Test Bank For Philosophy 11th Edition By Brooke Noel Moore, Kenneth Bruder Chapter 1-17

Test Bank For Philosophy 11e By Brooke Noel Moore, Kenneth Bruder Chapter 1-17

Chapter 01 Dark Blue Velvet Multiple Choice Questions

1. _____ is defined as the philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art.

A. Aesthetics B. Epistemology C. Logic D. Metaphysics

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Which of the following branches of philosophy does NOT involve questions related to values?

A. Moral B. Metaphysics C. Social D. Political

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. In philosophy, what is an argument?

A. a factual disagreement between people B. giving reasons for a belief C. a shouting match D. any verbal attempt to persuade

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Thinking that a person's position is frightening because the person himself is frightening would be an obvious mistake in reasoning. This is an example of the fallacy of _____.

A. argumentum ad hominem B. switching the burden of proof C. false dilemma D. reductio ad absurdum

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. The fallacy of _____ occurs when someone brings an irrelevancy into a conversation.

A. appeal to emotion B. red herring C. straw man D. begging the question

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. The fallacy of _____ amounts to transferring the qualities of a spokesperson to his or her insights, arguments, beliefs, or positions.

A. red herring B. begging the question C. straw man D. argumentum ad hominem

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. What fallacy is it when an argument assumes only two options when in fact there are more?

A. straw man B. false dilemma C. begging the question D. appeal to emotion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 8. Philosophy once included modern disciplines like physics and biology.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Philosophical issues are rarely about values.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Traditionally, philosophy has been divided into four main branches.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Art and beauty are primarily topics within social philosophy.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Metaphysics, the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with questions related to knowledge.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Critical thinking skills that come with the practice of philosophizing can stand one in good stead when faced with the problems life generously provides.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. If I refute a view that isn't your view and claim to have refuted you, then I have committed the "straw man" fallacy.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Philosophy requires objectivity, reasonableness, and an open mind.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 02 The Pre-Socratics

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and fundamental properties of _____.

A. knowledge B. god C. beauty D. being

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Epistemology is the branch that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of _____.

A. knowledge B. being C. good and bad D. politics

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Thales, Anaximenes, and Anaximander are collectively known as the _____.

A. Atomists B. Pythagoreans C. Milesians D. Particle Theorists

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim?

A. Numbers are unreal.

B. Everything is in accordance with number.

C. Everything is made out of numbers.

D. Reality is totally material.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus?

A. change B. permanence C. water D. apeiron

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. What is reality according to a follower of Parmenides?

A. one and changing B. one and unchanging C. many and changing D. many and unchanging

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. According to Empedocles, which of the following is the cause of change?

A. nous B. condensation and rarefaction C. logos D. love and strife

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Which of the following statements is true about Anaxagoras?

A. He introduced into metaphysics an important distinction, that between matter and mind.

B. He thought that basic particles were indivisible.

C. He held that there were four different kinds of particles.

D. He believed that particles were always in motion.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Which of the following statements is true about Empedocles?

A. He simply assumed some very basic principles and attempted to deduce from these what he thought must be the true nature of being.

B. He thought that true reality is permanent and unchangeable, yet he also thought it absurd to dismiss the change one experiences as mere illusion.

C. He wished to call attention to what he thought was the essential feature of reality; namely, that it is ceaselessly changing.

D. He taught that each thing contains its opposite, just as, for example, people are simultaneously young and old and coming into and going out of existence.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Who among the following were regarded as the Atomists?

A. Leucippus and Democritus B. Anaximander and Anaximenes C. Pythagoras and Thales D. Heraclitus and Parmenides

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Which is a theme common to all the pre-Socratics?

A. Nothing changes.

B. Everything is made of particles.

C. The experienced world is a manifestation of a more fundamental underlying reality.

D. True reality is unknowable.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 12. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions about being and reality.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Anaximander refused to identify the basic stuff with any observable substance.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. According to Aristotle, Pythagoras claimed that all things were made out of numbers.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Pythagoras is famous for the remark attributed to him, "You cannot step in the same river twice."

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Zeno tried to refute Parmenides's claim that being does not change.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. The view that future states and events are completely determined by preceding states and events is called determinism.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 03 Socrates, Plato

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The most famous dialogue of Plato is _____, from the so-called middle period of Plato's writings, during which Plato reached the peak of his genius.

A. the Republic B. the Apology C. the Meno D. the Gorgias

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Which of the following dialogues of Plato gives the best-known account of the Theory of Forms?

A. the Apology B. the Republic C. the Meno D. the Gorgias

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. What did Socrates hope to achieve by practicing the Socratic method?

A. He hoped to show that knowledge is impossible.

B. He wanted to show that a skillful debater could win any side of any argument.

C. He wanted to display the fact that he was indeed the wisest man in all of Greece.

D. He wanted to detect misconceptions and reveal them by asking the right questions.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Which of the following statements would Plato have agreed with?

A. The senses alone can provide knowledge.

B. Physical objects are eternal, perfect, and unchanging.

C. Man is the measure of all things.

D. The senses are a source of error, illusion, and ignorance.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Plato's three famous theories are as follows: A. the Theory of Forms, the Theory of Knowledge, and the Theory of the Oracle.

B. the Theory of Fire and Becoming, the Tunnel Theory, and the Theory of Knowledge.

C. the Theory of Becoming, the Theory of Relativity, and the Theory of the Absolute Truth.

D. the Theory of Knowledge, the Theory of Love and Becoming, and the Theory of Forms.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. When the Delphi Oracle pronounced Socrates to be the wisest of people, Socrates thought the pronouncement referred to the fact that he: A. was aware of the ignorance of most other philosophers.

B. was aware of his ignorance.

C. was aware of everything and nothing.

D. never wrote anything.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 7. Sometimes Plato's Forms are referred to as Ideas, and the Theory of Forms is also said to be the Theory of Ideas.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. The Socratic/dialectic method is a search for the proper definition of a thing, a definition that will not permit refutation under Socratic questioning.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Plato believed that some forms, especially the Forms "truth", "beauty", and "goodness", are of a higher order than other Forms.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Platonic dualism was utterly rejected by early Christianity.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Cratylus thought that one couldn't step into the same river even once.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Protagoras was rejecting absolute knowledge when he said that man is the measure of all things.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Plato believed that it is enough to know the truth.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Socrates did not merely engage in sophistry—he was not interested in arguing simply for the sake of arguing.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 04 Aristotle

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term _____ is owed to Aristotle, or at least to those who cataloged his works.

