Internship Document

Weekly Internship Report BA (Hons) Product Design DELHI WEST

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Weekly Internship Report BA (Hons) Product Design DELHI WEST

Acknowledgement The internship opportunity I, Anvi Mathur of UG PD 2015-19, had with Rubbabu, Iseo Chemdis was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me through this internship period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to the CEO, Mr. Rahul Butalia of Rubbabu, Iseo Chemdis who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization and extending during the training.

I express my deepest thanks to Ms. Ayushi Sinha, the Designer who mentored me, for taking part in useful decision making and giving necessary advices and guidance in all the projects. I choose this moment to acknowledge her contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards to all the sculptors and workers in the factory who helped me during my internship period and lended their hand to make the samples of my designs.

I would also like to thank our course leader Pranay Mangrati and my mentor Bilal Abid, for guiding and supporting me through this module.

I, would also like to acknowledge my friends and family who helped me throughout the duration of my internship.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skill and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives.

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Introduction to company profile Rubbabu is a rubber foam toy making brand, which is the only World's rubber foam toy maker. Rubbabu toys are classic, soft, safe and fun toys that kids never grow bored of. These toys are designed for many years of play and learning. The soft tactile material makes them a wonderful developmental aid for children of all ages including children with special needs.

The name “RUBBABU” was derived by combining the two words Rubber (Rubba) and Butalia (Bu). It was established in the year 2004 when Rahul and Meera Butalia decided to start their own Entrepreneurship.

Rubbabu has two offices, one is in Sector 18, Maruti Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon and another is in Wilmington, DE, USA, which is handled by Damini Butalia (Rahul and Meera Butalia’s daughter).

The toys are sold to companies, especially high-end retailers, and museum stores like the Museum of Modern Art (New York), French design stores, etc across Europe, US, Middle East, South Africa and Asia. Their buyers prefer Rubbabu due to the extensive tests that have proved that their toys surpass all toy safety and non-toxicity standards.

The company focuses on making SNAP toys i.e. Special Needs Adaptive Products.

They believe in inclusive designs of toys, which are designed in such a way that they can be used by everyone, including people with special needs.

Their mission is to make simple toys using safe and natural materials, while being kind to the environment and creating more jobs (since the toys are handmade). They use low energy, no water utility process, with no effluents or harmful chemicals.

The main features of their toys are:

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About the CEO Born to a well-to-do family, Rahul Butalia, who grew up in Delhi, learned the value of financial independence early.

In class 8, he made pocket money by vacuuming carpets for 5 paise per square foot. A few years later, at age 16, he started a service to fetch children home from Nainital schools. He continued this business for a couple of years profitably.

Picture credits: Timesofindiacom

In 1974, the auto-crazy youngster started his own auto magazine, Motoview, soon after graduating from St. Stephens College he magazine, though, quickly folded up owing to lack of advertisements.

In 1975, Butalia joined State Bank of India (SBI) as a Probationary Officer. In 1990, shortly before he was to rise to AGM level, Butalia spotted some inconsistencies and wrote to the higher-ups, which resulted in his getting fired. He fought against his dismissal in court, and eventually won back his job. In the meantime, he served as the CEO of Nuova Volpi & Bottoli, an Italian company that made agricultural sprayers.

After winning his job back, he joined briefly and then quit.

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Product categories and pricing What all is created: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Action and Large Vehicles Sports and Games Rubbablox Construction Sets Finger puppets and Hanger Ons Airplanes, Helicopters and Mascot cars Boat, Rocket and Racers Cars and Train sets Playsets 3D shape sorters Alphabet sets Educational toys Little and Micro Vehicles Aniwheels Balls The ISEO stationery range Swords and shields

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Features of the toys: o Natural and Safe Materials The main component of Rubbabu toys is natural rubber foam. This makes up 97% of the toy. Natural rubber has many wonderful properties. It’s anti-microbial, hypoallergenic and mildew-resistant. In Rubbabu, no fillers or chemicals are added to the pure rubber from the tree. It is beaten like a cake mix until it gets foamy. When it is baked it into little toys, these toys are soft and squishy like a sponge. It is the ideal material for baby, toddler and children’s toys as it can’t hurt.

Foam rubber (also known as cellular, sponge, or expanded rubber) refers to rubber that has been manufactured with a foaming agent to create an air-filled matrix structure. The main physical properties of foam rubber are Lightweight, buoyant, cushioning performance, thermal and acoustic insulation, impact dampening and cost reduction. o Tactile Stimulation The surface of a Rubbabu toy is soft and velvety. This enchanting texture creates a wonderful sensory experience. It provides tactile stimulation that helps babies develop their sense of touch. It also makes Rubbabu toys irresistible and cuddly to little kids. This is great because it encourages kids to touch, grasp and hold the toy, developing their motor skills. o Open-Ended Toys and Imaginative Play Open-ended toys are simple toys that kids can play make-believe with, called imaginative play. Imaginative play helps kids learn important cognitive (thinking and problem solving) skills and social skills like communication and empathy. Rubbabu makes simple toys and shapes that are perfect for imaginative play. o Early Development for STEM Success Play is learning and thus the earlier kids start playing, the earlier they start many kinds of learning. Imaginative play, play with building blocks, and learning to read all lay the groundwork for later success in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) or STEAM (which includes Arts) fields. With soft baby-safe toys one can bring these valuable learning opportunities to infants as young as six months old.

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Market segment and user profile

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Manufacturing process Rubbabu toys are made at Iseo Chemdis Pvt. Ltd. in Gurgaon, India. Iseo is owned and run by Rahul Butalia, the founder of Rubbabu and has been ICTI-certified as an ethical manufacturer. Since the company has a tedious manufacturing/production process, a lot of materials are used to finally get soft, fuzzy, tactile rubber foam flocked toy. The process requires skilled artisans and is a labour intensive one. Rubbabu toys are made from carefully sourced ingredients at our family-owned factory in India, following fair trade and eco-friendly practices. Our process requires skilled artisans and is a labour intensive one. Each Rubbabu toy is lovingly made by hand, not mass produced by machines, and it is unique with some imperfections.

Picture credits: Self clicked

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Picture credits: Self illustrated

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Projects o Brief 1: To design a stool for children that can be assembled by the customer, taking inspiration from the IKEA Mammut Stool. o Brief 2: To design a range of simple toys with rubber foam. o Brief 3: Draft a rack that can be assembled to keep the ball trays and little animals’ assortment trays. I was given a rough design of the rack and I had to figure out the dimensions of the assembling fixtures and each piece. o Packaging Design for the company’s products that have to be shipped. o Other short projects

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Brief 1 To design a stool for children that can be assembled by the customer, taking inspiration from the IKEA Mammut Stool.

The Ikea Mammut Stool: o Perfect for small children to sit at and play, draw, do crafts or set the table for a cosy picnic in the garden. o The furniture is light but steady, and the child can carry them from room to room or out into the garden. o Made from harmless plastic, the same material used in in baby bottles, disposable nappies and food boxes. o Also perfect for outdoor use since it is made to withstand rain, sun, snow and dirt. o Easy to assemble – just click the components together. o Recommended for ages 3 – 6 years. o The material is Polypropylene plastic. o Dimensions: • Width: 30 cm • Height: 12 cm • Length: 30 cm • Weight: 1.06 kg • Maximum load: 35 kg o The cost of the stool is $7.99 o Designer: M Kjelstrup/A Östgaard o Available colours: • White • Dark Blue • Dark Pink • Yellow

Picture credits: IKea

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3D views of the IKEA Mammut:

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Usage of IKEA Mammut Stool:

Assembling of IKEA Mammut stool:

Picture credits: IKea

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Ikea Mammut Stool: Plastic has many advantages: Dirty chairs and tables can be wiped off and a sudden rain shower is nothing to worry about. All MAMMUT parts are made of polypropylene. It’s a safe and harmless plastic that is also used for food packaging and is particularly suitable for children’s products, explains Sarah, who is a plastics specialist. "When children play, their skin often comes in contact with things and that’s why the plastic used at Children's IKEA always meets the world's highest set chemical requirements by a good margin."

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But a disadvantage with plastic is that it is slowly broken down by the sun's UV rays, which can affect both colour and quality when using the furniture outdoors ‒ which is exactly where it was learnt that children were taking them. When it was understood that children like to carry the furniture outdoors, IKEA reinforced the plastic with UV protection, which of course also complies with the chemical requirements.

The target audience was decided as children of age group 3-10.

The following was studied about the target audience: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Behaviour Likes and dislikes Daily chores What are they attracted to Favourite colours Favourite cartoons Where do they spend most of their time at home?

What do they do after coming back from school Favourite pass time Kind of toys they play with How they keep their things Favourite food items Hobbies Which games do they like to play?

Behaviour towards belongings

Behaviour of children of age group 3-5: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Start making friends Connect with family Become curious and want to explore and learn everything Enjoy imaginary play Try a lot of physical activity, hopping, climbing, swinging and do somersaults Often become frustrated with wanting to do something physically and not being able to do it. Thus, they have lots of falls and mishaps.

Interaction with other children increases.

More interested in structured games Capable of taking turns and sharing toys Become less selfish Will have a capacity to understand their own place amongst the family Want to please parents Sense of identity increase Will exhibit a feisty attitude on occasion and resist parent’s request

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o Start becoming agile

Behaviour of children of age group 6-10: o o o o o o o o o o o

Start developing intellectually Understand the concept of time More physical abilities develop Become restless and distracted Start practicing balancing a lot. They balance on curbs, chairs and other high places.

Become competitive and quarrelsome.

Want all attention.

Learn how to handle feelings Figure out how to express feelings Learn how to take decisions Learn how to self-control

Altogether, children of the age group 3-10, are playful, curious, active, social, sensitive, enjoy make play and playing with different kinds of toys, are adventurous, creative, imaginative, cranky, excited, feel the tactility of everything, charming, pampered and are big attention seekers.

Age appropriate Daily chores: 3-5: o o o o o o o o o o o o

Dress themselves Put dirty clothes together Pick up toys Help in dusting Learn to keep their clothes in cupboard Help in gardening Feed pets Make bed Help in setting table Water plants Help sort clothes Help in cleaning house

6-10: o o o o

All above chores Lay clothes for next day Take bath on their own Fold clothes and keep them in cupboard

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o Assist with outdoor work o Learn how to make basic meals (sandwiches, cereals, heat leftovers in microwave) o Start teaching siblings o Help in washing and drying clothes o Assist with adding items to shopping list that are needed for the house o Assist in shopping o Enjoy art and craft activities

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Some of the favourite hobbies of children of age group 3-10: o Drawing

o Model building

o Board games

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o Story telling

o Art and Craft

o Building blocks

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o Lego

o Puzzle making

o Playing with toys

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o Swings

o Matching things

o Computer activities

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o Car racing

o Dancing

o Playing some instrument

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o Playing indoor/outdoor games

o Doing aerobics

o Watching cartoons

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Picture credits: Buonavitacombr

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Some of the favourite fictional cartoon characters of the age group 3-10: o Doraemon o Pokemon o Tom and Jerry o Mr. Bean o Dora, the explorer o Garfield o Minions o Frozen o Cars o Barbie o Train o Simpsons o Sponge Bob o Spiderman o Superman o Batman o Hulk o Thor o Scooby-Doo o Mickey Mouse o Minnie Mouse o Cinderella o Telletubbies o Fishes o Oswald o Pingu o Looney-Tunes o Angry Birds o Powerpuff Girls o Chota Bheem o Bob the builder o Super Mario o Whinnie the Pooh o Dalmations

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Colours that appeal to Children: Children tend to get attracted to the bright block colours of the colour wheel rather than pastels or muted blends. Primary colours like red, yellow and blue, and secondary colours green, orange and purple, are more appealing than light shades of pink and beige or neutral shades of grey and brown. Due to this reason, the food and beverage industries, as well as the toy industry, use bright colours for children's products.

