Impact of Colours on Human Psychology

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS, GREATER NOIDA AFFILATED TO – GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI

IMPACT OF COLOURS IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY: ANURAG NAYAL 08318001618 SUBMITTED TO: AR. TANYA GUPTA DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

Submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirement for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE Batch- 2018-2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Research Paper presented here would not have been possible without the guidance & support of Ar. Tanya Gupta, HOD, School of Architecture for extending her support & valuable guidance whenever wherever required, Guide and mentor Ar. Tanya Gupta for her relentless pursuit of high academic standards, the can-do attitude & imbibing professional ethics have helped this project meet high academic standards & professional working. My parents who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do. And also my friends Sachin Bisht, Hrishita Nayal and colleagues who were always around to help me.

Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.

Anurag Nayal Student (2018-23) Batch

Date: ____________

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the Research Paper (AP406), titled IMPACT OF COLOURS IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHIECTURE submitted in the School of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from January-May 2022 under the supervision of AR. TANYA GUPTA. The matter embodied in this thesis report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.

Place: Greater Noida (Student’s Signature) Anurag Nayal Batch: 2018-23 Date________

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CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTIBILITY COMPLETION OF RESEARCH WORK

Registered with Ar. Tanya Gupta Degree followed - Bachelor of Architecture

I hereby certify that Mr. Anurag Nayal Enrollment no. 08318001618 is a registered student of the Institute has completed her B. Arch Research Paper in accordance with the requirements as laid down by the department& as per GGIPU syllabus.

The work is acceptable for examination.

Title of Research Paper IMPACT OF COLOURS IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY

Signature of Internal Guide (Ar. Tanya Gupta) Designation- Professor

Signature of Research Paper Coordinator (Ar. Charu Jain & Ar. Nidhi Sachdeva)

Signature of HOD (Ar. Tanya Gupta)

Date: ________

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1 PRELUDE/PREAMBLE 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Need of Study 1.3. Aim 1.4. Objectives 1.5. Objective Matrix 1.6. Methodology 1.7. Methodology Matrix 1.8. Scope of Study 1.9. Limitations 1.10.

Hypothesis Chapter 2 LITERATURES 2.1. Colours 2.1.1. Hue 2.1.2. Brightness/ Value 2.1.3. Saturation 2.2. Human Perception of Colours 2.3. The Psychological Effect of Colour perception in Built Environment 2.3.1. Working Space 2.3.2. Educational Space 2.3.3. Living Space 2.4. Architect and their Perception of Colours 2.5. Role of Colours in Architecture: Visual and Psychological Effect 2.6. Colours in Building Space 2.6.1. Colour and Texture 2.6.2. Colour and Light 2.7. Colour Application Technique 2.7.1. Figural use of Colour 2.7.2. Elemental use of Colour 2.7.3. Material Colour and Painting 2.7.4. Tectonic use of Colour 2.7.5. Monochromatic use of Colour 2.8. Colour and Architecture in Education 2.9. Cultural Aspect 2.9.1. A comparison of the significance of colours in several regions v

2.10. Colour as Human Need 2.11. Effect of Colours on Learning in Schools 2.11.1. School Children and School 2.11.2. Usage of Colours in School 2.11.2.1. Pre-School 2.11.2.2. Primary School 2.11.2.3. Elementary School 2.12. Effect of Colour in Children Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES 3.1. Case Study Matrix 3.2. Thompson Elementary School 3.2.1. Justification 3.2.2. Introduction 3.2.3. Project Overview 3.2.4. Sustainable Design 3.2.5. Exterior 3.2.6. Interior 3.3. Nanyang Primary School 3.3.1. Justification 3.3.2. Introduction 3.3.3. Concept 3.3.4. Façade 3.3.5. Exterior 3.3.6. Interior 3.3.7. Design 3.4. Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School 3.4.1. Justification 3.4.2. Introduction 3.4.3. Concept 3.4.4. Façade 3.4.5. Exterior 3.4.6. Interior 3.4.7. Design 3.5 Comparison Chapter 4 CONCLUSIONS

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Table of Illustration

Figure 1: Colour Wheel Figure 2: Colour names to certain zones on the colour spectrum Figure 3: Showing the value of colour by adding black & white to it .

Figure 4: Image showing primary hues which are matched with their values Figure 5: Various Colour Combination and how our brain reacts to it Figure 6: Visual Impact of colours in human life Figure 7: Green colour help in maintaining happiness, harmony and Peace in the work Environment.

Figure 8: Bright and Vibrant colours are used in classrooms so as to keep children energetic.

Figure 9: Minimal and monotonous colours are usually used in living spaces Figure 10: High Court, Chandigarh (Le Corbusier) (1951-1957) Figure 11: Spring Garden St. (Philadelphia), Bright playful colours makes it stand out from rest of the Surrounding skyline.

Figure 12: Colour +Texture add up the value to the building and gives a long lasting visually impact.

Figure 13: Chungha Building, bubble- gum pink and pink is used as to create a lively and calming environment.

Figure 14: Figural use of colour, creating a geometrical motif on the surface.

Figure 15: Elemental use of colours Figure 16: Vibrant colours can be used in overall development of child Figure 17: Different Cultural aspect of various countries Figure 18: Bright and vibrant colours so as to capture their attention.

Figure 19: Warm colours to boost up their energy.

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Figure 20: Colours which give comfort to eyes are used in elementary school for more focus and attention.

Figure 21: Thompson Elementary School, Arlington, Massachusetts Figure 22: Thompson Elementary School, picture taken by Ed Wonsek Figure 23: Exterior of Thompson Elementary School, picture taken by Ed Wonsek Figure 24: Interior of Thompson Elementary School which shows different colour to improve the concentration and making students more active.

Figure 25: Interior of Thompson Elementary School which shows different colour to improve the concentration and making students more active.

Figure 26: Interior of Thompson Elementary School, Orange and blue colour helps in improving concentration Figure 27: The structure is angled away from nearby residential streets.

Figure 28: The colour Scheme is articulated around the large internal valley.

Figure 29: A lot Greenery has been included throughout the design.

Figure 30: Overhead walkways link the parallel wings of the structure.

Figure 31: Corridors with white and grey paint, which is in contrast of colourful exterior Figure 32: Main entrance of the school.

Figure 33: Climate-protected with a shed in play area.

Figure 34: Pedestrian entrance of the school. Vibrant colour like yellow and green has been used which brings vibrancy and calmness among children.

Figure 35: Colourful and interactive playing area and equipment, design to cater the importance of learning with colour and patterns Figure 36: colour coordinate as per psychology.

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IMPACT OF COLOURS IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 1 PRELUDE/PREAMBLE

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1.1. Introduction Since the beginning of time, colour has played a major role in human psychology. From the colours of the basic elements; reds, greens, browns, blues, yellows and whites to the golds and silvers of metals, life on earth is driven by colour and its impact and differentiation in the human mind.

Mankind is the most complex creation of the supreme force and the human mind has been the driving source of growth with time. Colour, as we all are aware, is the basis of differentiation of the visual senses, only coming second to shape and form. Colour affects the human psychology in both visual and non-visual forms as proven by various researches. Tim Porter writes, that colour is a derivation from associations found in nature. He states, that colour, when applied, becomes its own hue with the time passing by and the importance that it reflects on the built environment. Through time, colour has affected the thinking of many scholars in their respective studies.

Gothe, Goldstein etc. have devised theories on the impact of colour on the minds of mankind; as a dominating force in the aspects of human life.

Figure1: Colour Wheel Source: https://saratogaqualityhardware.com/ 2020/12/benjamin-moore-color-atquality-hardware/

It has been proved at a biological level that colour deeply affects the mechanism of the human eye. The activities of the eyes muscles, lenses and pupils are driven by the differentiation of the colours in the environment. Colours evoke multiple senses of the human body and mind. For example, the colour white is proven to evoke a sense of peace and calmness and is hence used variably in order to induce a sense of serenity in one’s surroundings. Similarly, the colour red is associated with both rage and intimacy and thus can evoke two very different kinds of abstraction, depending on how it is being portrayed.

