2 perpendicular

GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER (GLULAM) What is it?

Layers fo dimensional lumber

Known as

Limtre/ limtrebjelke

Compound

Synthetic or natural

Building use

Preferably used as beams in

bonded togehter with adhesives

wide span structures

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) What is it?

Plate-like product, the plank

layers

are

perpendicularly

glued Known as

Massivtre, KL-tre

Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

Primarily for walls (Moholt 50/50)

COMMENTS:

–

moisture-

Glulam has much lower embodied energy than reinforced

Local availability

Adhesives

structural

concrete and steel, although of course it does entail more

Natural material

Compared

Local availability

adhesives often lower

embodied energy than solid timber. However, the laminating

Short assembly time

or concrete CLT has a

Natural material

the

inherent

process allows timber to be used for much longer spans,

low thermal mass and

quality of being a green

heavier loads, and complex shapes. It is 2/3 the weight of

therefore a lower thermal

product

steel and 1/6 the one of concrete – the embodied energy

storage potential

Big spans

Durable,

Possible use outdoor

resistant fabrics

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

COMMENTS: CLT can be used for all elements of a building's to

bricks

superstructure, i.e. walls, ceilings, roof surfaces.

to produce it is 6x less than the same suitable strength of 125

NEPD-336-222-NO

steel.

NEPD-345-236-NO

126

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,13 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,13 W/mK

Density

420 kg/m3

Density

420 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Inflammable

Fire resistance

Inflammable

Hygroscopicity

Highly capable for absorption of moisture

Hygroscopicity

Highly capable for absorption of moisture

Durability

Life span of more than 60 years

Durability

Life span of more than 60 years

Recyclability

Restoration, recycling, or thermal use

Recyclability

Restoration, recycling, or thermal use

GWP A1-A3

-651,66 kgCO₂eq (milled profile)

GWP A1-A3

-607 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Transport

124,64 kgCO₂eq/ 1.000 km (by truck)

Price

Compressive strength

21 N/mm parallel/ 5,3 N/mm perpendicular 2

LOG WALL What is it?

Handcraftet or milled piled logs

Known as Compound

Natural

Building use

Outer walls

Other uses

+ a

atmosphere Continuing the

pleasantRoughness,

superficial

fissures that increase the withmore the material loses its

Sørbø

Trelast

4017

Transport

5 km * 11,4 kgCO₂eq/m3 = 57 kgCO₂eq

Price

10.000 NOK/m3

Compressive strength

21 N/mm2 parallel/ 5,3 N/mm2 perpendicular

STRUCTURAL LUMBER What is it?

Solid piece of timber

Known as

Konstruksjonsvirke

Compound

Natural

Building use

Joists

(ceiling,

roof),

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation

rafters,

columns

Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Handcrafted log wall:

Local availability

No complicated shapes

Structural lumber is the most frequently used

+ Life cycle GHG: 183,35 kgCO2eq

Natural, vivid

Quite

construction material in Norway, produced all

- Net carbon sequestration: -1.956,93 kgCO2eq

Untreated, manufacturedtime

long

assembly

over the country.

= Net carbon balance: -1.773,59 kgCO2eq

Imperfections

Usually it is treated to

There are both on-site (C 24) or prefab (C 30)

Proneness to moisture and

Viable outdoor usage in Stavanger is rather

Warm, cosy

endure

its

timber frame.

horizontal precipitation

improper in both economical and structural

against

moisture

sense.

pest infestation

traditionalnatural moisture content

craftsmanship

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation

Byggmakker

Stavanger

Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

–

Creates

127

Nearest origin to Stavanger

http://www.bclogandtimberbuilders.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Log-and-Timber-LCA.pdf

resistance and

NEPD-308-179-EN

128

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,96 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0.238 W/mK

Density

2,5 kg/(mm*m2) m

Density

1700 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Highly fire-resistance and non-flammable

Fire resistance

Good

Hygroscopicity

Watertight and no moisture absorption

Hygroscopicity

Low vapour transmissivity

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Durability

High - non biodegradable

Recyclability

52% of GWP can be accounted for GWP-reduction

Recyclability

100%

GWP A1-A3

2,67 kgCO₂eq (without -1,39 EoL benefit)

GWP A1-A3

40,7 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

27283 Verden, Germany

Bremem, Germany

Transport

984 km * 80 kgCO₂eq/m3 = 78.700 kgCO₂eq

Transport (km)

1005 km

Price

~ 100 NOK/4mm and m toughened glass

Price

≈ kr/m3

Compressive strength

1.000 N/mm2

FLOAT GLASS What is it?

Compound of silica sand 60%, soda 20% + dolomit & kalk 20%

Known as

Toughened glass

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Construction, transparent systems, fire resistance

–

Transparent

Relies on framework

Extremely long lilfespan Extremely

brittle,

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold Low environmental footprint Easy installation Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

ETHYLENE TETRAFLUORETHYLENE HYLENE What is it?

Flourine based plastic polymer

Known as

ETFE

Invented in

1970s

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Walls, Roof, Skin

Other uses

Thermoplastic liner for pipes

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

The main advantage of glass as a load-bearing material

Lightweight

Non-biodegradable

This material is intended to be used in large scale

is contained in its light transmittance. However, glass

Translucent

Poor acoustic insulation

projects due to cost and complex installation

is a brittle material, so in its conventional use it needs

Resistant to radiation

C o m p l i c a t e d

method. Suitable for walls, roof and skin. Usually

No adsorption of odours,breakable and sharp

to be prevented from deflection or any other kind of

Recyclable

construction

used as a glass substitute in translucent facades

neutral smell

Heavy

displacement. Composite material of glass and glass fibre

Un-natural

reinforced plastic: due to the same coefficient of linear

because of lightweight nature.

expansion the glass can take loads. That saves material, 129

M-EPD-FEV-001008

energy, weight and costs.

