Test Bank For Essentials of Oceanography, 6th Edition Chapter 1-15

Chapter 1—The Origin of the Ocean

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. About ____ percent of Earth's water is found in the Ocean. a. 97.5 b. 71 c. 67.4 d. 30.1 ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

2. The average depth of the ocean is about ____. a. 760 meters (2,500 feet) b. 3,700 meters (12,000 feet) c. 200 meters (650 feet) d. 1,200 meters (4,000 feet) ANS: B

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REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

3. The world ocean: a. plays a minor role in the weather and shape of landmasses of the Earth. b. does not influence the way organisms live on land. c. is the dominant feature of the Earth and most of its living organisms. d. represents over half of the Earth's radius.

ANS: C

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REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

4. Our sun and its family of planets were formed about: a. 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. b. 5 billion years ago. c. 45 million years ago. d. 40 billion years ago.

ANS: B

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REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

5. After Earth’s formation, the planet’s ocean did not form for nearly: a. 13 billion years. b. 1 billion years. c. 4 billion years. d. 200 million years.

ANS: C

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 6. In the scientific method, scientific theories: a. must be tested and verified by observations. b. must be verified by the leading authorities in the field. c. must be consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts. d. must be consistent with the fact that the ocean is of great age.

ANS: A

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REF: 1.2 Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean 7. Life on Earth probably evolved in the ocean. All of the following evidence supports this statement EXCEPT: a. the cellular makeup of all living organisms depends on a saline solution to dissolve and transport chemicals. b. biosynthesis cannot occur without high concentrations of free oxygen, similar to the condition of Earth’s early atmosphere and ocean. c. the basic molecules of life (simple sugars and amino acids) form spontaneously in a solution similar to that of Earth’s early ocean. d. the thermal and chemical characteristics of water allow intricate biochemical reactions to occur, such as those required for biosynthesis.

ANS: B

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REF: 1.5 Life Probably Originated in the Ocean

8. The most abundant form of matter in the universe appears to be: a. water molecules. b. planets and planet-like bodies.

c. dust and debris. d. hydrogen.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

9. The ocean originated from: a. volcanic gases. b. radioactive heating of the Earth's interior, and the heating of the surface by meteorites striking and melting the outer layers of the Earth. c. capture by the Earth's gravity of water molecules in space. d. volcanic gases, radioactive heating of the Earth's interior, and a barrage of icy comets or asteroids striking and melting the outer layers of the Earth.

ANS: D

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 10. Evidence suggests the universe began about 13.7 billion years ago in a: a. slow accretion of atoms. b. very large galaxy. c. cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter. d. protostar.

ANS: C

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REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

11. Which of the following best describes biosynthesis? a. The discovery of organic molecules in space. b. The evolution of living organisms from simple organic building blocks. c. The evolution of inorganic molecules in seawater. d. Experiments that show that early organisms lived in an oxygen-free environment.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 1.5 Life Probable Originated in the Ocean

12. The first life forms on Earth arose: a. more than 3.5 billion years ago. b. at the same time as the formation of the Earth.

c. relatively recently - about 250,000,000 years ago. d. about 10,000 years ago.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 1.5 Life Probably Originated in the Ocean

13. Based on evidence that supports the hypothesis regarding an ocean on Mars, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Mars has an ocean today. b. Mars has an ocean, and it is probably hidden in vast caverns beneath the surface of the planet. c. Mars may have had an ocean in ancient times, perhaps 1-3 billion years ago. d. Mars may have had an ocean until very recently.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 1.7 Are There Other Ocean Worlds?

14. To recreate an environment for biosynthesis, scientists included all of the following EXCEPT: a. unstable chemical conditions. b. oxygen. c. sparks. d. dissolved compounds and gases thought to be present in the early atmosphere.

ANS: B

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REF: 1.5 Life Probably Originated in the Ocean

15. The earliest known fossils were discovered in northwestern Australia and resemble modern-day: a. bacteria. b. animals. c. fungi. d. viruses.

ANS: A

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REF: 1.5 Life Probable Originated in the Ocean

16. An example of another body in our solar system that has an ocean is: a. the moon of Earth. b. Europa. c. Mars.

d. none of these.

ANS: B

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REF: 1.7 Are There Other Ocean Worlds?

17. About 1.5 billion years ago, oxygen began to accumulate as a byproduct of ____, drastically changing the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. a. biosynthesis b. cellular respiration c. methane synthesis d. photosynthesis ANS: D

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 18. Volcanic venting of substances including water vapor is called ____. a. outgassing b. fissure c. fusion d. condensation ANS: A

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 19. The death of a star is characterized by a massive release of energy called a ____. a. nebula b. protostar c. supernova d. comet ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

20. All of the following statements are true about the formation of our solar system and planet EXCEPT: a. As a nebula contracts, stars are formed in the center of the spinning disc of gas and

dust. b. Planets form as gases and materials condense. c. The Big Bang occurred about 5.6 billion years ago. d. Gaseous planets form on the outer regions of the solar system.

ANS: C

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REF: 1.3 Stars from Seas

21. The primary physical property that sorts the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere is ____. a. density stratification b. radioactive decay c. gravity d. mass ANS: A

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 22. The hypothesis that best explains how the universe was formed is called the ____. a. Condensation Theory b. Scientific Method c. Outgassing Theory d. Big Bang Theory ANS: D

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REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

23. Scientists predict that our planet in its current form will exist for about another: a. 5 billion years. b. 1 million years c. 500 million years d. 13 billion years

ANS: A

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REF: 1.6 What Will Be Earth's Future

24. Planets other than Earth with liquid on or near the surface are _______. a. nonexistent

b. less rare than we thought c. extremely common but only in the form of water d. extremely common but only as ice

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 1.7 Are There Other Ocean Worlds?

25. Evidence suggests that the first biomolecules or “living” molecules may have formed near: a. the continents. b. subduction zones. c. the surface of the ocean. d. mineral-rich seeps on the ocean floor.

ANS: D

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REF: 1.5 Life Probably Originated in the Ocean

26. The inner core of the Earth is primarily made of__________. a. magnesium b. water c. iron d. silicates

ANS: C

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REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

27. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the scientific method? a. Hypotheses can never be revised. b. Hypotheses are commonly revised especially considering new technologies. c. Scientific laws summarize experimental observations. d. Science is a circular process.

ANS: A

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REF: 1.2 Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean 28. A galaxy is a huge rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas and other debris held together by ___________. a. nebulae b. gravity c. moons d. vapor

ANS: B

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REF: 1.3 Stars form Seas

29. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the temperature of the ocean about 4 billion years ago? a. The temperature was about the same as today’s ocean. b. The temperature was much colder than that of today’s ocean. c. The temperature was extremely hot as compared with today’s ocean. d. The temperature was only slightly warmer than today’s ocean

ANS: C

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 30. On a planetary scale, the ocean comprises about ________ of the Earth’s mass. a. 8% b. 71% c. 20% d. 0.02%

ANS: D

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REF: 1.1The Earth is an Ocean World

TRUE/FALSE 1. The ocean holds more than 97 percent of Earth's water.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

2. The average height of the continents above sea level is greater than the average depth of the ocean.

ANS: F

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REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

3. Of all the planets in the solar system, the Earth is the only planet to currently have large quantities of liquid water on its surface.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.7 Are There Other Ocean Worlds?

4. The ocean is divided up into distinct natural divisions called oceans and seas.

ANS: F

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REF: 1.1 Earth Is an Ocean World

5. Marine science draws on information from disciplines of geology, biology, chemistry, and physics.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.2 Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean 6. Scientific hypotheses are never revised or updated.

ANS: F

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REF: 1.2 Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean 7. The universe began to form around 13 billion years ago.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

8. Gravity was important in the formation of our planet because it pulled dense metals such as iron and nickel inward, forming the Earth's core.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.4 Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density 9. Deep-sea fossils suggest that life evolved within the last million years.

ANS: F

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REF: p. 14

10. There is convincing evidence that there was once water on Mars.

ANS: T

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REF: 1.7 Are There Other Ocean Worlds?

ESSAY 1. Explain what is meant by "one world ocean."

ANS: The ocean comprises about 71% of the surface of the Earth and exists as a single large continuous mass of water. The ocean has very few dependable, natural and permanent divisions.

The artificial compartments we generally refer to as oceans (i.e., Pacific, Atlantic or Indian Ocean) or seas are based on either the position of the continents or on imaginary boundaries or lines such as the equator.

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REF: 1.1 The Earth Is an Ocean World

2. Describe the basic processes and timeline that led to the formation of Earth and its ocean and atmosphere.

ANS: The Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago through the accretion of particles orbiting in our solar system. Earth was initially molten and layers only formed once planet began to cool.

Density stratification allowed the least dense elements to escape to Earth’s surface and atmosphere, while the most dense elements sunk to form the internal layers of Earth, the mantle and core. The ocean and the atmosphere formed together as the planet cooled sometime between 4.4 and 3.8 billion years ago. The ocean formed as water vapor trapped in the Earth’s outer layers escaped to the surface via volcanic activity, a process called outgassing. This vapor cooled and condensed to form an ocean.

PTS: 1

REF: 1.3 Stars Form Seas

3. Describe the Big Bang theory.

ANS: Our universe had a beginning that is described as the big bang event. This event occurred about 13.7 billion years ago and marks the beginning of a series of events that formed our Earth, ocean and eventually allowed for the evolution of life on our planet. The big bang specifically refers to the moment when the expansion of the universe began. All of the mass and energy of the universe is thought to have been concentrated at a geometric point at the beginning of space and time.

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REF: 1.3 Stars form Seas

4. Discuss the early atmosphere and how it could have lead to the evolution of life on Earth.

ANS: The Earth’s atmosphere formed as hot gases escaped from deep within the planet. This early atmosphere included gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia (note that molecular oxygen was absent in the atmosphere until about 2.2 billion years ago).

Experiments have shown that organic molecules necessary for life could have formed as the dissolved compounds in the atmosphere were exposed to light, heat and electrical sparks. These energized mixtures can produce simple sugars and amino acids, proteins and nucleotides - all biologically important molecules.

PTS: 1

REF: 1.5 Life Probably Evolved in the Ocean

5. Describe the primary (or traditional) branches of oceanography and give an example of how modern technology has been used to advance our knowledge in the field.

ANS: Like most disciplines of science today, marine science integrates diverse fields of study including biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering and geology. Marine scientists currently use technology to study questions that are directly relevant to humans: the origins of the ocean basins, the relationship between the ocean and the atmosphere, global climate change and the nature of biodiversity in the ocean just to name a few. Although most marine scientists specialize within their given disciplines, most agree that the study of the ocean and the understanding of processes occurring in the ocean are extremely important.

