Test Bank For Python Programming for Engineers and Scientists by Cengage 1st Edition Copyright 202

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Test Bank For Python Programming for Engineers and Scientists by Cengage 1st Edition Copyright 2025 9798214002446 Chapter 1-13 Answers are at the End of Each Chapter chapter 1

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. In the early 1940s, computer scientists realized that a symbolic notation could be used instead of machine code, and the first assembly languages appeared. a. True b. False 2. The first electronic digital computers, sometimes called mainframe computers, consisted of vacuum tubes, wires, and plugs, and filled entire rooms. a. True b. False 3. The most important example of system software is a computer's operating system. a. True b. False 4. In 1984, Apple Computer brought forth the Macintosh, the first successful mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface. a. True b. False 5. Informally, a computing agent is like a recipe. a. True b. False 6. In the 1930s, the mathematician Blaise Pascal explored the theoretical foundations and limits of algorithms and computation. a. True b. False 7. Ancient mathematicians developed the first algorithms. a. True b. False 8. When using a computer, human users primarily interact with the memory. a. True b. False

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9. In the 1960s, batch processing sometimes caused a programmer to wait days for results, including error messages. a. True b. False 10. An algorithm describes a process that may or may not halt after arriving at a solution to a problem. a. True b. False 11. Magnetic storage media, such as tapes and hard disks, allow bit patterns to be stored as patterns on a magnetic field. a. True b. False 12. Moore's Law states that the processing speed and storage capacity of hardware will increase, and its cost will decrease, by approximately a factor of 3 every 18 months. a. True b. False 13. The people known as “computers” working on cryptanalysis and ballistics calculations during World War II were primarily men highly skilled in mathematics and puzzle solving. a. True b. False 14. Gordon Moore coined the term software engineering. a. True b. False 15. Computer science focuses on a broad set of interrelated ideas. a. True b. False 16. Each individual instruction in an algorithm is well-defined. a. True b. False 17. A program stored in computer memory must be represented in binary digits, which is also known as ASCII code. a. True b. False 18. A programmer typically starts by writing high-level language statements in a text editor. a. True b. False

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19. The algorithms that describe information processing can also be represented as information. a. True b. False 20. In computer memory, information is stored as patterns of bytes (1s and 0s). a. True b. False 21. The part of a computer that is responsible for processing data is the central processing unit (CPU). a. True b. False 22. The development of the transistor in the early 1960s allowed computer engineers to build ever smaller, faster, and less expensive computer hardware components. a. True b. False 23. By the mid-1980s, the ARPANET had grown into what we now call the Internet, connecting computers owned by large institutions, small organizations, and individuals all over the world. a. True b. False 24. An important part of any operating system is its file system, which allows human users to organize their data and programs in permanent storage. a. True b. False 25. An algorithm describes a process that ends with a solution to a problem. a. True b. False 26. In Python, the programmer can force the output of a value by using the cout statement. a. True b. False 27. An algorithm solves a general class of problems. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. What technology replaced the vacuum tube as the mechanism for implementing electronic switches in computer hardware? a. transistor

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b. resistor c. fully programmable gate array d. microprocessor 29. What program is used by a programmer to convert high-level code into executable code? a. translator b. run-time system c. interpreter d. text editor 30. When IDLE is used for Python programming, what color is used to distinguish built-in function names? a. blue b. green c. purple d. red 31. What processor was contained in the first mass-produced personal computer? a. Intel 8080 b. AMD486 c. NEC V20 d. Motorola 88000 32. What component of Python is responsible for the execution of Python byte code? a. IDLE b. Python interpreter c. Python virtual machine (PVM) d. Python Script Engine (PSE) 33. What type of processing occurs when processes run for a slice of time, then yield access to the CPU to another process, and all active processes are cycled through repeatedly? a. coalescent processing b. cooperative processing c. concurrent processing d. divisive processing 34. What is the name used for the integrated program development environment that comes with a Python installation? a. Eclipse b. IDLE c. PyShell d. PyDDL 35. Suppose you are viewing a screen displaying an active IDLE session. What does green text mean? a. The text is the result of output or is the name of a function.

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b. The text represents a string. c. The text is a built-in function name. d. The text indicates a variable's name.

36. What built-in function should you use in Python to prompt a user for data input? a. input b. cin c. prompt d. get 37. In a computer, what component is known as the "processor"? a. RAM b. CPU c. basic input/output devices d. motherboard 38. Which term refers to the modern technology in which practically any physical objects containing the appropriate computer chips can send and receive digital information? a. ARPANET b. digital cloud c. virtual reality d. Internet of Things 39. In the following syntax for the print command, what does the ellipsis between expressions indicate? print(<expression>,…, <expression>) a. The ellipsis indicates that all expressions are required to be included. b. The ellipsis indicates that the program has a minimum number of expressions that must be included. c. The ellipsis indicates that you must pass a value of specific type to the expression. d. The ellipsis indicates that you could include multiple expressions after the first one.

40. What is NOT one of the initial four locations connected by the ARPANET in the 1970s? a. Stanford Research Institute b. University of California at Los Angeles c. University of California Santa Barbara d. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 41. If you want the print function on line 2 in the following code to output on the same line as the print function on line 1, without printing a newline, what expression should you place in the blank?

1 print("Rainbow colors:", "red, orange, yellow, ", _____) 2 print("green, blue, indigo, violet") a. terminator = "" b. end = "" c. eol = ""

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d. newline = 0 42. What language was designed based on a theory of recursive functions and is considered to be an ideal language for solving difficult or complex problems? a. COBOL b. FORTRAN c. LISP d. Assembler 43. What problem was the Atanasoff-Berry Computer designed to solve? a. the automatic creation of ballistics tables for the U.S. military b. the interpretation of coded transmissions used by Germany in WWII c. the solving of systems of simultaneous linear equations d. the calculation of maritime navigation routes for the U.S. Navy 44. Who is credited as having created the World Wide Web in 1992? a. Steve Jobs b. Albert Gore c. Tim Berners-Lee d. Paul Allen 45. At what point in the interpretation of a Python program are syntax error messages generated? a. after the conversion of the code into byte code b. before execution of the program, when it is passed through the translator c. during execution of the program by the Python virtual machine d. after user input defined by the program is collected 46. A flash memory stick is an example of what type of storage media? a. magnetic storage media b. optical storage media c. electrical storage media d. semiconductor storage media 47. When a Python interpreter runs a script, what is the script translated into? a. assembly code b. byte code c. interpolated language code d. ELF-formatted binary 48. How is data stored within a computer's memory? a. It is stored as hexadecimal data. b. It is stored as octal data. c. It is stored as binary data.

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d. It is stored in plain text data.

49. Regardless of whether print is passed a single or multiple expressions, what does its output always end with by default? a. a carriage return b. a null terminator c. a newline d. an EOL 50. What kind of programming language is Python? a. an interpreted language b. a compiled language c. an interpolated language d. a manufactured language 51. What was the first PC-based operating system called? a. Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) b. UNIX c. Linux d. Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M) 52. What would be the output if you were to print the variable named value as declared by this statement: value = "2" + "2"? a. the number 4 b. the floating-point value 4.0 c. the string "22" (without the quotation marks) d. a type error, as integers cannot be concatenated 53. What language, created by Tim Berners-Lee, allows browsers to structure the information that is to be displayed on web pages? a. Python b. HTML c. HTTP d. Java

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Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. True 12. False 13. False 14. False 15. True 16. False 17. False 18. True 19. True 20. False 21. True

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22. False 23. True 24. True 25. True 26. False 27. True 28. a 29. a 30. c 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. b 35. b 36. a 37. b 38. d 39. d 40. d 41. b 42. c 43. c

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44. c 45. b 46. d 47. b 48. c 49. c 50. a 51. d 52. c 53. b

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chapter 2

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The design phase of the waterfall model is also called the coding phase. a. True b. False 2. The + operator allows you to build a string by repeating another string a given number of times. a. True b. False 3. A variable associates a name with a value, making it easy to remember and use the value later in a program. a. True b. False 4. The modulus operator has the highest precedence and is evaluated first. a. True b. False 5. Variables receive their initial values and can be reset to new values with an assignment statement. a. True b. False 6. Real numbers have infinite precision, which means that the digits in the fractional part can continue forever. a. True b. False 7. Text processing is by far the least common application of computing. a. True b. False 8. The cost of developing software is spread equally over the phases. a. True b. False 9. When the Python interpreter evaluates a literal, the value it returns is simply that literal. a. True b. False 10. Testing is a deliberate process that requires some planning and discipline on the programmer's part. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2

11. Modern software development is usually incremental and iterative. a. True b. False 12. You can use parentheses to change the order of evaluation in an arithmetic expression. a. True b. False 13. A semantic error is detected when the action that an expression describes cannot be carried out, even though that expression is syntactically correct. a. True b. False 14. string is an example of a data type keyword in Python. a. True b. False 15. In general, a variable name must begin with either a letter or an underscore (_). a. True b. False 16. In Python, % is the exponentiation operator. a. True b. False 17. 1,500 is a valid integer literal in Python. a. True b. False 18. Exponentiation and assignment operations are left associative. a. True b. False 19. Python is a loosely typed programming language. a. True b. False 20. Expressions provide an easy way to perform operations on data values to produce other data values. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2

21. In Python, a floating-point number must be written using scientific notation. a. True b. False 22. Programs rarely work perfectly the first time they are run. a. True b. False 23. In Python, \b is an escape sequence that represents a horizontal tab. a. True b. False 24. Computer scientists refer to the process of planning and organizing a program as software development. a. True b. False 25. In the maintenance phase of the waterfall model, the parts of a program are brought together into a smoothly functioning whole, which is usually not an easy task. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

26. Which of the following is NOT a valid name that can be used for a Python variable? a. total b. lending c. propertyValue d. TEST 27. What is a function parameter? a. the part of the function that is imported from an external module b. a chunk of code that can be called by name to perform a task c. a value returned by a function d. a name that refers to a function argument 28. In Python, when the operands in an arithmetic expression are of different types, of what type is the resulting value? a. the more specific type b. the more general type c. int d. float Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2

29. Which statement accurately describes the analysis phase of the waterfall model? a. In this phase, the programmers determine what the program will do. b. In this phase, the programmers determine how the program will do its task. c. In this phase, the programmers receive a broad statement of a problem that may be solved by the development of a program. d. In this phase, the programmers bring together the various parts of a program into a smoothly functioning whole.

30. What happens when the following print statement is executed? print("Hello" * 5) a. The string "Hello" is converted into an int type of value 1 and then multiplied by 5, producing "5". b. The string is indexed and the character count is multiplied with the total number of characters in the string, producing "25". c. The print statement produces a type error as you cannot multiply a string type by an integer type. d. The print statement will output "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello".

31. What term describes the process of substituting a simple process for a complex process in a program to make the program easier to understand and maintain? a. integration b. abstraction c. maintenance d. semantics 32. What is the difference between the quotient operator and the division operator? a. The two operators are effectively the same, unless they are operating on strings. b. The quotient operator produces a float, whereas the division operator produces an integer. c. The quotient operator produces a float, whereas the division operator produces an integer + remainder. d. The quotient operator produces an integer, whereas the division operator produces a float.

33. You are reviewing the code written by another programmer and encounter a variable whose name is entirely in capital letters. What might you discern from this variable name? a. The variable is a symbolic constant. b. The variable is a numeric variable. c. The variable is used to store an escape sequence. d. The variable is used to store a dynamic value that is constantly changing.

34. What print statement will output a single backslash (\) character? a. print('\') b. print('\\') c. print('\"') d. print('\\\') Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2

35. What value will the following function return? chr(ord('T') + 5) a. 78 b. \t c. 0x89 d. 'Y' 36. Which of the following functions and expressions will convert the ASCII character "Z" to its equivalent numeric ASCII code? a. ord('Z') b. chr('Z') c. ord(chr('Z')) d. chr(ord('Z')) 37. When attempting to produce a correct program, what is the point of developing a test suite? a. to create a small set of inputs you can use as a test to verify that a program will be correct for all inputs b. to modify the running program's variables and verify that the program will still function, even if the code changes c. to test the outputs of a program against known values to verify that the math coprocessor is performing properly d. to test the code syntax for possible errors such as undefined variables 38. You are working on a Python script that relies heavily on the cos and sin functions of the math module. As these are the only functions you require, what should you do to import only these functions, rather than the whole math module? a. import cos, sin b. import cos, sin from math c. import math.cos, math.sin d. from math import cos, sin 39. What function can you call inside of IDLE to show the resources of the math module once it has been imported? a. show(math) b. list(math) c. dir(math) d. resource(math) 40. What does the '\b' escape sequence do? a. It generates a border special character. b. It generates a bold special character, causing all text after the character to be bolded. c. It denotes that a block of text follows the escape sequence. d. It produces a backspace special character, which performs the same function as the backspace key.