Colours provide a sense of visual harmony and aesthetic appeal in the environment and build a specific vibe around it. The use of colour in architecture is a highly significant topic for colour provides a basis for both creativity and creation.

This synopsis provides an insight into the significance of colour and its impingement on the human mind.

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1.2 Need of Study   

1.3

Colour is the basic aspect for differentiation in the visual senses. The human eye determines colour very precisely and thus, it contributes majorly in architecture and creation.

It provides maximum aesthetic value to objects and environment. The visual appearance of any entity depends on its colour, shape and form, which determine the function and value of that particular entity.

The vibe and aura of any surrounding is specifically created with the use of colour used. Time and again, researches have proved that the impact of colour on the psychology, emotion and mental state of all humans. This is a major reason why before the construction of any building or a particular room designed for a particular purpose, the colour schemes are chosen very carefully and meticulously.

Aim

The role of colours in architecture in mental and psychological development of a person.

The aim study is to study the psychological effects of colours in the fields of architecture; colours have many effects on the humans since anyone visiting diverse range of colours, feels unique and different in his consigns. And to understand the importance of colour in human life, and how it is related and important to many vital activities of the human being.

1.4     

Objectives To study and analyse the significance of colours in human psychology.

To study the impact of colours on the human mind, their nature and environment.

To understand the effect of colour on a built surrounding and how one individual reacts to it.

To study the aspect of colour schemes on the emotions and mental stature of human beings.

Comparison between meanings of colours in different cultures.

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1.5. Objective Matrix

LITERATURE

Human Colour Perception

Architect Perception of colour

Visual and Psychological effect of Colours

Colours in Build Space

OBJECTIVE

CASE STUDY

To study and analyse the significance of colours in human psychology Thompson Elementary School To study the impact of colours in children minds, their nature and environment.

Nanyang Primary School To understand the effect of colours on a built surrounding and how one reacts to it Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School

Colours in School

Effect of Colours on Children

To study the aspects of colour schemes on the mental and emotional stature of children

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1.6 Methodology      

 

To read various research papers dealing with concerned topic provide in-depth information on the topic.

To study and understand the theory of colours.

To understand the role and effects colours in human psychology and human perception of colours.

To deduce inferences based on literature studies dealing with the use of colours in human psychology.

To understand how children reacts to colour in educational environment.

The electromagnetic spectrum includes colour. It's a type of energy that has a wavelength and a frequency. Children are affected by colour. The influence of colour psychology on a child's learning abilities and behaviour is a well-studied topic.

Recognizing the Colour which gives visual and psychological impact on human minds.

Cultural aspects of Colours.

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1.7 Methodology Matrix Observation

Understanding the need of the Study

Selection of Topic

Formulation of Hypothesis

Finalisation of Aim and Objectives

Restriction of Scope and area of research

Identifying Limitation

Design of Methodology

Data Collection

Primary data

Secondary Data

Case Studies

Literature

Justification of Scope

Conclusion

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1.8 Scope of Study     

1.9

To study and understand the use of colour.

To learn about the perception of colour by the human mind.

To understand the effect of colour on one’s mental well-being.

To learn about the role played by colour in urban public space.

To understand the different perceptions of space affected by the use of colour.

Limitations



This case study data will be limited to online data due to exotic distant location in India.



Study will be based on primary and secondary sources of information and may have limitations regarding accuracy.



Theorising to data has focused primarily on main effects [human psychology, with only a bit of attention allocated to the low-key responses].

1.10 Hypothesis The importance of colours in architectural space plays an important role in mental and psychological development of a person. 

Developing spaces with colour concept theme, to enhance the human development.



Adding colour texture feature will enrich the quality of the space by making it more visually attracting.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1. Colour Have you ever given a deep thought about COLOUR? From the moment we wakeup to the moment we lie in bed, exhausted, and finally sleep, we are surrounded from colours. The way we subconsciously witness it, in its different shades and tones and how we can feel more disturb or relaxed depending on the colours around us.

You probably haven’t, as these slight changes generally happen in our subconscious, and maybe now you’re actually thinking about it.

But, what is COLOUR? It can be defined as “A specific visual sensation produced by visual radiation, or colour stimulus that occurs when light from a natural or artificial sources interrupted by an object or a dust particle.”

Three main components of Colour are: Hue, Brightness and Saturation. Each of them can be measured individually and is recognized as colour dimension.

2.1.1. Hue A colour’s hue is a chromatic characteristic that distinguishes one colour from another, for example, yellow from red, and blue from green (ref. figure 1). Due to the achromatic nature of grey and black, they are considered colour without hue.

Figure 2: Colour names to certain zones on the colour spectrum Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-visible-light-spectrum-2699036

2.1.2. Brightness/Value Lightness or darkness of a colour is determined by its Brightness or Value. We can distinguish darker colour from lighter colour ones by using it and can also create focal point or emphasize contrasts. “The higher or lighter the value of a surface colour is the more light it reflects and brighter it appears.” Each colour also has different shades, which Ruskin (1986) interprets them as „adding black to a colour reduces its brightness and generates a shade.‟

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‘A tint a hue lightened by Intermixing it with White’

‘A shade a hue darkened by Intermixing it with Black’ Figure 3: Showing the value of colour by adding black & white to it.

2.1.3. Saturation Saturation is also known as Chroma, is the intensity and strength of the hue.

Whenever the colour is fully saturated, it is considered to be its purest form. Strong and Weak colours can be identified with the help of saturation.

Value and saturation might be difficult to distinguish for people without a colour background or inexperienced colorist. Purity and Luminosity in colour needs to be understood. Luminosity is measure how bright or dark a hue is, this is also associated with value. When viewing a bright colour, a large amount of light is reflected back to the eye.

Figure 4: Image showing primary hues which are matched with their values Source: https://www.hgtv.com/design/decorating/design-101/colorwheel-primer

2.2. Human Perception of Colours Exact perceptions and experimental investigations in the last eleven decades have revealed that human environment-response in the built environments is to an expanding rate in view of the sensory impression of colour. These investigations include controls from psychology of architecture, psychology of colour, psychology of neuron, visual ergonomic, psychosomatics, and so on. To put it succinctly, research confirms that the human sensitivity to colour is extreme - it affects us both cognitively and biologically.[1]

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Color is a physical recognition, and like any tactile discernment, it has typical, associated, synesthetic, and enthusiastic effects. Experimentation has shown that this basic logic is correct. Color ergonomics is divided into parts since the brain and body are one element.

Figure5: Various Colour Combination and how our brain reacts to it Source: https://blog.hunterlab.com /blog/colormeasurement/addressing -limits-human-colorperceptionspectrophotometers/

These segments are neuropsychological aspects, psychosomatic effects, visual ergonomic, and color's mental affects. These are design goals that require adherence to maintain human physiological and mental well-being inside their manmade surroundings. The colour designer/specified is responsible for understanding how the collection of visual incitement, its treatment, and evoked emotions, in concert with the hormonal framework, offer the greatest probable consequences for people's wellbeing. This is especially important in a variety of settings, for example, medical and psychiatric offices, workplaces, technological and manufacturing facilities, instructional offices, home for the aged, rehabilitative office buildings, and so on. Each has their own set of tasks and work areas inside themselves.[2]

2.3. The Physiological Effects of Human Colour Perception in Built Environments From Chris Grimley and Mimi Love's book 'Colour, Space, and Style,' where the writers give an overview of the designing process by establishing principles. Authors examine the application of contrast rules to interior space in one section of this source, offering contrast of hue, light – dark contrast, cold – warm contrast, complementary contrast, simultaneous contrast, contrast of saturation, and finally contrast of extension. Essentially, this article explains how different contrast kinds affect the indoor atmosphere (cold or warm), optical illusion, and colour harmony that harmonizes the area. As a result, because colour has a thermal property, it is more likely to influence the thermal comfort inside a built environment, affecting the user's physical-thermal condition.