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REF: 1.2 Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean

Chapter 2— A History of Marine Science

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following people would probably be given the title of "first ocean scientist"? a. Matthew Maury

b. Captain James Cook c. Christopher Columbus d. Wyville Thompson (of the Challenger expedition)

ANS: B

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 2. Which of the following voyages would qualify as the first 100 percent pure scientific oceanographic expedition? a. Columbus' 1496 trip b. the Challenger expedition c. Benjamin Franklin's first voyage across the Atlantic to take up his post as American Ambassador to France d. Captain Cook's voyage to Tahiti in the ship Endeavour

ANS: B

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 3. Longitude can be determined with the use of a(n) ______________. a. pendulum clock b. echo sounders c. chronometer d. remote operated vehicle

ANS: C

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined With Science to Advance Ocean Studies 4. The future of oceanographic research appears to lie:

a. with single, isolated individuals working alone. b. with epic voyages. c. with the cooperative efforts of the great private, institutional, and national oceanographic institutions. d. with the military agencies of the world.

ANS: C

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 5. Which of the following men was the first to publish a reasonably accurate chart of an ocean current, specifically the Gulf Stream? a. Edward Forbes b. John Harrison c. Benjamin Franklin d. Captain James Cook

ANS: C

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 6. Polynesian navigators depended on all of the following unique strategies for accurate navigation EXCEPT: a. the direction and characteristics of waves b. navigational charts made with bamboo and shells c. the positions of stars d. the chronometer

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration

7. Captain James Cook accomplished all of these tasks EXCEPT: a. first European to contact the Hawaiian Islands b. first to circumnavigate the world near Antarctica c. first European to explore the South Pacific d. mapped the coasts of Australia and New Zealand

ANS: C

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 8. The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with: a. Cook's third voyage. b. the Challenger expedition. c. Columbus' fourth and final voyage. d. Captain James Cook's first voyage.

ANS: B

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 9. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding latitude and longitude? a. Longitude lines are drawn parallel to the equator while latitude lines are drawn from pole to pole. b. Latitude and longitude is a system of imaginary lines dividing the Earth's surface into a grid. c. The distance between the lines of longitude varies with latitude while the lines of latitude are always equidistant. d. Zero latitude is the equator and zero longitude is Greenwich, England, or the prime meridian.

ANS: A

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 10. The first scientific expedition to use an echo sounder was: a. the Challenger expedition. b. the Meteor expedition. c. the United States Exploring expedition. d. the voyage of Trieste.

ANS: B

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 11. A(n) ____ is a graphic representation that depicts information about the ocean and ocean features including depth. a. map b. echo sounder c. chart d. atlas

ANS: C

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 12. The navigator in the early 1500s who was influential in charting and opening a trade route from Europe to the Orient was: a. Ferdinand Magellan. b. Captain James Cook. c. Christopher Columbus. d. Prince Henry the Navigator.

ANS: A

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 13. Glomar Challenger is known mainly for: a. being the first modern scientific survey ship to circumnavigate the globe. b. being the first nuclear powered scientific research vessel. c. being owned and operated simultaneously by four governmental agencies. d. taking the first complete cores of deep-sea sediments.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 14. The first person to develop a picture of the large-scale wind and current systems of the Earth was: a. Ben Franklin. b. Matthew Maury. c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene. d. Wyville Thomson.

ANS: B

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 15. Why did the Chinese abandon ocean exploration in 1433? a. They were too slow in developing ships that would allow them to stay at sea for long periods of time. b. They were distracted by the Dark Ages. c. They were not interested in showing the wealth or power of the Ming Dynasty to

other peoples of the world. d. Political winds changed, and the cost of the exercise was deemed too great.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 16. Contributions by early Chinese scientists and philosophers include all of these EXCEPT: a. developing seagoing methods that allowed them to stay at sea for nearly four months. b. retrofitting their ships with multi-masts to sail more efficiently with changing winds. c. development of the chronometer. d. designing and developing rudders and watertight compartments.

ANS: C

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 17. Which of the following statements is true about Christopher Columbus and his explorations? a. His goal was to discover new lands. b. Like many early explorers, Columbus thought the Earth was flat. c. One of Columbus' biggest mistakes is that he estimated the Earth to be only about half of its true size. d. He was the first explorer to see the mainland of North America.

ANS: C

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 18. The importance of Matthew Maury's work included:

a. the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. b. the formulation of a working hypothesis for the formation of coral reefs. c. the invention of a chronometer for the determination of longitude. d. the charting of ocean currents that sailors used to significantly shorten their travel time.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 19. Which of the following technologies available to modern oceanographers in the last few decades has revolutionized our ability to study the ocean? a. remote sensing via ROV’s and satellites b. shipboard SONAR c. leadline soundings d. the compass and chronometer

ANS: A

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 20. The Challenger expedition (1872-1876) was a unique and historic voyage. Which of the following statements about the expedition is NOT true? a. it is the single longest continuous oceanographic expedition ever. b. the Challenger scientists developed the first reliable navigational charts to indicate current and wind patterns. c. it led to the development of two new fields of science – marine biology and oceanography. d. the data collected on the expedition was published in an astonishing 50 volume set that is still used today.

ANS: B

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 21. Edward Forbes was an Edinburgh professor who thought that: a. life was plentiful in the deep sea. b. there was an easy route to the orient from Europe. c. no life existed in the deep sea because of high pressure and no light. d. the Pacific Ocean was much smaller than it truly is.

ANS: C

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 22. Scientific contributions made by the Challenger expedition that influenced our understanding of marine science include all of the following EXCEPT: a. the discovery of new species and life in the deep sea. b. the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. c. detailed analysis of seawater samples from all over the world. d. new information on ocean currents and the distribution of sediments.

ANS: B

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 23. Polar oceanography began with: a. Forbes. b. Wilkes. c. Thompson. d. Nansen.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 24. The first technology to replace weighted lines for making detailed measurements of the contours of the ocean floor was: a. echo sounders b. satellites c. bathyscaphes d. submersibles

ANS: A

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 25. Current technologies used in modern marine science include all of the following Except: a. remotely operated vehicles. b. chronometers. c. echo sounders. d. oceanographic satellites.

ANS: B

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REF: p. 41-45

26. Information about the ocean that satellites can provide to scientists include all of the following EXCEPT: a. sea surface height. b. sea surface temperature. c. wave height. d. sea floor sedimentation rate.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology 27. The scientist who charted the Gulf Stream in 1769 was: a. Darwin b. Forbes c. Magellan d. Benjamin Franklin.

ANS: D

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 28. The Navy Officer who first compiled information about winds and currents was: a. Edward Forbes. b. Charles Darwin. c. Matthew Maury. d. Tim Folger

ANS: C

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 29. The Portuguese explorer who first attempted to circumnavigate the world in the early 1500’s was: a. Magellan. b. Forbes. c. Thompson. d. Cook.

ANS: A

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 30. The invention of the compass is attributed to the: a. Americans b. Chinese c. Spanish d. British

ANS: B

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration TRUE/FALSE 1. A chronometer is a timepiece that can be used to determine longitude.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 2. Humanity did not spread to all the inhabitable areas of Earth until after the European voyages of discovery in the late 1400s and early 1500s.

ANS: F

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 3. The first awareness of the spherical shape of the Earth developed in Europe around 1450 with the work of Henry the Navigator. During the European Age of Discovery, Henry the Navigator was the first to recognize that Earth was spherical.

ANS: F

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 4. The Library of Alexandria was an important gathering place for intellectuals, stored the works of scholars, and contained current information about discoveries in trade and navigation.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 5. A cartographer makes charts and maps.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 6. Eratosthenes was a scientist who was interested in the size of Earth and used methods of geometry to determine the circumference of our planet.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 7. Latitude is a measurement that uses the prime meridian (Greenwich, England) as a reference point for determining the exact location of a specific point on Earth.

ANS: F

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration 8. The Hawaiian Islands were one of the last of the Pacific Islands to be colonized by the Polynesians because it is the farthest away, some 2,000 miles from other islands.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration

9. Captain Cook was the first scientist to drift in the ice pack of the Arctic.

ANS: F

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies 10. A compass is a navigational tool that points to magnetic north.

ANS: T

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REF: 2.1 Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration ESSAY 1. Modern technologies enable scientists to acquire information about the ocean relatively rapidly.

How have satellites changed the way we perceive, navigate, and study the ocean?

ANS:

In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was organized to research flight within and outside of Earth’s atmosphere. Though NASA’s primary mandate was related to national defense, today its satellites have contributed greatly to our understanding of the ocean and ocean processes. The first oceanographic satellite, SEASAT, was launched in 1978 sending information about the ocean such as temperature, height and variation in sea surface contours.

Modern satellites such as the TOPEX/Poseidon, the Jason – 3 and the AQUA are capable of sending large amount of scientific date back to Earth very quickly. The type of information that is gathered includes data about the water cycle, evaporation, temperature, chlorophyll a (phytoplankton) and dissolved organic matter at the surface of the ocean. In terms of navigation, the US Department of Defense has developed a Global Positioning System (GPS) composed of 24 satellites equipped with a computer, atomic clock and a radio transmitter. Any GPS receiver on the ground can calculate its own geographic location. Longitude and latitude are accurate with 1 meter! Overall, the use of satellites for studying the ocean has allowed scientists to see the “big picture” and watch how it changes over time - satellites can collect immense quantities of data, spanning the entire ocean, in a very short period of time! This was virtually impossible when we were limited strictly to shipboard methods. Conquering the spatial and temporal challenges of studying the ocean is one of the biggest accomplishments in oceanography to date!

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern

Technologies 2. Using specific examples, describe how advances in navigation and voyaging relate to the advent of marine science.

ANS: Early exploration of the ocean was primarily for economic and political reasons.

The Polynesians, Chinese and Europeans quickly discovered that the ocean was a vast expanse that was both wondrous and plentiful. Advances in navigation, such as the compass or the chronometer, allowed explorers to travel around the ocean with much greater efficiency. In the mid to late 1700’s Captain James Cook was the first to use the knowledge the voyagers before him had compiled and applied this information to the study of the ocean. Cook was both an explorer and scientists and within 100 years of his first voyage in 1768, the first fully organized, scientific expedition was launched (Challenger expedition in 1872). Economists, traders, explorers and scientists learned very early on that an understanding of the ocean could better all of their interests. Governments quickly realized there were great profits to be had from the natural resources in the ocean and started investing in oceanographic exploration.

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies

3. How are clocks used to determine longitude and why does a pendulum clock fail to produce accurate estimates of longitude at sea? Why was the invention of the chronometer so important for explorers?

ANS: Longitude lines are imaginary lines that run from pole to pole dividing the surface of the earth into a grid. You can find longitude using a clock by: (1) determining local noon by observing the path of a shadow of a vertical shaft which is shortest at noon. (2) Set a clock and begin to travel west. At the new location, noon on the clock will no longer correspond with the shortest shadow of the shaft. (3) Determine the time between the “clock” noon and the “shaft” noon and calculate how far west (in hours) you have traveled from the starting point. (4) Since we know that the earth rotates east making 1 rotation every 24 hours, the rotation rate is 15 degrees per hour (360 degrees/24 hours= 15 degrees/hour). In summary, the more accurate the clock and the measurement of the shadow of the shaft will increase the accuracy of the longitude reading.