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chapter 2 41. Functions that are always available in Python come from what module? a. main b. internal c. __builtin__ d. __system__ 42. What is the largest value of an int data type in the Python programming language? a. 2,147,483,647 b. 4,294,967,294 c. 2,147,483,647^100 d. The value is limited only by the memory of the host computer.

43. In the waterfall development model, what is the most expensive phase of software development? a. design phase b. integration phase c. maintenance phase d. analysis phase 44. Which statement about the precedence rules used by Python is accurate? a. Exponentiation has the highest precedence. b. Multiplication is evaluated before unary multiplication. c. Addition and subtraction are evaluated after assignment. d. Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated before unary negation.

45. Which one of the following is the name of a character set? a. Docstring b. waterfall c. Unicode d. math 46. In Python, what does the % operator do in the expression 6 % 4? a. It performs an exponentiation to the 4th power. b. It returns a remainder, or modulus. c. It returns a float as a result of division. d. It returns the percentage of the operation.

47. In Python, what data type is used to represent real numbers between -10^308 and 10^308 with 16 digits of precision? a. int b. float c. str d. array Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2

48. Which of the following literals would be considered a float type in Python? a. -1 b. 3.14 c. '88' d. 5 49. How does the int() function convert a float to an int? a. by rounding to the nearest whole number b. by removing the fractional portion of the number c. by rounding up to the closest whole number d. by rounding down to the closest whole number 50. How can you concatenate a string and a float object? a. The two data types cannot be converted to a compatible type and thus cannot be concatenated. b. Convert the string object to a float object via the float() function. c. Convert the float object to an int object via the int() function. d. Convert the float object to a string object via the str() function.

51. With what should a Python program start? a. an introductory comment stating the author’s name, the purpose of the program, and other relevant information b. variable initialization c. module imports d. prompts for the user to input data that save the data in variables 52. What is the total number of distinct values in the ASCII set? a. 64 b. 128 c. 256 d. 512

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chapter 2 Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. True 14. False 15. True 16. False 17. False 18. False 19. False 20. True

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chapter 2 21. False 22. True 23. False 24. True 25. False 26. b 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. d 31. b 32. d 33. a 34. b 35. d 36. a 37. a 38. d 39. c 40. d 41. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 42. d 43. c 44. a 45. c 46. b 47. b 48. b 49. b 50. d 51. a 52. c

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chapter 3

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Some computer scientists argue that a while True loop with a delayed exit violates the entry-control spirit of the while loop. a. True b. False 2. Although the while loop can be complicated to write correctly, it is possible to simplify its structure and thus improve its readability. a. True b. False 3. The simplest form of selection is the if-else statement. a. True b. False 4. When the step argument passed to the range function is a negative number, the function generates a sequence of numbers from the first argument down to the second argument plus 1. a. True b. False 5. The Boolean data type is named for the twentieth-century British mathematician George Boole. a. True b. False 6. The while loop is also called a sentinel-control loop because its condition is tested at the top of the loop. a. True b. False 7. A condition expresses a hypothesis about the state of its world at that point in time. a. True b. False 8. The statements in the loop body need not be indented and aligned in the same column. a. True b. False 9. The statements within a while loop must execute one or more times. a. True b. False

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chapter 3 10. The not operator expects a single operand and returns its logical negation, True if it's false, and False if it's true. a. True b. False 11. For the most part, off-by-one errors result when the programmer incorrectly specifies the lower bound of the loop. a. True b. False 12. When data has a tabular format, its numbers and other information are aligned in columns that can be either leftjustified or right-justified. a. True b. False 13. The or operator returns True if and only if both of its operands are true, and returns False otherwise. a. True b. False 14. The not operator has a lower precedence than the and and or operators. a. True b. False 15. The comparison operators are applied after addition but before assignment. a. True b. False 16. The assignment symbol can be combined with the arithmetic and concatenation operators to provide augmented assignment operations. a. True b. False 17. The augmented assignment operations have a higher precedence than the standard assignment operation. a. True b. False 18. The if-else statement is the most common type of selection statement. a. True b. False 19. In Python, = means equals, whereas == means assignment. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3

20. Simple Boolean expressions consist of the Boolean values True or False, variables bound to those values, function calls that return Boolean values, or comparisons. a. True b. False 21. Conditional iteration requires that a condition be tested within the loop to determine whether the loop should continue. a. True b. False 22. 'A' < 'B' evaluates to False. a. True b. False 23. Loop statements allow a computer to make choices. a. True b. False 24. There are two types of loops—those that repeat an action a predefined number of times (definite iteration) and those that perform the action until the program determines that it needs to stop (indefinite iteration). a. True b. False 25. A while loop can be used for a count-controlled loop. a. True b. False 26. 4 != 4 evaluates to True. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

27. What is the minimum number of spaces that a statement under an if or else must be indented? a. one space b. two spaces c. three spaces d. four spaces 28. An off-by-one error for a for loop is an example of what type of error in programming? a. logic error Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 b. syntax error c. type error d. input error 29. You are running a Python script and suspect that the script has entered an infinite loop. What key combination can you use to halt the loop? a. Control-Esc b. Control-c c. Alt-b d. Control-Break 30. What character is used as the format operator when formatting output? a. ^ b. $ c. % d. @ 31. What is a one-way selection statement in the context of Python? a. It is a single if statement without a corresponding else statement that tests a condition, runs statements if the condition is True, and then proceeds to the next statement. b. It is a single if-else statement block that is used to test a condition and run statements when it is True, as well as provide a default path for execution. c. It is a while loop body that is used to direct the flow of data based on a single condition. d. It is an if statement that tests no conditions but provides a block for execution.

32. Inside of a loop, after a termination condition has been met, what statement can be used to cause an exit from the loop and execute the remainder of the script? a. exit b. break c. quit d. halt 33. For what scenario would it make logical sense to use a multiway selection statement? a. You need to convert numeric grades to letter grades. b. You need to test whether the value of A is larger than that of B. c. You need to determine whether a number is positive or negative. d. You need to test whether a variable is True or False.

34. In a conditional iteration loop, such as a while loop, what is a sentinel value? a. A sentinel value is a user-provided input value that proceeds to the next loop. b. A sentinel value is a user-provided input value that changes the structure of the loop.

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chapter 3 c. A sentinel value is a special value provided by the user to terminate the loop. d. A sentinel value is a special value provided by the user to restart the loop.

35. When you are using the range function, what effect does the specification of a third argument have? a. The third argument is used as the starting point for the range function. b. The third argument specifies a step value to be used in the range. c. The third argument declares an exponential value the numbers will be raised to. d. The third argument is included in the sequence, assuming it wasn't already within the range.

36. In programming, what is a prototype? a. It is a rough draft of a program. b. It is a program in the final stages of development. c. It is a program statement that builds a module. d. It is a production-ready program.

37. If A is True, what will the statement "not A" return? a. Undefined b. True c. False d. BooleanError 38. What part of a loop comprises the statements to be executed during each iteration? a. loop header b. loop body c. loop end d. loop tail 39. In general terms, what does a selection statement do? a. It forces a computer to favor one value over another. b. It allows a computer to make choices based on test conditions. c. It allows a computer to select the values that are most economical. d. It allows a computer to selectively execute based on processing cost.

40. The while loop is also known as what kind of a loop? a. infinite loop b. operational loop c. user-control loop d. entry-control loop 41. Assuming that the value of x is 4, and the value of y is 6, what is the value of the following expression? (x - y)**2 > y Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 a. True b. False c. Undefined d. TypeError 42. In evaluating a loop, you find the following statement: value += 1. What happens to the value variable upon each iteration of the loop? a. The variable is reset to an int type, with a value of 1. b. The variable's value is changed to a positive value. c. The variable’s value is increased by 1. d. The variable is incremented by its current value.

43. What function call will generate a random number in the range of 1 through 6 using the random module? a. random.randnum(1, 6) b. random.randint(range(1-6)) c. random.randint(1, 6) d. random.random(1, 6) 44. What is the field width of a formatted string? a. the justification value of a given datum, either left or right b. the total number of additional spaces added to the given datum c. the total number of data characters spanned by a given datum, not including any additional spaces d. the total number of data characters and additional spaces for the given datum 45. What statement should you use to print the value of total with a precision of 5 digits? a. print("The total is %5." % total) b. print("The total is %0.5d" % total) c. print("The total is %f" % float(total, 5)) d. print("The total is %0.5f" % total) 46. What is a count-controlled loop? a. It is a loop that counts iterations until a sentinel value is received. b. It is a loop that continues based on a certain time interval. c. It is a loop that prints out a count of values for the user. d. It is a loop that counts through a range of numbers.

47. What comparison operator is used to test whether an expression does NOT equal another expression? a. -= b. != c. /= d. _= Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3

48. Which statement regarding the precedence of operators in Python is accurate? a. The assignment operator (=) is higher in precedence than exponentiation (**). b. The logical conjunction operator (and) is higher in precedence than the logical negation operator (not). c. The comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=) are higher in precedence than the assignment operator (=). d. The addition and subtraction operators (+, -) are lower in precedence than the logical conjunction operator (and).

49. Given the statement "%4d" % var1, which of the following statements is accurate? a. The variable var1 must hold an integer value. b. The variable var1 must hold a string value. c. The variable var1 will be displayed in octal format. d. The variable var1 will be formatted regardless of type.

50. What is NOT a Boolean or logical operator used in the Python language? a. and b. or c. not d. xor 51. Which one of the following is a type of loop that is used within the Python language? a. predetermined looping b. definite iteration c. infinite cycling d. augmented assignment 52. +=, -=, and *= are all examples of what type of operators? a. comparison assignment operators b. augmented assignment operators c. extended arithmetic operators d. off-by-one mathematic operators

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chapter 3 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. False 12. True 13. False 14. False 15. True 16. True 17. False 18. True 19. False 20. True

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chapter 3 21. True 22. False 23. False 24. True 25. True 26. False 27. a 28. a 29. b 30. c 31. a 32. b 33. a 34. c 35. b 36. a 37. c 38. b 39. b 40. d 41. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 42. c 43. c 44. d 45. d 46. d 47. b 48. c 49. a 50. d 51. b 52. b

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chapter 4

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. A mode string is a software object that stores data on a permanent medium such as a disk, CD, or flash memory. a. True b. False 2. The string method isalpha returns True if the string contains only letters or False otherwise. a. True b. False 3. Some applications extract portions of strings called substrings. a. True b. False 4. The file method write expects a single string as an argument. a. True b. False 5. A difference between functions and methods is that methods cannot return values. a. True b. False 6. Data can be output to a text file using an output object. a. True b. False 7. The syntax of a Python method call is <an object>.<method name>(<argument-1>, ..., <argument-n>. a. True b. False 8. When you use the open function to open a file for input (i.e., you pass in 'r' as the mode string), if the file does not exist, Python raises an error. a. True b. False 9. A method is always called with a given data value called an object, which is placed before the method name in the call. a. True b. False 10. When you use the open function to open a file for output (i.e., you pass in 'w' as the mode string), if the file does not Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 exist, Python raises an error. a. True b. False 11. The remove file system function is included in the os.path module. a. True b. False 12. The string is a mutable data structure. a. True b. False 13. A Caesar cipher uses a plaintext character to compute two or more encrypted characters, and each encrypted character is computed using two or more plaintext characters. a. True b. False 14. When used with strings, the left operand of Python’s in operator is a target substring and the right operand is the string to be searched. a. True b. False 15. To convert a binary number to octal, you begin at the right and factor the bits into groups of four bits each, then convert each group of four bits to the octal digit they represent. a. True b. False 16. The exists file system function is included in the os.path module. a. True b. False 17. The absolute value of a digit is determined by raising the base of the system to the power specified by the position position (base ). a. True b. False 18. Many applications now use data mangling to protect information transmitted on networks. a. True b. False 19. When a Python program is reading text from a file, after input is finished, another call to read returns an empty string to indicate that the end of the file has been reached.

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chapter 4 a. True b. False 20. In Python, all data values are objects. a. True b. False 21. The string method isnumeric returns True if the string contains only digits or False otherwise. a. True b. False 22. Using a text editor such as Notepad or TextEdit, you can create, view, and save data in a text file. a. True b. False 23. All data output to or input from a text file must be strings. a. True b. False 24. A binary number is sometimes referred to as a string of bits or a bit string. a. True b. False 25. A module behaves like a function but has a slightly different syntax. a. True b. False 26. The two digits in the base two number system are 0 and 1. a. True b. False 27. A data structure is a compound unit that consists of several smaller pieces of data. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. What is the index of the first character in a Python string? a. -1 b. 0 c. 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 d. undefined 29. What does a mode string of 'r' indicate when opening a file in Python? a. The file will be opened for random access. b. The file will be opened for read access. c. The file will be opened for write access. d. The file will be opened in binary mode.