NEPD-337-228-EN

130

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0.18 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

- W/mK

Density

745 kg/m3

Density

634 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Medium

Fire resistance

High

Hygroscopicity

Low vapour transmissivity

Hygroscopicity

Low vapour transmissivity

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Durability

High - non biodegradable

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

20%

GWP A1-A3

- kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

40,8 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Kurim, Czech Republic

Transport (km)

1740 km

Price

- kr/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger Transport (km)

3015 km

Price

185 kr/m3

RECYCLED TETRAPAK

ECOPLASBRICK

What is it?

Compressed Tetrapak Board

What is it?

Known as

Flexibuild Board

panel

Invented in

Kurim, Czech Republic

Known as

Compound

Synthetic

Invented in

2011, Brindisi, Italy

Building use

Wall

Compound

Synthetic

Other uses

Building use

Walls

Other uses

Recycled

plastic

sandwich

Ecoplasbrick

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Lightweight

Non-biodegradable

Material size and strength make it ideal for walls

Lightweight

Non-biodegradable

The core is recycled plastic but the surface finish

resistanceNon flexible design

in small scale projects. Still in experimental stage

Acoustic Insulation

Poor acoustic insulation

can be flexible, changing the properties of the

so new data is regulary made.

Thermal Resistance

C o m p l i c a t e d

sandwich panel. Most commonly used for walls.

Recyclable

construction

Thermal Recyclable

Low moisture absorbtion h

131

Brindisi, Germany

http://www.lcacenter.org/LCA9/presentations/208.pdf

m http://www.ecoplasbrick.eu

132

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

2,5 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

2,5 W/mK

Density

2240-2420 kg/m3

Density

2240-2400 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Fastly shows cracks with heat

Fire resistance

Fastly shows cracks with heat

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Durability

High - can be reused as aggregate for new mix

Recyclability

30% of new mix can be reused concrete

Recyclability

30% of new mix can be reused concrete

GWP A1-A3

119,8 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

202,9 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Skedsmo Betong AS, Skedsmokorset

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Sandnes betong AS, Sandnes

Transport

576 km

Transport

21 km

Price

1310 NOK/m3

Price

Slab 4700 NOK/m3, wall 5850 NOK/m3, column 1500 NOK/m

Compressive strength

≈ 37 N/mm2

Compressive strength

≈ 37 N/mm2

LOW HEAT CONCRETE What is it?

Concrete with high amount of fly ash

Known as

B45 M40 Lavvarmebetong, synk 200

mm Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

Massive concrete volumes

LOCAL ON-SITE CONCRETE What is it?

On-site poured concrete

Known as

Ferdigbetong B30 M60 D22 Synk 180

Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

All concrete applications

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Long lifespan

Non-demountable

This material is intended to be applied i big,

Locally produced

Non-demountable

Easily available from Sandnes Betong AS, 21 km

Lower chance of crackingRelatively

massive construction elements, and is not

Low transport emissionsHigher

Relatively low A1 - A3emissions

high

appropriate for slim constructions. Due to its'

due to location

emissions

low heat pouring, the likeability for cracks in the

embodied

away.

emissions than "greener" alternatives

construction elements is lower than for other concrete products. 133

NEPD304-184-NO

NEPD-344-234-NO

134

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,32 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

2,5 W/mK

Density

770 kg/m3

Density

2240-2400 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Good

Fire resistance

Good

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Hygroscopicity

Water doesn't damage it, but it is not waterproof

Durability

High

Durability

High

Recyclability

Can be used as fill in or aggregate in concrete

Recyclability

Can be used as aggregate in concrete products

GWP A1-A3

1387 (walls) and 1758 (floors) kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

117,1 kgCO₂eq

products Nearest origin to Stavanger

Weber Leca Norge, Torp

Block

Berge

Bygg

AS,

523 km

Transport

25,6 km

Price

106 NOK/pcs

Price

Floor 2250 NOK/m3 and wall 5650 NOK/m3

Compressive strength

2-3 N/mm2

Compressive strength

37 N/mm2

What is it?

Consists of clay expanded to small balls through a process of drying and burning

Known as

Leca Universalblokk 20 cm

Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

Load bearing walls and foundation

Kleppe

Stasjon

Transport

LECA BLOCKS

PREFAB CONCRETE ELEMENTS What is it?

Prefabricated concrete elements of

Known as

Hulldekkeelement and kompaktvegg

floors and walls Compound

Synthetic/natural

Building use

Load bearing walls and floors

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Recycable

Non-demountable

This material is intended to be applied in smaller

Locally produced

Relatively high A1 - A3

Prefab concrete elements. The floors are hollow

Good heat insulation

Not very local, limited

buildings, especially in foundations, walls i

Resistant to moisture

cradle to gate emissions

cored, while walls are non insulated elements.