Pendulum clocks are useless on a moving ship because the motion of the sea alters the swing of the pendulum and therefore the time, rendering the clock useless. It was not until the advent of the chronometer that used spring mechanisms instead of a pendulum, that longitude could be determined with any degree of accuracy.

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies

4. How do echo sounders work and what kind of information can they provide about the ocean floor?

ANS: Echo sounders changed the way scientists study the ocean floor. Echo sounders bounce sound waves off the ocean floor gathering information about depth and contour. Sound waves are emitted from a ship and travel to the ocean floor and then they are reflected back to the ship.

The depth is calculated by taking the velocity of the sound waves and multiplying it by the round-trip time divided by 2 (D=V(T/2)). Initially, this technique was very popular in measuring depths but was further applied to defining ocean floor contours and features.

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REF: 2.3 Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology

5. Describe the contributions of a famous ocean explorer or early marine scientist (such as Benjamin Franklin) to our understanding of ocean science.

ANS: In 1769 Franklin drew a chart of the Gulf Stream. Franklin noticed that the fastest ships did not always move through the ocean at the fastest pace. Franklin’s cousin Tim Folger, discovered that whalers had learned to use the Gulf Stream to their advantage by riding it on their way north from America across the Atlantic to England and avoiding it on the return. They noted the Gulf Stream was a major current running up to 3 miles per hour and could be used to cut days off their long range expeditions.

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REF: 2.2 Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies

Chapter 3—Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As early as the 1700s, scientists and explorers notice a remarkable coincidence of shape of the Atlantic coasts of Africa and which continent? a. North America b. Australia c. Asia d. South America

ANS: D

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REF: 3.1 Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together 2. The outermost solid layer of the Earth that comprises both continental and oceanic crust is called the: a. hydrosphere. b. lithosphere. c. asthenosphere. d. outer core.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

3. About how many kilometers (miles) is it from the Earth's center to the outer edge of the outer core? a. 12,523 kilometers (7,827 miles) b. 6,370 kilometers (3,980 miles) c. 1,264 kilometers (790 miles)

d. 2,880 kilometers (1,800 miles)

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

4. Earlier than 200 million years ago, the continents were joined into one supercontinent called: a. Pangaea. b. Panthalssa. c. Oceanus. d. Tethys.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.1 Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together 5. Which of the following lists represents the main components of the Earth's crust? a. oxygen, uranium, thorium. b. oxygen, silicon, uranium. c. oxygen, silicon, aluminum. d. iron, aluminum, carbon.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

6. A boundary in which crustal plates move past one another is called a: a. transform fault. b. convergent zone. c. divergent zone. d. rift valley.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 7. One cubic meter of which of these would weigh the most? a. seawater b. granite rock c. basaltic rock d. mantle

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

8. The Hawaiian Islands formed as they pass over a hot spot in the middle of the: a. Mid-Atlantic ridge. b. Nazca Plate. c. Mariana Trench. d. Pacific Plate.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

9. A cross section of Earth reveals a layered structure that has different thicknesses and densities.

How do geologists know this? a. From drilling and digging down into the various layers. b. From observing the characteristics of lava and gas issuing from volcanic vents. c. From observing the transit times through the Earth of waves generated by large earthquakes. d. From comparisons with drill cores taken by robot spacecraft on Mars and Venus.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

10. Why is the inside of the Earth still hot? a. Because the outer layers have prevented the escape of heat trapped during the planet's initial formation, and no new heat has been formed. b. Because the decay of large radioactive elements is creating heat in the Earth's inner layers. c. Because a nuclear process like that found in stars is at work in Earth's interior. d. Because huge quantities of oil and natural gas occasionally burn deep within the Earth.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

11. What do these things have in common: Paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading, Pangaea, WadatiBenioff zones, transform faults, fracture zones, seamount chains, Pacific hotspots. a. They are used to study earthquakes. b. They are involved with plate tectonics. c. They are used to investigate the potential for undersea mining and mineral resource exploitation. d. They are used to predict earthquake activity and warn people of imminent danger.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 12. Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a fluid by: a. weighing less than the water surrounding it. b. displacing a volume of water equal in weight to its own weight. c. displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly more than its own weight. d. displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly less than its own weight.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

13. Which of these is most abundant on or in the Earth? a. mantle material b. granite rock c. liquid water d. basalt

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

14. A "mystery" in our understanding of plate tectonics has been, until recently, the nature of the power source capable of moving the plates and the continents embedded within them. Recent evidence indicates the power source to be: a. the readjustment of the surface to continual shrinking of the whole Earth. b. convection currents within the Earth's mantle is moving the plates. c. the action of ocean currents is dragging along the seafloor, causing the seafloor and the continents to move. d. the continual vibration from earthquakes and volcanoes slowly moves the continents equatorward under the influence of centrifugal force.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 15. If two oceanic plates collide at a relatively fast speed, and one is much older and cooler (therefore more dense) than the other, what will happen? a. A deep trench will form. b. Continental mountains will form. c. Large earthquakes will occur. d. A volcano will erupt. .

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Sea Floor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 16. Evidence for plate tectonics can be seen in: a. the distribution of marine microbes. b. ancient glaciers. c. the distribution of dissolved compounds in isolated regions of the ocean. d. modern snail species.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Sea Floor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 17. The youngest seafloor rocks are found: a. nearest the continental slopes. b. near the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges. c. beneath the deep sea trenches. d. evenly distributed over the ocean basins.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 18. The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and: a. subduction down the rift valleys. b. spreading centers in the trenches. c. changes in the Earth's axis of rotation. d. periodic reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

19. The Earth's youngest rocks are found: a. in the deepest part of the flat ocean bottom. b. at the mid-ocean ridges. c. at the cores of the continents. d. in trenches.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.3 Wegener's Idea Is Transformed

20. New crust is being generated: a. in the deep trenches. b. in submarine canyons. c. in the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges. d. at the centers of large continents.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 21. Geologists believe that a new ocean basin is forming: a. at the East African Rift Valley. b. in the Red Sea. c. along the divergent zone between India and Asia. d. along the divergent zone between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics

22. Oceanographers believe the breakup of Pangaea occurred about: a. 1 million years ago. b. 25 million years ago. c. 200 million years ago. d. 750 million years ago.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 3.1 Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together 23. All of the following statements are true concerning subduction zones EXCEPT: a. they are belts of deep-focus earthquakes. b. they are sites where lithospheric plates are diverging or pulling apart. c. they are marked by the presence of deep-sea trenches. d. they are zones where old seafloor descends into the crust and mantle.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 24. The mid-ocean ridges are: a. subduction zones. b. transform or lateral plate boundaries. c. divergent plate boundaries. d. convergent plate boundaries.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics

25. Roughly how fast do most lithospheric plates move? a. about 5 kilometers per hour b. about 5 kilometers per thousand years c. about 5 centimeters per hour d. about 5 centimeters per year

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Sea Floor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 26. The Emperor Seamounts were formed: a. as islands formed over a hot spot. b. as an island arc that formed along a trench. c. as islands formed over a spreading center d. islands formed at a convergent zone.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

27. One force that drives plate movement is: a. convection. b. winds. c. ocean currents. d. conduction.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 28.

With the use of radiometric dating, one would expect to find the OLDEST rock to be found: a. in the center of the Earth’s core. b. near the middle of the Pacific plate.

c. in the center of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. d. in the center of continents.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 3.3 Wegner's Idea is Transformed

29. The hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of the earth is called the: a. core. b. asthenosphere. c. lithosphere. d. mantle.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior is Layered

30. Japan is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire and experiences many earthquakes. Almost all of the earthquakes around Japan occur: a. only on the east side of the island where the Pacific plate subducts. b. only on the west side of the island where the Eurasian plate subducts. c. near the Pacific spreading center. d. Near the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough:From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics TRUE/FALSE 1. The oceanic crust is made of basalt.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

2. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer who suggested that at one time, Earth's landmasses were joined into a supercontinent called Pangaea.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 3.1 Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together 3. One piece of evidence that suggests the existence of Pangaea is continuous mountain ranges spanning Australia and Antarctica.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 3.1 Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together 4. Density is a measure of relative heaviness and is defined as mass per unit volume.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

5. The asthenosphere is cooler than the lithosphere.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

6. Convection in the asthenosphere, in part, facilitates continental drift.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 3.2 Earth's Interior Is Layered

7. Subduction zones are areas where new seafloor is created.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics

8. The Hawaiian Islands were formed within the last 2 million years under a hot spot that is now inactive.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

9. Transform faults are never found at mid-ocean ridges.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics 10. There are 2 types of plate divergences: divergent oceanic crust and divergent continental crust.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics ESSAY 1. What is plate convergence and what types of features are produced from convergence?

ANS: Plate convergence happens when lithospheric plates come together. There are three types of convergence and are defined by the composition and density of plates that are coming together: (1) the convergence of oceanic crust toward continental crust, (2) the convergence of oceanic crust and oceanic crust and (3) continental crust towards continental crust. Because of the density differences between oceanic and continental crust, different features are produced. When oceanic crust collides with continental crust, as off the west coast of South America, the oceanic crust slides underneath the continent and the continental crust buckles forming the Peru-Chili trench and the Andes Mountains. In the north Pacific where oceanic crust converges with oceanic crust island arcs are formed. Lastly, when two plates of continental crust collide, spectacular features such as the Himalayan mountains and the Tibetan plateau are formed.

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Sea Floor Spreading to Plate Tectonics

2. How has the history of plate movement been captured in residual magnetic fields?

ANS: A compass needle points to the magnetic north pole because of the persistent magnetic field caused by the movement of molten metal in the Earth’s outer core. As new seafloor is produced at spreading centers, the magnetic minerals’ (naturally occurring in basaltic magma) align with the Earth’s magnetic field. As the new rock cools and hardens, the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at that particular time is frozen and records information like a fossil does.

Scientists use this information to measure spreading rates and are able to create detailed charts of the ocean floor dating back about 200 million years.

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

3. Using the Atlantic ocean basin as an example, describe in detail how an ocean basin is formed.

ANS: Ocean basins are formed at divergent plate boundaries where two lithospheric plates pull apart.

As separation continues, rift valleys become deep enough so that water can collect. The spreading center in the Atlantic is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary where (in the north) the North American plate is diverging from the Eurasian plate and in the south, the South American plate is pulling away from the African plate.

As new oceanic crust (dense basalt) is produced, a basin is formed with a rift valley. As the rift valley becomes deeper and deeper, water begins to collect ultimately producing an ocean.