30. What is the value of the binary number 10010110 in base 10? a. 144 b. 150 c. 169 d. 232 31. Your script is parsing filenames and is creating a count of how many files per file extension type exist within a directory. What slice could you use to extract the file extension substring, assuming the extensions are three letters only? a. filename[-3:] b. filename[-3] c. filename[:-3] d. filename[$-3] 32. In the binary number system, each digit or bit has a positional value that is a power of what? a. 1 b. 2 c. 8 d. 16 33. When a sender of information encrypts that information, what is the resulting text known as? a. plain text b. garbage text c. cipher text d. key text 34. What os.path module function can you use to convert a path to a pathname appropriate for the current file system? a. localize() b. system() c. convert() d. normcase() 35. In the hexadecimal number system, how are digits with values larger than 910 represented? a. using letters Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 b. using negative numbers c. using the symbols !@#$%^ d. They are not represented at all.

36. Which one of the following is a protocol that utilizes encryption for data transfer? a. HTTP b. UDPS c. FTPS d. RCP 37. What does a block cipher utilize in order to change plaintext characters into two or more encrypted characters? a. a mathematical structure known as an invertible matrix b. a random noise sampling from the computer's hardware c. a pseudorandom number generator defined by the encrypting language d. a hardware encryption chip designed to perform obfuscation 38. When you launch Python, what file system path does it start with? a. the root directory of the file system b. the current working directory c. the same folder as the Python executable file d. the user's home folder 39. What is the value of the decimal number 98 in binary? a. 110010 b. 1100011 c. 1100010 d. 1110010 40. If the distance value of a Caesar cipher equals two characters, the string "data" would be encrypted as which string? a. "data" b. "ebub" c. "byry" d. "fcvc" 41. You are running a Python script that is supposed to write data to an open file but discover that the file contents have not been updated after the script finishes. What is most likely the issue? a. The file was opened using 'w' instead of 'b' as the mode string. b. The file is not being updated because it doesn't exist. c. The file is not being written to using the dump() method. d. The file was not closed using the close() method.

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chapter 4 42. What happens if you attempt to access a string using an index equal to the string’s length? a. The entirety of the string will be accessed. b. The name of the string will be accessed. c. The string’s location in memory will be returned. d. An error will occur, indicating the index is out of range.

43. Which method returns a copy of a string named s converted to all lowercase? a. s.lower() b. s.lowcase() c. s.lowercase() d. s.tolower() 44. The encryption method that replaces a character in a text with another character some given distance away in the alphabet from the original is known as what type of cipher? a. Alpha cipher b. Caesar cipher c. Jumble cipher d. Alternate cipher 45. What string method can you use to locate the lowest index in a string named s where the substring "findme" appears? a. s.locate("findme") b. s.find("findme") c. s.grep('findme') d. s.search("findme") 46. What os module function returns the path of the current working directory? a. getcwd() b. cwd() c. getpwd() d. listdir() 47. What specific Python module can you use to determine the file size in bytes of a given file? a. os.stat b. io.file c. os.path d. file.ops 48. You are parsing a comma-separated value string with Python. What method can you use to separate the values in each line and place them in a Python list? a. string.split(',') Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 b. string.delimit(',') c. string.parsetolist(',') d. string.strip(',') 49. You are attempting to open a file containing a list of integer numbers, each on a separate line, and read them into Python as int types. What statement could you use to do this, assuming each line is represented by the line variable in a for loop? a. num = int(line.strip()) b. num = line.strip() c. num = line.strip(int(line)) d. num = line[:-1] 50. What statement regarding the structure of strings is accurate? a. A string is a sequence of zero or more characters. b. A string’s length as calculated by the len() function is always "1". c. A string cannot be decomposed into more primitive parts. d. Surrounding a Python string with double quote marks generates a syntax error.

51. What file access method can be used to read a single line of input and return the line as a string, including the newline character? a. getline b. readline c. fetch d. read 52. What does the os module function remove do when called? a. It removes a given file or directory that is passed to it. b. It removes a given directory that is passed to it. c. It removes a given file that is passed to it. d. It removes the name of a file and allows it to be renamed.

53. A legacy program is outputting values in octal format, and you need to translate the octal to hexadecimal. What is 173 in octal expressed as a hexadecimal value? a. FA b. 7B c. 5D d. 9C 54. The decimal number system, which utilizes the numbers 0-9, is also known as what number system? a. base 9 numbering system b. base 10 numbering system Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 c. octal numbering system d. hexadecimal numbering system

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chapter 4 Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. False 16. True 17. False 18. False 19. True 20. True

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chapter 4 21. False 22. True 23. True 24. False 25. False 26. True 27. True 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. a 32. b 33. c 34. d 35. a 36. c 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. d 41. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 42. d 43. a 44. b 45. b 46. a 47. c 48. a 49. a 50. a 51. b 52. c 53. b 54. b

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chapter 5

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The is operator has no way of distinguishing between object identity and structural equivalence. a. True b. False 2. If no position is specified when calling the pop method, the last element is removed and returned. a. True b. False 3. When you write a statement replacing an element in a list, the subscript is used to reference the target of the assignment statement, which is not the list but an element's position within it. a. True b. False 4. The print function strips the quotation marks from a string, but it does not alter the appearance of a list. a. True b. False 5. The main function usually expects no arguments and returns no value. a. True b. False 6. The list method ascending mutates a list by arranging its elements in ascending order. a. True b. False 7. Although a list's elements are always ordered by position, it is possible to impose a natural ordering on them as well. a. True b. False 8. In a dictionary, a -> separates a key and its value. a. True b. False 9. A Python dictionary is written as a sequence of key/value pairs separated by commas. These pairs are called indexes. a. True b. False 10. The == operator returns True if the variables on either side are aliases for the same object and False if they reference two different objects holding the same contents.

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chapter 5 a. True b. False 11. A Python list is immutable. a. True b. False 12. In scripts that include the definitions of several cooperating functions, it is often useful to define a special function named init that serves as the entry point for the script. a. True b. False 13. A list is a sequence of data values called indexes. a. True b. False 14. You add a new key/value pair to a dictionary by using the subscript operator []. a. True b. False 15. The median of a list of values is the value that occurs most frequently. a. True b. False 16. The programmer places an exit statement at each exit point of a function when that function should explicitly return a value. a. True b. False 17. The definition of the main function and the other function definitions can appear in no particular order in a Python script, as long as main is called at the very end of the script. a. True b. False 18. Functions generally must be defined in a script before they are called in that same script. a. True b. False 19. To prevent aliasing, a new object can be created and the contents of the original can be copied to it. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5

20. A function can be defined in a Python shell, but it is more convenient to define it in an IDLE window, where it can be saved to a file. a. True b. False 21. Any time you foresee using a list whose structure will not change, you can, and should, use a tuple instead. a. True b. False 22. An Identity function usually tests its argument for the presence or absence of some property. a. True b. False 23. A function’s body contains one or more statements, indented below the function header. a. True b. False 24. Each item in a list has a unique index that specifies its position. a. True b. False 25. The index of the first item in a Python list is 1. a. True b. False 26. A Python lookup table is a type of dictionary. a. True b. False 27. Lists of integers can be built using the list and range functions. a. True b. False 28. The index of the last item in a Python list is the length of the list. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

29. What is the first argument expected by the get method for a dictionary object?

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chapter 5 a. a possible key b. an index position c. a list of keys d. a default value 30. When declaring a tuple, you enclose the tuple's elements in what two characters? a. [] b. () c. {} d. <> 31. What operator should you utilize if you wish to test for object identity between two objects? a. == b. is c. != d. @!

32. What happens if you attempt to pop a key from a dictionary, but the key does not exist, and you specified no default return value? a. The pop will return a None value. b. The pop will return a value of 0. c. The pop will return a value of False. d. An error will be raised.

33. Which of the following terms refers to the data values in a Python list? a. variables b. instances c. items d. keys 34. What happens if you use the following statement to sort a list of numbers called numbers? numbers = numbers.sort() a. numbers is assigned a value of None. b. The numbers list is reordered in ascending order. c. The numbers list is reordered in descending order. d. The numbers variable becomes a reference to a sorted list.

35. You are designing a script that may be imported as a module in other scripts. What variable can you use to check whether the script has been imported as a module, or is running as the main script? a. __parent__ b. __name__ Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 c. __operating_mode__ d. __status__ 36. Which statement accurately describes a mutator as it applies to the Python language? a. A mutator is a method that converts immutable data into mutable data. b. A mutator is a method used to encrypt text. c. A mutator is a method that is devoted entirely to the modification of the internal state of an object. d. A mutator is a method that changes the structure of a block of Python code.

37. What shell command will display the docstring for a function named calculate? a. help(calculate) b. calculate.help c. docstring.calculate d. docstring(calculate) 38. What list method should you use in order to remove and return the element at the end of the list named "books"? a. books.get() b. books.pop() c. books.fetch() d. books.pull() 39. Which of the following statements assigns a dictionary list of keys and values to the variable named persons? a. persons = ["Sam":"CEO", "Julie":"President"] b. persons = ("Sam":"CEO", "Julie":"President") c. persons = {"Sam":"CEO", "Julie":"President"} d. persons = {["Sam", "CEO"], ["Julie", "President"]} 40. When a Python script is running as a standalone program, what will the __name__ variable be set to? a. The variable will hold the name of the script itself. b. The variable will be set to "__main__". c. The variable will be set to "standalone". d. The variable will be set to "None".

41. What is the return value for a function whose definition includes no return statement? a. The function will return a value of False. b. The function will return a value of True, provided there are no errors. c. The function will return a NULL value. d. The function will return the special value None.

42. In computer science, data structures organized by association are also called _____.

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chapter 5 a. medians b. tables c. tuples d. grammars 43. Which statement accurately describes the difference between a list and a tuple? a. A list is immutable, whereas a tuple is not. b. A list is created with elements in parentheses, whereas a tuple is created with square brackets. c. A tuple's contents cannot be changed. d. A tuple can only hold integer and float data.

44. What dictionary method can be utilized to access the entries in a dictionary variable called parts? a. parts.list() b. parts.items() c. parts.print() d. parts.show() 45. In a Python dictionary, an association is formed between a key and a(n) __________. a. list b. module c. value d. index 46. What method should you utilize to add the elements of list2 onto the end of list1? a. list1.extend(list2) b. list1.append(list2) c. list2.append(list1) d. list2.extend(list1) 47. What dictionary operation could you use to remove all the keys within a dictionary named contacts? a. contacts.delete() b. contacts.remove() c. contacts.clear() d. contacts.dump() 48. Which statement regarding the use of lists is accurate? a. A list is immutable, in that the values at each index cannot be changed. b. Two lists cannot be concatenated together without first creating a third list and then specifically assigning each element to its new position. c. A list can be sliced into sublists. d. When the Python interpreter evaluates a list literal, it does not evaluate its elements.

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chapter 5

49. What is pattern matching? a. using a Boolean function to test for the presence or absence of some property b. the use of a structure containing variables to access data within another structure c. using structural equivalence to determine object identity d. the situation where two different variables refer to the same object 50. You are creating a Python script that will prompt the user to input contact names and their associated phone numbers.

What data structure would be ideal for storing and accessing these associated values? a. a list b. a tuple c. a dictionary d. a string 51. When creating a list of items whose structure will not change in Python, what should you ideally use to contain the values? a. list b. tuple c. dictionary d. string 52. Where should you place a docstring describing a programmer-defined function? a. The docstring should be placed just before the declaration using def. b. The docstring should be placed at the end of the execution block for the function. c. The docstring should be indented and placed on the next line after the def statement. d. The docstring should be placed near the end of the function, before the return statement.

53. Which statement correctly defines the term median? a. A median is the minimum value in a set—the one that is smaller than all the other values. b. A median is the maximum value in a set—the one that is greater than all the other values. c. A median is the value that is less than half the numbers in a set and greater than the other half. d. A median is the sum of all odd values in a set.

54. What will be the range of integers included in myList after the following statement is executed? myList = list(range(50)) a. 0 through 50 b. 0 through 49 c. 1 through 50 d. 1 through 49 55. Which statement accurately describes the use of a parameter in Python?

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chapter 5 a. A parameter is the name used in a function definition for an argument that is passed to the function when it is called. b. A parameter is the name used for a function that is then referenced by other parts of the program. c. A parameter is the name used for data that is returned from the execution of a function. d. A parameter is the name given to an acceptable range of values that are output from a program.

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chapter 5 Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. False 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. False 16. False 17. True 18. True 19. True 20. True

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chapter 5 21. True 22. False 23. True 24. True 25. False 26. True 27. True 28. False 29. a 30. b 31. b 32. d 33. c 34. a 35. b 36. c 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. b 41. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. c 46. a 47. c 48. c 49. b 50. c 51. b 52. c 53. c 54. b 55. a

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chapter 6

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. A black-box chart is a diagram that shows the relationships among a program's functions and the passage of data between them. a. True b. False 2. When you are using functions that have default arguments, the required arguments must be provided and must be placed in the same positions as they are in the function definition's header. a. True b. False 3. The structure of a problem can often give you a pattern for designing the structure of the program to solve it. a. True b. False 4. Default arguments are listed before required arguments in a function header. a. True b. False 5. A program's namespace is the set of its variables and their values. a. True b. False 6. Default arguments are a powerful way to simplify design and make functions more general. a. True b. False 7. A Python function cannot under normal circumstances reference a module variable for its value. a. True b. False 8. A function introduced at the level of a module is considered a variable. a. True b. False 9. If a module function named update is defined before a module function named delete, update can call delete. a. True b. False 10. When you design an algorithm, it should be general enough to provide a solution to many problem instances, not just one or a few of them.

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chapter 6 a. True b. False 11. The use of a common pool of data allows a program to grow easily as new data sources are added to the program. a. True b. False 12. The division of responsibility between functions that handle user interaction and functions that handle data processing is a sign of poor or absent code design. a. True b. False 13. A function call expresses the idea of a process to the programmer, forcing them to wade through the complex code that realizes that idea. a. True b. False 14. An alternative to passing data from a main function to other functions via parameters is for the functions to receive their data from a common pool of data defined at the beginning of the module. a. True b. False 15. A method reference always uses an object followed by a dot and the method name. a. True b. False 16. A list introduced at the level of a module is considered a variable. a. True b. False 17. Each box in a structure chart is labeled with a module name. a. True b. False 18. An abstraction hides detail and thus allows a person to view many things as just one thing. a. True b. False 19. To the computer, the only meaning of a variable name is the value to which it happens to refer at any given point in program execution. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6

20. It is possible to construct any algorithm using only Python's built-in operators and control statements. a. True b. False 21. A function can be called from anywhere in a program’s code, including code within other functions. a. True b. False 22. The assignment of roles and responsibilities to different actors in a program is also called responsibility-driven design. a. True b. False 23. A variable introduced in the body of a function is a module variable. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

24. What is the scope of a parameter variable? a. the function header only b. the entire body of the function in which it is introduced c. the entire module below the point where it is introduced d. the entire module 25. Which process is embodied in the strategy of top-down design? a. parameter decomposition b. problem decomposition c. programmer-defined design d. solution aggregation 26. What term is used for the gradual process of developing functions to solve each subproblem in a top-down design? a. procedural refinement b. stepwise refinement c. progressing resolution d. incremental solving 27. Where can the required arguments for a function be found? a. in the function header b. in the module docstring c. in the function keyword list Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 d. in the function's return list 28. In a structure chart, what is indicated by the arrows on the lines connecting boxes? a. the order in which each function is called b. the flow of parameters exported by each function c. the module imports d. the flow of data between functions 29. When do module variables come into existence? a. when the previous module terminates b. when they are bound to values during a function call c. when they are introduced via assignment d. they always exist 30. What is one common method by which functions serve as abstraction mechanisms? a. the elimination of redundant, or repetitious, code b. the availability of detailed docstring data c. the support for specific methods with little room for variability d. the use of a bottom-up approach to design 31. How does top-down design work? a. A problem is solved by employing a large task force to evaluate the cause. b. A problem is solved by redesigning and repurposing existing software. c. A solution is created to solve a problem, and individual issues are resolved as they are encountered. d. A problem is decomposed into smaller problems, which are gradually solved to produce a solution.

32. When do parameter variables come into existence? a. when the previous function terminates b. when they are bound to values during a function call c. when they are introduced via assignment d. they always exist 33. When do temporary variables receive their values? a. when they are used in a reference to an object followed by a dot and a method name b. as soon as they are introduced c. when the function they are associated with is called d. when the module they are associated with is loaded 34. What happens when a function is called without its default arguments? a. An exception is raised. b. The default values are overridden by the caller’s values.

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chapter 6 c. Their default values are automatically assigned to them. d. Random values are automatically assigned to them.

35. What is the scope of a temporary variable? a. the area of code in the body of the function just below where it is introduced b. the entire body of the function in which it is introduced c. the entire module below the point where it is introduced d. the entire module 36. In Python, what is the term that is used to describe the area of program text in which a name refers to a given value? a. relation b. relevance c. lifetime d. scope 37. What happens when a function tries to assign or change a value of a variable that has been defined at the module level? a. The function succeeds, because the module variable is considered global in scope. b. The function succeeds, but the value is appended to the variable. c. The function fails, and an out of scope error message is raised. d. Python creates a temporary variable with the same name, and the value of that variable exists only within the scope of the function.

38. In a structure chart, how are the lines connecting boxes labeled? a. with module names b. with function names c. with data type names d. with the keyword main 39. What is one way that default arguments can be provided to a function? a. by supplying arguments in reverse order in the function header b. by using a reference pointer variable c. by overloading the function and redefining the arguments d. by assigning values to the keys in the function header 40. Which part of a function provides the means for systematically varying the problem instances that its algorithm solves? a. the return statement(s) b. the temporary variables c. the imported modules d. the arguments Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6

41. Choose the phrase that completes this adage about top-down design: When in doubt about the solution to a problem, __________. a. pass the task to the main method b. pass the task to someone else c. create a function to solve the problem d. try to solve the overall problem before solving its smaller subproblems 42. Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Parameters for a function receive values when they are declared. b. When module variables are introduced in a program, they are immediately given a value. c. A nested variable can assign a new value to a variable outside of its scope. d. Temporary variables receive their values when the function they are associated with is called.

43. What is the first thing that happens when a Python function is called? a. Any expressions supplied as arguments are evaluated. b. If there are no arguments, Python returns the value None to the caller. c. Python evaluates the return statement expression and makes its value available to the caller. d. Any imported modules are evaluated.

44. Which is the correct function header for a function named convert that has one argument named input with a default value of 10? a. def convert(input = 10): b. def convert(10): c. def convert(input(10)): d. def convert(input, 10): 45. A mechanism developed to simplify or hide a complex process is known by what term? a. redundancy b. obfuscation c. abstraction d. diffraction 46. What is the module name of code that appears in a file named calculator.py? a. calculator.py b. calculator-module c. py.calculator d. calculator 47. Which argument(s) in Python’s range function is/are optional? a. lower bound only Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 b. upper bound and step value c. lower bound and upper bound d. lower bound and step value

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chapter 6 Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. False 16. False 17. False 18. True 19. True 20. True

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chapter 6 21. False 22. True 23. False 24. b 25. b 26. b 27. a 28. d 29. c 30. a 31. d 32. b 33. b 34. c 35. a 36. d 37. d 38. c 39. d 40. d 41. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 42. b 43. a 44. a 45. c 46. c 47. d

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chapter 7

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Recursive functions are frequently used to design algorithms for computing values that have a recursive definition. a. True b. False 2. A loop can be used to accomplish the same tasks as the higher-order function map. a. True b. False 3. A lambda’s arguments have no names of their own. a. True b. False 4. Recursive solutions can come with a performance cost in comparison to their iterative counterparts. a. True b. False 5. Because recursive functions tend to be simple, they do not require thorough testing. a. True b. False 6. In Python, a function can be returned as the value of another function. a. True b. False 7. Recursive functions tend to be more complicated than the corresponding loops. a. True b. False 8. Most recursive functions expect no arguments. a. True b. False 9. The first five numbers of the Fibonacci sequence are 1, 3, 5, 8, and 13. a. True b. False 10. The amount of memory needed for a loop grows with the size of the problem's data set. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7

11. If withdraw, deposit, and getbalance are all functions, the following is a valid list in Python: [withdraw, deposit, getbalance]. a. True b. False 12. In a case of infinite recursion, the Python virtual machine eventually runs out of memory resources to manage the process, so it halts execution with an error message. a. True b. False 13. When a call returns or completes its execution, the memory for the associated stack frame is reallocated. a. True b. False 14. To get a better understanding of how recursion works, it is helpful to trace a recursive function’s calls. a. True b. False 15. In recursive design, you decompose a complex problem into smaller problems of the same form, in such a way that the subproblems can all be solved by using different functions. a. True b. False 16. In a recursive function, the modification of a data value passed in as an argument should produce a new data value that allows the function to reach the base case eventually. a. True b. False 17. A non-recursive function that uses a loop can be used to calculate the nth Fibonacci number. a. True b. False 18. In a lambda, all of the code must appear on one line. a. True b. False 19. A map object can be passed directly to another map function to perform further transformations of the data. a. True b. False 20. Smart compilers exist that can optimize some recursive functions by translating them to iterative machine code.

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chapter 7 a. True b. False 21. Recursive solutions are often more natural and elegant than their iterative counterparts. a. True b. False 22. A recursive function must contain at least one repetition statement. a. True b. False 23. List processing often consists of several mappings and filterings of data, which can be expressed as a series of nested function calls. a. True b. False 24. The reduce function expects a function of one argument and a list of values. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

25. What is the name of the built-in Python function for mapping? a. mapping b. map c. map-to d. mapTo 26. What term describes a dictionary of functions keyed by command names? a. command table b. jump table c. skip table d. function table 27. Consider a programmer attempting to write a function named fib that computes the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence. If the body of the function consists only of the following line of Python code, what would be the result of calling this function with an argument of 5? return fib(n – 1) + fib(n – 2) a. The function would return 5 to the caller. b. The PVM would raise a stack overflow error. c. The function would return -5 to the caller.

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chapter 7 d. The PVM would raise a syntax error.

28. What does a recursive definition consist of? a. a condition that, if true, causes the recursion to halt b. equations that state what a value is for one or more base cases and one or more recursive cases c. a condition that, if false, causes the function to recurse d. a series of recursive functions that call each other 29. In addition to argument values and the return address for each function call, what else is contained in a stack frame? a. the function call’s return value b. any stack overflow errors that have been raised c. the function call’s lambda d. the jump table of commands associated with the function 30. Which of the following statements about higher-order functions is true? a. They separate the task of transforming data values from the logic of accumulating the results. b. They are mutators that can be utilized on functions to remove redundant patterns in code. c. They allow the definition of specialized ordering logic for data sets. d. They are special functions that ignore program scope and have access to localized variables.

31. Which type of higher-order function can be used to produce the sum of a list of numbers? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating 32. Which type of higher-order function can be used to convert the first letter of each string in a list to upper case? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating 33. In what Python module is the reduce function included? a. reducing b. functions c. higher-order d. functools 34. In Python, functions are treated as first-class data objects. What does this mean? a. It means that functions are considered to be global variables inside any Python code. b. It means that functions are given higher priority over resource access than regular chunks of code.

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chapter 7 c. It means that functions are protected objects and are not easily imported from other modules unless the author desires it. d. It means that functions can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments to other functions, returned as values, and stored in data structures.

35. Which part of a stack frame is used to locate the next instruction in the caller’s code? a. the return address for the function call that just finished executing b. the values of the arguments passed in to the function c. the function call’s return value d. the PVM 36. What is the call stack used for in the Python virtual machine? a. The call stack is an area of reserved memory used to store chunks of memory related to functions. b. The call stack is an area of reserved memory used to perform system calls for access to hardware. c. The call stack is a log of called functions and methods within the program. d. The call stack is a temporary storage area for junk data.

37. What higher-order function process applies a function to each value in a sequence and returns a new sequence of the results? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating 38. What type of higher-order function takes a list of values and repeatedly applies a function to accumulate a single data value? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating 39. What is a recursive function? a. a function with exactly one selection statement and at least one argument b. a function that contains no loops c. a function with more than one selection statement d. a function that calls itself 40. What type of error is raised when the Python virtual machine runs out of memory resources to manage a process? a. runaway process error b. out of memory error c. input/output error d. stack overflow error Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7

41. In a recursive function, what is used to determine whether to stop or to continue with another recursive step? a. terminator value b. base case c. recursion factor d. step counter 42. Which one of the following is part of the Fibonacci sequence? a. 1 2 3 6 b. 8 16 32 64 c. 5 8 13 21 d. 13 8 5 3 43. How many expressions does a lambda contain? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. at least 1 44. For each call of a function, the Python virtual machine must allocate a small chunk of memory known as a _____. a. stack chunk b. stack frame c. data nibble d. memory slice 45. In a lambda , which symbol separates the argument list from the expression? a. | b. c. , d. : 46. What is the lambda function in Python utilized for? a. It allows for the creation of an anonymous function, which contains the names of its arguments and a single expression. b. It creates an overloaded function, such that the function can be repurposed on the fly. c. It allows the program to track the use of a targeted function. d. It allows multiple higher-order functions to be utilized on the same selection statements.

47. Which situation causes infinite recursion in a function? a. The function contains an infinite loop. b. There is no recursive call at all in the function.

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chapter 7 c. Both the base case and the recursive step make a recursive call. d. When the base case condition is false, a recursive call is made.

48. The Fibonacci sequence is a series of values that can be easily calculated with what kind of function? a. recursive function b. repeating function c. duplicating function d. compounding function 49. Which type of higher-order function can be used to produce a list of only the upper-case characters in another list? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating 50. In what type of higher-order function do you apply a predicate to each value within a list, and then add the value to an object if the predicate returns True? a. mapping b. filtering c. reducing d. associating

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chapter 7 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. False 16. True 17. True 18. True 19. True 20. True

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chapter 7 21. True 22. False 23. True 24. False 25. b 26. b 27. b 28. b 29. a 30. a 31. c 32. a 33. d 34. d 35. a 36. a 37. a 38. c 39. d 40. d 41. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 42. c 43. b 44. b 45. d 46. a 47. c 48. a 49. b 50. b

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chapter 8

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. When an image appears to contain rough, jagged edges, this is a condition known as pixilation. a. True b. False 2. Constructors are used to create new instances of a class. a. True b. False 3. In Turtle graphics, the width of the line drawn when the turtle moves is initially 2 pixels. a. True b. False 4. An attempt to manipulate a turtle whose window has been closed raises an exception. a. True b. False 5. Generally, an object's state is the set of values of its attributes at any given point in time. a. True b. False 6. A raw image file saves all of the sampled information for a digitized image. a. True b. False 7. In the RGB system, each color component can range from 0 through 127. a. True b. False 8. The GIF format uses a lossless compression scheme. a. True b. False 9. The RGB system is called a true color system. a. True b. False 10. The screen coordinate system for the display of an image is somewhat different from the standard Cartesian coordinate system used with Turtle graphics. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 b. False 11. An N-level c-curve can be drawn with a recursive function. a. True b. False 12. A fractal curve is one-dimensional. a. True b. False 13. In Turtle graphics, the color used is initially black. a. True b. False 14. The size of a pixel is determined by the size and resolution of the display. a. True b. False 15. A fractal object can be described using Euclidean geometry. a. True b. False 16. The compression scheme for a GIF image involves building a table of up to 256 of the most prevalent colors. a. True b. False 17. Programmers who use objects interact with them through their interfaces. a. True b. False 18. Many image-processing algorithms use a nested loop structure to traverse a two-dimensional grid of pixels. a. True b. False 19. In Turtle graphics, the turtle is initially facing east. a. True b. False 20. Early recording and playback devices for images and sound were all discrete devices. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8

21. The ticks representing seconds on the analog clock's face represent an attempt to sample moments of time as discrete values, whereas time itself is continuous, or analog. a. True b. False 22. The images module is a standard, open-source Python tool. a. True b. False 23. The rectangular display area on a computer screen is made up of colored dots called picture elements, or pixels. a. True b. False 24. In the RGB system, the value 255 represents the total absence of that color component. a. True b. False 25. The setPixels() method of the Turtle class changes the width of the turtle in pixels to the specified value. a. True b. False 26. RGB stands for red, green, and black. a. True b. False 27. The coordinate system used by Turtle graphics places the origin (0, 0) at the bottom-left corner of a window. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. What RGB value produces a blue color? a. 0, 0, 0 b. 0, 255, 0 c. 255, 255, 0 d. 0, 0, 255 29. What effect does a higher DPI have on the sampling done by a digital camera? a. It decreases the number of samples that are taken. b. It increases the number of samples that are taken.

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chapter 8 c. It decreases the amount of time needed for each sample. d. It increases the amount of time needed for each sample.

30. The drawing of simple, two-dimensional shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, pentagons, and circles, is known as what type of graphics? a. planar graphics b. vector graphics c. geometric graphics d. targeted graphics 31. What is the maximum number of distinct color values that can be displayed by the true color RGB system? a. 256 b. 16,384 c. 32,768 d. 16,777,216 32. What is the term used to describe the processing of a multi-row, multi-column grid of information using a nested loop structure? a. field circuit mapping b. row-column mapping c. row-major traversal d. grid-centric retrieval 33. Assuming you have an Image object named i, what method call can you use to change the pixel at coordinate 238, 590 to red? a. i.setPixel(238, 590, (255, 0, 0)) b. i.chgPixel(590, 238, (0, 255, 0)) c. i.setPixel(255, 0, 0, 238, 590) d. i.Pixel(238, 590, (0, 0, 255)) 34. What type of image compression analyzes large regions of pixels and saves a color value that the pixels' colors approximate? a. lossless compression b. lossy compression c. summary compression d. recursive compression 35. How does digital information differ from analog information? a. Digital information can be represented as wave patterns, while analog information consists of bits. b. Digital information consists of a continuous range of values, while analog information contains a set of discrete values. c. Digital information consists of discrete values, while analog information contains a continuous range of Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 values. d. Digital information is commonly used in basic image and sound devices, such as recorded records, while analog information is used for electronic media.

36. Given a Turtle object t, what method can you use to erase all of the turtle's drawings, without changing the state? a. t.delete() b. t.clear() c. t.erase() d. t.scratch() 37. Which of the following image formats is considered to be one of the most popular for sampled images? a. XCF b. IMG c. JPEG d. SVG 38. Which Image method returns a copy of an Image object? a. new() b. copy() c. duplicate() d. clone() 39. Which of the following methods is a Turtle method that affects the color of a turtle drawing? a. setcolor() b. pencolor() c. clear() d. begin_fill() 40. Why is the conversion of an image to grayscale by simply replacing the color values of each pixel with their average less than ideal? a. The conversion will still contain non-grayscale colors. b. The conversion does not take luminance into account. c. The conversion will cause some areas of the image to be invisible. d. The conversion will make details that are green or blue in color hard to see.

41. The Turtle graphics toolkit was originally developed as part of what programming language for children? a. LISP b. Python c. Logo d. CKids Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 42. What statement accurately defines what a pixel is? a. A pixel is the name for the graphical draw point of any graphics generating program. b. A pixel is the graphical equivalent of a byte in memory and is used to store graphics data. c. A pixel is a graphical font, which is used to write image data onto a screen. d. A pixel is a colored dot, also known as a picture element, that makes up part of a display.

43. When you instantiate a class and assign the resulting object to a variable, what is the expression on the right side of the assignment called? a. instantiator b. accessor c. constructor d. creator 44. What does the term "sampling" imply in relation to images? a. the mapping of digital information in a visual format to sample analog values b. the conversion of digital into analog information for display on a sampling screen c. the process of creating sample analog information from digital information for use in computer programs d. the utilization of a sample of data to represent a larger digital data set 45. Programming that relies on the use of objects and methods to control complexity and solve problems is known as what type of programming? a. access-based programming b. object-based programming c. serial-based programming d. entry-based programming 46. If the Image method save(filename) is called, which extension is added if filename does not contain it? a. .jpg b. .gif c. .py d. .image 47. A black-and-white photograph contains more than just the black and white colors, but various shades of gray known by what term? a. grayshade b. graymap c. graycurve d. grayscale 48. What Turtle method is used to move a Turtle object instance t to the center of the window, pointed east? a. t.start() b. t.home() Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 c. t.return() d. t.restart() 49. What type of method returns the values of an object's attributes without altering its state? a. mutator methods b. controller methods c. accessor methods d. positional methods 50. What is an image's aspect ratio? a. the ratio of the image's width to its height b. the ratio of the image's colors to their brightness c. the ratio of the image's bitrate to its size d. the ratio of the image's color gamut to its bitrate 51. What coordinate system is utilized for the Turtle graphics toolkit? a. Cartesian system b. polar system c. square system d. fractal system 52. Which method call creates and returns a blank Image with height 300, width 150, the color of each pixel transparent, and the filename the empty string? a. Image(150, 300) b. Image(300, 150) c. Image(150, 300, (0, 0, 0), "") d. Image(300, 150, "", (0, 0, 0)) 53. What is instantiation in Python? a. It is the process of creating an IDLE session that utilizes a graphics window. b. It is the process of calling an object’s mutator method. c. It is the process of calling a function that returns no object. d. It is the process of creating a class-based object.

54. Which of the following classes is associated with a Turtle object? a. Screen b. Coordinate c. Plot d. Page 55. In the images module, how does the Image class represent an image?

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chapter 8 a. using a detailed sample of the image's brightness values b. using a rasterized copy of the image's color values c. using a two-dimensional grid of RGB values d. using a pixel map determined by grayscale values

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chapter 8 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. True 15. False 16. True 17. True 18. True 19. True 20. False

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chapter 8 21. True 22. False 23. True 24. False 25. False 26. False 27. False 28. d 29. b 30. b 31. d 32. c 33. a 34. b 35. c 36. b 37. c 38. d 39. b 40. b 41. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 42. d 43. c 44. d 45. b 46. b 47. d 48. b 49. c 50. a 51. a 52. a 53. d 54. a 55. c

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chapter 9

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Command buttons are created and placed in a window in the same manner as labels. a. True b. False 2. A method header looks very different from a function header. a. True b. False 3. A button is centered in its grid position by default. a. True b. False 4. Window components are laid out in a window's three-dimensional grid. a. True b. False 5. GUI-based programs can be configured to respond to various keyboard events and mouse events. a. True b. False 6. The font attribute of tkinter.Label is a Font object imported from tkinter.font. a. True b. False 7. By default, a newly opened window shrink-wraps around its components. a. True b. False 8. The tkinter module does not support the RGB color system. a. True b. False 9. By default, a window created using breezypythongui has an empty title string and is resizable. a. True b. False 10. An entry field is a box in which the user can position the mouse cursor and enter a number or a single line of text. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9

11. When you create a subclass, you create a customized version of an existing class. a. True b. False 12. In order to allow a program to respond to a button click when using breezypythongui, the programmer must set the button's response attribute. a. True b. False 13. As a rule of thumb, when you are defining a new class of objects, you should look around for a class that already supports some of the structure and behavior of such objects, and then subclass that class to provide the service you need. a. True b. False 14. Lists of information can be presented for selection in scrolling list boxes. a. True b. False 15. The values that can be used within a window’s sticky attribute are "T,” “D,” “L,” and “R.” a. True b. False 16. The value attribute passed in to the addIntegerField and addFloatField methods must be an integer for an integer field and a floating-point number for a float field. a. True b. False 17. The attributes of each window component created using breezypythongui are actually stored in a list. a. True b. False 18. The addButton method returns an object of type tkinter.Button. a. True b. False 19. In the RGB system, the hex string #00ff00 represents the color red. a. True b. False 20. The breezypythongui module's IntegerField component is a subclass of the Entry class.

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chapter 9 a. True b. False 21. The values of an object's instance variables make up its state. a. True b. False 22. GUI-based programs utilize file dialogs in order to allow the user to browse a computer's file system. a. True b. False 23. Command buttons can display text but not images. a. True b. False 24. Algorithms describe processes that run on real computers with finite resources. a. True b. False 25. GUI-based programs are almost always object based. a. True b. False 26. GUI-based programs use windows that contain various components called gadgets. a. True b. False 27. An instance variable is used to store data belonging to an individual object. a. True b. False 28. A button has a state attribute, which can be set to “enabled” or “disabled.” a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

29. What attribute can be used to override the default alignment of a window component? a. align b. sticky c. target Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 d. orientation 30. How can you associate a keyboard event and an event-handling method with a widget? a. You must name the event-handling method onPress. b. You must use the bind method, which expects a string argument containing a key event. c. You must map a shortcut in the host operating system to run the script with a specific argument. d. You must define the key's event in a YAML-based configuration file.

31. What scenario would be ideal for the use of a prompter box? a. You require a GUI element that allows a user to choose their preferred language from a list of languages. b. You require a GUI element to display an error message upon incorrect input. c. You require a GUI element to obtain a user’s password. d. You require a GUI element to allow a user to choose a file to open.

32. What is the name of the standard GUI module for Python? a. tkinter b. PyQt5 c. breezypythongui d. Kivy 33. What EasyFrame method is used to specify whether a window is resizable or not? a. setResizable b. chgResize c. setSize d. modWindowSize 34. One of the requirements for a breezypythongui-based Python script you're writing is that your user interface include a slider bar for selecting a value from a range of values. What type of window component do you want? a. EasySlider b. Scale c. SlideRule d. EasyRange 35. What happens when you make a new class a subclass of another class? a. The new class inherits the attributes and behaviors defined in the parent class. b. The new class becomes subjugated to the parent class, preventing the override of class values. c. The new class becomes a copy of the ancestor class, and functions under the ancestor class's namespace. d. The ancestor class and the new class both become global in scope.

36. Programming that is tied to user-generated actions, such as mouse clicks, is known as what type of programming? a. user-driven programming Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 b. event-driven programming c. access-driven programming d. object-oriented programming 37. In the breezypythongui module, what class provides the basic functionality for any window, such as the command buttons in the title bar? a. WindowFrame b. ProgFrame c. BreezyFrame d. EasyFrame 38. Other than specifying key values when calling EasyFrame methods, how can you change a window's attributes? a. You can overload the class and create an identical class. b. You can utilize the attribute dictionary. c. You can pass a tuple to the class constructor. d. You can use the setDefaults() method.

39. In GUI terminology, what is the name used to describe a rectangular window component with its own grid that is useful for organizing other window components? a. layout b. superframe c. panel d. combo frame 40. In which tkinter class are the basic elements of a window’s state defined and managed? a. frame b. EasyFrame c. window d. EasyWindow 41. Which GUI element would be ideal for allowing a user to choose one or more recipients to send a message to from a list friends? a. prompter box b. text area c. radio buttons d. check buttons 42. What is the default width of a TextField in tkinter? a. 10 characters b. 20 characters c. 30 characters Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 d. 40 characters 43. Which item is included in the class header of a class defined in Python? a. one or more method definitions b. the keyword self c. a parenthesized list of one or more parent classes d. the return type of the class 44. Which one of the following is a function available in the tkinter.filedialog module used to support file access in a GUI program? a. askopenfileaccess b. askfilesystemaccess c. asksaveasfiledialog d. askopenfilename 45. What is one of the most important attributes of a window? a. hash code b. width and height in pixels c. parent frame d. terminal prompt 46. Which argument to the addTextField method is required? a. rowspan b. width c. text d. state 47. What class in the breezypythongui module provides a scrollable box for the display and selection of a list of items? a. EasyTextField b. TextArea c. EasyListbox d. EasyIntegerField 48. What is the self parameter in a method definition used for? a. It is used within class and method definitions to call other methods on the same object, or to access that object's variables or data. b. It is used to define the scope of the class in relevance to the rest of the program. c. It is used to tell the Python virtual machine that the class is locally significant in the particular module or script within which it is defined. d. It is used as a shortcut rather than typing out the module name, parent classes, and subclass to which the class Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 belongs.

49. Within which class method are a class’s instance variables defined? a. instance b. constructor c. __main__ d. __init__ 50. When color values are passed to the tkinter module in hexadecimal, what hex string represents the color white? a. #ffffff b. #00ff00 c. #0000ff d. #000000 51. Which keyword argument can be used to force a vertical spanning of grid positions? a. gridspan b. rowspan c. columnspan d. vertspan 52. Which attribute of a TextField in tkinter must be set to "readonly" to prevent the user from editing it? a. setting b. mode c. edit d. state 53. When the EasyFrame class is used to create a window, what method initializes the window by setting its attributes and populating it with the appropriate GUI components? a. __setup__ b. __window__ c. __main__ d. __init__ 54. In a GUI-based program, which elements are boxes within which a program can output text or receive it as input from the user? a. labels b. title bars c. entry fields d. command buttons 55. What argument can be specified to the two file dialog methods to mask the types of files available for input?

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chapter 9 a. defaultextension b. filetypes c. fileformat d. filedata

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chapter 9 Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. True 15. False 16. False 17. False 18. True 19. False 20. True

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chapter 9 21. True 22. True 23. False 24. True 25. True 26. False 27. True 28. False 29. b 30. b 31. c 32. a 33. a 34. b 35. a 36. b 37. d 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 42. b 43. c 44. d 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. a 49. d 50. a 51. b 52. d 53. d 54. c 55. b

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chapter 10

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The first step in building a new class is to describe the kind of object it models. a. True b. False 2. A class variable is visible to all instances of a class and does not vary from instance to instance. a. True b. False 3. In general, you should use class variables only for symbolic constants or to maintain data held in common by all objects of a class. a. True b. False 4. Because Python is an object-oriented language, its syntax enforces data encapsulation. a. True b. False 5. A method automatically returns the value None when it includes no return statement. a. True b. False 6. The code x % y is actually shorthand for the code __mod__(x, y). a. True b. False 7. Polymorphism allows several different classes to use the same general method names. a. True b. False 8. If the parenthesized parent class name is omitted from a class definition, the new class is automatically made a subclass of self. a. True b. False 9. Python has a built-in type for rational numbers called Rational. a. True b. False 10. Usually, a programmer will not bother subclassing unless the two classes share a substantial amount of abstract behavior.

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chapter 10 a. True b. False 11. A two-dimensional grid organizes items by positions in rows and columns. a. True b. False 12. Operator overloading is an example of an abstraction mechanism. a. True b. False 13. Unlike other object-oriented languages, Python does not support polymorphic methods. a. True b. False 14. The scope of an instance variable is the entire module. a. True b. False 15. Most object-oriented languages require the programmer to master the following techniques: data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. a. True b. False 16. The Python interpreter picks out equality from the other comparisons by looking for an __equals__ method when it encounters the == and != operators. a. True b. False 17. The attributes of an object are represented as instance variables. a. True b. False 18. The function call str(mystring) is equivalent to the method call mystring.__str__(). a. True b. False 19. The str method is a good example of a polymorphic method that appears throughout Python's system of classes. a. True b. False

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chapter 10 20. To reduce a rational number to its lowest terms, you first compute the greatest common divisor (GCD) of the numerator and the denominator, using Euclid's algorithm. a. True b. False 21. A Python object can be pickled before it is saved to a file, and then unpickled as it is loaded from a file into a program. a. True b. False 22. Objects in the natural world and objects in the world of artifacts can be classified using inheritance hierarchies. a. True b. False 23. Python programmers typically capitalize their own class names to distinguish them from variable names. a. True b. False 24. Inheritance allows a class to automatically reuse and extend the code of similar but more specific classes. a. True b. False 25. For data that are owned by individual objects, you must use instance variables. a. True b. False 26. To overload an arithmetic operator in Python, you just define a new method using the appropriate method name. a. True b. False 27. If the statements in a try clause raise no exceptions, control is immediately transferred to the except clause. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. What is the process in which the Python virtual machine recycles its storage called? a. garbage collection b. trash expunging c. data dumping d. deprecating

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chapter 10 29. What type of programming is identified by the term "imperative programming"? a. programming that defines classes for objects and reuses them to define similar objects b. programming that involves the use of input and output statements, assignment statements, and control statements for selection and iteration c. programming that uses cooperating subprograms to solve problems d. a programming approach that views a program as a set of cooperating functions 30. What is the __str__ method used for? a. It builds and returns a string representation of an object's state. b. It is used to determine if a class attribute is a string. c. It is used to initiate string values during instantiation. d. It converts a string attribute within a class.

31. What function do you use to save an object utilizing the pickle module? a. pickle.save b. pickle.jar c. pickle.dump d. pickle.store 32. In the context of Python objects, what does the pickling process do? a. It preserves objects by storing them in memory. b. It preserves objects by storing them to a file. c. It preserves objects by creating a SQLite database. d. It preserves objects by adding them to the calling Python script file.

33. How can you overload the addition operator in the Python language? a. You create a def statement with an asterisk, then specify math.__add__ as the method name. b. You create a new class with the same name as the Arithmetic class and define the __add__ method. c. Within a class, you define a new method with the appropriate name, __add__, that applies the rule of rational number addition. d. You create a Python script named __add__.py, define a new method in that script, and then import it.

34. If a class Truck has a class Vehicle immediately above it in the class hierarchy, what is Truck to Vehicle? a. its main class b. its pseudo class c. its parent class d. its subclass 35. Which statement regarding class variables is accurate? a. A class variable is visible only to a single instance of a class. b. A class variable is visible only to methods inside a class.

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chapter 10 c. A class variable is visible to all instances of a class but can vary from instance to instance. d. A class variable is visible to all instances of a class and does not vary from instance to instance.

36. At how many different levels can docstrings used to describe Python classes occur? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 37. At the top, or root, of the Python class hierarchy is the most abstract class. What is the name of this class? a. root b. object c. parentClass d. Main 38. What type of programming is identified by the term "functional programming"? a. programming utilizing cooperative subprograms to solve problems b. programming using input and output statements, assignment statements, and control statements for selection and iteration c. programming that defines classes for objects and reuses them to define similar objects d. programming using a set of cooperating functions rather than relying on assignment 39. How can you see an object’s commonly used string representation in IDLE without having to call the print function to obtain it? a. Add an instance variable named __str__ to the class definition. b. Add a method named __repr__ to the class definition. c. Import the Repr module. d. Subclass the Str-IDLE class.

40. When Python sees [] following an object, which method does it look for in the object’s class? a. __subscript__ b. __item__ c. __getitem__ d. __sb__ 41. In the context of inheritance and polymorphism, what does it mean for two classes to share a substantial amount of abstract behavior? a. The classes implement polymorphic methods in exactly the same way. b. The classes have both structural and object equality. c. The classes import and use the same modules. d. The classes have similar sets of methods or operations.

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42. What do many professional programmers use to describe and document the analysis and design of complex software systems? a. Class Diagramming Language b. Programming Structural Language c. Direct Modeling Language d. Unified Modeling Language 43. What method is known as a class's constructor because it is run automatically when a user instantiates the class? a. __start__ b. __build__ c. __main__ d. __init__ 44. What are the two parts of a rational number? a. positive and negative b. numerator and denominator c. whole and part d. integer and floating point 45. When the pickle.load function reaches the end of a file, what type of exception is raised? a. IOError b. EOFError c. DataError d. FileError 46. If you wanted to overload the >= operator, what method name should you define? a. __gte__ b. __gt__ c. __ge__ d. __geq__ 47. You are utilizing the pickle.load function to load objects into a program from a file. However, your program raises an exception as soon as the end of the file is reached. What must you do? a. Use an if-else statement to check if the load function is at the end of the file. b. Use a nested loop to run the pickle.load function line by line. c. Use a try-except statement to catch the exception and continue with the program. d. Use the pickle.len() function to determine the size of the file, then pass the size to the pickle.load() function using the size key.

48. What type of programming is identified by the term "procedural programming"?

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chapter 10 a. programming utilizing cooperative subprograms to solve problems b. programming using input and output statements, assignment statements, and control statements for selection and iteration c. programming that defines classes for objects and reuses them to define similar objects d. programming using a set of cooperating functions rather than relying on assignment 49. Which statement is an accurate description of the concept of inheritance in object-oriented programming? a. Inheritance is restricting the manipulation of an object's state by external users to a set of method calls. b. Inheritance is allowing a class to automatically reuse and extend the code of a similar but more general class. c. Inheritance is the use of code that is capable of making changes to itself during the execution process. d. Inheritance is organizing data by position in rows and columns.

50. Which is the correct syntax for accessing the item in the first row and first column of a two-dimensional grid defined as a list of lists? a. grid[0][0] b. grid[1][1] c. grid[1, 1] d. grid[0, 0] 51. What effect does using the model/view pattern of design have? a. It divides the roles and responsibilities of the system between data management and user interactions. b. It combines the roles and responsibilities of the system between data management and user interactions. c. It involves the user in the defining of how data will be modeled by a program. d. It involves the creation of a model GUI environment, and then views for the user to choose from.

52. What term is used for the methods that allow a user to observe but not change the state of an object? a. accessors b. observers c. modifiers d. mutators 53. What concept within object-oriented programming involves restricting the manipulation of an object's state by external users to a set of method calls? a. inheritance b. polymorphism c. data encapsulation d. data modeling 54. What does the __getitem__ method expect as an argument? a. a list of items b. a string representing an instance variable name that refers to the item Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 10 c. an item in the underlying data structure d. an index 55. What are the two access modes that are used when opening a file for input and output when pickling? a. "r" and "w" b. "rb" and "wb" c. "rp" and "wp" d. "p" and "c"

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chapter 10 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. False 15. True 16. False 17. False 18. True 19. False 20. True

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chapter 10 21. True 22. True 23. True 24. False 25. False 26. True 27. False 28. a 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. d 35. d 36. c 37. b 38. d 39. b 40. c 41. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 10 42. d 43. d 44. b 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. a 49. b 50. a 51. a 52. a 53. c 54. d 55. b

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chapter 11

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Scatter plots help us to recognize patterns such as the clustering of data around certain parameters. a. True b. False 2. A pandas data frame consists of a set of columns and rows. a. True b. False 3. If a data set is in CSV format, that means that it has already been “cleaned” of issues like missing, incorrect, or improperly formatted values. a. True b. False 4. One of the virtues of line plots is that they are capable of plotting functions across a continuous range of x-values in their domains. a. True b. False 5. A pandas Index object represents a sequence of values over which you can iterate with a for loop. a. True b. False 6. The median of a data set is the value at the middle position of the data set before it has been sorted. a. True b. False 7. The colors argument for the matplotlib.pyplot function that creates a pie chart must be a list of either strings indicating the names of the colors, such as “red,” “blue,” and “green,” or their one-letter abbreviations, such as “r,” “g,” and “b.” a. True b. False 8. In a scatter plot, the magnitude of each data value appears along the x-axis, and its position in the data set appears along the y-axis. a. True b. False 9. The subscript to the pandas data frame loc method should be an integer value if the frame’s index consists of integers (the default) or a label if the index labels are supplied when the frame is created. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 11 b. False 10. Python includes the standard functions max and min for viewing the maximum or minimum value in a list. a. True b. False 11. A CSV file is a text file in which each row of data begins on a new line, and the values in each row are separated by semicolons. a. True b. False 12. A line plot is like a scatter plot but connects the dots representing the data at given positions with line segments. a. True b. False 13. Values in a data set with a high standard deviation tend to cluster around the average value. a. True b. False 14. To create a horizontal bar chart, you call the barh function instead of the bar function, and you override its width argument instead of its height argument. a. True b. False 15. The standard deviation of a list of numbers is a measure of their closeness to or distance from the mean of these numbers. a. True b. False 16. The functions mean, median, and std in NumPy use the fastest available algorithms. a. True b. False 17. Data visualization generally involves the graphical representation of data in such a form as to assist in their analysis. a. True b. False 18. Python’s built-in sort method for lists provides high performance for very large data sets. a. True b. False

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chapter 11 19. The rows of a pandas data frame are represented as Series objects. a. True b. False 20. The average of a set of data is also called the mean. a. True b. False 21. In a histogram, the bars can be aligned either vertically or horizontally. a. True b. False 22. In general, you should avoid prefixing calls of an imported function with its module name or abbreviation. a. True b. False 23. A pie chart visually represents a data set in terms of “slices,” each of which shows the relative percentage of a data set’s item in a whole circular “pie.” a. True b. False 24. If a list has an even number of positions, the median value is the mean of the values at the end of the first half of the (sorted) list and at the beginning of its second half. a. True b. False 25. One way to clean a data set with null values is to delete the rows containing them. a. True b. False 26. In general, it’s a good idea to use a library function whenever it’s available. a. True b. False 27. Real-world data sets are typically imported from files. a. True b. False 28. Given a pandas DataFrame object named myframe, the code myframe.pop("age") removes and returns the column labeled "age" from the frame. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 11

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

29. Which type of chart visually represents a data set as a collection of points or dots in a two-dimensional grid? a. pie chart b. line plot c. scatter plot d. bar chart 30. Which type of chart represents a data set in terms of rectangular shapes, each of which directly measures the magnitude of a data value? a. pie chart b. line plot c. scatter plot d. bar chart 31. Which matplotlib.pyplot function creates a pie chart? a. pie b. piechart c. pchart d. pie-chart 32. What is the standard deviation (rounded off to the nearest hundredth) of the following data set of numbers: [2, 4, 6, 8]? a. 20.98 b. 6.52 c. 5.00 d. 2.24 33. Which object represents a column in a pandas data frame? a. Range b. Column c. Col d. Series 34. Which type of chart would be most appropriate for showing the relative frequencies of birthday months in a certain population? a. bar chart b. scatter plot c. pie chart d. histogram

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chapter 11 35. Which pandas data frame method deletes all the rows with null values in the data frame on which it is run? a. dropna b. fillna c. delnulls d. rmnull 36. Which matplotlib.pyplot function is used to set the initial dimensions of a chart? a. size b. dimensions c. figure d. height-width 37. What is the effect of omitting the inplace argument from the pandas data frame dropna method? a. It returns a working copy of the data frame with the rows deleted, leaving the original data frame intact. b. It deletes the rows from the original data frame and returns the original data frame. c. It replaces each null value with the mean of the existing values in its row. d. It replaces the integer indexes of the data frame with a given column of data in the file.

38. What is the correct syntax for importing a module and creating a more easily written abbreviation of the module name? a. import <abbreviated name> for <module name> b. import <module name> as <abbreviated name> c. import <module name> = <abbreviated name> d. import <abbreviated name> = <module name> 39. Of which object type are both the index and columns attributes of a pandas data frame? a. Series b. Index c. Position d. Frame 40. What is the mode of a data set? a. the value that occurs most often within it b. a measure of its “normality” c. the value in the middle of the data set d. the type of data it is—whether continuous or discrete 41. Which argument to the matplotlib.pyplot function that creates a pie chart is used to pull one or more slices out from the pie chart’s center for emphasis? a. shadow b. emphasize Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 11 c. colors d. explode 42. Which term refers to a missing or empty value in a data set? a. empty set b. zero value c. null value d. unclean value 43. What does the pandas data frame tail method do? a. returns the last five rows of the data frame b. replaces each null value in the last row in the data frame with a specified value c. returns the five minimum values in a row d. returns the five minimum values in a column 44. Which statistical calculation is a measure of a data set’s “normality”? a. standard deviation b. median c. minimum d. mean 45. Which type of chart would be created by the following Python statement? matplotlib.pyplot.bar(["January", "February", "March"], [45, 53, 65]) a. pie chart b. line plot c. scatter plot d. bar chart 46. Which type of chart represents the relative frequencies of values in a data set? a. frequency chart b. line plot c. histogram d. history graph 47. Which line of code extracts the fourth, sixth, and eighth rows from a pandas DataFrame object named frame? a. frame.loc[[3, 5, 7]] b. frame.loc[3, 5, 7] c. frame.loc[4, 6, 8] d. frame.loc[[4, 6, 8]] 48. Which argument to the matplotlib.pyplot.plot function is used to provide information for the chart legend?

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chapter 11 a. label b. legend c. plot d. xticks 49. Which argument to the pandas.DataFrame constructor is used to replace the integer indexes labeling a frame’s rows with other labels? a. legend b. rows c. label d. index 50. What is the mode of the following data set of numbers: [2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, 10, 10]? a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 51. What is the median of the following data set of numbers: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]? a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 52. How is a data set represented in pandas? a. as a data table b. as a data frame c. as a series d. as a dropna 53. What is the one required argument for the matplotlib.pyplot function that creates a pie chart? a. the total value of all the slices b. the angle at which the first slice is drawn c. the chart’s title d. a list of slices 54. What is the mean of the following data set of numbers: [2, 4, 6, 8]? a. 4.5 b. 5 c. 4 d. 20 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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55. What is the term used for the distribution of a data set whose average value is not skewed by a preponderance of large or small values? a. bimodal distribution b. multimodal distribution c. standard distribution d. normal distribution

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chapter 11 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. False 12. True 13. False 14. False 15. True 16. True 17. True 18. False 19. True 20. True

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chapter 11 21. True 22. False 23. True 24. True 25. True 26. True 27. True 28. True 29. c 30. d 31. a 32. d 33. d 34. d 35. a 36. c 37. a 38. b 39. b 40. a 41. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 11 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. d 46. c 47. a 48. a 49. d 50. d 51. b 52. b 53. d 54. b 55. d

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chapter 12

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Because lists and dictionaries are thread-safe, that means that any object contained in a list or dictionary is also threadsafe. a. True b. False 2. In Python, to properly handle functions that may raise exceptions, you can embed calls to these functions in a trycatch statement. a. True b. False 3. Python allows multiple threads to call the get method on a dictionary simultaneously. a. True b. False 4. The most common way to create a thread is to define a class that extends the class threading.Runnable. a. True b. False 5. Few modern computers use threads to represent processes. a. True b. False 6. Clients connect to servers via objects known as channels. a. True b. False 7. 137.1123.194.77 is a valid IP address. a. True b. False 8. A port serves as a channel through which several clients can exchange data with the same server or with different servers. a. True b. False 9. A server can send data to a client using its socket's put method. a. True b. False 10. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw the rise of networked systems.

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chapter 12 a. True b. False 11. A thread's block method is invoked automatically by its start method. a. True b. False 12. When working with sockets, it is important to synchronize the sending and the receiving of messages between the client and the server. a. True b. False 13. A socket resembles a file object, in that the programmer opens it, receives data from it, and closes it when finished. a. True b. False 14. The release() method of the Condition class relinquishes the lock, leaving it to be acquired by others. a. True b. False 15. A thread object can die if it raises an exception that is not handled. a. True b. False 16. When a thread's run method has executed its last instruction, the thread dies as a process but continues to exist as an object. a. True b. False 17. In Python, a thread is an object like any other in that it can hold data, be stored in data structures, and be passed as arguments to methods. a. True b. False 18. Ports are usually specified by IP addresses. a. True b. False 19. When developing a network application, the programmer can first try it out on a local host—that is, on a standalone computer that may or may not be connected to the Internet. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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20. Time-sharing systems are still in widespread use in the form of web servers, email servers, print servers, and other kinds of servers on networked systems. a. True b. False 21. Producer/consumer threads can suffer from synchronization problems. a. True b. False 22. You cannot create and open more than one socket on the same port of a host computer. a. True b. False 23. A socket is bound to an address (host, port) by running its bind method. a. True b. False 24. The notify() method of the Condition class lets all threads waiting on the lock know that it's available. a. True b. False 25. Threads cannot share data between them. a. True b. False 26. The IP number of a computer that acts as a local host is the same as its IP number as an Internet host. a. True b. False 27. The process of saving or restoring a thread's state is called a scheduling switch. a. True b. False 28. Because an IDLE itself runs in a thread, it is not generally a good idea to test a multithreaded application in that environment. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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chapter 12 29. What does the socket function gethostname() do? a. It returns the IP number of the computer whose IP name is passed to the function. b. It returns the IP address of the host computer running the Python interpreter. c. It returns the IP name of the host computer running the Python interpreter. d. It returns the name of the IP address passed to it.

30. A thread that is waiting for user input is most likely in what state? a. timed-out state b. sleeping state c. blocked state d. waiting state 31. Which software design pattern can be applied to define a thread-safe version of an existing class? a. template method b. façade c. decorator d. singleton 32. After the socket.recv method is called, what type of data is returned? a. an object of type bytes b. a list object containing lines of data separated by carriage returns c. a string containing all data that was received d. a Boolean value indicating whether the data transfer was successful 33. What two items must be given to the socket function in the socket module in order to create a socket object? a. the socket IP address and the socket IP name b. the socket family and the socket type c. the socket port and the number of bytes of data that will be read d. the socket port and the number of bytes of data that will be written 34. Which method of the Condition class can be used to release a lock? a. notify() b. acquire() c. notifyAll() d. wait() 35. To what does the instance variable named _waiters in Python’s Condition class refer? a. all the threads that currently have a lock on the resource b. the condition’s queue c. the parts of the data that are currently being written to d. the parts of the data that are currently being read from Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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36. In order to utilize the socket module's recv method, what must you pass as an argument? a. the source IP address the information will be coming from b. the destination port you will receive information on c. the maximum size in bytes of the data to be read from the socket d. the address family used by the network socket 37. What is the purpose of a Condition object in a threaded application? a. The Condition object functions as a lock on a resource. b. The Condition object provides a similar function to if-else in threads. c. The Condition object provides a try-except function in threads. d. The Condition object functions as a timer for the ready queue.

38. To obtain information sent by the server, which socket method does the client script run? a. socket b. get c. connect d. recv 39. In order to execute code in a thread as a process, what must be done? a. The thread's class must implement a run method. b. The thread's class must implement an exec method. c. The thread must include the Process class as a parent. d. The thread must be told to execute using the exec=yes key.

40. In the event that a thread loses access to the CPU, what happens when the thread is ready to resume execution? a. The thread is moved to the front of the ready queue. b. The thread is moved to the rear of the ready queue. c. The thread is given a chance to execute as soon as the running process enters a waiting state. d. The thread is given a random interval to check if it is the thread's turn to execute or if the processor is available.

41. What statement accurately describes the role of a socket? a. A socket is an object that serves as a communication link between a single server process and a single client process. b. A socket is a named pipe that is used to pass communications one way to a remote location. c. A socket is an object that facilitates communication between multiple server and client processes. d. A socket is a communications channel within the TCP/IP stack that communicates only with the localhost.

42. What two items must be passed in a tuple to the socket connect method in order to connect a socket? a. the host's IP address and a port number Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 12 b. rotocol type that will be used and the IP address of the socket c. a string representing the host’s operating system type and the host’s IP name d. the maximum size in bytes of the data to be read from the socket and the maximum size in bytes of the data to be written to the socket 43. Which socket method causes the socket to listen for client requests? a. listen b. recv c. accept d. requests 44. After the creation of a thread, what makes a thread "ready"? a. the calling of the start method b. the calling of the ready method c. the instantiation of the thread, followed by the calling of the begin method d. the creation of the thread 45. An event in which a program starts another program by creating a new process is known by what term? a. context switching b. forking c. cloning d. parallelization 46. What kind of problem occurs in a producer/consumer relationship in which the consumer attempts to access data that are not there or accesses the same data more than once? a. procedural problems b. communication problems c. coordination problems d. synchronization problems 47. The discipline of building hardware architectures, operating systems, and specialized algorithms for running a program on a cluster of processors is known by what term? a. ready queueing b. producer/consumer relationships c. networked systems d. parallel computing 48. You are designing a script that needs to get the current date and time as a string. What function can you use for this? a. time.ptime b. time.ctime c. time.today Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 12 d. time.now 49. Which Python data structure is already thread-safe because it provides automatic support for synchronizing multiple readers and writers? a. tuples b. strings c. lists d. integers 50. Which of the following situations is an example of time slicing? a. A running process is paused and automatically moved to the rear of the ready queue after a few milliseconds of run time. b. A process is put to sleep when the sleep method is called and moves to the rear of the ready queue. c. A process is waiting for input from a user and is moved to the rear of the ready queue. d. A process is waiting for a condition to become true and is moved to the rear of the ready queue.

51. What thread method can be used to test whether the thread is dead? a. isDead() b. isAlive() c. isActive() d. isQueued() 52. Assuming that a socket has been created with a name of server, what effect does the statement server.listen(10) have? a. The socket will listen for a maximum of 10 minutes, and then close. b. The socket will allow a maximum of 10 requests, then close. c. The socket will accept a maximum of 10 requests at a time. d. The socket will listen until the integer 10 is seen in the data stream.

53. You have just captured data using the socket.recv method into a variable named client_data. What can you use to convert client_data to a string? a. codecs.decode(client_data, "string") b. socket.decode(client_data, type="string") c. codecs.decode(client_data, "ascii") d. network.data(client_data, %s) 54. If a thread is currently calling pop on a dictionary, what happens if another thread attempts to read the dictionary using a subscript? a. Python does not allow the other thread to read it until the pop operation is complete. b. Python allows both operations to happen simultaneously. c. An exception is thrown.

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chapter 12 d. Python will allow the other thread to read, but it may read an incorrect value.

55. When a process is about to be swapped out of the CPU, the system saves its state and then restores the state of the process about to execute. By what term is this procedure known? a. decorator pattern b. context switching c. time slicing d. parallel computing

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chapter 12 Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. False 12. True 13. True 14. True 15. True 16. True 17. True 18. False 19. True 20. True

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chapter 12 21. True 22. False 23. True 24. False 25. False 26. False 27. False 28. True 29. c 30. c 31. c 32. a 33. b 34. d 35. b 36. c 37. a 38. d 39. a 40. b 41. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 12 42. a 43. a 44. a 45. b 46. d 47. d 48. b 49. c 50. a 51. b 52. c 53. c 54. a 55. b

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chapter 13

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Although recursive Fibonacci is elegant in its design, there is a less beautiful but much faster version that uses a loop to run in linear time. a. True b. False 2. List indexing is an example of a quadratic-time algorithm. a. True b. False 3. Linear algorithms are generally impractical to run with any but very small problem sizes. a. True b. False 4. When you count instructions to estimate the efficiency of an algorithm, you count the instructions in the executable machine language program. a. True b. False 5. Selection sort starts at the beginning of the list and compares pairs of data items as it moves down to the end. a. True b. False 6. The performance of some algorithms depends on the placement of the data that are processed. a. True b. False 7. A binary search is necessary for data that are not arranged in any particular order. a. True b. False 8. Python's is operator is implemented as a method named __contains__ in the list class. a. True b. False 9. Bubble sort's worst-case behavior for exchanges is greater than linear. a. True b. False 10. Algorithms with linear behavior do less work than algorithms with quadratic behavior for most problem sizes n.

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chapter 13 a. True b. False 11. Whenever the amount of work of an algorithm is expressed as a polynomial, we focus on one term as dominant. a. True b. False 12. An order of complexity that is worse than polynomial is called quadratic. a. True b. False 13. Logarithmic complexity is better than constant but worse than linear complexity. a. True b. False 14. In general, we worry more about average and best-case performances than about worst-case performances. a. True b. False 15. When the problem size of a logarithmic-time algorithm doubles, the amount of work increases by 1. a. True b. False 16. Some algorithms require more memory as the problem size gets larger. a. True b. False 17. The time() function of the time module can be used to track the running time of a program. a. True b. False 18. Algorithms describe processes that run on real computers with finite resources. a. True b. False 19. Binary search is less efficient than linear search. a. True b. False 20. In the quicksort algorithm, selecting a pivot at the first or last position can help to approximate O(n log n) performance in the average case.

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chapter 13 a. True b. False 21. An algorithm coded in Python usually runs slightly faster than the same algorithm coded in C. a. True b. False 22. The calls involved in a recursive function can be illustrated using a call tree. a. True b. False 23. Sequential search is also called polynomial search. a. True b. False 2

24. O(n log n) running times are better than O(n ) running times. a. True b. False 25. As the problem size gets larger, the performance of an algorithm with the higher order of complexity becomes worse more quickly. a. True b. False 26. Python's minimum function returns the minimum or smallest item in a list. a. True b. False 27. When analyzing an algorithm, one must be careful to determine that any instructions do not hide a loop that depends on a variable problem size. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. Which of the following describes a quadratic algorithm? a. an algorithm whose work grows as a square of the problem size b. an algorithm whose work grows as a power of three each time the problem size increases c. an algorithm whose work grows in direct proportion to the size of the problem d. an algorithm whose work grows at a rate of nk, where k is a constant greater than 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 13 29. Which statement accurately describes the strategy utilized by the quicksort algorithm? a. The quicksort algorithm repeatedly swaps elements that are out of order in a list until they are completely sorted. b. The quicksort algorithm repeatedly swaps the smallest element in an unsorted portion of a list with an element at the start of the unsorted portion. c. The quicksort algorithm repeatedly inserts the i-th element into its proper place in the first i items in the list. d. The quicksort algorithm partitions a list around a pivot item and sorts the resulting sublists.

30. Which statement accurately describes the strategy utilized by the selection sort algorithm? a. The selection sort algorithm repeatedly swaps elements that are out of order in a list until they are completely sorted. b. The selection sort algorithm repeatedly swaps the smallest element in an unsorted portion of a list with an element at the start of the unsorted portion. c. The selection sort algorithm repeatedly inserts the i-th element into its proper place in the first i items in the list. d. The selection sort algorithm partitions a list around a pivot item and sorts the resulting sublists.

31. The insertion, bubble, and selection sort algorithms are all examples of algorithms that have what big-O notation run times? a. O(n log n) b. O(nn) c. O(n2) d. O(n3) 32. What is the dominant term when evaluating the amount of work in an algorithm expressed as a polynomial? a. the area where the least amount of work is performed b. the term with the largest coefficient c. the term with the smallest coefficient d. the term with the largest power of n 33. What programming technique involves saving intermediate values when they are computed so they can be reused when they are needed again? a. memoization b. complexity analysis c. profiling d. call treeing 34. What term is used to refer to a search in which each value in a sequence is examined until a target value is found or the end of the sequence is reached? a. sequential search b. bubble search c. selection search Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 13 d. binary search n

35. What is the constant k value in an O(k ) recursive Fibonacci algorithm? a. 0.83 b. 1.63 c. 3.14 d. 5.24 36. Python's in operator is implemented by which method in the list class? a. __in__ b. __contains__ c. __present__ d. __within__ 37. Which statement accurately describes the strategy utilized by the bubble sort algorithm? a. The bubble sort algorithm repeatedly swaps elements that are out of order in a list until they are completely sorted. b. The bubble sort algorithm repeatedly swaps the smallest element in an unsorted portion of a list with an element at the start of the unsorted portion. c. The bubble sort algorithm repeatedly inserts the i-th element into its proper place in the first i items in the list. d. The bubble sort algorithm partitions a list around a pivot item and sorts the resulting sublists.

38. What function can you use to record the start and end times of a block of code, so that you can then use the difference between the resulting values to determine the elapsed time in seconds? a. time.ctime() b. time.time() c. time.count() d. time.epoch() 39. Which of the following describes a linear algorithm? a. an algorithm whose work grows exponentially in relation to the size of the problem b. an algorithm whose work grows as a power of three each time the problem size increases c. an algorithm whose work grows in direct proportion to the size of the problem d. an algorithm whose work grows at a rate of nk, where k is a constant greater than 1 40. What does the "O" in big-O notation stand for? a. The "O" stands for "on the order of," which is a reference to the order of complexity of the work of the algorithm. b. The "O" stands for "organization of," which is a reference to the organization of complex functions at work in the algorithm. c. The "O" stands for "on the ontology of," which is a reference to the structure of the algorithm itself.

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chapter 13 d. The "O" stands for "on the openness of," which is a reference to the ability to discern from code how the algorithm functions.

41. In which sorting algorithm does each pass through the main loop select a single item to be moved? a. bubble sort b. selection sort c. insertion sort d. merge sort 42. When performing a thorough analysis of an algorithm's complexity, into which three categories do we divide its behavior? a. best case, worst case, and average case b. best case, worst case, and middle case c. linear, quadratic, and polynomial d. logarithmic, linear, and exponential 43. In terms of order of complexity, what is the most efficient kind of performance to have? a. linear b. quadratic c. constant d. logarithmic 2

44. What is the secret to improving a sorting algorithm to O(n log n) from O(n )? a. a swapping strategy b. using a loop rather than recursion c. a divide-and-conquer strategy d. a multi-loop strategy 45. Of the numerous sorting algorithms, which algorithm employs a recursive, divide-and-conquer strategy that breaks a list in two at the middle point and recursively sorts the lists? a. quicksort b. insertion sort c. bubble sort d. merge sort 46. The process of determining the running time and memory cost of an algorithm by reading the code and creating a mathematical formula expressing this cost is known by what term? a. instruction analysis b. complexity analysis c. benchmarking d. profiling Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 13

47. What type of analysis involves analyzing a polynomial wherein its value approaches or approximates that of its dominant term as the size of the problem gets very large? a. quadratic analysis b. logarithmic analysis c. asymptotic analysis d. proportional analysis 48. What statement regarding the development of fast algorithms is accurate? a. As a rule, any reduction in the order of magnitude of complexity is preferable to a tweak in code that reduces the constant of proportionality. b. As a rule, any reduction in the constant of proportionality is preferable to a tweak that reduces the order of magnitude in complexity. c. As a rule, any reduction in the lines of code required to make an algorithm function is preferable to achieving faster run times. d. As a rule, any reduction in the use of memory required by an algorithm is preferred over a tweak that improves run times.

49. When you are choosing an algorithm, faster run times can often be achieved at the expense of what other resource? a. hard drive space b. processing power c. memory space d. instruction counts 50. When using the counting instructions method of measuring algorithm efficiency, you place each instruction into one of two categories based on _____. a. whether or not the instruction performs an assignment operation b. whether or not the instruction is part of a function c. whether the instruction’s execution count varies based on problem size d. whether the instruction’s execution count varies based on the number of lines of code 51. Which statement accurately describes the strategy utilized by the insertion sort algorithm? a. The insertion sort algorithm repeatedly swaps elements that are out of order in a list until they are completely sorted. b. The insertion sort algorithm repeatedly swaps the smallest element in an unsorted portion of a list with an element at the start of the unsorted portion. c. The insertion sort algorithm repeatedly inserts the i-th element into its proper place in the first i items in the list. d. The insertion sort algorithm partitions a list around a pivot item and sorts the resulting sublists.

52. Which terms and coefficients are involved in the constant of proportionality? a. those that are usually ignored during big-O analysis b. those that are involved in NP-complete problems Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 13 c. those that are dominant d. those that contribute most significantly to the dominant term 53. What is one major problem with the benchmark technique of measuring algorithm efficiency? a. Different hardware platforms have different processing speeds, meaning the running times will differ on different machines. b. A benchmark test does not account for differences in the size of data sets. c. The test cannot be performed without modifying the code for which the benchmark will be performed. d. It can be impractical to determine the running time for algorithms with very small data sets.

54. What is the running time for the merge sort algorithm? a. O(log n) b. O(n) c. O(n2) d. O(n log n) 55. Of the techniques that can be used to determine the efficiency of an algorithm, which is based on a calculated average run time? a. benchmarking b. instruction counting c. big-O notation d. memoization

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chapter 13 Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. False 14. False 15. True 16. True 17. True 18. True 19. False 20. False

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chapter 13 21. False 22. True 23. False 24. True 25. True 26. False 27. True 28. a 29. d 30. b 31. c 32. d 33. a 34. a 35. b 36. b 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 13 42. a 43. c 44. c 45. d 46. b 47. c 48. a 49. c 50. c 51. c 52. a 53. a 54. d 55. a

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