A. moral philosophy B. metaphysics C. epistemology D. political philosophy

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ten basic categories Aristotle used to describe the ways in which humans think about things?

A. posture B. activity C. quality D. weight

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Aristotle believed that humans have _____ souls, which form a single unity.

A. one B. two C. three D. four

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Aristotle's works include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A. the Confessions B. the Metaphysics C. the Poetics D. the Nicomachean Ethics

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following works of Aristotle consisted of six treatises on logic?

A. the Organum B. the Physics C. the Eudemian Ethics D. the De Anima

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Which of the following works of Aristotle dealt with natural science?

A. the Rhetoric B. the Eudemian Ethics C. the Nicomachean Ethics D. the Politics

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. What does Aristotle mean by the efficient cause of a thing?

A. What is it made of?

B. What made it?

C. What sort of thing is it?

D. What is it good for?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. If you want to say what a thing is, which of Aristotle's four causes must you provide?

A. the final cause B. the efficient cause C. the formal cause D. the material cause

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. What did Aristotle say about change?

A. It is an illusion.

B. It is a movement from potentiality to actuality.

C. It is a movement from actuality to potentiality.

D. It doesn't require God.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. What is a syllogism?

A. a logical fallacy B. a kind of inference C. any group of three propositions D. a complete description of a thing

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 11. Aristotle wrote Politics.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Aristotle defined humans as irrational animals.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. The Third Man argument is an extension of the Theory of Forms.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. In Aristotle's opinion, each thing is a combination of matter and form.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Aristotle was the first philosopher to discuss being in terms of existence and essence or, more exactly, in terms of existence and substance.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. According to Aristotle, universals exist separately or apart from particulars.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Aristotle sought to define things by determining how a thing is similar to other things and how it is specifically different.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 05 Philosophers of the Hellenistic and Christian Eras

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following ancient traditions did Plotinus represent?

A. Stoicism B. Epicureanism C. Skepticism D. Neoplatonism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. What is asserted by the principle of noncontradiction?

A. People who don't contradict themselves are rational.

B. A proposition and its contradiction cannot both be false at the same time.

C. A proposition and its contradiction can't both be true.

D. If two propositions don't contradict each other then both of them are true.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. What did Hypatia think about the study of mathematics and astronomy?

A. The study was useful in finding practical solutions to practical problems on earth.

B. The study was an amusing diversion and, like philosophy, just idle speculation.

C. The study was a way of proving the truth of Christianity.

D. The study was a way of checking metaphysical and epistemological features of Plato's, Aristotle's, and Plotinus's philosophies against the physical universe.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Those who think that universal terms like "man" denote something that exists outside the mind subscribe to _____.

A. conceptualism B. realism C. druidism D. abstractionism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Those who think that they can account for universal terms without invoking universals either as real things out there in the world or as concepts in the mind subscribe to _____.

A. nominalism B. conceptualism C. abstractionism D. determinism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Which of the following views did Aquinas accept?

A. A physical thing is composed of matter and form.

B. All reality is material.

C. Forms exist independently of matter.

D. Nothing changes.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following views of Aristotle did Aquinas disagree with?

A. Physical things are always a blend of matter plus form.

B. The essence of a thing is the same as its existence.

C. One and the same form (universal) can be in more than one physical thing (particular).

D. Change is explained in terms of four causes: the formal, the material, the efficient, and the final.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. What did Aquinas maintain concerning the soul?

A. It is the passive potentiality of the body.

B. It is finite and destructible.

C. It cannot exist without the body.

D. It is a direct creation of God.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 9. Plotinus believed in a personal God as the source of all reality and truth.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. St. Augustine regarded Plotinus and Plato as having prepared him for Christianity by exposing him to important Christian principles before he encountered them in scripture.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Hypatia set forth the Ten Tropes, a collection of ten arguments by the ancient skeptics against the possibility of knowledge.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Augustine thought that God was within time, which is an objective feature of the world.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. The Academics and the Pyrrhonists are modified skeptics.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Sextus Empiricus believed that occasionally we perceive things as they really are.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. St. Augustine used the principle of noncontradiction to refute Academic skepticism.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. For Aquinas, "what" a thing is (its essence) is not the same as "that" it is (its existence).

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Thomistic cosmology (theory of the universe as an ordered whole) is based on a geocentric view of the universe, and this is also true of Aquinas's psychology.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. Regarding universals, conceptualism is the thought that universal terms refer to something that really exists outside of the mind.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 06 The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Rene Descartes, "clarity and distinctness" was a mark of _____.

A. God B. goodness C. truth D. rationality

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Which of the following claims did Descartes use to establish the certainty of his own existence?

A. To be is to be perceived.

B. I think, therefore I am.

C. Nothing exists except bodies in motion.

D. Every created thing has both mental and physical properties.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Some of Descartes's followers proposed a solution to the problem of how the immaterial mind interacts with the material body, given that the body is supposed to be subject to physical laws. The solution is called _____.

A. parallelism B. epicureanism C. determinism D. druidism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Which of the following statements would Thomas Hobbes have accepted?

A. The mind and the body are separate and distinct substances.

B. All psychological states derive ultimately from perception.

C. Reasoning is not based on perceptions.

D. To be is to be perceived.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Anne Conway, God _____.

A. is part mental, part physical B. is in time and space and subject to change C. created the universe in a single creation event D. is an eternal creator

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. The most famous monadology in the history of philosophy is that of _____.

A. Thomas Hobbes B. Baron von Leibniz C. Benedictus de Spinoza D. Gottfried Wilhelm

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics?

A. materialism B. idealism C. dualism D. monadology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. What did George Berkeley mean about such things as tables and chairs when he denied the existence of matter?