Children prefer brighter colours from an early age because their eyes are not fully developed yet. They perceive these colours better than fainter shades. Bright colours and contrasting colours stand out more in their field of vision. As children constantly strive to make sense of their environments, objects that are stark and bright are more stimulating and interesting. One of the first ways they learn to sort things by is colour, Colours are some of the earlier words they tend to learn, which is why the easily named, more basic colours appeal to children.

Colour and Shape: Colour and shape are two very noticeable attributes of the world around us. When you look out your window, you may not be saying it ... but your mind is noticing and identifying the green trees, brown rectangle buildings, square windows, and blue sky.

Colour and shape are ways children observe and categorize what they see. These very recognizable characteristics encourage children to define and organize the diverse world around them. Understanding colour and shape is a tool for learning many skills in all curriculum areas. These first teachings in preschool and kindergarten are basics that your child needs to know before she learns the "other basics" of reading, writing, and math. Understanding colour and shape is a tool for learning many skills in all curriculum areas, from math and science to language and reading.

For example, when your child learns to discern the similarities and differences between colours and shapes, she is using the same skills she needs to recognize the differences between letters and numerals.

When young children are asked to mathematically sort objects (such as leaves, rocks, shells, or keys) they usually use the most obvious attributes of colour and shape, plus size, to categorize the items. When your child plays, he uses sorting and classifying skills as he observes similarities and differences of colour and shape, makes comparisons, and organizes this information into piles. This seemingly simple process (that we use every week when we sort the laundry or find things in the grocery aisles) is the foundation for living in a mathematical world. Sorting by colour and shape prepares your child for the future application of these skills in making graphs or searching for a book at the library.

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Colour and Mood: It is understood by doctors that color affects emotions, and can have a significant effect on the development of children. Warmer colors like orange and yellow bring happiness and comfort. Red tends to increase the heart rate and therefore increases alertness and the appetite, while cooler colors like blue and green tend to have a calming effect. Teachers and parents may consider the ways in which color affects children's moods when they design their classrooms or bedrooms.

Color can be a very helpful tool in accessing children’s emotions. Researchers determined that young children choose bright colors to represent positive feelings and dark colors for negative feelings. o Blue-Blue enhances creativity and stimulates a cool and relaxing environment. It should not be used in excess as it can also depress or invoke feelings of sorrow. o Red– Red is the color of passion and strong feelings of threat, love, or excess stimulus. In school rooms it can be used in combination with other colors as it can help in detail oriented or repetitive tasks. o Yellow– This is indeed the color of happiness and sunshine for children. Yellow stimulates intelligence and is ideal for use in kids’ rooms, study rooms and play areas. It should not be overdone as it can make children feel stressed. o Green-The color of abundance can relax and contribute to better health in kids. o Pink-This is a calming color. It can lower heart rate. o Purple-This color ideal for kids as it is attention grabbing. o Orange– Many educational institutes use this color as it enhances critical thinking and memory. Test rooms in this color are known to enhance performance in exams.

Colour and Associations: Children learn from a young age to associate colors with particular objects. For instance, they often associate red with apples, orange with oranges, yellow with bananas or the sun, green with grass, blue with sky or water and purple with grapes.

Bright colors are also known to have deeper associations. For instance, red is often connected with passion, green with nature and blue with sadness.

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Picture credits: Buonavitacombr

Children also react to colors on a physical level. The explanation behind this is that the light enters the Hypothalamus which controls the nerve centers, as well as the heart rate and respiration. The wavelength and energy of each color varies and affects children differently.

Color brings about a vascular reflex action by increasing perspiration, the eye blinking rate and also stimulating a noticeable muscular reaction. Blue color reduces the blood pressure. Reactions to orange, red and yellow are same and reaction to violet color is same as that to blue. The reactions to temperature of the color are another matter; warm colors can calm one child but they may excite others. Likewise cool colors might stimulate one and relax another.

Why Are Children Drawn To Bright Colour?

Colour provides a bright side to childhood and it’s fascinating to understand why they are so enamoured with it. Colour is a big part of their world. The playful, visually stimulating variations of ‘reflected light’ that we see as ‘colour’ provides a dose of happy energy like that of a child. Bright colour aligns with their energy - young kids are drawn to it and desire playful interaction with it.

Children see colour with fresh eyes. They talk of colour as fun, happy, cool and beautiful. They learn how colour makes them feel when it’s close to them, especially when selecting personal items. They learn to use colour to reflect different moods and emotions. Bright colour is often thought to represent energy, happiness, carefree, risk and playful fun.

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Colour Preferences:

Picture credits: Researchgatenet

Little children are attracted to bright colours. Numerous academic researches show that age children's preferences change. Many children under 10 call red (or pink) and yellow their favourite colours. But having grown above ten they start preferring blue. It is because of the process of growing up and appearance of ability to perceive different hues of mood.

Colour preferences are closely connected with the gender. Numerous researches show that most little girls prefer pink, lavender or violet. Little boys like black and other dark colours more than girls. The question has arisen if those preferences are innate or acquired.

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Picture credits: Buonavitacombr

Shapes and Forms: According to research, it is always preferred to have solid simple shapes and forms for children. Young children have an inborn ability to understand shapes. Even babies can recognize the difference between a circle and a square. They can see shapes and feel them. But they need help learning the name of each shape. As children grow, they can start to talk about and compare shapes and understand how they are used. Children who learn about shapes are building skills that will help them with reading, writing, and math. Learning about shapes also can help them understand other signs and symbols. One way that young children learn about shapes is by playing with them. Young children are very interested in cause and effect. They will throw, push, and squeeze things with various shapes.

Some examples of kid’s rooms:

Picture credit: home-designing

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Keywords: Bright colours. Geometric shapes. Block forms. Simplistic. Playful. Primary colours.

The persona board of children is as follows:

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Children are curious about bodies as well as toys and things around them and use their newfound skills to satisfy their curiosity. They learn and increase their knowledge and skills by experiencing and browsing new things.

Things to keep in mind while designing stools for children: o Beware of folding step stools. While they seem convenient, there have been literally thousands of cases of pinched and broken fingers when using these step stools for kids. o The quality of the anti-slip material on the bottom of each leg is important o The step stool’s weight capacity should be sufficient for the user o The surface of any kid’s step stool should be comfortable for children. E.g, If the surface is too smooth, has minimal grip or could easily become slippery when it gets wet, then alternative options should be considered. o The stool should be durable, but light enough to be easily transported throughout the home. Heavy, awkward stools can put a strain on kid’s, just like adults. o Like all stools, kid’s step stools are meant to be used on flat surfaces and children should never rock, jump or tilt on a step stool when standing on them.

Suitable seat heights according to age:

Picture credits: KaplanCo

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Average weight according to ages:

Picture credits: Onaveragecouk

Anthropometrics of Children: According to a research done for Child anthropometry for restraint system design, Child safety seats and other restraint systems must be designed to accommodate the sizes and dimensions of the full range of children who will use them. A compilation of the child anthropometry data has been done from all three studies that are considered useful for child restraint design. Because measurement procedures were as consistent as possible among the studies, raw data for the same measures have been combined and are displayed as single data sets. In addition, dimensions unique to one study are presented along with measures taken in more than one study. Thus, all the available measurements that are likely to be of interest to the restraint designer will be found in this single source. This has been done by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

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Table of Measurement Sources

Picture credits: Umichedu

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Measurement of Identification Figures

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Data:

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MEAN MEASUREMENTS

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MAXIMUM MEASUREMENTS

DELHI WEST

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MINIMUM MEASUREMENTS

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Key principles for designing for children: o Inclusive designs: Can be used by anyone.

Product should not discriminate against characteristics such as gender, age, ability, language, ethnicity and socio-economic status. o Give the child control and offers support: Children should be able adapt the product or service as per their needs. The product should inspire and nurture their growth. Children need support to acquire new skills and encouragement to try self-driven challenges. o Help the child understand their place and value in the world. They need space to build and express a stronger sense of self. The product should involve them as a contributor (not just a consumer). Products should be experiential. o Products should be safe. o Product or service should consider different moods, views and contexts of play.

Children are active, curious and creative. Foster interactive and passive time. o The product should provide the child room to explore and experiment. o Use communication that the child can relate to: Consider all forms of communication and make it accessible to all. Visuals can help the child to learn, explore, play, and imagine the future. But it is important to keep in mind that age, ability, culture and language also impact the way children will interact with the product or service. o Consider the child’s body and how the product might impact on them physically at different developmental stages of their life.

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Further, I researched about the different existing stools that can be assembled and the various stools for children that already exist.

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I also studied the different types of joineries that can be assembled.

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Finally, the design insights that I derived were that the furniture should be: o Durable o Lightweight o Comfortable o Easy to carry o Playful o Attractive form, colours or graphics o Height should be fixed o Can be assembled (To minimise packaging) o Soft mattress to comfort seating experience o Detachable and Washable o The joiners should be fun and easy, so that children can join o Age group: 3-10 years o No pointed or sharp corners o Very good stability o Fingers should not get pinched

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According to the design insights, I started ideating on different concepts as follows:

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Different shapes of joineries:

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Selected Concept

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Further Iterations:

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Angles of legs of stool: On researching, I found out that legs of a chair or stool are preferred to be fixed at an angle as they cover more space and increase the stability of the stool.

When chairmakers talk about the angles of chair parts, they use the terms “rake” and “splay” to describe them. Rake is the angle of the legs when you look at the chair from the side. The front legs rake forward; the rear legs rake back. Splay is the angle of the legs when you look at the chair from the front. Chair legs splay out.

The Rake Angle

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Angles of the legs of Ikea mammut stool:

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Different forms:

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Types of legs:

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3D models of some stools

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Final Design of the stool:

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Features of the stool: o Perfect for children to sit at and play, draw, study, do crafts or set the table for a cosy picnic in the garden. o The furniture is light but steady, and the child can carry them from room to room or out into the garden. o Made from harmless plastic, the same material used in in baby bottles, disposable nappies and food boxes. o Also perfect for outdoor use since it is made to withstand sun, snow and dirt. The cushion covers can be washed. o Easy to assemble – just push the cylindrical extrusions inside the gaps. o Recommended for ages 3 – 10 years. o The material is Polypropylene plastic. o Dimensions: Width: 35 cm, Height: 30 cm, Length: 35 cm o Manufacturing processes used: ▪

Blow moulding for the PP base and legs of stool

▪

Baking of latex for rubber foam cushion seating of stool

▪

Screen/ Pad printing for cushion covers

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Cushion Covers

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Understanding the materials and processes to be used in the making of the stool: Plastic Blow Moulding: Blow moulding is a moulding process in which air pressure is used to inflate soft plastic into a mould cavity. It is an important industrial process for making one-piece hollow plastic parts with thin walls, such as bottles and similar containers.