PTS: 1

REF: 3.4 The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics

4. Are the Hawaiian Islands moving? If yes, why, how fast, and in what direction?

ANS:

The Hawaiian Islands are formed by volcanic activity in the middle of the pacific plat and are moving at a rate of about 8 cm per year. A hot spot is a surface expression of a stationary high temperature plume that melts the crust and forms a volcano over the hot spot. Because the Pacific Plate is moving, the volcanic island is carried away from the source of origin. Over millions of years, a volcanic island chain is formed. The Hawaiian Islands and the Emperor seamounts is a famous assembly line chain of Islands that represent about 70 million years of plate movement.

PTS: 1

REF: 3.5 The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics

5. Describe the Wilson Cycle. How can this cycle be used to explain plate tectonics?

ANS: The Wilson cycle is a descriptive synthesis that explains the movement and the nature of the Earth’s surface. The cycle describes that over great periods of time ocean floors are created and destroyed, mountains erode, sediments subduct and continents rebuild all in a stepwise fashion.

Stage 1 is considered embryonic where the left flanks of a rift valley uplift and right valleys subside. Stages 2 and 3 are represented by divergence followed by convergence and seduction and uplifting. In the final stage called suturing convergence and uplift form mountains as two continental masses collide.

PTS: 1

REF: 3.6 Scientists Still Have Much to Learn about the Tectonic Process

Chapter 4—Ocean Basins

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How can a satellite sense the contours of the ocean bottom from space? a. By shining a laser through the ocean to see the bottom. b. By using radar to sense the height of the sea surface over submerged features. c. By using sonar to measure ocean bottom contours directly. d. By sensing changes in gravity as it flies over trenches and mountain ranges.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.1 The Ocean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry

2. Which of the following statements accurately describes a turbidity current? a. A fast dense current of water that carries sediments offshore. b. The cause of mid-ocean trenches. c. A phenomenon associated with violent atmospheric storms at sea. d. Something that always occurs at river mouths in shallow water, but does not extend into water more than 50 meters (165 feet) deep.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or

Passive 3. Water depth over continental shelves averages only about: a. 16 meters(50 feet) b. 35 meters(115 feet) c. 75 meters (250 feet) d. 100 meters (300 feet)

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or

Passive 4. Submarine canyons occur: a. at the part of an ocean basin nearest the poles. b. at the part of an ocean basin nearest the equator. c. at the junction between continental shelf and continental slope. d. at the center of an ocean basin, at the edges of the mid-ocean ridge.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 5. The deep-ocean basin includes all of the following features EXCEPT: a. continental shelf. b. abyssal hills. c. abyssal plains. d. mid-ocean ridges.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 The Topology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin 6. The continental shelf: a. is a narrow strip on the East Coast of the United States. b. is a steep zone dropping off to the deep seafloor like a cliff. c. is a featureless plain unlike the neighboring continent. d. is a gently sloping platform with a variable landscape.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 7. Which of the following statements accurately describes active continental margins? a. They are regions of great geological stability. b. They are characteristic of the margins of the Atlantic Basin. c. They are areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, where lithospheric plates are converging or are in collision. d. They are areas where lithospheric plates are actively moving apart.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 8. The transition between the shelf and the deep seafloor is: a. the littoral zone. b. the continental slope and rise. c. the abyssal plain. d. the mid-ocean ridge.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 9. Submarine canyons: a. always run parallel to coasts. b. have gradual slopes and are very wide. c. can never cut into rock. d. cut into the shelf and may extend almost to the shore.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 10. The average elevation of the continents is: a. 8,848 meters (16,000 feet) b. 840 meters (2,760 feet) c. 3,800 meters (12,000 feet) d. 5,000 meters (15,000 feet)

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or

Passive 11. The great heaps of unconsolidated sediment at the base of the continental slope are known as: a. the continental rise. b. the abyssal hills. c. the abyssal plains. d. the mid-ocean mountains.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 12. The origin of submarine canyons is not well understood, but most likely a. is erosional, started by streams during periods when the sea level was lower. b. is tectonic, and represents down-folds of rock within the continental shelf. c. is organic, resulting from the activities of burrowing organisms. d. is glacial, the work of glaciers depositing rock debris on the shelf.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 13. The leading edge of a moving continental crustal plate is most likely to exhibit features associated with: a. frequent earthquake activity. b. active continental margins. c. widespread volcanism. d. passive continental margins.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 14. Active continental margins are located: a. along the east coast of the United States. b. along the east coast of South America. c. on the west coasts of both North and South America. d. all around Africa.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 15. The landscape of the seafloor could best be described as: a. a featureless plain. b. a smooth descent with the deepest portions farthest from land. c. similar in rock type, sediment thickness, and erosional processes to those found on the land. d. huge abyssal plains containing ridges, trenches, seamounts.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 The Topology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin 16. The characteristics of deep trenches indicate: a. they are submerged erosional features. b. they are elongated depressions in the oceanic crust. c. they are glacial troughs dating back to the Ice Age. d. they are erosional canyons cut by turbidity currents.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 The Topology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin 17. The mid-ocean mountains, such as theridges and rises: a. are similar in origin to theAlps, theRockies, and theAppalachians. b. are composed of folded and faulted marine sedimentary rocks. c. are constructed of volcanic basalt. d. are similar in size and features to most continental mountains.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 18. Which of thefollowing statements is true regarding theislands bordering deep-sea trenches? a. They are theresult of a series of quiet, continuous basaltic eruptions. b. They are accumulations of sediments on themargins of thetrenches. c. They are formed from theactivities of coral and other organisms. d. They are explosive volcanoes and are called island arcs.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 19. The deepest parts of thePacific Basin are located: a. in thecenter of thePacific Ocean near theHawaiian Islands. b. in theeastern part of thebasin, off North America. c. in therift valley of theEast Pacific Rise. d. near themargins of South America, Japan, and theMarianas Islands.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 20. Hydrothermal vents are located near: a. passive continental margins. b. zones of rapid seafloor spreading. c. the edges of thedeep sea trenches. d. the margins of theHawaiian chain.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 21. Flat-topped seamounts that rise from theocean floor are called: a. ridges. b. island arcs. c. guyots. d. abyssal hills.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 22. The deepest part of theocean is the: a. Peru-Chile Trench. b. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. c. Mariana Trench. d. Abyssal plains.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin

23. The Andes mountain range is an example of a(n): a. ridge system. b. island arc system. c. passive margin. d. active margin convergent zone.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or

Passive 24. the widest continental shelf is located in: a. the Arctic Sea north of Siberia. b. the western edge of South America. c. the margin surrounding theHawaiian Islands. d. the Emperor Seamounts.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 25. An example of a continental rise that is extraordinarily wide is found: a. in theRed Sea. b. in thePacific at theactive margin called the"Ring of Fire." c. in theBay of Bengal. d. off theeast coast of Florida.

ANS: C Passive

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

26. The Emperor Sea Mounts are found in: a. the Sagasso Sea. b. the South Pacific. c. the North West Pacific. d. the coastal region of Australia.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.5 theGrand Tour

27. Abyssal hills are small extinct volcanoes commonly associated with: a. seafloor spreading. b. convergent zones. c. active continental margins. d. continental shelves.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 28. Which of thefollowing statements most accurately describes how thecontinental rise is formed? a. From theconvergence of oceanic plates at passive continental margins. b. From volcanic activity at active continental margins. c. From accumulated sediments at thebase of thecontinental slope. d. from sedimentation surrounding spreading centers.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or

Passive 29. The discovery and study of ocean floor contours is called: a. bathymetry. b. abyssomethry.

c. stratigraphy. d. paleoceanography.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 4.1 theOcean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry

30. The oldest and best-known deep-diving submarines is the: a. Geostat b. Alvin c. TOPEX/Poseidon d. Challenger

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 4.1 theOcean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry

TRUE/FALSE 1. Abyssal plains and abyssal hills cover a quarter of theEarth's surface.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 2. A guyot is found at spreading centers.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 3. Trenches and island arcs are found at spreading centers.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 4. Scientists think that turbidity currents contribute to theformation of submarine canyons.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 5. The Challenger expedition used multibeam echo sounders to contour theseafloor.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 4.1 theOcean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry

6. Continental shelves can be made of either granite crust, basalt crust or both.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 7. Passive continental margins line coasts that are far from tectonically active areas.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 8. The shelf break is thetransition between thecontinental slope and theabyssal plains.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May Be Active or

Passive 9. Hydrothermal vents such as black smokers are found at spreading centers.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin

10. A seamount is a volcanic projection that does not rise above thesurface.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin ESSAY 1. The Mariana Trench is about 20% deeper than Mount Everest is high. Explain how this statistic was determined and describe how each of these features were formed.

ANS: The deepest part of theocean is theMariana Trench located on theeast side of thePhilippine Islands. theMariana Trench extends 11,022 meters (36,163 feet) deep below sea level. Mount Everest extends 29,029 feet (8,848 meters) above sea level and therefore, theMariana Trench is 7,134 feet deeper than Mount Everest is high or 20%. theMariana Trench is a deep sea trench formed as two oceanic plates converge and subduct. Mount Everest was formed also at a convergence zone where two continental plates collide and buckle upwards.

PTS: 1 REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of theContinental Margin 2. What is a submarine canyon and how are they formed?

ANS:

A submarine canyon is a canyon that cuts into thecontinental shelf and continental slope often ending on thedeep-sea floor in a fan-shaped wedge of sediment. Submarine canyons usually run at right-angles or perpendicular to coast lines and are located on continental margins. As similar to canyons on land, submarine canyons are created by erosion. themass movement of sediment on theocean floor is called a turbidity current. Turbidity currents occur when turbulence mixes sediment into water above a sloping bottom (i.e., on continental shelves or slopes). thesteeper theslope, thefaster thedenser turbidity current will flow, sometimes reaching speeds of 17 miles per hour. Over long periods of time these abrasive turbidity currents can carve canyons into thecontinental shelf.

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or Passive

3. What methods do scientists use to determine thebathymetry of theocean floor?

ANS: Scientists use information from many differences sources to get a clearer idea of thedetails of theocean floor. Echo sounders are used to bounce sound waves off theseafloor. A beam of sound waves is emitted from a ship at thesurface and as they hit thebottom, thesound waves are reflected back to theship. thedepth is determined by D=V (T/2) where V is thevelocity of thesound waves, T is time it takes for thesound waves to travel away from and back to theship.

Another method is called a multi-beam echo sounder system which uses many beams (up to 121) that radiate from a ship. When theship moves along a transect pattern, like mowing thelawn, theecho sounder information from all thebeams combined gives scientists a fairly accurate map of greater areas of theocean floor. A third system uses satellites to gather information about theocean floor. Since satellites cannot measure theocean floor directly, they measure small variations in theelevation of thesurface water. Features of theocean floor can be determined by measuring subtle irregularities of thesea surface. Lastly remote operated vehicles or deep sea submersibles descend to thedeep sea to measure, photograph and collect information about theocean floor.

PTS: 1

REF: 4.1 theOcean Floor is Mapped by Bathymetry.

4. Distinguish between active and passive continental margins.

ANS: As lithospheric plates move about theplanet, they converge, diverge and slide past one another. thesubmerged edges of thecontinents, called continental margins, are greatly influenced by plate activity. Continental margins that face theedge of diverging plates are passive margins and experience very little earthquake or volcanic activity. Passive continental margins are primarily found surrounding theAtlantic. On theother hand, active continental margins are those found nearing theedges of convergent zones and are characterized by frequent earthquake and volcanic activity. Active margins are common around thePacific (the Pacific Ring of Fire).

PTS: 1

REF: 4.3 Continental Margins May be Active or Passive

5. Abyssal Plains and Abyssal hills cover about 25% of thesurface of theearth. How are these features characterized?

ANS: About 25% of thesurface of theEarth is covered by abyssal hills and plains. Abyssal plains are extraordinarily flat expanses of theocean floor consisting of layers of sediment. Most of thesediment layers originated from shallow water or continental margins and in some areas can be over 1000 meters thick. theaverage depths of theabyssal plains are 3800 meters beneath thesurface and are located between thecontinental margins and oceanic ridges. In some areas, thesediment layer may not be thick enough to cover thebasaltic oceanic floor especially near theedges of theridges. In these areas, small abyssal hills are formed as sediment covers extinct volcanoes that once spewed molten rock. Abyssal hills are usually only about 200 meters high and are most commonly associated with sea floor spreading areas.

PTS: 1 REF: 4.4 theTopology of Deep Ocean Basins Differs From that of theContinental Margin Chapter 5—Ocean Sediments

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The oozes on theseafloor mostly consist of: a. boulders and cobbles from glaciers oozing off theland. b. bones and teeth of bottom-dwelling fishes. c. fine muds washed down thecontinental slope to theseafloor. d. microscopic hard parts of single-celled living organisms.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 2. Which of thefollowing metals is not usually found in manganese nodules? a. iron b. uranium c. nickel d. cobalt

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 3. Underlying theunconsolidated sediments of theseafloor are: a. basalt pillows and basement rocks. b. granite crust. c. glacial deposits left from theIce Age. d. ancient remnants of continental crust.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 4. Large volumes of bottom sediments may be transported long distances by: a. storm waves. b. icebergs. c. tidal action. d. turbidity currents.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 5. Carbonate sediments are rare in deep sea sediments because: a. the organisms providing shells do not live in thedeep sea. b. the abundance of muds and clays cover thecarbonate shells. c. the carbonate shells are dissolved in deep water. d. the organisms do not live beyond theedge of thecontinental shelf.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 6. Most of thefloor of theNorth Pacific Ocean is covered with: a. manganese nodules. b. biogenous oozes. c. red and brown clays. d. evaporites.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

7. Which of thefollowing would be considered oozes? a. Terrigenous sediments. b. Biogenous sediments. c. Hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments. d. Cosmogenous sediments.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 8. Which of thefollowing sediments cover thegreatest area of seabed? a. terrigenous sediments b. biogenous sediments c. hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments d. cosmogenous sediments

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

9. Which of thefollowing is themost abundant sediment in neritic deposits? a. terrigenous sediments b. biogenous sediments c. hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments d. cosmogenous sediments

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

10. Which of thefollowing is generated in place, on thespot where we find them? a. terrigenous sediments b. biogenous sediments c. hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments

d. cosmogenous sediments

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

11. Which of thefollowing is of organic origin; i.e., made by organisms? a. terrigenous sediments b. biogenous sediments c. hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments d. cosmogenous sediments

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

12. Which of thefollowing arrive in theocean from continents via rivers? a. terrigenous sediments b. biogenous sediments c. hydrogenous (or authigenic) sediments d. cosmogenous sediments

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

13. All of thefollowing are valid methods for classifying sediments EXCEPT: a. the size and settling rate of sediment grains. b. the thickness of sediment layers. c. the source material of thesediment. d. the location on thesea floor where thesediment accumulates.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Sediments May Be Classified by Particle Size

14. In theprocess of lithification, sediments: a. are subducted into themantle at a deep trench. b. are converted into solid rock. c. slip into thecenter of themid-ocean ridges and become new seafloor. d. are uplifted to form theedges of continents.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 Neritic Sediments Overlie Continental

Margins 15. Select thefinest particles in this list. a. sand b. silt c. clay d. granules

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 16. Scientists can derive all of thefollowing types of information from observing deep ocean cores EXCEPT: a. how much light penetrates theocean b. the presence or absence of mineral resources c. historical water temperatures d. ancient current patterns.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.6 Scientists Use Specialized Tools to Study Ocean Sediments

17. Radiolarians and diatoms are both examples of: a. multicellular organisms. b. single-celled animals. c. creatures whose shells form siliceous oozes. d. calcareous oozes in thedeepest parts of theocean.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 18. Which of thefollowing are hydrogenous sediments? a. quartz sand b. evaporites c. siliceous oozes d. tektites

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

19. Which statement characterizes sediments of theNorth Pacific? a. The sediments of theNorth Pacific are primarily composed of radiolarian deposits. b. The sediments of theNorth Pacific are thicker than thesediments of theAtlantic. c. The sediments of thedeep North Pacific are mainly pelagic clays. d. The sediments of theNorth Pacific are mostly calcareous oozes.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 20. Sediments that originate in theocean are called:

a. pelagic sediments. b. abyssal sediments. c. biogenous sediments. d. neritic sediments.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May be Classified by Source

21. Neritic sediments are found on the: a. deep ocean floor mostly in theAtlantic Ocean. b. continental shelf. c. continental rise. d. abyssal plains.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 Neritic Sediments Overlie Continental

Margins 22. Sand is classified as sediment that has a diameter no larger than: a. 4 mm. b. 0.2 mm. c. 2 mm. d. 0.004 mm.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Sediments May Be Classified by Particle Size

23. The age of most marine sediments is: a. no older than about 10,000 years old. b. about 1 million years old. c. rarely older than about 180 million years old. d. not possible to determine.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance

24. A layer of sediment that contains a mixture of sediments with various sizes is referred to as: a. homogeneous. b. poorly sorted. c. well-sorted. d. eroding sediments.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 5.2 Sediments May Be Classified by Particle Size

25. Which of thefollowing is a major source of terrigenous sediments? a. Erosion. b. Dissolved organic material. c. Dissolved nutrients. d. Precipitation over theopen ocean.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

26. More than 75% of thetotal ocean floor is considered: a. continental shelf. b. deep ocean floor. c. continental slope. d. continental rise.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

27. A depression along theboundary of a seamount where sediment has built-up is a: a. scour moat. b. guyot. c. island arc. d. abyssal plain.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance

28. One area in theocean that has an extreme abundance of sediment deposition is: a. the shallow waters around Alaska. b. the waters around thetip of Africa. c. the deep ocean floor in themiddle of thePacific Ocean. d. the waters near theGulf Coast of North America.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

29. Over millions of years, natural gas and oil can be formed from: a. erosion. b. volcanic ash. c. biogenous sediments. d. terrigenous sediments.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

30. The analysis of layered sedimentary deposits in theocean is: a. stratigraphy. b. oceanography. c. marine biology. d. ecology.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes TRUE/FALSE 1. Clays are thecoarsest and most easily transported of theterrigenous sediments.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 2. Scientists use ocean sediments to obtain information about ocean processes throughout thehistory of theocean.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.6 Scientists Use Specialized Tools to Study Ocean Sediments 3. Sediment refers to theinorganic materials that accumulate on theocean floor.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 5.1 Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance

4. Some sediment originates from theremnants of organisms.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 5. An example of a terrigenous sediment is themanganese nodule.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

6. Stratigraphy is thestudy of thedeposition and layering of sediments over time.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes 7. Manganese nodules were discovered during theChallenger expedition and are hydrogenous sediments.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 8. The only way in which calcium carbonate sediment can form is by evaporation.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 9. An example of a siliceous ooze are those formed from radiolarian shells.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness 10. The white cliffs of Dover are chalk-like deposits of coccolithophores and are around 100 million years old.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness ESSAY

1. Paleoceanography is thestudy of past processes and past events that have occurred in theocean.

What types of questions do paleoceanographers ask and what are themethods they use to obtain information about theocean's past?

ANS: Deep-sea sediments hold about a 180 million year history about theocean, its chemistry and its inhabitants. Paleoceanographers may ask questions about thehistory of theocean and Earth.

These questions may range from climate science, to species biology to geological phenomena and more. Scientists use many different sampling techniques such as clamshell samplers, piston corers, and deep-sea drilling to extract sediment samples from different depths.

Paleooceanographers can infer several types of information held within these sediments including theage of thesediments, theidentification of microfossils trapped in thelayer of sediments, thehistorical temperatures of theocean and other aspects of past ocean chemistry and behavior. In addition, scientists are currently trying to interpret both oceanic and climate change history. New advances in instrumentation and technologies have enabled scientists to probe deeper into sediments unveiling more information about theocean of thepast.

PTS: 1

REF: 5.7 Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes

2. What are themain sources of terrigenous sediments?

ANS: Terrigenous sediments are those sediments that have their origins on land and are typically themost common and abundant sediment type on theocean floor, especially in neritic deposits.

There are several sources of terrigenous sediments. . First, rivers transport huge amounts of sediments into theocean and river runoff is theprimary source of terrigenous sediments.

Scientists predict that 15 billion metric tons of terrigenous sediment is transported by rivers to theocean each year. Secondly, winds blow dust, sand and volcanic ash into theocean. It is estimated that about 100 million tons of dust, sand and ash blow into theocean each year.

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

3. Describe neritic sediments and explain what you would expect thecomposition of a typical neritic sample to be.

ANS: Neritic sediments are those that form and are found on thecontinental shelves that line theEarth’s continents. Because of theproximity to thecontinents, most neritic sediments are terrigenous in origins; sediments are eroded from theland and carried to theocean in rivers and streams. Once in theocean, currents and wave action distribute sand and larger particles along thecoast. Smaller particles such as clays and silts are transported off shore and are deposited on theocean floor in deeper waters. Neritic sediments may also contain biogenous oozes in highly productive regions (i.e. where lots of microorganisms grow).

PTS: 1

REF: 5.4 neritic Sediments Overlie Continental Margins

4. What is sediment and what are the4 classifications of marine sediments based on their origin?

ANS: Sediment is a general term referring to particles of matter that accumulate on theocean floor. theappearance of sediment can vary widely, coming in a range of sizes and types, from thecommon beach sand to manganese nodules of thedeep Pacific seafloor. In general, thesediments that cover thesurface of seafloor are either terrigenous in origin (i.e., from land erosion), biogenous sediments that originated from microorganisms and/or hydrogenous sediments that formed from chemical reaction in thewater. thelast type of sediment is cosmogenous sediments, which have an extraterrestrial origin, though these are rare in today’s surface layer of sediment.

