Test Bank For Recognizing Race and Ethnicity 4th Edition By Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, Kathleen J. Fitz

Test Bank For Recognizing Race and Ethnicity 4e By Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, Kathleen J. Fitzgerald Chapter One – Taking Account of Race, Racism, and Privilege Chapter 1-13 Multiple Choice Questions 1. This refers to the everyday business practices and policies which disadvantage minorities and offer advantages to dominant group members; it is often written off as “just the way things are.” a. Aversive racism b. Modern racism c. Internalized racism *d. Institutional racism 2. This is a term that refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language. *a. Ethnic group b. Racial group c. Minority group d. Subordinate group 3. Which of the following types of racism is the most pervasive today? *a. Institutional discrimination b. Prejudice c. Individual discrimination d. Ideological racism 4. This term refers to Mexican Americans and originated out of their activism in the post- World War II era. a. Chicanismo b. Latino c. Hispanic *d. Chicano 5. This refers to the idea, formerly legally enforced and later a U.S. cultural norm, that if a person has any Black ancestry, they are considered to be Black. a. Drapetomania *b. One-drop rule c. Rule of ethno-descent d. Biracialism

6. This refers to anxiety, self-doubt, and in extreme cases, self-hatred felt by some members of stigmatized groups because of the pervasiveness of derogatory stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and other forms of racism. a. Systemic racism b. Aversive racism c. Symbolic racism *d. Internalized racism 7. This refers to the discrimination that darker-skinned Latinos and African Americans face within their own group compared to lighter-skinned group members. a. Internalized racism b. Institutional racism *c. Colorism d. Pigmentism 8. This was a term that was found on several censuses during the mid-to-late 1800s. It referred to someone that had one Black great-grandparent. *a. Octoroon b. Mulatto c. Quadroon d. Creole 9. In 1988, African American leader Jesse Jackson announced that ______ was the acceptable term for Black Americans. a. Creole *b. African American c. Afro-American d. Negro 10. This specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features. *a. Race b. Ethnic group c. Majority group d. Dominant group 11. When sociologists speak of a minority group, they are referring to *a. A group that has less than their proportionate share of society’s goods and resources b. A group that is statistically smaller than other groups c. A group that holds disproportionate power in society d. A dominant group

12. When sociologists describe race as being socially constructed, which of the following pieces of evidence can NOT be offered to support that statement? a. Mapping of the Human Genome has found that human beings are 99.9 percent similar genetically *b. Societal racial categories have a biological or genetic basis c. Racial categories vary by culture d. Racial categories change over time 13. Groups or individuals working to eradicate racism are referred to as a. Eracists b. Racist activists *c. Racial justice activists d. Sociologists 14. This argues that our understanding of the world (racism, sexism, ablism, etc.) stems from our particular social location within it. *a. Standpoint perspective b. Social perspective c. Locationality d. Objectivity 15. This is a type of racism that refers to attitudes and beliefs rather than actions. a. Modern racism b. Symbolic racism *c. Prejudice d. Institutional racism 16. This is a term that can be used to collectively refer to racial/ethnic minority groups that have been the object of discrimination in the United States. *a. People of color b. Racial/ethnic c. Minority groups d. Status groups 17. In the current era, which of the following terms used to refer to Black people is no longer considered acceptable? a. African American *b. Negro c. Black d. Black American 18. Which of the following terms are considered acceptable when referring to the Indigenous people of this continent?

a. American Indians b. Native Americans c. Indigenous people *d. All the above are acceptable 19. This refers to an institutional space where white privilege is maintained and reproduced and nonwhites are perceived as intruders and unwelcome. *a. White space b. Racialized space c. Colorist space d. Symbolic space 20. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have had demeaning sexualized stereotypes about them that are designed to portray them as deviant and “other?” a. African American men b. Native American women c. Asian American men *d. All the above groups have been targets of demeaning sexual stereotypes 21. ___________ is the current racial ideology, which argues that race is no longer a significant factor in our society and any evidence of racial inequality can be explained by non-racial factors such as culture. a. Color-blind ideology b. Post-racial ideology c. Ideology of social constructionism d. Standpoint perspective 22. This is a concept introduced by American sociologist, C. Wright Mills, which refers to a perspective that helps us understand the ways history, society, and biography intersect. a. Sociology b. Symbolic imagination c. Symbolic interactionism *d. Sociological imagination 23. Which of the following racial groups did the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affect (in terms of infection, hospitalization, and death rates)? a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Latinos *d. All the above groups were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 24. Which of the following ways has racism been found embedded in modern technologies? a. Facial recognition technology has a significantly higher error rate when recognizing dark skinned faces

b. The use of digital technologies to spread white supremacist ideologies c. Search engine results for “Black girls” (or “Latinas” or “Asian girls”) disproportionately directed toward porn sites compared to a similar search for “white girls.” *d. All the above are ways racism is embedded in modern technologies.

True/False Questions 1. Throughout the world, racial categorization systems and understandings are consistent from one country to the next. a. True *b. False 2. Due to the changing U.S. racial/ethnic demographics, diversity training programs are being implemented in many industries. *a. True b. False 3. “Oriental” is an appropriate term to use when describing an Asian American. a. True *b. False 4. Colorism is found in African American, Latino, and Asian American communities. *a. True b. False 5. The current reigning racial ideology in the United States is that of color consciousness. a. True *b. False 6. The categories “race” and “ethnicity” are mutually exclusive. a. True *b. False 7. Cyber racism refers to the widespread use of digital technologies and the internet by white supremacists. *a. True b. False 8. Research found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, prejudice and discrimination against Asian Americans increased. *a. True

b. False 9. One of the reasons technology is being embraced as a tool for helping an employer determine which candidates to interview or a mortgage company determining whether to offer a home loan to an applicant is because, unlike people, technology is neutral, objective, and color-blind, so it is a way to avoid racial bias. a. True *b. False

Essay Questions 1. Define race. What does it mean when we say race is socially constructed? Provide three pieces of evidence that support the notion that race is a social construction. How does the sociological imagination help us understand the social construction of race?

2. Describe the demographic breakdown for racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. in 2020. What is the projected U.S. racial/ethnic breakdown for 2050? Provide two reasons why it is inaccurate to claim that by 2050 non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. will be a minority group.

3. Define the three types of racism (prejudice, individual discrimination, and institutional discrimination) and provide an example of each. Why is it important to distinguish between different types of racism?

4. What evidence exists to support the claim that modern technologies perpetuate racism against people of color and privilege whiteness? Give three detailed examples.

5. Speculate on what changes you think will occur in census racial categories over the next 50 years, keeping in mind that census categories always reflect the prevailing notions of race and result from an intensely political process.

6. What is color-blind ideology? In what ways does it differ from racism? In what ways is it informed by racism?

7. Much like the concept of race itself, racial terminology has changed over time. Explain the changing terms used to describe African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans. Why have there been such changes in terminology?

Chapter Two – White Privilege: The Other Side of Racism Multiple Choice Questions 1. During the 1930s, this country engaged in “behavioral whitening” campaigns which were directed at their Black and Indigenous populations. *a. Brazil b. United States c. South Africa d. Australia 2. Which of the following groups of Americans were at one time considered to be non-white? a. Irish Americans b. Italian Americans c. Jewish Americans *d. All the above 3. Which of the following groups of Americans ‘became white’ with the assistance of the Democratic Party? *a. Irish Americans b. Italian Americans c. Jewish Americans d. All the above 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of the racial/ethnic discrimination Jewish Americans faced in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century? a. Immigration restrictions *b. Internment camps during war time c. Admission restrictions at elite universities d. All the above 5. This man coined the term ‘psychological wage’ to describe the non-monetary, intangible benefits white workers had in the labor market over Black workers. *a. W. E. B. DuBois b. Booker T. Washington c. Walter White d. David Roediger 6. This social scientist argued that the formation of the working class in the United States was intimately linked to the development of a sense of whiteness. *a. David Roediger b. Neil Foley

c. Noel Ignatiev d. Karen Brodkin 7. This is a term sociologists use to describe statuses that are so significant they overshadow other statuses an individual may hold. Race and gender fall into this category. *a. Master status b. Primary status c. Dominant status d. Privileged status 8. This social scientist describes white privilege as “an invisible package of unearned assets”: a. David Roediger b. Neil Foley *c. Peggy McIntosh d. Tim Wise 9. The current reigning racial ideology in the United States is that of a. Color-consciousness *b. Color-blindness c. White supremacy d. White privilege 10. This refers to not only privileges individuals accumulate through being perceived as white, but also the customs, norms, traditions, laws, and public policies that, while remaining invisible, benefit whites. *a. Institutional privilege b. Individual privilege c. Institutional white supremacy d. Individual white supremacy 11. People of color experience this explicitly, meaning they are taught in their families, in schools, and through the media that their race matters, whereas for white people it is more subtle. a. Racial identity development *b. Racial socialization c. Norms d. Privilege socialization 12. White privilege has gone unexamined primarily because it is the societal ______. These are significant aspects of culture that refer to the shared expectations about behavior in a society, whether implicit or explicit. a. More b. Folkway *c. Norm

d. Socialization 13. This refers to status hierarchies based upon physical appearance and the assumption of membership in particular categories based upon these physical features; these exist in the United States and throughout the world, albeit with much variation. a. Privilege hierarchy *b. Racial hierarchy c. Ethnic hierarchy d. White hierarchy 14. Which of the following is NOT true about white privilege? a. It is invisible b. It is unearned c. White people are socialized to accept it as normal *d. It only operates in conjunction with class privilege 15. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons social scientists were slow to recognize white privilege as the “other side of racism?” a. Most sociologists are white b. White has not always been recognized as a race *c. It was illegal to investigate white privilege d. Racial biases embedded in the discipline and in U.S. culture interfered with their judgment 16. This term refers to when a group embraces and adapts to mainstream society without giving up their native culture. a. Assimilation *b. Pluralism c. Anglo-conformity d. Socialization 17. This has long been the preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in American society. It refers to the push toward acceptance of the dominant culture, at the expense of one’s native culture. *a. Assimilation b. Pluralism c. Anglo-conformity d. Socialization 18. Which of the following groups have challenged or resisted the assimilationist push in American society? a. Native Americans b. Chicanos

*c. Both of the above d. None of the above 19. In which of the following ways is ‘whitening’ related to social class? a. ‘Becoming white’ and becoming middle class are related for some groups b. Whiteness is connected with the emergence of the American working class c. Class has been used to divide whites *d. All the above are examples of the ways ‘whitening’ is related to social class 20. In 1935, this person argued that white workers, despite their extremely low wages, received an intangible benefit, which he called a psychological wage, because they were white. *a. W.E.B. DuBois b. E. Franklin Frazier c. Karen Brodkin d. Tim Wise 21. This theorist coined the term “possessive investment in whiteness” because it reflects the cash value of whiteness in terms of the housing market and educational and employment opportunities, as well as the fact that whites become possessed by it. a. David Roediger b. Karen Brodkin *c. George Lipsitz d. Dalton Conley 22. Beliefs associated with ________ emphasize the idea that Black people no longer face discrimination and that any difficulties African Americans face emerge from their poor work ethic. *a. Racial resentment b. Racial invisibility c. Millennial attitudes d. The middle class 23. This term is borrowed from economics and can help us understand ongoing racial inequality.

Essentially _________ refers to the competitive advantages technology leaders have in a marketplace.

Roithmayr applies this term to racial inequality; by excluding minorities (from labor unions, housing, etc.) in the Jim Crow era, they have been able to maintain racial inequality today. *a. Locked-in b. Racial privilege c. Cumulative privilege d. Supply and demand 24. This refers to the systemic ways that individuals accumulate white privilege through customs, norms, traditions, laws, and public policies that benefit whites.

a. Racial challenges b. White supremacy c. Racial identity *d. Institutional privilege 25. This refer(s) to interactions that disrupt white privilege and increase racial self-awareness: *a. Racial challenges b. White supremacy c. White privilege d. Structural racism 26. _______ refers to white Americans who are not Anglo-Saxon Protestants. *a. White ethnics b. Assimilated ethnics c. Marginal whites d. White ethnic renewal 27. ___________ is a term coined by sociologist Herbert Gans that refers to the ways many white ethnics embrace their heritage, through foods and festivals. The key is that their embrace of their ethnicity in no way challenges their middle-class mainstream American status. a. White ethnics b. Ethnic revival c. Symbolic ethnicity d. Intersectional ethnicity

True/False Questions 1. Brazil is considered to be a racial democracy due to its level of interracial marriages, as well as its lack of racial inequalities and tensions. a. True *b. False 2. Irish immigrants entered the United States with anti-Black prejudices that allowed them to be immediately embraced by the dominant, white mainstream. a. True *b. False 3. White fragility refers to the ways white people become highly uncomfortable and anxious in conversations about race. *a. True b. False

4. While today “cracker” is a term sometimes used as a generalized racial slur against whites by people of color, it originated as a term higher status whites used to describe poor whites who were viewed as dangerous, lawless, shiftless, lazy, and as people who often associated with other stigmatized groups. *a. True b. False 5. According to Feagin, Vera, and Batur, white racism refers to individuals that belong to white supremacist organizations. a. True *b. False 6. When it comes to studying racial/ethnic identity development, sociologists have overwhelmingly focused on the ethnic identity development of white European ethnics while ignoring the racial and ethnic identity development of people of color. *a. True b. False 7. People of color have a more difficult time seeing themselves as “raced” and, thus, have a more difficult time seeing themselves as having a racial identity than do whites. a. True *b. False 8. Prior to the 1960s, laws supported the rights of white Americans to own homes and businesses, and banks and lending institutions provided them the necessary capital to do so, while laws explicitly excluded people of color from obtaining business and housing loans in many places. *a. True b. False 9. Impoverished white people do not have white privilege, as race and class privilege are interdependent. a. True *b. False 10. White privilege is evidence that we live in a meritocracy, where you get what you work for, where rewards are based upon effort and talent. a. True *b. False 11. Sociologists argue that white people cannot be expected to see privilege because it is invisible. a. True *b. False

12. White privilege and white supremacy are interchangeable concepts. a. True *b. False 13. White privilege manifests in numerous ways, including the treatment of white people as individuals, without their actions being attributed to their membership in a racial group or reflecting on other members of a racial group. *a. True b. False 14. Class has been used to divide whites, as the term “white trash” indicates. * a. True b. False 15. Ethnic enclaves provide a buffer for immigrant groups against the potential hostilities of mainstream society; they also provide opportunities for employment and housing for immigrants. * a. True b. False 16. According to sociologist Jessie Daniels, while gendered understandings of the world paint white women as fragile and in need of protection, white women have instead been key players in the violence inflicted on people of color in the name of white supremacy. *a. True b. False

Essay Questions 1. Define white privilege. Give two examples of white privilege. Why do some people argue that white privilege is invisible? Provide two pieces of evidence of the invisibility of white privilege. Use the example of the “white supremacy flower” to describe the difference between white privilege and white supremacy.