Blow moulding is accomplished in two steps: 1. Fabrication of a starting tube of molten plastic, called a parison (same as in glass-blowing); and 2. Inflation of the tube to the desired final shape. Forming the parison is accomplished by either of two processes: extrusion or injection moulding.

Picture credits: Robinsonpackaging

Types of Blow Moulding: 1. Extrusion Blow Moulding 2. Injection Blow Moulding

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Extrusion Blow Moulding: This form of blow molding consists of the cycle illustrated below. In most cases, the process is organized as a very high production operation for making plastic bottles.

The sequence is automated and usually integrated with downstream operations such as bottle filling and labeling. It is usually a requirement that the blown container be rigid, and rigidity depends on wall thickness among other factors.

Extrusion blow moulding: 1. extrusion of parison; 2. parison is pinches at the top and sealed at the bottom around a metal blow pin as the two halves of the mould come together; 3. the tube is inflated so that it takes the shape of the mould cavity; and 4. mould is opened to remove the solidified part.

Picture credits: sinotech

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Injection Blow Moulding: In this process, the starting parison is injection molded rather than extruded. A simplified sequence is outlined in below. Compared to its extrusion-based competitor, the injection blow-molding process has a lower production rate, which explains why it is less widely used.

Injection blow molding: 1. parison is injection molded around a blowing rod; 2. injection mold is opened and parison is transferred to a blow mold; 3. soft polymer is inflated to conform to a blow mold; and 4. blow mold is opened and blown product is removed.

In a variation of injection blow molding, called stretch blow molding (see below), the blowing rod extends downward into the injection molded parison during step 2, thus stretching the soft plastic and creating a more favorable stressing of the polymer than conventional injection blow molding or extrusion blow molding. The resulting structure is more rigid, with higher transparency and better impact resistance. The most widely used material for stretch blow molding is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyester that has very low permeability and is strengthened by the stretch-blow-molding process. The combination of properties makes it ideal as a container for carbonated beverages.

Picture credits: sinotech

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Plastics used in Blow Moulding: Blow molding is limited to thermoplastics. Polyethylene is the polymer most commonly used for blow molding; in particular, high density and high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE and HMWPE). In comparing their properties with those of low density PE given the requirement for stiffness in the final product, it is more economical to use these more expensive materials because the container walls can be made thinner. Other blow mouldings are made of polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate. o High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) HDPE is the world’s #1 plastic and the most commonly blow moulded plastic material.

It’s used in a vast array of products, including bottles for consumer liquids such as shampoo and motor oil, coolers, play structures, fuel tanks, industrial drums, and carrying cases. It’s moulder-friendly, translucent and easily coloured, and chemically inert (FDA approved and perhaps the safest of all plastics). PE the most commonly recycled resin with recycling code designation 2. o Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Variations of LDPE include linear-low (LLDPE) and combinations with ethyl-vinylacetate (LDPE-EVA). LDPE is used for softer products that require a high level of stress crack resistance or flexibility. Generally, the higher the ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA) content, the softer the moulded part. Common applications include squeeze bottles, traffic channelizers, and boat fenders. The highest usage is blown film for plastic bags.

It is also moulder-friendly, translucent and easily coloured, chemically inert, and commonly recycled under code 4. o Polypropylene (PP) PP is the world’s #2 plastic — it’s an extremely popular injection moulding resin. PP is similar to HDPE, but slightly stiffer and lower density, which provides some advantages.

PP is commonly used in elevated temperature applications, such as dishwasher tubes and medical parts that require autoclave sterilization. It’s moulder-friendly as well as translucent and easily colored. Some clarified versions provide “contact clarity.” PP recycling is common under code 5. o Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Although PVC is the world’s #3 plastic, it has been heavily scrutinized for using cadmium and lead as stabilizers, releasing hydrochloric (HCl) acids during processing, and releasing residual vinyl chloride monomers after moulding (most of these problems have been reduced). PVC is translucent and comes in rigid and soft forms — the soft resin is typically used in blow moulding. Common applications include soft medical

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parts, bellows, and traffic cones. Special processing equipment is recommended to prevent corrosion from HCl. PVC is recyclable under code 3. o Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) PET is a polyester that is usually injection blow molded into clear containers. While it isn’t impossible to extrusion blow mold PET, it is less common, as the resin requires extensive drying. The largest PET blow molding market is for soft drink and water bottles. PET recycling rates are growing under recycle code 1. o Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) TPEs are used to replace natural rubber in molded parts. The material is opaque and can be colored (typically black). TPEs are commonly used in automotive suspension covers and air intake ducts, bellows, and grip surfaces. It molds well after drying and generally reprocesses well. However, recycling rates are somewhat limited under code 7 (other plastics). o Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ABS is a relatively hard plastic, used to injection mold football helmets. Blow molding grade ABS is typically opaque and colored for use in electronics housings and small appliances. ABS molds well after drying. However, parts made from ABS aren’t as chemically resistant as PE or PP, so caution must be used with parts that come in contact with chemicals. Various grades can pass the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Testing (UL 94), Classification V-0. ABS is recyclable as code 7, but its toughness makes grinding difficult. o Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) PPO is an opaque resin. It requires drying and has a limited drawdown capacity during molding. This restricts designers to PPO parts with generous blow ratios or flat shapes, such as panels and desktops. Molded parts are stiff and relatively strong. Like ABS, PPO grades can pass UL 94 V-0 flammability criteria. It can be reprocessed, and a few recyclers accept it under code 7. o Nylon/Polyamides (PA) Nylon melts quickly, so it’s more commonly used in injection molding. The resins used for extrusion blow molding are typically variants of nylon 6, nylon 4-6, nylon 6-6, and nylon 11.

Nylon is a reasonably priced translucent material that has decent chemical resistance and performs well in high heat environments. It’s often used to make tubes and reservoirs in automotive engine compartments. One special grade, nylon 46,

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withstands continuous temperatures up to 446°F. Some grades meet UL 94 V-2 flammability criteria. Nylon can be reprocessed, in certain circumstances, under recycled code 7. o Polycarbonate (PC) The toughness of this clear, workhorse material makes it perfect for products ranging from eyeglasses to bullet-proof glass in jet cockpits. It’s also commonly used to make 5-gallon water bottles. PC must be dried before processing. It molds well in basic shapes, but requires serious evaluation for complex shapes. It’s also very difficult to grind, but does reprocess under recycle code 7. o Polyester & Co-polyester Polyester is often used in fiber. Unlike PET, modified polyesters like PETG (G = glycol) and co-polyester are clarified materials that can be extrusion blow moulded. Copolyester is sometimes used as a substitute for polycarbonate (PC) in container products. It’s similar to PC, but it’s not quite as clear or as tough and it doesn’t contain bisphenol A (BPA), a substance that raises health concerns in some studies. Copolyesters show some cosmetic degradation after reprocessing, so recycled materials have somewhat limited markets under code 7. o Urethane & Polyurethane Urethanes provide performance properties that are popular in coatings like paint.

Urethanes are generally more elastic than polyurethanes, which have to be specially formulated to become thermoplastic urethanes. The thermoplastic grades can be cast and extrusion or injection blow moulded. The material is most often used as one layer in multi-layer blow molding. Ionomer versions can be used to impart gloss.

Recycling is generally limited to in-house reprocessing under the code 7. o Acrylic & Polystyrene The clarity of these relatively low-cost resins leads customers to request them for applications such as lighting lenses. The material is normally vented during extrusion and tends to melt into a liquid state, which makes the success rate in extrusion blow moulding relatively low. Producers and compounders continue to work on processing improvements for extrusion grades with some success. The material can be recycled, usually for use in injection moulding, under code 6.

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Comparative value generalizations by plastic type:

Picture credits: custom-pak

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Difference between PP and PE: Both Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are excellent materials, but there are significant differences between them. PP is a thermoplastic polymer which is made from a monomer called propylene. “HDPE” stands for “high-density polyethylene” or PEHD, polyethylene high-density. HDPE is polyethylene thermoplastic which is made by using petroleum.

Firstly, there is a difference between the hardness of both materials. Polyethylene (PE) is tough yet light, with good resistance to impacts and abrasions. On the other hand, Polypropylene is harder and can be used for mechanical and structural applications.

Secondly, there is a difference between the stiffness of Polyethylene and Polypropylene. Polypropylene is stiffer and more chemical-resistant and scratchresistant, while still being very tough. Polypropylene is known for its excellent chemical resistance in corrosive environments, as it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.

Material

Hardness

Stiffness

UV Resistance

Chemical Resistance

Toughness

Impact Resistance

Temperature Resistance

Price

PP

High

High

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Higher

Higher

PE

Medium

Medium

Fair

Excellent

Excellent

Fair

Lower

Lower

Other Applications: PE: Toys, films, Pipes, Tubes, Containers, bottles PP: Drinking/milk bottles, Beach’s chair; Swimming pool’s pumps, Hard cover luggage, Car bumper Due to the properties of PP, it was preferred for the stool.

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Ways of sticking rubber foam to plastic base: o Fevicol SR 505 Features

Benefits

Multipurpose adhesive

Can be used in flooring, upholstery, Handicraft, Bus body building, seat cover pasting and veneer industry.

Excellent spreadability

Application of adhesive on foam is easy

No harmful benzene

Non – Hazardous to health

o PVC primer and cement o Gorilla Super Glue

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Printing, Painting and Powder Coating on PP Traditional printing processes like Lithography or rotogravure are used on plastic sheet but not on moulded parts because of their shapes. Pad, roll, silk screen, or stencil printing are more common for moulded parts.

Plastic materials are seldom porous or absorbent so getting your inks to adhere usually requires surface preparation. Some plastics are pretty easy to print or paint such as ABS, PPO (Noryl), Polystyrene & Acrylic.

Very few ink or paint formulations are made specifically for blow moulded olefins (Polypropylene, Polyethylene).

Wildlife decoys, lawn statues and holiday decorations are normally painted and often require 2-part paints and extensive surface preparation. Clarity of the printed image requires continual monitoring of ink & solvent ratios to maintain the proper viscosity. Testing to verify your ink can be removed for re-printing is advised.

Success with powder coating plastic parts is again, plastic resin dependent. Plastics that readily accept a static charge can be coated easier than plastics like PE & PP that act as insulators.

Coating polypropylene isn't all that difficult. Process includes: 1. Sand the surface with fine grit sand paper and make the surface rough 2. Clean the surface properly with soapy water, Acetone, xylene or any type of plastic cleaner.

3. Apply primer 4. Paint with either spray paint or acrylic paint in numerous thin layers, avoiding patches and drip marks. Most systems do have low temperature force dry (140*F @ 20 minutes).

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RUBBER FOAM COVERS: Printing on the covers would be done either by screen printing.

Screen Printing: Screen printing, also known as serigraphy, is a method of creating an image on paper, fabric or some other object by pressing ink through a screen with areas blocked off by a stencil. The technique is used both for making fine art prints and for commercial applications, such as printing a company's logo on coffee mugs or t-shirts.

Picture credits: Murakamicojp

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Brief 2 To design a range of simple toys with rubber foam for the age group of 3-10.

In addition to the above research about the age group, further research was carried on to learn more about toys and how they help in the development of children.