A. There are no unperceived tables and chairs.

B. There are no tables and chairs.

C. Tables and chairs are really just swarms of particles in motion.

D. Everything, including tables and chairs, is an illusion.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 9. Descartes employed skepticism as a method of achieving certainty.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Hobbes would maintain that the green we experience when seeing a green lawn is in fact in the particles making up the lawn.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Conway argued that, since God is an eternal creator, the universe did not have a specific moment of creation.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Representative realism holds that all of our perceptions of an external object are accurate copies of the object.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Empiricists argue that all of our knowledge comes from sense experience.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. For Berkeley, no sensible object can exist unperceived.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Leibniz and Newton, independent of each other, developed the calculus—and at the time, there was bitter controversy over who did so first.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. According to the basic and plausible assumptions followed by Leibniz, the principle of the identity of indiscernibles states that there is a sufficient reason why things are exactly as they are and are not otherwise.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 07 The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to David Hume, what do we directly observe?

A. physical objects B. sense impressions C. ourselves D. our brains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. According to David Hume, the self is a(n) _____.

A. sequence of perceptions B. immaterial, unchanging substance C. physical body D. social entity

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to Hume, why can't we have knowledge on the relation of cause and effect?

A. We can never observe a constant conjunction between events.

B. We can never observe the cause and the effect at the same time.

C. We can never observe a necessary connection between events.

D. We can never observe the atoms that make up the cause and the effect of events.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to David Hume, why can't past experience justify claims about the future?

A. Our knowledge of past experience depends on memory, which cannot be known to be accurate.

B. Tricky question! Hume does think that past experience can justify claims about the future.

C. Because we can never know if we are the same person as the person we seem to remember being, past experience cannot be a guide to claims about our future.

D. We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Immanuel Kant, perception is the: A. same as sense impressions.

B. organizing principle of the mind.

C. application of the organizing principles of the mind to sense impressions.

D. direct awareness of noumenal objects.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. According to Immanuel Kant, the world being "noumenal" means the _____.

A. world as it is in itself, independent of our experiences B. world as it is presented to us through our experiences C. world of mind D. world of matter

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das Dingan-sich)?

A. because they have not yet been experienced B. because they are not physical in nature C. because they are not mental in nature D. because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Which of the following statements is true about Immanuel Kant?

A. He argued that a stream of sensations could not qualify as experience unless the stream was unified and conceptualized by the mind as the experience of external objects.

B. He held that the objective world is an unfolding or expression of infinite thought, and the individual mind is the vehicle of infinite thought reflecting on itself.

C. He argued that reality, the Absolute, is not a group of independent particulars or states of affairs, but rather an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically connected with all the rest.

D. He based psychoanalysis on the concept that human actions stem not from rationality but from unconscious drives and instincts in what he called the "id," or "it" part of the self.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Arguments that attempt to establish something as a necessary precondition of the possibility of experience are called _____.

A. wax arguments B. paradigm case arguments C. third man arguments D. transcendental arguments

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. According to the philosophy of Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between "being real" and "being knowable"?

A. No reality is knowable.

B. All reality is knowable.

C. Some reality is knowable and some aren't.

D. Only God is ultimately unknowable.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. According to Hegel, the highest reality (the absolute) is _____.

A. the entire material world B. a God who exists beyond the world C. an infinite thought thinking of itself D. a vast group of independent particulars

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 12. Hume discovered that he did not experience a cause actually producing an effect.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. The absolute idealists refused to accept Kant's belief in an unknowable reality.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. For Hegel, nothing is completely real or true except the sum total of reality, the Absolute.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Copernicus argued that the mind imposes certain categories on the objects of experience and that this is what makes it possible to have knowledge of the world of experience.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. From the perspective of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the cosmos and its history are the concrete expressions of thought.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Schopenhauer believed humans are rational in their actions.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. David Hume wrote the Critique of Pure Reason.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. According to Schopenhauer, the will structures the phenomenal world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 08 The Continental Tradition

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which philosophical tradition includes existentialism and phenomenology?

A. Analytic philosophy B. absolute idealism C. Continental philosophy D. pragmatism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Identify a true statement about Søren Kierkegaard.

A. He scorned Hegel's system, in which the individual dissolves into a kind of abstract unreality.

B. He read Arthur Schopenhauer and became convinced that the world is driven by cosmic will, not by reason.

C. He believed that systematic philosophy, with its grandiose schemes, with its mind-body and other dualistic splits, with its metaphysics and metaphysical traditions, must give way to more original kind of thinking.

D. He agreed with Friedrich Nietzsche as to the nature of the cosmic will.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. What was the fundamental philosophical question for Albert Camus?

A. Does God exist?

B. Is there any reason not to commit suicide?

C. What should I wear to my funeral?

D. Will I survive death?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to Albert Camus, how can we give life meaning and value?

A. Kill yourself.

B. Seek God. C. Rebel against the absurd.

D. It can't be done.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following statements is true about Martin Heidegger?

A. He was sympathetic to the Marxist worldview.

B. He believed that, as a consequence of the nonexistence of God, nothing about Being is necessary.

C. He abandoned his belief in Being as the basic principle of philosophy.

D. He believed that people are basically ignorant about the thing that matters most—the true nature of Being.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. According to Jean-Paul Sartre, a human being is abandoned and that means _____.

A. technology no longer serves human needs B. there is no God C. there is no other life in the solar system D. we must all die

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Identify a true statement about Jean-Paul Sartre.

A. He believed that there is a specific essence that defines what it is to be human.

B. He believed that a human being is a self-aware or conscious subject that creates its own future.

C. He believed that the essence of being human is being rational.

D. He believed that God created human beings in accordance with a divine concept.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. An authentic existence can be found, according to Heidegger, only if one can _____.

A. believe in God B. believe in the superior man C. take responsibility for one's choices D. understand oneself as a totality

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. _____ developed transcendental phenomenology, whose purpose was to investigate phenomena without making any assumptions about the world.

A. Jean-Paul Sartre B. Martin Heidegger C. Edmund Husserl D. Søren Kierkegaard

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. What did Michel Foucault claim concerning epistemes?

A. They form a continuous series leading to the advancement of truth over superstition.

B. They are "created realities" that are the ground of true and false in each era.

C. They are discovered, not made.

D. They can be the basis of objective truth claims.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. For French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is culture?

