Sustainability- Light design

DESIGN FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SUSTAINABILITY ANVI MATHUR PD (L-2)

oStudent Name

: Anvi Mathur

oCourse

: B.A. (Hons.) Product Design

oCohort

: 2015 – 2019

oModule Name

: Design and Social Responsibility

oModule Credit

: 30

oModule Leader

: Pranay Mangrati

oModule Tutor

: Pranay Mangrati

oModule Duration

: 2 weeks

oAssignment

: Sustainability

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, Anvi Mathur of UG -PD:2015 -19 would like to thank our course leader Pranay Mangrati and module tutor Srishti Bajaj for guiding and supporting us through this module.

I, would also like to acknowledge friends ,family and the labour who helped me throughout the process of the project.

At last I would like to acknowledge Tejasvi and Rupali from Green the Map, Swechha for providing me with the brief and all the details about the organisation.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY? o“Sustainability� is the study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance.

oSustainability is the interaction of three elements of a business- The environment in which the business takes place, the People that make up the business and its neighbours and customers, and the Economy that makes a business profitable.

IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABILITY oThe three issues due to which sustainability is necessary: oFossil fuel depletion oClimate change due to Co2 emissions oIncreasing costs of energy and water Since the industrial revolution, the world’s industrialized nations have been founded on access to “cheap” fossil fuel energy. It is known that fossil fuels are a finite resource, and it’s alarming that demand for fossil fuels continues to increase. As other nations become more industrialized, the global demand and price of fossil fuels will further increase, as will emissions of CO2. There are also steady increases in the prices of energy from other sources, and in turn, the cost of fresh water. This is placing an increasing burden on economies worldwide, as well as the costs that an average homeowner faces.

PROJECT BRIEF oProject : Reduce, Reuse, Recycle oTo design a "product or a collection" on the concept of sustainability, based on "Reduce, Reuse & Recycle" design methodology. Primary criteria includes the materials used, process in which the product has been manufactured. Using the 3 R's Methodology, student can come up with the idea to minimize the volume of waste generated.

oTo identify an organisation who works on the model of sustainability, study about them and obtain a brief from them in order to design a product or collection of products for them.

INDIA’S LARGEST FAIR -TRADE UPCYCLING COMPANY

PROFILE oGreen the Map, formerly known as Green the Gap is India's largest Delhi-based fair trade, upcycling organization and an arm of Swechha, one of India's most reputed environmental groups oGreen the Map has become one of the leading “upcycling� organisation of India. It is engaged in creating livelihood for many migrant workers and women from different regions of the country. It is also promoting the process of saving the environment by controlling some of the urban wastes. The organisation stresses upon the philosophy of sustainable consumption and production for urban consumers through fair trade.

oTARGET GROUP FOR WORKERS People from underprivileged backgrounds, Youth and civil society

oTARGET GROUP FOR BUYERS People from High end, upper class, higher income group

MODE OF SUSTAINABILITY: UPCYCLING oUp cycling is the process of converting old or discarded materials into something useful and often beautiful o Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original

BENEFITS OF UPCYCLING oMinimising landfill. oLess greenhouse emissions. oCleaner waterways. oNo need to produce new materials. oAn opportunity for people to break free from poverty.

HISTORY oThe journey of Green the Map started in the year 2009 and they have been extracting the best out of waste since. oVimlendu Jha, the founder of Green the Map, discovered the massive issue of urban waste and its blind disposal in the overflowing landfills of Delhi, while shooting for a documentary namely DISPOSABLE. Although there are people in the society who are doing a commendable job of sorting the wastes, yet they are neither recognised nor awarded. These are the rag pickers and waste collectors, doing a disrespectful job according to the society. The numerous tetra packs, chips packets, milk packets and cans that we dispose off everyday without a second thought actually ends up polluting not just the air, water and land but also the lives of these people and communities. oSo the question- “Could there be more to waste than just the landfill?’ led to the beginning of Green-ing the Map.

Picture credits: Youtube

PHILOSOPHY

Picture credits: Facebook, GTM

Picture credits: Facebook, GTM

GOODS AND SERVICES oIt is fair trade organization that specialises in high quality, contemporary, designer products that are eco friendly and of impeccable quality. oKey Activities: Procurement and processing of waste, Upcycling of waste , awareness workshops in schools, colleges and corporate houses, customer outreach through physical stores and e-commerce oOur products are retailed around the world through some of the best stores and e-commerce portals.