Five principles for designing “smart toys” that can help spark imagination and creativity in kids of all ages: o KISS: “Keep it simple, stupid.” Our obsessions with beeping, buzzing, flashing gadgets may make us seem plugged-in and tech savvy, but these “bells and whistles” can distract from learning. A 2013 study found that the presence of electronic features in storybooks negatively affected dialogue between parents and children during reading time and led to poorer story comprehension.

Parents tended to spend more time interrupting the experience with comments like “Click here!” and “Don’t turn the page yet!” When designing, focus on a set of core features and avoid unnecessary complexity. o Weird can be good. Creativity requires divergent thinking, or the ability to generate unique ideas by exploring many possible solutions, or “thinking outside the box.” Young children are often skilled at divergent thinking, as social norms and life experience have yet to force constraints on their imaginations. So, in order to design for divergent thinking, we need to practice divergent thinking.

Inspiration can often come from seemingly random sources — when brainstorming, don’t dismiss ideas as “just too weird.” They might evolve into something really interesting. o Trial and error is encouraged. Children are constantly asking questions and experimenting. If you have ever seen a young child play with blocks, you have seen the scientific method in action. By trying different solutions to solve problems, even simple ones like “is this the same or different?” or “does this block fit in this space?” new knowledge is discovered. Designing play experiences that include opportunities for experimentation can provide both children and adults with illuminating insights. o Avoid functional fixedness (or, try to bring out kids’ inner MacGyvers). Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias against using objects in new ways to solve problems.

For example, if you need to tighten a screw and don’t have a screwdriver, you might not think of using a bobby pin or paper clip in a pinch. Adults have

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learned through experience that certain objects serve specific purposes.

However, at 5 years of age, children do not show this bias. But by age 7, children learn to associate objects with specific functions, and have trouble seeing them in different ways. When designing for creativity, keep your mind open. Test out your ideas with young children as much as you can, and you are guaranteed to be surprised and inspired by their ingenuity. o Focus on the learning, not the teaching. If your memories of school consist mostly of sitting in a lecture hall or in rows of tiny desks being talked at, you are definitely not alone. However, when encouraging creative thinking, it is important to focus less on pedagogy, and more on the opportunity for inquiry and discovery. Introduce concepts in ways that kids can relate to things they already know and allow them the freedom to direct their own learning experiences.

The Rules of Toys A well-designed toy: o Makes a request. It asks you to “Play with me”. This is why you are compelled to touch it. o Is fantastically straightforward. The design suggests, “When you pick me up, it’s going to be clear what’s going on.” This is why great toys never have manuals. o Has hidden potential. A toy is going to hook you with some clever visual, but the real value is something you cannot see, but must find. o All of this leads to the fact that a well-designed toy is instantaneously fun and who doesn’t want to have fun?

Categories of Toys: o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Animal Toys Art and Craft Toys Building Toys Vehicle Toys Characters, Movie and Tv Toys Children’s Books Classic and Retro Toys Educational Toys Electronic Toys Dolls Games Kitchens Musical Toys

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o o o o o o

Outdoor toys Pretend Play Toys Puzzles Remote control Toys Sport Toys Trikes and ride-ons

STEM Toys STEM toys are a type of educational toys that have four categories. They are: o o o o

Science Technology Engineering Math

Basically, any toy that teaches or fosters one of these subjects can be classified as a STEM toy. STEM toys are used to reinforce important learning traits in a fun way. Stem has been expanded to STEAM, adding A for Arts. STEAM really does exist everywherefrom the cars we drive, the food we eat, the toys or apps we play with- and kids' inquisitive nature is a great conversation starter. By answering their questions, a lifelong learning opportunity is created. The other way to create/increase opportunities for developing strong education is through play. o Science Toys Anything that deals with teaching weather, space, dinosaurs, or any other science concept falls into this category. Many children love science kits and chemistry sets, and parents love that they are learning great concepts while they play. o Technology Toys Tablets, watches, robots, and other devices are all over the place. With technology becoming essential in the world, it’s important your children are exposed to these STEM toys. o Engineering Toys These are your construction sets and building toys. Perhaps some of the most popular STEM toys in this category are LEGOs. There are so many ways to use your imagination and skills to build with those blocks! Knex and Magformer are two other examples of toys here.

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o Math Toys This is probably the category of STEM toys with the most overlap. For example, LEGOs can be considered math toys if used in counting, addition, or subtraction lessons.

There are many other toys that deal with numbers to reinforce math skills. This category would also include your play cash registers or number games.

Benefits of STEM Toys: Additionally, a lot of great skills and traits are built when playing with the best STEM toys. These include: o o o o o o o o

o

o

o

Problem Solving Cognitive Development Engagement Overcoming Challenges Teamwork Cooperation Patience STEM Kids Toys help develop children’s senses of sight, touch, sound, memory and strategy. Toddlers, for instance, are visual learners. They learn just by seeing and touching things around them. Toys with bright colours and those that make various noises attract toddlers’ attention and could therefore improve their five senses. STEM Kids Toys have several choices for toddlers to enjoy.

STEM Kids Toys improve IQ. Educational S.T.E.M. toys improve kids’ literacy, hand-eye coordination, motor skills, and memory. Shape sorters and Builder blocks, for example, teach kids about colours and symmetry; story-telling books with audio clips further the child’s reading and math abilities.

STEM Kids Toys help retain children’s interest. Kids these days often get bored, but not when it comes to playing with S.T.E.M. toys, STEM Kids toys keep kids interested in playing so they’ll always have the knack for learning and trying new things.

STEM Kids Toys encourage family time. Educational S.T.E.M. toys are designed to be played by a group and versatile enough to be played by adults, too. During play time, both parents and kids can bond!

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STEM Kids toys work for development of skills: o o o o

Motor skills and hand-eye coordination A capacity for creative, divergent thinking Social Skills Language Skills

Picture credits: stemkidslearn

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Designing toys for children Play is a very open-ended activity. The goal of play can be achieved in many different ways, all of which are satisfactory, enjoyable experiences. Play is characterized by its many degrees of freedom in its nature, performance and contents. Furthermore, play is directed towards the experience itself, more than to achieving a specific lasting result or proceeds that compensate for the effort made.

Play is about the enjoyability of the process – any process.

The diagram is loosely based on the diagram of learning styles developed by Kolb (1984). These axes can be understood as the likeliness to behave in a certain manner in reaction to the encounter with a toy or situation: the imaginative child tries to incorporate the toy into a fantasy or storyline, whereas the realistic behavior would be to test, understand and use the functions and meanings of the toy within a realistic setting (challenges, sports, experimentation). On the other axis, the active behavior is to make use of motor skills: running, throwing, dressing up and acting out, whereas the receptive behavior finds its core enjoyability in the sensory perception within interaction. (Though interaction always is a combination of sensory input and motor output and the two cannot be parted, this diagram invites to consider to what extent one of the two is the dominant factor in creating the enjoyability of the interaction.)

Picture credits: repository.tudelft.nl

The four corners of the diagram represent four ´opposite´ behaviour styles: when a child takes a toy into imaginative motor behaviour, he or she ´acts out´ a story, thus operates as an actor. Receptive realistic behaviour leads to a ´thinker´ play style in which experiencing and discovering the characteristics of the surrounding world are the focus.

This diagram can be used as a creative tool by placing an idea for a toy and the envisioned use(s) of the toy within the diagram and then thinking of how the toy could

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be adapted to facilitate a different behaviour style with it. This adapted toy is placed in the diagram and can function as a starting point for a next adaptation, the initial idea being changed again and again to cater for various play types. The variety within the collection of ideas increases, allowing the designer to choose (combinations of) ideas that facilitate potentially interesting behaviour.

An example of the use of this technique is given in figure 2. In this example an existing insect viewer is used as the initial idea. With this toy, children can study an insect through a magnifying glass. This can be classified as a thinker’s toy: a toy for realistic exploration of small insects with a focus on visual perception of the insects’ details.

Other ideas based upon the same theme are then generated for other behaviour types: achievers search their environment to find as many species they can find, actors play out adventures with a life-size bug or use it as a costume to become an insect, and dreamers create fantasy insect figures, think out their life stories and enjoy the beautiful shine of their wings.

Picture credits: repository.tudelft.nl

The phenomenon ‘child’ gets deconstructed into various types of knowledge on a higher level of abstraction.

Picture credits: repository.tudelft.nl

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A toy is a tool for play, and it must be useful tool. Play value is what motivates children to start playing, to continue and elaborate the play activity, what makes them feel satisfied when they stop and what makes them return to the activity. Play is a voluntary activity. A child can choose whether or not to play with a toy. Toys do not need to interest every child. Many toys may be much more valuable if they are directed to children with a certain set of preferences, interests, knowledge, skills, or character.

Variation is nice, but too much conflicting behavior within a play session may disturb the flow of the activity. The design of the toy can be in such a manner that the characteristics of the toy can be changed so that the activity becomes more balanced, to divide the toy concept into two separate toy ideas, or make diverse forms of use possible without a need to go from one type of use to another one during a single play session.

Types of Play Some toys are generic and can easily be used in any form of play (a ball or a rope is a good example of that). Some toys are more specifically suited for one type and level of play. And some toys try to elicit all sorts of play but ask for conflicting levels of necessary skills and interests and end up being no good for any action. Coherence is the key notion again.

Play phases From the first encounter with a toy, a child goes through the stages of experimentation, functional play, variation and integration. If the toy characteristics facilitate the transition from one stage to the next, the play will develop more naturally and fluently.

Levels of complexity The toy as a tool for play will address the child’s need for play and its skills. To be useful, the complexity of the toy must be within the same range of development for motor, sensor, cognitive, social and emotional skills. Again, coherence is the striving. If a toy is to be reused over time, possibilities for increasing the complexity are an advantage, as are smooth transitions from activities with limited complexity to those with greater complexity. The concept of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) is used to explain this and explore how flexible the toys are to be used within the borders of children’s developing abilities and the challenges they set themselves.

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Picture credits: repository.tudelft.nl

Context Firstly, there is the suitability of the toy for the direct context of use: indoor or outdoor, alone or together, in rain or sunshine, in quiet or busy surroundings, a place where the child comes only once or frequently, independently or under guidance, etcetera. All these circumstances have an influence on the way a toy is used and that should be reflected in the design of the toy.

Secondly, the experiences that a child has had form a context for play. A young child typically is in indoors surroundings a lot of the time, is primarily focused on the parent or caregiver as a role model and has limited empathic abilities. This child will engage in different sorts of play activities and stories than a child that is often amongst peers, is aware of what is happening around the world through media and can combine that with its personal experiences. Toys are a way to process and experiment with the themes a child encounters in daily life – a designer that wants to cater for that, should know what the daily life context of a child is.

Children playing with parents: The regulations in place are all about making sure that the toys are ready for specific ages. Sometimes the children of certain ages and they take a while to learn. sometimes they are too challenging, too fiddly, to small and too complex for the age group, and sometimes they are the other end of the scope, too simplistic, not challenging enough act. Toys are used not just for fun and recreation but for education and as learning curves. Therefore, children need the right toys to develop their learning and growth.

There are large pros and cons associated with children playing with the parents.

