Test Bank For Police Administration, 11th Edition By Gary W. Cordner

Test Bank For Police Administration, 11E By Gary W. Cordner Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 1-15 Chapter 1 Test Bank 1. Which of the following is not one of the fundamental principles of the Peelian reform? a. b. c. d.

The police should be under government control The police force should focus on crime prevention Police should be hired on a probationary basis Police headquarters should be centrally located

ANS: b 2. Which of the following helped subvert the implementation of stringent personnel standards in the early days of American policing? a. b. c. d.

the militaristic nature of police organizations local politics police unions private security

ANS: b 3. Through the mid-1960s, in the professional era, the need for __________________ dominated the literature and practice of police administration. a. b. c. d.

closer relationships with the community increased numbers of police officers better information about how best to reduce crime better police personnel and stricter organizational controls

ANS: d 4. Key strategies of the professional model found to be far less effective than originally thought were:

a. b. c. d.

preventive patrol rapid response follow-up investigations all of the above

ANS: d 5. Community policing attempts to address the complex social context of policing by: a. b. c. d.

closer contact with individual citizens and community groups enforcing all laws to the same standards in all neighborhoods employing more stringent personnel standards implementing more centralized organizational structures

ANS: a 6. Policing in America is primarily provided by: a. b. c. d.

local governments state governments the federal government special-purpose jurisdictions

ANS: a 7. The ___________ dimension includes the central ideas and beliefs underlying community-oriented policing. a. strategic b. philosophical c. organizational d. tactical ANS: b 8. Which of the following is a component of democracy that may also create challenges to success for police administrators? a. b. c. d.

Police transparency Police accountability Police legitimacy All of the above

ANS: d

9. Which of the following is a focus of the community policing model? a. b. c. d.

More centralized organizational structure Closer ties to the community Weaker focus on prevention None of the above

10. One of the two fundamental principles of Peelian reform was that the police should be organized along military lines. a. True b. False ANS: a 11. The main accomplishment of the professional model was significant reductions in crime. a. True b. False ANS: b 12. More diverse communities are generally easier to police effectively. a. True b. False ANS: b 13. The police are part of the executive branch of government. a. True b. False ANS: a 14. According to the text, in the modern era, the most promising and effective response to the difficult challenges of policing in a free society has been intelligence-led

homeland security. a. True b. False ANS: b 15. The Wickersham Commission and the President’s Crime Commission both called for substantial upgrading of police personnel. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. The courts’ interpretation of passages in constitutional law may affect police authority and individual rights that the police must protect. a. True b. False ANS: a 17. August Vollmer, Bruce Smith, and O.W. Wilson are pioneers associated with the community era of policing. a. True b. False ANS: b

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 2 Test Bank 1. One explanation for the development of organized police forces in the early 1800s was the failure of the military to deal effectively with: a. b. c. d.

property crime violent crime civil disorder drug smuggling

ANS: c 2. Since the 1800s, police work has gradually evolved in the direction of being more crime-focused because: a. b. c. d.

there is a lot more crime today there is less disorder than there used to be the public has less need of routine services than formerly was the case the public’s expectation that the police should prevent and fight crime has grown

ANS: d 3. Thinking of the police function mainly as law enforcement is misleading because: a. b. c. d.

what the police mainly do is hassle people the police have discretion and often choose not to enforce the law everybody breaks the law and most are never caught the main duties of the police are social services that have nothing to do with the law

ANS: b 4. According to the Police Services Study conducted in 24 police agencies, the greatest proportion of police encounters with the public were related primarily to:

a. b. c. d.

crime-related problems disorder-related problems traffic-related matters service-related matters

ANS: a 5. According to the most recent national study, police use force in ______________ percent of their contacts with the public. a. b. c. d.

less than 2 about 10 about 25 more than 50

ANS: a 6. When police agencies were first created in the 1800s, their main responsibility was investigating crimes. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. Police in the 1800s gave a lot of attention to enforcing traffic laws, including speed enforcement. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. Of the wide range of circumstances and situations that the police confront, they actually enforce the law rather infrequently. a. True b. False ANS: a 9. The police have the greatest amount of discretion in citizen-initiated law enforcement situations.

a. True b. False ANS: b 10. The most common behavior that police engage in during encounters with the public is the use of force. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. When did the role of police officers become more centered around criminal apprehension and crime investigation rather than the maintenance of order? a. b. c. d.

1980s and 1990s late 1800s 1950s and 1960s 1920s

ANS: c 12. Police patrolling was expected to deter crime by creating a sense of police _______. a. b. c. d.

control surveillance omnipresence all of the above

ANS: c 13. Which of the following was not one of the reasons for police duties changing from mostly order maintenance to crime fighting? a. The police sought professional status. b. The media influenced the public’s perception of police work. c. The police became less influenced by community norms and more influenced by legal norms. d. Crime rates increased during the reform era ANS: d 14. Which of the following was not one of the major duties of police officers in the

1800s? a. b. c. d.

watching for fires investigating thefts controlling alcoholics and vagrants inspecting businesses and taverns

ANS: b 15. A primary skill of policing is effective communication. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. Police use force in the majority of their contacts with the public. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. The most common tactics used by police include: a. b. c. d.