PRODUCT RANGE oAccessories i.

Bags: Totes, Sling bags, Laptop and iPad covers

oClothing

oStationery

ii.

Wallets, Clutches and Card Holders

i.

Tops

i.

Papers and Envelopes

iii.

Jewellery: Necklaces, Earrings, Bracelets, Jewellery sets

ii.

Lowers

ii.

iv.

Footwear: Shoes, Sandals

iii.

Dresses

Folders and Holders

v.

Travel Accessories: Pouches, Passport cases, Travel bags

iv.

Ethnic

iii.

Bookmarks and Cards

iv.

Diaries and Notepads

oHome DĂŠcor

oNatural

i.

Kitchen: Trays, Bowls, Coasters, Aprons, Drinkware

i.

Food

ii.

Living: Wall hangings, Cushion covers, clocks, fridge magnets, home furnishings

ii.

Cosmetics: Face, Body, Hair Care

iii.

Lights: Candles, candle stands, lamps

oPet Wear

iv.

Pots and Planters

i.

Dog collar

ii.

Dog Leash

oGifting

i.

Gifts by Occasion

ii.

Corporate gifts

Picture credits: Facebook, GTM

ORGANISATIONAL STRENGTH oProvide full time jobs to people from disadvantaged backgrounds. Increase in employments means increase in sales oVocational training is provided to workers oEnsure full transparency and accountability to employees, stakeholders and customers oEmployees are able to make suggestions and voice their opinions on working practices and decision-making oFair trading practices: Providing payment on right time to the following people: ✓Providers of raw materials at time of purchase ✓Employees (wages/ advances if required) ✓Portion of profits to fund Swechha oQuality testing of products before being sold oReplace or reimburse any faulty goods reported by customers promptly oNo child labour or forced labour oProvide enough space and decent facilities for workers on premises. Comply with national laws and ILO conventions for health and safety. Provide a long-term legal contract to all employees. o Uphold the principles of non-discrimination, gender equality and freedom of association oUse waste materials as much as possible to create beautiful, useful products

o

MATERIALS USED oThe products are mostly made of upcycled rather than recycled waste like oTyre tube oTetra pack oJuice cartons oMilk packets oBeer cans oChips packets

oThey use almost everything that has been thrown away to give it a new life in the form of accessories, stationary and items of home dĂŠcor.

PROCESS FOLLOWED

Wastes are segregated by the rag pickers Waste is collected by Rag pickers and waste collectors from Govindpuri, Seelampur and Sadar Bazaar in Old Delhi or landfills of Delhi

Materials that can be upcycled are collected and cleaned with water and detergents.

Then pieces are cut as per design made by designated designers

Material travels through the hands of their magical ‘karigars’ in Khirkee Extension to reincarnate as bags, wallets and so on

Upcycled products are ready to be sold to urban customers

OUTREACH AND IMPACT oReached out to more than 1,00,000 people directly as consumers, and indirectly through the media. oGreen The Map is a consortium of more than twenty other environment friendly social enterprises, thus generating livelihood for at least 200 other producers who belong to disadvantaged communities.

oGreen The Map’s products have been endorsed by organizations such as British Council, The American Centre, UNDP, VSO, CAG and TERI oGreen the Map has partnered with prominent organisations such as Pinkathon and Indigo Airlines to upcycle their waste

o Creating employment for people from marginalized sections of society, by engaging them in production, sales and other operational aspects of GTM. o Not let gender, disabilities, HIV status, race, caste or age be a barrier to recruiting an individual o Use no child labour or forced labour o Ensure transparency and accountability to Employees, stakeholders and customers

ECONOMIC

o Prevention of overflowing landfills. o Use waste materials as much as possible to create beautiful, useful products. o Limit usage of new materials to an absolute minimum, only using them when they add extra function or lifespan to a product. o Use recycled materials for packaging at all times. o Promote environmental protection ,marketing materials by word of mouth. o Keep animals in consideration

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENT

SUSTAINABLE MODEL: Three Pillars o Making upcycling products and selling them to urban customers to earn profits. o Providing payment on right time to the following people: o Providers of raw materials at time of purchase o Employees (wages/ advances if required) o Portion of profits to fund Swechha