Good sound insulation production possibilities

basements etc. Yet, it has also been used in all

Demountable

Low A1 - A3 and A4in Norway

walls, in combination with wood roof constructions

compared

otherNot

constructoinal blocks NEPD00276E

suitable

buildings/ loads

135

Nearest origin to Stavanger

for

big

heavy

in housing. Wall elements: NEPD 189N Hollow core slab elements: NEPD 190N 136

INSULATION

STUDENTS Håvard Auklend Zorbey Tuncer Claire-Elise Bard Mariya Stoyanova Winnie Po Ting Poon

137

138

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,030 - 0,038 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,028 W/mK

Density

15 kg/m3

Density

40 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Melts, but low flame spread

Fire resistance

Ignition temperature 543 °C

Hygroscopicity

Low vapour transmissivity

Hygroscopicity

Low vapour transmissivity

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Durability

High - not biodegradable

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

Not recyclable

GWP A1-A3

2,2 kgCO₂eq (R = 1 m2K/W for 38 mm thickness)

GWP A1-A3

2,5 kgCO₂eq (R = 1 m2K/W for 28 mm thickness) 89.3 kgCO2eq/m3

57,9 kgCO₂eq/m3 Nearest origin to Stavanger

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Jackon - Oltedal (43 km drive)

Transport (km)

Lorry: 43

Price

≈ 832 kr/m3

Mixed: Lorry - 2362,4 , Barge - 246 , Train - 54,3

Price

≈ 360 kr/m2 (Uncertain)

EPS - EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE

BIO FOAM INSULATION

What is it?

Rigid closed cell foam material

What is it?

PUR from plant based polyols

Known as

Styrofoam / Isopor

Known as

Icynene

Invented in

1954, Koppers Company

Invented in

1970, Unknown

Compound

Synthetic

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Roof, wall, floor and ground

Building use

Walls, Roof

Other uses

Packaging

Other uses

Thermal storage tanks

–

Lightweight Thermal

High ghg emissions resistanceVolatile ingredients, 2%

Recyclable No fungae growth

Non-biodegradable

BFSI - Crossmolina, Ireland

Transport (km)

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Graphite can be added to achieve lower radiative

Low shipping bulk

Petrolium based

Although the name of the material implies that it

heat transfer.

Thermal resistance

Difficult to remove

is based on natural raw materials, only a part of

Reduces air leakage

Not recyclable

the mix is based on plant polyol (Soy/castor oil).

No fungae growth

The rest of the material is petrolium based, but can be from recycled plastic bottles.

NEPD-322-185-NO

139

Byggmax, EPS 80

pu-europe.eu - Factsheet n° 13/1 biofoamsprayinsulation.ie

140

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,0044 - 0,007 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,040W/mK

Density

170-200 kg/m3

Density

100-130 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Normal combustibility

Fire resistance

Euroclass E

Hygroscopicity

Vapour impermeable

Hygroscopicity

High vapour transmissivity

Durability

30 to 50 years

Durability

High

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

Recyclable

42,2 kgCO₂eq (per m2 with 25mm thickness)

GWP A1-A3

32,62 kgCO₂eq per m3

1688 kgCO₂eq per m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

GWP A1-A3 Nearest origin to Stavanger

Notodden(440 km drive) 440 km (lorry)

Transport

Price

470-940 kr/m

Price

What is it?

Air tight panels

Known as

Vacupor/Kevothermal

Invented in

1970's

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Roof, wall, floor and pipes

Other uses

Refrigerators, thermal bottles

Local Natural Low tech Traditional Low maintenance Low emitting Safe ingredients Cold w environmental footprint Easy installation Waste to landfill Sound absorbing Unstable and sensitive Low cost Visually pleasing

Europe

(France,

Ca 3000km (lorry) ≈ 230 kr/m2

EXPANDED CORK PANELS What is it?

Steam-expanded cork

Known as

ICB - Insulation Cork Board

Invented in

1891, factory of John T. Smith

Compound

Natural

Building use

Walls, Roof, ground

Other uses

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Low conductivity

High ghg emissions

Vacuum is hard to keep constant, it gets less and

100% natural

Production only around

"The perfect green insulation material."

Low thickness

Not so flexible

less hard with time, especially in hot temperatures

Renewable origin

the Mediterranean Sea

Recyclable

Expensive

conditions.

Thermal resistance

VIPs are very sensitive to puncture.

Accoustic insulation

Compressive strength

Spain,

Portugal...)

Transports

VIP - VACUUM INSULATION PANELS

Southern

Biodegradable

141

EPD-POR-20140214-IBC1-EN

DAP 001:2015 Sofalca

142

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0.13 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,1-0,3 W/mK

Density

430 kg/m³

Density

380 - 485 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Euro-class D, smoke class s2

Fire resistance

Euro class A1, up to 4 hours (retains its physical properties)

Durability

Biodegradeable

Durability

Boundlessly stable

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability

100%

GWP A1-A3

25.8 - 49.8 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

117,08 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Andebu, Vestfold county

Price Price

What is it?

solid wood/timber

Building use

Construction, roof, wall, floor

Other uses

Packaging, heating

and ground

865 km (lorry)

415 km (lorry) or 550 km (ship)

TIMBER

143

Transport

≈ 780 NOK per tonne

Transports

Sweden ≈ 1000 kr/m3

–

Recyclable

Deforestation

Biodegradable

Habitat destruction

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE What is it?

Autoclaved aerated concrete

Known as

Lightweight concrete blocks

Invented in

mid-1800s

Compounds

Natural

Building use

Construction, Walls

COMMENTS:

Relatively easy to treat - allows large variety of

No by-products

Low tensile strength

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is well known

products.

No toxic waste products Porosity and angularity

as an environmentally friendly construction

Lower

material.

transportationof

the

aggregate

Natural

costs

(Difficult to place and

The finished product is twice the volume of the raw

Thermal reovery

Compressive strength

finish)

materials used, making it very resource-efficient.