PTS: 1

REF: 5.3 Sediments May Be Classified by Source

5. What is theorigin of manganese nodules?

ANS: Manganese nodules are hydrogenous sediments that are formed from in-situ chemical reactions as theminerals in thewater precipitate to form a solid. Manganese nodules are primarily composed of manganese and iron oxides but have small amounts of cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, molybdenum and zinc. Although theexact chemical mechanism by which they are formed is not fully understood, scientists do know that they grow at a rate of about 1-10 mm per million years.

PTS: 1

REF: 5.5 Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness

Chapter 6—Water

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule tend to bond to: a. each other. b. oxygen atoms of another water molecule. c. hydrogen atoms of another water molecule. d. all positively charged ions.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.2 theWater Molecule

2. The hydrogen bonds of water molecules account for which of thefollowing? a. Water is theuniversal solvent. b. Water has a low surface tension. c. Water has a low boiling point. d. Water has a low heat capacity.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

3. The average salinity of theworld ocean is about ____. a. 35% b. 21.5% c. 3.5% d. 52%

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

4. The term "salinity" refers to: a. the total amount of dissolved solids in theocean. b. the total amount of sodium chloride dissolved in theocean. c. the total amount of chlorine in one kilogram of water. d. the total amount of chloride ion in thewater.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

5. The two most abundant elements (ions) dissolved in seawater are: a. fluorine and iodine. b. gold and silver. c. bromine and boron. d. sodium and chloride.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

6. The amount of oxygen that seawater can hold in solution will be greater: a. in colder water. b. in warmer water. c. in water with a higher salinity. d. in water with less pressure and density.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

7. Oxygen enters seawater: a. through therespiration of animals. b. as a byproduct of photosynthesis and diffusion from thesurface. c. as a result of decomposition of plant and animal remains. d. through theoxidation of metal ions in seawater.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

8. As carbon dioxide enters theocean it: a. is used by animals for respiration. b. bonds to water molecules to increase thesalinity of theocean. c. forms carbonic acid. d. becomes a product of photosynthesis.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

9. The components of ocean water whose quantities are less than 1 part per million (ppm) are considered: a. excess volatiles. b. Zwitterions. c. major constituents. d. trace elements.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

10. The principle of constant proportions states: a. that thetotal amount of dissolved solids in theocean is a constant. b. that thesalinity of theocean is a constant. c. that theexcess volatile ratio of theocean is a constant. d. that theratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is a constant.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

11. Residence time is: a. the same for all elements in theocean. b. the average length of time an element spends in theocean. c. the length of time it takes an element to dissolve in theocean. d. the same as mixing time.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

12. What is theapproximate mixing time of theworld ocean? a. about 1,600 years b. about 160,000 years c. about 160,000,000 years d. about 1 million years

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

13. Which of thefollowing statements about pH is not true?

a. The pH relates to acid-base balance. b. A pH of 3 is alkaline, a pH of 10 is acid. c. Buffers prevent large swings in pH. d. As a whole, thepH of theocean is mildly alkaline. .

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.7 Acid-Base Balance

14. The salinity of theocean, at thepresent time, seems to be: a. increasing due to evaporation as theEarth warms up. b. decreasing due to several years of excessive rainfall. c. increasing due to pollution. d. in equilibrium, with dissolved components entering equal to dissolved components leaving.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

15. The deepest layers of theocean originate from: a. surface waters at low latitudes. b. bottom waters at low latitudes. c. waters of theMediterranean Sea. d. surface waters especially at high latitudes.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

16. The ocean is stratified with respect to: a. density b. temperature c. salinity d. all of these

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

17. The density of seawater will increase: a. when thetemperature increases. b. when thesalinity decreases. c. when thesalinity increases. d. when dissolved gases increase.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

18. Which of thefollowing statements is TRUE regarding sound in theocean? a. Sound is scattered as it bounces off suspended particles in thewater. b. Sound intensity increases as it moves through theocean because of absorption. c. The speed of sound in theocean is ten times less than thespeed of sound in air. d. The speed of sound in theocean decreases as temperature increases.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.10 Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light in theOcean 19. The property of water that accounts for theability of liquid water to absorb heat and change only very little in temperature is called: a. high heat capacity. b. latent heat of evaporation. c. latent heat of fusion. d. freezing coefficient.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.3 Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics

20. If our planet were without its ocean, but otherwise thesame as it is today, surface temperatures would be: a. more extreme. b. less extreme. c. about thesame as we know today. d. impossible to tell without more information.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.1 Familiar, Abundant, and Odd

21. The ocean's deep sound channel (sofar layer) is characterized as a zone by all of thefollowing EXCEPT: a. sound is horizontally concentrated rather than diffused as it moves through thewater. b. acoustical energy losses are relatively small. c. sound waves travel great horizontal distances. d. sound velocity is at a maximum.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.10 Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light in theOcean 22. All of thefollowing influence thedepth to which light can penetrate theocean EXCEPT: a. the dust, cloud cover, and gases in theatmosphere. b. the depth of thewater. c. the smoothness or roughness of thesea surface. d. the amount of suspended material in thewater.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.9 Light Does Not Travel Far Through theOcean

23. The wavelength(s) of light that penetrate deepest into theocean are: a. red and violet. b. red and yellow. c. blue and red. d. green and blue.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.9 Light Does Not Travel Far Through theOcean

24. A zone in which theocean's salinity changes rapidly with increasing depth is called: a. a halocline. b. a thermocline. c. a pycnocline. d. a metacline.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

25. About what percentage of theincoming sunlight is absorbed by theEarth's land and water surface? a. 20% b. 35% c. 50% d. 65%

ANS: C Temperature

PTS: 1

REF: 6.4 Surface Water Moderates Global

26. A permanent and deep thermocline can be found: a. in temperate zones. b. in Antarctica. c. in thetropics. d. anywhere depending on water salinity.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

27. The components of ocean water whose proportions are NOT accounted for by theweathering of surface rocks are: a. residue surface constituents. b. trace elements. c. conservative constituents. d. excess volatiles.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

28. Heat can be carried to thepolar regions: a. in ocean currents from thetropics. b. in thecircumpolar ocean current. c. as water is transported away from thepoles. d. as water is transported towards lower latitudes.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 6.4 Surface Water Moderates Global

Temperature 29. 80 calories of heat are required to change 1 gram of ice to liquid water. This represents water’s: a. latent heat of evaporation b. latent heat of fusion

c. sensible heat d. temperature

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 6.3 Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics

30. The type of bond that enables water molecules to stick together is a: a. covalent bond. b. molecular bond. c. hydrogen bond. d. atomic bond.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 6.2 theWater Molecule

TRUE/FALSE 1. The density of seawater is affected by both temperature and salinity.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

2. Frozen water is more dense than liquid water.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

3. Red light is able to penetrate thewater deepest.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 6.9 Light Does Not Travel Far through theOcean

4. The salinity of seawater can be calculated if theamount of chloride is known because theratio of dissolved solids is constant.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

5. The geometry of thecovalent bonds shared by thehydrogen atoms and oxygen atom in a water molecule account for its polarity.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.2 theWater Molecule

6. Heat and temperature both measure random vibrations of an atom or a molecule.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 6.3 Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics

7. Scientists believe theglobal change in greenhouse gases is making thesurface ocean fresher in high latitudes.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.4 Surface Water Moderates Global

Temperatures 8. The salinity of seawater is a measure of theamount of sodium and chloride in a water sample.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water Is a Powerful Solvent

9. As carbon dioxide dissolves at thesurface of theocean, it combines chemically to form a weak acid called carbonic acid.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

10. The pycnocline can occur at thesame range of depths as a halocline.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 6.8 theOcean Is Stratified by Density

ESSAY 1. What is meant by themixing time of theocean?

ANS: The Ocean, as a vast body of water, is mixed by theconstant action of winds and currents, which in turn mixes all of theoceans dissolved constituents. If constituent minerals remain in theocean water for long periods of time, they will become evenly distributed throughout theocean. themixing time of theocean is about 1,600 years, so all elements with a residence time longer than this (the “major” constituents) will disperse throughout theocean. At this rate, theocean has been mixed hundreds of thousands of times. theresult of this long-term thorough mixing is thebasis for theprinciple of constant proportions.

PTS: 1

REF: 6.5 Water is a Powerful Solvent

2. Describe thedistribution of oxygen in theocean from thesurface to thedeep sea.

ANS:

Oxygen is very unevenly distributed in theocean. At thesurface, oxygen easily moves down its concentration gradient and diffuses into theocean water. In addition, at thesurface, photosynthesis activity by phytoplankton and other plants and algae releases oxygen. Therefore, theshallow waters of photic zone are rich in oxygen. In some parts of theocean, there is a sharp decrease of oxygen levels called theoxygen minimum layer. This layer sometimes corresponds with thethermocline, where there is a density shelf where rates of decomposition of dead material rain down from thesurface. Respiration of animals and decomposition are processes that consume oxygen and at this depth there isn’t a source to replenish that which has been used (i.e. no photosynthesis or diffusion from theatmosphere), resulting in theoxygen minimum layer. In thedeep sea, oxygen levels are generally higher than theoxygen minimum layer because deep sea water is carried from thesurface by deep water currents that originated in thecold, oxygenated surface water of thepoles.

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

3. Explain at least three processes that happen to light from thesun as it reaches thesurface of theocean.

ANS: Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (energy). As light from thesun hits thesurface of theocean, many different things happen. First, some of thelight is reflected back into theatmosphere. Secondly, light wavelengths are absorbed by thewater and theenergy is converted to heat. Thirdly, some of thesun’s energy is absorbed by particles or by photosynthetic organisms living in thephotic zone. Light is also scattered in theocean.

Scattering occurs as light is bounced around between water molecules/organisms and particles in theocean. theresult of all this activity is that light is attenuated very quickly in theocean only reaching a couple hundred meters.

PTS: 1

REF: 6.9 Light Does Not Travel Far through theOcean

4. Describe how carbon dioxide acts as a buffer in seawater.

ANS: The proportion of carbon dioxide gas in theocean is greater than that in theatmosphere, however CO2 still readily dissolves into seawater because it reacts with H2O to change chemical forms.

In theocean, CO2 combines chemically with water to form carbonic acid, (H2 CO3), which can further break down into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-). While carbonic acid will lower pH (more acidic), formation of bicarbonate and carbonate increase pH (more alkaline).

These chemical changes help to balance pH and hence act as a buffer. This chemical equilibrium is important for marine organisms because thecarbonate ions are an important component of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), thecompound that forms theskeletal material of many marine organisms (sponges, corals, snails, sea stars etc). An increase in CO2 ultimately reduces theamount of carbonate available to organisms for building their skeleton, another threat to their survival.

