Test Bank for Programming Logic & Design Comprehensive 9th Edition by Joyce Farrell

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Test Bank for All chapters Chapter 1 True / False 1. Software can be classified into two broad types: application software and programming software. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 2 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 1:38 PM 2. Every programming language has rules governing its word usage and punctuation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 3 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 3. Besides the popular, comprehensive programming languages such as Java and C++, many programmers use scripting languages such as Python, Lua, Perl, and PHP. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 4 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 4. Professional computer programmers write programs to satisfy their own needs. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 8 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 5. The heart of the programming process lies in planning the program’s logic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 9 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 6. Once a program is completely coded, it is ready for a company or organization to use. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 13 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 7. A flowchart is an English-like representation of the logical steps necessary to solve a problem. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 15 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 8. An infinite loop is a flow of program logic that repeats and never ends. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 19 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 9. Alan Turing is often regarded as the first programmer. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 10. Programmers can use either procedural programming or object-oriented programming to develop programs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Multiple Choice 11. ____ data items may involve organizing or sorting them, checking them for accuracy, or performing calculations with them. a. Processing b. Inputting c. Outputting d. Converting ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 2 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 12. ____ errors are relatively easy to locate and correct because the compiler or interpreter you use highlights every error.

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a. Logic b. Syntax c. Input d. Process ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 4 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 13. A(n) ____ is a named memory location whose value can vary. a. input b. variable c. output d. logic ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 6 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 14. Computer programmers often refer to memory addresses using ____ notation. a. binary b. indirect c. mathematical d. hexadecimal ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 7 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 15. Before a programmer plans the logic of the program, he or she must ____. a. understand the problem b. write the program code c. test the program d. maintain the program ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 8 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 16. The process of walking through a program’s logic on paper before you actually write the program is called ____.

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a. desk-checking b. flowcharting c. pseudocoding d. testing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 10 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 17. After a programmer plans the logic of a program, the next step is ____. a. understanding the problem b. testing the program c. translating the program d. coding the program ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 10 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 18. Typically, a programmer develops a program’s logic, writes the code, and ____ the program, receiving a list of syntax errors. a. runs b. compiles c. executes d. tests ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 11 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 19. A ____ error results when you use a syntactically correct statement but use the wrong one for the current context. a. syntax b. logical c. semantic d. programming ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 12 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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20. The process of finding and correcting program errors is called ____. a. desk-checking b. syntax-checking c. error correcting d. debugging ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 13 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 21. After programs are put into production, making necessary changes is called ____. a. debugging b. conversion c. maintenance d. testing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 14 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 22. Using ____ involves writing down all the steps you will use in a program. a. a compiler b. an interpreter c. a flowchart d. pseudocode ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 15 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 23. In a flowchart, the ____ is used to represent processing. a. circle b. diamond c. triangle d. rectangle ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 17 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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24. The ____ is used to represent output in a flowchart. a. square b. circle c. parallelogram d. triangle ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 17 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 25. The ____ is the standard terminal symbol for a flowchart. a. circle b. lozenge c. diamond d. square ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 17 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 26. The repetition of a series of steps is called a(n) ____. a. repeat flow b. loop c. flow d. infinite loop ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 19 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 27. A(n) ____ is a repeating flow of logic with no end. a. nonterminated condition b. infinite loop c. variable d. decision symbol ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 19 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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28. You represent a decision in a flowchart by drawing a decision symbol, which is shaped like a ____. a. parallelogram b. square c. diamond d. circle ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 21 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 29. Many programming languages use the term ____ to refer to the marker that is used to automatically recognize the end of data in a file. a. data_end b. end_data c. eof d. eod ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 22 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 30. To enter the program into a computer so you can translate and execute it, you usually use a keyboard to type program statements into a(n)____. a. command line b. input screen c. editor d. word processor ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 23 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 31. A(n) ____ is a program that you use to create simple text files. a. text editor b. IDE c. GUI d. GDE ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 23 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 32. A(n) ____ is a software package that provides an editor, a compiler, and other programming tools. a. GUI b. CGI c. GDE d. IDE ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 24 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 33. A(n) ____ is a location on your computer screen where you type text entries to communicate with the computer’s operating system. a. input line b. communication line c. command line d. GCI ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 25 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 34. A ____ allows users to interact with a program in a graphical environment. a. GCI b. CGI c. command line d. GUI ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 25 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 35. The major difference between the two main programming styles in use today is the ____. a. use of flowcharts versus pseudocode b. testing procedure used by the programmer c. programmer’s focus during the earliest planning stages of a project d. programming language used ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Completion 36. When instructions are carried out, a program runs, or ____________________.

ANSWER: executes POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 4 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 37. A(n) ____________________ is the sequence of steps necessary to solve any problem.

ANSWER: algorithm POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 10 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 38. When you draw a flowchart, you use a(n) ____________________ to represent the input symbol, which indicates an input operation.

ANSWER: parallelogram POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 17 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 39. A preselected value that stops the execution of a program is often called a(n) ____________________ value because it does not represent real data.

ANSWER: dummy POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 22 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 40. A(n) ____________________ programmer would approach a problem by dividing the process into manageable subtasks. procedural ANSWER: POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. volatile memory b. software c. syntax error d. machine language e. sentinel f. pseudocode g. hardware h. flowchart i. flowlines j. documentation REFERENCES: 15 17 2 22 4 9 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 41. Equipment, or the physical devices, associated with a computer ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 42. Instructions that tell the computer what to do ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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43. Contents are lost when the computer is turned off or loses power ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 44. Represent(s) the millions of on/off circuits within the computer ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 45. Incorrectly spelled words, or reversing the proper order of two words in a computer program ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 46. All the supporting paperwork for a program ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 47. Pictorial representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 48. English-like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 49. Used to show the correct sequence of statements ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 50. Preselected value that stops the execution of a program ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Describe temporary and permanent storage.

ANSWER: When you type program instructions, they are stored in computer memory, which is a computer’s temporary, internal storage. Internal storage is volatile—its contents are lost when the computer is turned off or loses power. Usually, you want to be able to retrieve and perhaps modify the stored instructions later, so you also store them on a permanent storage device, such as a disk. Permanent storage devices are nonvolatile—that is, their contents are persistent and are retained even when power is lost.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 4 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Critical Thinking 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 9/19/2016 12:19 PM

52. Describe the function of a compiler and an interpreter.

ANSWER: Each programming language uses a piece of software, called a compiler or an interpreter, to translate your program code into machine language. Machine language is also called binary language, and is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. The compiler or interpreter that translates your code tells you if any programming language component has been used incorrectly. Syntax errors are relatively easy to locate and correct because the compiler or interpreter you use highlights every syntax error. If you write a computer program using a language such as C++ but spell one of its words incorrectly or reverse the proper order of two words, the software lets you know that it found a mistake by displaying an error message as soon as you try to translate the program.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 4 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 53. What is a variable and how is it used in a program?

ANSWER: Suppose the location myNumber is a variable. A variable is a named memory location whose value can vary—for example, the value of myNumber might be 3 when the program is used for the first time, and 45 when it is used the next time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 6 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 54. What is involved in putting a program into production?

ANSWER: Once the program is tested adequately, it is ready for the organization to use. Putting the program into production might mean simply running the program once, if it was written to satisfy a user’s request for a special list. However, the process might take months if the program will be run on a regular basis, or if it is one of a large system of programs being developed. Perhaps data-entry people must be trained to prepare the input for the new program; users must be trained to understand the output; or existing data in the company must be changed to an entirely new format to accommodate this program. Conversion, the entire set of actions an organization must take to switch over to using a new program or set of programs, can sometimes take months or years to accomplish.

POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 13-14 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 55. How is a decision represented in a flowchart?

ANSWER: You represent a decision in a flowchart by drawing a decision symbol, which is shaped like a diamond. The diamond usually contains a question, the answer to which is one of two mutually exclusive options—often yes or no. All good computer questions have only two mutually exclusive answers, such as yes and no, or true and false. For example, “What day of the year is your birthday?” is not a good computer question because there are 366 possible answers. But “Is your birthday June 24?” is a good computer question because, for everyone in the world, the answer is either yes or no.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 21 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 56. How does a program recognize the end of an input file?

ANSWER: Programming languages can recognize the end of data in a file automatically, through a code that is stored at the end of the data. Many programming languages use the term eof (for “end of file”) to refer to this marker that automatically acts as a sentinel.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 22 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 57. Discuss two ways that you can enter a program into a computer.

ANSWER: To enter the program into a computer so you can translate and execute it, you usually use a keyboard to type program statements into an editor. You can type a program into one of the following: A plain text editor A text editor that is part of an integrated development environment Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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A text editor is a program that you use to create simple text files. It is similar to a word processor, but without as many features. You can use a text editor such as Notepad that is included with Microsoft Windows. An advantage to using a simple text editor to type and save a program is that the completed program does not require much disk space for storage.

You can use the editor of an integrated development environment (IDE) to enter your program. An IDE is a software package that provides an editor, a compiler, and other programming tools.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 23-24 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 58. List the features that are commonly included with an IDE editor.

ANSWER: It uses different colors to display various language components, making elements like data types easier to identify.

It highlights syntax errors visually for you.

It employs automatic statement completion; when you start to type a statement, the IDE suggests a likely completion, which you can accept with a keystroke.

It provides tools that allow you to step through a program’s execution one statement at a time so you can more easily follow the program’s logic and determine the source of any errors.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 25 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 59. What are some of the features provided by modern programming languages that were not available in older programming languages?

ANSWER: People have been writing modern computer programs since the 1940s. The oldest programming languages required programmers to work with memory addresses and to memorize awkward codes associated with machine languages. Newer programming languages look much more like natural language and are easier to use, partly because they allow programmers to name variables instead of using awkward memory addresses. Also, newer programming languages allow programmers to create self-contained modules or program segments that can be pieced together in a variety of ways. The oldest computer programs were written in one piece, from start to finish, but modern programs are rarely Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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written that way—they are created by teams of programmers, each developing reusable and connectable program procedures. Writing several small modules is easier than writing one large program, and most large tasks are easier when you break the work into units and get other workers to help with some of the units.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 60. Currently, there are two major techniques used to develop programs and their procedures. Name and describe them.

ANSWER: One technique, procedural programming, focuses on the procedures that programmers create.

In other words, procedural programmers focus on the actions that are carried out—for example, getting input data for an employee and writing the calculations needed to produce a paycheck from the data. Procedural programmers would approach the job of producing a paycheck by breaking down the paycheck-producing process into manageable subtasks.

The other popular programming model, object-oriented programming, focuses on objects, or “things,” and describes their features (or attributes) and their behaviors. For example, objectoriented programmers might design a payroll application by thinking about employees and paychecks, and describing their attributes (e.g., employees have names and Social Security numbers, and paychecks have names and check amounts).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 27 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM

True / False 1. All programming languages support four broad data types. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 2. Because one memory location can be used repeatedly with different values, you can write program instructions once and then use them for thousands of separate calculations a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 40 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 3. In many programming languages, if you declare a variable and do not initialize it, the variable contains an unknown value until it is assigned a value. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 46 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 4. Variable names can be more than one word with blanks between the words. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 43 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 5. The assignment operator has left-to-right-to-left associativity, which means that the value of the expression to the left of the assignment operator is evaluated first and that the result is assigned to the operand on the right. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 45 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 6. A string variable can hold digits such as account numbers and zip codes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 41 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/27/2016 10:15 AM 7. Programmers generally write programs as one long series of steps. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 51 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 8. Modularization makes it harder for multiple programmers to work on a problem. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 52 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 9. Program comments are a type of internal documentation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 67 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 10. Most modern programming languages require that program statements be placed in specific columns. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 71 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Multiple Choice 11. When you write programs, you work with data in three different forms: ____. a. values, variables (or named values), and unnamed values b. variables, named constants, and named memory c. variables, literals (or unnamed constants), and named constants d. variations, RAM (or unnamed constants), and named values ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 12. Fractional numeric variables that contain a decimal point are known as ____ variables. a. partial b. string c. integer d. floating-point ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 13. A specific numeric value is often called a(n) ____. a. named constant b. defined constant Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. arithmetic constant d. numeric constant ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 14. In most programming languages, before you can use any variable, you must include a ____ for it. a. declaration b. definition c. header d. proclamation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 41 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 15. The process of naming program variables and assigning a type to them is called ____ variables. a. initializing b. declaring c. identifying d. proclaiming ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 40 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 16. Declaring a starting value for a variable is known as ____ the variable. a. initializing b. declaring c. defining d. identifying ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 45 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 17. A variable’s unknown value is commonly called ____. a. initial b. default Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. random d. garbage ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 46 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 18. When the variable starts with a lowercase letter and any subsequent word begins with an uppercase letter, this is called ____. a. Hungarian notation b. Pascal casing c. camel casing d. Turing notation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 42 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 19. When the first letter of a variable name is uppercase, as in HourlyWage, the format is known as ____ casing. a. Hungarian notation b. Pascal casing c. camel casing d. Turing notation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 43 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 20. ____ is where a variable’s data type or other information is stored as part of the name. a. Hungarian notation b. Pascal case c. Turing notation d. Camel case ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 43 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 21. The assignment operator is the ____ sign.

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a. * b. + c. = d. / ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 45 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 22. A(n) ____ is similar to a variable, except it can be assigned a value only once. a. unnamed constant b. literal c. named constant d. constant ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 46 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 23. The ____ dictate the order in which operations in the same statement are carried out. a. rules of precedence b. statement rules c. operation rules d. rules of arithmetic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 48 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 24. Depending on the programming language being used, modules are also known as ____ . a. subroutines, procedures, or methods b. subroutines, receptacles, or methods c. tasks, functions, or methods d. procedures, functions, or containers ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 51 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 25. The process of breaking down a large program into modules is called ____.

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a. decomposing b. modularization c. fragmentation d. caching ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 52 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 26. ____ is the process of paying attention to important properties while ignoring nonessential details. a. Abstraction b. Modularization c. Abbreviation d. Decomposition ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 52 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 27. Programmers say the statements that are contained in a module have been ____. a. embedded b. decomposed c. encapsulated d. modularized ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 58 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 28. Programmers say that variables and constants declared within a module are ____ only within that module. a. abstracted b. out of scope c. in scope d. in reference ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 59 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 29. ____ variables and constants are known to the entire program.