Precast

Longer mixing time

EPD-EHW-2011811-E

EPD-XEL-2009112-E

144

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity

0,048 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,038 - 0,05 W/mK

Density

235 kg/m3

Density

100 - 165 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Hygroscopicity

Absorbs and releases moisture as humidity changes

Durability

High - service life corresponds to the building lifetime

Hygroscopicity

No increase in weight at 90% relative humidity

Recyclability

Durability

High

GWP A1-A3

0,016 - 1,521 kgCO₂eq (R = 1 m K/W)

Recyclability

Recyclable

GWP A1-A3

109,23 - 212,22 kgCO₂eq (R = 1 m2K/W)

Nearest origin to Stavanger

No contribution to fire, melting point >1000 °C, Max. working temperature t°: 430°C

Gjøvik, Norway

Transport (km)

Lorry + ferry: 534

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Price

Transport (km)

Lorry + ferry: 1480

Price

HUNTON BITROC INSULATION What is it?

Soft fiberboards impregnated with bitumen

Known as

Invented in

1970s, Gjøvik, Norway

Compound

Natural

Building use

External wind barrier

–

Absorbs moisture

Small

Reduces cold bridges

chemicals product

amount in is

FOAMGLAS - Klášterec, Czech Republic

CELLULAR GLASS INSULATION What is it?

Closed-cell rigid foam

Known as

Foamglass

Invented in

1950s, Unknown

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Walls, Roof

Other uses

Thermal storage tanks

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

15mm of Hunton Bitroc equates to almost 10mm

Moisture resistance

Fragile

It is lightweight, rigid material composed

final

of standard mineral wool and a reduction in

Fire / chemical / vermin Prone to induced damage

of millions of completely sealed glass cells.

U-value of 0,01 W/m2K

Each cell is an insulation entity, which means

/ corrosion resistance

Expensive

to health as they are

harmful

Thermal resistance

installation)

carcinogenic, mutagenic

Withstand high pressure

(CAPEX

it is totally independent of the other cells surrounding it

and reprotoxic. EPD-PCE-2008111-E

145

NEPD nr: 213E

http://local.ecollege.ie/Content/APPRENTICE/liu/ind_insulation/mod4/m4_u6.pdf

146

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal condvuctivity

0,015 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0,036 W/mK

Density

150 kg/m3

Density

40-100 kg/m3

Fire resistance

Not flammable

Fire resistance

Non-combustable

Hygroscopicity

Waterproof treatment

Hygroscopicity

Water repellent

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Durability

High - not biodegradeable

Recyclability

100 %

Recyclability

97 %

GWP A1-A3

12.5 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

1,27 kgCO₂eq

Nearest origin to Stavanger

USA

Trondheim, Moss

Transport

1.80E-01 kgCO₂eq

Transport

1,19e-02 kgCO₂eq

Price

≈ 374.34 kr/m2

Price

≈ kr/m2

AEROGEL What is it?

Silica solid derived from gel

Known as

Solid smoke, frozen smoke

Invented in

1931, Dr. Samuel Kistler

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Roof, wall, floor and ground

Other uses

Industrial, aerospace

ROCKWOOL INSULATION What is it?

Fibrous insulation

Known as

Stone wool, slag wool

Invented in

1840, Edward Parry

Compound

Natural

Building use

Roof, wall, floor and ground

Other uses

Industrial

–

COMMENTS:

Ultra Lightweight

High ghg emissions

Although it is being invented in 1931, the material

Very thin

High cost

is not being used commonly in building insulation.

Thermal resistance

Thick

buildings. Can be rigid and semi-rigid panels to fit

Super-insulator

Non-biodegradable

Main applications are mostly in oil industry and

Sound absorber

Non-biodegradable

various function in buildings.

aerospace because of the high thermal properties

Common

and cost.

No fungae growth

147

Nearest origin to Stavanger

www.environdec.com : S-P-00725

–

COMMENTS: It is the second most common insulator used in

epd-norge.no : 00131E rev1

148

FOUNDATION

STUDENTS Emilie Botella Claire McConnell Kristian Bøe Fei Ding Jason Andrew Hannah

149

150

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density

2382 kg/m3

Density

2420 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

0.7 - 1.3 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0.7-1.3 W/mK

Permeability

1E-10 cm/s

Permeability

1E-10 cm/s

Lifetime

50-100 yrs

Lifetime

100+ yrs

Waste

23.7 (kg/ m (% recyclable)

Waste

31.7 (~76%) kg (% recyclable)

Embodied energy A1-A3

2230 MJ/m3

Embodied energy A1-A3

1687 MJ/m3

Water use

643 L/m

Water use

211 L/m3

GWP A1-A3

244 kgCO₂eq/m3

GWP A1-A3

203 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Tananger

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Sandnes

Transport (km)

Lorry: 14 km

Transport (km)

Lorry: 21 km

Price

1305 NOK/m3

Price

1310 NOK/m3

READY-MIX CONCRETE WITH FLY ASH

READY-MIX CONCRETE WITH BLAST FURNACE SLAG

What is it?

Concrete with cement using 19%

What is it?

fly ash from coal-based electricity

29%

generation

Concrete with cement using blast furnace slag

First used

mid-1900s

First used

1909

Compound

Synthetic with some organic

Compound

Synthetic with some organic

Building use

Foundation (walls, roof, floor)

components Building use

components

Foundation (walls, roof, floor)

–

COMMENTS:

–

COMMENTS:

Improved workability

Reduced early strength

Larger amounts of fly ash can be added to

Recyclable

Some strength reduction

Larger amounts of slag can be added to cement.

Increased strength

Argued toxic ingredient

cement for proportional increase in strength and

Industrial byproduc

Higher levels of blast furnace slag (50% and

Reduced permeability

decrease in embodied energy and emissions.