"Different colours have different effects on the relative comfort of a room at different temperatures. In fact, a subjective change in physical temperature happens when spaces are painted in cold v/s warm colours."

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Figure6: Visual Impact of colours in human life Source: https://www.archdaily.com/895498/ the-role-of-color-in-architecturevisual-effects-and-psychologicalstimuli

2.3.1. Working spaces In her paper 'Colour and Visual Comfort,' author Rios Velasco conducts an experimental investigation of colour and its impact on occupants. In conclusion, the author completes three experimental researches. First, the effects of interior colour on productivity and mood, then the performance, mood, and preference of occupants in a red, white, and green workplace, and finally, the effects of nine monochromatic office interior colours on clerical task and worker mood. The first experiment revealed that individuals who shifted from blue to red offices made more errors than those who remained in the red and blue rooms throughout the experiment. Subjects who stayed in light-colored workplaces (white, beige, yellow, and grey) made more mistakes than those who stayed in dark-colored offices (red, blue, and green).

In addition, author Ainsworth (1989) investigates the impact of three controlled ambient hues on subject's work performance. The author discovered that participants in red hue work environments made more typing errors than those in white or blue-green hue environments.

Figure7: Green colour help in maintaining happiness, harmony and Peace in the work Environment.

Source: https://www.carsondesign.com/2016/08/5tips-tricks-using-color-social-workspaces/

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2.3.2. Educational spaces Another study, 'colour associations with diverse architectural styles: an experimental survey on American College Students,' looks at participants' colour associations in a variety of constructed environments. The red and yellow colours were the most popular among responders for educational areas, according to the authors. These colours were "...associated with an increased creation of ideas and activities, excellent for buildings that promote education," according to one study.

Figure8: Bright and Vibrant colours are used in classrooms so as to keep children energetic.

Source: https://www.incube.ltd.uk/2019-howcolour-in-your-school-can-affectlearning-and-stimulation

The colour yellow is also associated to intellect and intellectual expression, as well as boosting memory and encouraging the absorption of new concepts, according to the authors.

In their study "Colour Contribution to Children's Way finding in School Surroundings," authors Helvacioglu and Olgunturk (2011) found that "colour contributes to children's way finding in school environments." Investigate the impact of colour on children's recollection and usability in the circulation/route learning process. Colour has a substantial impact on children's visual perception in terms of learning and navigating in their surroundings, according to the authors. "...memorability is not strongly related to distinct hues of colour," the authors write. However, when it came to identifying correct locations, there was a considerable difference between colours and landmarks."

2.3.3. Living spaces Authors Yildirim, Hidayetoglu, and Capanoglu (2011) look into how different colours affect moods in a home. This experiment was carried out by displaying digital pictures of two living area (virtual space), with the spatial qualities remaining unchanged and only the colours changing to warm, cold, or achromatic.

Undergraduate students in the interior architecture department were chosen as participants. Students who took part in the experiment were given questions by the authors. According to the authors, achromatic colours elicited negative responses when compared to cool and warm colour schemes. Warm colours were perceived to have a high arousal, thrilling, and stimulating influence throughout the experiment, whereas cold colours were perceived to be expansive and peaceful. Furthermore, when spatial factors changed but colours kept the same, colour's positive and negative impact on subjects were identical, indicating that colour was the most important design element in addressing user happiness.[3]

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Figure9: Minimal and monotonous colours are usually used in living spaces Source: https://www.incube.ltd.uk/2019how-colour-in-your-school-canaffect-learning-and-stimulation

2.4. Architects and their Perception of Colours Le Corbusier (1887-1965) is regarded as one of the twentieth century's most notable architects. Le Corbusier's approach has had an impact on architectural planning and design right up to the current day. Colors were just as important to Le Corbusier as form or frame in his structures and designs.

Induced by the adjusted hues in the environment, Le Corbusier created his Tapestries Building with a view to both crisp and attractive colour determination.

Figure10: High Court, Chandigarh (Le Corbusier) (1951-1957) Source: https://thespaces.com/explorele-corbusiers-modernistmetropolis-chandigarh/

The extraordinary Swiss artist created this one-of-a-kind colour arrangement in two stages. The first assortment was released in 1931, followed by the second in 1959. It used 43 passive colours in 1931 and 20 vibrant colours in 1959. The colour combinations are based on rehashing a few key colours that Le Corbusier used to identify further colours. They are consistently inherently harmonious, can be ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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combined in astonishing ways, and have been a significant aftereffect of his expertise as an architect, designer, creator, and colour designer up to the present moment.

2.5. Role of Colours in Architecture: Visual and Psychological Effect Colors and its perceptions cause lots of new conscious and unconscious mind impulses in our Psycho-spatial interaction. It's indeed present in all areas, despite its existence and variances. Have you ever considered its significance in architecture?

Aside from the structural elements that comprise an architectural item, the use of colours on surfaces impacts the overall user experience of the area. "A colorful experience is formed by the subtleties of light diffused or reflected by a substance, commonly; the name colour is given to those hues that work as triggers in a Chroma sensation."

2.6. Colours in Building Space Given that an architectural work of art cannot exist without space, we should consider how architects describe space: "space is an emptiness that separates individuals from their environment and allows them to execute particular acts" (Hasol, 1990). Because colour is a component of architecture, colour design is an integral part of the design process. Colour is vital in bringing out the image of interior spaces by combining the colours used in the general interior design, accessories, and furniture to form the overall character. The focus has been on how brand space may enhance the aesthetic qualities of a building and its internal spaces, as well as how it might influence user performance, commercial brand trust, and consumer interest. When the brand space identity and colour properties are integrated, the result is a powerful technique to create an appealing image of the desired commercial space. Some researchers have already investigated the various meanings and symbolisms linked with colours in various civilizations around the world. According to the study, the colours green, white, and blue are popular in many countries and have identical meanings. Red and black were likewise given high marks, despite the fact that their cross-cultural meanings were sometimes considerably different. Colour distinctions were found to be more distinct in East Asian civilizations, whereas groups in the United States and Latin America made just medium amounts of colour distinctions. The findings also revealed that different colours had diverse meanings around the world. Many inherent colour qualities, such as like and significance, appear to be cross-cultural. [3]

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Figure11: Spring Garden St. (Philadelphia), Bright playful colours makes it stand out from rest of the Surrounding skyline.

Source: https://www.archdaily.c om/919801/a-pop-ofcolor-on-public-spaces

Colour is an expressive element in architectural design that can be used to highlight the building's character and create harmony and unity, or it can be used to charge or emphasize. Colour is perceived as differences in reflected light. When using an opaque colour on the walls, the result can appear dense or chalky. As the light in the room varies throughout the day and night, colours shift and evolve, and these colours appear different as the seasons change. The colours of buildings have an impact on how we perceive them. This is particularly significant in commercial and residential buildings. Colours in interiors have an impact on how we feel while living and working in them. We are all born with our own specific response to colour, which might be brilliant and comforting. They also have an aesthetic purpose, enhancing the announcement, impact, and identification of items and spaces. Overstimulation can cause variations in breathing rate, increased cardiac rate and blood pressure, increased muscle pressure, variable psychological responses, and probably exacerbated health impacts. Solid intensity of colour (highly saturated), colour harmonies that are excessively unpredictable or indistinguishable, contrasts that show themselves as excessively solid, and an excess of complex visual colour examples are all signs of an overstimulated environment. Colour is both strong and unique; everyone has their own colour palette. It has the potential to change how people react to their surroundings and to improve a calm or euphoric state of mind.

The mental ambiance or vibe that supports the capability of a room is greatly influenced by colour impression and the message it conveys.