2.What does it mean to say that some groups “became white?” Explain the ambiguous history of Mexican Americans’ struggle to “become white.” Using evidence from this chapter, make a case for the current racial status of Mexican Americans.

3. Define assimilation. Make an argument to support the claim that assimilation is a process of Angloconformity. How does assimilation differ from Anglo-conformity?

4. Define color-blindness. What is the three-fold power of the color-blind ideology? Identify two ways it plays out in your life.

5. Explain how white racial identity development differs from the identity development for people of color.

6. Give an example of how wealth accumulation has been racialized in the United States and how this is an example of institutionalized privilege. Explain what Roithmayr means when she argues that racial inequality has become “locked-in.”

7. Identify and explain three arguments for why it is in the interest of white Americans to eradicate white privilege.

8. Define racial socialization. Explain the ways it differs for whites and people of color. Explain how racial socialization perpetuates the existing racial hierarchy.

9. Explain how social class, collective social mobility, and whitening are interrelated. Can you think of a similar example today? In other words, make a case that a specific immigrant group’s social class and mobility may be paving the way for their whitening.

Chapter Three – Science and the Sociology of Race Multiple Choice Questions 1. This refers to using science to prove the innate inferiority of some racial groups and the innate superiority of others. *a. Scientific racism b. Eugenics c. Racialized science d. Science of race 2. This term refers to a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used that data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between races. a. Eugenics *b. Phrenology c. Scientific racism d. Genome geography 3. Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes social order and the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, as well as the interdependence of social systems.

*a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Scientific racism 4. Which of the following African American sociologists was accused by the FBI of being communist due to their research on racial inequality? a. W.E.B. DuBois b. E. Franklin Frazier *c. All the above d. None of the above 5. Which of the following African American sociologists was an activist and one of the founders of the NAACP? *a. W.E.B. DuBois b. E. Franklin Frazier c. Oliver Cromwell Cox c. William Julius Wilson 6. Robert Ezra Parks’ “race relations cycle,” his theory for the incorporation of immigrants into American society, culminated with ________________. a. contact b. conflict c. accommodation *d. assimilation 7. ___________ explains that some consumers choose which aspects of genetic ancestry testing to embrace and which to disregard, based on their own identity preferences and whether others are likely to accept their identity claims. a. Genetic preference theory b. Identity chameleon theory *c. Genetic options theory d. Genome geography theory 8. Which of the following is a Marxist explanation for racial/ethnic inequality? a. Split labor market theory b. Internal colonialism theory c. Both are Marxist explanations of racial/ethnic inequality *d. Neither are Marxist explanations of racial/ethnic inequality 9. This theory emphasizes the distinction between voluntary immigrants, known as immigrant minorities, and involuntary immigrants, known as colonized minorities.

a. Split labor market theory *b. Internal colonialism theory c. Marxist theory d. Assimilationism 10. Which sociological perspective on race/ethnic relations is concerned with racial/ethnic identity development? a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory *c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Marxism 11. Sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi introduced a new theoretical perspective on race referred to as ___________, which emphasizes the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time, and the ways race plays out structurally in our everyday, lived experience, becoming “common sense” or a way of making sense of our world. *a. Racial formation perspective b. Diversity ideology c. White racial frame d. Colorblind racism 12. This focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression, as all individuals hold positions in multiple status hierarchies (such as gender, race, class, sexuality, nationality, and/or age). a. Critical Race Theory b. Diversity Ideology *c. Intersectionality d. Global Critical Race Feminism 13. Which of the following groups of people is referred to as a model minority, a minority group that has succeeded in American society, specifically evidenced by success in educational institutions and the economic sphere? a. American Indians b. African Americans *c. Asian Americans d. Latinos 14. Which of the following theoretical perspective on race embraces an activist agenda instead of objectivity and emphasizes narrative and storytelling as a method of knowledge production? *a. Critical race theory b. Diversity ideology c. White racial frame d. Racial formation perspective

15. Sociologist Joe Feagin identified the theoretical perspective known as (the) ____________, which refers to a worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, racialized emotions, and interpretations as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism. a. Colorblind ideology b. Systemic racism *c. White racial frame d. Critical race theory 16. Which of the following groups would NOT be considered a colonized or involuntary minority according to Blauner’s theory of internal colonialism? a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Latinos *d. Irish Americans 17. This popular American ideology is an extension of the assimilationist paradigm. It is the idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to America and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the “American.” a. Anglo-conformity b. Pluralism *c. Melting pot d. Salad bowl 18. This sociologist thought that ethnicity was more influential in people’s life experiences than race. *a. Robert Ezra Park b. W.E.B. DuBois c. Joe Feagin d. Oliver Cromwell Cox 19. In 1927, this sociologist published an article equating racial prejudice with insanity. *a. E. Franklin Frazier b. Robert Ezra Park c. W.E.B. DuBois d. Oliver Cromwell Cox 20. This refers to evidence of human migration patterns found in the human genome; these genetic mutations are evolutionary responses to the environment. *a. Genome geography b. Genetic genealogy c. Scientific racism

d. BiDil 21. Which of the following theorists is now being credited with helping to establish the discipline of sociology in the United States, despite being marginalized from the discipline during his lifetime mostly because his ideas challenged the prevailing scientific racism of the time? a. Robert Ezra Park *b. W.E.B. DuBois c. Oliver Cromwell Cox d. Karl Marx 22. This sociologist introduced the idea of collective forgetting, what a culture ignores or suppresses about its past. He argues this is a major aspect of the white racial frame. *a. Joe Feagin b. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva c. Aldon Morris d. Robert Ezra Park 23. The epidemic of violence directed at LGBTQ people of color is an example of ________, because it is more than homophobia and transphobia; it is racialized homophobia and transphobia. a. Critical Race Theory b. Relationality *c. Intersectionality d. White Racial Frame 24. _________ refers to a set of beliefs, narratives, and practices within an organization, which are supported by discourse, which make up commonly recognized understandings of race. a. Intersectionality b. White Racial Frame *c. Racial Orthodoxy d. Diversity ideology 25. This sociologist introduced the idea of racialized organizations, which shifts our understanding of organizations away from the idea that they are race-neutral bureaucratic structures and instead are sites were race, racism, and white privilege are reproduced through various organizational mechanisms. a. David Embrick b. Joe Feagin c. Jennifer Mueller *d. Victor Ray 26. This theorist challenges the idea of color-blindness through their theoretical contribution to race scholarship known as __________, which refers to a process of knowing that is designed to produce not knowing.

a. Racialized organizations b. Critical race theory c. Theory of racial ignorance d. Diversity ideology True/False Questions 1. Scientific research on race, like all scientific research. has historically been objective and unbiased. a. True *b. False 2. The fact that every modern era has supported a “science of race” that emphasizes race as biological is evidence of the lack of objectivity of race science. *a. True b. False 3. Some research finds that DNA ancestry testing is much more common among African Americans, primarily due to the limitations placed upon them in pursuing traditional genealogical research due to the slave trade and the erasure of much of African culture in America. *a. True b. False 4. Sociologists focus on patterns rather than outliers, while acknowledging that there will always be deviations from the norm or the patterns. *a. True b. False 5. During the first half of the twentieth century, sociological research focused on race at the expense of ethnicity. a. True *b. False 6. According to the diversity ideology perspective, institutions such as schools and corporations have embraced a diversity discourse while simultaneously managing to reproduce status inequalities, which a commitment to diversity is intended to dislodge. *a. True b. False 7. While there is nothing new about the existence of biracial/multiracial people, the embrace of biracial/multiracial identities is a recent development. *a. True b. False

8. According to sociologist Robert Blauner, the experiences of colonized minorities and immigrant minorities in the United States are similar. a. True *b. False 9. According to the split labor market perspective on racial inequality, inequality in the economic sphere is maintained by the higher paid labor group who works to maintain their privileges in the labor market.

Under this model, higher paid white workers enforce discriminatory practices to maintain their privilege. *a. True b. False 10. According to sociologist Oliver Cromwell Cox, racial inequality is an extension of class inequality. *a. True b. False 11. American sociologists have always been critical of the eugenics movement. a. True *b. False Essay Questions 1. What is genetic ancestry testing? Explain the three different types of tests used in genetic ancestry and the limitations of each. Despite claims of the industry, provide one reason genetic ancestry testing cannot tell us much about our race.

2. What is scientific racism? In detail, describe one historical example and one current example of scientific racism. Despite the decline in scientific racism, why does it remain?

3. Would you argue that immigrants in the United States are pressured to assimilate into the dominant, Anglo culture or would you argue that the United States embraces cultural pluralism more than assimilation today? Provide evidence to support your answer.

4. What do Critical Race Theorists mean by counterstories? Identify a counterstory you are familiar with (whether historical, found in popular culture, or emerging out of scientific research). How does emphasizing counterstories affect how we view the world?

5. Identify and explain two current theoretical perspectives on race/ethnicity. Broadly speaking, how do current theoretical perspectives differ from traditional perspectives on race/ethnicity?

6. Explain Robert Blauner’s internal colonialism theory and how it helps us understand racial inequality today. Explain how this theory helps maintain the invisibility of Native American oppression.

7. Compare and contrast the functionalist perspective on racial/ethnic inequality with the conflict perspective on racial/ethnic inequality.

8. Why were American sociologists overwhelmingly silent about race in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and why is this silence particularly egregious? In what ways did that silence handicap sociologists in the second half of the twentieth century? Which American sociologists were talking about race during the first half of the twentieth century?

9. How have scientific understandings of race/ethnicity changed over time? How has the sociology of race/ethnicity changed over time? Provide two examples of each.

10. Explain how the concept of diversity has been altered by institutions in the United States and some effects of this. How does racial orthodoxy factor into this discussion?

11. Explain Victor Ray’s concept of racialized organizations. Give an example of this from an organization you are familiar with (your university; your employer; a professional sports league you follow). Explain how this organization qualifies as a racialized organization and provide an example of this.

12. Using Jennifer Mueller’s concept of the theory of racial ignorance, provide two examples from your life where white domination has been perpetuated through racial ignorance. Are you someone who suffered from racial ignorance at some point in your life? If so, why do you think this was so? What allowed the “not knowing” to take hold? If not, why do you think that was the case?

Chapter Four – Emergence of the US Racial Hierarchy Multiple Choice Questions 1. Between the 1500s and the mid-1800s, Native Americans experienced a ________, or the deliberate and systematic attempt to eradicate a group of people, at the hands of whites through the introduction of disease, war, forced relocation, and cultural denigration. *a. Genocide b. New world order c. Ethnocentrism d. Prejudice 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Africans were originally enslaved in the Americas. a. Africans were perceived as more suited for the agricultural labor demands than Native Americans *b. Africans were enslaved due to anti-Black racism c. African escaped slaves were more easily recognizable d. Black slaves were viewed as a less expensive option than European indentured servitude

3. James C. Scott argues that subordinate group resistance takes the form of a _________, which are the actions and interactions that occur outside the gaze of members of the dominant group and challenge the subordinate status of minority groups. a. Public transcript *b. Hidden transcript c. Subterranean resistance d. Ethnocentric transcript 4. This term refers to expectations about appropriate behavior for men and women that varies along racial lines. *a. Gendered racism b. Androcentrism c. Sex/Gender system d. Racialized gender construct 5. Which of the following is not one of the necessary conditions for racial and ethnic inequality to emerge in society, according to Donald Noel? a. Ethnocentrism b. Unequal power, a situation where one group can exploit the other c. Opportunity to benefit from exploitation *d. Gendered racism 6. Capitalism as an economic system emerged in conjunction with ________, the European contact with and exploitation and domination of the Native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. *a. Colonialism b. Patriarchy c. Globalization d. Stratification 7. Cox argues that American racism, particularly in the South, was created by _________because it benefitted them: they could exploit Black workers and keep white workers from realizing their potential solidarity with the Black working class. Such a “divide and conquer” strategy benefits capitalism in that a divided workforce has less power in the labor market. a. Slave traders *b. White capitalists c. Republicans d. Democrats 8. The term _______________ was introduced by sociologists Oliver and Shapiro to describe how government policies have impaired the ability of Black people to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation, with slavery being the most blatant example. *a. Racialization of state policy

b. Symbolic interactionism c. Anglo-conformity d. Racialized welfare 9. Cultural ideologies are fueled through _______, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations. *a. Stereotypes b. Norms c. Stratification d. Prejudice 10. This refers to the belief that one’s own culture or group’s ways of doing things are superior to others and is one of the necessary conditions for racial/ethnic inequality to emerge. a. Stereotypes *b. Ethnocentrism c. Eurocentrism d. Stratification 11. Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT resist their oppression and exploitation? a. African Americans b. Mexican Americans c. Native Americans *d. All the above groups resisted their oppression and exploitation in some way 12. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the emergence of the concept of “race” and the racial hierarchical worldview? a. Colonialism b. Trans-Atlantic slave trade *c. Views of Black inferiority based on skin color d. Capitalism 13. _______ refers to the societal norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women and is a social construction in that definitions of appropriate behavior have changed across time and place. a. Sex b. Gendered racism *c. Gender d. Transgender 14. Slave owners used which of the following justifications for their role in “breeding” more slaves with slave women.

a. That slave women were breeders rather than mothers b. It was part of their rights of ownership c. It was a good business practice *d. All the above 15. When was the international slave trade abolished by United States Congress? *a. 1807 b. 1835 c. 1870 d. 1920 16. Which of the following is an example of how New World slavery differed from slavery in the ancient world? a. Slavery in the ancient world was generally an outcome of war; people were enslaved as the spoils of war. b. In the ancient world, people were enslaved as punishment for crimes committed. c. In the ancient world, slavery was not a lifetime condition, as slaves could escape their status in various ways, such as purchasing their freedom or earning it through valiant wartime service. *d. All the above 17. ______ stands alone as the only nation in the world to emerge out of a successful slave revolt. a. Cuba *b. Haiti c. Mexico d. Puerto Rico

True/False Questions 1. Africans were not oppressed, exploited, and enslaved because they were Black. The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade helped create “race,” the idea of dividing humanity into hierarchical categories based upon physical appearances. *a. True b. False 2. Contact between different racial/ethnic groups inevitably leads to racial/ethnic inequality. a. True *b. False 3. Haiti stands alone as a nation that emerged out of a successful slave rebellion. *a. True

b. False 4. Upon encountering Europeans, many Africans, Native Americans, and Mexicans were subjected to notions of gender and sexuality that challenged their cultural norms. *a. True b. False 5. To understand race, racism, and race relations today, social scientists argue that it is important to take history into account to understand why these patterns of racial inequality first arose and the ways they influence race relations today. *a. True b. False 6. The world has not always been “raced;” meaning societies have not always been organized along the lines of physical features such as skin color with economic, political, social, and psychological rewards awarded or denied along such lines. *a. True b. False 7. Cultural beliefs of superiority and inferiority along racial lines emerged almost one hundred years into the slave trade, roughly between 1667 and 1682, as a way to justify the exploitation of Africans; Africans were not enslaved because they were viewed as inferior to whites, their enslavement resulted in the perception of them as inferior. *a. True b. False 8. Initial low population estimates of the number of Indigenous people in North America upon European arrival were politically motivated: it helped portray the European conquest of North America as legitimate because it was depicted as a relatively uninhabited continent. *a. True b. False 9. President Jackson blatantly ignored a Supreme Court ruling in a dispute over land that favored the Cherokee, and he forcibly relocated them with use of the U.S. military. *a. True b. False 10. US citizens who headed west and settled on Mexican lands after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 initially assimilated into Mexican culture by converting to Catholicism and adopting Spanish surnames. *a. True b. False

Essay Questions 1. Use two of the sociological perspectives introduced in this chapter to explain the emergence of racial/ethnic inequality in the United States.