Use of firearms Pushing and grabbing Shouting commands Talking and listening

ANS: d

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 3 Test Bank 1. Which of the following is the most general statement of an organization’s purpose? a. b. c. d.

mission goals objectives values

ANS: a 2. Which of the following is not generally listed as a primary police objective? a. b. c. d.

to protect constitutional guarantees to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community to create an organization that protects the safety of its members to assist those who cannot care for themselves

ANS: c 3. Which of the following is the best example of police efforts designed to help achieve the police objective of “assisting those who cannot care for themselves”? a. b. c. d.

raising people’s children building permanent housing for poor people providing mental health counseling to people with mental illness arranging temporary shelter for homeless people on cold nights

ANS: d 4. The organizational value of ______________ requires that actions be guided by principles of fairness and that decisions in one circumstance be reasonable in comparison to others. a. b. c. d.

efficiency legality equity accountability

ANS: c 5. A system that does not make provision for feedback is a/an: a. b. c. d.

open system open-loop system closed system closed-loop system

ANS: b 6. A police organization’s goals and objectives do not need to be in align with the mission.

a. True b. False ANS: b 7. The mission of a police organization should take into account the role the police have in the community. a. True b. False ANS: a 8. The police organizational value of efficiency requires that police administrators wisely and carefully use public funds. a. True b. False ANS: a 9. A closed-loop system is most likely to function properly because feedback is valued and frequently utilized. a. True b. False ANS: a

10. Police departments are best understood as closed systems that are largely unaffected by the world around them. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of systems? a. They are comprised of subsystems that may be looked upon as systems in and of themselves. b. Small changes within the system do not affect the entire system, only the individual subsystem.

c. They are made up of factors that interact and/or are interdependent d. They are established for the purpose of meeting specific goals and objectives ANS: b 12. The three primary goals of police are: a. b. c. d.

protecting life, protecting property, maintaining order protecting life, insuring traffic safety, maintaining order writing tickets, helping people, arresting people enforcing traffic laws, serving warrants, protecting property

ANS: a 13. Which of the following is true about equity in policing? a. Equity can be difficult to prove. b. Equity requires that police decisions are guided by fairness. c. Equity mandates that the actions taken in one case be reasonable in comparison to actions taken in other cases. d. All of the above.

ANS: d

14. Police systems are subsystems of the legislative branch of government. a. True b. False ANS: b 15. Many police agencies fail to recognize the importance of feedback. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. Police systems are subsystems of the: a. Executive branch b. Legislative branch c. Judicial branch

d. Olive branch ANS: a 17. The strategic management perspective views the organization from the top, looking down. a. True b. False ANS: b

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 4 Test Bank 1. Which of the following is not one of the three major subsystems of the police organization? a. b. c. d.

operations administration internal affairs auxiliary services

ANS: c 2. Which of the following is a police organizational task that generally must be provided 24 hours a day? a. b. c. d.

public information communications planning and analysis training

ANS: b 3. Usually ______________ have full-time special operations units that do nothing but handle special situations. a. police departments with 10 or fewer sworn officers b. only state police agencies

c. only federal law enforcement agencies d. only the very largest police organizations ANS: d 4. The police organizational task that aims to determine whether individuals and units within the organization are complying with directives and standards is: a. b. c. d.

inspections legal assistance planning and analysis training

ANS: a 5. Which of the following is most accurate regarding the significance of the 30 police organizational tasks? a. The operations tasks are most important because they directly serve the public. b. The internal tasks are most important because they contribute to officer safety. c. The internal tasks are most important because they keep officers satisfied and motivated. d. Because the tasks are highly interdependent, they are all important.

ANS: d 6. The activities in the police operations subsystem require directly assisting the public. a. True b. False ANS: a 7. Which of the following is not a task of the administration subsystem? a. Budget and finance b. Inspections c. Alcohol testing d. Training ANS: c 8. Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD) systems have made the work of communications personnel more challenging.

a. True b. False ANS: b 9. The intelligence function within a police department mainly focuses on gangs, organized crime, drug trafficking, and terrorism. a. True b. False ANS: a

10. Patrol, crime prevention, and community services are all tasks for which subsystem? a. Operations b. Administration c. Auxiliary services d. Both operations and auxiliary services ANS: a 11. Tasks that do not need to be performed around the clock are usually considered administrative tasks. a. True b. False ANS: a 12. Which of the following is not true about police officer training? a. It is continuous and ongoing every year. b. Higher ranking officers require less training over time. c. How well an officer is trained relates directly to the success of the entire organization. d. Many different types of training can be used, including online, in-service, and refresher training.