A. a system of signs B. a conversation C. a common heritage D. a common language

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. What would Jacques Derrida say about the definitive meaning of a text?

A. He maintained that the definitive meaning of a text means whatever the author intended for it to mean.

B. He maintained that the definitive meaning of a text means whatever the reader understands it to mean.

C. He maintained that the definitive meaning of a text means whatever the majority of experts take it to mean.

D. He maintained that no definitive meaning of a text could ever be established.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Which term is NOT generally associated with Jacques Derrida?

A. epistemes B. deconstructive method C. semiotics D. the free play of signifiers

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Who searched for a group of rules that accounts for the social complexities of even socalled primitive cultures?

A. Jacques Derrida B. Michel Foucault C. Martin Heidegger D. Claude Levi-Strauss

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Who among the following thought it was impossible to totalize everything that exists as nothing is finite?

A. Jacques Derrida B. Michel Foucault C. Martin Heidegger D. Alain Badiou

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Critical theory is associated with _____.

A. Jacques Derrida B. Michel Foucault C. Martin Heidegger D. Jürgen Habermas

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Who made the study of multiplicity the centerpiece of his thought?

A. Michel Foucault B. Ferdinand de Saussure C. Jürgen Habermas D. Gilles Deleuze

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 18. The tradition in philosophy whose roots trace to Modern rationalism eventually came to be known as Analytic philosophy.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Arthur Schopenhauer thought that human actions are driven by a blind, purposeless cosmic will.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. For Albert Camus, suicide is a better option than simply rebelling against the absurdity of life.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. According to Sartre, humans are both thrown into existence and condemned to freedom.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22. Edmund Husserl's "phenomenological reduction" is the process of investigating phenomena without making any assumptions about the nature or existence of an external, objective world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23. In Jürgen Habermas' ideal speech situation, only those with the knowledge of and respect for the controlling ideology of a society should be allowed to participate in a debate.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

24. In his study on discourses, Michel Foucault discovered a steady advancement of truth over superstition as time goes by.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

25. For structural linguists like Ferdinand de Saussure, the meaning of a sign (signifier) rests in its contrast with other signs that could be, but are not, present.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26. Heidegger and Sartre are quite different philosophically, despite the superficial resemblance.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

27. Politically, Sartre considered himself a Marxist and accepted much of the Marxist view of historical events.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

28. For Jacques Derrida, the meanings of words are not stable.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29. Claude Lévi-Strauss abandoned Saussure's methods while conducting his ethnographic research.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30. Jacques Derrida followed the deconstructive method.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

31. Michael Foucault wrote The History of Sexuality.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

32. Jürgen Habermas' views were considered Marxist.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

33. Alain Badiou held that philosophers can learn nothing from mathematicians.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34. For Foucault, genealogy wasn't about power; it was about knowledge.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 09

The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following views about truth is held by pragmatists in general?

A. Truth is what all investigators will ultimately agree to.

B. Truth is relative to place, time, and purpose.

C. Truth is what works for the individual.

D. Truth is unchanging.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Philosophical analysis attempts to: A. resolve complex propositions or concepts into simpler ones.

B. integrate separate, simpler propositions into a more complex, but more complete, whole.

C. show that the concept of objective truth leads to unresolvable paradoxes.

D. replace object-talk with sense-data talk.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to the logical positivists, which of the following determines the meaning of an assertion purporting to be about reality?

A. the intentions of the writer or speaker B. the public definitions of the words involved C. the use to which the assertion is put D. the observations that verify it

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to logical atomists, the world is a collection of: A. atomic facts.

B. physical atoms.

C. immaterial minds.

D. sense-data.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following best expresses phenomenalism as a metaphysical theory?

A. Physical objects don't exist, just sense-data.

B. Sense-data don't exist, just physical objects.

C. Sense-data are caused by, but not identical to, physical objects.

D. Physical objects are definable in terms of sense-data.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. According to epistemological foundationalism, a belief becomes knowledge when it: A. is clearly and distinctly true.

B. logically follows from other beliefs that cannot be doubted.

C. follows from other beliefs that are true.

D. meets the current standards of rationality of the group to which a person belongs.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following perspectives is held by antirepresentationalists?

A. Beliefs do not represent reality.

B. True beliefs are those that hang together in a coherent fashion.

C. True beliefs are those that most members of a group consent to.

D. Beliefs correctly represent the world as it is.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Which of the following is a universal?

A. Barack Obama B. the U.S. Constitution C. pen D. France

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Which philosopher is associated with the idea of a language game?

A. Russell B. Rorty C. Dewey D. Wittgenstein

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Necessary truths are: A. true statements that could be false.

B. true statements that could not possibly be false.

C. statements known to be true independently of any experience.

D. statements known to be true through experience.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Which of the following is an ontological question?

A. Do selves exist?

B. Is torture justified?

C. Is knowledge subjective?

D. Do democracies lead to tyranny?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Which of the following statements is true of Richard Rorty?

A. He is considered to be a theist.

B. His philosophy is dependent on the Hegelian Oneness.

C. He believed that standards are independent of culture.

D. He maintained that starting points are contingent.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Who is most likely to have written "There is no method for knowing when one has reached the truth, or when one is closer than ever before"?

A. Jacques Derrida B. Michel Foucault C. Richard Rorty D. Jürgen Habermas

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 14. John Dewey was primarily interested in abstract metaphysical issues.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. The logical positivists rejected metaphysical and moral claims as meaningless nonsense.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Bertrand Russell argued that the world consists of many independent atomic facts rather than a single all-encompassing Hegelian Oneness.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Phenomenalists believe that there are no physical objects, just sense-data.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. The perceived failure of phenomenalism led philosophers like Richard Rorty to adopt a foundationalist view of knowledge.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. According to W. V. O. Quine, physical objects are theoretical posits, not constructs of sense-data.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. Rorty adopts a nonrealist, nonrepresentationalist conception of truth as that which meets the current standards of rationality of a particular group of speakers.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. Ludwig Wittgenstein rejected his own ideas in Tractatus as resting on an incorrect portrayal of the relation of language to the world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22. Indeterminacy of translation is the idea that alternative incompatible translations of a language are equally compatible with the linguistic behavior of adherents or speakers.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23. According to Saul Kripke, the meaning of a proper name for a thing is synonymous with a description of the thing.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

24. According to ontological realism, ontological investigation can disclose objective truth.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

25. Richard Rorty maintains that, even though each culture has its own constraints on inquiry (standards of rational discourse), there are universal constraints on inquiry that define the objective standpoint for everyone.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 10 Moral Philosophy

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is considered a moral evil by Plato?

