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Test Bank For Victimology, 10E by William G. Doerner (Author), Steven P. Lab Chapter 1-14 CHAPTER 1 SHORT-ANSWER REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.

To what does the term mala in se refer?

What is the difference between retribution and restitution?

What does the term lex talionis mean?

Define deterrence.

Compare and contrast the victim’s justice system with the criminal’s justice system.

How did the victim’s justice system turn into the criminal’s justice system?

What is the relevance of the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft for victim treatment?

What major concept or concern captivated the early victimologists?

What is a typology and why did the early victimologists concentrate on creating typologies?

10. What is the significance behind the book titles The Criminal and His Victim and The Victim and His Criminal? 11. What does the term agent provocateur imply? 12. Explain von Hentig’s victim typology that appears in Table 1.1 of the textbook. 13. What does the phrase “blaming the victim” mean? 14. Explore the typology, presented in Table 1.3 of the textbook, which Schafer developed. 15. What does “victim precipitation” mean? 16. What was the importance of Wolfgang’s homicide study? 17. How did Wolfgang define victim precipitation? 18. What three findings or empirical regularities emerged from Wolfgang’s homicide study? 19. Did Wolfgang’s study and Amir’s research support or refute the concept of victim Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition Copyright © 2025, Taylor & Francis. All Rights Reserved.

precipitation? 20. Why did some people object to Amir’s conclusions? 21. Explain the four assumptions behind the victim precipitation argument. 22. What does Curtis gain by merging victim precipitation with offender responsibility in Table 1.4 of the textbook? 23. Using Figure 1.1 of the textbook, what four broad questions does general victimology raise? 24. How does “critical victimology” represent a different approach? 25. What kinds of questions does “critical victimology” raise? 26. List some topics that would capture the interest of a critical victimologist. 27. What was the importance of the victim movement as the academic field of victimology developed? 28. What movements led to the rise of concern over victim rights? 29. What do the book’s authors mean when they talk about examining the transition from the criminal’s justice system to the victim’s justice system?

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The transition from a victim’s justice system to a criminal’s justice system was marked by the trend away from which of the following and towards which of the following? a. away from a gemeinschaft society and towards a gesellschaft society b. away from a gesellschaft society and towards a gemeinschaft society c. away from an industrialized society and towards a rural society d. away from an agricultural society and towards a democratic society e. away from a feudal society and towards a dictatorship 2. Prior to the Middle Ages, the concept of lex talionis prevailed in the pursuit of justice. This concept included which of the following items? a. rehabilitation b. retribution c. deterrence d. a victim injustice system e. all of the above 3. The idea of retribution: a. was started by Stephen Schafer

b. c. d. e.

is that the offender should suffer in proportion to the degree of harm he or she caused is the opposite of restitution is the feeling that the victim played an active role in his or her victimization was begun by feudal barons

4. Which one of the following items refers to totally unacceptable or immoral behavior? a. mala prohibita b. lex talionis c. ex parte d. mala in se e. habeas corpus 5. Which of the following best describes what the term “victim precipitation” means? a. the offender carefully selects victims with certain characteristics b. the offender lacks a mens rea c. the victim lacks a mens rea d. the victim somehow or another caused his or her own victimization e. victim instigation of criminal prosecution 6. What was Hans von Hentig’s main contribution to the field of victimology? a. he suggested that rape victims had a subconscious desire to be raped b. he proposed the idea of the criminal-victim dyad, which looked at the role the victim played in his or her own victimization c. he was the founder of what is known today as “critical victimology” d. he stated that victims may have a “functional responsibility” for their victimization e. he founded the National Organization for Victim Assistance 7. Which of the following persons caused a giant uproar over an empirical analysis of rape victims? a. L. A. Curtis b. Franklin and Franklin c. Marvin Wolfgang d. Beniamin Mendelsohn e. Menachem Amir 8. Mary and Joseph are arguing about two opposing political parties, the Unicorns and the Rhinos, at Mary’s home. Mary is upset that Joseph keeps insulting her party, the Rhinos, and insists that he listen to her reasoning. Joseph refuses, and attempts to end the conversation by leaving the apartment. Mary steps in front of him and blocks Joseph’s exit. Joseph politely asks to Mary step aside, but she refuses. In response, Joseph pushes her out of his way. The shove causes Mary to lose her balance. She falls against a table, hits her head, and sustains a concussion. Now, respond to two inquiries. First, was Mary an active or passive precipitator in her own victimization? Second, was Joseph’s response provoked or unprovoked? a. active; provoked b. active; unprovoked c. passive; provoked