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The pros of requiring adult input are: Some toys are fiddly and need support with these parts ▪ Develops the adult-child bond ▪ Adult involvement may sustain a child’s attention ▪ Adult modelling of language and skills involved The cons of requiring adult input are: ▪

Could stunt a child’s creativity ▪ too many fiddly bits will result in child becoming bored and frustrated ▪ May be below or above child’s interests or stage or development ▪ Toy may have little play value Classic toys with play value are predominantly open-ended toys with not strict way with playing the toy, the toys often grow with the child.

▪

Top Toy Trends of 2018 Announced at New York Toy Fair: A summary of the top six trends follows: o The "Big Reveal" The obsession with "unboxing" a much-anticipated toy on social media is having a real influence on the toy aisle. Now, the act of removing a surprise toy from a blind bag is just as exciting as the toy itself and all part of the fun. The toy industry has capitalized on this social phenomenon and the mounting popularity of collectible toys (sales for collectible playthings grew 14 percent globally in 2017), by introducing a variety of toys across several different categories that focus on the act of unboxing. Some are mini "surprise" collectibles in blind bags (which have the added bonus of being affordable, making them attractive to parents and easy for kids to buy with their own pocket money); others are larger toys that focus on the tactile aspect of opening and putting together the toy as part of the play experience. The one thing these toys all have in common: they get kids excited about opening the box to see what they got, how it feels in their hands, and what the toy can do.

o

Millennial Nostalgia Millennial moms and dads – defined as those born between 1981 and 1997 – make up the majority of young parents in the U.S. today. Though the generation has been defined by its obsession with technology, millennial parents believe it's important to engage with their kids on an unplugged level in today's world and

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are turning to classic toys and retro brands that are the equivalent of "mom's chicken soup" and harken back to a simpler time. This year we expect to see an influx of toys that are nostalgic and offer tried-and-true play value for a new generation of kids to enjoy with their parents. This trend is supported by the fact that classic toy categories continue to perform very well – in 2017, U.S. plush sales grew 8 percent and doll sales were up 4 percent. o

Games Galore Growing interest in board games over the past few years has led to phenomenal growth in the games & puzzles category, with U.S. sales up 23 percent and 3 percent in 2016 and 2017, respectively. From kids and teens to young adults to grandparents, game play is appealing to all ages and a variety of interests, thanks to niche games, licensed games, cooperative games, quick games, new takes on old classics, and innovative board games. Social media is also giving game sales a boost, as laugh-out-loud, silly, and gross-out games continue to inspire social media sharing by teens and adults, with some videos even going viral. Most importantly, games of all kinds are fostering face-to-face play and getting families excited about playing together.

o

Pet Play Playing with pretend pets – whether they are furry plush or interactive digital pets – is a growing trend for children who are eager to care for their own pets, but not yet ready for the responsibility of a real, live animal. Pet toys run the gamut from fantastical creatures (like unicorns, dinosaurs, or other made-up animals) to cats, dogs, horses, and other pet toys that feature realistic details, grooming and food accessories, and online worlds that bring toy pets to life.

Parents love these toys because they prepare kids for the real thing by teaching them how to be empathetic and nurturing. Included in this trend are "anti-virtual pets" that interact with kids in a funny way by being grumpy or gross, and collectible or wearable pets that are fun for kids to trade and display.

o

Inspiring Imaginations There is something to be said for good, old-fashioned imaginative play that inspires children to picture themselves in adult roles or future careers, create new worlds, and explore their talents. According to The Toy Association's Genius of Play initiative, studies show that kids who play make-believe games are better able to self-regulate their emotions, develop a problem-solving approach to learning, have better language abilities, and much more. From role play and dress-up items, to open-ended building kits and larger-than-life playsets, to arts & crafts and food play activities, toymakers have been developing imaginative toys for decades and have perfected these playthings for kids today, offering so many options for the creative child … and endless opportunities for building

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lifelong skills through play. o

Toys that Teach "Play with a purpose" is a buzz-phrase among educators and parents … and the toy industry has stepped up to the plate to create teaching toys in a major way.

Though STEM/STEAM toys have been a mainstay the past few years, these toys are now engaging kids in several different ways and often incorporating new technologies and licenses to get kids excited about learning. Today we're seeing toys that teach toddlers everything, including counting, the alphabet, opposites, and even coding … and toys for school-age kids that teach highlevel topics once reserved only for the classroom. With the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicting that STEM jobs will increase to more than 9 million by 2022, parents are eager to get their children interested in these topics at a very young age. It's important to note that this trend also encompasses toys that teach kids how to make the world a better place – by being responsible citizens, kind to their friends, and open-minded about different cultures.

o

Tech & Entertainment – What's New The Toy Association is always asked about the latest tech toys and hottest properties on the market, so the trends team continually tracks innovative technologies and new licenses. 2018 will see the release of Aquaman, A Wrinkle in Time, The Incredibles 2, Wreck-It Ralph 2, Duck Duck Goose, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Madagascar 4, and many more family-friendly blockbusters that will influence the toy aisle, as well as new TV shows that will spawn creative new toy lines. In terms of tech, the team expects to see more affordable and user-friendly virtual and augmented reality toys, interactive and buildable robots with new features, and RC flyers (like drones) that are easier to handle and fly.

Toys for 3- to 6-year-olds (pre-schoolers and kindergarteners) Pre-schoolers and kindergartners have longer attention spans than toddlers. Typically, they talk a lot and ask a lot of questions. They like to experiment with things and with their still-emerging physical skills. They like to play with friends—and don’t like to lose! They can take turns—and sharing one toy by two or more children is often possible for older pre-schoolers and kindergarteners.

Good toys for 3- to 6-year-olds: o

Things for solving problems—puzzles (with 12 to 20+ pieces), blocks that snap together, collections and other smaller objects to sort by length, width, height,

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o

o

o o o

o

shape, color, smell, quantity, and other features—collections of plastic bottle caps, plastic bowls and lids, keys, shells, counting bears, small colored blocks Things for pretending and building—many blocks for building complex structures, transportation toys, construction sets, child-sized furniture (“apartment” sets, play food), dress-up clothes, dolls with accessories, puppets and simple puppet theaters, and sand and water play toys Things to create with—large and small crayons and markers, large and small paintbrushes and finger-paint, large and small paper for drawing and painting, colored construction paper, preschooler-sized scissors, chalkboard and large and small chalk, modeling clay and playdough, modeling tools, paste, paper and cloth scraps for collage, and instruments—rhythm instruments and keyboards, xylophones, maracas, and tambourines Picture books with even more words and more detailed pictures than toddler books CD and DVD players with a variety of music (of course, phonograph players and cassette recorders work too!)

Things for using their large and small muscles—large and small balls for kicking and throwing/catching, ride-on equipment including tricycles, tunnels, taller climbers with soft material underneath, wagons and wheelbarrows, plastic bats and balls, plastic bowling pins, targets and things to throw at them, and a workbench with a vise, hammer, nails, and saw If a child has access to a computer: programs that are interactive (the child can do something) and that children can understand (the software uses graphics and spoken instruction, not just print), children can control the software’s pace and path, and children have opportunities to explore a variety of concepts on several levels.

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Amazing Benefits of Play

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o Play stimulates brain growth and enhances early development Psychologist Edward Fisher analysed 46 studies done on children’s play and found that play can enhance children’s early development. Such improvements ranging from 33% to 67% result from increase in children’s adjustment and language and decrease in their social and emotional problems.

In 1949, psychologist Donald Hebb, also known as the father of neuropsychology, did the first “enrichment experiment” using rats. Many variations of this experiment were performed later to assess the impact of such environments on brain development.

In a typical enrichment experiment, rats are housed in two different environments — one filled with toys (enriched) while the other is not (impoverished). After living in the enriched environment, these rats’ brains become bigger and more active, particularly in the area associated with learning and memory.

Play is like an exercise for the brain. o Play improves intelligence, learning and memory One research by University of Arkansas shows that offering toys in infancy leads to higher IQ at 3 years of age and again at 4.5 years. Play also links to various cognitive improvements that we will discuss below. It seems likely that human brains can benefit from playing in similar ways. o Play sparks creative thinking Many studies have found significant relationships between play and divergent thinking, the type of thinking that generates creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

For example, in a study of 52 children aged 6 to 7 years old, the group that played with salt-dough was significantly more creative in subsequent craft activity than those assigned to a structured exercise – copying text from the board.

Another study at Eastern Michigan University found that free play enhances divergent thinking. Later on, psychologists observed that pretend play in particular was related to subsequent divergent thinking improvement. Association between pretend play and creativity receives much attention from play researchers around the globe. Some caution against drawing conclusions prematurely due to controversial experiment methodology.

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However, pretend play requires children imagining and acting out different scenarios.

It seems likely that imagination can fuel creativity. Creative adolescents were also found to tend to have imaginary companion in childhood. o Link to communication, vocabulary, language learning and visual spatial skills Link between early social play and later communication skills is evident in research, too.

For instance, one research found that if an infant initiated a toy play and if the mother responded by manipulating and naming the toys, the baby had better language development measured 3 months later.

University of Georgia scholars conducted a study by observing 65 kindergartners in the classrooms over a four-week period. The presence of play, especially pretend play, was found to predict these children’s performance in pre-reading, language and writing.

Pretend play can improve pre-schoolers’ expressive vocabulary (speaking) and receptive vocabulary (understanding). Children learn these by listening to each other when they play. Through social play children learn to reach agreement and to reciprocate words and actions.

Playing with blocks and objects has also been found to enhance children’s visual spatial skills, which are linked to better performance in STEM learning. o Pretend Play Facilitates Impulse Control And Emotion Regulation Self-control is one of the most important skills for school readiness. Well-regulated children can wait for a turn, resist the temptation to grab a desired object from another child, control negative emotion and persist at a challenging activity.

In a New Zealand study, when a negative event was induced during pretend play, children who had more pretend play with their caregivers were better at regulating their emotion to continue playing.

Another study in Cleveland, OH supported the results. 61 female kindergarten through fourth graders were observed in pretend play. Pretend play ability was found to be closely linked to emotion regulation skills.

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Self-regulation is not only essential for academic success, but it can also predict a child’s social success. In preschool, children who exhibit better emotion control are also more likable and socially competent. o Pretend Play Improves Social Competence And Empathy. Playful Children Are Popular and Happy.

Play provides opportunities for children to learn social interaction. Whilst playing together, children learn to cooperate, follow rules, develop self-control, and generally get along with other people.

Psychologists found that the amount and complexity of fantasy play by pre-schoolers significantly predicted their social skill, popularity, affective role taking and positive social activity.

Playful children are happier, better adjusted, more co-operative and more popular with their peers than those who play less.

Unstructured active play with others, including with parents, siblings, and peers, is a major opportunity to cultivate social skills.

During play, enactment of pretend and negotiation among peers both enhance children’s social skills.

Children participating in early social pretend play are more understanding of other people’s feelings and beliefs. Empathy is another essential element that advances children’s social skills. o Play Benefits Health It is seen that play promotes emotion regulation that is important for a child’s resiliency and mental health in the future.

Play often involves physical activities that benefits physical health, motor control, strength and endurance. o Play Teaches Life Lessons Play helps develop the motor skills and cognitive ability to deal with future tasks in life.

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Playing out life’s problems can help children cope with the struggles in their own ways.