ANS: b 13. Which of the following is not a task included within the auxiliary services subsystem? a. records

b. property and evidence c. internal affairs d. communications 14. The records task furnishes the agency with a(n) _________. a. like between the police and public for the delivery of services b. efficient means of allocating space c. memory d. method of ascertaining compliance with agency directives and standards ANS: c 15. Information is the “lifeblood” of police departments. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. All subsystems are independent. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. Communications, Health and Wellness, and Fleet Services are all tasks typically associated with the ________________________: a. b. c. d.

Operations Subsystem Administration Subsystem Auxiliary Services Subsystem Employee Assistance Subsystem

ANS: c

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 5 Test Bank 1. The principle of ____________ demands that action be taken if and when individuals in the organization exercise their authority improperly or irresponsibly.

a. b. c. d.

accountability chain of command hierarchy span of control

ANS: a 2. According to the _____________, only decisions that cannot be made at a given level in the organization should be referred upward for resolution. a. b. c. d.

accountability principle authority-level principle chain of command span of control

ANS: b 3. The principle of ___________ holds that a person in an organization should have just one immediate boss. a. b. c. d.

accountability chain of command hierarchy unity of command

ANS: d 4. A narrower span of control is generally recommended in what circumstance? a. in smaller organizations b. in larger organizations c. at higher levels in the organization where subordinates have a greater degree of authority and responsibility d. in police organizations in order to maintain control over personnel who lack professional training but who are delegated substantial power and authority ANS: c 5. Organizational guidelines that derive from the impressions given by the organization’s actions, rather than its official documents or statements, are called: a. originated policy b. appealed policy

c. implied policy d. externally-imposed policy ANS: c 6. Typically, larger organizations are more hierarchical than smaller ones. a. True b. False ANS: a 7. According to the text, within an organization, the delegation of authority to a person or position should be regarded as permanent. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. The chain of command is used to verify that an item of evidence has not been alternated or contaminated in any way. a. True b. False ANS: b 9. According to the text, the optimum span of control for a supervisor is six or seven subordinates. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. Policies are primarily guides to thinking rather than specific mandates to action. a. True b. False ANS: a 11. In a properly organized police department, the police chief _________ authority.

a. b. c. d.

retains delegates relinquishes seeks

ANS: b 12. Procedures are more specific than policies. a. True b. False ANS: a 13. Which of the following is not true about rules and regulations? a. b. c. d.

They mandate or prohibit certain actions.

They must be fair and reasonable.

They must be voted on and agreed upon by the department.

They are subject to change.

ANS: c 14. The principle of unity of command insists that the reporting relationship between subordinate and superior be on a one-to-one basis. a. True b. False ANS: a 15. The size of the department is not an important consideration when grouping like functions. a. True b. False ANS: b 16. Organizational rules and regulations should be applied only to situations that are predictable. a. True

b. False ANS: a 17. The key organizational principle ‘Chain of Command’ is also known as the ______________. a. b. c. d.

Span of control Grouping like functions Accountability principle Scalar principle

ANS: d

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 6 Test Bank 1. The three management functions that are least likely to be delegated and typically need to be performed at the highest levels in the organization are: a. b. c. d.

directing, controlling, and staffing system building, planning, and organizing system building, directing, and controlling staffing, planning, and organizing

ANS: b 2. The step in the planning process that is most exclusively future-oriented is: a. b. c. d.

ends analysis forecasting means analysis evaluation

ANS: b 3. A police plan for how to deal with an explosion at a chemical plant would be an example of a/an: a. reactive plan b. contingency plan c. operational efficiency plan

d. strategic plan ANS: b 4. The management function of ___________ is the process of grouping like functions in order to achieve maximum efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity. a. b. c. d.

planning organizing staffing directing

ANS: b 5. The internal affairs task within a police organization contributes to the management function of: a. b. c. d.

system building organizing directing controlling

ANS: d 6. According to the text, directing and controlling are two functions that are important for managers at every level of the organization. a. True b. False ANS: a 7. Once a solid and effective organizational system is built, it will continue to function effectively for a long time, possibly forever. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. The first stage in the staffing process is training. a. True b. False

ANS: b 9. Involving employees at the stage of developing directives usually makes it more likely that they will understand and carry out the directives once they are implemented. a. True b. False ANS: a 10. The inspections activity in a police organization exists primarily to provide feedback on the controlling function. a. True b. False ANS: a 11. Which type of plans are the broadest of the four types of police plans and usually deal with the police organization’s mission, goals, and objectives? a. b. c. d.

contingency plans strategic plans reactive plans operational efficiency plans

ANS: b 12. The two most important behavior modification methods for police administration to consider are: a. b. c. d.

rewards and punishments rewards and persuasion rewards and recognition punishments and consequences

ANS: c 13. While most agencies do not require police officer applicants to have higher education, preference is usually given to applicants with college degrees. a. True b. False

ANS: a 14. Which of the following is not a technique usually used by police promotional systems? a. b. c. d.

past performance evaluations physical fitness tests written examinations assessment centers

ANS: b 15. Planning is a present-oriented, reactive management function. a. True b. False ANS: b 16. System building, planning, and organization are all aspects of _______________. a. b. c. d.

