Test Bank for Language Development An Introduction, 11th edition Robert E. Owens

Test Bank For Language Development an Introduction, 11th Edition Robert E. Owens Chapter1-12 Chapter 1The Territory

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Language is A) a shared code.

B) a system for representing concepts.

C) rule-governed.

D) generative.

E) all of the above.

Answer: E 2) Approximately how many new words are added to the English language each day?

A) 1 B) 6 C) 18 D) 24 Answer: B 3) American Sign Language is A) not rule-governed.

B) a language.

C) the English language in another mode.

D) not a language because it is not transmitted by speech.

E) all of the above.

Answer: B 4) Which of the following are true about language?

A) Languages stay the same over time.

B) Languages can add new words.

C) Languages can die.

D) both B and C E) all of the above Answer: D 5) Intonation, stress, and speaking rate are examples of A) nonlinguistic cues.

B) metalinguistic cues.

C) paralinguistic cues.

D) linguistic cues.

E) none of the above.

Answer: C

6) Language has the following property/properties: A) it is a social tool.

B) it is rule-governed.

C) it is generative.

D) all of the above Answer: D 7) Which of the following are examples of nonlinguistic cues?

A) eye contact B) facial expression C) rising pitch D) both A and B E) all of the above Answer: D 8) Grammar is A) a set of language rules.

B) only found in syntactic rules.

C) the same as "parts of speech" learned in school.

D) the same as linguistic performance.

E) all of the above.

Answer: A 9) Language form consists of A) syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

B) syntax, morphology, and phonology.

C) phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.

D) morphology, phonology, and semantics.

Answer: B 10) The aspect of language concerned with word order and sentence organization is A) syntax.

B) morphology.

C) phonology.

D) semantics.

E) pragmatics.

Answer: A 11) Pragmatics falls under the category of language A) form.

B) content.

C) use.

D) all of the above.

Answer: C

12) Semantics falls under what component of language?

A) form B) content C) use D) all of the above Answer: B 13) The smallest grammatical unit is a A) speech act.

B) phoneme.

C) performative.

D) morpheme.

Answer: D 14) A phoneme is A) the smallest grammatical unit.

B) a unit of sound that identically represents the letters of the alphabet.

C) different enough from other phonemes to signal changes in meaning.

D) all of the above.

Answer: C 15) The following are bound morphemes: A) -ing.

B) -ly.

C) is.

D) both A and B Answer: D 16) Language is a unique vehicle for ________.

A) phonology B) metalinguistic activity C) vocalizations D) thought Answer: D 17) All but which of the following is one of the general concerns of pragmatic rules?

A) selection of appropriate form B) use of forms consistent with roles C) correct sound combinations D) use of ritualized forms Answer: B

18) Morphology is concerned with A) which word combinations are grammatical and which are not.

B) the internal organization of words.

C) how words are used socially.

D) what words mean.

Answer: B 19) Free morphemes are A) grammatical tags or markers that cannot function independently.

B) grammatical tags or markers that can function independently.

C) are never connected to bound morphemes.

D) are always connected to bound morphemes.

Answer: B 20) Antonyms are words that A) differ in every semantic feature.

B) differ in the opposite value of at least two important features.

C) differ in the opposite value of one feature.

D) are very similar.

Answer: C 1.2 True/False Questions 1) Speech is the only mode of human communication.

Answer: FALSE 2) Language remains the same across time.

Answer: FALSE 3) In face-to-face conversation, more emphasis is placed on nonverbal means of communication than on speech.

Answer: TRUE 4) Dialects are subcategories of a parent language that use similar, but not identical rules.

Answer: TRUE 5) American Sign Language is simply a manual form of spoken English.

Answer: FALSE 6) You cannot have communication without speech and language.

Answer: FALSE 7) Dialectal speakers have a language disorder.

Answer: FALSE 8) Kindergartners know most of the rules of their native language.

Answer: TRUE 9) Spoken language is more informal than written language.

Answer: FALSE 10) For mature language users, words do not refer directly to an object, event, or relationship, but to a concept.

Answer: TRUE 1.3 Short Answer Questions 1) The specific sounds of a language are called ________.

Answer: phonemes 2) The degree to which a speaker is successful in communicating is referred to as ________.

Answer: communicative competence 3) Paralinguistic mechanisms that act across elements of a sentence and have the potential to change the form and meaning of a sentence are known as ________.

Answer: suprasegmental devices 4) Learning to read and write requires ________ skills.

Answer: metalinguistic 5) The five components of language are ________, ________, ________, ________, and ________.

Answer: syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics 6) The main elements of a sentence include ________ and a ________.

Answer: noun phrases, verb phrases 7) Derivational morphemes include both ________ and ________.

Answer: prefixes, suffixes 8) ________ knowledge forms each person's mental dictionary.

Answer: Word 9) Words such as "mother" and "girl" share the ________ feature of "female."

Answer: semantic 10) Language use is also called ________.

Answer: pragmatics 1.4 Essay Questions 1) Describe the differences and the relationships among speech, language, and communication.

Answer: Page Ref: 5-15 2) Scenario A: A baby is reaching to be picked up. Scenario B: A girl sends a text message to her friend. Determine if each of these scenarios involves speech, language, and/or communication.

Explain why each component is or is not included.

Answer: Page Ref: 5-15

3) Explain how languages grow and change over time. How do languages avoid becoming obsolete?

Answer: Page Ref: 6-7 4) Explain the importance of the English language throughout the world and how it is changing with such expansive use.

Answer: Page Ref: 9 5) Discuss the deficit and sociolinguistic approaches to dialects. Explain how the different approaches reflect two different viewpoints regarding the value of dialect use.

Answer: Page Ref: 29Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 2 Describing Language 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which type of language scientist is most interested in linguistic or cultural context?

A) sociolinguist B) speech-language pathologist C) linguist D) behavioral psychologist Answer: A 2) Which of the following theories of language development is the newest?

A) semantic/cognitive B) sociolinguistic C) emergentism D) behaviorist Answer: C 3) According to the sociolinguistic model, the motivation for language use and acquisition is A) direct reinforcement.

B) effective communication.

C) fear of punishment.

D) the semantic rules.

Answer: B 4) All of the following are stages of early communicative functions, EXCEPT A) extralocutionary.

B) illocutionary.

C) perlocutionary.

D) locutionary.

Answer: A 5) Off-line test tasks can tell us A) what children know.

B) how children process language.

C) how children access language.

D) both B and C.

Answer: A 6) In general, preschool children will perform better during language testing/sampling with A) a peer.

B) the researcher.

C) their classroom teacher.

D) both B and C. Answer: C 7) A language sample should fulfill the twin requirements of A) truthfulness and faithfulness.

B) structure and experimentation.

C) naturalness and representativeness.

D) being theoretical and analytical.

Answer: C 8) A representative sample A) contains the child's typical language performance.

B) requires a very restricted context.

C) can be best obtained in one situation rather than several.

D) is best obtained in a test situation.

E) none of the above Answer: A 9) Cross-language studies attempt to investigate A) universality.

B) acquisitional principles.

C) linguistic specificity.

D) relative difficulty.

E) all of the above.

Answer: A 10) Numerical scores, such as MLU are A) inadequate for describing language development in detail.

B) the main method for diagnosing a language disorder.

C) the most valuable measure of language performance.

D) none of the above.

Answer: A 11) Norms for MLU A) are the same for each language.

B) are different for each language.

C) change from year to year.

D) are different for boys and girls.

Answer: B 12) Determining whether a child has mastered a language feature A) is very difficult.

B) depends on whether he has been explicitly taught.

C) can be determined based on one language sample.

D) can be determined with certainty through standardized tests.

Answer: A

13) Which type of researchers are interested in the psychological processes and constructs underlying language?

A) psycholinguists B) psychologists C) speech scientists D) speech-language pathologists Answer: A 14) ________ stated that the semantic-syntactic relations apparent in children's early language correspond closely to categories of infant and toddler sensory-motor cognition.

A) Skinner's Verbal Behavior B) Semantic Revolution C) The generative approach D) none of the above Answer: B 15) Children use which of the following general cognitive processes to understand the communicative significance of utterances and create more abstract dimensions?

A) intention-reading B) pattern-finding C) A and B D) none of the above Answer: C 16) Which of the following are considerations that influence data collection?

A) method B) population and language sample size and variability C) naturalness and representativeness D) all of the above Answer: D 17) It may be appropriate to follow a few children for a period of time, called a ________ study, but inappropriate to administer a one-time-only test to the same limited number of children.

A) observational B) treatment C) longitudinal D) none of the above Answer: C 18) Grouping children by age and matching them in studies A) is the best method to conduct a study of language development.

B) may be inappropriate.

C) is not possible.

D) none of the above Answer: B

19) Ways of collecting data include: A) diary accounts.

B) checklists.

C) parental reports.

D) all of the above.

Answer: D 20) Cross-language studies are usually designed to investigate: A) universality.

B) linguistic specificity.

C) relative difficulty.

D) acquisitional principles.

E) all of the above.

Answer: E 2.2 True/False Questions 1) The language that young children hear is regular and grammatical.

Answer: FALSE 2) An assumption of the semantic approach is that content or meaning precede language form.

Answer: TRUE 3) In the emergentist theory, outcomes may arise that are not obvious or predictable based on input.

Answer: TRUE 4) Emergentists believe that the LAD is innate.

Answer: FALSE 5) Language data are usually collected in two ways: structured testing and experimental manipulation.

Answer: FALSE 6) It is simple to collect and analyze a child's language.

Answer: FALSE 7) If a preschool child answers incorrectly, it is a good indication that the child doesn't have adequate comprehension or knowledge.

Answer: FALSE 8) A language sample should always contain at least 100 utterances.

Answer: FALSE 9) The sample population should reflect the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the overall target population.

Answer: TRUE 10) The most thorough, efficient, and accurate method for collecting data is written transcription.

Answer: FALSE 2.3 Short Answer Questions 1) In early two-word utterances, meaning is signaled by ________.

Answer: word-order 2) Cognitive precursors to language develop in the ________ year of life.

Answer: first 3) The unit of language that includes the form, content, and use of an utterance is the ________.

Answer: speech act 4) Two routines that seem to be particularly important for early communication are ________ and ________.

Answer: joint action, joint reference 5) The type of memory children use to hold information for a short time while the brain processes information is known as ________.

Answer: working memory 6) In language research, the ________ and researcher's ________ will influence the type of datacollection procedure used.

Answer: purpose, theoretical predisposition 7) Formal elicitation tasks tend to produce ________ child language than conversational sampling.

Answer: more advanced 8) Theoretically, the most representative language sample for an older child should be elicited in ________ with ________ as conversational partner(s).

Answer: home or school, a parent or sibling or teacher 9) A parent's adapted way of speaking to a child is termed ________.

Answer: child directed speech (CDS) 10) ________ attempt to measure operations at various points during processing and describe individual and integrative components.

Answer: On-line tasks

2.4 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the limitations of each of the theoretical positions presented and explain the ways in which each subsequent theory attempted to address these limitations.

Answer: Page Ref: 38-44 2) A behavioral notion of language development can be considered weak because it is dependent upon the inadequate language modeling of the adults within the infant's environment. Yet, it is these very adults that the sociolinguistic model credits with early language development. What happened to our knowledge of caregiver behavior in the intervening thirty years?

Answer: Page Ref: 38-44 3) Explain the limitations inherent in each of the methods of collecting child language data.

Answer: Page Ref: 51-52 4) Describe a study question that would be most appropriately answered using spontaneous conversational language sampling. Explain why. Then describe a study question that would be most appropriately answered using structured testing. Explain why.

Answer: Page Ref : 45-48 5) Explain the observer's paradox and provide specific examples of how it would affect data collection. What are some ways to lessen the impact of this principle?

Answer: Page Ref : 50 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 3 Neurological Bases of Speech and Language 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A neuron consists of all but which of the following?

A) dendrite B) synapse C) cell body D) axon Answer: B 2) Basic brain function(s) include A) regulation, processing, and formulation.

B) respiration, phonation, and articulation.

C) metalinguistics, executive functioning, and coordination.

D) none of the above.

Answer: A 3) The largest transverse tract within the brain is the A) corpus callosum.

B) reticular formation.

C) thalamus.

D) cortex.

Answer: A

4) One brain imaging technique that has contributed to our knowledge of which parts of the brain are active language processing is A) spectral analysis.

B) positron emission tomography.

C) magnetic emissions.

D) deep brain stimulation.

Answer: B 5) The right hemisphere is NOT dominant for which of the following?

A) visuospatial processing B) speech prosody and affect C) arithmetic D) environmental noises Answer: C 6) Gross brain weight changes most rapidly during A) adolescence.

B) the school years.

C) the preschool years when language is developing rapidly.

D) the first two years of life.

Answer: D 7) The primary anatomical asymmetry for the brain is found in the A) left temporal lobe.

B) left frontal lobe.

C) left parietal lobe.

D) left occipital lobe.

Answer: A 8) Auditory processing is concerned with A) representational meaning.

B) underlying ideational concepts.

C) the nature of the incoming auditory signal.

D) working memory.

Answer: C 9) Incoming auditory signals are A) received by the thalamus and relayed to Heschl's gyrus in each hemisphere.

B) received by the corpus callosum and relayed to Wernicke's area.

C) received by the thalamus in each hemisphere and relayed to Heschl's gyrus in the left hemisphere.

D) received by Heschl's gyrus in the left hemisphere and relayed to Wernicke's area in the right hemisphere.

Answer: A 10) Linguistic analysis is accomplished primarily in ________ area.

A) Broca's B) Heschl's C) Brodmann's

D) Wernicke's Answer: D 11) In addition to paralinguistic processing, limited word recognition and semantic decoding occur in the ________.

A) left hemisphere B) right hemisphere C) frontal lobes D) occipital lobes Answer: B 12) ________ is a person's ability to sustain attention over time.

A) Reaction B) Discrimination C) Orientation D) Organization Answer: C

13) Memory is hindered by A) poor organization.

B) mediational strategies.

C) associational strategies.

D) chunking.

Answer: A 14) Information is retained in long-term memory by A) discrimination.

B) short-term memory.

C) attention.

D) rehearsal.

Answer: D 15) Speech comprehension varies based on the information's ________ and ________ of the incoming information.

A) complexity, ambiguity B) ambiguity, speed C) complexity, speed D) none of the above Answer: C 16) The model of language processing that addresses the fact that the brain can handle more than one task at a time is known as A) top-down/bottom-up processing.

B) passive/active processing.

C) serial/parallel processing.

D) executive function processing.

Answer: C 17) The concept that children must learn that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that may be different from their own is referred to as A) metalinguistics.

B) theory of mind.

C) information processing.

D) metacognition.

Answer: B 18) ________ is the ability to apply learned material in solving similar but novel problems.

A) Metalinguistics B) Generalization C) Successive processing D) Generativeness Answer: B

19) Passive processing is most similar to ________ processing.

A) analytical B) bottom-up C) top-down D) linguistic Answer: B 20) Theory of Mind (ToM) is concerned with how brain activity produces ________.

A) the mind B) consciousness C) theoretical and rational thought D) the personality Answer: A 3.2 True/False Questions 1) Most sensory and motor functions of the cerebrum are contralateral, which means that each hemisphere is concerned with the body's same side.

Answer: FALSE 2) The synapse is the space between neurons.

Answer: TRUE 3) Hearing is exclusively contralateral.

Answer: FALSE 4) The hills of the cortex are known as sulci.

Answer: FALSE 5) In overall brain functioning, neither hemisphere is dominant.

Answer: TRUE 6) Brain lateralization is unique to humans.

Answer: FALSE 7) The right hemisphere engages in holistic interpretation while the left is best in step-by-step processing.

Answer: TRUE 8) The right hemisphere is not involved in linguistic processing.

Answer: FALSE 9) It is relatively easy to identify the spot in which speech and language reside in the brain.

Answer: FALSE

10) Simultaneous processing is very precise but is quickly overwhelmed, and successive processing must then take responsibility for comprehension.

Answer: FALSE 3.3 Short Answer Questions 1) Neurolinguistics is ________.

Answer: the study of the manner and location of the processing of linguistic information 2) The central nervous system consists of the ________ and ________.

Answer: brain, spinal cord 3) Neural tissue that exists outside the CNS is part of the ________.

Answer: peripheral nervous system 4) The basic unit of the nervous system is the ________.

Answer: neuron 5) Each hemisphere consists of white fibrous connective tracts covered by a gray layer of cell bodies called the ________.

Answer: cortex 6) Approximately ________ percent of the human population is left-dominant for language.

Answer: 98 7) When a specific ability is primarily housed in one hemisphere, that hemisphere is said to be ________ for that ability.

Answer: dominant 8) Much of the maturational increase in the brain is the result of the process of ________.

Answer: myelination 9) Top-down processing is ________ -driven, while bottom-up processing is ________-driven.

Answer: conceptually, data 10) Knowledge of your own cognitive and memory processes is known as ________.

Answer: metacognition 3.4 Essay Questions 1) Briefly explain the process of brain maturation in infants and relate this maturation to linguistic growth.

Answer: Page Ref: 63-64 2) Explain what theory of mind is and its major components. Hypothesize as to why it is so important for language development.

Answer: Page Ref: 75-76 3) Hemispheric asymmetry is most pronounced in humans. Discuss at least three major functions

of the left and right hemispheres, respectively.

Answer: Page Ref: 62-63 4) Explain how language comprehension occurs in the brain, using specific neuroanatomical terminology.

Answer: Page Ref: 65-67 5) Explain how language production occurs at the level of the brain, using specific neuroanatomical terminology.

Answer: Page Ref: 68-69 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 4 Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language and Speech 4.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Brain development begins within ________ days of conception.

A) 6 B) 18 C) 24 D) 36 Answer: B 2) Babies babble with ________.

A) only sounds present in their native language B) sounds from the native language, and some that are not C) sounds produced in their environment D) sounds that adults cannot produce Answer: B 3) The inner ear is formed A) at conception.

B) 20 weeks postconception.

C) just before birthing contractions begin.

D) at birth.

Answer: B 4) Habituation is A) treating each presentation of a stimulus as a unique and different event.

B) reacting less strongly to successive presentations of a stimulus.

C) reacting more strongly to successive presentations of a stimulus.

D) an entity used to represent another entity.

Answer: B 5) The newborn is capable of auditory discrimination of A) her/his mother's voice from others.

B) frequency change patterns.

C) intonational patterns.

D) duration and loudness levels.

Answer: D

6) Speech perception at 6 months is highly correlated with all of the following EXCEPT A) word understanding.

B) articulation.

C) word production.

D) phrase understanding.

Answer: B 7) Regularities in stress, intonational patterns, and phonotactic organization help infants perceive A) phoneme differences.

B) schemes or concepts.

C) word boundaries.

D) equilibration.

Answer: C 8) Infants can discriminate their own language(s) from other languages with the same prosodic patterns at A) 1 month.

B) 3 months.

C) 5 months.

D) 7 months.

Answer: C 9) Which of the following reflexes does NOT disappear by 6 months?

A) gagging B) sucking C) phasic bite D) rooting Answer: A 10) Jargon, by definition, contains A) single words.

B) variegated babbling.

C) at least three different consonants.

D) adultlike prosodic patterns.

Answer: D 11) Fetal development can be altered by environmental influences, such as ________.

A) tobacco B) alcohol C) drugs D) all of the above Answer: D 12) When incoming information matches an existing scheme, and, therefore, can be incorporated into it, the cognitive process is called A) equilibration.

B) assimilation.

C) organization.

D) accommodation.

Answer: B

13) At two months of age, infants prefer to look at ________.

A) an average face B) a very unusual face C) their own face in the mirror D) their siblings' faces Answer: A 14) A reflex is ________.

A) a response mediated by the cortex B) absent in newborns C) an automatic, involuntary motor pattern D) a complex motor movement mediated by the cerebellum Answer: C 15) Cognition includes which of the following?

A) acquisition B) organization and storage C) memory D) use of knowledge E) all of the above Answer: E 16) Which of the following is an example of symbolic play?

A) banging a spoon on the table B) eating with a spoon C) using a spoon as a doll D) pretending to feed a doll with a spoon Answer: C 17) Many of an infant's behavior-state changes reflect internal changes or intrinsic A) brain activities.

B) reflexes.

C) sleep patterns.

D) needs.

Answer: A 18) Organization is necessary for increased processing if one assumes that ________ is fixed.

A) long-term memory capacity B) working memory capacity C) short term memory capacity D) all of the above Answer: A

19) A baby's cognitive structures used for processing incoming sensory information are called: A) schemes.

B) theory of mind.

C) working memory.

D) scaffolding.

Answer: A 20) An infant's schemes are organized according to ________ and ________.

A) reflexes, motor programming B) the environment, needs C) comprehension, expression D) sensory input, motor responses Answer: D 4.2 True/False Questions 1) Most theorists agree that linguistic growth drives cognitive growth.

Answer: FALSE 2) Babies actively contribute to their own cognitive growth as they observe and explore.

Answer: TRUE 3) Newborn babies can see clearly at birth.

Answer: FALSE 4) Newborn babies can perceive just about any phoneme used in human language.

Answer: TRUE 5) A neonate is able to control motor behavior smoothly and voluntarily.

Answer: FALSE 6) Infants with hearing impairment babble.

Answer: TRUE 7) Mental concepts are linked into complex informational webs called mental maps.

Answer: TRUE 8) When an infant's focus on a face, it is likely he or she is comparing the face to his or her internal concept of a face.

Answer: TRUE 9) The more words a child hears, the faster she or he will learn language.

Answer: TRUE 10) There are cognitive and perceptual prerequisites for early language.

Answer: TRUE 4.3 Short Answer Questions

1) Although all the brain's neurons are developed by the end of the second trimester, ________ has barely begun.

Answer: organization 2) ________ is the first sense to develop in utero.

Answer: Touch 3) With newborns, a moderate level of stimulation is likely to maintain their ________.

Answer: attention 4) A burst of synaptic growth, typically found in 8-to 10-month-olds, is called ________.

Answer: synaptogenesis 5) Newborns produce predominantly ________ sounds.

Answer: reflexive 6) "Ma ma ma" is an example of ________ babbling and "ama aba" is an example of ________ babbling.

Answer: reduplicated, variegated 7) The ________ a baby uses during babbling are the most likely to be influenced by the baby's native language.

Answer: vowels 8) Information is placed in long-term storage and maintained by a process called ________.

Answer: rehearsal 9) When incoming information does not match an existing scheme and cannot be incorporated into it, a new or modified scheme must be created. This cognitive process is called ________.

Answer: accommodation 10) Noncrying vowel-like sounds with consonantal elements are called ________.

Answer: quasi-resonant nuclei 4.4 Essay Questions 1) Using what you know about sensation, perceptual, and cognitive development, explain how a newborn baby must experience the world.

Answer: Page ref: 84-97 2) Describe a child's journey from reflexive non-crying sounds to first words. Make sure to include relevant vocabulary.

Answer: Page ref: 89-94

3) Define what a mental concept is and explain how children form mental concepts.

Answer: Page ref: 102 4) What is the role of the caregiver in language learning? Does the mother directly instruct the infant? Include a discussion of six techniques that mothers use to create opportunities for children to participate in interactions.

Answer: Page ref: 104-107 5) Infants who have better memory have many advantages. Explain how better recognition, recall, working memory, and organization impacts language development in infants.

Answer: Page ref: 100-101 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 5 The Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language and Speech 5.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Baby talk contains ________.

A) a high frequency of commands B) demands for real words C) multiple requests D) none of the above Answer: D 2) What does a newborn do that has high signal value for a caregiver?

A) move his or her head B) reach out C) intentionally vocalize D) sigh Answer: A 3) By 2 weeks, the infant A) is able to distinguish intonational patterns.

B) is able to distinguish her/his mother from a stranger.

C) averts attention from an expressionless face.

D) enjoys object play.

Answer: B 4) Caregivers exaggerate facial expression and voice, and vocalize more often in order to provide what for an infant?

A) language input B) appropriate level of stimulation C) a calm internal state D) input for visual memory Answer: B 5) When a parent and child engage in turn-taking using gaze and vocalizations, this is known as a A) protodeclarative.

B) protoconversation.

C) protoimperative.

D) baby talk.

Answer: B 6) What increases a child's motivation to communicate?

A) delayed positive parental responsiveness B) offers of toys C) immediate positive parental responsiveness D) offers of food Answer: C 7) In play, there is ________ correlation between the mother's stimulation in a sensory modality and her infant's responses in that same modality.

A) a negative B) not a C) a positive D) a tentative Answer: C 8) In the first stage of gestural development, the child A) requests objects.

B) gives objects.

C) shows herself/himself.

D) points to others.

Answer: C 9) During the locutionary stage of development of intentionality, the child A) gestures only.

B) vocalizes only.

C) gestures and vocalizes.

D) gestures and verbalizes.

Answer: D 10) The manner in which ________ mothers and infants interact is the best way to learn language.

A) American B) Japanese C) African-American D) none of the above Answer: D 11) Initially, ________.

A) gestures appear with vocalizations B) vocalizations appear alone C) gestures appear without vocalizations D) none of the above Answer: C 12) Caregiver-infant gazing A) may last for as long as 30 seconds.

B) may occur 70% of the time in games.

C) is a good predictor of conversational topic.

D) is all of the above.

Answer: D

13) In general, when Japanese and American mothers are compared, A) American mothers are more information oriented.

B) Japanese mothers use fewer questions.

C) Japanese mothers use more nonsense sounds, baby talk, and baby's names.

D) Japanese mothers vocalize less with three-month olds.

E) is all of the above Answer: E 14) In general, which of the following characterizes the infant socialization environment of minority and/or lower socioeconomic households in the U.S.?

A) more maternal questions and fewer directives B) greater input to the child by siblings and peers C) caregivers who are more verbal D) more responsiveness to infant vocalizations E) none of the above Answer: B 15) A mother will typically not introduce objects to interest her infant until the baby is how old?

A) 2 weeks old B) 4 to 6 weeks old C) 2 months old D) 3 months old Answer: B 16) The initial phase of development of joint reference is characterized by A) intentional communication.

B) joint vocalization.

C) joint attending.

D) verbalizing.

Answer: C 17) During the second 6 months of life, A) social play increases.

B) face-to-face play increases.

C) symbolic play decreases.

D) object play increases.

Answer: D 18) The most frequent mother-child situation/location occurs A) in the playpen.

B) on mother's lap.

C) in the crib or bed.

D) in the jumper or swing.

Answer: B

19) ________ presupposes that two or more individuals share a common focus on one entity.

A) Joint reference B) Attention C) Encoding D) Linguistic processing Answer: A 20) Which of the following are characteristics of baby talk?

A) short, simple sentences B) small core vocabulary C) communication rituals D) A and B E) all of the above Answer: E 5.2 True/False Questions 1) Parents have no trouble relating to infants with poor or absent eye contact.

Answer: FALSE 2) Although newborns show a range of facial expressions including fear and joy, most experts do not attribute these actual emotional states to the infant.

Answer: TRUE 3) A baby's preference for faces decreases in the second month of life.

Answer: FALSE 4) During the perlocutionary stage of development of intentions, the infant demonstrates a requesting gesture.

Answer: FALSE 5) Pointing is an example of a protodeclarative.

Answer: TRUE 6) For the child, phonetically consistent forms function as words.

Answer: TRUE 7) The mother of a 3-month-old treats the child's burps, sneezes, coughs, and vocalizations as meaningful communication.

Answer: TRUE 8) The rising pitch contour found in the speech of American caregivers is universal.

Answer: FALSE 9) By 6 weeks, the infant has adopted a true role in game-playing.

Answer: FALSE 10) Maternal imitation demonstrates the mother's goals or agenda for infant learning.

Answer: TRUE

5.3 Short Answer Questions 1) ________ gaze is directed at persons.

Answer: Mutual 2) Mutual gaze is thought to be important for the formation of ________.

Answer: attachment or bonding 3) ________ is exhibited when a child begins to encode a message for someone else.

Answer: Intentionality 4) Bracketing and clustering are techniques used after 6 months in order to aid with ________.

Answer: comprehension 5) Before infants comprehend language, they respond to ________ patterns.

Answer: intonation 6) Parents who speak ________ tend to have more extreme modifications in their speech than do parents in other languages.

Answer: American English 7) ________ is the ability to differentiate one entity from many and to note its presence.

Answer: Referencing 8) Terms such as here, there, before, you, me are often found during the context of joint references and are examples of the use of ________.

Answer: deixis 9) Infant-caregiver games often begin with and are maintained through the use of ________.

Answer: gaze 10) Infant-caregiver games are important for communication development because play has a role structure similar to ________.

Answer: conversation 5.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain the way in which the newborn appears to be "prewired" for communication.

Answer: Page Ref: 113-116 2) Describe the sequence of development of intentionality.

Answer: Page Ref: 121-126

3) Describe the sequence of social play. Include a discussion of episodes.

Answer: Page Reg: 140-142 4) You call a friend and describe some new shoes you just purchased. How would you describe the same information in motherese or baby talk? In addition to providing examples of the text for each conversation, use technical terms to explain what the specific differences are.

Answer: Page Ref: 129-133 5) You see a mother and baby playing "peek-a-boo" or some other type of game and comment on how wonderful it is. Your companion is skeptical that there is any real value to such interactions.

Try to explain the value of game playing to social and communicative development using "peeka-boo" as an example.

Answer: Page Ref :139-140 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 6 Language-Learning and Teaching Processes and Young Children 6.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which toy would a child who produces no words be more likely to play with?

A) dolls B) figurines for a farm play set C) blocks D) Spiderman figure Answer: C 2) In early phonological development, ________ of speech-sound differences greatly precedes ________.

A) perception, production B) knowledge, perception C) perception, knowledge D) production, perception Answer: A 3) Which of the following is an example of an interrogative utterance?

A) The parent says, "That's a kittie." Child follows with "Kittie."

B) The child says "Doggie" when she sees a cat.

C) The child says "Doggie?" when she sees a cat.

D) The child says "Wassat?" when she sees a cat.

Answer: D 4) Which of the following is an example of hypothesis testing?

A) The parent says, "That's a kittie." Child follows with "Kittie."

B) The child says "Doggie" when she sees a cat.

C) The child says "Doggie?" when she sees a cat.

D) The child says "Wassat?" when she sees a cat.

Answer: C 5) Which of the following is an example of selective imitation?

A) The parent says, "That's a kittie." Child follows with "Kittie."

B) The child says "Doggie" when she sees a cat.

C) The child says "Doggie?" when she sees a cat.

D) The child says "Wassat?" when she sees a cat.

Answer: A

6) The usefulness of imitation as a language-learning strategy ________ as language complexity ________.

A) increases, increases B) increases, decreases C) decreases, increases D) decreases, decreases Answer: C 7) The use of maternal yes/no interrogatives correlates with ________.

A) children's use of interrogatives later in development B) the ability to correctly answer questions C) syntactic complexity in young language-learning children D) maternal education Answer: C 8) Which of the following are ways in which adult-to-child speech differs from adult-to-adult speech?

A) more contextual support B) increased lexical complexity C) decreased pitch range D) less repetition Answer: A 9) Three types of prompts are: A) demands, questions, wait time.

B) fill-ins, elicited imitations, questions.

C) silence, fill-ins, and repetition.

D) none of the above.

Answer: B 10) A(n) ________ acknowledges a child's utterance and requires a response.

A) extension B) expansion C) request D) turnabout Answer: D 11) In social play, language is used explicitly to ________.

A) direct others B) convey meaning C) talk to oneself D) convince others Answer: B

12) Expansions A) are a more mature version of the child's speech.

B) are used less frequently after the child's average utterance length increases beyond two words.

C) maintain the child's word order.

D) may be imitated by the child in a more linguistically correct form than her/his original utterance.

E) are all of the above.

Answer: E 13) A child says "Ella cry." Her mother responds, "Yes, Ella is sad." The mother's response is an example of A) recasting.

B) expansion.

C) extension.

D) prompting.

Answer: C 14) Turnabouts A) fill the mother's turn and require a turn of the child.

B) respond to the previous child utterance and, in turn, require a response.

C) are a variant of the questioning technique.

D) are all of the above.

Answer: D 15) ________, or the ability to trace a process backward, is strongly related to acquisition of before and after, because, and why.

A) Reversibility B) Referencing C) Bootstrapping D) none of the above Answer: A 16) Decentered play with reference to others is typical of a child at what age?

A) below 12 months B) 12 to 15 months C) 15 to 21 months D) 24 to 26 months Answer: C 17) ________ are statements that a child makes naming entities.

A) Semantic utterances B) Expansions C) Evocative utterances D) Extensions Answer: C

18) Approximately ________ of what toddlers say is an imitation of other speakers.

A) 5% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60% Answer: B 19) ________ seems to be most highly correlated to language acquisition.

A) Marriage status of the parents B) Maternal education C) Number of siblings D) Literacy in the home Answer: B 20) Twins who talk to each other a lot may have ________.

A) more advanced language B) atypical pragmatics C) higher vocabularies D) multiple phonological errors Answer: D 6.2 True/False Questions 1) Initial comprehension of single words is holistic rather than being keyed to specific sounds and sequences.

Answer: TRUE 2) Comprehension always precedes production.

Answer: FALSE 3) In general, children acquire linguistic markers that occur at the beginnings of words before those that occur at the ends.

Answer: FALSE 4) In general, a child will first produce a question like "What are you eating?" as "What you are eating?"

Answer: TRUE 5) In general, children will learn "asked" before "ate."

Answer: TRUE 6) Children as young as 4 years make speech and language modifications when addressing younger language-learning children.

Answer: TRUE 7) Parents communicate with their children in the same manner, regardless of the child's sex.

Answer: FALSE 8) In general, nonverbal behavior is more important in the child-caregiver interaction in Japan

than in the United States.

Answer: TRUE 9) Children of single parents tend to have better language and communication skills than do children with married, working parents.

Answer: TRUE 10) At about the time that children begin to combine symbols, they begin to play symbolically.

Answer: TRUE 6.3 Short Answer Questions 1) Here is a summary of a comprehension procedure: After a mother labels an entity, a child forms ________ about its nature. Then, the mother ________ the child's output to check for accuracy. Finally, the mother improves the child's accuracy by providing evaluative ________.

Answer: hypotheses, monitors, feedback 2) Use of imitation as a language-learning strategy decreases dramatically after age ________.

Answer: two or 2 3) Some toddlers use a routine or an unanalyzed chunk of language called a ________.

Answer: formula 4) The ability to use the linguistic skills you have to decode syntax or figure out word meanings is known as ________.

Answer: bootstrapping 5) A parent's use of a lower MLU after 6 months of age is positively correlated with ________ language skills at age 18 months.

Answer: receptive 6) In general, fathers are ________ successful at communicating with toddlers. They tend to have ________ communicative breakdown than mothers.

Answer: less, more 7) Prompting has been shown to be effective for children with ________.

Answer: language disorders 8) The caregiver's more mature version of the child's utterance that preserves the child's word order is called ________.

Answer: expansion 9) Although a parent may intend a reformulation as a tool to understand a child's utterance, children seem to perceive reformulations as ________.

Answer: corrections 10) A semantically related comment on the child's topic is an ________.

Answer: exceptions

6.4 Essay Questions 1) Name and explain briefly three operating principles children seem to use to learn initial word meanings.

Answer: Page Ref: 153-154 2) Explain the 'less is more' hypothesis and how it applies to language development.

Answer: Page Ref: 152 3) A parent and her small child are together in a waiting room. The mother is looking at a magazine and the child is looking at a book. The child points to a picture in the book and says "car." The mother does not respond. The child tugs on the mother's sleeve and says "car." The mother looks and says, "No, that's not a car." If this mother asked for ways to improve her communication with her child, what three pieces of advice could you give her? Please relate the advice to this specific interaction.

Answer: Page Ref: 165-168 4) Explain why play is an ideal vehicle for language acquisition and how types of play change with different levels of play development.

Answer: Page Ref: 175-177 5) Explain at least three factors that lead to varying parent-child interactional patterns found in different socioeconomic and cultural groups. Make sure to provide specific examples of cultural differences.

Answer: Page Ref: 177-183 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 7 First Words and Word Combinations in Toddler Talk 7.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The order of appearance of a child's first consonants in word use: A) can be explained by the frequency of use in the native language.

B) is different for every child.

C) begins with the sounds that are in their name.

D) none of the above.

Answer: D 2) Most extensions and overextensions of meaning seem to be based on A) phonological similarities.

B) ease of articulation.

C) perceptual similarities.

D) family-specific usage.

Answer: C 3) By age two intentional communication is characterized by A) isomorphic forms.

B) multiple intentions.

C) use accompanying only action.

D) only three broad pragmatic functions.

Answer: B 4) Which of the following syllabic patterns is found least in the first words of children?

A) CVCV-reduplicated B) CVCV C) CV D) CVC Answer: D 5) Which word is LEAST likely to be part of a child's first 50 words?

A) me B) doll C) water D) kitty Answer: A 6) Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the high proportion of nouns in the first lexicons of children?

A) perceptual/conceptual distinctiveness B) frequency of adult use C) adult word order D) adult teaching patterns Answer: A 7) Which of the following methods of concept formation is based exclusively on static attributes?

A) semantic-feature hypothesis B) functional-core hypothesis C) associative complex D) prototypic complex Answer: A 8) If a child defined "ball" as "something you play with" it would be likely that he/she was using which of the following concept formation hypotheses?

A) semantic features B) functional core C) associative D) prototypical complex Answer: B 9) ________ consonants predominate in the first words of children.

A) Retroflex B) Labiodental C) Front D) Back Answer: C 10) Babbling ________.

A) ceases after first words appear B) continues throughout life

C) does not occur in hearing impaired children D) none of the above Answer: D 11) When a child first forms a link between a referent and a name this process is known as A) inversion.

B) association.

C) fast mapping.

D) all of the above.

Answer: C 12) First words ________.

A) begin with superordinate categorical words B) usually apply to a midlevel of generality C) are usually very specific words within categories D) none of the above Answer: B

13) Children who have overdependence on the strategy of "swallowing language whole" or using memorized formulas: A) may be at a disadvantage in learning language.

B) learn language more quickly than children who use other strategies.

C) have advanced literacy skills.

D) are typically children of single parents.

Answer: A 14) Linguistic processing of lexical items is influenced by all but which of the following?

A) frequency of use B) noun or verb nature of word C) neighborhood density D) phonotactic probability Answer: B 15) Which of the following vowels is LEAST likely to be established early in a child's phonemic repertoire?

A) /a/ B) /i/ C) /e/ D) /u/ Answer: C 16) Open syllables A) end in a consonant.

B) end in a consonant cluster.

C) end in a vowel.

D) begin only with vowels.

Answer: C 17) Words develop a ________ and a peripheral area of potential generalization.

A) set of features B) confirmed core C) conceptual map D) none of the above Answer: B 18) At about ________, many children combine words or holophrases.

A) 9 months B) 12 months C) 18 months D) 24 months Answer: C

19) Syllabic phonological processes decrease rapidly just prior to age ________.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B 20) Factors that may affect early language acquisition include: A) otitis media B) international adoption C) exposure to TV D) A and C only E) A, B, and C Answer: E 7.2 True/False Questions 1) Children express their early intentions through a combination of gestures, vocalizations, and verbalizations called primitive speech acts.

Answer: TRUE 2) The first few words of Spanish-speaking children have significantly different characteristics than the first few words of English--speaking children.

Answer: FALSE 3) According to the functional-core hypothesis of concept development, early definitions are based on object use.

Answer: TRUE 4) Overly restricted meanings that contain fewer exemplars than the adult meaning are called overextensions.

Answer: FALSE 5) Words are overextended more in comprehension than in production.

Answer: FALSE 6) Up to 30% of a child's first 75 words may be overextended.

Answer: TRUE 7) Protoverbs such as up, down, and off develop after true verbs.

Answer: FALSE 8) The terms "here" and "there" are usually first used to accompany action sequences, and not to mark location.

Answer: TRUE

9) Children comprehend multiword utterances when they begin to produce them.

Answer: FALSE 10) Once a child can use two-word phrases, listeners no longer need to rely on stress patterns to interpret meaning.

Answer: FALSE 7.3 Short Answer Questions 1) A child's personal dictionary is known as his or her ________.

Answer: Lexicon 2) There is a strong relationship between a child's first words and the frequency of ________ of these words.

Answer: maternal use 3) ________ is the speaker's assumptions about the listener's knowledge.

Answer: Presupposition 4) The three most frequent categories of words found in the first ten words of children are usually ________, ________, and ________.

Answer: animals, toys, food 5) Although there is considerable individual variation, nouns account for about ________% of the first 50 words of children.

Answer: 60-65 6) Calling all men "daddy" is an example of ________.

Answer: overextension 7) Action, location, and attribution types of words are examples of the ________ semantic category.

Answer: relational 8) The number of possible words that differ by one phoneme is called ________.

Answer: neighborhood density 9) The likelihood of a sound pattern occurring is called ________.

Answer: phonotactic probability 10) A child who says /ti/ for "tree" and /tar/ for "star" is using the phonological rule known as ________.

Answer: cluster reduction

7.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain what is needed for a toddler's first "word" to be considered a true word.

Answer: Page Ref: 191-192 2) Support and defend one of the three explanations of concept development discussed in the text.

Answer: Page Ref: 205-206 3) Cross-language adoptions are a unique case in terms of language acquisition. Explain potential complicating factors, as well as the typical developmental pattern for language development in these children.

Answer: Page Ref: 223 4) Explain the concept and process of simultaneous language acquisition.

Answer: Page Ref: 221-223 5) Explain what phonological processes are, how they are useful to a young, language-learning child, and give examples of at least two types. Hypothesize as to how you might use information from phonological processes to determine whether a child is developing language atypically.

Answer: Page Ref: 216-218 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 8 Preschool Pragmatic and Semantic Development 8.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The requests for clarification of the preschool child are: A) clear and specific.

B) rather general and nonspecific.

C) always understood.

D) none of the above.

Answer: B 2) Initially, a young child can introduce a topic of interest and can sustain that topic for how many turns?

A) 1-2 B) 2-4 C) 5-6 D) > 7 Answer: A 3) A child's ability to discuss decontextualized language begins to emerge around A) 18 to 24 months.

B) 24 to 30 months.

C) 30 to 36 months.

D) 36 to 48 months.

Answer: A 4) When the meaning of a temporal term is unknown, a preschooler will rely on

A) the order of mention.

B) the word alone.

C) what other children are doing.

D) none of the above.

Answer: A 5) By age 3, most children A) are able to comprehend words such as "believe."

B) are able to adjust answers based on the amount of information the listener needs.

C) cannot distinguish between definite and indefinite articles.

D) use indirect requests about 60% of the time.

Answer: B

6) Which of the following is an example of ellipsis? Father asks his 5-year-old "Who wants to help me wash the car?" The child responds A) Don't let Jeremy wash the car!

B) I want to help you wash the car.

C) Maybe tomorrow I can help you wash the car. . . .

D) I do.

Answer: D 7) The process of interpreting words with reference to the position of the speaker is called A) contingent queries.

B) epenthesis.

C) deixis.

D) ellipsis.

Answer: C 8) Conversations are ________ whereas narratives are ________.

A) monologues, decontextualized monologues B) dialogues, decontextualized monologues C) decontextualized dialogues, monologues D) decontextualized dialogues, dialogues Answer: B 9) Which of the following is characteristic of a conversation?

A) topic relates to people or animals engaged in events B) is a decontextualized monologue C) topic generally relates to activities in the immediate context D) events are linked to one another in a predictable, explicit manner Answer: C 10) Children only begin to realize that indirect requests are more polite than direct requests around: A) age three.

B) age five.

C) early school-age.

D) middle school.

Answer: B 11) Causal narrative chains are rare until about age A) 2 years.

B) 4 years.

C) 5 to 7 years.

D) 10 to 12 years.

Answer: C

12) Preschool children rely heavily on ________ information when answering questions.

A) contextual B) the order of C) repetitions of D) all of the above Answer: A 13) As a child's lexicon expands, which of the following are true?

A) There is a need for better cognitive organization.

B) Semantic networks are formed.

C) Children stop making lexical errors (e.g., spoon for fork).

D) both A and B Answer: D 14) Most of a preschooler's conversations occur: A) with peers.

B) in the mother-child interaction.

C) at school.

D) with the teacher.

Answer: B 15) The ability to make same/different judgments seems to be related to the development of A) visual pathways B) the occipital lobes C) conservation D) object permanence Answer: C 16) Even more than conversations, narratives reflect the speaker's ________.

A) culture B) biases C) stereotypes D) genderlect Answer: A 17) When all else fails, the child relies on ________ for interpretation of temporal terms.

A) semantics B) syntax C) the main clause D) real-life sequences Answer: D

18) Narrative or event descriptions are based on underlying ________.

A) story grammar B) event scripts C) causal chains D) narrative outlines Answer: B 19) Pronouns provide ________ between old and new information.

A) contrast B) cohesion C) dissonance D) none of the above Answer: B 20) Which of the following is NOT a strong factor in the success of successive second language learning?

A) age of the preadolescent child B) attitude toward the users of the second language C) identification with the users of the second language D) need to develop and use the second language Answer: A 8.2 True/False Questions 1) Preschool turn-taking with adults is very difficult and is characterized by frequent interrupting.

Answer: FALSE 2) Two-year-olds are successful at specifying the referents in their conversation.

Answer: FALSE 3) Even 5-year-olds use repetition frequently to acknowledge their partner's utterance, to provide cohesion, and to fill turns.

Answer: TRUE 4) The control and representational illocutionary functions account for about 65% of children's utterances.

Answer: TRUE 5) The narratives of 2-year-olds are generally sets of unrelated statements about a central focus.

Answer: TRUE 6) Preschool verb definitions differ from those of older children.

Answer: TRUE 7) The acquisition of relational terms is a simple process.

Answer: FALSE 8) More specific relational terms are usually learned first.

Answer: FALSE 9) The negative member of a relational pair, such as little in big/little, is usually learned first.

Answer: FALSE 10) Initially, kinship terms are treated by the child as a portion of a person's name.

Answer: TRUE 8.3 Short Answer Questions 1) In terms of conversation, there is an overall increase in ________ at around 36 months.

Answer: talkativeness 2) Competence with different registers varies with ________ and ________.

Answer: age, experience 3) The most common clarification or self-correction strategy of preschoolers is ________.

Answer: repetition 4) Recounting personal experiences, retelling movies, and telling familiar tales are all examples of ________.

Answer: narratives 5) Two strategies used to organize narratives are ________ and ________.

Answer: centering, chaining 6) The child may add as many as ________ words per day to his lexicon between age 18 to 72 months.

Answer: five or 5 7) ________ is a strategy that enables the child to infer a connection between a word and its referent after only one exposure.

Answer: Fast mapping 8) ________ is the assumption that every form contrasts to every other in meaning.

Answer: Contrast 9) ________ type questions may be particularly difficult for children because of the reverse order thinking required in the response.

Answer: Causal 10) Children's rules for interpreting locational words are often based on the ________ rather than on the prepositions Answer: objects mentioned 8.4 Essay Questions 1) Despite her/his limitations, the preschooler is a fairly effective conversationalist. Please discuss.

Answer: Page Ref: 229-234 2) Explain what the term "register" means. Why might children have a difficult time using different registers? Explain what is needed in terms of form, content, and use.

Answer: Page Ref: 234-235 3) Discuss the skills needed to create a successful narrative. What are the milestones young children meet along the way?

Answer: Page Ref: 244-251 4) Explain the stages of successive second language learning, including the use of relevant vocabulary terms.

Answer: Page Ref: 261-264 5) Explain factors related to language development delays and also those factors that lead to a good prognosis. Explain how late language emergence can affect a child later in life.

Answer: Page Ref: 265 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 9 Preschool Development of Language Form 9.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In general, what is considered an appropriate number of utterances one needs to calculate MLU? A) 10-20 B) 30-40 C) 40-50 D) > 50 Answer: D 2) Which of the following utterances would count as 2 morphemes?

A) Mama's B) ate C) SpongeBob Squarepants D) mice Answer: A 3) Five-year-olds still depend on linguistic and contextual information to understand language.

However, at age 3, ________ is a reliable interpretive tool.

A) word order B) syntactic structure C) semantic feature analysis D) pragmatic use Answer: A 4) The present progressive verb form may be mastered relatively quickly because A) there are no irregular forms.

B) the present progressive can be used on all action verbs.

C) the present progressive does not appear on state verbs.

D) the present progressive is initially acquired without the auxiliary verb.

E) all of the above Answer: E 5) Which of the following words do NOT contain a sibilant?

A) copula B) epenthesis C) chapter D) acquisition Answer: A

6) In general, what is the relationship of the plural and past tense, regular and irregular?

A) The irregular is mastered before the regular in both.

B) The regular is mastered before the irregular in both.

C) The regular plural is mastered before the irregular, while a few irregular past tense verbs are mastered before the regular past tense.

D) The irregular of a few plurals is mastered before the regular, while regular past is mastered before irregular past tense verbs.

Answer: C 7) As opposed to the copula, the auxiliary verb is followed by a/an A) verb.

B) noun.

C) adverb.

D) adjective.

E) B, C, and D only Answer: A 8) A clause contains a ________ and a ________.

A) subject, predicate B) noun, pronoun C) subjunctive, nominal D) noun, adverb Answer: A 9) Early entities marked by the possessive are ________ entities rather than entities such as body parts.

A) inalienable B) alienable C) transitive D) intransitive Answer: B 10) When the child says "You're interring upt me," she/he is exhibiting A) undersegmentation.

B) oversegmentation.

C) miscategorization.

D) undercategorization.

Answer: B 11) A(n) ________ sentence is made up of two or more main clauses joined as equals.

A) objective B) passive C) compound D) complex Answer: C

12) Morphological learning is characterized by ________ developmental growth.

A) U-shaped B) idiosyncratic C) constant D) linear Answer: A 13) ________ relate(s) the speech time to the event time.

A) Bridging inferences B) Pronominal use C) Tense D) Aspect Answer: C 14) ________ refers to the event's completion, repetition, or continuing duration.

A) Bridging inferences B) Pronominal use C) Tense D) Aspect Answer: D 15) Infinitives A) are learned initially with a large set of verbs.

B) are acquired in their adult form by age 30 months.

C) initially occur at the ends of sentences.

D) initially occur with nouns other than the subject.

Answer: C 16) Most English-speaking children possess basic sentence types by age ________.

A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 Answer: A 17) The phonological acquisition process is typically completed by: A) toddler age.

B) preschool age.

C) early school age.

D) middle school.

Answer: C

18) When the child inserts a vowel in a word where there is none in the adult pronunciation, this is called A) epenthesis.

B) assimilation.

C) stopping.

D) deixis.

Answer: A 19) Final consonant processes usually disappear by age ________.

A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 Answer: A 20) Phonological processes involve substitutions of ________.

A) individual sounds B) classes of sounds C) words D) none of the above Answer: B 9.2 True/False Questions 1) When counting morphemes in preschool language, irregular past tense verbs count as two morphemes.

Answer: FALSE 2) The present progressive verb form is acquired initially with the auxiliary verb.

Answer: FALSE 3) The semantic distinction of plural is easier for children to learn than the phonological distinction.

Answer: TRUE 4) If a noun ends in a sibilant, the phonological rule states that the plural /z/ is used.

Answer: FALSE 5) The possessive is originally marked with word order and stress.

Answer: TRUE 6) Children who speak different languages treat morphemes differently.

Answer: TRUE 7) Postnoun modifiers appear at about the same time as prenoun modifiers.

Answer: FALSE 8) The roles of function and frequency in speech sound development are the same across cultures.

Answer: FALSE 9) A phonological process in which a plosive is substituted for target sounds is called stopping.

Answer: TRUE 10) In general, preschool children perceive spoken language to contain phoneme-size units.

Answer: FALSE 9.3 Short Answer Questions 1) MLU stands for ________.

Answer: mean length of utterance 2) The words was, is, were, are, am when they function as a main verb, are examples of the ________.

Answer: copula 3) Auxiliary verbs that express moods or attitudes are called ________.

Answer: modals 4) In typical wh- question formation, the subject and verb are ________.

Answer: inverted 5) Children at the one-word level are able to ask questions through the use of ________, a variation of ________, or through a ________.

Answer: rising intonation, what, phonetically consistent form 6) The specific negative terms a child uses tend to reflect ________ with the child.

Answer: parental usage 7) A ________ is a group of unrelated words that does not include a subject or predicate and is used as a noun substitute or as a noun or verb modifier.

Answer: phrase 8) The conjunctions because and so are initially used to mark ________ causality rather than physical causality.

Answer: psychological 9) The word ________ serves as an all-purpose conjunction for young children.

Answer: and 10) There is individual variability in speech-sound production. The age of acquisition for some sounds may vary by as many as ________.

Answer: three years 9.4 Essay Questions 1) MLU is one way of measuring a child's syntactic complexity. What are some of the limitations of this tool? Be specific. What sorts of factors might produce different outcomes?

Answer: Page Ref: 271-272 2) Explain how the ways in which adults use questions with children facilitates their later use of question forms.

Answer: Page Ref: 289-295 3) The preschool child seems to resist changing the basic subject-verb-object sentence format.

Discuss this strategy as it applies to the development of negative and interrogative sentences and to embedding.

Answer: Page Ref: 289-298 4) Explain what tag questions are and how they develop. How do you think use of tag questions varies among language/dialect groups?

Answer: Page Ref : 295 5) Explain why the utterance "Eat cookie" may not be a true imperative sentence. Include a discussion of cognitive processes.

Answer: Page Ref : 295 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 10 Early School-Age Language Development 10.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The early school years are characterized by growth in which of the following aspects of language?

A) semantics B) morphology C) phonology D) pragmatics E) all of the above Answer: E 2) A child is typically able to produce all elements of story grammar by age A) 5.

B) 6.

C) 7.

D) 8.

E) 9.

Answer: E 3) A first grader has an expressive vocabulary of roughly A) 1,600 words.

B) 2,600 words.

C) 5,200 words.

D) 8,000-10,000 words.

Answer: B 4) ________ is the ability to take the perspective of another person.

A) Decentration

B) Metalinguistics C) Chunking D) Nonegocentrism Answer: D 5) A recount is a form of narration in which the speaker A) explains an anticipated event.

B) shares an experience in which the listener did not participate, observe, or read about.

C) shares an experience in which the listener also participated, observed, or read about.

D) presents a fictionalized story.

Answer: C

6) The following are all forms of narration EXCEPT A) nonegocentrism.

B) account.

C) eventcast.

D) stories.

Answer: A 7) About ________ of the utterances are effective in a peer-to-peer conversation between young school-aged children.

A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80% Answer: C 8) The following are all components of story grammar EXCEPT A) internal plan.

B) reaction.

C) complete episodes.

D) attempt.

E) initiating event.

Answer: C 9) A narrative that contains the following elements: Setting, Initiating Event or Internal Response and Direct consequence is best described as a(an) A) Action Sequence.

B) Abbreviated Episode.

C) Complete Episode.

D) Reaction Sequence.

Answer: B 10) Narratives characterized as reaction sequences consist of A) a series of setting statements.

B) events that cause actions but with no goal.

C) complex episodes.

D) interactive episodes.

Answer: B 11) In terms of style-switching, children demonstrate which of the following with parents as compared to peers?

A) more nonlinguistic noises B) less whining C) more demands D) more exact repetitions Answer: C

12) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the development of indirect requests?

A) Polarity that differs from the literal meaning is more difficult than that which does not.

B) Negative forms are more difficult to interpret than positive.

C) Declarative forms are more difficult to interpret than interrogative.

D) all of the above Answer: C 13) During the school years, the child's definitions become A) more experiential.

B) more socially shared.

C) more concrete.

D) less exclusionary.

Answer: B 14) Vocabulary size is highly influenced by ________.

A) culture B) experience C) age D) all of the above Answer: D 15) Figurative language includes all but which of the following?

A) gerunds B) metaphors C) idioms D) similes Answer: A 16) Some theorists have called the preschool years the ________ for language development, assuming that the brain is less plastic and less capable of learning after these years.

A) critical period B) essential period C) plastic period D) none of the above Answer: A 17) The primary conjunction used to link the sentences in narratives of young school-aged children is A) because.

B) and.

C) so.

D) if.

Answer: B

18) The brain is nearly adult in size by age ________, but development is not complete.

A) 3 B) 5 C) 8 D) 12 Answer: C 19) Children do not comprehend some forms of passive sentences until about age ________.

A) 3 ½ B) 5 ½ C) 7 ½ D) 10 Answer: B 20) By age ________, full adult stress and accent is acquired.

A) 7 B) 10 C) 12 D) 15 Answer: C 10.2 True/False Questions 1) A story grammar consists of a setting and episode structure.

Answer: TRUE 2) The typical features of children's narratives are largely similar across cultures.

Answer: FALSE 3) Adults still have a large amount of control over conversations with early school-aged children.

Answer: TRUE 4) A school-aged child produces and understands indirect requests at the same level as an adult.

Answer: FALSE 5) An indirect request is a statement that does not refer directly to what the speaker wants.

Answer: TRUE 6) When making conversational repair, 6-year-olds are capable of addressing the perceived source of the breakdown.

Answer: FALSE 7) During the school years, there is a shift away from deictic terms to more specific terms such as "left" and "right."

Answer: TRUE

8) Development of comprehension of proverbs may continue into adulthood.

Answer: TRUE 9) Passive sentences tend to be easy to produce and comprehend for English-speaking children.

Answer: FALSE 10) During metalinguistic analysis, a child reflects on language as a decontextualized object.

Answer: TRUE 10.3 Short Answer Questions 1) During the early school years, although children develop in all aspects of language, the most notable growth occurs in ________ and ________.

Answer: semantics, pragmatics 2) The process of moving from rigid, one-dimensional descriptions of objects to coordinated, multiattributional descriptions is known as ________.

Answer: decentration 3) The internal organization of a story can be described as a ________.

Answer: story grammar 4) Abbreviated episodes contain an ________.

Answer: implicit (explicit) goal 5) Around age ________ the child has all elements of the conventional definition.

Answer: eleven or 11 6) Around age 7, the child changes her/his word associations from syntactically-based to semantically-based. This change is called the ________-________.

Answer: syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift 7) During the early school years, in terms of linguistic processing, children shift from relying on ________ strategies to relying on ________ strategies.

Answer: surface, deep 8) ________ are verbs that fill a noun function.

Answer: Gerunds 9) Causal. temporal, disjunctive, and conditional are all types of ________.

Answer: conjuncutions 10) Comprehension of embedded sentences seems to be based on the ________ and ________ of the embedding.

Answer: place, manner 10.4 Essay Questions

1) The early school years are a time of huge social growth. Explain some of the developments that take place using specific examples of pragmatic language skills.

Answer: Page Ref: 319-331 2) Explain the phenomenon of code switching, and discuss the positives and negatives associated with its use.

Answer: Page Ref: 252-254 3) The conversational abilities of school-age children are demonstrated in the development of indirect requests. Describe this development, relating it to overall conversational development of the child.

Answer: Page Ref: 330 4) Dialect use can have an effect on the way we are perceived. Explain the ways in which those who speak African American English are affected.

Answer: Page Ref: 354-355 5) Describe the narrative differences one might see in children who are language impaired as compared to children who speak a minority dialect.

Answer: Page Ref: 325-328 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 11 School-Age Literacy Development 11.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Mature readers ________ in reading.

A) sound out every word B) use their finger for tracking C) use individual graphemes as the basic unit of analysis D) none of the above Answer: D 2) All of the following are DIFFERENCES between oral language and reading and writing EXCEPT which of the following? Reading and writing: A) have an explicit set of rules.

B) is more permanent.

C) lacks the give-and-take of conversation.

D) lacks paralinguistic features.

Answer: A 3) Comprehension emerges from A) a reader's prior knowledge.

B) word meaning.

C) grammatical processes.

D) sound meaning.

E) all of the above.

Answer: E 4) What types of language skills are essential for decoding?

A) semantic B) pragmatic C) phonological D) syntactic E) morphological Answer: C 5) Phonological awareness consists of all but which of the following?

A) phoneme-grapheme relationship B) phonemic segmentation C) rhyming D) syllable identification Answer: A

6) Skilled readers take ________ to process a written word.

A) less than a quarter of a second B) around a half a second C) one second D) more than one second Answer: A 7) Place the following levels of comprehension in order from earliest developing to latest developing: 1. dynamic literacy 2. decoding 3. critical literacy.

A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 3, 2, 1 D) 2, 1, 3 Answer: B 8) The self-regulatory aspect of reading and writing is called A) phonics.

B) text construction.

C) phonological awareness.

D) executive function.

Answer: D 9) A reader's mental dictionary is known as A) orthography.

B) graphemes.

C) vocabulary.

D) the lexicon.

Answer: D 10) A history of speech and language problems has ________.

A) little to no effect on reading skills.

B) a detrimental effect on physical coordination.

C) no impact later in life.

D) none of the above.

Answer: D 11) Reading development via book sharing typically begins around what age?

A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 18 months D) 4 years Answer: B

12) Through book-sharing, children gain knowledge of the direction in which reading precedes across the page and learns to recognize some letters. This is called A) phonological awareness.

B) print awareness.

C) phonics.

D) reading.

Answer: B 13) Reading is ________.

A) a language-based skill B) not related to language C) not important because of other modes of communication D) inherent; it does not need to be explicitly taught Answer: A 14) ________ are most important to early reading success.

A) Early exposure to reading B) A literate atmosphere C) A and B D) none of the above Answer: C 15) How many words are children explicitly taught to spell in elementary school?

A) 1,000 B) 4,000 C) 7,000 D) 10,000 E) 15,000 Answer: B 16) Phonological skills are required for decoding, whereas syntax, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics are vital for ________.

A) writing B) reading C) comprehension D) inferencing Answer: C 17) Efficient readers use ________, such as slowing down for more difficult text.

A) prediction B) self-regulation C) anticipation D) all of the above Answer: B

18) In ________, a child becomes aware of print and sounds while gradually making associations.

A) pre-reading B) critical literacy C) emergent literacy D) print associations Answer: A 19) Poor or inexperienced spellers produce ________.

A) comparable first drafts B) poorer quality texts C) shorter texts D) B and C Answer: D 20) By ________, teens are capable of revising all aspects of writing.

A) early elementary school B) late elementary school C) junior high D) high school Answer: C 11.2 True/False Questions 1) Reading and writing are simply speech in print.

Answer: FALSE 2) There is only one level of text comprehension.

Answer: FALSE 3) There is not a good one-to-one correspondence between English letters and speech sounds.

Answer: TRUE 4) Prereading in our culture is acquired through social interaction, and not formal instruction.

Answer: TRUE 5) Grammar and meaning are not important in learning to read multisyllabic words.

Answer: FALSE 6) There are more complex subjects in the writing of 9-year-olds than in the speech of some adults.

Answer: TRUE 7) Learning to spell is memorizing words.

Answer: FALSE

8) Inventive spelling demonstrates that the child does not have knowledge of the alphabetic system.

Answer: FALSE 9) The 6-year-old pays little attention to format, spacing, spelling, and punctuation.

Answer: TRUE 10) Once children produce true spelling, even if it is unconventional, they begin to generate text.

Answer: TRUE 11.3 Short Answer Questions 1) ________ is the use of visual modes of communication, specifically reading and writing.

Answer: Literacy 2) Better phonological awareness is related to ________.

Answer: better reading 3) The best predictor of spelling ability in elementary school is ________.

Answer: phonological awareness 4) The ________ theory of reading emphasizes lower-level perceptual and phonemic processing.

Answer: bottom-up 5) The top-down processing theory of reading emphasizes the ________ of deriving meaning.

Answer: cognitive task 6) When children are introduced to sound-letter correspondence it is known as ________.

Answer: phonics 7) When a child's reading becomes automatic, he or she is said to be a ________ reader.

Answer: fluent 8) In both writing and speaking, one must consider the audience. However, writing requires more ________ than speaking does.

Answer: cognitive resources 9) Early compositions usually lack ________ and use structures ________.

Answer: cohesion, repeatedly 10) It is not until ________ that most writers develop the cognitive processes and executive functions needed for mature writing.

Answer: early adulthood

11.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain the spelling process of a mature speller.

Answer: Page Ref: 372 2) Explain if and how dialectal structures are used in writing for both children who use a standard dialect as well as other dialects. Also discuss whether using dialectal features in writing is a positive or negative and why or why not.

Answer: Page Ref: 371-372 3) Children who are learning to write often do not take into account the needs of their reader.

Explain what this means and give examples of ways in which children do this.

Answer: Page Ref: 376 4) The chapter states that writing is more abstract than speech and more decontextualized than conversation. Why? Give some examples to support your case.

Answer: Page Ref : 360, 371 5) You and a friend see a child's early writing sample, which contains invented spelling, punctuation errors, and nontraditional format. Your friend comments on the poor quality of the text. You, on the other hand, are impressed. Explain to your friend the developmental trajectory of writing, and why you think this young writer is on the right track.

Answer: Page Ref : 372-375 Language Development: An Introduction, 11e (Owens) Chapter 12 Adolescent and Adult Language 12.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following do teens RARELY exhibit in conversations with peers?

A) showing negative emotions B) turning away C) requesting clarification D) all of the above Answer: D 2) What aspect of adult language is likely to improve up until the 70s?

A) understanding syntactically complex sentences B) inferencing C) narrative abilities D) written language comprehension E) all of the above Answer: C 3) Gender differences in conversation can be noted in: A) vocabulary use.

B) regional dialect use.

C) conversational styles.

D) A and C Answer: D

4) In relation to women, men A) talk more.

B) use less coarse language.

C) interrupt less.

D) maintain more eye contact.

E) discuss more about their feelings.

Answer: A 5) Myelination is complete in early adulthood and dendritic pruning ________.

A) is also complete at this time B) continues into adolescence C) continues into middle age D) is never complete Answer: B

6) Adult definitions ________.

A) are more abstract B) are more descriptive C) have concrete terms and references D) all of the above Answer: D 7) Which of the following parent-child behaviors are NOT seen based on gender?

A) Mothers call their sons "honey" and "sweetie," but don't use the same terms with their daughters.

B) Fathers use the diminutive form more with their daughters than with their sons.

C) Fathers interrupt their daughters more often than their sons.

D) Mothers talk to their daughters longer than they talk to their sons.

Answer: A 8) Which of the following is NOT a typical topic for a kindergarten boy?

A) self B) physical movement C) sports D) school Answer: D 9) In terms of semantic development, we'd expect typical older adults to have some deficits in all of the following areas EXCEPT A) accuracy of word retrieval.

B) loss of lexical items.

C) speed of word retrieval.

D) naming.

Answer: B 10) Much of the increase in language complexity into adulthood is in the use of A) independent clauses.

B) embedding.

C) dependent clauses.

D) conjoining.

Answer: C 11) Idioms and proverbs that are A) familiar.

B) supported by context.

C) transparent.

D) all of the above Answer: D

12) The ability to interpret proverbs is related to A) overall education.

B) maternal mental health.

C) intelligence.

D) all of the above Answer: A 13) Increase in complexity is generally in use of ________.

A) compound sentences B) complex sentences C) dependent clauses D) independent clauses Answer: C 14) More complex sentences are used to ________ than in conversation.

A) talk to children B) explain procedures C) write a letter D) none of the above Answer: B 15) Complex thought drives use of ________.

A) complicated syntactical structures B) story grammar C) interactional style D) complex language Answer: D 16) ________ comment on or convey the speaker's attitude toward the content of the connected sentence (e.g., "To be honest…").

A) Adverbial conjuncts B) Adverbial disjuncts C) Adverbial phrases D) none of the above Answer: B 17) ________ signal a logical relation between sentences (e.g., "As a result of…").

A) Adverbial conjuncts B) Adverbial disjuncts C) Adverbial phrases D) none of the above Answer: A

18) Children with larger vocabularies have better ________.

A) syntactical skills B) social interactions C) phonological skills D) grades Answer: C 19) The biggest change in adolescence and adulthood is the ability to ________.

A) engage with print and read and write with purpose B) converse more effectively C) understand figurative language D) use language creatively Answer: A 20) Non-native listeners rely on ________ more than grammatical analysis to determine meaning.

A) phonological cues B) social cues C) semantic features D) all of the above Answer: B 12.2 True/False Questions 1) Development typically stops in adulthood.

Answer: FALSE 2) The rather restricted environments of adults result in a reduction in the number of special registers or styles of speech.

Answer: FALSE 3) With aging there is a decline in both oral and written language comprehension.

Answer: TRUE 4) It is possible to detect political orientation based solely on an adult's choice of terms.

Answer: TRUE 5) Some 17-year-olds still have difficulty offering and supporting their opinions in a logical, well- formed manner.

Answer: TRUE 6) Women tend to have shorter conversations than men.

Answer: TRUE 7) It is possible to separate conversational behaviors from cultures.

Answer: FALSE 8) Children begin to demonstrate gender differences in the topics they discuss as early as age 4.

Answer: TRUE

9) Adverbial conjuncts may be concordant or discordant.

Answer: TRUE 10) There is a generational difference in terms of the amount of reading adolescents and adults do.

Answer: TRUE 12.3 Short Answer Questions 1) As a language user, an adult gains increasing ________.

Answer: flexibility 2) The specific terminology found in many jobs is known as ________.

Answer: jargon 3) Adults effectively use ________, or modifying the topic, as a means of moving from one topic to another while maintaining continuity in the conversation.

Answer: shading 4) ________ use a fuller range of color terms in their language.

Answer: Women 5) Lexical differences between genders tend to be ________ rather than ________.

Answer: quantitative, qualitative 6) The collective stylistic characteristics of men and women is called ________.

Answer: genderlect 7) Supplying word definitions is a ________ skill.

Answer: metalinguistic 8) In older adults, the ease of interpreting proverbs is related to their overall ________.

Answer: level of education 9) When sounds that will be produced later in an utterance are anticipated and reflected in the mouth position of an earlier sound, this is known as ________.

Answer: coarticulation 10) Genderlect is well established by ________.

Answer: mid-adolescence

12.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain how first-graders know whether the speaker is a man or woman based only on words spoken.

Answer: Page Ref: 386 2) Kindergarten boys and girls tend to talk about different things. Explain the differences and why you think this may be the case.

Answer: Page Ref: 388 3) Briefly describe the differences in conversational styles between the genders. What is likely to motivate these differences?

Answer: Page Ref: 386-387 4) What are some of the semantic language deficits associated with typical aging? What seems to cause these deficits?

Answer: Page Ref : 389 5) Briefly describe the characteristics of adult phonological knowledge.

Answer: Page Ref : 391-392