Reduced permeability

above) have been proven to perform mechanically

Coal production waste

Typically, ranges from 15-25% composition in

More chemically stable

similar to concrete using regular portland cement.

portland cement. 151

NEPD 169N Ferdigbetong B30 M60

NEPD-344-234-NO

152

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

7850 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

Density

26-48.6 W/m K

7850 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

24.3-65.2 W/m K

Fire resistance

Non combustible

Fire resistance

Non combustible

Tensile Strength

450- 600 MPa

Tensile Strength

276-1882 MPa

Lifetime

≥50 years.

Lifetime

Dependent on place and protection. Recyclability

81%

GWP A1-A3 Transport (km)

Ferrometall AS, Drammen Euro 5, 28t payl. (513 km drive)

Price

92%

GWP A1-A3

2551 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

9734 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Equal to the lifetime of the building

Recyclability

Norsk Stål AS, Søgne

Transport (km)

Euro 6, 27t payl. (216 km drive)

Price

N/A

THREADED STEEL CORE PILES

RIBBED REINFORCEMENT BARS ARS

Materials

Steel with alloys

Materials

How to use?

Drilled into the ground or with

Iron 98-99%, Carbon 0,05-0,02%

steel tubes Scrap content

85%

Building use

Foundation

Silicon 0,2% Manganese 0,3-0,7% Scrap content Building use

– COMMENTS:

Resistant to water and Skin friction

100% Any reinforced concrete structure.

–

COMMENTS:

salt

Bearing capacity error

Since steel can be recycled indefinitely, the effect of recycling

Resistant to frost

Ground displacement

on energy saving is asymptotically decreasing. For this study,

Resistant to water and salt Heavy and transport cost

Reinforcement bars are steel rods that are used as a tension device in concrete reinforcement. When

Recyclable and durable Disturbance of soil layers

Worldsteel data for hot rolled steel sections has been used,

Better Structural propertiesLower fire resistance

embedded into concrete, the steel is able to alleviate the

Compressive strength

which gives an 85% scrap content averaged from European steel

Recyclable and durable

tension that is imposed on the concrete by distributing

Cost and time saving

works. And the most significant impacts of LCA comes from the

Lower Cost of reinforcement

production

Less labour charge

High demand

the tension evenly over a large area.

of steel, given in A1. 153

NEPD-360-250-EN

NEPD-347-238-EN

154

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density

470 kg/m3

Density

430 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

0.13 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0.13 W/mK

Lifetime

60 yrs

Lifetime

60 yrs

Water use

-4.60E+00 l/m3

Water use

-2.51E+02 l/m3

GWP A1-A3

-6.63E+02 kgCO₂eq/m

GWP A1-A3

-6.07E+02 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Moelven, Norway

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Gåsland

Transport (km)

Lorry: 546 km

Transport (km)

60 km

Price

14 000 NOK/m3

Price

NORWEGIAN GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER

SPRUCE (FRESH TIMBER)

What is it?

Glue laminated timber

What is it?

Invented in

Dates back to 1866

Compound

Natural

Compound

Natural

Building use

Walls, Roof

Building use

Roof

joists,

beams,

edge

Timber for construction

beams,

hall constructions

–

Good strenght to weightIf landfilled, glulam

– COMMENTS:

COMMENTS: L

tCould

rot

ratio

could result in a

Sustainable

greater greenhouse gas

Glulam is a very flexible, locally available

Easily

mold

Beams and columns made of spruce or pine are

Locally available

emission than steal

accessibleexposed

material, with a good strength to weight ratio.

T r a d i t i o n a lNot as strong as some

cheap and easily accessible. Could be treated or

Flexibility

Glue laminated timber is a way to optimize the

non-treated. Often locally available, minimizing

Apperance

structural values of the renewable resource wood.

S u s t a i n a b l e

pother materials

the need for polluting transport.

Norwegian glulam is made of pine or spruce. 155

NEPD-336-222-NO

NEPD-308-179-NO

156

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density

1,980 kg/m3

Density

1,980 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

0.8 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

0.8 W/mK

Compressive Strength

18.7 MPa

Compressive Strength

18.7 MPa

Lifetime

500+yrs (if there is not an overexposure to moisture)

Lifetime

100+yrs (based on brick that has no signs of damage)

Waste

17.29 kg (100% recyclable)

Waste

3.27 kg (% recyclable)

Embodied energy A1-A3

9,432.72 MJ/m3

Embodied energy A1-A3

0 MJ/m3

Water use

80,114.76 L/m

Water use

421.74 L/m3

GWP A1-A3

461.34 kgCO₂eq/m3

GWP A1-A3

0 kgCO₂eq/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Manurfactured in Denmark

Transport (km)

Lorry: 1,050km

Price

8,154 NOK/m3

Nearest origin to Stavanger Transport (km)

Sourced from older buildings in Southern Norway Lorry: Upto 200km

RED CLAY BRICK

RECYCLED RED CLAY BRICK

What is it?

Recycled Red Clay Brick (Re-used or

First used

Adopted 1000's of years ago

Red clay brick

First used

Approx 4,000 BC

Compound

Natural products - Clay, sand,

salvaged brick)

Water Building use

Walls, flooring, paving

Other uses

Fireplace, Concrete aggregate

Compound

Natural products - Clay, sand, water

Building use

Walls, floor, paving

Other uses

Fireplace, concrete aggregate

–

COMMENTS:

Durable/long lifespan

High ghg emissions

The manufacturing process for clay bricks involves

Minimal GHG emissions More labour intensive to

The use of recycled brick is increasing due to the

extraction of clay, crushing & grinding, shaping, drying

Durable

remove old mortar

high embodied energy of new bricks. In terms of

and firing. Firing is typically undertaken in kilns under

Thermal resistance

Life span reduced to a

use for a foundation, the roughened exterior of

Low maintenance

temperatures of 1000-1200°C using coal power. This

Low maintenance

certain extent

recycled bricks may make it uncomfortable under

Thermal mass properties

process has a high environmental footprint.