Play is also a useful tool for children to rehearse skills and future social roles in a safe context. It is also an important facilitator of perspective taking and later abstract thought. o Play Strengthen Relationship with Caretakers and Peers If nothing else, parents playing with their children is an excellent way to bond. Even a simple play such as peekaboo can produce an intense positive affective state in young children. Such interaction contributes to the type of positive life experiences that help children’s brain development.

Design Insights o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Fun and Playful Engaging Toys that teach Play with purpose Imaginative Enhances Creativity Improves Motor Skills Enhances concentration level Sustain Child’s development Trial and Error Method Develop adult-child bond Generate information about surroundings Family time-creativity collaboration Colourful Enhances cognitive skills Helps understand the world Put things together

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Concepts for Toys:

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FINAL CONCEPTS

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On showing all designs to my mentor and the CEO of the company, four designs were selected to go for sampling. Keeping the theme of animals, three types of toys were going to be made. These were Shape Sorters, Stamps and Open ended imaginative play Toys. All of these toys serve different purposes and are beneficial in different ways to the child. However, all types of toys are important for a child’s development.

SHAPE SORTERS What are shape sorting toys?

Shape sorters have been around for centuries and have evolved into many different forms, all with the same general concept. They consist of some sort of container with indented or perforated slots in which a corresponding piece fits in to. Many varieties exist. Some are flat, others are cubes or shaped as objects such as a tool box. The object is for a child to fit the correct pieces into their matching slot on the container.

How can a child benefit from playing with shape sorting toys?

Playing with shape sorters can: •

Facilitate motor skill development and problem-solving skills

•

Teach cause-and-effect

•

Increase self-esteem

•

Help with shape identification and color practice

When a toddler tries to insert a square block in to a round hole and sees that it isn’t working, he may brainstorm how to get the block to go through and try a different slot until he finds the one that works. He used problem-solving to figure out his dilemma and witnessed the cause-and-effect when attempting to pass a block through an incorrect space vs. through a correct space.

Once the basic concept of fitting the correct pieces into their corresponding slots is mastered, toddlers or young children can also use shape sorters to practice colour and shape identification. They may also use the toy to practice counting, as shapes are often taught using the concept of “how many sides does this shape have?” The child can count the number of sides on each shape, and then examine the shape sorter to see which slot has the same amount of sides (or lack thereof for a circle or oval), and effectively use counting and problem solving to figure out the game. For older children, once they have completely mastered the shape sorting toy, they can work on improving their speed.

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Shape Sorting Benefits by Age Age

Suggestions for Play

Skills Acquired

6 months-15 months

Child may dump pieces out, play with them separately, and possibly attempt to fit them in slots

Tactile and motor skills, hand-eye coordination

15 months-3 years

Attempt to successfully fit blocks in corresponding slots

Cause-and-effect, problem solving, shape and color identification

3-4 years and beyond

Time how fast child is able to fit each piece in corresponding slot

Counting, goal-setting, continued improvement on previous skills

What are the different types of shape sorting toys?

There are many varieties of shape sorting toys available. The shape of the container and pieces, the material, and the difficulty level are several variables to consider.

Some sorters are made of wood, others of plastic. Some have only one plane containing holes for the shapes, while others are three dimensional. Below are examples of several shape sorters ranging in difficulty from easiest to most complex. o Plastic shape sorters These typically have one plane for shape sorting, with more basic shapes. Some may be three-dimensional, with more than one plan for shape sorting. Some have a convenient handle for carrying. The container is easily opened for removing shapes.

These types are easier for a younger baby to handle and manipulate. o Textured or fabric shape sorters These shape sorters are typically constructed as a plush carrying case with slots for plush pieces to fit through. One plane only is used for sorting. Textured material offers additional tactile and sensory development for younger babies, and the shapes are conventional. It is not as challenging for an older toddler or pre-schooler. With this type of shape sorter, some shapes may be easily manipulated to fit in to the incorrect slot.

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o Wooden shape sorters These usually come in cube or rectangular containers. They typically have 5 or 6 planes for sorting. Wooden shape sorters tend to have more shapes because of the additional planes and are more challenging for an older toddler who has already mastered easier shape sorters. Just be careful with the sharper edges and wooden pieces, which can potentially be dangerous if a baby decides to chew on them or throw them.

OPEN ENDED TOYS IMAGINATIVE PLAY TOYS: Simple toys that kids can play make-behave with what is called imaginative play. Imaginative play helps kids learn important cognitive (thinking and problem solving) skills and social skills like communication and empathy.

Imaginative play is essentially when children are role playing and are acting out various experiences they may have had or something that is of some interest to them. They are experimenting with decision making on how to behave and are also practising their social skills. Children learn from experience: from what happens around them, from what they see, hear, smell, taste and touch. To absorb those experiences and make sense of the world, they need to be engaged in imaginary play. Play is a child’s way of engaging and making sense of the world. Role play may appear to be a very simple activity, yet within it, young children learn practical life skills such as dressing themselves, how to cooperate and share with others.

Learning benefits of Imaginative Play: ▪ It provides opportunities for children to identify with the adult world. Practise and role play their understanding and interpretation.

▪ Develop social skills: practising negotiation skills, turn taking and sharing.

Provides opportunities for working out problems and experimenting with solutions.

▪ Emotional development: Understanding and expressing their feelings through the re-enactment of certain experiences. Taking on roles that encourage discipline and empathy.

▪ Encourages imagination: Children can be anyone and do anything in the pretend world.

▪ Develop language skills: practising listening, looking and talking. Being spoken to and talking with other people, also developing an understanding of what is being communicated through body language such as smiles and nodding.

▪ Imaginative play is also a great way for children to relax and unwind.

Stuff still toys are an example of open ended imaginative play.

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Often, a child's first toy might be a teddy bear or another stuffed animal. Stores are full of them, and there are even entire businesses dedicated to customizing stuffed animals. While adults may think that such toys are cute and soft, there is more potential lying inside. Kids at all ages enjoy these toys, sometimes even getting attached to the same toy for many years. Stuffed animals offer educational benefits to kids of all ages, as listed below: o Babies: Babies love to touch the surfaces of stuffed toys, feeling their bristly whiskers, soft fur, and hard eyes. They will chew or suck these toys as well, so make sure early choices are designed to be well-loved and washed. Avoid small beads or removable parts.

Some babies like squeaky toys. Fur or hair should be short and not easily plucked out. o Toddlers: Up until about two or three years, toys should be carefully chosen for durability and safety. Toddlers are learning empathy along with language and names. Different stuffed animals help young children recognize familiar words like cat, dog, bear, and pig - along with the appropriate sound made by each animal. Stuffed toys will receive names and become constant companions.

Emotions are tested out on these silent friends - they may be thrown, hugged, hit, and kissed. Early parenting skills are practiced too, so stuffed animals may be fed, have their diapers changed, get put to bed, and sit on the potty. By rehearsing these situations, toddlers work through challenges, understand changing expectations, and demonstrate their observations. Stuffed toys may be a child's first real friends. o Pre-schoolers: By this age, children start to engage in more imaginative play. Stuffed animals are not restricted by their appearance, so a giraffe can be a princess, an astronaut, a teacher, or even a giraffe. These toys can be included in active play.

Kids often share their feelings with stuffed toys and may conduct elaborate conversations. After an upsetting day, a child can come to a stuffed friend and reenact the event, helping them deal with difficult emotions. Like real pets, stuffed animals may even help children become calm. o School-aged Children: From about five years old, games often reflect kids' preoccupation with new structures and people in their lives. Stuffed toys can become a whole class of students, the audience for a puppet show, or a gang of pirates. At the same time, kids may be strongly attached to these toys, still sleeping with them and possibly creating new clothes or constructing items to expand on earlier games.

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o Older children: Especially animal lovers, may want to collect unusual stuffed animals. Finding an exotic anteater or platypus becomes a passion. Along with this hobby, kids learn about classifying animals, natural habitats, and geography. Visiting a local zoo or even another country offers a chance to understand sciences like zoology and biography.

Reasons why stuffed animals are important for children: o They provide much-needed comfort Perhaps the most obvious function stuffed animals serve is to ease distress and anxiety.

(Any parent who’s watched their baby’s tears turn to giggles at the sight of their favourite stuffed animal knows this to be true.) For infants, the world can sometimes feel like an uncertain, scary place. Stuffed toys can help them cope with these emotions because they represent familiarity and reassurance.

This is also important for gradually building your baby’s ability to self-soothe without the help of mom or dad. Big life events, like welcoming a sibling, for instance, can feel less threatening with a favourite stuffed buddy by your child’s side. In fact, Researchers at North Dakota State University say that cuddling a stuffed animal helps young children rely on their own ability to seek comfort. Just how powerful are the comforting powers of stuffed animals? One study found that they can relieve trauma in children exposed to war and terror. o They help develop social skills When you see an infant loving on their favourite stuffed animal, it may not look like play. However, the truth is that these types of toys help lay the groundwork for fundamental social skills. Experts say that 12 to 18 months is the optimal time to start using toys like stuffed animals and dolls to encourage pretend play. This often includes mimicking the familiar, everyday activities that are part of their regular routines.

Pretending to eat or drink from a bottle, for example, is a relatable activity that allows the child to take on the role of caregiver and use their imagination.

Allowing young children to immerse themselves in pretend play with other children is also profoundly important to social development. This can include everything from siblings role-playing with stuffed animals, to your child using their favourite stuffed toy to interact with a playmate at day care. The point is that the interaction bolsters social skills. o They foster language development Engaging in pretend play also serves as a viable way of developing speech and language skills. Nurturing these emerging communication skills is crucial; so why not do it with their favourite stuffed animals? When you help your child act out playful role-

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playing scenes, talking is a natural part of the process. Think about it: What encourages the best use of language? Playing with blocks, or interacting with dolls?

Another perk? Experts say that telling a story by making stuffed animals “talk” to each other is a powerful way of laying the groundwork for reading and writing.

For babies, you only have to rewind this scenario a bit to get the same effect. For example, if your infant is babbling, make their stuffed animals “talk” back to them during natural breaks in the babble. This will help promote conversational turn-taking. o They encourage compassion and empathy Caring for a stuffed animal is tremendously helpful in nurturing your little one’s natural desire to connect with others. According to one report, children develop an appreciation for relationships with others during pretend play because it requires them to consider other people.

Pretending to care for a stuffed animal or doll also satisfies the need to nurture. The fact that young children tend to identify with stuffed animals may make them an ideal toy to use. Experts say that introducing a novel stuffed toy as a new member to a classroom who needs love and care can bolster both empathy and compassion. This directly translates to little ones at home. Taking care of Teddy forces your child to consider the toy’s “needs.”

Here are 10 top reasons why Plush toys are important for a child’s development: 1. They are good for building nurturing skills: The same way adults develop their nurturing skills with their small children, a stuffed animal is a great way for children to learn discipline and caring. Giving them the ability to care for a small and lightweight plush can help them develop their nurturing skills over time.

2. A small plush shows positive emotions: Stuffed animals are always in a positive mood and they don’t share the same types of disappointments that you might receive from parents or adults.

3. They can be simple to clean: unlike other types of toys which can stain and break fairly easily with cleaning, plush toys can be very simple to clean up. Tossing them into the washing machine or wiping them down with a bit of warm water can often remove any dirty messes.

4. They can remain with children for comfort: scary situations aren’t quite so intimidating when a child has something familiar to hold onto and take them through the process. A plush toy is a great toy to take on adventures and for facing fears.

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5. They can help with separation: as well as facing fears, stuffed animals can help kids with their separation anxiety. Having something to remind them of home when they go to school or daycare can be helpful.

6. They can expand imagination: Like many other toys, children also in vision unique personalities for their stuffed animals. Thinking of stories or adventures to go on with a stuffed animal can be a great way to expand imagination.

7. They improve responsibility: when a child takes a stuffed animal with them. They have to remember to hold onto it and keep track of it. This can prepare them for future responsibilities in life.

8. They are warm: Hugging a stuffed animal can be a great way to retain body heat and stay warm.

9. They can be a great conversation starter: talking about a stuffed animal can be a great way for your child to build communication skills and speak to other adults/children about their stuffed animal.

10. They can express their personality: A child might be able to dress up their stuffed animal or speak through their stuffed animal to showcase their own personality, wants and needs. This can help build communication skills and start with goal setting and personality development.

RUBBER FOAM STAMPS Rubber stamp, also referred to as a stamp is a craft which have some type of ink made of pigment or dye.

Art stamps are used in decoration of objects. Art stamps can also use for decoration of useful materials like greeting cards and papers.

Apart from the functions highlighted, Stamp is an important tool for early child hood development. This is because it expands the child’s ability to interact with the world around them. In addition, it provides self-expression for a new set of skills. The following are other benefits of stamp in child development: o Rubber stamp builds self confidence With rubber stamps, a child will be able to develop creative skills such as inventiveness, fantasizing, thinking and imaginative. This will assist the child to deal with the world which they live in. In addition, the skills will assist in problem solving, understanding the world and getting on with others. Therefore, the stamp is essential for now and the future.

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o Stamp promotes creativity One of the goals of early child hood education is to make the child to be more creative.

Creativity brings out the personality of the child. When parents use the stamp, the creativity process involved in their children is very important to the developing child.

Creativity also enables children to work through emotions and feelings. The finished piece of art work assists a child to talk about the feelings in a meaningful way. The answers and directions will also come from the child instead of being told what to do.

o Stamp teaches task analysis When adults are faced with projects which have several parts, they will either give up or break it down into smaller manageable sections. Parents must realize this learning process as very vital since it will enable the child to know a large part can be broken into smaller parts. o Stamp promotes individual and group projects One of the tasks of child development is to assist the child to grow from egocentric individuals to young people who can work and cooperate with each other. In the stages of child development, there is what is called cooperative play. At this stage, children share ideas and works together so as to accomplish a project. This can only be assisted by using stamp. o Skills develop by children by using stamp When you child plays with a rubber stamp, he or she will gain useful skills. As a result, it will encourage them to be creative and they will pick up their skills. The following are some of the skills develop by a child when they use stamp: o Communication skills By using the stamp, the child will communicate visually. The child will release feelings of joy by painting of swirling colours. This will enable the children to communicate by use of verbal language. Nevertheless, children are solving challenges and coming up with new ways to handle unexpected outcomes when they use the stamp. o Emotional and social skills Stamp assists the children to cooperate and to control their efforts. Through the use of stamp, they will also practice taking turns and sharing. Moreover, they will be able to appreciate the efforts of one another. Stamp fosters mental health by enabling your child to show success and accomplishment as well as individual uniqueness. o Fine motor skills

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These are skills which enables the child to engage in some activities like turning the page of a book or scribbling in a piece of paper.

Benefits: •

• • • •

The big space between the thumb and fingers is called the “Web Space” and is very important for controlling the pencil. When holding the stamp correctly, the muscles that create the web space get stronger.

The process of stamping the ink pad, then the paper is a simple motor sequence (an important component of motor planning).

Holding the paper steady with the non-dominant hand turns this into a bilateral activity.

Stamping in a specific place incorporates eye hand motor coordination demands.

Creating a design or pattern with stamps activates creativity and visual perceptual reasoning. They experiment with mark making and artistic expression through color choice.

In conclusion, rubber stamp is important in the early child hood development. The benefits have been highlighted above. Through the use of stamp, children will learn naturally and gain the ability to be creative. The stamp will also enable your children to develop learning skills such as focusing on academic matters. In fact, it makes the brain of a child to be sharp.

On understanding the different functions of different toys, I further ideated on the finalised concepts.

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Puzzle Stamper The final design of the stamper was decided after a lot of trials and errors. Many layouts were made for 6 sides in such a manner that when they are joint together, they form a cube. The layouts were planned in a way that when they are kept flat, then could join into each other and become a 3d puzzle cube as well. These were thought for easy storage. Usually kids have a problem in storing stamps. Most of the stamps get lost due to their size and singularity. A cube with stamps on all sides would keep all the stamps together in one place. They could be used as single stamps with the knobs designed inside them or they could be used by holding the whole cube.

A lot of layouts were tried:

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Sides with different number of sides and sizes were tried.

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1st trial

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Mock ups To check the size and layouts of the stamper cube, mock ups were made in paper and thermocol at each stage. The final mock up and layouts were given to the sculptor for getting an idea of the product and better understanding. The layouts were given so that he could cut the shapes and sculpt it on clay.

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Final layouts of the PUZZLE STAMPERS:

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Technical Drawings

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3D Renderings

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Stamper with knobs

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The colours of the stamper pieces were chosen according to the surroundings of the animal made on the pieces. It was done to keep a theme in the stampers.

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Images of Product

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Stamper with animal face and body

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3D Renderings

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Images of Product

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Fish Shape Sorter After finalising the concept of the fish shape sorter, it was decided to make such a form that the small fishes sorter pieces form a big fish in the bottom cut out mat.

Different ways were tried:

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Final Layout

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Images of product

Transparent flocked

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Elephant Shape Sorter On finalising the concept of the Elephant Shape Sorter, I further tried to make different shape sorting elements in the elephant body shape.

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Images of Product

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Process

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After this, the products were repaired and flocked in the night shift, due to which I couldn’t take the pictures but following is the process which is performed daily on the toys.

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Brief 3 Draft a rack that can be assembled to keep the ball trays and little animals’ assortment trays. I was given a rough design of the rack and I had to figure out the dimensions of the assembling fixtures and each piece.

I was given the assignment of making a rack that can be assembled to keep the ball trays and little animals assortment trays. I was given a rough design of the rack and I had to figure out the dimensions of the assembling fixtures and each piece. The slit joints had to match perfectly to fix into each other. These had to be made in 8 mm MDF board and all pieces had to be laser cut in an 8*4 ft MDF sheet.

About the joinery: Mesh joinery is an innovative method to produce illustrative shape approximations suitable for fabrication. Mesh joinery is capable of producing complex fabricable structures in an efficient and visually pleasing manner. We represent an input geometry as a set of planar pieces arranged to compose a rigid structure by exploiting an efficient slit mechanism. Since slices are planar, a standard 2D cutting system is sufficient to fabricate them. Slices can be easily fabricated even in large scale (both numbers and dimensions) using any 2D cutting device and then manually assembled through a sequence of simple well-defined operations to obtain a rigid structure that resembles an input 3D model.

Picture credits: Digitalmeetsculturenet

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Cardboard Prototypes:

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Rendered Views:

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FINAL FEEDBACK FORM

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o Handsonaswegrowcom. 2016. Hands On As We Grow. [Online]. [30 January 2018]. Available from: https://handsonaswegrow.com/50-toddler-activities/ o Ecr4kidscom. 2018. Ecr4kidscom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: http://ecr4kids.com/Product.aspx?cat=703 o Yiwugoucom. 2018. Yiwugoucom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: http://en.yiwugou.com/product/detail/928495256.html o Yiwugoucom. 2018. Yiwugoucom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: http://img1.yiwugou.com/i004/2016/12/14/04/c96403366dca5e9dddfaf8752b8a d675.png@400w_400h o Designideaspics. 2017. Design Ideas. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.designideas.pics/fusion-stools/ o Rakutencom. 2018. Rakutencom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://global.rakuten.com/en/store/ienolabo/item/ielabo100046/ o Parentfurthercom. 2015. Parent Further. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.parentfurther.com/content/ages-3-5-developmentaloverview o Circleofmomscom. 2018. Circleofmomscom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.circleofmoms.com/ask_moms/your-child-slikes-dislikes-657013 o Libby brooks. 2002. The Guardian. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/01/libbybrooks.features11 o Babycentercom. 2018. Babycentercom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://community.babycenter.com/post/a25417773/time_to_share_toddler_like s_and_dislikes o Marenschmidtcom. 2010. Maren Schmidt. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://marenschmidt.com/2010/03/know-your-children-by-their-likes-anddislikes/ o Rubbabucom. 2018. Rubbabucom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://rubbabu.com/ o Parentingcom. 2010. Parenting. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.parenting.com/article/your-baby-personality-and-you o Thepowerofhappycom. 2015. The Power of Happy. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://thepowerofhappy.com/how-does-your-birthorder-shape-your-personality/ o Ftcdnnet. 2018. Ftcdnnet. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/01/31/49/40/240_F_131494063_kIxMJvEl66vd0POTtrUnhB co1gf85tIg.jpg o Tipherocom. 2018. Tipherocom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://tiphero.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/playful-baby-750x364.jpg o Wixstaticcom. 2018. Wixstaticcom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://static.wixstatic.com/media/5d923b4a5eb349f28d2ae38d5055eae5.jpg/

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v1/fill/w_630,h_420,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/5d923b4a5eb349f28d2ae38d 5055eae5.webp Tts-groupcouk. 2018. Tts-groupcouk. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.tts-group.co.uk/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-TTSGroupEcommerceMaster/default/dw6138c9a7/images/hires/1012866_00_EY07501_001.jpg Huffpostcom. 2018. Huffpostcom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://s-i.huffpost.com/gen/1245195/images/h-KIDS-INTEREST-628x314.jpg Kinja-imgcom. 2018. Kinja-imgcom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6isXGpCw-/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_900,q_80,w_1600/1349812474157179535.jpg Myinsightmagcom. 2018. Myinsightmagcom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.myinsightmag.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/iStock_000012408456Medium.jpg Amazonawscom. 2018. Amazonawscom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://zero-to-three.s3.amazonaws.com/images/2028/1e727262-b42741f7-a421-d8c5ae1ad4cc-landscape_small.jpg?1515784794 Mdpcdncom. 2018. Mdpcdncom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://images.parents.mdpcdn.com/sites/parents.com/files/images/550_1016 15988.jpg Concerningkidscom. 2018. Concerningkidscom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://concerningkids.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/Teething-Baby.jpg Pinkoicom. 2018. Pinkoicom. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: https://cdn01.pinkoi.com/product/zEdpYwTZ/1/500x0.jpg Childyspk. 2018. Childyspk. [Online]. [20 January 2018]. Available from: http://childys.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/childshouting-1.jpg Roxannajollycom. 2018. Roxannajollycom. [Online]. [21 January 2018]. Available from: http://roxannajolly.com/2012/11/why-are-kids-morefearless/ Cheapdisabilityaidscouk. 2018. Cheapdisabilityaidscouk. [Online]. [27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.cheapdisabilityaids.co.uk/ekmps/shops/podcmedia/images/6pack-baby-sensory-rubbabu-balls-[3]-82915-1-p.jpg Akronohiomomscom. 2018. Akronohiomomscom. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.akronohiomoms.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/Rubbabuballs.jpg Cheapdisabilityaidscouk. 2018. Cheapdisabilityaidscouk. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.cheapdisabilityaids.co.uk/ekmps/shops/podcmedia/images/bum bling-jumbo-sensory-ball-[3]-98523-p.jpg

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o I0wpcom. 2018. I0wpcom. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://i0.wp.com/afiti.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/rubbabu-piłkasensoryczna-10cm-001.jpg?fit=1008,1173 o Educationessentialscouk. 2018. Educationessentialscouk. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.educationessentials.co.uk/HIGHRES/BallsZacho I2wpcom. 2018. I2wpcom. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://i2.wp.com/images-na.ssl-imagesamazon.com/images/I/41snM8n6e9L.jpg?fit=500,279 o Ucarecdncom. 2018. Ucarecdncom. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://ucarecdn.com/db711754-9388-4021-bc7d-56667e6f5fab/ o Rubbabucom. 2018. Rubbabucom. [Online]. [28 January 2018]. Available from: https://rubbabu.com/collections/ball-toys o Zerotothreeorg. 2018. ZERO TO THREE. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/326-toddlers-and-challengingbehavior-why-they-do-it-and-how-to-respond o Sheknowscom. 2016. SheKnows. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/813862/your-3-year-olddevelopment-behavior-and-parenting-tips-1 o Webmdcom. 2018. Webmdcom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/ri ch_media_quiz/topic/rmq_discipline_dos_donts/getty_rf_photo_of_little_boy_p outing_on_sofa.jpg o Notsoboringlifecom. 2018. Notsoboringlifecom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.notsoboringlife.com/list-of-hobbies// o Rainbowreachcom. 2018. Rainbowreachcom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.rainbowreach.com/downloadimages/large/Children1lg.jpg o Ssl-images-amazoncom. 2018. Ssl-images-amazoncom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://images-na.ssl-imagesamazon.com/images/I/91ovJXVtrWL._SL1500_.jpg o Alicdncom. 2018. Alicdncom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1CnKfNVXXXXXaXVXXq6xXFXXXd/Aocoren-KidsToys-136pcs-Mini-Magnetic-Construction-Building-Blocks-Toy-Diy-3DMagformers-Designer-Educational-Bricks.jpg_640x640.jpg o Bbccouk. 2018. Bbccouk. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/parents/story_telling.jpg o Lboroacuk. 2018. Lboroacuk. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2016/03/worldbook-day.jpg

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o Modernspeechiecomau. 2018. Modernspeechiecomau. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.modernspeechie.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/istock_000005278591xsmall.jpg o Kidstoyshomecom. 2018. Kidstoyshomecom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://kidstoyshome.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/building-blocks-for-kids.jpg o Alicdncom. 2018. Alicdncom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1pezCPFXXXXaSXFXXq6xXFXXXm/New-stylechildren-bamboo-building-blocks-ball.jpg_350x350.jpg o Skimgs. 2018. Skimgs. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://cdn.skim.gs/image/upload/v1456337498/msi/girl-playing-withblocks_sls6tc.jpg o Legocdncom. 2018. Legocdncom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://lc-www-live-s.legocdn.com/r/www/r/catalogs//media/catalogs/articles/family/articles/forest/forestproduct_thumb_360w_2x.j pg?l.r2=1829665679 o Christianpreschoolraleighcom. 2018. Christianpreschoolraleighcom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://christianpreschoolraleigh.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/Preschool-Puzzle-Play.jpg o Blogspotcom. 2018. Blogspotcom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/CfBpa0U_iOA/UtgS0mhrnvI/AAAAAAAABSk/Nl3sgpTk2ZU/s1600/P1220627.JPG o Ssl-images-amazoncom. 2018. Ssl-images-amazoncom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://images-na.ssl-imagesamazon.com/images/I/71Fe0SFe4ML._SL1500_.jpg o Starthealthystayhealthyin. 2018. Starthealthystayhealthyin. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.starthealthystayhealthy.in/sites/g/files/sxd1006/f/styles/full_square/ public/field/image/top-baby-toys-children1.png?itok=cONAEXZ_ o Ytimgcom. 2018. Ytimgcom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b_jkGupaKpM/hqdefault.jpg o Dailymailcouk. 2018. Dailymailcouk. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/25/article-2545675-1ADAE9EC00000578591_634x602.jpg o Oklahomalawyercom. 2018. Oklahomalawyercom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.oklahomalawyer.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/bigstock-Kids-On-Playground-Swing-981154941024x682.jpg o Peter kunz. 2018. Ercimeu. [Online]. [28 February 2018]. Available from: https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en101/r-i/mesh-joinery-a-method-for-buildingfabricable-structures

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o Parentfurthercom. 2015. Parent Further. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.parentfurther.com/content/ages-3-5-developmentaloverview o Circleofmomscom. 2018. Circleofmomscom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.circleofmoms.com/ask_moms/your-child-slikes-dislikes-657013 o Libby brooks. 2002. The Guardian. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/01/libbybrooks.features11 o Babycentercom. 2018. Babycentercom. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://community.babycenter.com/post/a25417773/time_to_share_toddler_like s_and_dislikes o Marenschmidtcom. 2010. Maren Schmidt. [Online]. [2 February 2018]. Available from: https://marenschmidt.com/2010/03/know-your-children-by-their-likes-anddislikes/ o Sandi schwartz. 2016. Parent Co. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.parent.com/how-to-improve-your-childs-mood-with-colors/ o Researchgatenet. 2018. ResearchGate. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chris_Boyatzis/publication/15176872_Chil dren's_Emotional_Associations_with_Colors/links/0deec532c9ee8ce967000000/C hildrens-Emotional-Associations-with-Colors.pdf o Sciencingcom. 2018. Sciencing. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://sciencing.com/do-bright-colors-appeal-kids-5476948.html o Color-meaningscom. 2016. Color-Meaningscom. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.color-meanings.com/color-psychology-childbehavior-and-learning-through-colors/ o Childsmindinnovationcom. 2018. Child's Mind. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.childsmindinnovation.com/post/35330521827/the-colour-ofchildhood o Home-designingcom. 2018. Interior Design Ideas. [Online]. [4 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.home-designing.com/2008/11/kids-roomideas-set3 o Childrensdesignguideorg. 2018. Childrensdesignguideorg. [Online]. [6 February 2018]. Available from: https://childrensdesignguide.org/principles/ o Ytimgcom. 2018. Ytimgcom. [Online]. [6 February 2018]. Available from: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/7o6B7MZ2qsc/maxresdefault.jpg o Purdueedu. 2018. Purdueedu. [Online]. [6 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/providerparent/Child GrowthDevelopment/Shapes.htm

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o Scholasticcom. 2018. Scholasticcom. [Online]. [6 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3746476 o Buonavitacombr. 2018. Buonavitacombr. [Online]. [6 February 2018]. Available from: http://blog.buonavita.com.br/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/shutterstock_13468741.jpg o Umichedu. 2018. Umichedu. [Online]. [21 February 2018]. Available from: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/172/72118.0001.001.p df;sequence=2 o Popularwoodworkingcom. 2015. Popular Woodworking Magazine. [Online]. [21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.popularwoodworking.com/articleindex/compound-angles-nomath o Sinotechcom. 2018. Sinotech. [Online]. [20 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.sinotech.com/resources/tutorials/blow-rotational-molding/ o Custom-pakcom. 2018. Custom-Pak. [Online]. [20 March 2018]. Available from: http://www.custom-pak.com/news/guide-plastics-commonly-used-blowmolding/ o Robinsonpackagingcom. 2018. Robinson Packaging. [Online]. [20 March 2018]. Available from: http://robinsonpackaging.com/plastics/blow-moulding/ o Admin. 2018. Polydeckbiz. [Online]. [20 March 2018]. Available from: http://polydeck.biz/why-polydeck/pp-vs-pe/ o Techtargetcom. 2018. WhatIscom. [Online]. [26 March 2018]. Available from: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/screen-printing-serigraphy o Murakamicojp. 2018. Murakamicojp. [Online]. [26 March 2018]. Available from: http://www.murakami.co.jp/english/about/index.html o Huffingtonpostcom. 2015. HuffPost. [Online]. [26 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alicia-chang/how-to-design-smart-toys_b_6464838.html o Scholarschoiceca. 2018. Scholarschoiceca. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.scholarschoice.ca/blog/general/stem-steam-what-does-itall-mean-a-parents-guide-to-purchasing-toys o Stemkidslearncom. 2016. STEM Kids Learn. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: http://stemkidslearn.com/2016/11/22/what-are-stem-kids-and-what-are-st-e-m-toys/ o Topstemtoyscom. 2018. Top STEM Toys. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: http://topstemtoys.com/what-is-a-stem-toy/ o Tudelftnl. 2018. Tudelftnl. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:238fb5cb-5610-4ec0-96b749880ce8bd9a/datastream/OBJ

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o Wordpresscom. 2013. Piercebrennandesign. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://piercebrennandesign.wordpress.com/2013/03/30/designing-toysfor-children/ o The toy association. 2018. Prnewswirecom. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/top-toy-trends-of-2018announced-at-new-york-toy-fair-300600503.html o Wehavekidscom. 2018. WeHaveKids. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://wehavekids.com/parenting/Shape-Sorting-Toys o Naeycorg. 2018. Naeycorg. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.naeyc.org/resources/topics/play/toys o Parentingforbraincom. 2016. Parenting for Brain. [Online]. [29 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.parentingforbrain.com/benefits-playlearning-activities-early-childhood/ o Learning4kidsnet. 2011. Learning 4 Kids. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.learning4kids.net/2011/12/30/what-is-imaginative-play-and-how-toencourage-it/ o Msuedu. 2018. MSU Extension. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/the_value_of_open_ended_play o Nymetroparentscom. 2018. Nymetroparentscom. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.nymetroparents.com/article/Why-SimpleToys-Prove-to-Be-More-Beneficial-For-Kids o Douglascuddletoycom. 2015. Douglas Toys. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://douglascuddletoy.com/4-reasons-stuffed-animals-importantbabies/ o Ctvnewsca. 2017. CTVNews. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/how-stuffed-animals-can-boost-children-sreading-and-imagination-1.3310861 o Creativechildcom. 2018. Creative Child Magazine. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://www.creativechild.com/articles/view/5educational-benefits-of-stuffed-animal-toys o Zookieztoys. 2018. Zookieztoys. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://www.zookiez.toys/why-plush-toys/ o Company stamp singapore pte ltd. 2014. Company Stamp Singapore. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.companystampsingapore.com/how-does-stamp-help-in-earlychildhood-learning/ o Themotorstoryorg. 2014. The Motor Story. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://themotorstory.org/2014/01/06/stamps-for-power/ o Stillplayingschoolcom. 2018. Stillplayingschoolcom. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://www.stillplayingschool.com/2015/02/dot-stampmarkers-kids-ideas-sheets.html

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o Cpscgov. 2016. CPSCgov. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/BusinessGuidance/Rattles o Server. 2018. Signindustrycom. [Online]. [30 April 2018]. Available from: http://www.signindustry.com/installation/articles/2004-02-16-JL-CanIApply.php3

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