A. willful disobedience of God B. unnaturalness C. ignorance of the good D. desiring what is known to be bad

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. According to Plato, Form goodness is apprehended by: A. the senses.

B. reason.

C. emotions.

D. mystical vision.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to Plato, when the intellect itself is governed by reason, we exhibit: A. temperance.

B. courage.

C. wisdom.

D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to Aristotle, human happiness consists of: A. pleasure.

B. danger.

C. pain.

D. devotion.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Epicurus, which desires may be occasionally satisfied when doing so does not lead to discomfort or pain?

A. desires that are both natural and necessary B. desires that are natural but not necessary C. desires that are neither natural nor necessary D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Which of the following pieces of advice is more likely to come from a Stoic?

A. Have as much fun as possible.

B. Become self-reliant and accept your fate in life with serenity and calm indifference.

C. The best life is the cautious pursuit of simple pleasures.

D. Live in a barrel in the streets.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. According to St. Augustine, moral evil comes from _____.

A. misdirected love B. misguided education C. a force of darkness D. the body and its urges

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Which of the following ideas was central to Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of values?

A. Good and evil simply denote that which a person desires or hates.

B. Human happiness consists of pleasure and reason.

C. Moral evil is a case of misdirected love.

D. A natural law governs all morality, and human behavior must conform to it.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. According to Immanuel Kant, principles of morality can only be ascertained by: A. reason.

B. God. C. consequences.

D. nature.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. According to John Stuart Mill, why should we seek to raise the general happiness rather than just our own?

A. Our own happiness coincides with the general happiness.

B. God commands us to further the general happiness.

C. No one can rationally will that everyone ignore the general happiness.

D. By its very nature, morality singles out no one for preferential treatment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. For Nietzsche, who or what is the source of ethical truth?

A. God B. the Superman C. the ruler of a state D. slaves

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. According to Plato, _____ is the virtue that obtains when all elements of the soul function as they should in obedience to reason.

A. temperance B. justice C. wisdom D. courage

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. According to the Stoics, _____ is the vital force that activates or energizes all things.

A. natural law B. divine law C. God D. morality

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 14. Socrates believed that non-virtuous conduct is usually the result of willing evil.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Plato held that the ultimate source of reality and goodness lies beyond the physical, natural world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Aristotle thought that the key to happiness is having a soul that is well ordered.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. The Epicureans and the Stoics agreed that the good life is the pleasant life.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. St. Augustine believed that the existence of the Devil is the best explanation of why there is evil in a world created by a totally good God. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. St. Hildegard believed that mystical experience was a source of knowledge as certain as reason.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. St. Thomas Aquinas held that there were two sets of virtues, one set directing us to happiness on earth and the other directing us to everlasting happiness.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. Thomas Hobbes thought that one has the natural right to use all means necessary to defend oneself or otherwise ensure one's survival.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22. David Hume believed that moral judgments are based on reasoning from the observed facts of a situation.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23. Unlike the utilitarians, who based morality on consequences, Kant held that morality is categorical and thus must be based solely on reason.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 11 Political Philosophy

Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the form of the ideal state according to Plato?

A. It is an absolute monarchy run by the most powerful for his or her own sake.

B. It is a direct, participatory democracy in which every citizen has an equal share in ruling.

C. It is an aristocracy ruled by an elite group of intellectually superior individuals.

D. Plato did not think that there is any single form that the ideal state must take.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. What is the form of the ideal state for Aristotle?

A. It is an absolute monarchy run by the most powerful for his or her own sake.

B. It is a direct, participatory democracy in which every citizen has an equal share in ruling.

C. It is an aristocracy ruled by an elite group of intellectually superior individuals.

D. Aristotle didn't think there is any single form that the ideal state must take.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, which of the following is true of natural law?

A. When there is a conflict between natural law and human law, human law takes precedence.

B. It is the eternal law of God as it applies to man on earth.

C. It is a mutual agreement between people, not between people on one hand and the state on the other.

D. It is the laws and statutes of society that are derived from man's understanding of human law.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. _____ is the idea that the legitimacy of the state and the principles of sound justice derive their legitimacy from a societal agreement.

A. Eternal law B. Communism C. Contractualism D. General will

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following best describes Locke's governmental contract?

A. The people collectively give up their natural rights to a single sovereign power who is not a party to the agreement.

B. The people delegate or entrust their natural rights to a divided government, retaining the right to revolt if the government violates its trust.

C. The people collectively agree to let the most intelligent among them, the philosophers, rule them.

D. Locke wasn't a contractarian theorist.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. According to Rousseau, which of the following determines what is right and wrong and should and should not be done?

A. the will of all B. the general will C. God's will D. natural law

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. In which of the following was the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional established?

A. The Declaration of Independence B. The original Constitution C. The Bill of Rights D. Marbury v. Madison

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Which of the following did Harriet Taylor support?

A. The toleration of nonconformist thought and lifestyles B. The belief that virtually all differences between men and women are natural C. The view that social and political reform concerning women should be limited to giving them the vote D. The view that consequences don't matter when it comes to determining the rightness or wrongness of our acts, rules, or institutions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. John Stuart Mill believed that: A. one has God-given natural rights.

B. one should seek personal happiness.

C. one should seek general happiness.

D. one should seek happiness for others.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Karl Marx viewed human history as the struggle between two classes. What are they?