Thermal mass properties

Thermal

resistanceDestructive to landscape

Recyclable

when mining clay

–

COMMENTS:

foot. The use of matting is an option to eliminate this factor.

157

158

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density Thermal conductivity

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1499 kg/m3

Density

2600 kg/m3

0.74 W/m K

Thermal conductivity

Fire resistance

Depend

Compressive Strength

43.13 MPa

Durability

≥ 100 years

Recyclability

90%

GWP A1-A3

N/A

Nearest origin to Stavanger Transport

the

thickness

brick

Compressive Strength

24,7 MPa

Lifetime

500+yrs (dependent on thermal performance, resistance to chemicals and construction)

N/A N/A

Price

Fire resistance

Non combustible

Hygroscopicity

0,1-0,5%

GWP A1-A3

58,1 kgCO₂eq /ton

Nearest origin to Stavanger N/A

Oppdal, quarry Minera Skifer

Transport

Lorry - 937km

CLAY BRICK WITH OIL INDUSTRY WASTE

QUARTZITE

Materials

What is it?

Mainly quartz

Spent earth,

Known as

Natural stone, quartzite schist

Sludge waste.

Compound

Natural

Building use

Walling,

Building use

Red, yellow and black clay,

Foundation, walling.

floors,

–

Strong and Durable

Time consuming

Thermal Performance

Unresistant

Recyclable

earthquake

Acoustic Performance

Water absorbing

Fire Resistance

W/m.°C

cladding

plinths,

paving and stairs

–

COMMENTS:

COMMENTS: Resistant to rain, frost,Hard to work with

Of all masonry products, natural stone is one of the most durable.

From the study, the incorporation of sludge from pomace oil

acids and soluble salts Damages when fixed to

Bricks and concrete deteriorate with water penetration, bricks

extraction industry or spent filtration earth of clay was more

Recyclable and durable materials with differing

cannot be placed below grade, concrete cracks and is hard to repair.

Low tensile strength

beneficial, with compressive strength values similar to bricks

Compressive strength

thermal movement

Stone has not these problems. It came from the ground and can be

Hard for cleaning

without waste and a 6 and 14% improvement in thermal

Thermal capacities

Low

conductivity, respectively.

Negligible maintenance earthquakes

resistance

buried for 1,000 years looking the same. Natural stone can be used as quarried or can be shaped with tools or machines, depending on the construction. Rubble (undressed stone) can be employed for

NEPD-315-192-EN

159

Reusing of Oil Industry Waste as Secondary Material in Clay Bricks

norskskifer.no

foundations in all cases with or without mortar. 160

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density

2400-2900 kg/m3

Density

1950-2550 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity

3,0 W/m.°C

Thermal conductivity

1,5 W/m/°C

Compressive Strength

50 MPa

Compressive Strength

10 MPa

Lifetime

500+yrs (dependent on thermal performance,

Lifetime

500+yrs (dependent on thermal performance, resistance to chemicals and construction)

resistance to chemicals and construction) Non combustible

Fire resistance

Non

Hygroscopicity

0,1-0,5%

Hygroscopicity

2-8,5%

GWP A1-A3

58,1 kgCO₂eq /ton

GWP A1-A3

3,10E+00 kgCO₂eq /ton

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Jelsa, Rogaland, Norsk Stein AS

Nearest origin to Stavanger

Florø, quarry Norwegian Sandstone Export

Transport

Lorry - 111 km

Transport

Ship - 360km

Fire resistance

SANDSTONE

GRANITE

What is it? Mainly felspar, quartz and mica

Known as

Dimension stone

Compound

Natural, igneous magmatic rock

Known as

Natural stone, aggregates

Geological age

Permian (250MA)

Compound

Natural, sedimentary rock

Building use

Walling, cladding plinths,

Building use

Walling

surrounds and steps

Other uses

most

chemicals Low

Thermal

Formed by the cooling of molten magma forced up through resistance

strength Efflorescence capacities spalling

Negligible maintenance

cladding

Concrete, roads and civil

COMMENTS:

Recyclable and durable earthquakes Compressive

and

engineering construction

– of

grains in some. Bonded largely with sillica or calcium carbonate

Resistant to rain, frost, Hard to work with

caused

certain salts

crakcs in the earth's crust. to Extraction of rock is possible with simple tools, but skill and experience is essential to ensure accurate cuts. Granite and requires more sophisticated mechanized equipement. It

mibau-stema.de/en/steinbrueche-jelsa.html

–

Sandstone is a typical sedimentary rock, including lake

Easy to work with

Attacked by acids

which can be used in the production of concrete. Older

Thermal resistance

Affected by soluble salts

sandstones tend to be tougher and more suitable for aggregate

Resistant to wheatheringBecome soiled in urban

use. Geological materials with different grain sizes, such as

athmosphere

by can be used completly, without wastage. It tends to have a preferred sawing plane, the direction to get the nicest looking slabs.