d. passive; unprovoked e. none of the above apply as “stand-your-ground” laws apply to this situation 9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the victim precipitation argument? a. criminal acts can be explained by the behavior of the offender b. the victim becomes activated only when the offender emits certain signals c. the victim’s behavior is necessary and sufficient to trigger the commission of a criminal act d. offenders plan their criminal acts e. victimization is often a spur-of-the-moment behavior 10. Marvin E. Wolfgang was responsible for which of the following? a. drawing attention to the role of victim precipitation in homicide cases b. writing The Criminal and His Victim c. not using an empirical methodology d. describing the subculture of nonviolence e. isolating the dominant role of illicit activity in patterns of homicide 11. According to Wolfgang, which of the following items plays a major role in victimprecipitated homicide? a. race b. “crack” cocaine c. politics d. personal appearance e. interpersonal relationships and escalation 12. Backlash to the idea of victim precipitation included criticisms of all the following assumptions except which one? a. victim behavior causes crime b. victims emit signals to which offenders must respond c. victim behavior is a necessary and sufficient causal mechanism d. victims often know their perpetrators e. the victim intends to become victimized 13. Which of the following persons is associated with the emergence of the field of victimology? a. Edwin Sutherland b. Hans von Hentig c. Robert K. Merton d. Emile Durkheim e. Travis Hirschi 14. Which of the following persons is sometimes credited with being the “father of victimology?” a. Hans von Hentig b. Beniamin Mendelsohn

c. Stephen Schafer d. Marvin E. Wolfgang e. Menachem Amir 15. Using Stephen Schafer’s victim precipitation typology, which of the following victim categories bears responsibility for his or her misfortune? a. political victims b. socially weak victims c. biologically weak victims d. provocative victims e. unrelated victims 16. Beniamin Mendelsohn classified victims according to which of the following characteristics? a. culpability in a criminal act b. biological traits c. ethnicity d. type of drug addiction e. all of the above 17. Which of the following is NOT a category of victims in Mendelsohn’s typology of what constitutes “general victimology?” a. the victim of a crime b. a victim of the natural environment c. a victim of one’s self d. a technological victim e. all of the above appear in Mendelsohn’s typology 18. Which of the following topics would a critical victimologist be most inclined NOT to study? a. genocide b. political campaign law violations c. human slave trade d. child maltreatment e. the market for archeological and antiquities treasures 19. According to the text, which of the following was NOT a reason for the emergence of the victim movement? a. the pharmaceutical industry b. the women’s movement c. the children’s rights movement d. the growing crime problem e. mass media 20. Which of the following items best describes the overarching theme your textbook intends to present in upcoming chapters?

a. the movement away from a criminal’s justice system and towards a victim’s justice system b. the movement away from a criminal justice system and towards a societal justice system c. the movement away from a criminal justice system and towards a civil justice system d. the movement away from a victim’s injustice system and towards a criminal’s justice system e. all of the above

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. A criminal who is a known distributor of child pornography is called an agent provocateur. a. True b. False 2. An isolated society in which an individual handles his or her own problems is a gemeinschaft society. a. True b. False 3. Capital punishment for a convicted murderer reflects the principle of lex talionis. a. True b. False 4. In retribution, an offender makes payment sufficient enough to render the victim whole again. a. True b. False 5. Von Hentig authored The Victim and His Criminal. a. True b. False 6. Victim compensation aims to reimburse victims for their losses. a. True b. False 7. Making criminal acts unattractive by removing incentives is a prevention technique called deterrence. a. True Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition Copyright © 2025, Taylor & Francis. All Rights Reserved.