2.6.1. Colour and Texture Colour and texture are strongly intertwined. They are both a component of the artist's subjective emotion, and they provide expressive meaning that affects the spectator's human feelings. The external image of the surfaces of the compositions and the various objects we inspect is represented as texture. Texture added to the surface as a textural cover will set it out from the rest of the composition's surfaces. Because every natural and manmade object has its unique texture, colour will be closely linked to texture. Since every matter, natural or artificial, has a colour, there is a physical reason for this.

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Figure12: Colour +Texture adds up the value to the building and gives a long lasting visually impact.

Source: https://www.xrite.com/blog/ why-color-control-isimportant-for-buildingmaterials

2.6.2. Colour and Light The effects of light can also cause changes in the colour of an object. This is a crucial aspect because it has the ability to alter any environment that contains colours. Coloured light effects can radically alter the environment. Depending on the time of day and the direction from which it originates, day light can be warm or cool.

Warm light tends to enhance warm colours while changing cool hues, and cool light tends to enhance cool colours while weakening warm hues. When light is tinted with a specific hue, it increases the colours of that hue while neutralizing the colours of a complementary hue. The amount of light utilized to highlight a colour can also change its value. A colour's value will darken and its hue will be neutralized as the amount of illumination is reduced. High levels of illumination, on either side, might make colours look less saturated or washed out.

Figure13: Chungha Building, bubble- gum pink and pink is used as to create a lively and calming environment.

Source: https://medium.com/studiotmd/theperception-of-color-in-architecturecf360676776c

2.7. Colour Application Techniques To know the use of colour on residential building facades, it is necessary to examine the formation of elements on those facades in terms of colour applications. A categorization is made up of five primary sections based on this:

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 

  

The Figural Use of Colour- Decorative facades with floral or geometrical figures The Elemental Use of colour- Colour is featured on members of the facade in two sub frames. o Colour is used liberally throughout the compositional elements. o The Application of Colour across Large Surfaces.

Material colour and Painting- is based on colour representations of natural material preferences, with additional painting added on top.

Tectonic Use of colour- Colours that are driven by the nature of the material.

Monochromatic Use of colour- the facades are painted in a single hue or multiple shades of the same hue.

2.7.1. Figural use of colour Paint coatings or other materials such as glass or ceramic mosaics are used to create floral or geometrical motifs on the surfaces. In a two-dimensional fashion, spontaneous ornaments were developed as columns, friezes, and pediments. The flower motives on the facade are typically ornamented with Turkish patterns, but with antique-like representations.

Figure14: Figural use of colour, creating a geometrical motifs on the surface.

Source: http://blog.baumit.co.uk/news/does-the-climateinfluence-a-facades-colour

2.7.2. Elemental use of Colour There are two sub frames to this style of colour application:  Colour is used liberally throughout the compositional elements. o Each part of the facade is painted in a different colour.

Different colours separate columns, pediments, frames, door and window sills, balconies, and cantilevers from the background. Aspects of the facade are highlighted. Typically, the same colour is used to symbolize all of the same features of the facade.

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

The Application of Colour across Large Surfaces. o In this scenario, the residential complexes are divided into huge sections based on colour compositions, either horizontally or vertically. Buildings are coloured using mass combinations. Colour, rather than formal design, is used to create the building's architectural expression.

Figure15: Elemental use of colours Source: http://blog.baumit.co.uk/news/does-theclimate-influence-a-facades-colour

2.7.3. Material Colour and Painting The nature of the materials used in building has an impact on colour choices on the facades in this category. The character of materials is expressed through colour.

Natural stone cladding, for example, influenced the colour scheme used on the facade. Vertical surfaces are coloured with marble, while horizontal surfaces are highlighted by paint coating

2.7.4. Tectonic use of Colour The colour of the façade in this frame is determined by the tectonics of the materials used. On the facade, structural elements can be seen. Beams and columns are usually made of concrete, and walls are made of brick. Due to the components that are not hidden beneath paint coatings, colour is highly expressive.

2.7.5. Monochromatic use of Colour Façades can be painted in a single colour or multiple shades of the same colour. If the architectural design of the building is not of high quality, monochromatic buildings have problems in terms of scale, proportion, weight, and expression. [4]

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2.8. Colours and Architecture in Education Color and architecture play important roles in people's lives; we are continuously exposed to them, both knowingly or unknowingly. We learned through this dissertation that persistent exposure may influence us medically and mentally, altering our moods, behaviors, and, as a result, our standard of living. Integrating the capabilities of colour and architecture form effectively might ultimately aid improve children's educational experiences, thereby realizing the ultimate goal of education.

Figure16: Vibrant colours can be used in overall development of child.

Source: https://www.dunnedwards.com/colors/specs/posts/ba ck-to-school-colors-for-the-classroom

Color has frequently been used artistically in building, where its selection was influenced by the client's personal tastes or the company's marketing program. Its impacts on human brains were frequently disregarded or overshadowed, dismissed as "mere notions," and ignored.

2.8 Psychological Effect of Colours Color is a very effective communication tool that may be used to convey action, alter emotion, and even affects physiological responses. Certain colours have been linked to higher blood pressure, higher metabolism, and eyestrain. Colours with their psychological effect are listed below: i. Red • • • •

True red is the most bright and appealing colour in the spectrum, conveying feelings of pleasure, haste, desire, strength, happiness, and fear.

Because of its tremendous influence on the autonomic nervous system, red captures quick attention and brings objects or pictures to the foreground.

It may elicit a sense of happiness and comfort, and as a result, it is frequently utilized on structures where showbiz is the goal.

It is the most intense of the warm colours and may make a room appear more confined and lively.

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ii. Blue • Since ancient times, blue is a sign of loyalty, optimism, and faith.

• The most popular of all colours. It can be identified as cold, emotionless, and hostile.

• Blues in the light to mid-range are especially soothing and relaxing.

• Staring at blue causes a reduction in pulse, respiration, and respiration rate, as well as a temporary decrease in blood pressure.

• Some blue colours may be harsh and demanding, therefore they must be utilized with caution.

• Blue can make a room look bigger.

• Navy blue evokes respect as a symbol of loyalty, reliability, and dignity. iii. Yellow • The happiest colour on the spectrum, linked with warmth, optimism, and joy.

• Bright yellow tones may provide fascinating focus points in an interior plan when set against a natural colour palette.

• The proper shade of yellow uplifts our emotions and boosts our selfesteem; it is often the colour of confidence and optimism. iv. Orange • An energizing, invigorating colour that seems pleasant, lively, happy, and adventurous. It combines the vigor of red with the cheerful, inviting attributes of yellow.

• Orange is a vibrant colour that is best employed in settings that are not intended to be relaxing. It is warm, dominant, powerful, and energetic.

• Bright orange has a great visibility, making it perfect for warning signs and attracting attention, especially when used sparingly.

• In our nation, the saffron colour has religious connotations. v. Green • Pale green is the most peaceful and tranquil colour in the spectrum.

• It is the colour of nature, restful, refreshing, and verdant, and it is located between cool and warm colours on the colour wheel.

• It has remarkable healing abilities. One of the reasons hospital walls are frequently painted sea foam is to physically calm down frightened patients and visitors.

• The use of a lighter shade or green in a room can create the illusion of space.

• Darker colours are connected with harmony and growth, implying a high level of productivity and achievement. vi. Black • • • • •

Black is the entire absorption of all colours. It lends a sense of mystery.

The significance of the colour black in colour psychology is to create Protective walls against external emotional stress.

Black represents strength and dominance. Because of the strength it emanates, black is intimidating, unpleasant, and unapproachable.

Black signifies self-control and restlessness, independence and a powerful will, and providing the sense of authority and power.

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• •

Too much black may produce abasements and changes in mood and create an uncomfortable atmosphere.