A. a dominant class consisting of men and a subordinate class consisting of women and children B. a dominant class that owns and controls the means of production and a subordinate class that doesn't C. a dominate class of white Europeans and a subordinate class of nonwhite non-Europeans D. a dominant class of the priesthood and a subordinate class of the laity

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 11. Plato and Aristotle were both fans of democracy and basic human equality.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. For Plato, the state is a living organism whose well-being must be sought by its subjects.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Aristotle held that a state could be good or bad regardless of the form of its government.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. According to both St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, only Christians can attain knowledge of the natural law.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Thomas Hobbes defined justice as the keeping of covenants, and he believed that it can only exist if there is a state powerful enough to force people to do it.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. John Locke held that the right to property did not exist prior to the existence of the state.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Even in his early writings, Jean-Jacques Rousseau maintained that true freedom requires the existence of the state.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. Classic liberals believe in toleration of nonconformity and as much personal liberty as possible.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. John Locke held that the state is created and acquires its legitimacy by an agreement or social compact on the part of its citizens and subjects.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. Karl Marx thought that the ideal society was a classless one without any exploitation or alienation.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 12 Recent Moral and Political Philosophy

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following descriptions best explains G. E. Moore's idea of good?

A. pleasure B. power C. personal affection and aesthetic enjoyment D. indefinable

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. According to the emotivists, what do moral judgments do?

A. They guide conduct.

B. They assert facts.

C. They express emotion and encourage others to feel the same way.

D. They create value.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Which of the following is true of John Rawls's original position?

A. It leads to an entitlement view of justice.

B. It ensures that people do not tailor their conception of justice to their own case.

C. It is the position of a person in a socio-political world before the introduction of a veil of ignorance.

D. It is the social position of people in their current, real-life societies.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Identify Rawls's position on the just distribution of income and wealth in a society.

A. It should be unequal unless a more equal distribution would benefit everyone.

B. It should be equal unless an unequal distribution would benefit everyone.

C. It should always be equal.

D. It should be based on effort, talent, and accomplishments.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Why does Robert Nozick believe that any state that goes beyond the minimal state is unjust?

A. Such a state fails to achieve communitarian consensus on the good.

B. Such a state violates persons' rights not to be forced to do certain things.

C. Such a state would not be agreed to by rational, self-interested individuals in a fair initial bargaining situation.

D. Nozick is an anarchist libertarian who doesn't think that any state is just.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. According to Michael Walzer, what is a thick moral argument?

A. a moral argument that takes into account the actual, particular details of the political association or culture involved B. a moral argument that focuses on abstract, universal questions of value, obligation, and justice C. a moral argument that is dense and hard to understand D. a moral argument that is systematic rather than piecemeal moral argument

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following is the political philosophy based on the desire to preserve past social and political traditions and practices?

A. conservatism B. communism C. fascism D. socialism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. The attempt to understand the sources and criteria of moral value judgments is known as: A. metaethics.

B. normative ethics.

C. deontological ethics.

D. prima facie duty.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Identify a true statement about Marcuse's philosophical position.

A. He perceived a weakening of the integration of the working classes into society.

B. He believed that morality means creating something and then making money from it.

C. He developed the ideas of ethical egoism, laissez-faire capitalism, and individual rights with his philosophy of Objectivism.

D. He believed that taking from the rich without compensation and giving to the poor is never just.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. _____ is an economic system in which ownership of the means of production and distribution is maintained primarily by private individuals and corporations.

A. Communism B. Socialism C. Fascism D. Capitalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 11. G. E. Moore thought that goodness is a simple, nonnatural, and undefinable property.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Metaethics is the attempt to understand the sources, criteria, meaning, verification, or validation of moral value judgments.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. The emotivists thought that moral judgments are genuine propositions with a clear, factual meaning.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. John Rawls argued that rational, self-interested people choosing from behind a veil of ignorance would agree that there should be no inequalities in liberty or wealth and income in the just society.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Robert Nozick is a libertarian who thinks that only a state limited to the functions of a night-watchman is morally justifiable.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. MacIntyre accepted Aristotle's view that human nature cannot be specified merely by stating the average human's characteristics.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Making and defending moral judgments is known as metaethics.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. According to Rawls, the most important good is respecting others.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Classical liberalism argued that the government should not interfere in economic affairs.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. Herbert Marcuse argued that the reason the Marxist revolution didn't happen in modern industrial societies is because capitalism doesn't really lead to the exploitation and alienation of workers that Marx said it did.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. Ayn Rand embraced a community-based ethics, in which the neediest were cared for by the strongest.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 13 Philosophy and Belief in God

Multiple Choice Questions 1. What did Anselm believe about proving God's existence?

A. You could do it using the concept of God as the greatest being conceivable.

B. God's existence follows from his definition in just the way that the existence of the most perfect island follows from its definition.

C. If you want to prove God's existence, you must first look at how the world is.

D. The existence of God can only be known by mystical experience.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. St. Thomas Aquinas's first three proofs of God's existence are versions of what today is called the: A. ontological argument.

B. cosmological argument.

C. teleological argument.

D. moral argument.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to Julian of Norwich, how did mystical experience compare with reason as a source of knowledge about God? A. It is a better source than reason.

B. It is as valid a source of knowledge as reason is.

C. It is a worse source than reason.

D. It is not a source of knowledge at all.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic must all of Descartes's arguments for God possess?

A. They must be based on sensory experience.

B. They must be capable of being doubted.

C. They must yield conclusions that are absolutely certain.

D. They must prove the independence of human thought.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Leibniz, what is the sufficient reason for the changing of the seasons?

A. the earth's direction of rotation B. the angle at which the earth's axis is tilted relative to the sun C. monads D. God

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Identify a true statement about Hume concerning the arguments for the existence of God. A. His empiricist epistemological principles rule out the possibility of any meaningful ontological argument.

B. He was highly supportive of the teleological arguments for the existence of God. C. He refrained from criticizing the appropriateness of the analogies involved in the arguments from design.

D. His criticism of the ontological argument comes from a critical view of the process of reasoning itself.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following is true of Immanuel Kant's refutation of the ontological proof of God? A. He stated that belief in God is not rationally justified.

B. He believed that existence is a perfection.

C. He argued that causality is a concept that is not applicable to things-as-experienced.

D. He argued that existence is a precondition of having characteristics, and not a characteristic in itself.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. What kind of an argument did Kant use to justify the rationality of belief in God? A. ontological B. cosmological C. teleological D. moral

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Which of the following is true of Soren Kierkegaard's notion of truth?