False

8. The movement toward a gesellschaft society began shortly after the inception of the Code of Hammurabi. a. True b. False 9. According to Mendelsohn, an imaginary victim is when a crime is committed that does not harm another person (such as drug use). a. True b. False 10. According to Schafer, an immigrant is an example of a socially weak victim. a. True b. False DEFINE/IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING: agent provocateur criminal–victim dyad critical victimology deterrence functional responsibility gemeinschaft society general victimology gesellschaft society lex talionis mala in se restitution retribution typology

victim compensation victim precipitation victimology

CHAPTER 2 SHORT-ANSWER REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.

Name the major data sources researchers use to measure the level of crime.

What was the original purpose behind developing the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?

Give three advantages associated with the UCR.

Give three disadvantages associated with the UCR.

List the UCR Part I Index Offenses.

What is the “dark figure of crime”?

What is the “hierarchy rule”?

What is NIBRS?

What advantages does NIBRS hold for the study of victimization?

10. What is a victimization survey? 11. How many generations of victim surveys are there to date? 12. How did the researchers conduct the NORC survey? 13. Compare and contrast NORC and UCR crime rates contained in Table 2.1 of your textbook. 14. What does sample size have to do with the NORC findings? 15. Did the NORC study have any shortcomings? 16. Explain how telescoping could affect a victim survey. 17. What role does memory decay play in a victim survey? 18. Do telescoping and memory decay balance each other? 19. What is a reverse record check? 20. What was learned from the reverse record check strategy? 21. How do forward record checks work?

22. What was learned from the forward record check strategy? 23. What are the three assumptions behind the record check strategy? 24. What is a “panel design”? 25. What is “bounding,” and why is it important? 26. What is the difference between a “self-respondent” and a “household respondent”? 27. Explain four things that researchers learned from the second-generation surveys. 28. What is the “mover-stayer problem”? 29. What major problem did business victimization surveys face? 30. How does the fourth generation of victim surveys represent an improvement over earlier efforts? 31. What is a “screen question”? 32. Why are screen questions valuable? 33. Give an example of a screen question. 34. What is a “gray-area event”? 35. What is a supplement survey? 36. What does a comparison of the number of crimes reported in the NCVS with the number of crimes reported in the UCR tell us? 37. What does the information in Table 2.3 convey regarding victim-offender relationships? 38. Define fear of crime. 39. What difficulties surround the measurement of fear? 40. Explain what “risk” means. 41. Explain what “vulnerability” means. 42. What is “vicarious victimization”? 43. How does vicarious victimization relate to fear of crime? 44. What do the terms “revictimization” or “repeat victimization” mean? Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition Copyright © 2025, Taylor & Francis. All Rights Reserved.

45. What does “series victimization” mean? 46. What is the difference between prevalence and incidence data? 47. What is the difference between a “near repeat” and a “virtual repeat”? 48. What does “risk heterogeneity” mean? 49. How does “event dependency” help explain repeat victimization? 50. What three findings emerge from studies of revictimization?

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The annual FBI Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is based upon which of the following? a. victim surveys b. self-report data c. crimes known to the police d. insurance reports e. the “dark figure of crime” 2. Which of the following crimes is NOT an Index or Part I Offense in the UCR? a. murder b. robbery c. burglary d. aggravated assault e. kidnapping 3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the UCR? a. It provides an annual compilation of data. b. It helps standardize crime definitions. c. It allows a look at crime trends. d. It provides details about a large number of felonies, misdemeanors, local ordinance violations, and traffic citations in all 50 states. e. All of the above are advantages. 4. The “dark figure of crime” refers to which of the following items? a. crimes not known to the police b. criminal acts committed by police officers c. crimes known to the police d. hate crimes e. crimes that take place between 6 PM and 6 AM 5. Which of the following items describes the accurate use of the “hierarchy rule” when