2. Describe the unique historical exploitation of African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans. Compare and contrast the exploitation of each group.

3. Engaging with theoretical perspectives from both Karl Marx and Oliver Cromwell Cox, describe how capitalism, colonialism, and racism are historically linked and continually reinforce each other.

4. Describe the ways gender and sexuality intersect with racial/ethnic inequality to reinforce white racial domination, both during slavery and through the processes of colonialism in the United States.

5. Provide a detailed example of resistance to racial/ethnic inequality from African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican American groups. Why is recognizing this resistance important to understanding US racial/ethnic history?

6. Explain the emergence of the concept of race and the creation of a societal hierarchy that is based upon physical appearance.

7. Describe the specific types of exploitation Native American women experienced as a result of European colonialism.

Chapter 5 – Race Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries Multiple Choice Questions 1. Sociologist Milton Gordon expanded on Park’s notion of assimilation, by noting that Park only emphasized cultural assimilation, whereas the ultimate measure of assimilation was _______, where dominant and subordinate groups merge in interpersonal relationships as well as internalizing the norms of the dominant group (integration in intimate relationships, such as families, friendship networks, social circles, and marriages). a. Cultural b. Amalgamation *c. Structural d. Civic 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways assimilation can take place, according to sociologist Milton Gordon?

a. Anglo-conformity b. Melting pot c. Cultural pluralism *d. Two-way assimilation 3. Which of the following groups of Americans were subjected to systematic attempts at forced assimilation by the U.S. government? *a. Native Americans b. Irish Americans c. African Americans d. Jewish Americans 4. In the post-Civil War era, and again in the post-Reconstruction era, governments of the southern states began implementing legislation known as the _________, which were laws that restricted Black freedom of movement, travel, and access to better jobs, and included complex and changing rules concerning appropriate racial etiquette and vagrancy laws that forced Black people to work or be incarcerated. *a. Black Codes b. Civil Codes c. Restricted access legislation d. Power-threat legislation 5. Which of the following Supreme Court cases declared segregation constitutionally protected, if “separate but equal” facilities were provided. a. Brown v. Board of Education *b. Plessy v. Ferguson c. Dred Scott v. Sanford d. Furman v. Georgia 6. The term ‘Jim Crow’ refers to which of the following? a. The American system of racial segregation in the post-Reconstruction and pre-Civil Rights era South b. A character in a minstrel show *c. Both above d. None of the above 7. Which immigrant group was targeted for immigration restriction to this country due to their race and the view that they would never be able to successfully assimilate into American society? a. Irish b. Germans *c. Chinese d. Jews

8. Which of the following was a former Confederate Cavalry General who organized and led the first Ku Klux Klan meeting in April 1867 with the explicit goal of reducing Black political participation? *a. Nathan Bedford Forrest b. Dred Scott c. T. D. “Daddy” Rice d. Leonidis C. Dyer 9. Which of the following is NOT an example of African American resistance to racism, discrimination, and Jim Crow segregation? a. The formation of the NAACP b. The emergence of an anti-lynching movement *c. An embrace of segregation as a form of Black empowerment d. The emergence of Black labor organizing.

10. Which of the following is evidence of anti-immigrant hostility in the mid-to-late 1800s? a. Increase in nativism and xenophobia b. Employment discrimination targeting certain immigrant groups. c. Passage of immigration restrictions targeting certain groups *d. All the above are evidence of anti-immigrant hostility of the era.

11. Which of the following nations emulated the U.S. in their restrictive immigration legislation? *a. Australia b. Canada c. South Africa d. New Zealand 12. Anti-Catholic sentiment took political form in the emergence of the _________. One of its primary goals was to keep Catholics and immigrants from being allowed to hold political office; fervently antiimmigrant, its members believed that America should be a Protestant country and feared that Catholics were hostile to U.S. values and would be more loyal to the Pope than to the United States. a. Democratic Party b. Populist Party *c. Know-Nothing Party d. Whigs 13. Sinophobia is a term to describe the fear and hatred of which group of people? a. Irish *b. Chinese c. Jewish d. African Americans

14. Which of the following immigrant groups of the late nineteenth century entered the United States with more education and industrial experience than other immigrant groups and the American population at large? a. Irish immigrants *b. Jewish immigrants c. Chinese immigrants d. Italian immigrants 15. Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempted forced assimilation of Native Americans during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Forced relocations of Native Americans to reservations b. The boarding school movement *c. Military conflicts d. The encouragement of private property ownership through legislation that led to the breakup of communally held lands 16. This event, in which over three hundred Native American men, women, and children were killed, marks the end of the “Indian Wars” and Native American autonomy. *a. Massacre at Wounded Knee b. Custer’s Last Stand c. Ghost Dance d. Sand Creek Massacre 17. This African American woman was a teacher, journalist, activist, one of the founders of the NAACP, and became best known for her anti-lynching activism. *a. Ida B. Wells b. Jessie P. Daniels c. Harriet Tubman d. Mary White Ovington 18. This organization became the most powerful Black union and worked for labor rights for all Black workers, as well as for basic civil rights for African Americans. *a. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters b. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) c. United Mine Workers d. United Auto Workers 19. This term refers to when a member of one racial group becomes accepted as and understood by others to be a member of another racial group; the term has most often referred to African Americans who become seen and accepted as white. a. Fleeting *b. Passing

c. Transients d. Reclaimers True/False Questions 1. Racial hierarchies are not static; instead, they are constantly responding to changing social and historical conditions, as well as to challenges from subordinate groups. *a. True b. False 2. Dramatic social changes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century resulted in a society in flux, where the social order could not be taken for granted, and where clashes between racial/ethnic groups intensified. *a. True b. False 3. Some have described the violence and oppression of the Jim Crow era directed against African Americans as a time that was “worse than slavery.” *a. True b. False 4. While slavery can be viewed as an example of racial dictatorship, the ten years known as the Reconstruction era can be viewed as the beginning of a racial democracy, where the actions of the federal government supported the full civil and political rights of Black people. *a. True b. False 5. In the mid-to-late 1800s, the United States experienced an immigration explosion that had dramatic consequences for the nation. *a. True b. False 6. No other European ethnic group faced the discrimination that the Catholic Irish faced in the United States; help wanted ads discouraged Irish men and women from applying, by stating “No Irish need apply,” even for menial jobs. In the South, work considered too dangerous for slaves was considered ideal for Irish laborers. *a. True b. False 7. In the early 1900s, anti-Semitic feelings among non-Jewish students grew on college campuses and soon admissions quotas became commonplace, particularly in professional schools of law and medicine, thus restricting Jewish access to some of the most prestigious occupations in American society.

*a. True b. False 8. The Indian Citizenship Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Indians, was the result of Indian demands that they be fully included in the U.S. as citizens. a. True *b. False 9. Most labor unions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were racially integrated, adhering to the belief that a united labor force was a more powerful challenge to capitalist exploitation. a. True *b. False 10. Passing can be understood as resistance to the racial hierarchy and, simultaneously, acquiescence to it. *a. True b. False Essay Questions 1. Why is assimilation the preferred model for race/ethnic relations among sociologists who adhere to the functionalist perspective?

2. What is meant by the notion that the United States is a melting pot? Provide a sociological critique of that understanding of American assimilation.

3. To what extent has the United States favored the assimilation of racial/ethnic minorities? Provide examples of when assimilation has NOT been an option for particular racial/ethnic groups. What are some factors that influence the ability of a group to assimilate into the dominant culture? What are some factors that inhibit a group’s chances of assimilating into the dominant culture?

4. Provide evidence that this period in history—the late nineteenth and early twentieth century—was a racial dictatorship. Conversely, provide evidence that this period could be described as the beginning of a racial democracy.

5. In detail, describe at least three attempts at the forced assimilation of Native Americans during the late 1800s and early 1900s by the U.S. government. Were these efforts successful?

6. Describe similarities and differences between the racism and discrimination directed at African Americans and Native Americans versus that directed at European immigrants, particularly Irish and Jewish immigrants.

7. Use Hubert M. Blalock’s power-threat hypothesis to explain the preponderance of lynching and race riots during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

8. Describe the changing racial ideologies associated with the shift from slavery to Jim Crow and thus how racial discrimination against African Americans changed.

9. Explain why a service occupation like that of sleeping car porter was such an important job for African American men.

10. Define passing. Explain the costs and benefits of passing for African Americans during the Jim Crow era. How is passing evidence of resistance to the racial hierarchy? How can it be evidence of acquiescence (compliance) to the racial hierarchy?

Chapter 6 – Race Relations in Flux: From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter Multiple Choice Questions 1. This term refers to organized activism that is intended to be engaged in for an extended period and works to change some aspect of society. a. Collective behavior *b. Social movements c. Collective response d. Social activism 2. Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT engage in organized activism during the 1960s and 1970s to fight for their full political and civil rights? a. Chicanos b. Native Americans c. Asian Americans *d. All the above engaged in activism during this era 3. This organization, initially a local organization called the Montgomery Improvement Association, emerged out of the Montgomery bus boycott, and became the leading civil rights organization of the era. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the first president of this organization. *a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) b. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) c. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) d. Black Panthers 4. This term refers to Mexican Americans activists in the post- World War II era. *a. Chicano b. Latino c. Hispanic

d. Mulatto 5. Which of the following was a trigger for Asian American activism in the 1960s and 1970s? *a. The Korean and Vietnam Wars b. The creation of the state of Israel c. The Nazi holocaust d. The Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education 1954 6. Which of the following civil rights organizations did NOT exist prior to the Civil Rights Movement? *a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) b. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) c. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) d. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 7. Which of the following is NOT one of the social and cultural conditions that contributed to minority group activism in the post-World War II era? a. Economic growth b. Increasing urbanization c. The baby boom generation’s sense of self-efficacy *d. Decreasing educational opportunities for minorities 8. The Asian American movement of the 1960s and early 1970s fought for: a. More Asian American faculty and students of color in the University of California system b. An end to the Vietnam War c. An end to anti-Asian violence *d. All the above 9. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activists engaged in a strategy referred to as _________, the practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws and engaging in nonviolent activism. *a. Civil disobedience b. Nonviolent, indirect action c. Civil obedience d. Violent, direct action 10. This man was a white southerner, the son and grandson of KKK members, one of the first white members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and a lifelong activist. *a. Bob Zellner b. Bayard Rustin c. Jim White d. Doug McAdams

11. During the Civil Rights Movement, which state was considered to be a “closed society” and thus was targeted by activists for massive voter registration drives and a campaign known as Freedom Summer (1964)? a. Missouri b. Louisiana c. Georgia *d. Mississippi 12. In 1950, The U.S. government sought an alternative approach to assimilating Indians through a new policy known as the _________. Under this paternalistic approach, the federal government identified certain tribes they felt were ready to survive on their own and cut off government support of the tribe, encouraging them to leave their reservations for major American cities. *a. Termination policy b. Urbanization policy c. Dawes Act d. Indian Removal Act 13. While many minority protest movements began to be less active by the mid-to-late 1970s, this group witnessed increasing mobilization against racism and discrimination in the 1980s and 1990s. a. Native Americans b. Chicanos *c. Arab Americans d. Asian Americans 14. One of the most significant victories for Asian American activists was: a. The end of the Vietnam War *b. An official apology and reparations for Japanese Americans interned during WW II c. An end to police brutality d. More liberal immigration laws 15. Women played significant roles in the organized activism of which of the following post-World War II minority protest movements? a. Civil Rights Movement b. Red Power Movement c. Chicano Rights Movement *d. All the above 16. Which of the following is NOT an example of a Chicano activist organization operating during the post-WWII era? a. Brown Berets b. Crusade for Justice *c. Amigos for Justice

d. La Raza Unida Party 17. Which of the following social movements involved the activism of college students? a. Civil Rights Movement b. Red Power Movement c. Chicano Rights Movement *d. All the above 18. Which of the following social movements fought for the rights of farm workers? a. Civil Rights Movement b. Red Power Movement *c. Chicano Rights Movement d. All the above 19. Many Native American activists engaged in what one scholar calls a _______, which refers to fighting for the freedom to live their Native cultures and participate in traditional ceremonies; fighting for more racially inclusive education; and learning and preserving native languages. a. Cultural freedom movement b. Political freedom movement c. Social diversity movement *d. Race pride movement 20. It was at this event in 1968 that some contact and cooperation between civil rights, Chicano, and Native American activists occurred. a. March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom *b. Poor People’s March on Washington c. Selma to Montgomery March d. Freedom Rides 21. Which of the following countries was home to racial/ethnic minority activism during the post-World War II era? a. India b. United States c. Many African nations *d. All the above 22. Which racial/ethnic minority movement of the post-World War II era began when over 10,000 East Los Angeles high school students walked out of their classes and went on a weeklong strike protesting racism. *a. The Chicano Movement b. The Red Power Movement c. The Civil Rights Movement

d. The Arab American Movement 23. This social movement was triggered by the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s killer, George Zimmerman. a. #SayHerName *b. #BlackLivesMatter c. #ArabAmericanActivism d. The Civil Rights Movement True/False Questions 1. For subordinate groups to challenge their status through protest, sociologists who study social movements point out that it takes more than relative deprivation, the perception that their situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economics, power, and privilege. *a. True b. False 2. The activism of the Red Power movement led to people with Native ancestry proudly re-embracing their American Indian ethnic identity. *a. True b. False 3. For marginalized groups to engage in organized activism to change their situation, they must first develop a united identity from which to operate. a. True *b. False 4. Women involved in the Civil Rights Movement often found themselves the target of gender discrimination within the civil rights organizations to which they belonged. *a. True b. False 5. Native American activism of the late 1960s and 1970s began on reservations and spread to rural areas. a. True *b. False 6. Much Native American activism of the era involved the occupation of national monuments, landmarks, or government offices. Such locations were significant because they challenged U.S. collective memory, a set of beliefs about the past which the nation’s citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history. *a. True b. False

7. Most other racial/ethnic minority groups of the era were fighting for integration, but Native Americans had a history of forced assimilation into the dominant, mainstream, American culture and thus, the Red Power movement was focused on cultural integrity. *a. True b. False 8. Despite the successes of the Red Power movement, federal repression efforts directed at Native organizations, particularly AIM, resulted in the destruction of the organization and the eventual demise of the Red Power movement, like the federal suppression of the Black Panther Party. *a. True b. False 9. Arab American activism decreased during the 1980s and 1990s. a. True *b. False 10. Many whites viewed the passage of the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, and affirmative action as marking the end of racism. *a. True b. False 11. The Black Lives Matter movement can be understood as part of the “long civil rights movement.” *a. True b. False 12. Some of the earliest civil rights activism involved African American women protesting the sexual violence they experienced at the hands of white men. *a. True b. False 13. Native American youth involved in the Red Power movement were rebelling against their elders, similarly to other young activists of the era. a. True *b. False 14. The Black Lives Matter movement is intersectional at its core; in addition to their concern for the rights of Black men, they also fight for the rights of Black women, and LGBTQ people of color. *a. True b. False Essay Questions

1. Identify and explain three key examples of minority group activism in the post-World War II era. In other words, pick a minority protest movement of that era and discuss three types of campaigns they engaged in, what rights they specifically fought for, and any evidence of the success of their activism.

2. Explain three social and/or cultural conditions that contributed to the emergence of minority protest movements in the post-World War II era. Why is relative deprivation NOT considered to be the trigger for minority group activism?

3. Define nonviolent, direct action, and provide examples of how this strategy was used by racial/ethnic minority activists in the post-World War II era.

4. Identify and describe one key social movement organizations (SMOS) associated with the Civil Rights Movement, the Red Power Movement, Chicano activism, and Asian American activism.

5. Differentiate between political activism and cultural activism and provide an example of each.

6. Explain some of the nonviolent direct-action tactics engaged by social movement organizations to challenge the white power structure in the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement? Explain why some movements later shifted toward more militant positions.

7. Describe the Standing Rock movement that occurred in 2016-17. What made this movement historic?

What kinds of resistance did the Water Protectors experience?

8. Describe the foundation and mission of the Black Lives Matter movement. What similarities and differences exist between the Black Lives Matter movement today and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s? How do Millennials view Black Lives Matter movement?

Chapter Seven – Education Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to social reproduction theory, education is a. A path to liberation *b. An institution where class hierarchies are reproduced. c. An institution where even a long history of racial discrimination does not matter d. An institution where social and cultural capital are irrelevant 2. An example of a person’s social capital is their _______________. *a. Social network b. Language c. Talents d. Personal property

3. Critical race theory argues that ________________. a. Schools should be race neutral b. Minority students enter school with a deficit of skills c. Focusing on diversity in school curriculum fuels discrimination *d. The cultural competencies white people bring to the table is seen as the cultural norm 4. According to critical race theorists, a different set of skills within a community that tends to not be recognized or valued by dominant institutions is also known as: a. Color consciousness b. Cultural superiority *c. Community cultural wealth d. Social capital 5. Whiteness studies is a sociological analysis of educational institutions that _____________: a. Brings about an understanding of how the rules, ideologies, values, and norms of our society are all constructed by white people despite appearing race neutral. b. Brings about an understanding of how white standards affect our interpretations of ourselves and others. c. Explains how most educational institutions can be understood as racialized spaces, thus campuses themselves are examples of whiteness in education. *d. All the above 6. According to Nilda Flores-Gonzales (2002) a(n) _________ identity is adopted when a student learns student role expectations early and performs the role well and develops meaningful relationships with peers and teachers. a. Street *b. School c. Minority d. Oppositional 7. Racial/ethnic group members negotiate their school identities in the school environment differently than white students. Which of the following is an example of the different school identities developed by some racial/ethnic minority students? a. Oppositional identity b. Model minority c. Street identity *d. All the above 8. Some research shows that some African American students develop ___________ identities when they perceive positive attitudes about school as an affront to the African American identity and/or as “acting white.” *a. Oppositional b. Street c. Aboriginal d. Divergent

9. This is a powerful force for children who learn that anything less than academic excellence will be denounced by their peers and the adults around them; _________ refers to an attribute that is deeply discrediting and challenges one’s identity. a. Mimicking b. Stereotype *c. Stigma d. Negotiation 10. After the Civil War when public education was finally extended to minorities in the United States, it was substandard. One of the most powerful and effective ways that minority groups fought this inequality was through: *a. Formal litigation b. Militias c. Segregation d. Violence 11. Which historical Supreme Court decision has had the most significant impact on desegregation in American schools nationwide? a. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) b. Williams v. State of California (2000) c. Roe v. Wade (1973) *d. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 12. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Court declared that states could continue to enforce racial segregation if the facilities provided for each race were equal. This meant: a. It was illegal to be separate but equal. *b. It was legal to have segregation in schools. c. A strong commitment would be made to maintaining equal facilities. d. Education was becoming a source of integration.

13. Evidence of ___________ was presented in the Brown case based on Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s research findings from their well-known doll experiments. a. Gender discrimination b. Overt racism *c. Internalized racism d. Biological differences 14. Asian Americans students are often expected to live up to the model minority stereotype, which assumes academic success is the result of hard work and Asian cultural norms. This is problematic because: a. Asian Americans naturally have higher IQs. *b. Asian Americans are a large and diverse group with considerable variation in academic performance and cultural expectations. c. Asian American students often reject this expectation in their student identity development and sabotage their own success. d. Asian Americans naturally have more motivation.

15. In the mid-1800s, education for Mexican Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans shared all the same characteristics except: a. It prepared them for subordinate roles in society. b. It socialized them for a life of cheap labor. c. It often denied them access to high school. *d. It provided the same quality education, although separate, as whites.

16. The Mendez v. Westminster School District of Orange County (1945) case was a significant school desegregation decision because: *a. It resulted in the state of California being the first state in the country to end segregation in schools. b. It was the first case brought by both African Americans and Latinos together. c. It was the most well-known Supreme Court decision and ended segregated schooling nationwide. d. It defined desegregation as having more than one race of students in the school (Latinos, African Americans, and whites, for instance).

17. Which statement is NOT true regarding the boarding school movement and the systematic resocialization of Indian children: a. The goal was to get them to abandon their native identity and accept a new one. b. Their names and clothes were confiscated, and they were prohibited from speaking their native languages. c. Their education was vocational focused because it was assumed they would take on subordinate roles in society. *d. The Bureau of Indian Affairs did not approve of the boarding school movement.

18. Karl Marx observed in his ____________________ that the dominant group, which he called the ruling class, used social institutions such as schools to promote ideas, values, and morals that support their dominance. a. Proletariat theory *b. Dominant ideology thesis c. Functionalist theory d. Subordinate ideology thesis 19. Although the Brown v. Board of Education decision technically mandated an end to segregation in 1954, white resistance to school desegregation took many forms. Which was NOT a form of white resistance to Brown? a. Segregation academies b. Tokenism *c. Busing d. White flight 20. Racial resegregation occurs in public schools today due to many factors. Which of the following has NOT directly contributed to the resegregation of schools in the United States? a. White flight b. Miliken v. Bradley decision c. School choice *d. NACCP efforts 21. Counter-histories refer to _______________.

*a. Historical accounts of non-dominant groups. b. Stories included in all US history textbooks, as required by law. c. Educational practices that perpetuate racism. d. Stories that are inaccurate due to lack of factual evidence.

22. 45% of a school’s official budget comes from local funds, primarily personal property taxes. This leads to: *a. Wealthy communities with large, high-value properties collecting more property taxes and having more money to direct toward their schools. b. Poor residents in low-income communities being pressured to buy houses even when they cannot afford them. c. A fair and balanced budget for all schools in all neighborhoods, due to distribution of taxes. d. Greater diversity in schools.

23. In 1991, this writer and activist shocked the nation with his book, Savage Inequalities, which exposed the incomprehensible inequality between public schools in the United States and the fact that these inequities fall along racial and class lines. *a. Jonathan Kozol b. Martin Bernal c. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva d. William Julius Wilson 24. This term refers to the sorting and placement of students into different educational programs, based upon different abilities and prior academic achievement. a. Profiling *b. Tracking c. Standardization d. Pooling 25. This term refers to the discrepancy in standardized test scores along racial lines. a. Stigma b. Educational reform c. Civil unrest *d. Achievement gap 26. This is a social-psychological term that refers to the process whereby a person believes what is said about him or her and in response, acts in accordance with such views, which in turn results in a confirmation of the original assumption. a. Narcissism b. Internal racism c. Achievement sabotage *d. Self-fulfilling prophecy 27. Under the No Child Left Behind (2002) education reform bill, schools with low standardized test scores and the neediest students often lose funds and become even less able to meet the needs of their students. Sociologists refer to this as: a. NCLB theory b. Low-stakes testing

*c. Diversity penalty d. Race neutral education 28. Sociologist Karolyn Tyson coined this term, which refers to institutionalized practices that result in higher level courses (honors, college prep, AP courses) being disproportionately populated with white students while lower-level courses are disproportionately populated with African American students. a. Racism *b. Racialized tracking c. Diversity penalty d. Discipline gap 29. This is a term that refers to the greater likelihood of African American students to face school suspension for their behavior compared to students of other racial groups. a. Racism b. Racialized tracking c. Diversity penalty *d. Discipline gap 30. The __________, which refers to the unequal access to digital technologies such as computers and the Internet, became glaringly obvious during the COVID-19 pandemic, when schools closed, and distance learning was implemented. *a. Digital divide b. Digital penalty c. Digital gap d. Digital racism True/False Questions 1. Young Black men in the United States are more likely to serve in the military than to go to prison. a. True *b. False 2. Social and cultural capital does not affect a student’s educational environment or experience – willpower is the single most powerful factor in educational success. a. True *b. False 3. According to the community cultural wealth model, a student of color does not enter school with a deficit, but simply a different set of knowledge and skills that they can draw on and share to succeed in the world. *a. True b. False 4. The assumption of racial minority intellectual inferiority was overt and widespread throughout US history. *a. True b. False

5. Booker T. Washington encouraged a policy of accommodationism, which posited that Black people could gain more autonomy by cooperating with whites rather than demanding full civil and political rights. *a. True b. False 6. Primarily due to federal funding directed toward disadvantaged students, the late 1970s and 1980s witnessed many improvements in education, including a decrease in the achievement gap, funding gap, and racial segregation. *a. True b. False 7. Higher-level courses in school, such as honors and advanced placement courses, are disproportionately composed of white students in majority white and integrated schools, but not predominantly Black schools. *a. True b. False 8. When sociologists investigate standardized test scores, they find that when the federal government directs funds at disadvantaged schools, the achievement gap widens. a. True *b. False 9. According to Karolyn Tyson’s research, the “acting white” phenomenon is found in racially integrated schools but is not found in predominantly Black schools. *a. True b. False 10. Research evidence finds that school choice contributes to the racial integration of schools. a. True *b. False Essay Questions 1. What is the achievement gap? What are the limitations of this concept? Give three ways we should be interpreting this data more responsibly.

2. How has the No Child Left Behind act contributed to the achievement gap? Explain the schoolto-prison pipeline. How does the discipline gap impact academic achievement?

3. Describe how students develop identities in the school environment. Describe three distinct types of identities developed by members of racial/ethnic minority groups in schools.

4. Summarize the history of race and public education in the United States. Describe the outcome and impact of the two landmark cases Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education in education.

5. Summarize the history of educational inequality for African Americans in the United States.

What predominant ideologies prevented African Americans from equality in education?

Describe two ways did African Americans resisted this discrimination?

6. Compare and contrast the educational history of the following racial/ethnic minority groups: Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. In addition, describe at least one example of resistance to educational discrimination engaged in by each group.

7. Even though the Brown decision technically mandated an end to segregation in 1954, school desegregation took time and energy to implement. Describe two examples of ways in which desegregation was resisted by whites. Describe the practice of busing and its effectiveness at desegregating schools.

8. Schools today are more segregated than they have been since the late 1960s. Provide at least three reasons for this de facto segregation.

10. Explain why sociologist Mary Pattillo argues that despite the language of “school choice” associated with charter schools, for poor and working-class African Americans, the experience is not empowering and instead, they preferred neighborhood schools. How does school choice help perpetuate school segregation?

Chapter Eight – Economic Inequality and the Role of the State Multiple Choice Questions

1. This term refers to a person’s assets, which includes their savings, retirement accounts, and the equity in their home. It is cumulative and can be passed down through generations. a. Income *b. Wealth c. Equity d. Portfolio 2. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups had the highest median household income in 2020? a. Non-Hispanic whites b. Hispanics c. Black Americans *d. Asian Americans 3. The racial wage gap refers to the fact that ___________. *a. White workers earn more than Black, Latino, and Native American workers even when controlling for education, skills, and experience. b. The 2008 economic crisis has resulted in a renewed racial income gap. c. Racial disparities are irrelevant to income. d. Racial economic inequality has been eradicated.

4. Unemployment rates are determined by data collected from unemployment offices. They show reports on how many people are actively searching for work and are unable to find it. These statistics are limited because they do not include: *a. Discouraged workers b. Online workers c. Income earned in the underground economy d. Underage job seekers 5. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups experience what scholars refer to as a bifurcated economic picture, where some are doing very well economically, while others are facing disproportionate poverty rates? a. Hispanics b. African Americans *c. Asian Americans d. Non-Hispanic whites 6. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups’ wealth accumulation has been hindered since their access to land ownership has been restricted due to racist policies and practices? a. Native Americans b. Chinese Americans c. Japanese Americans *d. All the above 7. Sociologist William Wilson (2010) prefers using data on _________ instead of relying on official unemployment rates because it refers not only to those actively looking for work, but also includes those who have been marginalized from the labor force and are no longer actively looking for work, so it is a more accurate measure. a. Poverty b. Underemployed *c. Joblessness d. Discouraged workers 8. During the 1970s, the U.S. went through an economic restructuring in which manufacturing jobs moved out of unionized states and into non-unionized states or to developing countries for cheaper labor. This process, which disproportionately negatively affected racial minorities, is called: a. Labor flight *b. Deindustrialization c. Last hired phenomenon d. Post-industrialization 9. _____________ refers to when employers disregard a racial minority applicant due to negative assumptions they hold about the work ethic of the racial group they belong to. *a. Statistical discrimination b. Employer bias c. Job market gap d. Racism

10. _________ refers to a management strategy where a business owner/manager will hire a minority group member for a certain job because they believe their customer base will approve and reward them with their loyalty. a. Statistical discrimination *b. Racial signaling c. Racial abilities d. Opportunity hoarding 11. The federal poverty threshold, also referred to as the poverty line, is determined by all factors EXCEPT: a. Household size b. Income *c. Medical expenses d. Minimal food budget 12. Poverty shows itself to be patterned, which means we can look to structural explanations to understand it. Which of the following best explains the high poverty rates of urban African Americans: a. Lack of motivation b. Lack of transportation c. Sense of entitlement *d. Unemployment 13. Sociologist William Julius Wilson (1987) coined the term _____________ to describe a phenomenon in which blue-collar manufacturing jobs, which require less education, move far away from the population of people limited to these skills. a. Urbanization b. Spatial dislocation thesis c. Supply-side economics *d. Spatial mismatch thesis 14. ____________ refers to people working full-time, year-round, and who still fall below the poverty line due to low wages. *a. The working poor b. The urban poor c. The lower-class d. The underclass 15. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups are underrepresented among the impoverished population in the US? a. Asian Americans b. Non-Hispanic whites c. Both A and B d. None of the above 16. The existence of an urban underclass is a result of many factors, including: a. Chronic unemployment among urban Black people b. The migration of middle-class and working-class Black families out of urban areas c. Deindustrialization

*d. All the above.

17. When one compares the Black middle class with the white middle class we see: a. True equality *b. Members of the Black middle class are still economically more precarious c. Both struggle with proximity to poverty since poverty rates are so high d. Both have remarkably similar amounts of accumulated wealth 18. Sociologists use this term to describe when whites object to or have a complete lack of feeling toward social policies and programs designed to address racial/ethnic inequalities: a. Color-blindness b. Victim blaming c. Reverse racism *d. Racial apathy 19. Sociologists Oliver and Shapiro (1995) use the term racialization of the state to explain how: *a. Government policies and practices have interfered with the ability of Black Americans to accumulate wealth b. Voter repression that falls along racial lines c. The underrepresentation of minorities in government leadership positions d. Resistance from grassroots organizations against state policies 20. Before the establishment of the welfare state, many Americans relied on _________ in times of need: a. Individual strength and talent *b. Mutual aid societies c. Federal handouts d. Subprime loans 21. This is a collection of programs designed to assure economic security to all citizens by guaranteeing the fundamental necessities of life: food, shelter, medical care, protection in childhood, and support in old age. a. Utopian society *b. Welfare state c. Capitalist economy d. Democratic state 22. During the late nineteenth century in the U.S., a perceived increase in the birth rate of racial minority groups along with the declining birthrates of whites was a phenomenon referred to by many as: *a. Race suicide b. Population control c. Race-baiting d. Reproductive imbalance 23. Eugenics is a form of scientific racism that promotes genetic purity in a society. In the early decades of the twentieth century, a eugenics movement emerged in the U.S. using which of these tactics to achieve their goals?

a. refusing birth control to racial minority women. b. refusing hysterectomies for lower class women in need. c. increasing undesirable characteristics in people to make them weak. *d. forced sterilization laws on mentally incapacitated people and racial minority women.

24. This is not a single policy but instead a collection of policies that are specifically designed to promote equal employment opportunities for women and racial minorities. a. GI Bill b. New Deal *c. Affirmative action d. Welfare 25. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways whites experience benefits in the labor market? a. Opportunity hoarding b. Social capital c. Discrimination against racial minority applications *d. All the above are ways whites benefit in the labor market

26. Women of color have expanded the white feminist demand for abortion access to include the right not just to terminate a pregnancy, but the right to have children and parent them in safe and sustainable communities. They use the term ____________ to capture their demands. a. Reproductive rights b. Post-reproductive rights c. Right to life *d. Reproductive justice 27. During the first half of the twentieth century, women from which of the following racial/ethnic groups were targeted for forced (involuntary) sterilizations. a. African American women b. Puerto Rican women c. Native American women *d. All the above 28. Which of the following groups of people have benefitted most from affirmative action policies? *a. White women b. Black poor people c. Non-Black people of color d. Black women

True/False Questions 1. Due to the declining racial wage gap since the 1970s, the racial wealth gap has been nearly eradicated. a. True

*b. False

2. Unemployment rates for white men and women are much higher than rates for African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans. a. True *b. False 3. If Black wealth accumulation continues at its current pace, it will take Black families 228 years to accumulate the same amount of wealth as white families have today. * a. True b. False 4. While excluding people from certain jobs is illegal, practices of inclusion or favoritism is not, and this is one-way white privilege operates in the labor market. *a. True b. False 5. Scholars argue that the US welfare state has been racialized from its inception, favoring whites and disadvantaging people of color. *a. True b. False 6. The U.S. poverty rate in 2014 was just under the highest it had been in 50 years, which was 15% in 2011. *a. True b. False 7. Research finds that, in addition to federal policies, the federal tax code has helped create and perpetuate white wealth accumulation while inhibiting Black wealth accumulation. *a. True b. False 8. Numerous scholars argue that racialized opposition to universal health care is one of the primary reasons that the United States is the only democratic, industrialized nation that does not offer health care as a right. *a. True b. False 9. The infant mortality rate for Black babies, the number of babies who die before the first year of life, is twice the rate for white babies in the United States. *a. True b. False 10. Affirmative action is a government sponsored quota system that requires employers to hire a certain number of racial minority employees. a. True *b. False

11. For racial minorities in the US, the 1980s was an era of rising educational attainment and rising poverty, simultaneously. *a. True b. False 12. The only U.S. policy that attempts to help the working poor is the Earned Income Tax Credit, which is a refundable federal income tax credit that only low to moderate income working individuals and families qualify for. *a. True b. False 13. The G.I. Bill is often described as America’s first piece of “color-blind social legislation” because of its massive impact and effectiveness in ending racial inequality. a. True *b. False 14. While there is a racial wealth gap between Black people and white people, no such wealth gap exists between Latinos and whites. a. True *b. False 15. The United States is the only industrialized nation in the world that does not offer health care to its citizens as a right. *a. True b. False 16. By 1976, an estimated 24-42% of Native American women of childbearing age were sterilized, many without their knowledge. *a. True b. False 17. Reproductive policies like forced sterilization, which give us pause today, were perceived differently in other times and places. In the first half of the twentieth century in Sweden, for instance, they were considered progressive, as they were viewed as sparing people from a lifetime of institutionalization. *a. True b. False 18. Many scholars argue that the Puerto Rican debt crisis is the fault of the US, and particularly linked to development and modernization projects. *a. True b. False Essay Questions 1. Explain the difference between income and wealth. Define and describe both the racial wage gap and the racial wealth gap. Describe two proposed social policy solutions to the racial wealth gap described in

the text. To what extent have these ideas gained political traction in recent years? To what extent should closing the racial wealth gap be the responsibility of the federal government?

2. Describe racial differences in unemployment rates. How did the economic recession of 2008 effect communities of color in the U.S.? What are some of the economic effects of COVID-19 on communities of color in the U.S.?

3. Describe the Black middle-class. When and how did the Black middle-class emerge? Compare Black middle-class vulnerabilities to the white middle-class.

4. Describe the creation of the New Deal social policies and their role in the perpetuation of racial wealth disparities.

5. Describe the creation of the G.I Bill and its role in the perpetuation of racial wealth disparities.

6. Describe the health care and reproductive rights debates regarding race in the U.S. Provide three examples of how minorities have been impacted by racial discrimination in these arenas.

7. Describe the history, myths, and current status of affirmative action in the business world and in higher education.

8. What is racial realism? Describe the two ways racial realism manifests in the employment sector and give an example of each. How can these practices work to disadvantage racial/ethnic minority employees?

Chapter Nine – Housing Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was developed in 1934 for which of the following reasons: a. To rescue homeowners who were about to default b. To make first-time home buying possible c. To help pull the country out of the Great Depression d. All the above 2. The Federal Housing Association (FHA) encouraged residential discrimination in which of the following ways? a. Labeling areas of the city that are predominantly Black as risky to creditors, referred to as redlining. b. Encouraging the use of restrictive covenants, or language on a deed that obligates the buyer not to sell the home to a specific group. c. Requiring FHA appraisals of properties to ensure a minimal risk of default; their appraisal standards included a whites-only requirement. *d. All the above 3. __________ is the process of renovating deteriorating urban neighborhoods by means of an influx of more affluent residents, resulting in fewer low-income housing units; while described in terms of an economic shift, it also results in a racial shift (from low-income to middle-class, from Black to white). a. Displacement

b. Residential bias *c. Gentrification d. Redlining 4. Matthew Desmond (2016) argues that a sociology of displacement can help us understand how ________help to create poverty. *a. Evictions b. Gentrification c. Predatory exclusion d. Redlining 5. Residential segregation describes urban areas disproportionately composed of people of color while whites primarily reside in suburban and rural communities. The primary explanation for this is ____________: a. A result of personal preferences between people of color and whites. *b. A result of historic and ongoing policies and practices that have restricted housing options for people of color. c. A result of demands by people of color. d. An insignificant feature of American society that deserves little attention.

6. Which term best describes how residential racial segregation is maintained in the U.S.: a. De jure segregation *b. De facto segregation c. Jim crow segregation d. Gentrification 7. Sociologists use the term _________ to describe towns that are much whiter than the nation. a. Gentrified communities *b. Whitopias c. Sundown towns d. Middle class cloisters 8. During the first half of the twentieth century, this term refers to towns used violence to run African American residents out of town: a. Gentrified communities b. Whitopias *c. Sundown towns d. Middle class cloisters 9. ___________is a practice instituted by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) to label areas of the city that are predominantly Black as risky to creditors, thus ensuring most Black families were ineligible for federally insured loans. a. Sundowning b. Racial profiling c. Default predicting *d. Redlining

10. The real estate industry contributes to racial residential segregation through which of the following practices (historically or currently): a. Racial steering b. Restrictive covenants c. Redlining *d. All the above 11. When realtors play on the fears of whites and the limited housing options of Black people to make more money by encouraging the rapid turnover of a neighborhood from all white to all Black it is called _________: a. Racial steering *b. Blockbusting c. Redlining d. Predatory inclusion 12. While most people of all races in the U.S. claim they prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods, most also express a preference for: a. Segregation *b. Not being outnumbered by other races c. Not being in the majority d. Pluralism 13. A social structural sorting process refers to people’s decisions regarding housing choices that often exclude some areas of a city from consideration regarding housing. The social structuring process is informed by: a. Life experiences b. Personal residential histories c. Media exposure of areas of the city *d. All the above 14. The term ________ originally referred to the Jewish area of sixteenth century Venice, but its use today refers to crowded, urban sections of a city populated by a minority group who are legally, socially, or physically restricted from living outside the designated area: *a. Ghetto b. Urban jungle c. Public housing d. Suburbs 15. Public housing in the 1960s started to become occupied by residents who were: a. Poor rather than working class b. Racial minorities instead of whites *c. Both answers are correct d. Neither answer is correct 16. Which sociologist coined the term environmental racism to describe when a policy or practice differentially affects a group based upon its race or color: *a. Robert Bullard b. Matthew Desmond

c. Karl Marx d. Patricia Hill Collins 17. This movement merges issues and tactics of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and the environmental movement of the 1970s to challenge polluting industries and their practices, making environmental justice a civil rights issue: a. Libertarian movement *b. Environmental justice movement c. Feminist ecological movement d. Grassroots earth movement 18. Natural disasters can create _______ which is a term used to describe people who are forced to leave their community of origin due to environmental destruction such as soil erosion, drought, or floods, which results in the land’s inability to support them. *a. Climate refugees b. Climate exiles c. Climate hoaxers d. Environmental migrants 19. The effects of residential segregation can be linked to: a. Job growth for all *b. Disparities in education c. Greater access to public parks and other amenities for all d. Hyposegregation 20. Which of the following could be considered causes of residential segregation: a. Personal preferences b. Sundown towns c. Federal policies *d. All the above 21. In the U.S. in 2017, home ownership rates by race indicated _______________: a. That they were the same across racial groups. b. That Asian American residents own more homes than all other races. c. That home ownership is not common in the U.S. *d. That non-Hispanic white residents have higher rates of home ownership than all other races.

22. The Great Recession that began in 2008 and resulted in the foreclosure of 7.1 million homes in the U.S. revealed that: *a. People of color were more than three times as likely to have subprime loans as whites, regardless of credit rating. b. Whites were more than five times as likely to have subrprime loans as other races, regardless of credit rating. c. Subprime loans are the ideal way to prevent another recession. d. All the above.