WE P R O V I D E S E R V I C E S T O C O N V E R T WA S T E T O WE A L T H

PROFILE o“We are not Environmentalist - We are Earth Warriors.. "Save Paper - Save Trees - Save Earth” oKeeping the mission of “One step towards Waste to Wealth” through “Waste Recycling”, Green-O-Tech India™ provides unique service models for recycling paper, plastic, metal and wooden wastes. Introduced in 2010 by Prashant Rana, Green-O-Tech India™ customizes green solutions for its green initiators and represents them as “Earth Warrior”. oGreen-O-Tech India has more than 150 plus satisfied and valuable clients in India who are supporting this Green Initiative for saving Mother Earth. oGreen-O-Tech India is a team of professionals who has received many appreciations at different levels from our clients for their dedication and quality services which reflects in our earnings of “Goodwill” & “Satisfied Customers”.

MODE OF SUSTAINIBILITY: RECYCLING oRecycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products.

BENEFITS OF RECYCLING oReduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and combustion facilities. oConserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals. oPrevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials. oSaves energy. oReduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change. oHelps sustain the environment for future generations. oHelps create new well-paying jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries in the united states.

GOODS AND SERVICES oIn last Four years Green-O-Tech India™ had get recycled thousands of tons Waste Paper, Waste Plastic, Waste Metals and Wooden. As per our service model Green-O-Tech India™ had planted more than thousand of trees for its valuable clients for their Green Initiative “Waste Recycling”.

Picture credits: greenotechindia

PRODUCT RANGE oAs per our service model we collect waste paper and get it recycled into daily uses stationery products like Files, Note Pads, Note Books, Dairies, Paper Pens, Paper Pencils etc. and we offer this stationery free of cost to our clients along with that Recycling of every 100 Kg waste paper we will plant a TREE for our clients free of cost for their Green Initiative.

Eco office stationery

School stationery (EcoKids)

Picture credits: greenotechindia

OBJECTIVES

Picture credits: greenotechindia

ORGANISATIONAL STRENGTH They always thrive to produce new ideas that help them in their recycling process.

Picture credits: greenotechindia

•They deploy their team at client site for organize the scrap yard, timely pickups of waste metals and get recycled the same.

Recycling of following waste Metals are done: i.Steel Scrap ii.Iron Scrap iii.Aluminium Scrap iv.Copper Scrap •Recycling 1 Tone of Waste Steel, We saves 1.2 tons of Iron Ore 0.7 tons of Coal 0.5 tons of Limestone •Recycling 1 Tone of Waste Aluminium, We saves 8 tons of Bauxite ore 14 megawatt hours of electricity •Reduction in CO2 emissions58% for iron and steel scrap 92% for aluminium scrap 65% for copper scrap

WOOD RECYCLING

•In this Green-O-Tech provide services to corporate & manufacturing Industry for recycling their waste plastic in to reusable plastic products.

•Impact: i.Saving Oil ii.Approx. 3.8 barrels of petroleum saved on every one tonne of plastic bottles. iii.Reduction of Gas emissions in the manufacturing of virgin materials. iv.Recycling 1 ton of plastic saves 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space. v.Environmentally friendly source of materials for the manufacture of new products. vi.Every one ton of recycled plastic bottles saves the equivalent of 2 people’s energy use for 1 year.

METAL RECYCLING

•Green-O-Tech India™ collecting waste paper from its clients and get recycled the same into daily uses stationery products like , Note Pads, Note Books, Dairies, Paper Pens, Paper Pencils etc.. We offered free stationery against the waste paper which our clients recycled through us.

• To appreciate clients for their Green Initiative we plant a Tree on every 100 Kg waste paper free of cost

PLASTIC RECYCLING

PAPER RECYCLING

MATERIALS RECYCLED •In last 4 years they have recycled thousand of ton waste wooden for its clients.

•Impact : i.Save green forests and provide habitat for wildlife, Trees improve air and water quality. ii.100 trees remove up to five tons of CO2, Per year one Tree can soak up 48 pounds of carbon dioxide. iii.One Tree can provide full day oxygen for up to 4 people. It takes 16 trees to generate enough Oxygen for One human life. iv.In a year One Tree reduces pollution, as equal to a Car produce on running of every 3200 km. v.One Tree reduced pollution in a year, as equal to an Aeroplane produce on every 2000 km.