161

Quartz in all mica and felspar

What is it?

combustible

sedimentation and sea sedimentation. It is a type of aggregate

sandstone aggregates have been exploited as a popular building material from ancient times. It is relatively soft and resistant to

fjordstone.no EN 13043

weathering, make it easy to carve and work. 162

WINDOWS & DOORS

STUDENTS Andrea Reinlund Hansen Orlane Guillouet-Lamy Deni Nae Isabella Netz Karine Hemstad

163

164

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Size

Min:450 x 450 cm Max: 1240 x 2500 cm

Size

1,80 x 65 cm + arch

U-value

0,67-0,75 W/m2K

U-value

0,8 W/m2K (passive house standard)

Energy transmittance

53-61 %

Energy transmittance

Sound reduction

32 dB

Sound reduction

Durability

40 years

Durability

40 + years

Recyclability

GWP A1-A3

73,81 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

Origin

Nordhorn, Germany

Origin

Vikeså, Norway

Transport

1175 km

Transport

52 km

EPD

EPD-VAR-2017016-IBA1-DE

EPD

REUSING THE EXISTING WINDOW

HOLZFENSTER ENERGYFRAME II What is it?

Triple glazed window with wooden frame and a thermal break made of polyurethane

Produced by

Variotech

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Window

What is it?

Double glazed window with wooden frame. Adding

one layer

of glass and

argon filling Produced by

Sendt to Vikeså vindu

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Window

COMMENTS:

Variotech is a known producer of high quality materials and components. High tech solutions and research

The existing windows of the building are not of high aesthetic value,and are not the original ones that

ensures quality and lower emissions. The Variotech Energy frame II is a wood frame window with a thermally

carry any historic value, so they might not be worth keeping. However keeping them has several benefits

insulated wooden profile. Noise protection and natural materials help improve the indoor quality.

like lowering the labour demand and reducing the impact on the environment. Since reusing the existing windows will result in creating less waste during the refurbishment and there will be a smaller need of newly-produced windows, keeping them will result in creating less carbon emissions. It will probably be sent to a company to place an extra glass and fill the cavatie with gass, in this case we chose Vikeså vindu close to Stavanger.

165

Image: http://bau-umwelt.de/download/C5dd8d723X143c34aafa9XY45fc/EPD_VAR_2017016_IBA1_DE.pdf

Image: Marco K Aparicio

166

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Size

Costum made

Size

1,23 x 1,48 m

U-value

0,8 W/m2K or better

U-value

0,7 W/m2K

Energy transmittance

Durability

40 + yeas

Durability

40/60 years

Recyclability

0 % (but 15,4% energy recovery)

GWP A1-A3

103/128 kgCO₂eq

Origin

Stavanger, Norway (Støperigata)

Origin

Moy, Norway

Transport

0,2 km

Transport

94 km

EPD

NEPD 00176E Rev. 1

IDEAL 600 What is it?

Triple glazed window with frame made of reinforced composite

Produced by

Vinduskredderen

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Window

NORDAN SAFETY What is it?

Inward opening tilt and turn Triple glazed window with wooden frame/ and alu clad.

Produced by

NorDan

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Window

COMMENTS:

There is a lack of information due to absence of answers from Vinduskredderen. This window is however

The window is tested in the Norwegian climate, and has an indoor climate certification: M3. The window

interesting because it is produced in the same street as the canning factory. Vinduskredderen are costum making windows and can make them fit our building, the sourrounding buildings and passive house standards.

can be opened and has 7 solid locking points. This can increase the comfort because it provides you with access to fresh air, and gives a feeling of security. The glazing is called “safety glass”, and has features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. It is much harder to break in, something that is very relevant for our building in Stavanger, which has entrances and windows in different levels connected to the ground.

167

Image: www.vinduskredderen.no

Image: http://www.nordan.co.uk/our-windows/nordan-window

168

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Size

Max: 2500 x 1500 mm (touhened: 4000 x 2000 mm)

Size

100 x 200 cm

U-value

0,7 W/m2K

Weight

Energy transmittance

U- value

0,29 W/m2K

Sound reduction

Fire resistance

3 hours

Durability

30+ years

Air infiltration

0,04 cfm/sqft

Use of recycled materials

25 %

Sound reduction

GWP A1-A3

Durability

30+ years

Origin

Halmstad, Sweden

Recyclability

92 %

Transport

859 km

GWP A1-A3

1,31E+02 kgCO₂eq

EPD

Origin

Milan, TN, USA

PILKINGTON ACTIVE What is it?

Triple

argon

glazed

window

with

filled cavities

Produced by

Pilkington

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Window

Transport

EPD

EPD-ASA-20130282-IBC1-EN

TRIO-E STEEL STIFFENED DOOR What is it?

Steel door made from cold rolled or galvanized steel with polyurethane foam in the core

Produced by

Assa Abloy

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Door (inner or outer)

COMMENTS: C

The Pilkington Activ suncool™ glass is a self-cleaning glass. The unique dual-action of the glass coating

This trio-E steel stiffened door is greenguard certified which makes it safe for both housing and schools.

uses the forces of nature to help keep the glass free from dirt, giving not only the practical benefit of less

It is also certified as a safety door due to its construction. 58,8 % of the steel used in the door is already

cleaning, but also clearer, better-looking windows. Since the glass is self-cleaning, the need for manually

recycled steel and Assa Abloy has an end of life program to make sure the door is recycled or reused after

washing the windows is heavily reduced, saving time and money. The glass also has solar control properties

its lifetime has expired. The positive features of this door is its durability and strong materials which might

that reduces the need for cooling the indoor air, and therefore reduces the energy-use in the building as

suit the climate. The negative feature is the long transportation from the USA.

well as enhancing the comfort.