23. The __________ is a tool used to measure racial segregation by looking at the evenness with which two groups are distributed across an area.

a. Segregation test *b. Dissimilarity index c. Residential radar d. Real estate thermometer 24. According to research on personal preferences in housing, Black preferences tend to be: a. Toward less racially integrated neighborhoods *b. Toward more racially integrated neighborhoods c. Toward all-Black neighborhoods d. Toward all-white neighborhoods 25. Which of the following variables is the largest factor explaining the racial wealth gap? a. Whether someone has a college education b. Employment status *c. Number of years of home ownership d. Inheritance 26. IN the 1970s, the FHA shifted away from encouraging public housing for African Americans toward encouraging low-income home ownership. However, African American home owners were denied conventional real estate loans and instead were exploited with subprime loans. Thus, their entrance into the housing market was on vastly unequal terms than white access to the housing market. Scholars refer to this as _____________. a. Whitopias *b. Predatory inclusion c. Redlining d. Restrictive covenants True/False Questions 1.The 2008 foreclosure crisis was racialized, with Black, Latino, and integrated neighborhoods facing exceptionally high rates of foreclosure. *a. True b. False 2. When public housing was initially built in the mid-twentieth century, it was mostly for white working class and lower-middle-class families. *a. True b. False 3. The location of toxic and polluting industries has not been random; instead, racial minority communities have been targeted by polluting industries. *a. True b. False 4. Research finds a link between housing insecurity and job loss; in other words, people who lose their jobs are at a greater risk of losing their homes. *a. True b. False

5. Most cities in the United States are facing a low-income housing crisis. *a. True b. False 6. From its inception, the FHA (Federal Housing Administration) worked to create race neutral housing policies. a. True *b. False 7. Residential segregation is a natural occurrence, since people prefer to live in communities made up of people from their racial/ethnic group. a. True *b. False 8. South African apartheid, the system of legal segregation and white minority rule, was in place from 1948 to 1994. *a. True b. False 9. East St. Louis is an example of hypersegregation. *a. True b. False 10. Environmental racism is when an industry policy targets affluent neighborhoods for toxic waste facility locations but shifts the costs to communities of color. *a. True b. False Essay Questions 1.Taking an intersectional approach, analyzing race and class, describe the history of home ownership in the U.S. starting in the first half of the twentieth century. Explain the significance of home ownership.

2.What is the role of the racial wealth gap in home ownership? How did the Great Recession and housing crisis in 2007-2009 impact home ownership and the racial wealth gap?

3. What is racial residential segregation? Explain how federal policies, real estate industry practices, and personal preference impact racial residential segregation.

4. Explain how federal policies created both suburbs and ghettos. Describe the history of public housing and the ways race and class intersect regarding who receives public housing.

5. What is environmental racism? Provide three detailed examples of environmental racism in the U.S. 6. What is the environmental justice movement? When did it begin and why? Explain the selfperpetuating relationship between residential segregation and environmental racism.

7. Explain the low-income housing crisis? How do evictions and displacement affect the low-income housing crisis?

Chapter Ten – Crime and Criminal Justice Multiple Choice Questions 1. This term refers to the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs about race that help create and perpetuate feelings and opinions about nonwhites in U.S. culture. *a. Unconscious racism b. Racial profiling c. Racial panic d. Racial hoax 2. Regarding racial inequality in the criminal justice system, which sociological theoretical perspective primarily argues that beliefs, perspectives, and stereotypes about people of color are pervasive in our culture and help to legitimize forms of racism? a. Functionalist theory b. Black racial frame *c. White racial frame d. Critical race theory 3. In explaining racial inequality in the criminal justice system, which theoretical perspective primarily argues that the law is used to maintain dominant group power in society and is a form of social control of subordinate groups? *a. Conflict theory b. Critical race theory c. White racial frame d. Functionalist theory 4. Regarding racial inequality in the criminal justice system, which sociological theory primarily argues that legal reasoning and constitutional law reflect a white view of the world? a. Conflict theory *b. Critical race theory c. White racial frame d. Functionalist theory 5. When a person comes under police attention primarily due to their race this is known as: a. Unconscious racism *b. Racial profiling c. Racial panic d. Racial hoax 6. In many ways, poverty breeds crime. Sociologists describe a social condition that contributes to the perpetuation of deviance as: a. Street crime b. Racial hoax

c. Pretextual condition *d. criminogenic condition 7. Conflict theorists find that lower-class African Americans and Hispanics tend to commit more street crimes and middle and upper-middle class white individuals tend to commit more white-collar crime.

Which explanation describes this race-crime link best? a. Racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in corporate America. b. Racialized poverty rates mean racial minorities are more likely to commit street crimes. c. Police are better trained to apprehend street criminals rather than white-collar criminal *d. All the above 8. An example of racial profiling that has developed since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, is the perception of Arabs and Arab Americans as threats. According to sociologists, this is an example of a ______________. *a. Moral panic b. Arab terror profiling c. Racial profiling d. All the above 9. ___________ refers to when police use minor traffic violations as reasons to stop a minority group member and then proceed to search for drugs. *a. Pretextual traffic stops b. Racial hoaxing c. Crime prevention fusion d. Unconscious racism 10. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups face the highest rates of being killed by police in the United States? a. Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders b. African Americans/Black people c. Native Americans *d. All the above 11. Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto (1990) coined the term social dominance orientation, which is the belief that: a. Your group is dominant, and this dominance is unfair. b. Your group is subordinate, and this subordination is illegitimate. *c. Your group is the dominant group, and this dominance is legitimate. d. None of the above 12. Research finds that _____________, rather than the severity of the crime, remains the greatest predictor of who gets the death penalty. a. Racial makeup of the jury b. Race of the victim c. Race of the defendant *d. All the above

13. Which of the following Supreme Court cases resulted in the death penalty being declared unconstitutional in the United States? *a. Furman v. Georgia (1972) b. Gregg v. Georgia (1976) c. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) d. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) 14. Disparate treatment of minority youth offenders and white offenders takes place in many areas of the juvenile justice system including ______________. a. Racial minority youth are incarcerated at higher rates than whites. b. Racial minority juveniles experience harsher treatment by courts. c. Racial minority youth are as perceived as more dangerous than white youths, thus requiring more intervention (from police and the courts). *d. All the above 15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the experiences of white people and the criminal justice system? a. White people benefit from a presumption of innocence. b. White people have lower incarceration rates than racial minorities. *c. White people are more likely to be victimized by crime than racial minorities. d. White people are less likely to be stopped and searched than are racial minorities.

16. Which of the following is true about mass incarceration in the U.S.? a. Prisoners reenter society with greater skills than when they went in with. b. Incarceration decreases crime rates and is thereby effective. *c. Incarceration rates are so high that it has become a defining feature of entire communities. d. Mass imprisonment is an old and effective crime prevention technique dating back to the Civil War. 17. Prisons in the US have racialized origins. In the post-Civil War era, southern states established_____________, which made an extensive list of behaviors illegal, including begging, loitering, panhandling, and looking for work. a. Chain gangs *b. Vagabond laws c. Convict leasing d. Mass incarceration 18. In the post-Civil Rights era, the political use of the term “law and order” implied: *a. That protest tactics of civil disobedience were a threat to law and order. b. That civil rights for minorities were being threatened. c. That white voters must be sympathetic to Black activism to maintain order. d. All the above 19. This term best describes the interconnectedness of politicians, government, and private industry and the incentives associated with a commitment to increasing spending on the prison industry, even as crimes decrease. a. Prison privatization *b. Prison industrial complex c. Convict leasing programs

d. Mass incarceration 20. Which of the following is the greatest factor contributing to the growing prison population in the United States: a. Rising crime rates. b. The emergence of the “law and order” political movement. c. 2008 economic recession/depression *d. The “war on drugs.”

21. Some have compared the costs associated with mass incarceration to a __________ imposed on poor and minority families. a. Free vacation b. Rite of passage c. Economic opportunity *d. Hidden tax 22. A felony conviction can be a major hurdle when a person is released from prison because: a. Thousands of jobs exclude anyone with a felony conviction from employment. b. It means employers and government agencies can legally discriminate even though the person has served their time. c. It makes a person unqualified for government assistance. *d. All the above 24. Political disenfranchisement occurs for felons and ex-convicts primarily in this way: a. lack of healthcare b. hidden taxes c. social stigmas *d. voting restriction 25. Steffensmeier and Demuth (2006) found in their research exploring the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender, that: *a. race influences the sentencing of male defendants, but not female defendants b. female defendants receive harsher sentences than males c. gender is not a factor in sentencing in the US criminal justice system d. none of the above 26. Despite Constitutional guarantees and federal legislation, incarcerated Native Americans face discrimination related to: a. gender inequalities b. voting rights *c. religious freedoms d. false accusations 27. This term refers to the physiological and psychological symptoms such as tension headaches, elevated heartbeat, extreme fatigue, ulcers, hypervigilance, anger, and inability to sleep associated with the constant exposure to racial slights, indignities, irritations, unfair treatment, and both subtle and overt racial hostilities. *a. racial battle fatigue

b. racial anxiety c. discrimination disease d. none of the above 28. When Hurricane Katrina broke open the levees in 2005, new coverage of the destruction revealed race and class inequalities. What ideas did media images and reports repeatedly support: *a. Black lawlessness b. police brutality c. white lawlessness d. the government’s actions as unfair 29. In 1994, Susan Smith, a young white woman and mother of two boys, claimed that a Black man had carjacked and kidnapped her children—and it became a national headline--only to finally confess to killing her children nine days later. This is an example of: a. moral panic b. street crime c. racial profiling *d. a racial hoax 30. This system emerged after the Civil War to force Black people to continue providing free labor after emancipation. Through these programs, Black men cleared swamps, worked cotton fields, paved roads, and rebuilt the South without being compensated for their labor. a. Social capital b. Lynch mobs *c. Convict leasing programs d. Supermax prisons 31. Per capita death rates of citizens at the hands of police are highest for which racial/ethnic minority group? *a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Latinos d. African Americans and Native Americans are roughly equal on this measure 32. Which of the following is NOT evidence of criminal justice reforms happening in the United States today? a. The legalization of drugs, primarily medical and recreational marijuana use. *b. The shift toward restorative justice and punitive justice. c. The passage of the First Step Act by the Trump administration. d. Investing in carceral technologies or e-carceration.

33. Which of the following are examples of the shift toward carceral technologies or e-carceration? a. Requiring convicted felons to wear electronic tracking devices. b. The use of crime prediction software to determine the likelihood of someone offending. c. The use of facial recognition software by police departments. *d. All the above True/False Questions

1. Adultification refers to the practice of treating Black girls as less innocent, needing less support and nurturing, more independent, and knowing more about adult topics like sex, then similarly aged girls who are not Black. *a. True b. False 2. Black men are perceived as criminal and dangerous, even though whites are responsible for most of the crime committed in American society. *a. True b. False 3. When a white woman locks her car doors at an intersection because a young Black male is heading down the street, she is operating out of what is known in sociology as the white racial frame. *a. True b. False 4. In the U.S., African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans are imprisoned at higher rates than are whites, even though whites make up the bulk of arrests. *a. True b. False 5. The majority of people incarcerated in American prisons have committed violent crimes. a. True *b. False 6. The U.S. incarcerates more women than any nation in the world. *a. True b. False 7. Homicide is the leading cause of death among Black and Hispanic males and females ages 15-24. *a. True b. False 8. Racial minorities are less likely to be victimized by crime than whites. a. True *b. False 9. First generation immigrants commit more crime than second-generation immigrants or native-born residents. a. True *b. False 10. Race is the most significant variable in whether a defendant is sentenced to death. *a. True b. False

11. Crimes committed by Native people on reservations are treated as federal crimes, which result in harsher convictions. *a. True b. False 12. Research finds that there is, indeed, a “war on cops” going on today. a. True *b. False 13. The problem of police violence against racial/ethnic minority groups has a long history in the United States. *a. True b. False 14. While most people killed by police in the past year were armed and white, African Americans make up 40 percent of unarmed people killed by police in 2018. *a. True b. False 15. One could argue that with the expansion of prison labor, some Americans are indeed still enslaveBlak. *a. True b. False 16. According to sociologist Reed DeAngelis, Black victims are 23 percent less likely to be armed in fatal encounters with police than white victims of fatal police violence. *a. True b. False 17. Most race scholars support the shift to carceral technologies, or e-carceration, because they are objective and eliminate racial biases that human beings hold. a. True *b. False Essay Questions 1. Poverty is often the primary structural explanation for high crime rates. Using information from Chapter 8 and Chapter 10, explain the relationship between racial/ethnic inequality, poverty, and crime.

How does this specifically affect minority, juvenile offenders?

2. Describe the three primary theoretical perspectives on racial inequality in the criminal justice system: conflict theory, critical race theory, and white racial frame. Provide an example of each.

3. Describe in detail three ways the death penalty is racialized in the U.S. criminal justice system. How does the U.S. compare to other industrialized nations regarding the death penalty?

4. What does the term mass incarceration refer to (including the demographics as well as the era in which it emerged)? Describe the four primary causes of mass incarceration in the United States.

Describe two effects of mass incarceration on minority families and communities. Some scholars argue that in this period of criminal justice reform, we must begin offering reparations to minority communities for mass incarceration. Explain that argument. Do you support it? Why or why not?

Explain.

5. Critically analyze the linking of race and crime in the public consciousness. What role does the media play in this link? Provide a current event in recent U.S. history that exemplifies the link.

6. Describe the “war on drugs” including its racial impact, effect on female offenders, and the crime rate in general.

7. Describe religious discrimination in prisons. Provide examples of the impact of this discrimination for Native Americans and Muslims.

8. Explain the myth of the immigrant criminal. Describe how racial profiling, moral panic, and police brutality contribute to this myth and ethnic discrimination in general.

9. Describe legal and political efforts to dismantle the prison industrial complex. How has the legalization of marijuana put the “war on drugs” into question, yet also perpetuated racial discrimination?

Chapter Eleven – Race in the Cultural Imagination Multiple Choice Questions 1. This term refers to a variety of cultural creations, such as television, movies, video games, and comic books that are created for the masses, particularly for members of the middle and working classes. *a. Popular culture b. Mass culture c. Deviant culture d. Imagined culture 2. Culture is comprised of tangible products created by people, such as films, books, and music, referred to by sociologists as: a. Media culture b. Pop culture c. Nonmaterial culture *d. Material culture 3. An example of what sociologists’ call ___________ is the existence of a hip-hop group, made up of Samoans from Carson, California, who play for a Chicano audience. a. Globalization *b. Cultural diffusion c. Pop culture fusion d. Musical integration 4. Television can create a shared experience and a feeling that people are members of a collective, despite lacking in proximity to one another, something social scientists refer to as ____________. *a. Imagined communities

b. Television culture c. Political programming d. Collective conditioning 5. Which theorist argued that dominant groups were able to control subordinate groups through hegemony, which refers to the manufacture of consent. a. Karl Marx *b. Antonio Gramsci c. Patricia Hill Collins d. Friedrich Engels 6. ___________ refers to control of the mass media and the transmission of ideologies that work to the benefit of the dominant group. a. Domination b. Mass manipulation c. Mass brainwashing *d. Cultural hegemony 7. The most popular form of entertainment between the 1830s and 1910 were shows designed to appeal to white audiences and were originally made up of white performers who blackened their skin to portray Black characters. These were known as: *a. Minstrel shows b. American white face shows c. Slavery culture shows d. Jim Crow shows 8. Extending both Gramsci’s and Marx’s theories is the Birmingham School, or the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, where media is understood as an arena of ______________. *a. Subordinate group resistance to dominant group ideologies b. Subordinate group acceptance of dominant group ideologies c. Dominant group resistance d. None of the above 9. Social scientists who study media and popular culture identify a phenomenon they refer to as ______, which is when one group has the power to keep others invisible in the media. a. Whitewashing b. Unstructured absence *c. Structured absence d. Pop culture invisibility 10. It is important to study racial/ethnic images in American cinema because they are likely to emphasize white males as defenders of women and children against predatory Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, or Mexicans. This can help sociologists analyze: a. The political unconscious b. Cultural hegemony c. Racial ideologies *d. All the above

11. Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins refers to stereotypical images of Black women as ___________; meaning, the images are a major instrument of power as they work to make racism, sexism, and poverty appear normal and natural. a. Hegemony *b. Controlling images c. Deviance d. Double consciousness 12. D.W. Griffith’s film The Birth of a Nation (1915) broke from the southern literary tradition of treating Black people as passive, and instead emphasized them as: *a. Violent and sexually aggressive, primarily toward white women b. Hard working with motivation to succeed c. Politically ignorant d. Lazy and unmotivated 13. Sociologist Matthew Hughey identified _____________, which refers to films that are characterized by the presence of more non-whites, interracial cooperation, and the superficial empowerment of historically marginalized people, which misrepresents the extent of racial progress in society. a. Racist appropriation b. Cultural hegemony *c. Cinethetic racism d. Cinematic privilege 14. Latinos are the largest and one of the fastest growing racial/ethnic groups in the United States, yet the National Association of Hispanic Journalists found that Latinos were: a. Virtually absent from national news coverage. b. Are only portrayed as criminals when they are covered on the news. c. Are only portrayed as undocumented immigrants when they are covered on the news. *d. All the above 15. Negative portrayals and stereotypes of Arabs, also known as anti-Arab racism, can be found throughout print and visual media. Sociologist Jack Shaheen (2007) calls this the ____________ because the stereotyping of Arabs continues even though Hollywood has been working to eliminate negative stereotypical portrayals of Black people and Jews. a. Anti-Arab cinema b. Hollywood paradox c. Arabic hatred *d. New anti-Semitism 16. Eight out of ten Black male video game characters are athletes, reinforcing the idea that race is genetic rather than a social construction. This fuels the stereotype that ____________________. a. Black and white athletes are unequally represented in real life. b. Black athletic success is due to hard work and intelligence *c. Black people are innately athletic and aggressive d. White athletic success is genetic 17. Video games reinforce and expose the racial order of society in all the following ways except: a. There are a plethora of white supremacist messages in video games.

b. One can find negative images of Black mothers in video games, such as in DJ Boy. c. Asian characters are almost always portrayed as ninjas or martial artists. *d. Video game heroes are almost always women of color 18. Subordinate group resistance is a way for people to express discontent in society. An example of this is: *a. African American music b. Minstrel shows c. Culture wars d. Video games 19. While blues music initially reflected the Black rural experience in Jim Crow America, jazz reflected the Black urban experience of the same era. Both forms of music were originally labeled as __________ at the turn of the twentieth century. a. Conformist *b. Deviant c. Racist d. Popular culture 20. Cultural diffusion can sometimes become _________, where subordinate groups are denied the profits from their cultural creations as dominant groups take over the production and profit from them. a. Cultural control *b. Cultural appropriation c. Controlling images d. Reverse racism 21. The Freedom Singers were a central part of which U.S. social movement: a. Suffrage Movement b. American Indian Movement c. Black Power Movement *d. Civil Rights Movement 22. W.E.B. DuBois (1903) argued that African Americans feel a sense of ____________, because they must always look at themselves through the eyes of the dominant group. a. Cultural compassion b. Bifurcation c. Identity split *d. Double consciousness 23. The intense debate surrounding the Holocaust Memorial Museum, the World War II Memorial in Washington DC, how slavery is represented at Civil War sites, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and the way in which public history exhibits view the past and represent racial/ethnic groups, is all a part of the larger: *a. Culture wars b. Collective memory s c. Revisionist history movement d. None of the above

24. Nations share a ______________, which refers to their beliefs about the past that their citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history. a. Culture war b. Collective diversity *c. Collective memory d. Double consciousness 25. The national monument Mount Rushmore is offensive to many Native Americans because: a. The Black Hills are sacred lands to the Lakota people, the original inhabitants of the region. b. It celebrates European Americans who killed many Native Americans. c. It was built on land that the government took from them. *d. All the above 26. In the past, white actors were used to play characters of color in film and on television, this was referred to as a. Blackface b. Brownface c. Whitewashing *d. All the above terms have been used to describe this phenomenon 27. Which of the following are current battles over public history and race? a. The state of South Carolina removing the Confederate flag from state grounds. b. An anthropology exhibit at the Chicago Field Museum known as the “Races of Mankind.” c. The removal of 4 Confederate monuments in New Orleans. *d. All the above are examples of current battles over public history and race 28. Scholar Moya Bailey introduces the term ______________ to capture the ways Black masculinity and Black patriarchy contribute to the objectification of Black women in American visual and popular culture, which then helps shape our cultural ideas about Black women. *a. Misogynoir b. Intersectionality c. Gendered racism d. Minstrelsy 29. While many scholars focus on the proliferation of stereotypical images of racial/ethnic minorities in video games and on social media can be harmful, scholar André Brock, Jr, argues instead that Black folks have made the internet a Black space, something he calls ___________, where whiteness is decentered and racial minorities find communities of support. a. Minstrelsy b. Misogynoir c. Black cyberculture d. Ethnic characterizations 30. Which of the following racial/ethnic minorities groups has faced discrimination in Hollywood films? a. African Americans b. Arab Americans c. Jewish Americans *d. All the above

True/False Questions 1. In the “Millennial Attitudes on Race in the US” survey, millennials of color were less likely to support the removal of Confederate monuments compared to white respondents. a. True *b. False 2. Counterhegemonic messages emphasize subordinate group agency through acts of resistance to dominant cultural messages and use culture as a site of resistance. *a. True b. False 3. When racial/ethnic minorities are portrayed in the media, they are almost always under white control, a practice known as minstrelsy. *a. True b. False 4. Brownface is when stories about Hispanics are told by white directors and writers and often played by white actors. *a. True b. False 5. Portrayals of Native people on YouTube often perpetuate the same stereotypes as traditional media. a. True *b. False 6. After years of activist work and culture debates, a formal memorial was built at Wounded Knee to accurately interpret the massacre that took place there in American history. a. True *b. False 7. Racialized images in popular culture do not influence how we see ourselves and others if we are conscious of their existence. a. True *b. False 8. Historical records show that the federal government described the Manzanar “War Relocation Center” for Japanese Americans as a concentration camp, yet this language was too controversial to be included at Manzanar public history site. *a. True b. False 9. Ethnic characterizations is a term that describes when white characters in TV and film reflect assimilationist stereotypes of media producers. *a. True b. False

10. A form of anti-Arab racism in media images is that of “othering,” where Arabs are represented as the other throughout media. *a. True b. False 11. Actors of color rarely get industry acclaim for their work in the form of Oscar nominations and awards, which is what inspired the #OscarsSoWhite movement in 2015 and 2016. *a. True b. False Essay Questions 1. Describe the primary sociological perspectives on race and popular culture: functionalism, conflict theory, and hegemony. Explain the perspective offered by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies and explain it differ from and expands on the three prior theoretical perspectives?

2. Racial imagery in film and television have both contributed to the invisibility of racial/ethnic minorities and helped perpetuate racial/ethnic stereotypes. Provide two examples of each.

3. Describe in detail the stereotypical portrayals of African Americans in Hollywood film history, including the “magical negro.” Describe the impact of The Birth of a Nation (1915) film and how it contributed to racism in America.

4. Describe three negative portrayals of Arabs in print and visual media. How does this portrayal compare to Asian images in media?

5. Describe how music has been a form of resistance for subordinate groups in U.S. culture. Describe the role of blues, jazz, and rap music as a voice of resistance for African Americans.

6. What role did music play in the Civil Rights Movement? Describe its impact from a functionalist perspective.

7. Describe the relationship between race and public history. Provide three examples of how racial/ethnic discrimination is represented in public history sites in the U.S. 8. Describe the representation of Native American imagery in film and television. Describe examples of how public history, and thereby collective memory, has tried to ignore the Native American experience.

How have Native Americans resisted?

Chapter Twelve – Arenas of Racial Integration: Interracial Relationships, Multiracial Families, Biracial/Multiracial Identities, Sports, and the Military Multiple Choice Questions 1. Milton Gordon (1964) identified seven stages of assimilation, or process through which minority groups gradually become absorbed into the dominant group. The final phase of assimilation is where power and value conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups disappear. This is known as: a. Identification assimilation b. Attitude-receptional assimilation

c. Structural assimilation *d. Civic assimilation 2. The assimilation process is marked by _________, the spatial and personal separation between groups and the degree of sympathetic understanding between them. a. Behavior-receptional assimilation *b. Social distance c. Cultural distance d. Integration 3. Sociologist Gordon W. Allport made the argument that prejudice may be reduced through ___________ between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. a. Assimilation *b. Intergroup contact c. Spatial distance d. Rebound racism 4. When strangers glare at an interracial couple in a public space their actions are intended to let their disapproval of interracial relationships be known. Sociologists describe this as an example of _________. a. Rebound racism b. Reverse discrimination c. Formal social sanctions *d. Informal social sanctions 6. _______ refers to efforts to limit interracial relationships, whether through formal or informal sanctions, to maintain distinct racial groups. *a. Boundary maintenance b. Love limitations c. Rebound racism d. Amalgamation 7. Sociologist Ruth Frankenburg identified a phenomenon she identified as _________ to capture the white partner’s hurt and pain associated with witnessing racism directed at someone they love. a. Hyperdiscrimination b. Reverse racism *c. Rebound racism d. Border patrolling 8. Researchers have concluded that there is implicit censorship regarding Black-white interracial couples in Hollywood films. In this context, implicit censorship refers to: a. The fact that interracial relationships are based on idealized love and ignore social sanctions. b. An overt operation of power that interracial couples must confront together. *c. The fact that interracial couples fall outside the realm of being acceptable subjects. d. The fact that there are images of gender equality despite racial inequality in such relationships.

9. This term refers to the practice of racially mixed individuals being assigned the status of the subordinate group. a. Biracial discrimination

b. Subordination by default rule *c. Rule of hypodescent d. None of the above 10. The multiracial movement sought to gain public recognition of the multiracial community and to allow them to legally self-identify as biracial/multiracial. These efforts gained legitimacy in which of the following ways? *a. In 2000 people, for the first time, were allowed to check more than one racial category on the census. b. In 2000, for the first time, there was a biracial/multiracial category on the census. c. In 2000, for the first time, biracial/multiracial individuals could sue based upon discrimination they experienced for being biracial/multiracial. d. All the above 11. Native Americans who were raised as white, with little to no knowledge of their Native American history or culture, but later voluntarily reconnect with their Native heritage, are referred to as _______________. *a. Reclaimers b. Wannabes c. Pretendians d. Bicultural Indigenous people 12. In 1934, NFL owners began enforcing what was known as a _____________, an unwritten agreement between owners to keep Black players out of the league, because of complaints from white players over the lack of jobs. a. Sports segregation agreement b. Black sports exclusion agreement *c. Gentlemen’s agreement d. Essentialist agreement 13. When track star Jesse Owens won four gold medals in one Olympics in 1936 and countered Hitler’s race theory, this can be understood to be an example of: a. Whiteness in sports b. Gentlemen’s agreement c. Sports segregation *d. Resistance to racism in sports

14. When research respondents discussed sports in ways that reinforced Black physical superiority and white intellectual superiority as explanations for athletic success, they used coded language also known as _______________. *a. Racetalk b. Racial metaphor c. Essentialism d. Privilege talk

15. Ongoing racism in sports can be found in the practice of ___________, which refers to the unequal distribution of white and Black athletes in certain sports positions that cannot be explained by random distribution. a. Tracking b. Team selection bias *c. Stacking d. Sorting 16. The consequences of concentrating white players in thinking/leadership positions and African American players in more physical positions (requiring more strength and speed) in sports include: a. In limiting future coaching and sports management career opportunities for Black players. b. This practice reinforcing racial ideologies of white intellectual superiority. c. In limiting the lifetime a Black athlete stands to earn, as their careers will be shorter because they are concentrated in positions requiring more physicality. *d. All the above 17. Good race/ethnic relations in the military are the result of more than just the increasing interracial contact. Racial integration in the military primarily required: *a. Formal measures such as founding and implementing the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI). b. Positive attitudes from soldiers. c. Early admission of Black cadets to U.S. military academies after the Revolutionary War d. All the above 18. The integration of the armed forces occurred in two phases. The first, organizational integration, refers to ____________________. a. When full equality was achieved in the armed forces, including in positions of leadership. *b. When formal discrimination in recruitment, training, retention, and living arrangements ended. c. When the messy phase of race integration created conflict within the armed forces. d. All the above 19. Race relations in the military during the Vietnam War were problematic primarily because of: a. The absence of Black people in positions of leadership in the military. b. Hostility toward expressions of Black Power activism among white members and military leadership. c. White racist military personnel engaged in antagonizing behaviors such as cross burnings to intimidate Black military personnel. *d. All the above 20. In 1975, the revision of the Army Affirmative Action Plan of 1972 was a key development in army race relations. Due to this revision, for the first time: a. Racial minority soldiers were allowed to have separate residential quarters. b. A novel approach to colorblindness was enacted to prevent discrimination. c. Black soldiers were allowed to fight alongside white soldiers in all future wars. *d. Army commanders were made to feel that the quality of race relations in their units reflected their leadership.