Agency design Agency operation Contingency plans Implementation

ANS: a 17. Strategic plans are used to identify an overall approach for achieving the organizational missions, primary goals, and objectives. a. True b. False ANS: a

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 7 Test Bank 1. Beyond simply getting employees to adhere to standards and guidelines, striving to win the hearts and minds of employees is characteristic of:

a. b. c. d.

management supervision leadership administration

ANS: c 2. According to Reinventing Government, government agencies should be __________, not rule-driven. a. b. c. d.

regulation-focused mission-driven policy-oriented research-based

ANS: b 3. Which of the following is not one of the three basic police organizational models for media relations? a. police executive handles all media relations b. media relations delegated to a specific individual or unit within the police organization c. every police employee authorized to provide information to the media d. all media relations handled by the mayor ANS: d 4. Which of the following is most true regarding police unions and employee associations? a. b. c. d.

Their existence and influence varies greatly around the country.

They have been growing in numbers and strength.

They have all been consolidated under one national confederation.

They regularly have to resort to strikes in order to win concessions from management.

ANS: a 5. The ___________ style emphasizes the external role of the police executive over the internal role. a. administrator

b. top cop c. politician d. statesman ANS: c 6. According to the text, the police executive’s internal role is substantially more important than his or her external role. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. Managing can be thought of as making sure that the job is done correctly. a. True b. False ANS: a 8. According to the text, police administration needs to be completely independent of politics. a. True b. False ANS: b 9. Civil service systems originated in order to make government hiring, including police employment, less political and based more on merit and qualifications. a. True b. False ANS: a 10. The trend in police collective bargaining has been for management to become more sophisticated and less likely to bargain away “management prerogatives.” a. True b. False ANS: a

11. Community policing and problem-oriented policing strategies empower officers by encouraging initiative and creativity. a. True b. False ANS: a 12. One of the most important ________ responsibilities of the police executive is securing the resources needed for the department to operate efficiently. a. b. c. d.

external secondary internal specialized

ANS: a 13. The media controls much of the information the public learns about a police agency and therefore is an important component of the police agency’s environment. a. True b. False ANS: a 14. Of the four police executive styles, this style is the most needed today but the least often found in police departments. a. b. c. d.

The Administrator The Top Cop The Statesman The Politician

ANS: c 15. The community is an element of the police organizational environment. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. There has been an observable decrease in diversity and educational attainment among police executives in recent years

a. True b. False ANS: b 17. Maximizing efficiency, effectiveness, and goal attainment are associated with _____________. a. b. c. d.

Managing Leading The pursuit of excellence Reinventing government

ANS: c

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 8 Test Bank 1. A(n) ___________ is a psychological mental set that represents a predisposition to form certain opinions. a. b. c. d.

attitude role self-concept perception

ANS: a 2. Which of the following is most accurate regarding the influence that one’s attitudes have on one’s behavior? a. b. c. d.

Attitudes determine behavior.

Behavior determines attitudes.

Attitudes influence and “steer” behavior but do not completely determine it.

There is no relationship between attitudes and behavior.

ANS: c 3. Police officers who lack empathy for other people and who are unwilling to use force to solve problems adopt a version of the police role known as ____________.

a. b. c. d.

professionals clean beat crime fighters problem solvers avoiders

ANS: d 4. Fair and Impartial Policing training avoids blaming participants and stresses prejudices and stereotypes as a natural part of human behavior. a. True b. False ANS: a 5. The main advantage of two-way communication over one-way communication is: a. b. c. d.

it is faster it is more flexible it is more accurate it is documented in writing

ANS: c 6. In regard to groups within organizations, the ___________ is composed of activities, sentiments, and interactions that are necessary for the group’s survival. a. b. c. d.

required system personal system official system emergent system

ANS: a 7. One’s behavior is directly caused by one’s attitudes. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. Some roles have a stronger effect on people than others. The role of police officer is one that strongly influences those who play it.

a. True b. False ANS: a 9. According to the text, since every person perceives things differently, all a manager can do is give clear instructions and then use strict discipline against those who do not follow orders. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. According to the text, because the emergent systems that develop in groups usually have negative effects, managers should take forceful action to stamp them out. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. Prejudices are preconceived notions about groups of people. a. True b. False ANS: a 12. ____________ focuses on rewarding correct behavior and punishing incorrect behavior. a. Attitudinal challenging b. Behavior conditioning c. Behavior modification d. Attitude repositioning ANS: c 13. A person’s self-concept is not affected by how other people behave towards them. a. True b. False ANS: b

14. Which of the following is not true about the emergent system? a. Its development is inevitable. b. Emergent system behavior can be counterproductive. c. Emergent system behavior can result in improvements in the required system. d. It is comprised of the personal predispositions that members of an organization bring to the workplace.

ANS: d 15. The major types of police include all of the following except _____________. a. Clean-beat crime fighters b. Problem solvers c. Avoiders d. Warriors ANS: d 16. ____% of a police officer’s time is spent in some form of communication activity. a. b. c. d.

24 10 50 72

ANS: d 17. Formal subgroups are composed of individuals who develop and maintain dissimilar norms and values. a. True b. False ANS: b

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 9 Test Bank 1. The ____________ model of motivation holds that people work mainly to obtain

tangible rewards. a. b. c. d.

coercion economic affective/affiliation growth

ANS: b 2. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if a worker’s basic and security needs are satisfied, he or she will be motivated primarily to satisfy _____________ needs. a. b. c. d.

ideal self needs self-concept needs social needs security needs

ANS: c 3. According to ____________, workers’ motivation is based on the perceived probability that their work will lead to outcomes that they highly desire. a. b. c. d.

equity theory expectancy theory Theory X Theory Y

ANS: b 4. Which of the following is not considered a motivator according to job enrichment? a. b. c. d.

recognition responsibility work relationships advancement

ANS: c 5. An approach to police organizational development that tends to be cost-saving and also helps diversify police organizations is: a. professionalization b. civilianization c. higher education

d. training ANS: b 6. The Hawthorne studies showed that peoples’ performance at work was motivated primarily by money. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, workers are motivated primarily by security needs. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. According to Theory X, people do not like work and will avoid it whenever possible. a. True b. False ANS: a 9. According to job enrichment, improving work factors such as company policies, supervision, and pay results in more motivated workers. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. About 25% of police agencies today require applicants to have a 4-year college degree. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. ___________ is based on the observation that employees work harder when they

have a clear understanding of the goals of the organization and can see how their work contributes to achieving these goals. a. Theory X b. Theory Y c. Management by objectives d. Expectancy theory ANS: c 12. Work conditions, salary, and personal life are considered _______, while recognition, advancement, and responsibility are considered _________. a. Satisfiers, dissatisfiers b. Hygiene factors, motivators c. Necessary, optional d. Motivators, hygiene factors ANS: b 13. ___________ is based on including non-managerial employees in the management process. a. Managerial hierarchy b. Participative management c. Job enrichment d. Organizational development ANS: b 14. Civilianization involves replacing sworn police officers with civilian employees whenever possible. a. True b. False ANS: a 15. Management by objectives is based more on worker self-control than on control imposed by management. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. In accordance with the concept of organizational justice, members of an organization are less likely to work hard if they feel they are treated justly.

a. True b. False ANS: b 17. In accordance with the concept of organizational health, goals must be _______ and clearly expressed. a. b. c. d.

Ambitious Measurable Aligned with department needs Suggested by front-line staff

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 10 Test Bank 1. Which of the following is not one of the three main functions of leadership? a. b. c. d.

definition of structure coordination control motivation facilitation goal and norm clarification

ANS: c 2. _____________ is influence drawn from the leader’s personality, reputation, integrity, attractiveness, and values. a. b. c. d.

Coercion Expertise Charisma Position power

ANS: c 3. _____________ leaders exercise a minimum of direction and control; they avoid making decisions whenever possible. a. Bureaucratic b. Diplomatic c. Participative

d. Free-rein ANS: d 4. According to Fiedler’s situational theory, relationship-oriented leaders are likely to be more successful than task-oriented leaders when: a. b. c. d.

leader–member relations are good in smaller organizations when situational factors are neither positive nor negative, but mixed when task structures are vague and position power is weak

ANS: c 5. According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory, leaders should adapt their leadership styles to: a. b. c. d.

the size of the organization the condition of the economy the task-related maturity of the followers their own personalities and capabilities

ANS: c 6. Leadership and management are two clearly separate organizational functions. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. The main factor that differentiates leadership from management is definition of structure. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. Expertise is a source of influence that derives from the skill, knowledge, and experience of the leader. a. True b. False

ANS: a 9. Diplomatic leaders operate by the book, basing every move on a careful examination of the written guidelines in effect in the organization. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory, leaders are most effective when they adopt the 9/9 style of leadership. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. As shown by numerous studies, there is no specific set of traits or qualities that distinguish a leader from a non-leader. a. True b. False ANS: a 12. According to a national survey of police managers, the highest rated characteristics of effective police leaders were strict enforcement of policies, effective communication, and an autocratic managerial style. a. True b. False ANS: b 13. A police organizational failure that occurs when organizations lose sight of their purpose and strive mainly for their own comfort and survival would be considered: a. Cultural deviation b. Structural failure c. Institutionalization d. Resource diversion ANS: c 14. Which police leadership approach specifies that police managers must first improve

the way they work with their officers before asking the officers to improve the way they deal with the public? a. Top-down approach b. Inside-out approach c. Organizational oversight approach d. Free-rein approach ANS: b 15. All of the following are categories of police organizational failure except _________. a. cultural deviation b. goal misalignment c. normal accidents d. resource diversion ANS: b 16. Organizational failure tends to be sudden rather than incremental. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. Coordination control is primarily carried about by _____________. a. b. c. d.

Chief executives Administrators Line officers Low-level managers

ANS: d

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 11 Test Bank 1. The organization that confines itself solely to official communication channels: a. will work more efficiently b. will be able to prevent the development of an emergent system in the organization

c. will enable employees to meet their personal needs without creating a deviant subculture d. will starve its people of information ANS: d 2. Which of the following is not one of the obstacles to effective lateral communication in organizations? a. b. c. d.

the hierarchy specialization organizational culture organizational size (large organizations)

ANS: c 3. Deciding which patrol officers to promote to sergeant is an example of: a. b. c. d.

a street-level decision a supervisory decision a policy decision an administrative decision

ANS: d 4. ______________ are systems that provide information to patrol officers, detectives, and other employees engaged in direct service to the public. a. b. c. d.

Operations information systems Supervisory information systems Command and control systems Management information systems

ANS: a 5. Which of the following is a good example of a type of problem analysis? a. b. c. d.

operations analysis intelligence analysis policy analysis traffic analysis

ANS: d

6. Unofficial communication channels can exert both positive and negative influences on an organization. a. True b. False ANS: a 7. The main barriers to effective downward communication are the hierarchy and specialization. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. Of all the decisions made in police organizations, street-level decisions are the most dramatic and have the most immediate impact on the public. a. True b. False ANS: a 9. Operations information systems provide information needed for supervisory, allocation, strategic, tactical, policy, and administrative decisions. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. Crime analysis is oriented toward efficiency and provides input primarily to allocation, strategic, and tactical decisions. a. True b. False ANS: b 11. Unofficial communication channels are often more efficient and effective than official channels. a. True b. False

ANS: a 12. The chain of command helps to make downward communication more effective. a. True b. False ANS: b 13. This technological innovation in command in control systems can help by determining which patrol beat a call originated from, routing calls to appropriate dispatchers, and keeping track of incident status and patrol unit status: a. Computer-aided dispatch systems b. Global positioning systems c. 911 systems d. Geographic information systems ANS: a 14. ____________ involves the collection, collation, analysis, and dissemination of information concerning organized crime. a. Operations analysis b. Intelligence analysis c. Policy analysis d. Crime analysis ANS: b 15. Lateral communication is the most traditional and accepted direction of organizational communication. a. True b. False ANS: b 16. Street-level decisions are typically made by the most experienced, highest-ranking personnel. a. True b. False ANS: b

17. In terms of information and police decision making, _________ decisions have historically been given little attention by police administrators a. b. c. d.

Strategic/tactical Supervisory Allocation Administrative

ANS: a

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 12 Test Bank 1. According to the text, in performance measurement, the best way to deal with the fact that police organizations have multiple goals and that the public does not always agree on which goals are most important is: a. b. c. d.

to use multiple measures to choose the measure with the most public support to use a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to use a different measure each year

ANS: a 2. According to the text, objective measures are always preferable to subjective measures because: a. b. c. d.

they are numerical they are easier to combine and analyze they eliminate opinions and emotions none of the above, they are not always preferable

ANS: d 3. Which of the following is not one of the suggestions for reducing supervisor and subordinate dissatisfaction with performance appraisals? a. b. c. d.

characterizing the process as an analysis rather than an evaluation careful training for supervisors engaging the subordinate in the performance analysis process conducting appraisals no more than once per year

ANS: d 4. Ratings and rating scales are commonly used in police performance appraisal. The recommended method for making these as objective as possible is: a. b. c. d.

to have supervisors rate one another’s subordinates to apply behavioral anchors to the rating scales to have supervisors complete the ratings only once per year to have supervisors refer to past-year ratings when doing their appraisals of subordinates

ANS: b 5. The process of systematic collection of information to determine whether programs and strategies are being implemented as intended is called: a. b. c. d.

evaluation performance appraisal monitoring appreciative inquiry

ANS: c 6. According to the text, police organizations are expected to engage in evidence-based practices solely because they are heavily involved in criminal investigation. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. According to the text, police departments should only use objective indicators of performance because they are easier to measure. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. According to the text, the best way to overcome conflict and dissatisfaction with employee performance appraisals is to focus them on personality. a. True b. False

ANS: b 9. Absolute methods of performance appraisal require comparisons between and among employees. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. The most difficult task in evaluating a strategy or program is determining whether the strategy or program caused the outcome. a. True b. False ANS: a 11. There is an established set of measures used by all police departments to evaluate police performance. a. True b. False ANS: b 12. The ________ of data is the extent to which they accurately represent actual performance. a. Validity b. Reliability c. Sustainability d. Applicability ANS: a 13. One of the problems with using rating scales to evaluate employees is that supervisors tend to let their rating of an employee on one measure affect that employee’s measure on other measures. This is known as: a. Central tendency b. Supervisor leniency c. Halo effect d. Career effect ANS: c

14. When evaluating a police organization, it is recommended that the assessment include objective and subjective measures, quantitative and qualitative considerations, and: a. A review of individual employee evaluations b. Attention to inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes c. A comprehensive analysis of relevant crime statistics d. Specific focus on budgetary adherence ANS: b 15. Inside evaluation is recommended whenever a neutral, unbiased assessment is particularly necessary a. True b. False ANS: b 16. Traditional measures of organizational performance, such as UCR statistics, frequently have limited value and lack validity. a. True b. False ANS: a 17. Information on the quality of police performance is needed by: a. Political and administrative officials b. Federal government c. Citizens d. All of the above ANS: d

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition Chapter 13 Test Bank 1. Which of the following is the best statement of the outcome of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?

a. It showed that increased patrols made the public feel safer. b. It resulted in substantial reductions in police staffing all around the country. c. It demonstrated that police chiefs could use alternative strategies without fear of calamity. d. It showed that police departments needed to adopt more modern technology in order to reduce serious crime.

ANS: c 2. According to the most authoritative study, immediate response to reports of serious crimes results in on-scene arrests in about _______ of cases. a. b. c. d.

1% 3% 25% 50%

ANS: b 3. Which of the following plays the smallest role in most criminal investigations today? a. b. c. d.

informants eyewitnesses confessions physical evidence

ANS: d 4. The main difference in findings from the Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, compared to the earlier Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, was: a. b. c. d.

there was no difference; the findings were the same foot patrol failed to have any impact on crime foot patrol officers made fewer arrests people who lived in areas with foot patrol felt safer

ANS: d 5. The main direction of change in police handling of domestic violence over the last 40 years has been: a. police today take more of a conflict resolution and counseling approach b. police today take a more legalistic approach c. police today tend to avoid arrest because of the increased risk of civil liability

d. police today general do not respond, but rather refer the calls to social service agencies ANS: b 6. When police patrol was eliminated in five beats in the famous Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, crime and citizens’ fear of crime both went up dramatically. a. True b. False ANS: b 7. Public satisfaction with the police is directly tied to rapid response when citizens call for assistance. a. True b. False ANS: b 8. The single most important factor in determining whether a case will be solved is the amount of time that detectives spend investigating it. a. True b. False ANS: b 9. The “crime triangle” is analogous to the “Bermuda Triangle” and refers to locations where wanted offenders are able to disappear and evade police capture. a. True b. False ANS: b 10. Studies have tended to find that foot patrol does not reduce crime, but it does make the public feel safer. a. True b. False ANS: a

11. Which of the following is not one of the three cornerstones of traditional police strategy for dealing with crime? a. b. c. d.

Immediate response to calls Follow-up investigations Field interrogations Preventive patrol

ANS: c 12. Studies conducted on investigative work indicate that victims, witnesses, and patrol officers solve more cases than detectives. a. True b. False ANS: a 13. The proactive repeat offender program focuses on offenders who have already been arrested, obtaining information on prior convictions to ensure the full weight of the legal system is applied. a. True b. False ANS: b 14. A targeted approach to policing that has become popular since the 1980s is: a. b. c. d.

Incident-oriented policing Problem-oriented policing Directed patrol Target hardening

ANS: b 15. A child may not be declared missing until they have been missing for at least 24 hours. a. True b. False ANS: b

16. Spreading patrol evenly across districts/beats in a jurisdiction is highly effective. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. Adopting a rapid response refinement, up to ____% of calls can be diverted to alternative responses without risking decreases in citizen satisfaction. a. 37 b. 14 c. 50 d. 78 ANS: c

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition

Chapter 14

Test Bank

1. After 9/11, police responsibilities related to anti-terrorism are primarily a reflection of their increasing role in the __________ system. a. b. c. d.

criminal justice national security safety security

ANS: b

2. The only 9/11 Commission recommendation for which the government subsequently got an “A” grade for significant progress was related to:

a. b. c. d.

airline passenger screening control over weapons of mass destruction using terrorism finance as an intelligence tool interoperability

ANS: c

3. The congressional committee that reviewed the response to Hurricane Katrina found that _____________ played a positive role in restoring law and order.

a. b. c. d.

the media the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) the New Orleans Police Department the military and federal law enforcement

ANS: d

4. In the preparedness cycle, the term “mitigation” refers to activities that are closely related to:

a. b. c. d.

prevention protection response recovery

ANS: a

5. Which of the following is not true regarding NIMS, the National Incident Management System?

a. b. c. d.

It places the federal government in charge of any major incidents.

It encourages the use of plain language rather than codes.

It is intended to be used for “all hazards,” not just major crimes.

It is intended to enable coordination among different agencies and jurisdictions.

ANS: a

6. According to the 9/11 Commission, one of the areas of homeland security in which the most improvement has been made since 2001 is denying access to weapons of mass destruction to terrorists.

a. True b. False ANS: b

7. Local, state, and federal authorities were able to provide a well-coordinated response during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, thanks to effective interoperability of communications and information systems.

a. True b. False ANS: b

8. When the Department of Homeland Security was created in 2003, all federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies were consolidated under one cabinet-level department.

a. True b. False ANS: b

9. Historically, the intelligence community has been better at horizontal information sharing (among federal agencies) than vertical information sharing (with state and local agencies).

a. True b. False ANS: a

10. It is estimated that about 85% of the nation’s critical infrastructure is privately owned.

a. True b. False ANS: a

11.

Police, along with fire protection personnel, emergency medical staff, public health officials, and hospital staff, play a vital role in the __________ system.

a. b. c. d.

safety security criminal justice national security

ANS: a

12. According to the text, one of the most significant technological challenges faced by law enforcement is:

a. b. c. d.

outdated equipment interoperability data security miscommunication

ANS: b

13. Creation of the Department of Homeland Security caused a shift in responsibilities, resulting in the FBI handling more of the investigations that once might have been handled by state or local police.

a. True b. False ANS: b

14. One of the police department’s most important roles in the recovery portion of the preparedness cycle is:

a. b. c. d.

creating evacuation plans clean-up efforts continuity of operations identification of victims

ANS: c

15. Intelligence-led policing is a collaboration of community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing, along with improved intelligence operations.

a. True b. False ANS: a

16. About 75% of terrorism-related deaths that occurred in the US between 2010 and 2019 were caused by:

a. Single issue terrorists b. Far-right extremists c.

International terrorists

d. Animal rights extremists

ANS: b

17. Terrorism and crime are mutually exclusive.

a. True b. False

ANS: b

Gary W. Cordner: Police Administration, 11th Edition

Chapter 15

Test Bank

2. Which of the following was not one of the community engagement activities that at least 75% of agencies had implemented, according to a 2002 study?

e. Citizens participate in Neighborhood Watch.

f. Citizens attend citizen police academies. g. Citizens have input on officer performance appraisals. h. Police have victim-assistance programs.

ANS: c

2. The most common reason for police agencies to consider privatizing certain functions has been:

e. f. g. h.

to reduce government control to limit risk and liability to cut costs to increase effectiveness

ANS: c

3. Because of the existence of local, state, and federal agencies with overlapping jurisdictions, coordination and cooperation are essential to avoid:

e. f. g. h.

waste interference conflict all of the above

ANS: d

4. A byproduct of globalization has been an increase in transnational crime.

e. True f. False

ANS: a

5. Events in which town(s) in 2014 and 2015 sparked nationwide attention to police seemingly excessive force?

c. d. e. f.

use of

Ferguson, MO New York City, NY North Charleston, SC All of the above

ANS: d

6. In the United States, only African Americans believe that the problem of racial profiling is widespread.

c. True d. False

ANS: b

7. The dimension of police diversity that has been hardest to achieve is employment of:

c. d. e. f.

women officers Black officers Asian officers Hispanic/Latinx officers

ANS: a

8. Predictive policing based on data and algorithms may promote continued discrimination:

c. True

d. False

ANS: a

9.

All of the following are components of emotional intelligence, except:

a. motivation b. sympathy c. self-regulation d. social skill

ANS: b 10. The concept of servant leadership emphasizes that leaders should see their role as serving their organization, both employees and customers/clients.

a. True b. False

ANS: a

11. Racial profiling is no longer viewed as an issue for police administrators to consider.

a. True b. False

ANS: b

12. The report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing emphasized the for police to build trust and nurture legitimacy.

need

a. True b. False

ANS: a

13. Police agencies’ use of targeted recruiting strategies in an attempt to achieve a more diversified police force has been ineffective nationally.

a. True b. False

ANS: b

14. Predictive policing involves the use of surveillance and data algorithms.

a. True b. False

ANS: a

15. Using studies and scientific research to guide police practices and decisions is considered:

a. b. c. d.

systems thinking police technology evidence-based policing emotional intelligence

ANS: c

16. Egoism among police executives:

a. Emphasizes “I” over “we” b. Ignores and demeans employees at lower levels of the organization c. Results in overt demonstrations of respect from subordinates d. All of the above

ANS: d

17. It is universally recognized that police and citizens need to work together.

a. True b. False

ANS: a