169

Image: http://img.edilportale.com/products/prodotti-12647-rel-75221.jpg

Image: http://bau-umwelt.de/download/CY3ebc0060X144544a81b6X2418/EPD_ASA_20130282_IBC1_EN.pdf

170

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Size

1100 x 2200 x 100 mm + Frame: 95 x 95 mm

Size

825 x 2040 x 52 cm

Weight

52,3 kg

U-value

0,62 W/m K

U-value

Fire resistance

Class B30

Airtightness

V <1,3 m ³ / (hm) <2.25 m³ / (hm) at 100 Pa

Air infiltration

Sound reduction

30 dB

Sound reduction

35 dB

Durability

35 years

Durability

30 years

Recyclability

100%

Recyclability(or reuse)

100 %

GWP A1-A3

41,27 kgCO₂eq

GWP A1-A3

59,7 kgCO₂eq

Origin

Nordhorn, Germany

Origin

Lyngdal, Norway

Transport

1200 km

Transport

160 km

EPD

EPD-VAR-2017014-IBA1-DE

EPD

NEPD 157E

VARIOTECH THERMOSAFE 100 What is it?

Passiv wooden door

Produced by

Variotec GmbH & Co. KG

Compound

Pine, spruce, larch, oak,

Building use

Main entrance door

NORDIC DOOR What is it?

Plywood door

Produced by

Nordic dørfabrikk

Compound

Synthetic

Building use

Door inside

COMMENTS:

Variotec can offer a fully tested product range - from the "multifunctional door" on the certified passive

Produced in Lyngdal, Norway. The wooden door is tested in local climate, and has an indoor climate

house door "Thermosafe 100" to the passive house certified solid wood window "Energyframe". They

certification: M3. The factory runs on 52 % renewable energy and all materials can be separated and

produce high quality products with pure and untreated materials that are easy to recycle. Their windows

recycled or reused.The factory is relatively small scaled and most of the details are made by hand, which

are produced in a large scale factory but some of the datails are hand made. The negative feature of this

supports the local craftsmanship and traditions.

door is that it is quite heavy to open.

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Image: https://www.beka-gruppe.de/sites/default/files/public/variotec_thermosafe_100.pdf Environmentdeclaration: www.bau-umwelt.com / https: //epd-online.com

Image: http://www.epd-norge.no/getfile.php/PDF/EPD/Byggevarer/NEPD%20157N%20Nordic_Door.pdf

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WINDOWS & DOORS DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION TABLE PARAMETERS

NorDan NTech Variotech Extra glass Vinduskredderen NorDan Safety Pilkington

u value (W/m2K) GWP

0,7 102/115 (grades 1 to 10) 9 7 8 6 4 5 7 8 8 7 5 9 5 8

0,7 78,8

0,8

0.8

0.7 103/128

0,7

9 8 4 2 4 2 2 7 8 7 7 8 4 6

8 9 9 9 6 7 7 6 4 4 4 8 3 7

8 6 10 10 5 10 10 8 6 3 4 8 3 7

9 7 8 6 4 5 7 9 8 6 5 8 7 8

9 7 5 6 2 2 5 7 8 3 5 9 8 4

GRADE

6,9

5,6

6,5

7,0

6,9

5,7

producer country distance

Nordan Norway 94km

Variotech Germany 1175 km

Vikeså vindu Norway 52 km

Vinduskredderen Norway 0,2 km

Nordan Norway 94 km

Pilkington Sweden 859 km

u value grade environmental damage distance from production to site global - local synthetic - natural heritage value community gain health production time expensive - cheap recycling potential lifespan maintenance repair

To compare the different windows and doors we made a table with grades from 1 to 10, where 1 is the lowest score, and 10 is the highest score. We selected 14 different types of parameters we found important for choosing the right products. Some of the values are scientific, from EPD’s and other information we gathered. Not all of the products had EPD’s, so it was difficult to find comparable values, so we had to make some assumptions that are not equally accurate. We calculated the average value for each window and door to figure out which products had the highest total grade. When we calculated the total grade, all the values are weighted equally, meaning that the environmental damage count the same as for example the maintenance. Therefore the

PARAMETERS / DOORS

product with the highest total grade, might not

u value (W/m2K) acoustic reduction Rw - Ctr (dB) R value GwP [kg CO2-Eq.]

always be the best choice. All the parameters should be looked at and taken into consideration when deciding a product for your project. Maybe cultural heritage and community gain is more important to you than the price, or maybe the environmental and u-value is more important for your project. The window with the best total grade was the window from Vindusskredderen, and the door with the best grade was the inner door from Nordic Dørfabrikk. Both of these products are manufactured locally, which gave them high grades for transportation, global-local and community gain.

u value grade acoustic grade distance of production global - local synthetic - natural heritage value community gain health production time expensive - cheap recycling potential lifespan maintenance repair

GRADE order best to worse

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producer country distance

Assa Abloy - Trio-E Steel

Wood inner door

Inner door Nordic dørfabrikk

Variotech Thermosafe 100

0.29 2,7 131 (grades 1 to 10)

-14,61

35 60

0,62 30 41,27

9 5 1 4 4 3 1 4 8 7 9 8 8 7

5 5 4 6 6 4 7 6 6 8 8 7 7 8

5 8 8 9 6 7 9 7 7 8 8 8 8 8

5 7 4 4 7 4 4 8 8 7 8 8 8 7

5,6

6,2

7,6

6,4

ASSA ABLOY USA -

Verband der Deutschen Holzwerkstoffindustrie Germany 1320km

Nordic dørfabrikk Norway 160km

Variotech 174 Germany 1170km