21. Racial integration of military life spills over into surrounding communities creating: *a. Towns with military bases that are among the most racially integrated communities in the U.S.

b. Towns with military bases that have intense hostility between white and Black residents. c. Greater segregation amongst military families in schools on military bases. d. All the above.

22. Although the military has been a path to citizenship for many immigrants since 1862, many members have been denied naturalization. Many non-citizen Asians who served in the US military between 1900 and 1952 were denied citizenship because _____________. a. The courts used the justification that many immigrants who applied had been spies during WWII. *b. The courts were more intent on maintaining a “racialized” concept of citizenship, adhering to the Naturalization Act of 1790, which limited the right to naturalization to “free white persons.” c. Most non-citizen Asians did not meet the military naturalization requirements d. All the above 23. Mechanisms, such as laws, designed to prohibit certain deviant behaviors by making them illegal and punishing offenders, are also known as: a. Community disapproval b. Prohibitions c. Informal social sanctions *d. Formal social sanctions 24. Interracial marriages were illegal in thirteen states until 1967 when antimiscegenation laws, which made interracial marriage and sexual relations illegal, were finally overturned in which Supreme Court case: a. Gratz v. Bollinger b. Brown v. Board of Education *c. Loving v. The Commonwealth of Virginia d. Roe v. Wade True/False Questions 1. Major League Baseball was the first major institution to racially integrate in the U.S., even before the military and public schools. *a. True b. False 2. According to Milton Gordon’s assimilation model, marriage is the least important stage of assimilation. a. True *b. False 3. Interracial marriages have always been legal in the U.S. but were rejected by white dominant groups who have typically preferred social distance from subordinate groups in intimate relations. a. True *b. False 4. Border patrollers believe that people should stick with their own kind in terms of relationships. *a. True b. False

5. In the U.S., people tend to adhere to the norm of endogamy. *a. True b. False 6. The implementation of the Rooney Rule in the NFL has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of African American coaches in the NFL. a. True *b. False 7. The U.S. military is the only arena where equality of opportunity is formalized, and its racial integration is unmatched. *a. True b. False 8. Research reveals that Black soldiers were disproportionately killed in the Vietnam War compared to white soldiers. a. True *b. False 9. According to Steinbugler, lesbian interracial couples face greater invisibility than gay male interracial couples. *a. True b. False Essay Questions 1. Sociologists studying dominant/subordinate group relations are interested in how to lessen intergroup conflict. Describe how assimilation contributes to decreasing racial prejudice in society.

2. Describe the history of interracial marriage in the U.S. and its status. What were some of the arguments used by whites to support prohibitions on interracial marriage? Describe boundary maintenance and border patrolling. Describe the social control efforts, both formal and informal, directed at limiting interracial relationships.

3. Describe two unique dilemmas multiracial families face and identify two other arenas where they face discrimination and/or inequality as multiracial families.

4. How are biracial/multiracial individuals viewed and portrayed in U.S. society? Provide an example of how the one-drop rule was historically enforced. Describe the racial identity development process for biracial/multiracial individuals. How might the increase in people claiming a biracial/multiracial identity help dismantle racial hierarchy?

5. Demonstrate an understanding of the extent of racial integration within the sports world. Provide at least one specific example of racism in sports. Describe both the issues of ongoing racism and resistance to racism in sports.

6. What is racial essentialism? How has sports media played a role in disseminating racial stereotypes?

Is the sports world a racialized space? In what way? Describe what is meant by whiteness in sport and provide an example.

7. Explain the success of racial integration within the military. What efforts toward integration have been the most effective and why? Describe the racial turbulence in the military during the Vietnam War. How did the military address this racial unrest?

8. How has race trumped military service when it came to naturalization in the US military? Describe who and why certain racial/ethnic groups have been negatively impacted in this way.

Chapter Thirteen – The Future of Race Multiple Choice Questions 1. After Barack Obama won the 2008 presidential election, many media personalities and political pundits claimed this was a sign we were a post-racial society. This claim implies that: a. We are more aware of racial inequality in politics than we were in the past. b. That racism is a major factor in determining one’s life chances . c. We have reached a full state of racial equality in politics. *d. That race is no longer a major factor in determining one’s life chances.

2. To say race is a social construction is to say that race ______________. *a. Changes across time and place b. Is a fixed concept c. Remains the same across global cultures d. Remains the same across American culture 3. Sociologists George Yancey argues that the group(s) likely to become white in the next forty years are Latinos and Asian Americans. He argues that African Americas will not “become white” due to: a. The fact that they face a greater degree of marginalization than other racial groups b. Racism c. Prejudice *d. All the above 4. Latinos have a long trend toward exogamy, which means they ___________. a. Have higher birth rates than other racial/ethnic groups. *b. Are more inclined to marry outside of their group than most other racial/ethnic groups. c. Share dominant group values. d. Participate in politics and equivalent or higher rates than other racial/ethnic groups.

5. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva uses the Latin Americanization thesis to explain the future of U.S. race relations, in which he argues: a. That the Latin American population in the U.S. is increasing. b. That the Latin American population in the U.S. is decreasing. c. That the political ideology of Latin America will significantly influence U.S. politics. *d. That the U.S. is shifting from a binary white/non-white racial system to a triracial stratification system, like what is found throughout Latin America.

6. In Bonilla-Silva’s triracial stratification system, a racial status hierarchy exists in which this group is at the bottom: a. Whites *b. Non-whites c. White immigrants d. Asian Americans 7. Bonilla-Silva’s Latin Americanization thesis is based on this characteristic of Latin America: *a. Their long history of race mixing which coexists with, rather than supplants, white supremacy. b. There is a slow but steady decrease in white supremacy. c. There is a slow but steady shift toward racial equality. d. There is a long history of inequality, but they are not divided by skin color.

8. The racial stratification system in Latin America is based on this, which implies that racial groups are internally stratified along the lines of skin color. a. Equality b. Colorblindness c. Post-racialism *d. Colorism 9. This is when elected officials of color fail to advocate for policies that reflect the interests of their constituency and are generally out of touch with the needs and issues facing minority communities. *a. Superficial representation b. Substantive representation c. Political socialization d. Political capital 10. Black politicians are unlikely to win national campaigns, where winning a significant portion of the white vote is necessary, if they are perceived as affiliated with the Civil Rights Movement. This an example of: a. White privilege in politics b. Racism in politics c. How most Black elected officials are elected primarily in Black districts *d. All the above 11. Minority groups need to generate more ___________, which refers to the organization and cultural resources necessary to get political systems to work in their favor. a. Supreme Court support *b. Political capital c. Racial capital d. Electoral capital 12. Which of the following is a legitimate reason for why there is such a low level of political participation among Latinos? *a. Latinos tend to be a mobile population, and this inhibits registering to vote each time they move. b. Latinos hold a strong value of voting, but often feel overwhelmed by which candidate to pick to best represent their group. c. High levels of poverty keep them from going to the polls.

d. All the above 13. This term refers to a group of people who tend to vote in ways that support or oppose policies, or when a group votes in a particular way as a reflection of a particular aspect of their identity. a. Voting rights b. Minority voters *c. Voting bloc d. None of the above 14. Social scientists who study demographic trends are predicting some serious political conflict soon regarding the intersection of which two trends: a. Decreasing rates of racial intermarriage and increasing white supremacy. b. Declining percentage of racial minorities and more unmarried women voters. *c. An increasing percentage of racial minorities and an increasingly aged society. d. The rich keep getting richer, and the poor keep getting poorer.

15. In the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in ___________, groups that espouse ideologies that favor people already in a country and are thus hostile to immigrants. a. Post-racial extremists b. Nationalism c. Racial patriotism *d. Nativism 16. Some argue that immigrants offer more to our economy than they take. The following is the best example of this: a. Immigrants provide cheap labor for business owners. b. Undocumented immigrants pay taxes and make Social Security contributions to the federal government but are unable to collect federal benefits. c. Immigrants create jobs because they add to the country’s overall economic activity and consumption of goods and services. *d. All the above 17. Which historical governmental policy limited immigration to 2 percent of each nationality already residing in the U.S.: a. Chinese Exclusion Act *b. National Origins Quota System c. Immigration Reform Act d. DREAM Act 18. Which of the following was a class-action lawsuit on behalf of Black farmers against the US Department of agriculture for generations of discrimination and which was eventually settled on behalf of the plaintiffs for $1.25 billion? a. Pigford v. Glickman b. Flores-Villar v. United States c. Tennessee v. Garner d. Brown v. Board of Education

19. This act abolished the National Origins Quota system and replaced it with a system that showed preference for an immigrant’s skills and their relationship to U.S. citizens (family unification). a. Chinese Exclusion Act b. Reed-Johnson Act *c. Immigration and Nationality Act (also known as the Hart-Celler Act) d. DREAM Act 20. The following legislation, if passed, would have made the path to citizenship by undocumented migrants brought to the U.S. as children easier; their citizenship would have been granted upon their obtaining a college degree or through military service. a. Chinese Exclusion Act b. Reed-Johnson Act c. Immigration and Nationality Act *d. DREAM Act 21. Which historical government policy was designed to protect the racial purity of American society by banning Chinese immigrants from entry? *a. Chinese Exclusion Act b. National Origins Quota System c. Immigration Reform Act d. Dream Act 22. According to Howard Ehrlich, this term refers to acts motivated by group prejudice with the intent to cause physical or psychological injury and includes intimidation, harassment, property destruction, and physical attacks. a. Terrorism b. Hate crimes *c. Ethnoviolence d. Fundamentalist violence 23. This term specifically refers to legal statutes delineating serious crimes motivated by prejudice against ethnicity, race, skin color, national origin, etc. a. Terrorism *b. Hate crimes c. Ethnoviolence d. Fundamentalist violence 24. An example of a group that is currently being racialized in American society is: a. Asian Americans *b. Arab Americans c. Black women d. None, because we are in a post-racial culture now 25. This movement is the push to right the historical wrong of slavery and to offer recompense for descendants of slaves: *a. Reparations movement b. Amends movements c. Abolitionist movement

d. Campaign for Redress 26. A national movement to memorialize the Japanese internment camps and call for an official apology and reparations from the U.S. government was called the: a. Reparations movement b. Amends movement c. Abolitionist movement *d. Campaign for Redress 27. When electing a racial minority group member to political office, racial minority constituents hope for _________, which refers to politicians who work to make the needs of their non-white constituents a priority. a. Superficial representation *b. Substantive representation c. Minority representation d. Their group to become the dominant group 28. Which of the following are examples of anti-immigrant rhetoric used by Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump during his campaign? a. Referring to Mexicans as rapists. b. Threatening to deport undocumented migrants. c. Promises to build a wall along the Mexican American border. *d. All the above are examples of anti-immigrant rhetoric used by Donald Trump.

29. Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups has shifted from a solid Republican voting bloc to a strong democratic one over the last twenty years? a. African Americans b. Latinos/Hispanics *c. Asian Americans d. Native Americans 30. A number of recent mass shooters have expressed sympathy for __________________, a far-right conspiracy theory that speculates a future of white genocide, since the white population in the United States is being outnumbered by racial minorities, particularly immigrants. *a. Replacement theory b. Xenophobia c. Nativist theory d. White supremacist ideology

True/False Questions 1. The Millenial Generation, those individuals born after 1980, are the most racially/ethnically diverse generation our country has ever known. *a. True b. False 2. Despite their demographic appeal, less than one-quarter of Latinos are registered voters in the U.S.

*a. True b. False 3. Someone in Brazil who is fair-skinned and has European features does not benefit from white privilege. a. True *b. False 4. Native Americans were not granted U.S. citizenship until 1924, even though they were required to meet an obligation of citizenship prior to that when they were drafted in WWI. *a. True b. False 5. The U.S. is not facing dramatically higher immigration rates than we have in the past, but immigration is perceived as increasing. *a. True b. False 6. While the U.S. government has mostly avoided addressing the wrongs toward Japanese Americans for their internment during WWII, it has addressed the wrongs of slavery and near genocide of Native Americans. a. True *b. False 7. A number of voter suppression techniques have been implemented in numerous states to create barriers to voting among poor people, who are disproportionately racial/ethnic minorities, and college students. *a. True b. False 8. As the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the country and with their high voting rates, Latinos are sought after by both the Republican and Democratic parties. a. True *b. False 9. There was a decrease in hate crimes and hate group activity between 2011 and 2014, only to have them dramatically increase since 2015. *a. True b. False 10. White nationalist and nativist sentiments are not just found in American culture; instead, these ideologies re global. *a. True b. False Essay Questions

1. What does it mean when we say that race is a social construction? Describe the two sociological predictions on the future of race: becoming white in the twenty-first century and the triracial stratification system. How is this evidence of race as a social construction?

2. Explain the claim that the U.S. is a post-racial or colorblind society. What political development spurred this idea? Explain why this claim is inaccurate.

3. Describe how race and white privilege operate in politics. Describe the role and influence of the Latino constituency in U.S. politics in recent decades. Describe Latino voting rates and reasons for these rates.

4. Describe the current trends toward an increase in racial minorities as well as in an increasingly aged society. What predictions do social scientists have for this intersection of these groups regarding politics?

5. Discuss the increase of an anti-immigration climate in U.S. society. What are some of the economic arguments against immigration? What are some of the economic arguments for immigration?

6. Describe U.S. immigration law historically, specifically the accomplishments of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the National Origins Quota System, and the Immigration Reform Act. How were U.S. immigration laws influenced by anti-Semitism? How did this impact Jewish immigration to the U.S. during World War II? 7. Describe current anti-immigrant legislation and the increase in punishment for people who violate immigration laws. How would the DREAM Act have influenced immigration law?

8. What is a hate crime? What is the difference between ethnoviolence and hate crimes? Explain the increase in nativism and hate groups in recent decades.

9. Discuss the history and current status of the reparations movement, specifically efforts to offer reparations for descendants of former slaves. Discuss reparations for Japanese Americans. Explain the differences in government response between the two.