A. It relies on objective certainty.

B. It is passionate commitment.

C. It lies in what one believes.

D. It is the knowledge obtained through mysticism.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Which of the following best explains Mary Daly's stance about the image of God the Father?

A. It is an image that appropriately expresses the power and awe of God. B. It is an image that needs to be replaced with the image of God the Mother.

C. It perpetuates the artificial polarization of human qualities built into the traditional sexual stereotypes.

D. It is an image that only has negative effects among less sophisticated thinkers.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Who among the following is NOT a proponent of "intelligent design"?

A. Michael Behe B. Phillip Johnson C. Richard Dawkins D. William Dembski

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 12. Unlike philosophy, theology makes no philosophical assumptions about God. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. St. Anselm believed that it is self-contradictory to deny that God exists.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. St. Thomas Aquinas used each of the four kinds of argument for God except for the ontological argument, which he rejected.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Julian of Norwich thought that mystical revelations were just as valid as knowledge derived from reason.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Descartes maintained that his idea of God was derived from sense impressions.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. According to Baron von Leibniz's principle of sufficient reason, something might happen even if there is no sufficient reason for it to happen.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. David Hume analyzed the argument from design as a defective and weak analogy.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Immanuel Kant believed that existence was a property a thing either did or didn't possess.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. William James thought it was okay to will to believe in God in spite of the fact that there is no conclusive evidence for his existence.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. According to Mary Daly, traditional theism serves the purpose of patriarchal social arrangements.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22. According to Alvin Plantinga, theists have a right to start from belief in God, but the belief need not be an end product of justification and inference.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 14 Feminist Philosophy

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who among the following is a representative of the "First Wave" of feminist philosophy?

A. Simone de Beauvoir B. Julia Kristeva C. Harriet Taylor D. Nel Noddings

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Identify a reason why feminist epistemologists are suspicious of the concept of the "ideal knower" as dispassionate, objective, and purely rational.

A. These qualities are of no value in the pursuit of knowledge and truth.

B. Too many real people are like that, and they don't know much.

C. Even supposedly objective scientists are influenced by their own prejudices and biases.

D. They aren't suspicious of this concept at all.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Helene Cixous recognizes that social structures are inherent in language, so she writes at the limits of language in a style called _____ to mitigate the damage done by "masculinist" structures in philosophical writing.

A. binary opposition B. ecriture feminine C. logocentrism D. geisteswissenschaften

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, which of the following virtues should be cultivated in women as well as men?

A. docility B. dependence C. wisdom D. sensitivity

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following is true of third-wave feminism?

A. It accepts binary distinctions between men and women.

B. It accepts "sex positive" ideologies.

C. It rejects transsexual identities.

D. It represents the uniformity of all strands of theory.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Identify a true statement about the words associated with women, their occupations, and their bodies in a male-dominated society.

A. Words associated with women tend to have derogatory and insulting slang meanings.

B. Words associated with women get reified into objects beyond the human realm.

C. Words associated with women vanish from the conversational landscape.

D. Words associated with women in a positive light get transformed into male virtues.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Which of the following is true according to Julia Kristeva?

A. The female semiotic has been devalued.

B. Feminine signification has been marginalized because it threatens the traditionally masculinist symbolic discourse.

C. Religious discourse can mediate a healing space between the symbolic and the semiotic.

D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Who among the following coined the approach "maternal thinking"?

A. Nel Noddings B. Carol Gilligan C. Nancy Chodorow D. Sara Ruddick

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. According to Nancy Chodorow, why do boys often become isolated, separate, and misogynous?

A. Boys are naturally this way because of the presence of greater amounts of testosterone.

B. They are often teased and rejected by girls at a young age.

C. Society requires that boys make efforts to establish themselves as "not-mother."

D. Mass media, advertising, and entertainment combine to produce this result.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. The whole focus of _____ work is to demonstrate that language doesn't exist outside the body.

A. Sara Ruddick's B. Hélène Cixous's C. Nancy Chodorow's D. Carol Gilligan's

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 11. Feminist philosophy excludes discussions of ecology.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Mary Wollstonecraft believed that docility, dependence, and sensitivity were the virtues of women.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Harriet Taylor is considered a first-wave feminist.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Simone de Beauvoir placed women in the role of "other" to man's "self."

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. The word "patriarchy" was coined early in the second wave to represent the set of institutions that legitimized universal male power.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Carol Gilligan argues that men and women are very similar in the way they reason about moral issues.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. The third wave of feminism began in the mid-1950s.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. According to Nel Noddings, an ethics of caring is a set of principles or maxims.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Jacques Derrida called the space between two poles "différance."

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. According to Luce Irigaray, women have the capacity to define themselves.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 15 Eastern Influences

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is NOT true of Hinduism?

A. It has no known founder.

B. It has no single religious body to interpret orthodoxy.

C. It has no scriptures or holy writings.

D. It has no unified set of doctrines.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. The Upanishads are best known for their theories concerning: A. the world and the body.

B. the Carvaka way of life.

C. the identity of Vishnu and Siva.

D. the Brahman and the Atman.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. According to Siddhartha Gautama, what is an immediate cause of human suffering?

A. the uncertainty of the world B. ignorance C. bad karma D. sinful human nature

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. According to Lao Tzu, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Tao? A. It is the natural order of things.

B. Man can improve it.

C. It is one and eternal.

D. It gives order and substance to all things.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Confucius, which of the following principles governs both the well-ordered family and the well-ordered state?

A. the principle of yin/yang B. the principle of the Mean C. the principle of the equality of opposites D. the principle of the parental mind

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. In the context of the philosophy of Mencius, which of the following is considered true happiness?

A. ruling an empire for the sake of power B. being a Mikado C. seeing parents and family alive and free from anxiety D. being detached from one's intuition and conscience

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. According to Hui Neng, which of the following is true about the ultimate reality or truth?

A. It remains hidden to many because of their focus on false attachments and selfish interests.

B. It is divided into good and evil.

C. It is a state that both comes and goes, increases and decreases, and both lives and dies.

D. In principle, it is not accessible to anyone.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Identify the Mahayana Buddhist view that was contradicted by Murasaki Shikibu?