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a. Local b. Transient c. Heap d. Global ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 60 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 30. The mainline logic of almost every procedural computer program consists of these three distinct parts: ____ . a. housekeeping tasks, main tasks, and end-of-job tasks b. clearing tasks, detail loop tasks, and end-of-job tasks c. housekeeping tasks, detail loop tasks, and end-of-job tasks d. housekeeping tasks, detail loop tasks, and math tasks ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 60-61 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 31. When a program has several modules calling other modules, programmers often use a program ____, which operates similarly to an organizational chart, to show the overall picture of how modules are related to one another. a. hierarchy chart b. tree chart c. flow chart d. data diagram ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 64 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 32. As programs become larger and more complicated, the need for good planning and design ____ . a. decreases b. is inefficient c. is not necessary d. increases ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 66 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 33. In a flowchart, an ____ is most often represented by a three-sided box that is connected to the step it references by a dashed line. a. abstraction symbol b. annotation symbol c. abbreviation symbol d. enumeration symbol ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 67 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 34. Programmers refer to programs that contain meaningful names as ____. a. undocumented b. procedurally documented c. formally documented d. self-documenting ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 69 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 35. A ____ variable is not used for input or output, but instead is just a working variable that you use during a program’s execution. a. programming b. throw away c. temporary d. calculating ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 71 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Completion 36. Whole number variables are known as ____________________ variables.

ANSWER: integer POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 37. Declaring a starting value is known as ____________________ the variable.

ANSWER: initializing POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 41 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 38. Each programming language has a few reserved ____________________ that are not allowed as variable names because they are part of the language’s syntax.

ANSWER: keywords key words POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 42 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 39. ___________________ tasks include any steps you must perform at the beginning of a program to get ready for the rest of the program.

ANSWER: Housekeeping House-keeping House keeping housekeeping house-keeping house keeping POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 60 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 40. Program ___________________ are written explanations that are not part of the program logic but that serve as documentation for readers of the program.

ANSWER: comments POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 67 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. Reliability b. Declaration c. Echoing input d. String variable e. Identifier f. Prompt g. Variables h. Data dictionary i. Numeric variable j. Type-safety REFERENCES: 40 41 42 54 70 72 73 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 41. Named memory locations whose contents can vary or differ over time ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 42. A statement that provides a data type and an identifier for a variable ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 43. A program component’s name ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 44. Can hold digits and have mathematical operations performed on it ANSWER: i Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 45. Can hold text, such as letters of the alphabet, and other special characters, such as punctuation marks ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 46. The feature of programming languages that prevents assigning values of an incorrect data type ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 47. The feature of programs that assures you a module has been tested and proven to function correctly ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 48. A list of every variable name used in a program, along with its type, size, and description ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 49. A message that is displayed on a monitor to ask the user for a response and perhaps explain how that response should be formatted ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 50. The act of repeating input back to a user either in a subsequent prompt or in output ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. What does a data item’s data type describe?

ANSWER: A data item’s data type is a classification that describes the following: 1) What values can be held by the item 2) How the item is stored in computer memory 3) What operations can be performed on the data item POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 39 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 52. List three reasons for modularizing a large program.

ANSWER: 1) Modularization provides abstraction.

2) Modularization allows multiple programmers to work on a problem.

3) Modularization allows you to reuse your work more easily.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 52 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 53. What items should you include when you create a module?

ANSWER: When you create a module, you include the following: 1) A header—A module’s header includes the module identifier and possibly other necessary identifying information.

2) A body—A module’s body contains all the statements in the module.

3) A return statement—A module’s return statement marks the end of the module and identifies the point at which control returns to the program or module that called the module.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 54 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 54. Explain the purpose of detail loop tasks.

ANSWER: Detail loop tasks do the core work of the program. When a program processes many records, detail loop tasks execute repeatedly for each set of input data until there are no more. For example, in a payroll program, the same set of calculations is executed repeatedly until a check has been produced for each employee.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 61 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 55. What are end-of-job tasks?

ANSWER: End-of-job tasks are the steps you take at the end of the program to finish the application.

You can call these finish-up or clean-up tasks. They might include displaying totals or other final messages and closing any open files.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 61 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 56. List three design features that you can use while creating programs to make them easier to write and maintain.

ANSWER: Students should list three of the following: 1) You should use program comments where appropriate.

2) Your identifiers should be well chosen.

3) You should strive to design clear statements within your programs and modules.

4) You should write clear prompts and echo input.

5) You should continue to maintain good programming habits as you develop your programming skills.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 67 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 57. Explain the purpose of annotation symbols.

ANSWER: In a flowchart, you can use an annotation symbol to hold information that expands on what is stored within another flowchart symbol. An annotation symbol is most often represented by a three-sided box that is connected to the step it references by a dashed line. Annotation symbols are used to hold comments, or sometimes statements that are too long to fit neatly into a flowchart symbol.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 67 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 58. Discuss why it is important to use meaningful names for identifiers.

ANSWER: Creating a data item named someData or a module named firstModule() makes a program cryptic. Not only will others find it hard to read your programs, but you will forget the purpose of these identifiers even within your own programs. All programmers occasionally use short, non-descriptive names such as x or temp in a quick program; however, in most cases, data and module names should be meaningful. Programmers refer to programs that contain meaningful names as self-documenting. This means that even without Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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further documentation, the program code explains itself to readers.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 69 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 59. Explain the purpose of temporary variables.

ANSWER: When you need several mathematical operations to determine a result, consider using a series of temporary variables to hold intermediate results. A temporary variable (or a work variable) is not used for input or output, but instead is just a working variable that you use during a program’s execution.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 71 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 60. Discuss why it is important to maintain good programming habits.

ANSWER: When you learn a programming language and begin to write lines of program code, it is easy to forget the principles you have learned in this text. Having some programming knowledge and a keyboard at your fingertips can lure you into typing lines of code before you think things through. But every program you write will be better if you plan before you code. If you maintain the habit of first drawing flowcharts or writing pseudocode, as you have learned here, your future programming projects will go more smoothly. If you desk-check your program logic on paper before starting to type statements in a programming language, your programs will run correctly sooner. If you think carefully about the variable and module names you use, and design your program statements to be easy to read and use, your programs will be easier to develop and maintain.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 74 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM

True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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1. Structured programs use spaghetti code logic. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 88 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 2. In a selection structure, you perform an action or task, and then you perform the next action in order. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 90-91 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 3. Repetition and sequence are alternate names for a loop structure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 4. In a structured program, any structure can be nested within another structure. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 98 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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5. A structured program must contain a sequence, selection, and loop structure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 98 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 6. Because you may stack and nest structures while retaining the overall structure, it might be difficult to determine whether a flowchart as a whole is structured. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 99 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 7. As a general rule, an eof question should always come immediately after an input statement because the end-of-file condition will be detected at input. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 105 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 8. Structured programming is sometimes called goto-less programming. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 106 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 9. No matter how complicated it is, any set of steps can always be reduced to combinations of the two basic structures of sequence and loop. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 112 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 10. The case structure is a variation of the sequence structure and the do loop is a variation of the while loop. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 112 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Multiple Choice 11. Programs that use _____ code logic are unstructured programs that do not follow the rules of structured logic. a. case b. loop c. spaghetti d. nested ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 88 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 12. With a(n) ____, you perform an action or task, and then you perform the next action, in order. a. ordered structure b. sequence problem c. sequence structure d. loop sequence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 90 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 13. The following pseudocode is an example of a ____ structure. get firstNumber get secondNumber add firstNumber and secondNumber print result a. sequence b. decision c. loop d. nested ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 90 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 14. Pseudocode uses the end-structure statement ____ to clearly show where the structure ends. a. end b. endstructure c. endloop d. endif ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 91 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 15. The following pseudocode is an example of a ____ structure. if firstNumber is bigger than secondNumber then print firstNumber else print secondNumber endif a. sequence b. decision c. loop d. nested ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 91 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 16. Fill in the blank in the following pseudocode: if someCondition is true then do oneProcess ____ do theOtherProcess endif a. then b. while c. do d. else ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 91 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 17. if-else examples can also be called ____ because they contain the action taken when the tested condition is true and the action taken when it is false. a. do loops b. single-alternative selections c. repetition d. dual-alternative selections ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 91-92 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 18. The action or actions that occur within a loop are known as a(n) ____. a. loop body b. action body c. loop internals d. structure body ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 19. You may hear programmers refer to looping as ____. a. execution b. selection c. iteration d. case Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 20. The following pseudocode is an example of a ____ structure. get number while number is positive add to sum get number endwhile a. sequence b. decision c. loop d. nested ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92-93 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 21. The following pseudocode is an example of ____. do stepA do stepB if conditionC is true then do stepD else do stepE endif while conditionF is true do stepG endwhile a. nesting b. stacking c. single alternative structures d. a posttest ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 93-94 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 22. Attaching structures end to end is called ____ structures. a. linking b. stacking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. nesting d. building ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 93 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 23. The following pseudocode is an example of ____. if conditionA is true then do stepE else do stepB do stepC do stepD endif a. nesting b. stacking c. a posttest d. a pretest ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 94-95 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 24. Placing a structure within another structure is called ____ structures. a. nesting b. stacking c. shelling d. selecting ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 94 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 25. The maximum number of entry points that any programming structure can have is ____. a. zero b. one c. three d. five ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 97 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 26. A structured program includes only combinations of the three basic structures: ____. a. sequence, iteration, and loop b. iteration, selection, and loop c. sequence, selection, and loop d. identification, selection, and loop ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 98 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 27. Structures can be stacked or connected to one another at their ____. a. entry points only b. exit points only c. entry or exit points d. entry or combination points ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 98 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 28. A ____ read is an added statement that gets the first input value in a program. a. nested b. stacked c. posttest d. priming ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 102 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 29. The priming read is an example of a(n) ____ task. a. declaration b. exit c. housekeeping d. selection ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 103 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 30. In older languages, you could leave a selection or loop before it was complete by using a ____ statement. a. loop b. go next c. next d. go to ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 106 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 31. Structured programs can be easily broken down into routines or ____ that can be assigned to any number of programmers. a. segments b. modules c. units d. sequences ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 107 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 32. One way to straighten out an unstructured flowchart segment is to use the ____ method. a. spaghetti code b. spaghetti bowl c. restructuring d. priming ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 107 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 33. A loop must return to the ____ question at some later point in a structure. a. start loop b. loop-controlling c. master loop d. continue loop ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 109 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 34. The do loop is a variation of the ____ loop. a. if-then-else b. while c. case d. sequence ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 112 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 35. The case structure is a variation of the ____ structure. a. selection b. while c. sequence d. do ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 112 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Completion 36. A(n) ____________________ can contain any number of tasks, but there is no option to branch off and skip any of the tasks.

ANSWER: sequence POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 90 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 37. Some people call the selection structure a(n) ____________________ statement. if-then-else ANSWER: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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if then else POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 91 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 38. A group of statements that execute as a single unit are called a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: block POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 94 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 39. When you ____________________ structures, the statements that start and end a structure are always on the same level and always in pairs.

ANSWER: nest POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 94 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 40. Structured programming is sometimes called ____________________-less programming.

ANSWER: goto go to go-to POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 106 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below.

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a. structure b. priming read c. module d. decision structure e. null case f. stacking structures g. spaghetti code h. loop structure i. case structure j. nesting structures REFERENCES: 102 112 88 90 91 92 93 94 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 41. Logically snarled program statements ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 42. A basic unit of programming logic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 43. With this, you ask a question, and, depending on the answer, you take one of two courses of action ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 44. Continue to repeat actions while a condition remains true ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 45. An added statement that gets the first input value in a program ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 46. Placing a structure within another structure ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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47. A case in which no action is taken ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 48. Attaching structures end-to-end ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 49. Often can be used in multiple programs ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 50. A variation of the selection structure ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Why does spaghetti code have a shorter shelf life than structured code?

ANSWER: Software developers say that spaghetti code has a shorter life than structured code. This means that programs developed using spaghetti code exist as production programs in an organization for less time. Such programs are so difficult to alter that when improvements are required, developers often find it easier to abandon the existing program and start from scratch. This takes extra time and costs more money.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 88 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 52. Define the term structure as it relates to programming.

ANSWER: In the mid-1960s, mathematicians proved that any program, no matter how complicated, can be constructed using one or more of only three structures. A structure is a basic unit of programming logic; each structure is a sequence, selection, or loop. With these three structures alone, you can diagram any task, from doubling a number to performing brain surgery. You can diagram each structure with a specific configuration of flowchart symbols.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 90 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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9/12/2016 12:40 PM 9/12/2016 12:40 PM

53. Describe a loop structure.

ANSWER: In a loop structure, you continue to repeat actions while a condition remains true. The action or actions that occur within the loop are known as the loop body. In the most common type of loop, a condition is evaluated; if the answer is true, you execute the loop body and evaluate the condition again. If the condition is still true, you execute the loop body again and then reevaluate the original condition. This continues until the condition becomes false, and then you exit the structure.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 54. Rewrite the following as a while loop: do pay bills while more bills remain to be paid pay bills ANSWER: while there are more bills to pay pay bills endwhile POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 92-93 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 55. All logic problems can be solved using only these three structures: sequence, selection, and loop. The three structures, of course, can be combined in an infinite number of ways. What are two general ways structures can be combined?

ANSWER: You can have a sequence of tasks followed by a selection, or a loop followed by a sequence.

Attaching structures end-to-end is called stacking structures. Besides stacking structures, you can replace any individual tasks or steps in a structured flowchart diagram or pseudocode segment with additional structures. In other words, any sequence, selection, or loop can contain other sequences, selections, or loops. For example, you can have a sequence of three tasks on one side of a selection. Placing a structure within another structure is called nesting structures.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 93-94 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 56. What are the characteristics of a structured program?

ANSWER: • A structured program includes only combinations of the three basic structures: sequence, selection, and loop. Any structured program might contain one, two, or all three types of structures.

• Each structure has a single entry point and a single exit point.

• Structures can be stacked or connected to one another only at their entry or exit points.

• Any structure can be nested within another structure.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 98 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 57. Explain the difference between the representation of a decision structure and a loop in a flowchart.

ANSWER: In a selection structure, the logic goes in one of two directions after the question, and then the flow comes back together; the question is not asked a second time within the structure. In a loop, if the answer to the question results in the loop being entered and the loop statements executing, then the logic returns to the question that started the loop. When the body of a loop executes, the question that controls the loop is always asked again.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 101 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 58. Why is it best to use only three programming structures?

ANSWER: • Clarity—The number-doubling program is a small program. As programs get bigger, they get more confusing if they’re not structured.

• Professionalism—All other programmers (and programming teachers you might encounter) expect your programs to be structured. It’s the way things are done professionally.

• Efficiency—Most newer computer languages are structured languages with syntax that lets you deal efficiently with sequence, selection, and looping. Older languages, such as assembly languages, COBOL, and RPG, were developed before the principles of structured programming were discovered. However, even programs that use those older languages can Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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be written in a structured form, and structured programming is expected on the job today.

Newer languages such as C#, C++, and Java enforce structure by their syntax.

• Maintenance—You, as well as other programmers, will find it easier to modify and maintain structured programs as changes are required in the future.

• Modularity—Structured programs can be easily broken down into routines or modules that can be assigned to any number of programmers. The routines are then pieced back together like modular furniture at each routine’s single entry or exit point. Additionally, often a module can be used in multiple programs, saving development time in the new project.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 106-107 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 59. Describe how you can straighten out an unstructured flowchart segment.

ANSWER: One way to straighten out an unstructured flowchart segment is to use the “spaghetti bowl” method; that is, picture the flowchart as a bowl of spaghetti that you must untangle. Imagine you can grab one piece of pasta at the top of the bowl and start pulling. As you “pull” each symbol out of the tangled mess, you can untangle the separate paths until the entire segment is structured.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 109 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM 60. What are the three basic structures and how can they be used?

ANSWER: No matter how complicated it is, any set of steps can always be reduced to combinations of the three basic structures of sequence, selection, and loop. These structures can be nested and stacked in an infinite number of ways to describe the logic of any process and to create the logic for every computer program written in the past, present, or future.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 112 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:40 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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True / False 1. You use the case structure only when a series of decisions is based on a single expression. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 164 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 5:38 PM 2. In any comparison, the two values compared can be either variables or constants. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 130 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 12:03 PM 3. Any decision can be made using combinations of just two types of comparisons: equal and not equal. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 131 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 4. Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 5. A short-circuit evaluation is where each part of an expression is evaluated only as far as necessary to determine whether the entire expression is true or false. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 6. When you need to satisfy two or more criteria to initiate an event in a program, you must make sure that the second decision is made entirely independently of the first decision. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 141 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 7. The NOT operator is a unary operator, meaning it takes only one operand. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 153 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 8. Most programming languages limit the number of AND and OR operators in an expression. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 160 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 9. When you combine AND and OR operators, the OR operators take precedence, meaning their Boolean values are evaluated first. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 160 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 10. You can use parentheses to override the default order of operations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 161 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Multiple Choice 11. A ____ expression is one that represents only one of two states, usually expressed as true or false. a. single-alternative b. Boolean c. Unicode d. dual ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 129 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 12. The ____ clause of the decision is the part that executes only when the tested condition in the decision is false. a. if b. then c. else d. endif Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 126 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 5:56 PM 13. The ____ clause is the part of the decision that holds the action or actions that execute when the tested condition in the decision is true. a. else b. endif c. if-then d. Boolean ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 126 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 5:54 PM 14. ____ operators require two operands. a. Unary b. Tertiary c. Binary d. Dual ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 129-130 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 15. Both operands in a comparison expression must be the same ____. a. value b. name c. length d. data type ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 130 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 16. Usually, ____ variables are not considered to be equal unless they are identical. a. string b. integer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. character d. floating point ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 131 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 17. When you ask multiple questions before an outcome is determined, you create a ____ condition. a. dual-alternative b. nested c. single-alternative d. compound ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 134 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 18. A(n) ____ decision is a decision in which two conditions must be true for an action to take place. a. OR b. XOR c. AND d. OR-ELSE ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 134 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 19. A series of nested if statements is also called a ____ if statement. a. stacked b. cascading c. indented d. waterfall ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 134 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 20. Most languages allow a specialized selection structure called the ____ structure when there are several distinct possible values for a single variable, and each value requires a different subsequent action.

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a. cascading b. case c. nested if d. short-circuit ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 163 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 6:12 PM 21. For maximum efficiency, a good rule of thumb in an AND decision is to ____. a. first ask the question that is more likely to be true b. first ask the question that is more likely to be false c. rewrite it as an OR decision and ask the question more likely to be true d. rewrite it as an OR decision and ask the question more likely to be false ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 138 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 22. Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison by using a(n) ____ operator that joins decisions in a single statement. a. AND b. OR c. IF d. XOR ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 23. The conditional AND operator in Java, C++, and C# is ____. a. & b. AND c. ** d. && ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 24. ____ are diagrams used in mathematics and logic to help describe the truth of an entire expression based on the truth of its parts. a. Decision matrices b. Decision diagrams c. Truth diagrams d. Truth tables ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 25. To avoid confusion, you can use ____statements instead of using AND and OR operators. a. trivial b. nested if c. NOT d. range check ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 161-162 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 9:45 PM 26. In a truth table, the expression ____ is true. a. true AND true b. true AND false c. false AND true d. false AND false ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 27. ____ evaluation is when each part of an expression that uses an operator is evaluated only as far as necessary to determine whether the entire expression is true or false. a. Truth b. Short-circuit c. Binary d. Loop ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 139 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 28. For maximum efficiency, a good rule of thumb in an OR decision is to ____. a. first ask the question that is more likely to be true b. first ask the question that is more likely to be false c. rewrite it as an AND decision and ask the question more likely to be true d. rewrite it as an AND decision and ask the question more likely to be false ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 146 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 29. When you use the ____ operator, only one of the listed conditions must be met for the resulting action to take place. a. OR b. nested c. AND d. NOT ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 147 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 6:36 PM 30. In a truth table, the expression ____ is false. a. true OR true b. true OR false c. false OR true d. false OR false ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 147 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 31. C#, C++, C, and Java use the symbol ____ as the logical OR operator. a. % b. $ c. || d. ^ Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 147 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 32. You use the ____ operator to reverse the meaning of a Boolean expression. a. AND b. XOR c. OR d. NOT ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 153 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 6:30 PM 33. You can perform a ____ by making comparisons using either the lowest or highest value in a range of values. a. range check b. nested if c. logic check d. trivial expression ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 155 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 34. When you combine AND and OR operators, the ____ operators take precedence, meaning their Boolean values are evaluated first. a. addition b. AND OR c. d. division ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 160 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 35. You can use ____ for clarity and to override the default order of operations. a. parentheses b. truth tables Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. multiplication d. NOT ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 161 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Completion 36. A ____________________ selection is one in which an action is associated with each of two possible outcomes.

ANSWER: dual-alternative dual alternative POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 125 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 37. The ____________________ clause is the part of the decision that holds the action or actions that execute when the tested condition in the decision is true. if-then ANSWER: if then POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 126 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 38. When you ____________________ decisions because the resulting action requires that two conditions be true, you must decide which of the two decisions to make first.

ANSWER: nest POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 137 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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39. In an AND decision, first ask the question that is less likely to be ____________________.

ANSWER: true POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 138 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 40. The NOT operator is a ____________________ operator, meaning it takes only one operand.

ANSWER: unary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 153 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. =, >, <, >=, <=, and <> b. case structure c. AND d. parentheses e. compound condition f. OR g. else clause h. dead i. trivial expressions j. a decision within another decision REFERENCES: 126 130 131 134 143 157 161 163 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 10:30 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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41. An evaluation with multiple parts ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 42. Part of a decision that executes only when the tested condition in the decision is false ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 43. Will always evaluate to the same value ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 44. Relational comparison operators ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 45. Nested if ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 46. Used when there are several distinct possible values for a single variable, and each value requires a different subsequent action ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 47. Using this operator, an expression that tests a condition with two parts that must both evaluate to true for an action to take place ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 48. When this operator is used, only one of the listed conditions must be met for the resulting action to take place ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 49. A path that can never be traveled ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 50. Used to override the default order of operations ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. How can you avoid common errors in an AND selection?

ANSWER: You can do these three things to avoid common errors in an AND selection: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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make sure decisions that should be nested are nested make sure that Boolean expressions are complete make sure that expressions are not inadvertently trivial

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 141-142 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 11:30 PM 52. How can you avoid common errors in an OR selection?

ANSWER: You can do these four things to avoid common errors in an OR selection:    

make sure that Boolean expressions are complete make sure that selections are structured make sure that you use OR selections when they are required make sure that expressions are not inadvertently trivial

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 147-149 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 11:30 PM 53. List the three types of comparisons that enable the making of any decision.

ANSWER: Any decision can be made using combinations of just three types of comparisons: equal, greater than, and less than.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 131 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 54. When would you use a negative comparison?

ANSWER: Although negative comparisons can be awkward to use, your meaning is sometimes clearest when using them. Frequently, this occurs when you use an if without an else, taking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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action only when some comparison is false. An example would be: if customerZipCode <> LOCAL_ZIP_CODE then total = total + deliveryCharge endif POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 133 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 55. How can you improve the efficiency of a nested decision?

ANSWER: When you nest two decisions, you must choose which of the decisions to make first.

Logically, either expression in an AND decision can be evaluated first.You often can improve your program’s performance, however, by correctly choosing which of two selections to make first.

If you do know the probabilities of the conditions, or can make a reasonable guess, the general rule is: In an AND decision, first evaluate the condition that is less likely to be true.

This eliminates as many instances of the second decision as possible, which speeds up processing time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 137 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 11:03 PM 56. Explain the purpose and use of the AND operator.

ANSWER: Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison by using a conditional AND operator, or more simply, an AND operator that joins decisions in a single statement. For example, if you want to bill an extra amount to cell phone customers who make more than 100 calls that total more than 500 minutes in a billing period, you can use nested decisions, or you can include both decisions in a single statement by writing the following question: callsMade > CALLS AND callMinutes > MINUTES?

POINTS:

When you use one or more AND operators to combine two or more Boolean expressions, each Boolean expression must be true for the entire expression to be evaluated as true. For example, if you ask, “Are you a native-born U.S. citizen and are you at least 35 years old?”, the answer to both parts of the question must be “yes” before the response can be a single, summarizing “yes.” If either part of the expression is false, then the entire expression is false.

1

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REFERENCES: 139 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 57. In an OR decision, why is it more efficient to first ask the question that is more likely to be true?

ANSWER: The general rule is: In an OR decision, first evaluate the condition that is more likely to be true. This approach eliminates as many executions of the second decision as possible, and the time it takes to process all the data is decreased. As with the AND situation, in an OR situation, it is more efficient to eliminate as many extra decisions as possible.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 146 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/9/2016 10:02 PM 58. Explain what a range check is and provide an example.

ANSWER: When you use a range check, you compare a variable to a series of values that mark the limiting ends of ranges. To perform a range check, make comparisons using either the lowest or highest value in each range of values.

An example would be: You can ask: Is itemQuantity less than 11? If not, is it less than 25? If not, is it less than 51? (If it’s possible the value is negative, you would also check for a value less than 0 and take appropriate action if it is.)

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 155 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 59. When you combine AND and OR operators within the same statement, which takes precedence?

ANSWER: When you combine AND and OR operators, the AND operators take precedence, meaning the Boolean values of the AND expressions are evaluated first.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 160 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 60. List three techniques to avoid confusion when mixing AND and OR operators.

ANSWER: You can use parentheses to override the default order of operations.

You can use parentheses for clarity even though they do not change what the order of operations would be without them. For example, if a customer should be between age 12 and 19 or have a school ID to receive a high school discount, you can use the expression (age > 12 AND age < 19) OR validId = "Yes", even though the evaluation would be the same without the parentheses.

You can use nesting if statements instead of using AND and OR operators.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 161-162 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM

True / False 1. The loop control variable is initialized after entering the loop. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 2. In some cases, a loop control variable does not have to be initialized. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 3. You can either increment or decrement the loop control variable. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 4. An indefinite loop is a loop that never stops. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 5. When one loop appears inside another is is called an indented loop. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 185 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 6. Forgetting to initialize and alter the loop control variable are common mistakes that programmers sometimes make. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 190 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 7. Every high-level computer programming language contains a while statement. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/15/2016 4:37 PM 8. Both the while loop and the for loop are examples of pretest loops. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 201 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 9. The safest action is to assign the value 1 to accumulators before using them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 206 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 10. It is the programmer’s responsibility to initialize all variables that must start with a specific value. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 208 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Multiple Choice 11. The first step in a while loop is typically to ____. a. compare the loop control variable to a constant value b. initialize the loop control variable c. increment the loop control variable d. execute the body of the loop ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 12. Once your logic enters the body of a structured loop, ____. a. the entire loop must execute b. the loop can be terminated with a break statement c. the loop will execute indefinitely d. a decision statement will be evaluated ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 13. Use a counter or a(n) ____ to control a loop’s repetitions. a. sentinel variable b. end value c. sentinel value d. end statement ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 14. A(n) ____ loop executes a predetermined number of times. a. terminal b. definite c. indefinite d. infinite ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 15. Many loop control variable values are altered by ____, or adding to them. a. incrementing b. decrementing c. accumulating d. deprecating ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 16. A(n) ____ is any numeric variable you use to count the number of times an event has occurred. a. accumulator b. key c. index d. counter ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 17. A loop within another loop is known as a(n) ____ loop. a. indefinite b. infinite c. nested d. hidden ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 185 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 18. When one loop appears inside another, the loop that contains the other loop is called the ____ loop. a. indefinite b. definite c. inner d. outer ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 185 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 19. Usually, when you create nested loops, each loop has its own ____. a. sentinel value b. goto statement c. entrance condition d. loop control variable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 185 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 20. A mistake programmers often make with loops is that they ____. a. initialize the loop control variable prior to entering the loop body b. increment the loop control variable inside of the loop body c. include statements inside the loop that belong outside the loop d. enclose the inner loop entirely within the outer loop in a nested loop ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 190 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 21. A mistake programmers often make with loops is that they ____. a. neglect to initialize the loop control variable prior to entering the loop body b. increment the loop control variable inside of the loop body c. validate data to ensure values are the correct data type or that they fall within an acceptable range d. enclose the inner loop entirely within the outer loop in a nested loop ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 190 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 22. A comparison is correct only when the correct ____ and operator are used. a. expression b. operands c. statements d. index ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 192 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 23. Programmers use the term ____ to describe programs that are well designed and easy to understand and maintain. a. industrial b. intractable c. well behaved d. elegant ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 196 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 24. You usually use the for loop with ____ loops. a. indefinite b. definite c. inner d. outer ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 25. The ____ loop provides three actions in one compact statement. a. for b. while c. do until d. repeat ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 26. The amount by which a for loop control variable changes is often called a ____ value. a. group b. key c. step d. sentinel ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 27. The ____ loop is particularly useful when processing arrays. a. for b. while c. infinite d. nested ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 200 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 28. In a ____, the loop body might never execute because the question controlling the loop might be false the first time it is asked. a. summary report b. pretest loop c. posttest loop d. loop control ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 201 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 29. In a ____, the loop body executes at least one time because the loop control variable is not tested until after one iteration. a. nested loop b. pretest loop c. posttest loop d. loop control Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 201 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 30. A(n) ____ is very similar to a counter that you use to count loop iterations, except that you usually add a value other than one to this type of variable. a. transaction b. total c. validator d. accumulator ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 205 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 31. Business reports that list only totals, with no individual item details, are called ____. a. detail reports b. summary reports c. transaction reports d. control-break reports ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 208 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 32. ____ is a technique with which you try to prepare for all possible errors before they occur. a. Incrementing b. Stub c. Nested loop d. Defensive programming ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 209 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 33. Loops are frequently used to ____; that is, to make sure it is meaningful and useful. a. validate data b. restructure data Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. simulate data d. corroborate data ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 209 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 34. Programmers employ the acronym ____ to mean that if your input is incorrect, your output is worthless. a. IBOW b. GIGO c. IIOW d. GIGS ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 209 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 35. ____ a data item means you override incorrect data by setting the variable to a specific value. a. Flexing b. Tracing c. Forcing d. Blanking ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 211 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Completion 36. To add to a variable is to ____________________ the variable.

ANSWER: increment POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:21 PM 37. A posttest loop is sometimes called a ____________________ loop.

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ANSWER:

do-while do while POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 201 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:26 PM 38. In a for statement, a loop control variable is initialized, tested, and ____________________.

ANSWER: altered changed incremented decremented POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 39. ____________________ are frequently used to accumulate totals and to validate data.

ANSWER: Loops loops POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 205 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 40. ____________________ can ensure that a value is the correct data type or that it falls within an acceptable range.

ANSWER: validation Validation POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 209 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. indefinite b. loop control variable c. nested loops d. counter e. increment f. decrement g. accumulator h. loop i. step value j. forcing REFERENCES: 177 179 181 185 199 205 211 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 41. One set of instructions that operates on multiple, separate sets of data ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 42. Initialized before entering a while loop ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 43. To add to a variable ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 44. To decrease a variable’s value ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 45. Any numeric variable you use to count the number of times an event has occurred ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 46. A loop that may execute a different number of times each time the program executes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 47. The amount by which a for loop control variable changes ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 48. Loops within loops ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 49. To override incorrect data by setting the variable to a specific, predetermined value ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 50. A variable that you use to gather values ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. What is an advantage of using fewer instructions?

ANSWER: Using fewer instructions results in less time required for design and coding, fewer errors, and shorter compile time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 177 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 52. What are the three steps that should occur in every loop?

ANSWER: 1. The loop control variable is initialized before entering the loop.

2. The loop control variable is tested, and, if the result is true, the loop body is entered.

3. The loop control variable is altered within the body of the loop so that the while expression eventually evaluates as false.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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53. What is the difference between a definite loop and an indefinite loop?

ANSWER: A definite loop executes a definite, predetermined number of times. An indefinite loop is indefinite because each time the program executes, the loop might be performed a different number of times.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 179-181 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 54. Explain when it would be appropriate to write an indefinite loop.

ANSWER: Often, the value of a loop control variable is not altered by arithmetic, but instead is altered by user input. For example, perhaps you want to continue performing some task while the user indicates a desire to continue. In that case, you do not know when you write the program whether the loop will be executed two times, 200 times, or not at all. This type of loop is an indefinite loop.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 181 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 55. What are common mistakes made by programmers in coding loops?

ANSWER: • Failing to initialize the loop control variable • Neglecting to alter the loop control variable • Using the wrong comparison with the loop control variable • Including statements inside the loop that belong outside the loop POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 190 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:36 PM 56. What is a step value?

ANSWER:

The amount by which a for loop control variable changes is often called a step value. The step value can be positive or negative; that is, it can increment or decrement.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 199 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 57. What are the tasks performed by the for count = 0 to 3 statement?

ANSWER: This for statement accomplishes several tasks:   

The variable count is initialized to 0.

The count variable is compared to the limit value 3; while count is less than or equal to 3, the loop body executes.

As the last statement in the loop execution, the value of count increases by 1. After the increase, the comparison to the limit value is made again.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 200 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:42 PM 58. When are you required to use a for statement, and what are the advantages of for statements?

ANSWER: You never are required to use a for statement for any loop. A while loop can always be used instead of a for loop, but when a loop’s execution is based on a loop control variable progressing from a known starting value to a known ending value in equal steps, the for loop provides a convenient shorthand. It is easy for others to read, and because the loop control variable’s initialization, testing, and alteration are all performed in one location, you are less likely to leave out one of these crucial elements.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 200 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:46 PM 59. What is an accumulator?

ANSWER: An accumulator is a variable that you use to gather or accumulate values, and is very similar to a counter that you use to count loop iterations.

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Usually, however, you add just one to a counter, whereas you add some other value to an accumulator.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 205-206 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/16/2016 5:48 PM 60. How might user data be validated?

ANSWER: When you ask a user to enter data into a computer program, you have no assurance that the data the user enters will be accurate. Loops are frequently used to validate data; that is, to make sure it falls within an acceptable range. For example, suppose part of a program you are writing asks a user to enter a number that represents his or her birth month. If the user types a number less than 1 or greater than 12, you must take some sort of action. For example: • You could display an error message and stop the program.

• You could choose to assign a default value for the month (for example, 1) before proceeding.

• You could reprompt the user for valid input.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 209 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM

True / False 1. You use subscripts 1 through 10 to access the elements in a ten element array. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 2. Many newer programming languages such as C++, Java, and C# use subscript 1 to access the first element of the array. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 3. Many newer programming languages such as C++, Java, and C# use the square bracket notation for arrays. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 4. Declaring a named constant makes code easier to modify and understand. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 238 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 5. A parallel array is an array that stores another array in each element. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 244 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 6. Parallel arrays must contain the same data type. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 244 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 7. You can improve the efficiency of a program by leaving a loop as soon as a match is found in the array. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 248 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 8. Arrays cannot be used if you need to search for a range of values. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 254 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 9. When you have a five element array and use subscript 6, your subscript is said to be out of bounds. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 10. The for loop is a good tool when working with arrays because you frequently need to process every element of an array from beginning to end.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 258 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Multiple Choice 11. An array is a(n) ____ of values in computer memory. a. list b. accumulation c. set d. record ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 228 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 12. Array elements all have the same ____ in common. a. pointer b. memory location c. value d. data type ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 228 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 13. The number of elements in an array is called the ____ of the array. a. width b. size c. height d. depth ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 228 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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14. A(n) ____ is another name for a subscript. a. pointer b. sequence c. index d. place holder ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 15. All array elements have the same group ____. a. subscript b. name c. memory location d. value ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 16. In all languages, subscript values must be sequential ____. a. characters b. fractions c. real numbers d. integers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 17. Suppose that you have declared a numeric array named numbers, and two of its elements are numbers[1] and numbers[5]. You know that ____. a. numbers[1] is smaller than numbers[5] b. there are exactly four elements between those two elements c. numbers[5] is the last element in the array d. there are exactly three elements between those two elements ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 18. A program contains an array that holds all the names of the days of the week. Which of the following is true? a. The highest subscript is 6. b. The highest subscript is 7. c. The lowest subscript is 1. d. The highest subscript is 12.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 19. Providing array values is sometimes called ____. a. creating the array b. declaring the array c. accumulating the array d. populating the array ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 20. An array can be used to replace ____. a. records b. methods c. nested decisions d. loops ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 231 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 21. The true benefit of using an array lies in your ability to use a ____ as a subscript to the array. a. constant b. loop c. command d. variable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 234 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 22. Named ____ hold values that do not change during a program’s execution. a. constants b. variables c. objects d. items ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 238 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 23. Besides making your code easier to modify, using a ____ makes the code easier to understand. a. standard constant b. named constant c. literal constant d. named variable ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 238 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 24. One advantage to using a named constant is that the statement becomes ____. a. self-perpetuating b. self-documenting c. self-referencing d. self-mitigating ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 239 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 25. When you search through a list from one end to the other, you are performing a ____. a. linear search b. binary search c. quadratic search d. single lookup ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 241 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 26. If you declare a variable to be Boolean, you can set its value to ____. a. any number b. true or false c. any integer d. 1 or -1 ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 243 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 27. Which statement is true of arrays? a. Only whole numbers can be used as array subscripts. b. Only whole numbers can be stored in arrays. c. Arrays cause more work for the programmer, but allow faster program execution. d. Array elements cannot be reset after the array is declared.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 243 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 28. A ____ relates parallel arrays. a. superscript b. key c. subscript d. postscript ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 244 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 29. Parallel arrays are most useful when value pairs have a(n) ____ relationship. a. direct b. indirect c. linked d. tiered ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 248 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 30. A ____ search starts looking in the middle of a sorted list, and then determines whether it should continue higher or lower. a. linear b. binary c. quadratic d. divided ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 249 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 31. To search an array for a(n) ____ match, you can store either the highest or lowest value of each range for comparison. a. flag b. index c. subscript d. range ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 252 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 32. Every array has a(n) ____ size. a. infinite b. finite c. variable d. constant ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 33. The number of bytes in an array is always a multiple of the number of ____ in an array. a. subscripts b. elements c. iterators d. indexes ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 34. In every programming language, when you access data stored in an array, you must use a ____ containing a value that accesses memory occupied by the array. a. superscript b. subscript c. key d. condition ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 35. When a subscript is not within the range of acceptable subscripts, it is said to be ____. a. a superscript b. flagged c. out of bounds d. indexed ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Completion 36. Use a(n) ____________________ to indicate the position of a particular item within an array.

ANSWER: subscript POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 37. A subscript, also called a(n) ____________________, is a number that indicates the position of a particular item within an array.

ANSWER: index POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 38. All array elements have the same ____________________ name, but each individual element also has a unique subscript indicating how far away it is from the first element.

ANSWER: group POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 39. When working with arrays, you can use ____________________ in several ways: To hold the size of an array, as the array values, and as a subscript .

ANSWER: constants POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 239 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 40. A(n) ____________________ is a variable set to indicate whether some event has occurred.

ANSWER: flag POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 243 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. linear search b. in bounds c. flag Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. parallel arrays e. array f. element g. for loop h. named constant i. binary search j. populating the array REFERENCES: 228 229 238 241 243 244 249 250 258 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/23/2016 12:34 PM 41. A series of values in computer memory ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 42. Each separate item in an array ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 43. Providing array values ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 44. Can hold the size of an array ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 45. A variable that you set to indicate whether some event has occurred ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 46. Starts looking in the middle of a sorted list, and then determines whether it should continue higher or lower ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 47. Starts searching through a list from one end to the other ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 48. A subscript that is within the range of acceptable subscripts ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 49. A particularly convenient tool when working with arrays because you frequently need to process every element of an array ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 50. In this type of array, each element in one array is associated with the element in the same relative position in the other array ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Describe an array and provide an example of a real-life equivalent to an array.

ANSWER: An array is a series or list of variables in computer memory, all of which have the same name and data type but are differentiated with special numbers called subscripts. Usually, all the values in an array have something in common; for example, they might represent a list of employee ID numbers or prices for items sold in a store.

Whenever you require multiple storage locations for objects, you can use a real-life counterpart of a programming array. If you store important papers in a series of file folders and label each folder with a consecutive letter of the alphabet, then you are using the equivalent of an array. If you keep receipts in a stack of shoe boxes and label each box with a month, you are also using the equivalent of an array. Similarly, when you plan courses for the next semester at your school by looking down a list of course offerings, you are using an array.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 228 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/23/2016 11:52 AM 52. How do you reference the elements in an array?

ANSWER: Each array element is differentiated from the others with a unique subscript, also called an index, which is a number that indicates the position of a particular item within an array. All array elements have the same group name, but each individual element also has a unique subscript indicating how far away it is from the first element. For example, a five-element array uses subscripts 0 through 4, and a ten-element array uses subscripts 0 through 9. In all languages, subscript values must be sequential integers (whole numbers).

To use an array element, you place its subscript within square brackets or parentheses Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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(depending on the programming language) after the group name.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 229 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 53. Why is it important to learn to use arrays properly?

ANSWER: Learning to use arrays properly can make many programming tasks far more efficient and professional. When you understand how to use arrays, you will be able to provide elegant solutions to problems that otherwise would require tedious programming steps.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 237 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/23/2016 11:56 AM 54. How can constants be used when working with arrays?

ANSWER: • To hold the size of an array • As the array values • As subscripts POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 238 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 55. What are the steps to verify that an item number exists in an array? Provide an example.

ANSWER: To verifying that an item number exists in an array: 

Set a flag variable named foundIt to "N". A flag is a variable that is set to indicate whether some event has occurred. In this example, N indicates that the item number has not yet been found in the list.



A subscript, sub, is set to 0. This subscript will be used to access each element in the array.

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

A loop executes, varying sub from 0 through one less than the size of the array.

Within the loop, the customer’s ordered item number is compared to each item number in the array. If the customer ordered item matches any item in the array, the flag variable is assigned "Y". After all six valid item numbers have been compared to the ordered item, if the customer item matches none of them, then the flag variable foundIt will still hold the value "N".



If the flag variable’s value is "Y" after the entire list has been searched, it means that the item is valid and an appropriate message is displayed, but if the flag has not been assigned "Y", the item was not found in the array of valid items. In this case, an error message is output and 1 is added to a count of bad item numbers.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 243 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/23/2016 12:32 PM 56. Why is it desirable to leave the loop as soon as a match is found?

ANSWER: Leaving the loop as soon as a match is found improves the program’s efficiency. The larger the array, the more beneficial it becomes to exit the searching loop as soon as you find the desired value.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 248 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 57. Consider a mail-order business in which customers get a discount based on the quantity they order. In writing a program to compute the discount based on a customer’s order quantity, why is it not a good idea to construct an array with as many elements as a customer might want to order, and store the appropriate discount associated with each number?

ANSWER: This approach has at least three drawbacks: • It requires a very large array that uses a lot of memory.

• You must store the same value repeatedly. For example, each of the first nine elements receives the same value, 0, and each of the next four elements receives the same value, 10.

• How do you know when you have enough array elements? Is a customer order quantity of 75 items enough? What if a customer orders 100 or 1,000 items? No matter how many elements you place in the array, there’s always a chance that a customer will order more.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 251 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 58. What is an advantage of using an array to match a value in a range of values?

ANSWER: When using an array to store range limits, you use a loop to make a series of comparisons that would otherwise require many separate decisions. The program that determines customer discount rates requires fewer instructions than one that does not use an array, and modifications to the program will be easier to make in the future.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 252 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/23/2016 12:08 PM 59. What happens when a beginning programmer forgets that array subscripts start with 0?

ANSWER: A common error by beginning programmers is to forget that array subscripts start with 0. If you assume that an array’s first subscript is 1, you will always be “off by one” in your array manipulation.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 255 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:41 PM 60. What happens if a subscript value is negative or higher than the highest allowed subscript?

ANSWER: Some programming languages will stop execution of the program and issue an error message.

Other programming languages will not issue an error message but will access a value in a memory location that is outside the area occupied by the array. That area might contain garbage, or worse, it accidentally might contain an incorrect value. Either way, a logical error occurs.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 257 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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9/12/2016 12:41 PM 10/23/2016 12:13 PM

True / False 1. Images and music are contained in binary files. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 2. When you copy data from RAM into a file on a storage device, you read to the file. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 278 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 3. Programmers usually use the word “write” to mean “produce hard copy output.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 282 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 4. The keyboard and printer are the default input and output devices. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 282 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 5. To write a program that produces a report of employees by department number, the records must be grouped by department number before you begin processing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 285 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 6. You can easily merge files even if each file contains a different record layout. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 290 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 7. You can merge more than two files. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 290 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 8. You update the transaction file with data from the master file. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 299 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 9. The terms “parent” and “child” can refer to file backup generations, but they are also used for a different purpose in object-oriented programming. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 300 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 10. Files in which records must be accessed immediately are sometimes called instant access files. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Multiple Choice 11. When you write a program that stores a value in a variable, you are using ____ storage. a. permanent b. temporary c. resilient d. resident ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 12. ____ storage is not lost when a computer loses power.

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a. Temporary b. Intermediate c. Permanent d. Variable ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 13. Files exist on ____ storage devices, such as hard disks, DVDs, USB drives, and reels of magnetic tape. a. permanent b. transient c. scalable d. optical ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 275 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 14. A ____ is a collection of data stored on a nonvolatile device in a computer system. a. computer message b. computer interface c. computer file d. computer selector ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 15. Directories and ____ are organization units on storage devices. a. folders b. files c. partitions d. streams ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 274 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 16. The combination of the disk drive plus the complete hierarchy of directories in which a file resides is its ____.

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a. pointer b. path c. locator d. stream ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 274 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 17. ____ is the more general term for an entity that organizes files. a. Hierarchy b. Path c. Structure d. Directory ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 275 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 18. Characters are made up of smaller elements called ____. a. fields b. records c. bits d. bytes ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 275 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 19. ____ are groups of fields that go together for some logical reason. a. Tables b. Databases c. Columns d. Records ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 276 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 20. A database holds related file data in ____ .

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a. fields b. records c. control breaks d. tables ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 277 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 11:56 AM 21. In most programming languages, before an application can use a data file, it must ____. a. open the file b. close the file c. read the file d. prepare the file ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 278 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 22. When you copy data from a file on a storage device into RAM, you are ____ from the file. a. writing b. uploading c. outputing d. reading ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 278 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 11:59 AM 23. When a program uses a ____, it reads all the records in the file from beginning to end, processing them one at a time. a. random access file b. serial file c. retired file d. sequential file ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 280 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 24. When you ____ a file, it is no longer available to your application.

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a. examine b. rewrite c. close d. index ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 281 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 25. A ____ is a copy that is kept in case values need to be restored to their original state. a. read-only file b. backup file c. primary file d. secondary file ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 282 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 26. A ____ is a temporary detour in the logic of a program. a. sequence break b. control break c. control sequence d. break control ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 285 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 27. To generate a control break report, your input records must be organized in ____ order based on the field that will cause the breaks. a. random b. ascending c. sequential d. repeatable ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 285 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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28. A ____ break is a break in the logic of the program that is based on the value of a single variable. a. multiple-level control b. simple control c. serial control d. single-level control ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 286 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 29. ____ files involves combining two or more files while maintaining the sequential order of the records. a. Merging b. Sorting c. Splitting d. Dividing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 290 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:05 PM 30. When the records in a file are sorted in order from lowest to highest values, the records are in ____ order. a. descending b. bubble c. ascending d. merged ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 280 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 31. The ____ file holds temporary data that is used to update the master file. a. directory b. transaction c. merge d. database ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 299 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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32. The saved version of a master file is the ____ file; the updated version is the child file. a. peer b. subordinate c. parent d. child ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 300 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 33. ____ is processing that involves performing the same tasks with many records, one after the other. a. Volume processing b. Batch processing c. Online processing d. Standard processing ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 34. ____ applications require that a record be accessed immediately while a client is waiting. a. Real-time b. Batch c. Database d. Sort ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 35. Because they enable you to locate a particular record directly (without reading all of the preceding records), random access files are also called ____ files. a. direct access b. indirect access c. sequential access d. pointed access ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Completion 36. A(n) ____________________ is a small unit of storage that, for example, holds only one character in a simple text file.

ANSWER: byte POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 274 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 37. When businesses store data items on computer systems, they are often stored in a framework called the data ____________________ that describes the relationships between data components.

ANSWER: hierarchy POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 275 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 38. When you store data in a computer file on a persistent storage device, you ____________________ to the file.

ANSWER: write POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 281 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 39. A(n) ____________________ file holds more temporary data than a master file.

ANSWER: transaction POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 299 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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40. A program in which the user makes direct requests is a(n) ____________________ program.

ANSWER: interactive POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. files b. kilobytes c. characters d. random access file e. master file f. megabytes g. volatile storage h. fields i. gigabytes j. nonvolatile storage REFERENCES: 273 274 275 299 308 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 41. Is not lost when a computer loses power ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 42. Is lost when the program ends or the computer loses power ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 43. Thousands of bytes ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 44. Millions of bytes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 45. Billions of bytes ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 46. Letters, numbers, and special symbols, such as “A”, “7”, and “$” ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 47. Single useful data items that are composed of one or more characters ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 48. Groups of related records ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 49. Holds complete and relatively permanent data ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 50. A file in which records can be located in any order ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Define and give examples of text files and binary files.

ANSWER: Text files contain data that can be read in a text editor because the data has been encoded using a scheme such as ASCII or Unicode. Text files might include facts and figures used by business programs, such as a payroll file that contains employee numbers, names, and salaries.

Binary files contain data that has not been encoded as text. Examples include images and music.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 52. List and describe three characteristics that all files have in common.

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Each file has a name. The name often includes a dot and a filename extension, which is a group of characters added to the end of a filename that describes the type of file. For example, .txt is a plain text file, .dat is a data file, and .jpg is an image file in Joint Photographic Experts Group format. A filename’s extension frequently designates the software that will be used to open a file; for example, a file that uses the extension .docx will usually be opened by Microsoft Word by default.

Each file has a specific time of creation and a time it was last modified.

Each file occupies space on a section of a storage device; that is, each file has a size. Sizes are measured in bytes.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 273-274 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:19 PM 53. What is a database?

ANSWER:

A database holds related file data in tables. Database software establishes and maintains relationships between fields in these tables, so that users can pull related data items together in a format that allows businesspeople to make managerial decisions efficiently.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 277 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:21 PM 54. What happens when you fail to close an output file?

ANSWER: If you fail to close an output file (a file to which you are writing data), the data might not be saved correctly and might become inaccessible. You should always close every file you open, and you should close the file as soon as you no longer need it. When you leave a file open for no reason, you use computer resources, and your computer’s performance suffers. Also, within a network, another program might be waiting to use the file.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 281 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:23 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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55. How are the keyboard and monitor used in most programming languages?

ANSWER: Most programming languages allow you to read data from a keyboard or write it to the display monitor without having to issue open or close commands because the keyboard and monitor are the default input and output devices, respectively.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 282 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:26 PM 56. Explain the difference in how programmers use the words print, write, and display.

ANSWER: Logically, the verbs print, write, and display mean the same thing—all produce output.

However, in conversation, programmers usually reserve the word print for situations in which they mean produce hard copy output. Programmers are more likely to use write when talking about sending records to a data file, and display when sending records to a monitor.

In some programming languages, there is no difference in the verb you use for output, no matter what type of hardware you use; you simply assign different output devices (such as printers, monitors, and disk drives) as needed to programmer-named objects that represent them.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 282 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 57. Why might programmers use a control break program?

ANSWER: In particular, programmers use a control break program to do the following:   

POINTS: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE:

Read in records from a sorted sequential file so that all records that belong to specific groups are stored together in sequence.

Process each record, checking to determine if it still belongs to the same group as the previous record.

Pause for special processing whenever a new group of records is encountered.

For example, a control break program might be used to generate a report that lists all company clients in order by state of residence, with a count of clients after each state’s client list.

1 285 Subjective Short Answer

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HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:32 PM 58. How do you merge two alphabetically ordered input files into a new output file when you wish the output file to be in alphabetical order?

ANSWER: Because the two input files contain records stored in alphabetical order, and you want the new file to store records in alphabetical order, you first output the input record that has the lower alphabetical value in the name field.

The merging method then proceeds like this: compare two records, write the record with the lower alphabetical name, and read another record from the same input file.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 294-295 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 59. Describe what is required to merge more than two files.

ANSWER: You can merge any number of files. To merge more than two files, the logic is only slightly more complicated; you must compare the key fields from all the files before deciding which file is the next candidate for output.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 298 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 60. What does the term batch processing mean?

ANSWER: Besides indicating a system that works with many records, the term batch processing can also mean a system in which many programs can run in sequence without human intervention. Batch processing is an old computing technique, but it is still crucial for such common business tasks as updating records and generating reports.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 308 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Critical Thinking 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 9/12/2016 12:42 PM

True / False 1. The sorting process is usually reserved for a relatively large number of data items. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 2. The most popular computer coding schemes include ASCII, Numeric, and EBCDIC. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 3. An insertion sort is another name for a bubble sort. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 4. You can make additional improvements to a bubble sort to reduce unnecessary comparisons. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 338 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 5. Two-dimensional arrays are never actually required in order to achieve a useful program. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 354 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 6. Some programming languages allow multidimensional arrays. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 355 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 7. It is relatively easy for people to keep track of arrays with more than three dimensions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 355 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 8. When a large data file needs to be processed in ascending or descending order based on a particular field, the most efficient approach is usually to store and access records based on their logical order. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 356 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 9. You do not need to determine a record’s exact physical address in order to use it. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 357 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 10. When a record is removed from an indexed file, it has to be physically removed. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 358 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Multiple Choice 11. When you store data records, they exist in ____. a. some type of order b. the reverse order from how they were entered c. the same default ordering for all systems d. ascending order ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. When records are in ____ order, they are arranged one after another on the basis of the value in a particular field. a. random b. sequential c. binary d. incremental ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 13. The ____ is often used as a statistic in many cases because it represents a more typical case. a. mode b. mean c. average d. median ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 14. The ____ is skewed by a few very high or low values. a. mode b. median c. mean d. standard deviation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 15. When you create a ____ report, the records must have been sorted in order by a key field. a. summary b. control break c. detail d. totals ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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16. When computers sort data, they always use ____ values when making comparisons between values. a. numeric b. alphanumeric c. alphabetic d. ascending ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 17. Because “A” is always less than “B”, alphabetic sorts are ____ sorts. a. descending b. reversing c. ascending d. downward ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 18. In a ____, items in a list are compared with each other in pairs. a. quick sort b. shell sort c. bubble sort d. matrix sort ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 19. A bubble sort is sometimes called a ____. a. dropping sort b. sinking sort c. compare sort d. pair sort ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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20. When you learn a method like sorting, programmers say you are learning a(n) ____. a. matrix b. addressed location c. algorithm d. linked list ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 21. To correctly swap two values, you create a(n) ____ variable to hold one of the values. a. per-swap b. inversion c. conversion d. temporary ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 22. When using a bubble sort to sort a 10-element array, on the fourth pass through the array list you detect that no swap has occurred. This indicates ____. a. the elements in the array were badly out of order b. all elements in the array are already in the correct order c. you must make one more pass through the array d. you must make a total of 10 passes through the array ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 340 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 23. When you sort records, two possible approaches are to place related data items in parallel arrays and to ____. a. sort records as a whole b. sort fields in records individually c. place unrelated data items in parallel arrays d. sort data in spreadsheets ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 342 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 24. In a(n) ____, if an element is out of order relative to any of the items earlier in the list, you move each earlier item down one position and then insert the tested element. a. selection sort b. bubble sort c. sync sort d. insertion sort ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 345 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 25. An array whose elements you can access using a single subscript is a ____ array. a. one-dimensional b. multi-dimensional c. non-dimensional d. single-dimensional ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 349 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 26. A two-dimensional array contains two dimensions: ____. a. size and scope b. breadth and height c. height and width d. depth and width ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 350 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 27. Each element in a two-dimensional array requires ____ subscript(s) to reference it. a. one b. two c. three d. four ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 350 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 28. When mathematicians use a two-dimensional array, they often call it a ____ or a table. a. vector b. matrix c. square d. grid ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 352 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 29. ____ are arrays that have more than one dimension. a. Multidimensional arrays b. One-dimensional arrays c. Diverse dimensioned arrays d. Unary dimensional arrays ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 355 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 30. A record’s ____ field is the field whose contents make the record unique among all records in a file. a. primary b. column c. secondary d. key ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 356 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 31. As pages in a book have numbers, computer memory and storage locations have ____. a. positions b. pointers c. addresses d. references ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 357 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 32. When you ____ records, you store a list of key fields paired with the storage address for the corresponding data record. a. store b. tab c. reference d. index ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 357 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 33. When you use an index, you can store records on a ____ storage device. a. linear-access b. random-access c. sequential-access d. uniform-access ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 357 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 34. One way to access records in a desired order, even though they might not be physically stored in that order, is to create a(n) ____. a. linked list b. array c. matrix d. table ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 358 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 35. Every time you add a new record to a linked list, you search through the list for the correct ____ location of the new record.

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a. physical b. spatial c. logical d. key ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 359 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Completion 36. A(n) ____________________ is a list of instructions that accomplishes a task.

ANSWER: algorithm POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 37. When you ____________________ values stored in two variables, you exchange their values.

ANSWER: swap POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 324 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 38. If you are performing a(n) ____________________ bubble sort, then after you have made one pass through the list, the largest value is guaranteed to be in its correct final position at the bottom of the list.

ANSWER: ascending POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 338 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 39. A common method of accessing records in logical order is to use a(n) ____________________.

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index linked list POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 357 358 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 40. In its simplest form, creating a(n) ____________________ list involves creating one extra field in every record of stored data.

ANSWER: linked POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 358 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. physical order b. ascending order c. table d. mean e. descending order f. logical order g. sequential order h. a list of instructions that accomplish a task i. median j. addresses REFERENCES: 322 324 356 357 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 41. Arranging records one after another based on the value in a particular field Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 42. Arranging records from lowest to highest value within a field ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 43. Arranging records from highest to lowest value within a field ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 44. The value of the middle item when the values are listed in order ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 45. The arithmetic average ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 46. Algorithm ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 47. A two-dimensional array ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 48. A “real” order for storage ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 49. A virtual order based on any criterion you choose ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 50. Used to identify computer memory and storage locations ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Give an example of an occasion when you would need to sort records.

ANSWER: A college stores students’ records in ascending order by student ID number, but the registrar wants to view the data in descending order by credit hours earned so he can contact students who are close to graduation.

A department store maintains customer records in ascending order by customer number, but Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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at the end of a billing period, the credit manager wants to contact customers whose balances are 90 or more days overdue. The manager wants to list these overdue customers in descending order by the amount owed, so the customers with the largest debt can be contacted first.

A sales manager keeps records for her salespeople in alphabetical order by last name, but needs to list the annual sales figure for each salesperson so she can determine the median annual sale amount.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 322 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 52. Why might you never need to write a program that sorts data as a professional programmer?

ANSWER: As a professional programmer, you might never have to write a program that sorts data because organizations can purchase prewritten, or “canned,” sorting programs. Additionally, many popular language compilers come with built-in methods that can sort data for you.

However, it is beneficial to understand the sorting process so that you can write a specialpurpose sort when needed. Understanding the sorting process also improves your arraymanipulating skills.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 53. Describe a bubble sort.

ANSWER: One of the simplest sorting techniques to understand is a bubble sort. You can use a bubble sort to arrange records in either ascending or descending order. In a bubble sort, items in a list are compared with each other in pairs. When an item is out of order, it swaps values with the item below it. With an ascending bubble sort, after each adjacent pair of items in a list has been compared once, the largest item in the list will have “sunk” to the bottom. After many passes through the list, the smallest items rise to the top like bubbles in a carbonated drink.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 323-324 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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54. List and describe the general rules for sorting an array with a bubble sort.

ANSWER: When you sort the elements in an array this way, you use nested loops—an inner loop that swaps out-of-order pairs, and an outer loop that goes through the list multiple times. The general rules are: The greatest number of pair comparisons you need to make during each loop is one less than the number of elements in the array. You use an inner loop to make the pair comparisons.

The number of times you need to process the list of values is one less than the number of elements in the array. You use an outer loop to control the number of times you walk through the list.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 333 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 55. Describe an insertion sort.

ANSWER: When you use an insertion sort, you look at each list element one at a time. If an element is out of order relative to any of the items earlier in the list, you move each earlier item down one position and then insert the tested element. The insertion sort is similar to the technique you would most likely use to sort a group of objects manually.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 345 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 56. Describe a one-dimensional array.

ANSWER: An array whose elements you can access using a single subscript is a one-dimensional array or single-dimensional array. The array has only one dimension because its data can be stored in a table that has just one dimension: height. If you know the vertical position of a onedimensional array’s element, you can find its value.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 349 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 57. Explain why you might want to use a two-dimensional array.

ANSWER: Sometimes locating a value in an array depends on more than one variable. If you must represent values in a table or grid that contains rows and columns instead of a single list, then you might want to use a two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional array contains two dimensions: height and width. That is, the location of any element depends on two factors.

For example, if an apartment’s rent depends on two variables—both the floor of the building and the number of bedrooms—then you want to create a two-dimensional array.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 350 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 58. Describe a two-dimensional array.

ANSWER: A two-dimensional array contains two dimensions: height and width. That is, the location of any element depends on two factors. For example, if an apartment’s rent depends on two variables—both the floor of the building and the number of bedrooms—then you want to create a two-dimensional array.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 350 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 59. Discuss how you declare one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays.

ANSWER: When you declare a one-dimensional array, you type a set of square brackets after the array type and name. To declare a two-dimensional array, many languages require you to type two sets of brackets after the array type and name. For each element in the array, the first square bracket holds the number of rows, and the second one holds the number of columns. In other words, the two dimensions represent the array’s height and its width.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 351 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Critical Thinking 9/12/2016 12:42 PM 9/12/2016 12:42 PM

60. Describe how you access a two-dimensional array value using two subscripts.

ANSWER: You access a two-dimensional array value using two subscripts, in which the first subscript represents the row and the second one represents the column.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 352 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:42 PM

True / False 1. You can invoke or call a method from another program or method. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 2. When methods must share data, you can pass the data into and return the data out of methods. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 370 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 3. A method could be called using any numeric value as an argument, whether it is a variable, a named constant, or a literal constant. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 375 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 4. A method’s return type is part of its signature. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 380 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 5. A method’s declared return type must match the type of value used in the return statement. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 381 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 6. Methods with identical names that have identical parameter lists but different return types are ambiguous. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 399 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 7. All modern programming languages contain many methods that are predefined. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 400 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 8. In implementation hiding, the calling method needs to understand only the interface to the method that is called and it need not know how the method works internally. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 403 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 9. The input value that makes the recursion stop is called the base case or ending case. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 406 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 10. Programs that use recursion are error-prone but easy to debug. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 408 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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11. The last statement in a method is a(n) ____. a. begin statement b. return statement c. exit statement d. end statement ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 12. Variables and constants are ____ within, or local to, only the method in which they are declared. a. in scope b. out of bounds c. out of scope d. limited ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 13. When a data item is known to all of a program’s modules, it is a ____data item. a. scope b. defined c. local d. global ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 14. A calling method sends a(n) ____ to a called method. a. parameter b. interface c. object d. argument ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 376 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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15. A called method accepts the value of an argument passed to it as its ____. a. parameter b. reference c. baseline d. argument ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 376 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 16. A method’s name and parameter list constitute the method’s ____. a. header b. interface c. contract d. signature ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 372 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 17. You can think of the ____ in a method declaration as a funnel into the method. a. braces b. brackets c. parentheses d. commas ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 375 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 18. When a copy of a variable is sent to a method, it is passed by ____. a. reference b. inference c. insinuation d. value ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 375 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 19. Each time a method executes, any parameter variables listed in the method header are ____. a. examined b. redeclared c. referenced d. copied ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 375 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 20. The variables in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual parameters are ____ parameters. a. defined b. proper c. formal d. actual ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 377 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 21. A method can return nothing, in which case the method is a ____ method. a. null b. void c. nul d. empty ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 379 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 22. The method name and parameter list constitute the ____. a. signature b. input list c. title d. variable list ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 380 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 23. Programmers use the term ____ to describe any extra time and resources required by an operation. a. black box b. overhead c. overload d. cohesion ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 382 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 24. ____ provide an overview of input to the method, the processing steps that must occur, and the result. a. Stacks b. Hierarchy charts c. IPO charts d. Flowcharts ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 385 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 25. Arrays, unlike simple built-in types, are passed by ____. a. deference b. value c. reference d. configuration ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 389 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 26. ____ is the ability of a method to act appropriately depending on the context. a. Cohesion b. Chameleon c. Integrity d. Polymorphism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 394 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 27. When you ____ a method, you write multiple methods with a shared name but different parameter lists. a. stack b. overload c. overhead d. void ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 394 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 28. Using implementation hiding means that the ____ is the only part of a method with which the method’s client interacts. a. argument list b. interface to the method c. parameter list d. internal detail ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 403 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 29. ____ refers to how the internal statements of a method serve to accomplish the method’s purpose. a. Coupling b. Cohesion c. Bonding d. Binding ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 403 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 30. ____ is a measure of the strength of the connection between two program methods. a. Coupling b. Cohesion c. Bonding d. Binding ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 404 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 31. ____ occurs when methods excessively depend on each other and makes programs more prone to errors. a. Late coupling b. Loose coupling c. Tight coupling d. Weak coupling ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 404 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 32. ____ occurs when methods do not depend on others. a. Tight coupling b. Loose coupling c. Data coupling d. Abstract coupling ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 404 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 33. ____ occurs when a method is defined in terms of itself. a. Referential integrity b. Repeatability c. Dependence d. Recursion ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 405 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 34. A method that calls itself is a ____. a. recursive method b. repeated method c. self-referencing method d. simple method ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 405 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 35. Every time you call a method, the address to which the program should return at the completion of the method is stored in a memory location called the ____. a. heap b. queue c. stack d. dump ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 406 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Completion 36. When a data item is known to all of a program’s modules, it is a(n) ____________________ data item.

ANSWER: global POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 37. When the method ends at the ____________________ statement, the locally declared parameter variable ceases to exist. return ANSWER: POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 367 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 38. A(n) ____________________ chart is a tool that identifies and categorizes each item needed within the method as pertaining to input, processing, or output.

ANSWER: IPO POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 384 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 39. Programmers refer to hidden implementation details as existing in a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: black box POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 403 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 40. Using recursion successfully requires a thorough understanding of ____________________.

ANSWER: looping loops POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 407 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. functional cohesion b. passed by value c. actual parameters d. loose coupling e. method f. overload a method g. passed by reference h. method header i. tight coupling j. polymorphism REFERENCES: 367 375 377 389 394 403 404 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/14/2016 11:06 PM 41. A program module that contains a series of statements that carry out a task ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 42. Contains identifying information about the method ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 43. A copy of a variable’s value is sent to the method and stored in a new memory location accessible to the method ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 44. The arguments sent to a method in a method call ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 45. When the method receives the actual memory address of the array and has access to the actual values in the array elements ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 46. The ability of a method to act appropriately according to the context ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 47. When all the operations in a method contribute to the performance of a single task ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 48. Occurs when methods have access to the same globally defined variables ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 49. Occurs when a copy of data that must be shared is passed from one method to another ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 50. Multiple methods with a shared name but different parameter lists ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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51. List the four things you need to know when you call a method from a program or other method.

ANSWER:    

What the method does in general—in other words, you should know why you are calling the method The name of the called method What type of information to send to the method, if any What type of return data to expect from the method, if any

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 370 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 52. List the items that must be included within the method declaration’s parentheses.

ANSWER: When you write the declaration for a method that can receive a parameter, you must include the following items within the method declaration parentheses:  

The type of the parameter A local name for the parameter

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 371 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 53. Describe how you create and use a method with multiple parameters.

ANSWER: A method can require more than one parameter. You create and use a method with multiple parameters by doing the following:  

You list the arguments within the method call, separated by commas.

You list a data type and local identifier for each parameter within the method header’s parentheses, separating each declaration with a comma. Even if multiple parameters are the same data type, the type must be repeated with each parameter.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 377 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 54. Describe what a method’s return statement can return.

ANSWER: A method’s return statement can return one value at most. The value can be a simple data type or it can be a more complex type—like an object.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 381 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 55. List the three things that you need to know to design effective methods.

ANSWER:  You should employ implementation hiding; that is, a method’s client should not need to understand a method’s internal mechanisms.  You should strive to increase cohesion.  You should strive to reduce coupling.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 402 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 56. Discuss tight coupling.

ANSWER: Tight coupling occurs when methods have access to the same globally defined variables.

When one method changes the value stored in a variable, other methods are affected. You should avoid tight coupling, but be aware that you might see it in programs written by others.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 404 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 57. Discuss loose coupling.

ANSWER: Loose coupling occurs when a copy of data that must be shared is passed from one method to another. That way, the sharing of data is always purposeful—variables must be explicitly passed to and from methods that use them. The loosest (best) methods pass single arguments if possible, rather than many variables or entire records.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 404 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 58. Describe recursion.

ANSWER:

Recursion occurs when a method is defined in terms of itself. A method that calls itself is a recursive method. Some programming languages do not allow a method to call itself, but those that do can be used to create recursive methods that produce interesting effects.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 405 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 59. Explain what happens when you call a method and the method ends.

ANSWER: Every time you call a method, the address to which the program should return at the completion of the method is stored in a memory location called the stack. When a method ends, the address is retrieved from the stack and the program returns to the location from which the method call was made, then proceeds to the next instruction.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 406 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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60. Discuss the cumulative summing relationship.

ANSWER: When thinking about cumulative summing relationships, remember that the sum of all the integers up to and including any number is that number plus the sum of the integers for the next lowest number. In other words, consider the following: • The sum of the digits from 1, up to and including 1, is simply 1.

• The sum of the digits from 1 through 2 is the previous sum, plus 2.

• The sum of the digits from 1 through 3 is the previous sum, plus 3.

• The sum of the digits 1 through 4 is the previous sum, plus 4.

• And so on POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 407 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM

True / False 1. Methods in object-oriented programs use sequence, selection, and looping structures and make use of arrays. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 2. In addition to their attributes, classes have methods associated with them, and every object instantiated from a given class possesses different methods. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 9:59 PM 3. Within any object-oriented program, you continuously make requests to an object's methods, often including arguments Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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as part of those requests. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 424 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 4. Declaring a class does not create actual objects. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 428 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 5. Class diagrams consists of a rectangle divided into three sections. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 430 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:06 PM 6. The accessor method is another name for the set method. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 433 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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7. Object-oriented programmers usually specify that their data fields will have private access. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 437 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 8. All methods require a this reference. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 9. No object is necessary with a static method. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 10. Methods in a class are static instance methods by default. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Multiple Choice 11. ____ is a programming model that focuses on an application’s components and data and methods the components use. a. Classical programming b. Functional programming c. Procedural programming d. Object-oriented programming ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:18 PM 12. Object-oriented programmers sometimes say an object is one ____ of a class. a. enumeration b. instantiation c. member d. reference ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 13. Objects both in the real world and in object-oriented programming contain ____ and methods. a. behaviors b. attributes c. help d. primitive data types ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 14. ____ are the characteristics of an object. a. Instances b. Attributes c. Behaviors d. Methods ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:21 PM 15. When you think in an object-oriented manner, every object is a member of a more general ____. a. class b. struct c. method d. collection ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:23 PM 16. Object-oriented programmers also use the term ____ when describing inheritance. a. has-a b. from-a c. is-a d. contains ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 17. The concept of a class is useful because of its ____. a. reusability b. mapping to reality c. abstract nature d. portability ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 18. The data components of a class that belong to every instantiated object are the class’s ____. a. numeric variables b. string variables c. instance variables d. data variables ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 19. Instance variables are often called ____ to help distinguish them from other variables you might use. a. rows b. records c. columns d. fields ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 20. A(n) ____ is a program or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten class. a. instantiation b. method c. class client d. class definition ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 424 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 21. The process of combining all of an object’s attributes and methods into a single package is ____. a. encapsulation b. inheritance c. information hiding d. data hiding ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 426 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:37 PM 22. A ____ is a set of program statements that lists the characteristics of each object and the methods each object can use. a. class interface b. class definition c. class reference d. class model ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 428 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 23. The term ____ implies that the type’s data is private and can be accessed only through methods. a. abstract type library b. advanced data type c. abstract definition type d. abstract data type ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 429 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:40 PM 24. A(n) ____ is a programmer-defined type, such as a class. a. inheritance b. numeric data type c. primitive data type d. abstract data type ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 429 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 25. In older object-oriented programming languages, simple numbers and characters are said to be ____ data types. a. primitive b. simple c. complex d. higher-order ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 430 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 26. A(n) ____ consists of a rectangle divided into three sections. a. class tree b. dependency diagram c. class diagram d. entity-relationship diagram ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 430 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 27. The purpose of ____ is to set or change the values of data fields defined within the class. a. get methods b. put methods c. make methods d. set methods ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 433 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:45 PM 28. Methods that set values are called ____ methods. a. modifier b. mutator c. creator d. access ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 433 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 29. The purpose of a(n) ____ is to return a value from the class to a client. a. get method b. set method c. pull method d. access method ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 434 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:48 PM 30. A ____ method is also known as a help method. a. work b. private c. public d. set ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 435 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 31. When methods have ____, other programs and methods may use the methods to get access to the private data. a. private access b. public access c. complete access d. all access ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 437 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 32. A(n) ____ is the adjective that defines the type of access (public or private) outside classes will have to the attribute or method. a. control specifier b. control modifier c. access specifier d. access controller ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 437 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:52 PM 33. ____ methods are those for which no object needs to exist. a. Nonstatic b. Public c. Static d. Private ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 455 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 10:54 PM 34. ____ methods are methods that exist to be used with an object created from a class. a. Nonstatic b. Static c. Hidden d. Controlled ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 35. In most programming languages, you use the word ____ when you want to declare a static class member. a. private b. friend c. public d. static ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Completion 36. A(n) ____________________ is one instance of a class.

ANSWER: object POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 37. When you think in an object-oriented manner, everything is a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: object POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 38. A program or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten class is a ____________________ .

ANSWER: class client class user POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 424 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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39. Another important concept in object-oriented programming is ________, which is the process of acquiring the traits of one’s predecessors. inheritance ANSWER: POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 426 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 40. ____________________ is the process of combining all of an object’s attributes and methods into a single package.

ANSWER: Encapsulation POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 426 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. instance variables b. class client c. inheritance d. class e. information hiding f. state g. primitive data types h. attributes i. encapsulation j. object REFERENCES: 421 423 424 426 427 430 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 11:28 PM 41. Describes a group or collection of objects with common attributes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 42. An instance of a class ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 43. The characteristics that define an object as part of a class ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 44. The data components of a class that belong to every instantiated object ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 45. The set of all the values or contents of a class object’s instance variables ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 46. A program or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten class ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 47. Simple numbers and characters ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 48. The process of acquiring the traits of one’s predecessors ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 49. The process of combining all of an object’s attributes and methods into a single package ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 50. The concept that other classes should not alter an object’s attributes—only the methods of an object’s own class should have that privilege ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. List five important features of object-oriented languages.

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ANSWER:

Five important features of object-oriented languages are: • Classes • Objects • Polymorphism • Inheritance • Encapsulation POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 421 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 52. Discuss why it is helpful to think of items as instances of a class.

ANSWER: Thinking of items as instances of a class allows you to apply your general knowledge of the class to the individual objects created from it. You know what attributes an object has when you know what class defines it.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 422 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 53. Discuss why the reusability of a class makes it useful.

ANSWER: The concept of a class is useful because of its reusability. For example, if you invite me to a graduation party, I automatically know many things about the party object. I assume that there will be attributes such as a starting time, a number of guests, some quantity of food, and gifts. I understand parties because of my previous knowledge of the Party class, of which all parties are tangible examples or instances. I don’t know the number of guests or the date or time of this particular party, but I understand that because all parties have a date and time, then this one must as well. Similarly, even though every stock purchase is unique, each must have a dollar amount and a number of shares. All objects have predictable attributes because they are instantiated from specific classes.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 423 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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54. Explain encapsulation and information hiding.

ANSWER: Real-world objects often employ encapsulation and information hiding.Encapsulation is the process of combining all of an object’s attributes and methods into a single package; the package includes data items that are frequently hidden from outside classes as well as methods that often are available to outside classes to access and alter the data.

Information hiding is the concept that other classes should not alter an object’s attributes— only the methods of an object’s own class should have that privilege. (The concept is also called data hiding.) Outside classes should only be allowed to make a request that an attribute be altered; then it is up to the class’s methods to determine whether the request is appropriate.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 426-427 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/21/2016 11:15 PM 55. List the three parts of a class definition.

ANSWER: A class definition can contain three parts: • Every class has a name.

• Most classes contain data, although this is not required.

• Most classes contain methods, although this is not required.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 428 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 56. Describe what class diagrams list by convention.

ANSWER: By convention, a class diagram lists the names of the data items first; each name is followed by a colon and the data type. Method names are listed next, and each is followed by its data type (return type). Listing the names first and the data types last emphasizes the purposes of the fields and methods.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 430-431 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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57. Explain what private access means in object-oriented programming.

ANSWER: To prevent unauthorized field modifications, object-oriented programmers usually specify that their data fields will have private access—the data cannot be accessed by any method that is not part of the class.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 437 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 58. List the two identifiers within a method that always mean exactly the same thing when you write an instance method in a class.

ANSWER: When you write an instance method in a class, the following two identifiers within the method always mean exactly the same thing: • any field name defined in the class • this, followed by a dot, followed by the same field name POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 445 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 59. Discuss static methods.

ANSWER: Static methods, also called class methods, are those for which no object needs to exist. Static methods do not receive a this reference as an implicit parameter. Typically, static methods include the word static in the method header. (Java, C#, and C++ use the keyword static. In Visual Basic, the keyword Shared is used in place of static.)

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM 60. Discuss nonstatic methods.

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ANSWER:

Nonstatic methods are methods that exist to be used with an object. These instance methods receive a this reference to a specific object. In most programming languages, you use the word static when you want to declare a static class member, but you do not use a special word when you want a class member to be nonstatic. In other words, methods in a class are nonstatic instance methods by default.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 447 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:43 PM

True / False 1. In object-oriented terminology, “default constructor” means a constructor with a single standard parameter. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 2. In OOP languages, a default constructor is created automatically by the compiler for every class you write. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 3. Any constructor you write must have the same name as the class it constructs, and it cannot have a return type. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 4. You can create constructors for a class with or without parameters. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 5. You cannot provide parameters to a destructor; it must have an empty parameter list. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 472 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 6. It makes sense that a parent class object has access to its child’s data and methods. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 480 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 7. An abstract class is one from which you can create any concrete objects and from which you can inherit. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 485 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 8. By using standard component classes, programmers are assured that the GUI components in their programs have the same look and feel as those in other programs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 488 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 9. The built-in Exceptions in a programming language can cover every condition that might be an Exception in your applications. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 493 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 10. When using existing objects, you need to concentrate only on the interface to those objects, not on the internal instructions that make them work. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 494 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Multiple Choice 11. If a constructor requires arguments, it is a ____ constructor. a. reliable b. private Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. default d. nondefault ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 12. A method’s name and a list of argument types together are its ____. a. signature b. header c. profile d. interface ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 469 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 13. The most common way to declare a destructor explicitly is to use an identifier that consists of ____. a. a colon followed by the class name b. a period followed by the class name c. a tilde followed by the class name d. an exclamation mark followed by the class name ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 472 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 14. The relationship created with composition is called a(n) ____ relationship. a. is-a b. has-a c. with-a d. child ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 474 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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15. A(n) ____ in a class diagram indicates public access. a. minus sign b. diamond c. plus sign d. exclamation point ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 477 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 16. When properly used, inheritance always involves a ____ relationship. a. specific-to-general b. general-to-specific c. specific-to-specific d. general-to-general ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 478 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 17. A class that is used as a basis for inheritance is called a ____ class or a superclass. a. base b. bottom c. platform d. derived ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 478 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 18. A derived class always ____ case or instance of the more general base class. a. has a b. makes a c. redefines a d. is a ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 478 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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19. The entire list of parent classes from which a child class is derived constitutes the ____ of the subclass. a. children b. ancestors c. subordinates d. derivatives ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 479 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 20. In some programming languages, such as C#, Visual Basic, and Java, every class you create is a child of one ultimate base class, often called the ____ class. a. Top b. Object c. Ultimate d. Mega ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 481 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 21. When a data field within a class is ____, no outside class can use it—including a child class. a. reliable b. fragile c. private d. protected ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 481 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 22. Classes that depend on field names from parent classes are said to be ____ because they are prone to errors. a. robust b. innovative c. fragile d. constructive ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 485 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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23. The capability to inherit from more than one class is called ____ inheritance. a. poly b. multiple c. branch d. dual ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 485 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 24. Code that has already been tested and used in a variety of situations is said to be ____. a. protected b. private c. overloaded d. reliable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 486 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 25. When you purchase or download a(n) ____ for an object-oriented programming language, it comes packaged with many predefined, built-in classes. a. compiler b. IDE c. sunny day case d. interpreter ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 487 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 26. ____ are stored collections of classes that serve related purposes a. Libraries b. Constructors c. IDE d. Destructors ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 487 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 27. In several languages, the visual development environment is known by the acronym ____. a. IDE b. XML c. ODI d. IPE ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 488 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 28. Programmers use the phrase ____ to describe what happens when worthless or invalid input causes inaccurate or unrealistic results. a. WIGO b. GOGI c. LIFO d. GIGO ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 489 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 29. In traditional programming, probably the most often used error-handling outcome was to ____. a. terminate the program in which the offending statement occurred b. ignore the error c. handle the error d. ask the user for additional input ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 489 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 30. Object-oriented programs employ a more specific group of techniques for handling errors called ____. a. exception raising b. exception management c. exception handling d. garbage collection ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 31. In object-oriented terminology, the generic name used for errors is ____. a. bugs b. undefined branches c. interfaces d. exceptions ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 32. If an exception is thrown, it is passed to a block of code that can ____, which means to receive it in a block that can handle the problem. a. catch the exception b. raise the exception c. hold the exception d. try the exception ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 33. When you create a segment of code in which something might go wrong, you place the code in a ____ block. a. throw b. hold c. try d. catch ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 34. Programmers sometimes refer to a situation in which nothing goes wrong as the ____ case. a. rainbow day b. sunny day c. cloudy day d. pessimistic ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 493 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 35. By using ____, you can use reasonable, easy-to-remember names for methods and concentrate on their purpose rather than on memorizing different method names. a. inheritance b. inference c. polymorphism d. relationships ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 494 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Completion 36. An instance of a class becomes eligible for destruction when it is no longer possible for any code to use it—that is, when it goes out of ____________________.

ANSWER: scope POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 473 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 37. ____________________ is the mechanism by which a child class method is used by default when a parent class contains a method with the same signature.

ANSWER: Overriding overriding POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 486 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 38. Libraries, collections of classes that serve related purposes, are also called ____________________.

ANSWER: packages Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 487 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 39. You almost always code at least one catch block immediately following a(n) ____________________ block. try ANSWER: POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 492 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 40. When using ____________________, you can develop new classes more quickly by extending classes that already exist and work.

ANSWER: inheritance POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 494 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. exceptions b. composition c. abstract d. try block e. destructor f. libraries g. catch block h. protected access specifier i. throw statement j. constructor REFERENCES: 465 472 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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474 482 483 485 487 491 492 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 41. A method that has the same name as a class and that establishes an object ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 42. Contains the actions you require when an instance of a class is destroyed ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 43. When a class contains objects of another class ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 44. Used when you want no outside classes to be able to use a data field, except classes that are children of the original class ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 45. A class from which you cannot create any concrete objects, but from which you can inherit ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 46. Collections of classes that serve related purposes ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 47. Errors in object-oriented languages ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 48. Sends an Exception object out of the current code block or method so it can be handled elsewhere ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 49. A block of code you attempt to execute while acknowledging that an exception might occur ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 50. A segment of code that can handle an exception that might be thrown by the try block that precedes it ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. Explain constructors.

ANSWER:

A method that has the same name as a class and that establishes an object is a constructor method, or more simply, a constructor. Constructors fall into two broad categories:  

A default constructor is one that requires no arguments.

A non-default constructor or a parameterized constructor requires arguments.

All non-default constructors are written by a programmer, but there are two categories of default constructors:  

An automatically-created default constructor exists in a class in which the programmer has not explicitly written any constructors.

A programmer-written default constructor can reside in any class and replaces the automatically-created one.

In object-oriented programming (OOP) languages, you can write both default and nondefault constructors for a class; if so, the constructors are overloaded.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 465 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/28/2016 5:10 PM 52. Explain composition.

ANSWER:

A class can contain objects of another class as data members. For example, you might create a class named Date that contains a month, day, and year, and add two Date fields to an Employee class to hold the Employee’s birth date and hire date. Then you might create a class named Department that represents every department in a company, and create each Department class member to contain a supervisor, who is an Employee. When a class contains objects of another class, the relationship is called a whole-part relationship or composition. The relationship created is also called a has-a relationship because one class “has an” instance of another.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 474 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Critical Thinking 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 9/12/2016 12:44 PM

53. Explain inheritance.

ANSWER:

Inheritance enables you to apply your knowledge of a general category to more specific objects. When you use the term inheritance, you might think of genetic inheritance. You know from biology that your blood type and eye color are the products of inherited genes.

You might choose to own plants and animals based on their inherited attributes. You plant impatiens next to your house because they thrive in the shade; you adopt a poodle because you know poodles don’t shed. Every plant and pet has slightly different characteristics; but within a species, you can count on many consistent inherited attributes and behaviors. In other words, you can reuse the knowledge you gain about general categories and apply it to more specific categories.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 475 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 54. Describe the Object class.

ANSWER: In some programming languages, such as C#, Visual Basic, and Java, every class you create is a child of one ultimate base class, often called the Object class. The Object class usually provides you with some basic functionality that all the classes you create inherit—for example, the ability to show its memory location and name.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 481 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 55. List three advantages of creating a useful, extendable superclass.

ANSWER: Subclass creators save development time because much of the code needed for the class has already been written.

Subclass creators save testing time because the superclass code has already been tested and probably used in a variety of situations. In other words, the superclass code is reliable.

Programmers who create or use new subclasses already understand how the superclass works, so the time it takes to learn the new class features is reduced.

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When you create a new subclass, neither the superclass source code nor the translated superclass code is changed. The superclass maintains its integrity.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 486 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 56. Discuss exception handling.

ANSWER: Object-oriented programs employ a group of techniques for handling errors called exception handling. The generic name used for errors in object-oriented languages is exceptions because errors are not usual occurrences; they are the “exceptions” to the rule.

In object-oriented terminology, you try some code that might throw an exception. If an exception is thrown, it is passed to a block of code that can catch the exception, which means to receive it in a way similar to how a parameter is received by a method.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 57. Describe the components of a try block.

ANSWER: A try block consists of the keyword try, followed by any number of statements, including some that might cause an exception to be thrown. If a statement in the block causes an exception, the remaining statements in the try block do not execute and the try block is abandoned. For pseudocode purposes, you can end a try block with a sentinel such as endtry.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 491 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 58. List the elements you would use to create a catch block.

ANSWER: You create a catch block using the following pseudocode elements: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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  

Date:

The keyword catch, followed by parentheses that contain an Exception type and an identifier Statements that take the action you want to use to handle the error condition An endcatch statement to indicate the end of the catch block in the pseudocode

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 492 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 11/28/2016 5:04 PM 59. Discuss the general principle of exception handling in object-oriented programming.

ANSWER: The general principle of exception handling in object-oriented programming is that a method that uses data should be able to detect errors, but not be required to handle them. The handling should be left to the application that uses the object, so that each application can use each method appropriately.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 493 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 60. Explain how to create your own throwable Exception.

ANSWER: To create your own throwable Exception, you usually extend a built-in Exception class.

For example, you might create a class named NegativeBankBalanceException or EmployeeNumberTooLargeException. By inheriting from the Exception class, you gain access to methods contained in the parent class, such as those that display a default message describing the Exception.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 493 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM

True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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1. Computer users can expect to see a standard interface in the GUI programs they use. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 508 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 2. GUI programs are frequently called action-controlled because actions occur in response to user-initiated events such as clicking a mouse button. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 509 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 3. In object-oriented languages, the procedural modules that depend on user-initiated events are often called applets. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 510 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 4. When you program in a language that uses GUI components, you need to create them from scratch. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 512 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 5. An important advantage of using GUI data-entry objects is that you often can control what users enter by limiting their options. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 514 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 6. A GUI picture album has a picture or sketch of a screen the user will see when running a program. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 518 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 12/5/2016 1:01 PM 7. In an event-driven program, you design the screens, define the objects, and define how the screens will connect. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 520 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 8. With a single CPU, multiple threads execute simultaneously. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 526 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 9. Multithreaded programs often run faster and they are more user-friendly. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 527 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 10. Many object-oriented languages offer built-in classes that contain methods you can use to draw geometric figures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 528 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Multiple Choice 11. From the 1950s, when businesses began to use computers to help them perform many jobs, through the 1980s, almost all interactive dialogues between people and computers took place at the ____. a. command prompt b. graphical window c. menu d. system interface ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 508 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 12. The ____ is the location on your computer screen at which you type entries to communicate with the computer’s operating system. a. GUI b. IDE c. system terminal d. command line ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 508 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 13. Operating system software allows you to use your fingers, a mouse or other pointing device to select screen controls, such as buttons and scroll bars or pictures, also called ____. a. targets b. icons c. windows d. menus ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 508 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 12/5/2016 10:46 PM 14. Performing an operation on an icon causes a(n) ____. a. instance b. message c. event d. interface ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 509 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 15. Within an event-driven program, a component from which an event is generated is the ____. a. target of the event b. source of the event c. interface of the event d. message handler ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 510 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 16. In object-oriented languages, the procedural modules that depend on user-initiated events are often called ____. a. scripts b. blocks c. handlers d. windows ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 510 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 17. A ____ is a rectangular area into which the user can type text. a. label b. button c. check box d. text box ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 511 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 18. A(n) ____ consists of a label placed beside a small square. a. option button b. button c. check box d. text box ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 511 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 19. A ____ is a rectangular object you can click; when you do, its appearance usually changes to look pressed. a. label b. button c. check box d. text box ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 511 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 20. GUI components are excellent examples of the best principles of object-oriented programming; they represent objects with attributes and methods that operate like ____. a. trap doors b. black boxes c. a procedural function d. a while loop Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 512 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 21. A ____ is one of the tiny dots of light that form a grid on your screen. a. point b. texel c. textile d. pixel ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 513 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 22. When you use a menu bar, it is at the top of the screen in most GUI programs, and the first menu item is almost always ____. a. Edit b. File c. Home d. Help ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 515 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 23. You should make sure that unavailable screen options are either dimmed (also called ____) or removed. a. grayed b. hidden c. suppressed d. blanked ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 515 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 24. GUI programmers sometimes refer to screen space as ____. a. canvas b. interface Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. real estate d. territory ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 515 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 25. Making programs easier to use for people with physical limitations is known as enhancing ____. a. usability b. accessibility c. interface d. compliance ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 516 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 26. When you develop an event-driven application, you need to expand on the ____ step in the program development cycle. a. understanding the problem b. planning the logic c. coding the program d. testing the program ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 517 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 27. A ____ represents a picture or sketch of a screen the user will see when running a program. a. framework b. page frame c. wireframe d. sketch-up ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 518 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 28. A(n) ____ is a list of the objects used in a program, including which screens they are used on and whether any code is Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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associated with them. a. object dictionary b. object index c. GUI dictionary d. interface dictionary ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 519 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 29. A(n) ____ shows the relationship between screens in an interactive GUI program. a. entity diagram b. data flow diagram c. use case diagram d. interactivity diagram ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 520 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 30. With most OOP languages, you must ____ components, or sign them up so that they can react to events initiated by other components. a. register b. activate c. instantiate d. create ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 522 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 31. The ____ contains methods that allow you to set physical properties such as height and width, as well as methods that allow you to add the appropriate components to a container. a. attributes class b. container dictionary c. containment class d. container class ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 522 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 32. Using multiple threads of execution is known as ____. a. binding b. racing c. multithreading d. multipathing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 526 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 33. With a(n) ____ program, a user can continue to click buttons while your program is reading a data file. a. single threaded b. parallel threaded c. independently threaded d. multithreaded ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 527 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 34. ____ is the rapid sequence of still images, each slightly different from the previous one, that produces the illusion of movement. a. Screening b. Animation c. Filmation d. Stop motion ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 528 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 35. Cartoonists create animated films by drawing a sequence of ____ or cells. a. frames b. blocks c. pictures d. targets ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 528 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Completion 36. People who use the Disk Operating System (DOS) often call the command line the ____________________.

ANSWER: DOS prompt prompt POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 508 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 12/5/2016 11:09 PM 37. An object that is “interested in” an event to which you want it to respond is a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: listener POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 510 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 38. A ____________________ contains a series of wireframes that represent a user’s experience with proposed software.

ANSWER: storyboard POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 518 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 39. A(n) ____________________ is a list of the objects used in a program, including which screens they are used on and whether any code, or script, is associated with them.

ANSWER: object dictionary dictionary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 519 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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40. In most object-oriented languages, a method named ____________________ executes automatically when a class object is created. main() ANSWER: main POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 530 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Matching Match each term with a statement below. a. event b. y-axis c. y-coordinate d. thread e. deadlock f. x-axis g. x-coordinate h. starvation i. interactivity diagram j. container REFERENCES: 509 520 522 525 527 529 QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 41. An occurrence that generates a message sent to an object ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 42. Shows the relationship between screens in an interactive GUI program ANSWER: i POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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43. A class of objects whose main purpose is to hold other elements ANSWER: j POINTS: 1 44. The flow of execution of one set of program statements ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 45. Where two or more threads wait for each other to execute ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 46. Where a thread is abandoned because other threads occupy all of the computer’s resources ANSWER: h POINTS: 1 47. A horizontal position ANSWER: f POINTS: 1 48. A vertical position ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 49. Its value increases as you travel from left to right across the window ANSWER: g POINTS: 1 50. Its value increases as you travel from top to bottom ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Subjective Short Answer 51. List the two types of statements that you must write when an object should listen for events.

ANSWER: If you want an object such as a button to be a listener for an event such as a mouse click, you must write two types of appropriate program statements. You write the statements that define the object as a listener and the statements that constitute the event.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 510 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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52. List the general design principles used when creating a program that will use a GUI. ANSWER: You should consider several general design principles when creating a program that will use a GUI: The interface should be natural and predictable.

The interface should be attractive, easy to read, and nondistracting.

To some extent, it’s helpful if the user can customize your applications.

The program should be forgiving.

The GUI is only a means to an end.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 514 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 53. Explain why your program should be forgiving.

ANSWER: Perhaps you have had the inconvenience of accessing a voice mail system in which you selected several sequential options, only to find yourself at a dead end with no recourse but to hang up and redial the number. Good program design avoids similar problems. You should always provide an escape route to accommodate users who make bad choices or change their minds. By providing a Back button or functional Escape key, you provide more functionality to your users.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 516 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 54. List the events in developing an event-driven program.

ANSWER: The steps in developing a computer program are: 1. Understanding the problem.

2. Planning the logic.

3. Coding the program.

4. Translating the program into machine language.

5. Testing the program.

6. Putting the program into production.

7. Maintaining the program.

When you develop an event-driven application, you expand on Step 2 (planning the logic) and you might include four new substeps as follows: 2a. Creating wireframes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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2b. Creating storyboards 2c. Defining the objects 2d. Defining the connections between the screens the user will see POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 517 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 55. Discuss the purpose of a wireframe.

ANSWER: A wireframe is a picture or sketch of a screen the user will see when running a program. A wireframe, also called a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that helps developers and their user clients decide on the basic features of an interactive program or Web site. Wireframes can be pencil sketches or they can be produced by software applications. Typically, they do not contain graphics or show the final font styles that will be used; instead, they focus on the functionality of an application.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 518 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 56. Discuss the purpose of a storyboard.

ANSWER: A storyboard contains a series of wireframes that represent a user’s experience with proposed software. Filmmakers have long used storyboards to illustrate key moments in the plots they are developing; similarly, GUI storyboards represent “snapshot” views of the screens the user will encounter during the run of a program. If the user could view up to 10 screens during the insurance premium program, then you would draw 10 storyboard cells, or wireframes.

Sometimes, developers will enhance wireframes with color and graphics when incorporating them into a storyboard.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 518-519 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 57. Discuss using the integrated development environment to create applications.

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ANSWER:

When you use an integrated development environment to create applications, you can drag components onto a screen without explicitly writing all the statements shown in the pseudocode. In that case, the coding statements will be generated for you. It’s beneficial to understand these statements so that you can more easily modify and debug your programs.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 520 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 58. Describe the container class.

ANSWER: In a GUI program, you need to create the component that holds all the GUI elements.

Depending on the programming language, you might use a class with a name such as Screen, Form, or Window. Each of these is a container, or a class of objects whose main purpose is to hold other elements. The container class contains methods that allow you to set physical properties such as height and width, as well as methods that allow you to add the appropriate components to a container.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 522 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 59. Describe a thread.

ANSWER:

A thread is the flow of execution of one set of program statements. When you execute a program statement by statement, from beginning to end, you are following a thread. Many applications follow a single thread; this means that at any one time, the application executes only a single program statement.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 525 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM 60. Discuss multithreading.

ANSWER: You use multithreading to improve the performance of your programs. Multithreaded programs often run faster, but more importantly, they are more user-friendly. With a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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multithreaded program, a user can continue to make choices by clicking buttons while the program is reading a data file. An animated figure can appear on one part of the screen while the user makes menu selections elsewhere on the screen. When you use the Internet, the benefits of multithreading increase. For example, you can begin to read a long text file, watch a video, or listen to an audio file while the file is still downloading. Web users are likely to abandon a site if they cannot use it before a lengthy downloading process completes. When a Web site employs multithreading to perform concurrent tasks, visitors are less likely to abandon the Web site—this is particularly important if the site sells a product or service or relies on advertising income that is based on the number and duration of user visits.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 527 QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Critical Thinking DATE CREATED: 9/12/2016 12:44 PM DATE MODIFIED: 12/5/2016 11:28 PM

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