To lighten and brighten the energy of black, it is important to add some colour with it.

vii. White • It represents innocence, purity, kindness, and truth. It is clean, sanitary, and sterile.

• Despite being neutral, white is considered a chilly colour due to its connection with ice and snow.

• It provides a sense of peace and produces a calming environment.

• It has an equal amount of each colour in the spectrum, symbolizing both the benefits and drawbacks of each colour.

2.9 Cultural Aspect Colour, is extremely sensitive to cultural factors and its meaning or interpretation does not remain intact between cultures. Colour has been explored from a variety of perspectives in a variety of areas. Colours have cultural implications and have been understood differently by various civilizations, which is entirely understandable. It is often assumed that different civilizations have different perceptions of colour.

However, it should be emphasized that colour associations might be completely unique (due to highly customized experiences) or they can cover a wide range of colours (because of political, religious and racial origins). Because there is a scarcity of literature in this field, we must rely on information found on the internet to create colour psychology charts for various countries.

Colour psychology in cultures as diverse as India and China cannot be dichotomous, and it is clear that there is a significant amount of local element in colour psychology.

In Chinese culture, for example, the combination of black and white is considered auspicious and balanced. Similarly, the colour scheme of green and blue denotes the arrival of spring and fertility. The colour "saffron" or "ochre" has a peculiar significance in Indian culture. Saffron is thought to represent the colour of fire, which is thought to reflect the supreme god. The implication is that, like fire, a person who has experienced the world cannot be corrupted by worldly offerings. The saffron colour, which is also fortunate to Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, appears to have acquired religious significance far earlier than these religions. While Sikhs consider saffron a neutral colour, Buddhist monks and Hindu saints wear it as a symbol of renunciation of material possessions. [6]

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Figure17: Different Cultural aspect of various countries Source: https://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/colours-in-cultures/

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2.9.1. A comparison of the significance of colours in several regions Colour

Western European countries

Japan

Brazil

Red

Romance, Self-sacrifice, strength, Vibrancy, visibility optimism, vigor, passion, blood strength, caution.

Yellow

Increase visibility, indicate quality, hazards

Green

Nature, confidence, inexperience, jealousy, fertility

Blue

Sky, truth, emotion, serenity, reliability, responsibility, fidelity

Black

Elegance, formality, mourning, death, evil

Anger, non-being, mystery

White

Purity, surrender, peace, good, cleanliness, neutral, bleak, empty

Death, mourning

Grey

Ambiguity, wisdom, smoke, concrete, fog

Sunshine, nature, warmth

England

Authority, power, temper, government Precautions

Environment, a national symbol of the rainforest

Environment, quality, vitality, prosperity, Catholicism Tranquility, decorum, dignity

Sophistication, Death, religion, authority mourning, and formality and is dignity common in religious, formal and widow’s clothing

Peace, leisure

Elegance, strength, sophistication, taste, traditions

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Colour

China

India

NorthAmerica

Red

Fervor, happiness, communism, obituaries, joy

Anger, crime, danger, happiness, marriage, prosperity, sensuality

Safety, rescue, African roots, excitement, animals adultery, spicy and hot

Yellow

Sacredness, luck, neutrality, mourning, royalty, heroism

Warning, royalty, religion, decadence, happiness, knowledge

Happy mood, sunny day, precautions, represent cowardice

culture

Fertility, happiness, harmony, Islam, life, peace

Environment, masculinity, a desire to go outside, envy, healthy, freshness

Lush vegetation

Water, animals, death, pirates

Green

Caribbean Countries

Blue

Serenity, prosperity, nature, immorality

Truthfulness, royalty, divinity

Business, a trust worthy person, philosophy, soothing mood

Black

Sublimity, solemnity, heaven, harmony, righteousness

Death, evil, influences, superstition, negativity, inertia

Sin, evil, death, nothingness, formal, sexy

White

Bad luck, brightness, fulfillment, gold, mourning, stupidity

Widow, purity, peace, serenity, mourning, light, rebirth, creation

Clean, elegant, Cleanliness, cool, pure, sanitized environment, environment authority

[6]

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2.10. Colour as Human Need Why do we have access to colour in this world? This enquiry, highlighted by Swedish researcher Pehr Sällström, might serve as a starting point for further research into the rich and thrilling occurrence of colour. Color may be comprehended by many fields of science, as well as by artists such as Frida Kahlo Paul Klee and Paul Klee and writers such as Björner Torsson. Regardless, neither light nor colour can be totally portrayed; regardless of how much we try; there are always measurements that extend beyond language and study. Light and colour are palpable properties that must be felt (Anter, 2008). [7]

2.11. Effect of Colours on Learning in Schools There is a link between colour and children's brain development. As a result, colours must be used in classrooms to enhance attention and learning rather than only for decoration. Colors used in classrooms must have a purpose. In other words, they must be used with the intention of effecting change. That is, favorable outcomes in lengthening children's attention spans, minimizing pressure on their eyes, and decelerating their reflexes must be monitored.

For example, on the sides and end walls of classrooms, adopting muted hues that won't strain the eyes is vital in ensuring that youngsters may rest their eyes when they swivel their heads while reading or doing their assignments.

Classrooms may be used for a variety of reasons, but the fundamental objective is to assure that pupils understand what they have been taught. As a result, a classroom must aid enhance knowledge absorption and retention while also encouraging involvement. This can be accomplished by limiting the children's exposure to many stimuli. Too many bright hues, such as red, yellow, and orange, would be over stimulating. Hues like green and blue are connected with calmness, ease, pleasure, and satisfaction.

Preschoolers are lively and expressive, and they enjoy vivid colours. However, because the elements hanging on walls in kindergartens, as well as the tables and chairs, are in bright colours, the wall colours must be chosen from gentler tones of warm hues. To the degree that different portions of the space are utilized for different purposes, furniture and wall colours can be selected accordingly. For reading time, for example, a space in quiet, reassuring hues with tints that promote concentration might be developed. [7]

2.11.1. Pre-School Children and Colours Around the age of 2 to 3, children begin to recognize and match colours. Separating and accentuating specific places belong to kids in schools or on school grounds with colours, or painting comparable areas in similar colours, will aid in the development of the children's colour identification abilities, and also their skills in locating direction and understanding space based on colours. Colors can be utilized to create a system in primary school sections where graphics, responsibility tables, or lockers are positioned. [8]

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2.11.2. Usage of Colours in School I.

Pre-School Preschool-aged children think in tangible terms. Everything appears to be how they perceive it. They do not reason or think in abstract terms. They grow up strengthened by the experience they have in their families, schools, and surroundings. They learn through all of their senses. They like tasting and smelling new foods. And they are always watching. They glance around, move around, and try to understand what is really going on in their environment. Warm and bright colours capture their attention since they are naturally quite active.

Figure18: Bright and vibrant colours so as to capture their attention.

Source: http://www.renketkisi.com /en/the-use-of-colors-inschool.html

Color is significant in addition to academic staff, building construction, educational materials, and other relevant variables. Colors that are employed correctly protect the eyes, give a method of learning, and promote mental wellness. Research studies support the notion that children's discomfort, attention deficits, and behavioral issues are mostly the result of the setting in which they spend the majority of their time. One of most prominent reasons is the unintentional use of light and colour.

II.

Primary Schools Bright colours entice children aged three to six. They are particularly drawn to the main colours red and yellow. Although warm and bright colours appear to be complimentary to children of this age group's active and energetic character, the brightness and intensity of the colours will only be beneficial in catching their attention, since excess stimulation doesn't really help to their learning.

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Figure19: Warm colours to boost up their energy.

Source: http://www.renketkisi.com/en/theuse-of-colors-in-school.html

III.

Primary school kids, are naturally outgoing. Warmer and brighter colours compliment their energy and help them learn by lowering anxiety, stress, and enthusiasm.

Elementary School At school, children at this age require extra attention and focus support. For this age group, greens with a touch of brown and blue are ideal.