A. Enlightenment requires religious contemplation and study of the sutras.

B. Confucian virtues of filial piety, veneration of ancestors, and respect for rank and position are important.

C. The Mikado is the greatest earthly kami.

D. Women must wait for reincarnation as a male before they can achieve enlightenment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. To acquire Dogen's perspective of the universal Self, one must make continuous effort to do all things: A. with a parental mind.

B. contradictory to Chuang Tzu. C. to seek profit and praise.

D. to become closer to the Mikado.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. What do samurai warriors believe in?

A. winning beforehand B. being a complete man, both scholar and warrior C. being self-reliant and prepared for anything D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 11. All Hindus accept the essential identity of Brahman and Atman.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Buddha set out to solve the problem of human suffering.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. According to Buddha, suffering is caused entirely by karma.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. According to Lao Tzu, the Taoist sage actively engages in solving the problems of the world.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. For Confucius, there is only one Way of nature (Tao) and nature cannot be improved by man.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. For Mencius, the pathway to the upright life must include self-suffering.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Hui Neng believed that reality exists prior to the categories that human consciousness uses to describe the world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. Traditional Buddhism in Japan viewed women and men as having equal moral worth.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Dogen believed in helping others without any thought of reward or praise.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 16 Postcolonial Thought

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The emergence of colonialism in the fifteenth century is associated with: A. Spain and Portugal.

B. Great Britain.

C. France and Germany.

D. the United States.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. According to most postcolonial thinkers, what best explains the commonalities of postcolonial thought around the world?

A. basic, universal human psychology B. the conceptual similarities of ideas introduced by the colonizing powers C. shared similarities among experiences of invasion and foreign domination D. similarity in the tools used to deconstruct varied colonial experiences

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Which of the following best represents the direction of Pan-African philosophy?

A. a return to pure African traditionalism B. the creation of a purely modern African consciousness that will replace various tribal and ethnic traditions C. the total political and economic unity of Africa into a single nation D. a negotiation between ancient tribal traditions and the modern philosophical thought of Africa

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Which of the following concepts was developed by Léopold Sédar Senghor but attacked by Paulin Hountondji?

A. negritude B. postcolonialism C. positivism D. phenomenology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. All postcolonial thinkers are united in recommending _____ as a necessity against people's tendency to give in to baser motivations once independence is achieved.

A. socialism B. justice C. religion D. capitalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. The introduction of _____ to Latin America provided the first serious challenge to the dominance of Roman Catholic metaphysics.

A. French critical philosophy B. Marxism C. German existentialism and phenomenology D. positivism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Martin Luther King was strongly influenced by: A. Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi.

B. Karl Marx.

C. Desmond Tutu.

D. bell hooks.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. According to Francisco Miró Quesada's proposal to reimagine humanity, the human race should be divided into: A. those who own capital and those who work for them.

B. men who control things and women who don't.

C. those who work hard and take responsibility for themselves and those who don't.

D. those willing to exploit others and those willing to defend others from exploitation.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. The conceptual resources used in the remaking of postcolonial Indian society were created by: A. the introduction of British values.

B. the values implicit in India's social caste structure.

C. the Vedic scriptures.

D. the influence of the United States of America.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions 10. Most postcolonial thinkers believe that facts should determine the proper perspective to take.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11. Theories of domination can be traced back to Hegel.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Desmond Tutu of South Africa supported the death penalty for whites guilty of crimes against blacks during apartheid.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Rule by small, wealthy elites ended when Latin American colonies achieved independence.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Martin Luther King Jr. refused to separate questions of agenda from questions of appropriate means.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. bell hooks criticized the "careerism" focus of white, middle-class feminism.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Peruvian philosopher Francisco Quesada concluded that theories cannot reliably deliver the truth.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. The lack of a homegrown philosophical literature in South Asia meant that the damaging effects of colonialism on indigenous value systems was even worse than in Africa.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. The topics taken up by Asian postcolonial thought are similar to those considered elsewhere in the world.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Chapter 17 Four Philosophical Problems

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following forms of determinism holds that your choices are determined by your preferences?

A. neuroscientific determinism B. psychological determinism C. causal determinism D. None of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Which of the following theories holds that humans do not make choices?

A. causal determinism B. neuroscientific determinism C. psychological determinism D. None of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. The problem of interaction is especially troublesome for the philosophical tradition of: A. dualism.

B. behaviorism.

C. identity theory.

D. functionalism.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. _____ is the idea that a mental state is defined not by some arrangement of physical matter but by what it causes and is caused by in the network of sensory stimuli, behavior, and other mental states.

A. Dualism B. Behaviorism C. Identity theory D. Functionalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. Which of the following views maintains that words like "hope," "belief," or "desire" do not refer to things at all, whether physical or nonphysical?

A. dualism B. behaviorism C. identity theory D. functionalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6. Which of the following views maintains that mental phenomena are physical phenomena within the brain and the central nervous system?

A. dualism B. behaviorism C. identity theory D. functionalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. Gilbert Ryle is associated with the idea of: A. dualism.

B. behaviorism.

C. identity theory.

D. functionalism.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. Jacques Derrida is associated with his exploration of: A. identity theory.

B. the philosophy of gift.

C. psychological determinism.

D. None of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Identify a manifestly true statement about the paradox of fiction.

A. Fiction can often seem real enough to be read.

B. We often respond emotionally to fictional characters and situations.

C. Philosophy is too complicated to be incorporated into fiction.

D. We believe in the existence of fictional objects.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. The puzzle of music is the issue of how: A. rhythm can make us tap our feet.

B. various instruments can sound like animals.

C. music can express emotions while being nonrepresentational.

D. conductors, who don't play an instrument, can enrich the musical experience.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions

11. Dualism is a physicalist viewpoint in the philosophy of mind.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Identity theory and behaviorism are the same.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Derrida insisted that a gift is an aporia, a paradox.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Identity theory makes it impossible for creatures without brains to be conscious.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Aesthetics is also called the philosophy of art.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16. Many analytic philosophers doubt whether dualism is a viable theory.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Philosophers use the concept of the p-zombie to question physicalism.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. Derrida claimed that a true gift is entirely unconditional.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Derrida asked if the conditions of the possibility of a gift are not also the conditions of its impossibility.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. The Brillo Boxes is a sculpture by Jacques Derrida.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation