Chapter 1 Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces Influencing the Development of Nursing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Nursing practice is influenced by: a. history. b. spiritual beliefs. c. religious practice. d. philosophical influences. e. all of the above. ANS: E
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2. Empathy is a motive for: a. meeting the needs of others. b. moral reasoning and action. ANS: B
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3. Professions exist to meet the: a. needs of employers. b. needs of individuals. ANS: C
c. becoming a nurse. d. determining right from wrong.
c. needs of society. d. needs of families.
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4. Florence Nightingale was a: a. model for all nurses. b. nurse. c. statistician. d. social reformer. e. all of the above. ANS: E
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5. Helping professionals find their origin in: a. inhumane actions. b. perceived social need. c. accepted moral needs. d. individual values. e. All except a. f. b and c only. ANS: E
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6. The overarching belief system of a culture that deals with the culture’s beliefs about the nature of the universe is termed: a. cosmology. c. values. b. religion. d. astrology. ANS: A
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7. During the Middle Ages: a. religions and church-sanctioned secular nursing orders afforded the only legitimate avenue
for women who wished to become nurses. b. there was an upsurge in the respect afforded to nursing and midwifery, and nurses began to practice autonomously. c. healing arts in Denmark and Greece were performed in sacred ceremonies by priests, priestesses, or shamans. d. most nurses were women of high social status. ANS: A
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8. The “Dark Period of Nursing” when convalescent patients, prostitutes, prisoners, and drunkards provided hospital nursing care occurred during the: a. Reformation. c. Middle Ages. b. Crusades. d. Early Christian era. ANS: A
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9. The concept of social need is important to the ethical foundations of the nursing professional because: a. nurses must determine the health needs of society. b. nursing finds its origin, purpose, and meaning within the context of perceived social need. c. theories of sociology are utilized by nursing scholars, many of whom view them as conceptual frameworks for nursing practice. d. social need determines the boundaries of the ethical principles of distributive justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. ANS: B
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10. The social status of women affects the status of the nursing profession because: a. nursing has traditionally been a profession of women. b. throughout history, nurses have been afforded higher social status. c. women of higher social status rarely become nurses. d. women are more skilled than men at nurturing others. ANS: A
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11. Philosophers of the Early Christian era included: a. Plato. d. St. Augustine. b. St. Paul. e. All of the above c. Aristotle. f. b and d only ANS: F
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12. Which of the following events that changed nursing occurred during the 20th century? a. Women became more politically active. b. The nursing profession gained acceptance as a legitimate force. c. Nurses began to provide independent health care services. d. All of the above ANS: D
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13. Who is recognized as the father of Western medicine? a. Plato c. Aristotle b. Hippocrates d. St. Paul ANS: B
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14. Which period fostered the scientific revolution and a new era in the healing arts?
a. Middle Ages b. Renaissance ANS: D
c. Early Christian era d. Reformation PTS: 1
MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Socrates can be described as (select all that apply): a. being one of the greatest philosophers of ancient times. b. believing a person should do what is best for him or herself. c. proposing that one must seek knowledge and develop the inner self in order to experience a good life. d. creating the Socratic method. e. believing that knowledge does lead to the “good life.” ANS: A, C, D, E
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2. The Crusades brought many changes in the health of the population including (select all that apply): a. deplorable sanitary conditions. b. fatigue. c. containment of communicable diseases. d. diarrhea. e. good nutrition. ANS: A, B, D
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Chapter 2 Ethical Theory MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Ethics is: a. a formal process of making illogical and consistent decisions based upon one’s beliefs. b. a formal process of making logical and random decisions based upon moral beliefs. c. a formal process of making logical and consistent decisions based upon moral beliefs. d. a formal process of making logical and consistent decisions based upon religious beliefs. ANS: C
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2. The belief that people can figure out absolute moral rules that derive from the universe or a supreme being is the basis for which moral perspective? a. Moral belief c. Deontology b. Rationalism d. Naturalism ANS: B
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3. The nurse maintained confidentiality regarding a patient’s terminal illness even though family members would have provided emotional and financial support to the patient had they known of the diagnosis. Adhering to this principle regardless of outcome is an example of the application of which ethical theory? a. Deontology c. Rationalism b. Naturalism d. Utilitarianism ANS: A
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4. During a hurricane, there is no electricity in a hospital where floodwater is rapidly rising. An ICU nurse manually ventilates a patient with an ambu bag for 6 hours before she makes the difficult decision to leave her patient and help the solitary remaining nurse carry 12 newborns to safety. The nurse’s decision is most clearly supported by which of the following? a. Deontology c. Rationalism b. Virtue ethics d. Utilitarianism ANS: D
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5. Abortion, even to save the life of the mother, would most likely be considered morally wrong by a person rigidly applying which type of moral theory? a. Deontology c. Naturalism b. Virtue ethics d. Utilitarianism ANS: A
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6. The Kantian maxim requiring that no action be judged as right, which cannot reasonably become a law by which every person should always abide, is known as: a. the categorical imperative. c. deontology. b. the practical imperative. d. utilitarianism. ANS: A
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7. The Kantian maxim requiring that one treat others always as ends and never as a means is known as: a. the categorical imperative. c. deontology. b. the practical imperative. d. utilitarianism.
ANS: B
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8. Aristotle developed the concept of: a. virtue ethics. b. utilitarianism. ANS: A
c. deontology. d. rationalism.
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9. ____ attributes differences in moral codes to social conditions, while proposing that most people have underlying psychological tendencies that lead to similar moral judgments. a. Rationalism c. Virtue ethics b. Naturalism d. Deontology ANS: B
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10. What theory is based on the rationalist view that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act, rather than its consequence? a. Deontology c. Kantianism b. Formalism d. Act utilitarianism ANS: A
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11. The intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions is: a. theory. c. philosophy. b. ethics. d. religion. ANS: C
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12. Who is considered to be the father of modern utilitarianism? a. Immaneul Kant c. Plato b. Jeremy Bentham d. John Stuart Mill ANS: B
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13. A form of moral theory that embraces the uniqueness of cases, the culturally significant ethical features, and ethical judgement in each particular case is called: a. virtue ethics. c. moral particularism. b. naturalism. d. utilitarianism. ANS: C
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following statements accurately describes ethics? Select all that apply. a. Ethics is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection about society’s norms and practices. b. Ethics furnishes us with the practical application of moral philosophy. c. Ethics offers structured guidelines that tell us what we ought to do. d. The study of ethics gives us a groundwork for making logical and consistent decisions. e. Professional codes of ethics are tools that offer a formal process for applying moral philosophy. ANS: A, B, D, E
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