Figure20: Colours which give comfort to eyes are used in elementary school for more focus and attention.

Source: http://www.renketkisi.com/en/the-use-of-colors-in-school.html

It is critical that the classroom walls that the pupils and teacher face differ from side walls. The colours of the walls they confront must be carefully chosen to guarantee that the students' eyes are not overworked by staring at same tone all day, and so that their eyes are relaxed; also, the colour of the wall facing the instructor should be soothing. Another explanation might be that particular points need to be highlighted. [8]

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2.11 Effect of Colours in Children Colors are all around us. Colors mirror what we see and observe. That is why colours have such a strong emotional impact on us. While some colours might make us joyful from time - to - time, others can make us sad. Colors may elicit feelings of rage or exhilaration in the same way.

This is especially true for youngsters; Colors have a lot greater significance in their sensitive and imaginative inner lives.

For this reason solely, choosing colours that are appropriate for children requires a lot more extensive and expert examination than it does for adults. There are few other key factors that we must consider when discussing the issue. Children's rooms must be appealing and amusing, as well as conducive to their learning and brain development. Furthermore, while selecting the wall colour for their bedroom, we must strive to safeguard their sight, give good learning environments, safeguard their health and quality of life, and create an atmosphere conducive to a peaceful sleep.

We must use the same caution when it comes to schools. We all are aware of the importance of the teaching personnel, building structure, and educational materials accessible in educational institutions.

Many scientific investigations have shown that improper physical settings are the root causes of diseases, cases of uneasiness, decreased interest, and behavioral difficulties in youngsters.

Colors are similar to games for youngsters. You can study the language of colours if you want to make better playmates that will enliven their already colorful inner worlds. Through this approach, their imagination will grow further, their motivations and concentration abilities will increase, and their psychologies will benefit.

According to research, the majority of youngsters achieve their peak in colour recognition between the ages of 4 and 4.5. The change from colour recognition to form recognition occurs at the age of five, with shape dominance being apparent around the age of nine. In other words, colour is the most significant design aspect for preschool children and even youngsters as young as 7 or 8 years old.

While certain colours are stimulating, others promote relaxation, comfort, fatigue, or even worry. Our subconscious is responsible for our reactions to different colours. It is useful to know that different colours activate different functions while designing classrooms in schools. Dark hues in the setting, for example, might induce pupils to feel uneasy and gloomy. Colors may elicit strong emotional responses such as sensations of coolness or warmth. Typically, whenever a school is being constructed, the blueprints are not planned with the significance of colours in teaching and their developmental influence on children in mind. The first studies on the influence of colours were conducted in the industrial area.

Every colour, when utilized correctly, has a positive impact on the environment in which it is employed. The proper use of colours in classrooms will also have a favorable effect on learning. [9]

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CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY

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3.1. CASE STUDY MATRIX

Aim- The goal of this thesis is to enhance designers' understanding in the topic of suitable colour choosing while designing for institutional structures, particularly elementary schools. This study tries to establish a general design guideline for colour that is particular to elementary school surroundings.

The fundamental goal is to create good surroundings in which the user may benefit physically and emotionally from the right use of colour.

CASE STUDY

Primary

Primary Case Study 1 Thompson Elementary School

Secondary Case Study 3 Golden Fish Army PrePrimary School

Case Study 2 Nanyang Primary School

Aspects

Design Approach

Exterior

Colour scheme

Integration of natural greens & blues (water bodies and vegetation)

Interior

Human perception Towards colour used in buildings

Objective

Objective 1 Human Colour Perception

Objective 2 Psychological Perception of Colours in Human

Objective 3 Psychological Effect Within the built Environments

Objective 4 Psychological Effect within Primary School

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3.2. Thompson Elementary School, Arlington, Massachusetts

Figure 22: Thompson Elementary School, Arlington, Massachusetts Source: https://www.hmfh.com/projects/thompson/

Project Architect Owner’s Project Manager Structural Engineer Completion Year Built-up Area Cost Certification Location

Thompson Elementary School, Arlington, Massachusetts HMFH Architects, Inc. PMA Consultants, LLC G-G-d Consulting Engineers 2013 57,600 sq. Ft. $20,596,010 Energy Star Certified (Score of 89) MA-CHPS “Verified Leader” Certified Arlington, Massachusetts, USA

3.2.1. Justification Case Study Thompson Elementary School, Arlington, Massachusetts

Justification Parameters Elementary School  Colour Scheme With colour coding,  Material better learning for  Interior students under the  Exterior age of 10  Human perception as per age group.

Objective To investigate the impact of colours on children’s behaviour.

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3.2.2. Introduction Thompson Elementary School a public school in Arlington, Virginia, United States. It presently serves 380 students in a 57,600-square-footage space, has a studentteacher ratio of 15:1, and is ranked among the top 30% of schools in the state of Massachusetts. The school blends multiple unique instructional rooms with an innovative architecture that makes it look friendly.

Colour is used with purpose in this HMFH Architects project, as it is in all of their projects. To better grasp the thought process, I will study the school from the outside and inside, as well as the function that the colours used may play.

3.2.3. Project Overview Thompson Elementary School, located in Arlington, Massachusetts, opened in September 2013 with 380 students in grades K through 5. The new school replaced an earlier 1950s school on a three-acre site with 3 street façades and a fourth edge facing town play grounds in a residential area. The 57,000-square-foot facility was designed to meet the Massachusetts Coalition for High Performance Schools (MACHPS) standards, a state-adopted programme that ensures healthy school environments by constructing high-performance school buildings that minimise consumption of energy and water while sourcing sustainable materials .

Figure23: Thompson Elementary School, picture taken by Ed Wonsek Source: http://www.cssboston1.com/portfolio/thompson-school/ ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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3.2.4. Sustainable Design This project received 2 CHPS points for obtaining a percentage of the construction material within 500 miles of the project site. The majority of the wood used in the project's construction was FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certified, and eight primary building components satisfied the recycled content criterion.

The school satisfies the standards for improved acoustical performance, offering an acoustically ideal learning environment. The building includes ducted returns and increased filtration, as well as a post-construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) programme.

The institution engages in an indoor air quality plan, which aids in the coordination of the facility's on-going maintenance. Benchmarking is used by the district administration to track the energy use of the building.

With glazed windows and holes in the external walls, the old school was draft. It had only a sliver of a link to the outside world. The new structure was built to optimise natural sunlight, views of environment, and outdoor access. [10]

3.2.5. Exterior Due to the bricked exterior, the prevailing colour from the outside is brown. This is accompanied with bright orange and yellow stripes that provide a sense of vitality as well as geometric precision.

Figure24: Exterior of Thompson Elementary School, picture taken by Ed Wonsek Source: http://www.cssboston1.com/portfolio/thompson-school/ ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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According to Goethe's Colour Theory, orange is a mental stimulant, communicating energy, warmth, resolve, and encouragement. It is critical that children feel encouraged at this early period in order to retain a high level of excitement, which can be critical in one's educational and future possibilities. If they do not feel encouraged in their academic career, they may return this unpleasant sensation every time they attend school, making it simpler for them to lose interest in it.

"The hue of sunshine is considered to be yellow. It is connected with pleasure, joy, intelligence, and vitality ", argues Marcia Moses in Understanding Colour (Moses,.

Yellow is the happiest and brightest colour, and it is also connected with optimism and a high degree of vitality. At this age, children are inherently outgoing and enjoy highly saturated colours, and yellow certainly fits into this category.

While brown is utilised as a complimentary colour to lessen the brightness of orange and yellow, these two colours are employed to inspire children and provide a sense of positive energy throughout the educational environment. [11]

3.2.6. Interior HMHF Architects spent the majority of their design efforts on the interiors of Thompson Elementary School in order to make it truly amazing.

You are greeted by a dynamic design, distinguished by big open spaces and bending forms, the minute you walk the school and enter at the reception.

The structure is divided into three storeys, each distinguished by two-by-two pairings of leading colours: orange and green on first floor, yellow and purple on the second floor, and red and blue on the top floor. From a logistical standpoint, this subdivision can assist young kids in finding their way about the institution. On the other hand, we must analyse the psychological roles of the colours utilised in this thesis.

Figure25: Interior of Thompson Elementary School which shows different colour to improve the concentration and making students more active.

Source: https://www.huckabee-inc.com/portfolio/new-lance-thompson-elementary-school/ ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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Green is indeed a colour which immediately reminds nature, beginning on the first floor. According to Goethe, it is a calm colour that represents development, harmony, and freshness. Furthermore, the colour green conveys a sense of safety and dependability: HMFH Architects may have chosen to be used as a foreground to the reception as an indicator of safety as you enter the school. Its soothing impact on the human brain might also be beneficial when youngsters are overly stimulated after recess or PE classes. "Green is widely utilised in décor for its relaxing qualities," says Kendra Cherry in an online post. Just like guest appearing on a television show waits I a green room to relax.

Orange is an eye-catching colour that boosts activity in the brain. Combining such a powerful colour alongside green can assist balance each other's effects, providing the ideal learning environment. Children will not be overly enthusiastic, but they will also not be very relaxed.

Figure26: Interior of Thompson Elementary School, Orange and blue colour helps in improving concentration Source: https://www.grconstruction. net/index.php/project-3

On the 2nd floor, we see two complementing colours, yellow and purple. Yellow is a vibrant, happy, and pleasant colour, which is why HMFH Architects may have selected it. Purple is a mixture of blue and red, therefore it incorporates the characteristics of both colours. Because red represents vitality and excitement and blue represents tranquilly and tranquillity, purple represents wisdom, dignity, independence, and creativity. Mixing purple and yellow altogether, we get a mixed effect that evokes both joy and inventiveness, but also maturity, because the students on this level are a few grades older than those on the first floor.

The upper level is decorated in red and blue. Red has the longest wavelength of any primary colour. Children link it with excitement and pleasure. They also learn through superheroes like Superman and Iron Man that red represents strength and power.

On the other hand "Blue evokes sentiments of peace or tranquillity. It is frequently described as quiet, serene, safe, and organised." (2019, Kendra Cherry) Excessive blue, on the other hand, might lead to feelings of loneliness and alienation. These ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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are complimentary colours, and as such, they work well together. Their combination exhibits in youngsters a sense of excitement for learning as well as the strength to establish confidence in them, as well as a sense of calm of mind and security while eliminating negative emotions. [12]

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3.2 Nanyang Primary School

Figure27: The structure is angled away from nearby residential streets.

Source: https://www.db-a.co/work/nanyang-primary-school-2/

Project Architect Owner’s Project Manager Structural Engineer Completion Year Cost Client Location

Nanyang Primary School Sudio505 (Former dB(A)) PM link pte ltd.

ECAS-EJ consultants pte ltd.

March 2015 N/A Ministry of Education Singapore & School 52 King’s Road, Singapore

Nanyang Primary

3.3.1. Justification Case Study Justification Parameters Nanyang Primary Primary School With  Colour Scheme School colour variation,  Material better learning for  Interior students under the  Exterior age of 14  Human perception as per age group.

Objective To investigate the impact of colours on children’s behaviour.

3.3.2. Introduction Studio 505, an Australian architecture firm, constructed a major extension to Singapore's Nanyang Primary School in 2015. Within the institution's total area, the vibrant colours buildings form an interior valley. As Sutio505 states “Our aim was to ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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create a highly inspirational communal space, designed to showcase active, uninhibited free thinking and bringing joy and excitement equally to children and to the child within the teacher. A space from which everywhere is possible."

3.3.3. Concept The Nanyang Primary School addition was built in response to the old building's lack of harmony with the surrounding terrain of the site. When viewed from the entry, the former structure, which was aligned to the street and perpendicular to the direction of the natural slope defined the site, presented a 'wall-like', unappealing barrier.

The new building volumes were positioned perpendicular to Coronation Road and parallel to the orientation of the hilltop slope, creating a big inviting middle valley.

Valley is the focal point of the expansion, serving as both the site's entrance and the primary orienting device.

Figure28: The colour Scheme is articulated around the large internal valley.

Source: https://www.dba.co/work/nanyang-primaryschool-2/

3.3.4 Façade The façade of Nanyang Primary School was created in response to a desire to create a lush and dream-like exterior environment with seemingly limitless life routes.

The façade of NYPS was created to convey a feeling of playfulness and imagination to its pupils, instructors, and visitors by utilising a low cost application of enamel paint over precast concrete spandrels.

Figure29: A lot Greenery has been included throughout the design.

Source: https://www.dba.co/work/nanyang-primary-school-2/ ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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Figure30: Overhead walkways link the parallel wings of the structure.

Source:https://girlstyle.com/sg/articl e/83266/rainbow-buildingsingapore-nanyang-primary-school

3.3.5. Exterior This rainbow valley is open to the outdoors yet secluded from the surrounding public area in order to provide a private retreat while fostering active, unrestrained free thought. The use of greenery throughout the area provides a soothing touch of nature to the powerful, modern design.

The rainbow facade was formed by applying emulsion paint to profiled precast concrete spandrels and shade shelves made of coloured aluminium. [13]

3.3.6 Interior All classes are oriented away from the centre Valley and toward more peaceful residential neighbourhoods. In contrast to the vibrant exterior, the inside of the classrooms is typically pleasant, with white ceilings and walls that allow individual minds to focus during class time. The only colourful feature within the classroom is the door, which leads youngsters out into the lush and dream-like outdoor world of apparently limitless coloured horizontal lines and life paths. [14]

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Figure31: corridors with white and grey paint, which is in contrast of colourful exterior Source: https://www.dba.co/work/nanyangprimary-school-2/

3.3.7. Design 



The Valley softly takes the visitor up the hill, through the heart of the school at the top of a hill, and into the massive open courtyard of the King's Road campus.

External circulation paths face the common void, while massive hanging shelves give shade and protection from wind and rain. [14]

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3.4. Secondary Case Study: Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School, Ranikhet.

Figure32: Main entrance of the school.

Source: Self

3.4.1. Justification Project Architect Patron Chairman Completion Year Cost Secretary Location

Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School Indian Army Commandant, KRC Dy. Commandant, KRC June 1958 N/A Education Officer, KRC Kumaoun Regimental Centre, Airari, near Nar Sing Stadium, Ranikhet

[15]

3.4.1. Introduction Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School, Ranikhet, Uttrakhand, Was established on the 12th of March 2005. However, the building was originally constructed in the year 1958 by the Indian Army, who still possesses the ownership of the building. The current strength of students in Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School is approximately 150-200. The prestigious institution runs under the supervision of Principal Mrs. Poonam Singh and comprises of classes nursery through UKG.

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Figure33: Climate-protected with a shed in play area .

Source: Self

3.4.3. Concept The school aims to create future learners as well as leaders and instil in them the qualities of nobility through fun-learning and interactive activities. The students learn the importance of responsibility, creativity and sincerity at a very young age. The building as mentioned above was initially constructed as a boys hostel by the Indian Army, but in the year 2005 due to the decreasing strength of boys in the hostel, the administrative department of the property decided to renovate it into a primary school.

Figure34: Pedestrian entrance of the school. Vibrant colour like yellow and green has been used which brings vibrancy and calmness among children.

Source: Self ANURAG NAYAL (08318001618)

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3.4.4. Façade The façade of Golden Fish Army Pre-Primary School is built to create a vibrant and playful environment for primary learning with the use of a wide spectrum of the colour palette. As shown in the pictures below, the infrastructure, classrooms, playground etc. portray hues of yellows, greens, reds and blues, attractive to the eye and inducing creativity in young minds.

3.4.5. Exterior The entrance itself displays vivid use of colours such as orange, yellow, blue and green which catches the eye in the first look. Further, we see extensive use of wall art in the form of cartoons, alphabets, numbers and objects, which widely appeals to children. The play area is specially created to keep the student entertained while fulfilling their daily requirement of physical activity. The swings, slides and merry-gorounds provide visual learning with fun. The shed shelters the playground which ensures zero obstruction in physical activities regardless of changing weather condition.

Figure35: Colourful and interactive playing area and equipment, design to cater the importance of learning with colour and patterns Source: Self

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3.3.5 Interior The interior of the building is equally vibrant and has a playful vibe to it. As soon as one enters the classrooms, colourful desks, painted walls and interactive equipment, one is fascinated by the use of these elements. Not only children but also adults are enthralled with the bright hues. The HVAC system of the interior of the building is as brilliant as is aesthetic value; presence of ample number of windows as well as ventilators in the classrooms ensures practical use as well as maximum utilisation of the natural environment around the school. The use of colour yellow induces vibrancy and creativity in minds, blue brings peace and serenity, greens calm the mind and soul whilst orange boosts brain activity.

Figure36: Colour coordinates as per psychology.

Source: Self

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3.5 Comparison Aspects

Case Study 1 Thompson Elementary School

Case Study 2 Nanyang Primary School

Case Study 3 Golden Fish Army PrePrimary School

Inferences

Interior

Big open spaces, orange and green in 1st floor, yellow and purple on 2nd, and red and blue on the top floor.

Classrooms are typically pleasant rather than the vibrant Exterior.

The interior of the building is equally vibrant and has a playful vibe to it.

For primary school Bright and Vibrant colours can be used which helps in

Extensive use of wall art in the form of cartoons, alphabets, numbers and objects.

More and more plants should be planted, eye catching colours to be used so as to create a playful, interactive and healthy environment.

Vibrant and playful environment for primary learning with the use of a wide spectrum of the colour palette.

Eye-soothing colours to be used.

Making it suitable for everyone and not just children.

Exterior Brick façade with a Vibrant colours

Façade

touch of orange and yellow stripes providing a sense of vitality.

have been used; lot greenery has also been implemented.

Exposed brick work, with a touch of yellow and orange in it.

Playfulness and imagination to its pupils, instructors, and visitors.

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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 4

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3.5 Conclusion This study looks at how colour may improve people's perceptions of a setting. The green of the grass, blue colour of the sky and the red-oranges of the fire have always been present. The research is briefly presented in the introduction to colour as a very subjective topic that can only be replied to by knowing how we see colours in the first place. Colours apps were created to motivate us to deliver our own imaginations through colour studies from philosophers, artists, journalists, and designers. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been conducted, there is an almost infinite variety of instances of how people have employed colour and the advantages of colour in various facets of everyday life. When handled correctly, the colour that surrounds us may bring clarity to the messages we want to portray. Exploring the many applications of colours across the whole design concept helps me understand colour better. The colour selection for each place was based on research from many studies conducted by others.

The design advocated employing colour to construct areas in connection to the research investigations. Colours are chosen based on real-life examples and studies, such as how colours affect architectural identity. Furthermore, models investigate how individuals might see the environment differently if it just had one colour. This investigation has made us cherish colour much more.

When doing this study, although, there are some drawbacks. To begin with, it took me a long time to find a good location for my project. Every location has its own unique characteristics, and identifying the most suited location might be difficult due to a time constraint. Next, because my idea is to offer a preschool, collecting data from young minds, who are my primary user group, is difficult for me. As a result, the information gathered is only from my co-workers, friends, and family, and is based on my own experience. Communication and research studies on the perception of colour in architecture were used to make assumptions. Colour is a very subjective thing, and there have been several studies conducted in the past. I need to think about what makes colour so unique and how it affects society. Colour is seen as an intrinsic idea in humans, yet it is also regarded as only a sense. It appears to have many qualities at once; perhaps this is why generalising and universal frameworks for colours are continually evolved.

Finally, this project stimulates the observer by immersing him/her in an immersing and ambiguous realm, where the mood generated by colour itself draws attention to the subject of building. It is crucial to consider how colour affects people's experiences when utilising the place. It improves the visitor's experience to be able to enjoy the preschool whether it is indoors or outside with the proper colour selections. Colour has the ability to alter the physical dimensions of a room as well as impact our mood.

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Analysing the significance of colours in human psychologyThe research of how different colours influence human behaviour is known as colour psychology. Varied colours have different meanings, implications, and psychological effects depending on culture. Colour psychology is heavily influenced by personal choice, in addition to cultural variances. Colour psychology is the study of colour perception and the effects of colour combinations using colour theory (the direct implementation of combining multiple diverse colours).

Impact of colours in children minds, their nature and environmentColour is something that children, like grownups, are acutely aware of. Colour psychology has been related to brain growth, reduced absenteeism, increased productivity, and even the transition from infancy to maturity, according to colour psychologists. Naturally, rather than merely offering colourful settings through décor, school signage, and paint availability, a more scholarly and research-based approach to colour psychology in youngsters is required.

Effect of colours on a built surroundingDifferent settings and their colours are constantly absorbed by us. Furthermore, our brains interpret the various hues as signals, drawing inferences and establishing expectations that might be scientific or emotional. When colour is combined in building construction and interior architecture, it is for much more than just aesthetic reasons. One of its most fundamental criteria of design is to promote comfort, and that one of the finest methods to accomplish so is without a doubt through the use of colour.

Aspects of colour schemes on the mental and emotional status of childrenUsing seven fundamental emotional terms and a collection of schematic faces matching to these words, we studied how colours are triggered by emotions by children in this study. In all stimulus situations, associations between colour and emotion were discovered in anger, pleasure, surprise, sorrow, and no emotion.

Furthermore, happy emotions were linked to brighter, more saturated colours, whereas negative emotions were linked to darker, less saturated colours among children.

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References      

Fraser, T. and banks, a (2004), the complete guide to colours, ILEX, East Sussex Guilford, j. and smith, p.(1959), “A system of colour preferences”, American psychology, vol. 72 no. 4 Elliot, Andrew J. (2015), colour and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work Jain, Akshara, (2017), psychology of colours in building design Engelbrecht, K. (2003). The impact of colour on learning. Chicago, IL: Perkins and will Sharpe, D.T.(1975). Psychology of colour and design. University press of Amer.

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Bibliography

1. https://vdoc.pub/download/color-communication-in-architectural-space4tb0o0ioi350 2. https://www.aic-color.org/resources/Documents/jaic_v2_02.pdf 3. https://www.archdaily.com/895498/the-role-of-color-in-architecturevisual-effects- and-psychological-stimuli 4. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/rodcone.html 5. https://rockcontent.com/blog/the-use-of-yellow-in-data-design/ 6. http://thesis.arch.hku.hk/2015/2015/12/17/colour-progression/ 7. http://www.colour-affects.co.uk/the-wright-theory 8. https://archinect.com/features/article/53292622/colour-inarchitecture-more-than- just%20decoration 9. http://www.colour-affects.co.uk/psychological-properties-of-colours 10. https://medium.com/studiotmd/the-perception-of-color-in-architecturecf360676776c 11. https://hysses.com/blogs/tips/covid-19-anxiety-boost-immunitythrough-chakra- blends 12. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-visible-light-spectrum-2699036 13. https://blog.hunterlab.com/blog/color-measurement/addressinglimits-human-color-perception-spectrophotometers/ 14. https://blog.hunterlab.com/blog/color-measurement/addressinglimits-human-color-perception-spectrophotometers/ 15. https://www.incube.ltd.uk/2019-how-colour-in-your-school-canaffect-learning-and-stimulation 16. http://www.renketkisi.com/en/the-use-of-colors-in-school.html

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ORIGINALITY REPORT

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