PROCESS FOLLOWED

Picture credits: greenotechindia

REMODIFIED BRIEF oTo design a Product/Range of products for the category: Corporate gifting space and Conference Solutions, using discarded materials like- Tyre tubes, Tetra packs, Cans and PET bottles.

WHAT IS CORPORATE GIFTING Corporate gift giving is a form of marketing, branding, customer service, and employee recognition that is time honoured and can certainly help to create loyalty. oUnlike promotional items, corporate gifts are high quality items which display the appreciation and concern of the organisation towards its clients and employees. The type of corporate gift that the organisation gifts depends on the relationship that the two bodies have. Generally, the more business that a firm gives the company the higher the quality gift that the company gives to them in return. oIt is preferable if corporate gifts are expensive and valuable so as to give a good impression on the company.

The gift should be related somehow to the company and its customer, to underline the relationship between the two entities.

MATERIAL STUDY

TYRE TUBES oTire is a strong yet flexible rubber casing secured to the rim of a wheel. Tires provide a strong gripping surface for friction and act as a cushion for the wheels of a vehicle while moving. Tires are found in automobiles, trucks, buses, motor cycles, bicycles and in common conveyances such as carriages, shopping carts, wheel chairs.

An inner tube is a doughnut shaped “bladder” that goes inside a tyre to contain the air pressure. The air pressure inside this bladder creates an “air spring” that has some very advantageous properties for use in a pneumatic tyre.

WHY UPCYCLE TYRE TUBE Tyres are being scrapped at the rate of 1.1tyre/person/year leading to over 300 million tyres being scrapped every year. Landfills are overflowing and becoming more insufficient as tyres do not biodegrade and have an enormous negative space.

Tyres portray serious environmental hazards, mainly due their chemical makeup. The toxins that are released from the decomposition of tyre, incineration or accidental fires can pollute the air, water and soil.

Fires caused by tyres are more difficult to be controlled and extinguished. This is due to the fact that: (1) tires, in general, have more heat energy by weight than does coal (37,600 kJ/kg vs. 27,200 kJ/kg)31; and (2) there is a 75% void space present in a whole waste tire, which makes it difficult to either quench the fire with water or cut off the oxygen supply.

The toxic chemicals and particulate matter, in addition, are harmful for human health also as it can worsen existing respiratory conditions.

Waste tyres can collect water and act as a breeding ground for mosquitoes, rodents and other pests. This can increase the risk for vector borne diseases such as encephalitis, malaria, etc.

WHERE ALL CAN WASTE TYRE TUBE BE FOUND oLandfills oRag pickers oAutomobile repair shops oTyre repair shops oWaste collectors oScrap dealers oDealers of old vehicles

PRODUCTS MADE BY GREEN THE MAP FROM WASTE TYRE TUBES

BAGPACK MRP- Rs 2000

HAND BAG MRP- Rs 1609

CARD HOLDER MRP- Rs 400

COSMETIC POUCH MRP- Rs 600

STATIONERY CASE MRP- Rs 400

SLING BAG MRP- Rs 1609

IPAD SLEEVE MRP- Rs 1000

NOTEPADS MRP- Rs 780

CLUTCH MRP- Rs 930 Picture credits: GreentheMap

PROPOSED MATERIAL TO UPCYCLE: METAL RODS o

Wire rod is a hot rolled intermediate steel product produced from a semi normally a billet and having a circular, rectangular or other cross-section that is typically produced in nominal diameters of 5 mm to 20 mm in irregularly wound coils, primarily for subsequent drawing and finishing by wire drawing units.

o

The range of materials in which wire rods are produced, comprises low to high carbon steels, cold heading steels, wire drawing steels, alloy steels, spring steels, ball bearing steels, electrode quality steels, reinforcement bars, tool steels and stainless steels.

o

Wire rods are categorized by the ‘quality’ according to end use. Industrial quality wire rods which are made from low carbon or mild steels, account for majority of wire rods production and consumption.

o

These wire rods are primarily intended for drawing into industrial quality wire which, in turn, used for the manufacture of such products as garment hangers, wire mesh, barbed wire, nails, and fencing etc.

WHY UPCYCLE METAL RODS oThe metal wastes from the landfills go for smelting, which has a negative impact on the environment. oCauses pollution: When smelting takes place, stag is produced which is emitted into the air which causes pollution. oCreates Acid Rain: The smelting of sulphide ores (such as Lead (II) Sulphide) produces sulphur dioxide gas and is emitted into the atmosphere. The SO2 gas reacts with the atmosphere and a sulfuric acid mist is formed which later falls as acid rain. This causes rise in acidity in lakes and soil wherein various vegetation, fish and wildlife population reside. In the long run, these populations are negatively affected. oSmelting operations and smelters cause serious health risks. People tend to breathe the harmful emissions due to which their blood can get poisonous, leading to life impairment.

Picture credits: ExportsIndia

WHERE ALL CAN WASTE METAL RODS BE FOUND oScrapyard oJunkyard oBreaker's yard oRag pickers oLandfills oMachinery industry oFraming industry

oConstruction sites

FABRICS DENIM

LEATHER

INDIGO SEAT COVERS

DENIM oIt is a Strong, Durable fabric made of tightly rugged woven twill in which indigo threads are woven lengthwise and white threads are woven across the width. oNegative Impact of Denim Waste:

i.

Since cotton is needed for making denim, the rivers are altered to irrigate the field.

ii.

The soils become salty since the water leaves salt behind after evaporating and due to the fertilizers.

oWhere are Denim Wastes found: i.

Jeans industry

ii.

Clothing & Accessories

iii.

Shoe makers

iv.

Bag makers

LEATHER oLeather is made from animal skins. Cattle and sheep are the major source of hides and skins for leather, pig and goat skins play a less important role. Properties of leather are:

oWhere are Denim Wastes found: i.

Tannery

i.

High tensile strength

ii.

Clothing & Accessories

ii.

Resistance to tear

iii.

Shoe makers

iii.

High resistance to flexing, to puncture, chemical attack, fungi, wat & dry abrasion, fire

iv.

Bag makers

iv.

Good heat insulation

v.

Furniture

v.

Leather contains a great deal of air, which is a poor conductor of heat. This is an important comfort consideration.

vi.

Upholstery and curtain industry

vii.

Watch makers

viii.

Book Covers

ix.

Automobile Industry

vi.

Permeability to water vapour

vii. viii.

Easily mouldable Leather is warm in winter and cool in summer.

INDIGO SEAT COVER oThey are made of carbon fibre. Carbon Fibre, is made of carbon crystals aligned in a long axis. These honeycomb shaped crystals organize themselves in long flattened ribbons. This crystal alignment makes the ribbon strong in the long axis. In turn these ribbons align themselves within fibres. The fibre shape is the original shape of the material (its precursor) used to produce the Carbon Fibre. These fibres (containing flat ribbons of carbon crystals) in turn are bundled by the manufacturer in thicker fibres and are woven into carbon cloth, made into felt, twisted or bundled without twisting. This is referred to as Roving. Carbon fibre is also offered as chopped strands and powder.

It’s properties are: oHigh Strength to weight ratio

oHigh Thermal Conductivity in some forms

oRigidity

oLow coefficient of thermal expansion

oCorrosion resistance

oNon poisonous

oElectrical Conductivity

oSelf Lubricating

oFatigue Resistance

oExcellent EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) Shielding Property

oGood tensile strength but Brittle

oRelatively Expensive

oFire Resistance/Not flammable

oRequires specialized experience and equipment to use.

CARBON FIBRE oHarmful Effects of Carbon fibre: oAlthough Carbon fibre is strong and a light composite material, but it is combined with plastic polymer resin and since while manufacturing, the sheets are laid hand by hand, a lot of material is wasted.

oBy the time they’ve been trimmed to size, almost a third of these carbon fibre sheets end up on factory floors.

Where the material does make it into products, most of it will ultimately end up in landfill. oWhen carbon fibres are thrown away, they can easily be broken by stretching (by less than 2% elongation); the fibres can easily become a fine dust during cutting, machining or mechanical finishing and can then be released into the surrounding atmosphere. These micro fibres if uncontrolled have a potential to stick into human skin or the mucous membranes causing irritation. oThe solvents used to treat carbon fibre are also very harmful. Many of the solvents used in advanced composite processes are volatile, flammable and irritating to skin and eyes. oWhere are wastes found: Indigo Flights Seat Covers

MATERIAL BOARD (For final product)

Picture credits: Self clicked

CONCEPTS

Liquor Bottle Covers

Vases

Wall Hangings

Lamp Shades

Lights

MOCK UPS

Picture credits: Self clicked

FINAL CONCEPT

This is a hanging ceiling light that can be used as a corporate gifting item. It will be made of waste metal rods and old tyre tubes. The dimensions of the light are 16*13*18�. The colour will mainly be Aqua, but it can also be made in different colours as per the preferences of the organisation.

If not a ceiling light, it can be used as a floor lap as well.

Picture credits: Self clicked

PROCESS OF MAKING PRODUCT

Collect old 6mm metal rods from landfills or construction sites

Twist the tyre tube strip and wrap it around the metal round with glue

Wash the tyre tube strips with water and detergent to remove dirt and smell

Get the metal rod bent in 3 ellipses of 16*3� using a hammer and dye

Cut thin strips od tyre tube

Weld all the parts together

Collect old tyre tubes from mechanics and landfills

Sand off the rusting and irregularities

Paint the frame Aqua colour

The frame is ready!

Apply primer on the frame

Picture credits: Self clicked

FINAL PRODUCT

“A LIGHT FOR LIGHTING UP YOUR LIVES SUSTAINABLY” Picture credits: Self clicked

COLOUR THEORY oWHY AQUA COLOUR? oColour Of the year oIt is a colour that claims a variety of hues between green and blue. Aqua is closely associated with the colour of water, ocean, clear lakes or even swimming pools. Thus, it is completely refreshing, rejuvenating and relaxing. oIn a light space, it can serve as a fresh pop of colour. Paired with lighting, it can provide a charming effect that’s both soothing and invigorating. The colour looks very welcoming. oAqua accent brings out an energetic vibe. Combination of Aqua with deep colours provides harmony and plenty of visual appeal.

oThe benefit of aqua next to a light source gives the representation of nature (sun and sea).

ITERATED FINAL CONCEPT (RENDERED VIEWS) Aluminium Detachable Chain

Metal Rod frame Inner Metal Rod frame Pendant LED Bulb Tyre tube twisted strips

3D MODEL (VIEWS)

Top view

Front view

Side view

Perspective view

Model created on Rhino

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

All measurements in mm

ITERATED FINAL PRODUCT

COSTING STRUCTURE PROTOTYPING EXPENSES (Per piece)

END PRODUCT (100 pieces)

MATERIAL

Qty

COST

oMetal Rod oTyre Tube oMetal Chain oElectricals oLabour: oCarriage:

3 2 1

₹200 ₹20 ₹300 ₹400 ₹700 ₹200

TOTAL:

oManufacturing cost: ₹600 per piece oFor 100 pieces: ₹600*100 = ₹60,000

₹1820

SELLING PRICE o o

Manufacturing cost: Rs 600 Profit: Rs 600

Total Cost: Rs 1200

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o Nihgov. 2017. PubMed Central (PMC). [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569063/ o Wikipediaorg. 2017. Wikipediaorg. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap o Exportersindiacom. 2017. Exportersindiacom. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://img1.exportersindia.com/product_images/bc-full/dir_69/2069432/metal-waste-600496.jpg

o Weeblycom. 2017. Weeblycom. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: http://siddikabasemetalsmelting.weebly.com/impacts-ofsmelting.html o Heddelscom. 2017. Heddels. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://www.heddels.com/ o Muirheadcouk. 2017. Muirheadcouk. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: http://www.muirhead.co.uk/OurLeather/LeatherProperties.aspx o Leatherpanelorg. 2017. Leather Panel. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://leatherpanel.org/publications-categories/solidwastes o Monashedu. 2017. Monashedu. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: https://www.monash.edu/ohs/info-docs/safetytopics/chemical-management/carbon-fibre-composites-ohs-information-sheet o Sustainablehousingfoundationorg. 2017. Sustainablehousingfoundationorg. [Online]. [7 September 2017]. Available from: http://sustainablehousingfoundation.org/about-shf/why-is-sustainability-important/ o Ezinearticlescom. 2017. Ezinearticlescom. [Online]. [12 September 2017]. Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Corporate-Gifts---ADefinition o Articlesfactorycom. 2017. Articlesfactorycom. [Online]. [12 September 2017]. Available from: http://www.articlesfactory.com/articles/management/what-is-the-purpose-of-corporate-gifts.html