PTS: 1

REF: 6.6 Gases Dissolve in Seawater

5. Describe thefactors that affect thedistance and therate at which sound travels in theocean. Would you expect sound to travel faster through warm or cold water? Shallow or deep? Why? ANS: Sound is a form of energy transmitted by rapid pressure changes in an elastic medium. Like light, sound intensity decreases as it travels through theocean due to scattering and absorbance.

However, sound can travel much greater distances through water than light. thespeed of sound in seawater is about 1500 meters per second which is 5 times faster than in air. thespeed of sound increases as temperature and pressure increases. Therefore, sound travels fastest in warm surface waters and decreases in thedeep cold ocean waters and at about 1,000 m thepressure influences offset temperature influences.

PTS: 1

REF: 6.10 Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light in theOcean

Chapter 7—Atmospheric Circulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The most abundant gaseous components of theEarth's atmosphere are: a. carbon dioxide and oxygen. b. nitrogen and hydrogen. c. nitrogen and carbon dioxide. d. nitrogen and oxygen.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 2. Warm air ____ and cool air ____. a. expands and sinks; expands and rises b. contracts and rises; expands and sinks c. expands and rises; contracts and sinks d. expands and rises; expands and sinks

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 3. Seasons are caused by: a. changes in theweather. b. annual variation in theenergy output of thesun. c. the Earth's orbital tilt relative to theplane of its orbit around thesun. d. our being closer to thesun in summer.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation

4. Calm equatorial areas of low pressure are referred to as the: a. doldrums. b. horse latitudes. c. trade winds. d. westerlies.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 5. According to theatmospheric circulation model developed in thetext, air tends to a. rise at 30 north and fall at 60 north. b. rise at 60 north and fall at 30 north. c. rise at 30 north and fall at 0 north. d. rise at 30 north and rise at 60 north.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4 theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects 6. There are ____ main wind bands in each hemisphere of theEarth. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns

7. The Coriolis effect causes objects moving in thenorthern hemisphere to veer off course: a. to theright, or clockwise when viewed from above. b. to theleft, or counterclockwise when viewed from above. c. in an upward direction. d. in a downward direction.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4 theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects 8. If you were standing on top of a high mid-Pacific island at 15 north latitude, from which direction would you expect thewind to come? (Hint: don't forget to consider Coriolis' effect!) a. north b. south c. northwest d. northeast

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 9. The dependable surface winds of theEarth centered at about 15 north and south latitudes are called: a. the westerlies. b. the northerlies. c. the trade winds. d. the doldrum winds.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns

10. Winds generally move across theUnited States: a. from north to south. b. from east to west. c. from south to north. d. from west to east.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 11. During an El Niño event: a. the trade winds strengthen. b. the central eastern Pacific ocean becomes cooler. c. sea level falls in thecentral eastern Pacific ocean. d. a strong equatorial countercurrent develops in thePacific.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 12. The boundary between two air masses is called a(n): a. Hadley line. b. ITCZ. c. Hadley cell. d. front.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

13. Tropical cyclones are also called: a. willi-willis. b. typhoons. c. hurricanes. d. all of these

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 14. Weather may be defined as: a. long-term temperature and rainfall trends. b. short-term, localized characteristics of theatmosphere. c. long-term changes in thecomposition of theatmosphere. d. short-term changes in thecomposition of theatmosphere.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.1 theAtmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other 15. In theworld model of atmospheric circulation, the________ cell is located nearest theequator. a. Doldrum b. Polar c. Ferrel d. Hadley

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4. theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects

16. Which of these phenomena causes theleast structural damage and loss of life during thepassage of a tropical cyclone? a. storm surge. b. flooding. c. low atmospheric pressure. d. rainfall.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 17. When air masses come together: a. very little weather activity results. b. a tropical cyclone forms. c. one air mass may ride up and over theother and form a front. d. one air mass may ride up over theother and form a storm surge.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 18. The power for tropical cyclones comes from: a. static electricity. b. warm and cool air masses colliding. c. the Coriolis effect. d. the condensation of warm, moist air.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

19. When viewed from above, tropical cyclones rotate ____ in thesouthern hemisphere. a. clockwise b. counterclockwise c. in either direction depending on thestorm d. poleward

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 20. Extratropical cyclones typically form: a. near theequator. b. at high latitudes, at thenorth or south pole. c. at high latitudes, at thejunction between thepolar cells and theFerrel cells. d. in thetropics.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 21. Tropical cyclones tend to move: a. equatorward in both hemispheres. b. eastward and poleward in both hemispheres. c. westward and poleward in both hemispheres. d. poleward in both hemispheres.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

22. Conditions that contributed to thedestructive nature of Hurricane Katrina included all of thefollowing EXCEPT: a. a huge storm surge. b. very strong winds, up to 125 miles per hour. c. very high levels of rainfall, up to 10 inches per hour. d. an exceptionally cold pocket of water over theGulf of Mexico.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 23. Most of thedamage caused by hurricane Katrina was due to: a. the storm surge arriving at low tide. b. the storm surge arriving at high tide. c. the low winds. d. the high temperatures.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 24. The long-term average of weather factors in a geographic region is called: a. weather. b. cyclonic circulation. c. Coriolis. d. climate.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 7.1 theAtmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other

25. Which of thefollowing statements is FALSE concerning air? a. Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. b. Humid air is denser than dry air. c. Warm air is less dense that cold air. d. Water vapor in air can occupy up to 4 percent of air's volume.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 26. Which of thefollowing statements is FALSE regarding solar heating of Earth? a. Heating of Earth varies with latitude. b. Ice absorbs much of thesolar energy that reaches thepoles. c. Greenhouse gases are disrupting Earth's heat balance. d. Much of thesolar radiation at theequator is absorbed.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 27. A ________________ is a pattern of wind circulation that changes with theseasons. a. monsoon b. typhoon c. hurricane d. cyclone

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmospheric Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 28. How many atmospheric circulation cells exist in EACH hemisphere?

a. 6 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmospheric Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 29. One of thedriving forces of atmospheric circulation is: a. convection. b. conduction. c. evaporation. d. transpiration.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation 30. The state of theatmosphere at a specific time and place is: a. weather. b. winds. c. climate. d. global warming.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 7.1 theAtmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other TRUE/FALSE

1. Air is a fluid that is never completely dry.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 2. The uneven heating of thesurface of Earth results in atmospheric convection currents.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation 3. Oxygen is theprimary component of air.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 7.2 theAtmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor 4. The change in theangle of thesun with latitude does not influence heating at Earth's surface.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation 5. Due to theCoriolis effect, objects are deflected to theright or clockwise in thenorthern hemisphere.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4 theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects 6. Hadley atmospheric circulation cells are found at mid-latitudes.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4 theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects

7. Near thepoles (both in thenorth and south) thejet stream flows west to east.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.5 Atmosphere Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns 8. Cyclonic storms can form within or between air masses (a large body of air with a uniform density throughout).

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 9. Hurricanes are most common off thecoast of Australia.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 10. Cyclones do not arise over theSouth Atlantic because thewater is too cold.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation ESSAY 1. Describe atmospheric convection.

ANS:

The primary source of heat for theatmosphere and planet is thesun. thesun heats Earth unevenly causing most of theheat to be absorbed near theequator and less moving towards thepoles. This difference in heat gain and heat loss drives theformation of convection cells that control Earth’s atmospheric circulation patterns. In theatmosphere, warm air rises and travels in cells towards low latitudes. As theair cool, it becomes denser and sinks forming circulating cell and convection current.

PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation 2. Explain theCoriolis Effect.

ANS: The Coriolis Effect is a phenomenon that causes large objects or bodies (such as water or air) to be deflected off of their course. There are many variables that are involved in explaining theCoriolis Effect; a rotating Earth, non-stationary fluids such as theatmosphere or theocean and themass of theobject. Coriolis Effect causes winds and water to follow a curved path because of therotation of theEarth. If there was no rotation, thefluid would just move in a straight line from an area of low pressure to high pressure. In thenorthern hemisphere, winds, for example, are deflected in a clockwise direction around pressure centers (i.e. they appear to veer to theright) and theopposite is true for thesouthern hemisphere. At theequator, theCoriolis effect is nonexistent.

PTS: 1

REF: 7.4 theCoriolis Effect Deflects thePath of Moving Objects

3. Explain how therelationship between theatmosphere and theocean affects weather and climate.

ANS:

The atmosphere and theocean are tightly coupled. . At thesurface, atmospheric gases diffuse freely into theocean and gasses from theocean enter theatmosphere. Water that evaporates out of theocean is moved around in theatmosphere by winds and then in many cases, delivered back to theocean as precipitation. This interaction plays a significant role in distributing heat around theplanet, ultimately dictating weather and global climate conditions.

PTS: 1

REF: The Atmosphere and theOcean Interact with each Other

4. What is a hurricane and how are they formed?

ANS: A tropical cyclone is a great mass of warm, humid rotating air and a hurricane is a large tropical cyclone located in theNorth Atlantic and eastern Pacific. A hurricane is defined as a tropical cyclone that has winds of 119 km/hour or greater (74 mph). Hurricanes start as tropical depressions over warm water near theequator. thewarm winds increase evaporation and thehumid air rises high into theatmosphere. Coriolis Effect and pressure gradients begin to rotate themoisture. therising air eventually cools and condenses forming thunderstorms, which releases some of theenergy. As long as thestorm remains over thewarm ocean, it continues to draw moisture through evaporation adding to thestrength of thehurricane.

PTS: 1

REF: 7.6 Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

5. What are some of thevariables that are important when developing a heat budget for Earth?

ANS:

The Earth’s heat budget is fueled by thesun’s energy. On an average day, about half of thesolar energy that reaches theupper atmosphere is absorbed at theEarth’s surface. As high energy reaches theupper atmosphere theother half is (1) absorbed by water vapor, (2) absorbed by clouds, (3) backscattered by air, (4) reflected by clouds or (5) reflected back to theatmosphere by land and water. Light energy (short-wave energy) that is absorbed at thesurface of theearth is converted to heat. Heat leaves thesurface of theearth as long-wave energy radiation. Over long periods of time input equals output balancing theheat budget.

PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 theAtmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation Chapter 8—Ocean Circulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around theperiphery of an ocean basin is collectively called: a. a cell. b. a gyre. c. a microscale current. d. convection cells.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

2. The ultimate source of most of theenergy for ocean currents is: a. weather. b. wind. c. the sun. d. the tides.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

3. The immediate source of surface currents is: a. weather. b. wind. c. the sun. d. the tides.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

4. All of thefollowing statements are true about an Ekman spiral EXCEPT: a. the net flow of a wind-driven surface current in thenorthern hemisphere will flow about 90 angle to thewind. b. with increasing depth, each layer will move at an angle to theoverlying layer of water. c. because of Ekman transport, at some depth, known as thefriction depth, water will be moving in theopposite direction from thesurface current. d. Ekman spiral is not influenced by Coriolis.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

5. The Earth's rotation influences currents by a "force" known as: a. Ekman spiral. b. geostrophism. c. gyre counter rotation. d. Coriolis effect.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

6. Currents tend to move in large ____ patterns in thenorthern hemisphere. a. irregular b. counterclockwise c. clockwise d. random

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

7. The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around thecircumference of theEarth without encountering land is the: a. Gulf Stream. b. Kuroshio, or Japan, Current. c. Antarctic Circumpolar Current. d. Canary Current.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

8. Generally thefastest and deepest ocean currents are: a. northern boundary currents. b. eastern boundary currents. c. western boundary currents. d. southern boundary currents.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

9. The Canary Current is an example of a(n): a. shallow, cold water current. b. deep, cold water current.

c. warm, southerly current. d. mesopelagic current.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

10. England's weather is ____ than would be expected at that latitude because of theinfluence of surface currents. a. colder b. drier c. less humid d. warmer and wetter

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.3 Surface Currents Affect Weather and Climate

11. San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a: a. cold eastern boundary current. b. warm eastern boundary current. c. cold western boundary current. d. warm western boundary current.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.3 Surface Currents Affect Weather and Climate

12. North Atlantic Deep Water generally moves ____ than thesurface currents above, and flows in ____ direction as theGulf Stream. a. faster; thesame b. faster; theopposite c. slower; thesame d. slower; theopposite

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 13. Which of thefollowing statements is FALSE considering thermohaline circulation? a. Thermohaline circulation is caused by even and steady global heating of theocean. b. Thermohaline circulation is theresult of heating of theocean at lower latitudes and cooling at high latitudes. c. Thermohaline circulation is driven by density gradients. d. Thermohaline circulation transports tropical waters to polar regions.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 14. The densest water in ocean currents is the: a. warmest and saltiest. b. coldest and saltiest. c. warmest and freshest. d. coldest and freshest.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 15. A transverse current is: a. a bottom current flowing in thesame direction as an overlying surface current. b. a surface current that connects eastern-boundary and western-boundary currents. c. a cold surface current that flows from thepoles towards theequator.

d. a theoretical current not yet discovered.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

16. All of thefollowing statements accurately describe Geostrophic gyres EXCEPT: a. One of the6 gyres is theAntarctic Circumpolar Current. b. Gyres are influenced by theCoriolis effect and theposition of continental land masses. c. Gyres are formed by surface currents that flow in a continuous circuit around the5 major basins. d. Sea level is higher in themiddle of thegyre as a result of thepressure gradient and theCoriolis Effect.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

17. Which current within a northern hemisphere gyre would you expect to have thelowest salinity and temperature? a. a western boundary current. b. an eastern boundary current. c. a southern boundary current. d. a northern boundary current.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 18. El Niño results due to an interruption of flow of the____ Current in thePacific. a. Kuroshio b. Equatorial

c. Canary d. Antarctic Circumpolar

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.5 El Niño and La Niña Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow 19. Which of these is generally not an El Niño effect? a. A decline in theexotic species of fish and other forms of marine life in theaffected waters. b. An increase in ocean surface temperature in theeastern Pacific. c. An increase in rainfall in west coastal countries or states of theAmerican continents. d. An often catastrophic decrease in thecommercial fisheries of theaffected countries.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.5 El Niño and La Niña Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow 20. Which ocean surface current transports thegreatest volume of water? a. The Kuroshio (or Japan) Current b. The North Equatorial Current in thePacific c. The South Equatorial Current in thePacific d. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current

ANS: D

PTS: 1

21. Most deep water masses form: a. near theocean floor in thearctic. b. near theocean floor in theAntarctic.

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

c. near theocean surface in thearctic. d. near theocean surface in theAntarctic.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 22. The main force driving thermohaline circulation is: a. wind. b. Coriolis effect. c. density. d. electromagnetic attraction.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All theOcean's Water 23. A sverdrup (sv) is a measure of: a. wind speed. b. current speed and direction. c. the volume of water transported in an ocean current. d. the amount of heat transferred to water from thesun.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by theWinds

24. The largest of thewestern boundary currents is the: a. Gulf Stream. b. California Current. c. East Pacific Gyre. d. Canary Current.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

25. Which of the following is NOT an eastern boundary current? a. Canary Current b. Benguela Current c. Gulf Stream d. West Australian Current

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

26. Upwelling areas are: a. only found near the equator. b. usually nutrient poor. c. sometimes interrupted during El Niño years. d. not affected by Ekman transport.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 8.5 El Nino and La Nina Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow 27. Surface winds move across most of the tropical Pacific in a _____________ direction. a. northeast b. west to east c. east to west d. northwest

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: El Nino and La Nina Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow

28. One source of dissolved gases and nutrients to deep waters is: a. downwelling. b. upwelling. c. conduction. d. Langmuir Circulation.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 8.4 Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water 29. Thermohaline circulation is a _________ phenomenon. a. small-scale b. global c. local d. coastal

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean's Water 30. Surface water extends to a depth of about _________. a. 600 meters b. 1,000 meters c. 50 meters d. 200 meters

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean's Water

TRUE/FALSE 1. Geostrophic currents are primarily wind driven.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

2. The North Atlantic gyre is composed of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, the Canary Current and the North Equatorial Current.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

3. Equatorial upwelling occurs in westward-flowing equatorial surface currents.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.4 Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water 4. The Gulf Stream is a current that runs south along the eastern coast of the United States.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

5. Warm-core eddies are common in the North Pacific.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

6. Transverse currents can flow eastward or westward.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

7. The Kuroshio Current is an example of an eastern boundary current.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

8. Ocean gyres are asymmetrical because of the Coriolis effect.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.2 Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds

9. One example of horizontal water movement is called downwelling.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 8.4 Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water 10. Thermohaline circulation is responsible for large-scale movements of ocean water and depends on both the salinity and the temperature of water.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean's Water ESSAY 1. Describe the two primary forces that set ocean water in motion and how they drive both surface and thermohaline currents.

ANS: On a global scale, winds from the atmosphere and gravity are the two primary forces that drive the mass global movement of water. In general, the mass water flow in the ocean is called a current; some currents are large-scale global phenomena and some a local and are subject to local conditions. As persistent winds blow across the surface of the ocean, they pull the water setting it into motion due to friction. These winds are responsible for the horizontal movement of water which is then replaced by deeper, colder water and resulting in vertical water movement. This vertical movement, in conjunction with horizontal movement sets up global scale currents. In addition, density differences due to temperature (convection), salinity, and gravity will drive water movement.

PTS: 1

REF: 8.1 Mass Flow of Ocean Water Is Driven by Wind and Gravity

2. What is upwelling and why is it important for biological productivity?

ANS: As winds pull the water in horizontal movement, this surface movement will induce vertical movement. As persistent winds blow off the across the ocean, surface winds divert surface waters and are hence replaced by colder waters moving up towards the surface. This phenomenon is called wind-induced vertical circulation and results in upwelling. The colder waters brought to the photic zone by upwelling are rich in nutrients and these nutrients are necessary for biological production or photosynthesis.

PTS: 1

REF: 8.4 Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water

3. Describe how ocean currents affect the global distribution of heat and give an example of how they moderate climate.

ANS: Surface currents that move quickly across the equator bring warm water towards higher latitudes.

As the water moves away from tropical latitudes, some of the heat is transferred to the atmosphere. The colder water becomes more dense and sinks to greater depths of the ocean.

This transport of tropical water and heat to higher latitudes is part of a global heat conveyor belt bringing heat via water to latitudes that without it would have much colder climates. For example, the coastal regions of Europe can be warmed by heat that originated in the ocean around Indonesia and Australia.

PTS: 1

REF: 8.6 Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean's Water

4. How do scientists study currents?

ANS: Scientists ask many questions while studying currents. Some of these questions are concerned with the origins and destinations of bodies of water, how fast the current is moving or if the current is a local or global phenomenon. Although surface currents are much easier to study using float or flow methods, deeper currents and the mass movement of water at the depth is harder to study. Advances in electronic devises and computer modeling have made it possible for scientists to map surface currents with a great deal of accuracy. One method for studying thermohaline circulation and deep water currents is to measure chemical tracers in the water as they move about the ocean due to oceanic circulation.

PTS: 1

REF: 8.7 Studying Currents

5. What is ENSO? ANS: The acronym ENSO stands for El Nino/Southern Oscillation, a phenomenon in which changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions result in major shifts in weather patterns, especially in equatorial regions. ENSO is a more appropriate title, as opposed to simply El Nino, because it emphasizes the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere. The Southern Oscillation occurs when trade winds diminish and then reverse due to a change in atmospheric pressure. Under normal conditions, persistent trade winds draw huge amounts of water westward along the equator, creating a warm, deep “pool” of water on the western side of the basin. As the winds weaken, or even reverse, during an ENSO phase, the equatorial currents slow and allow warmer than normal water to accumulate on the eastern side of the Pacific. These warm waters generally arrive around Christmas time giving the name of the current “Current of the Christ Child” or in Spanish, “El Nino.”

PTS: 1 Flow Chapter 9—Waves

REF: El Nino and La Nina Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of these lists is arranged in order from smallest wavelength to longest wavelength? a. seiches, tsunami, wind waves, tides b. wind waves, seiches, tsunami, tides c. wind waves, tsunami, seiches, tides d. tides, seiches, tsunami, wind waves

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 9.2 Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics 2. Water particles in a deep-water wave: a. move rapidly toward the shore. b. move in circular orbits. c. do not move; only the wave form moves. d. move in flat elliptical circles.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving 3. In shallow water, the motion of water particles: a. ceases completely. b. forms large circular orbits. c. becomes a back-and-forth motion near the bottom. d. becomes an up-and-down motion near the bottom.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving 4. The diameter of the orbits of water particles in a deep-water wave is equal to the: a. wavelength. b. wave period. c. wave velocity. d. wave height.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving 5. Unlike other moving things, wind waves travel over great distances in virtually straight lines.

This is physically possible because: a. while the wave is moving, some water molecules are traveling in closed circles. b. the waves don't move as fast as speeding cannon balls, so the Coriolis effect has no influence on them. c. waves carry only energy, and energy has no mass, and is therefore not subject to Coriolis deflection. d. waves curve one way in the southern hemisphere and the other way in the northern hemisphere. Waves only look like they are coming in a straight line from their point of origin. It's all a gigantic optical illusion, actually.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 6. The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is: a. the wavelength.

b. the wave height. c. the wave period. d. the orbit.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.1 Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface 7. The period of wind waves is usually expressed in: a. feet or meters. b. miles per hour, or kilometers per hour. c. seconds. d. feet or meters per hour.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing Over the Ocean Generates Waves 8. Waves with the greatest propagation rate or celerity: a. have the longest wavelengths. b. occur in shallow water only. c. form when the wind is blowing less than 0.5 nautical miles per hour. d. have wave periods of less than one second.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving 9. The first waves to form on the ocean surface when the wind starts to blow are: a. gravity waves.

b. internal waves. c. swell. d. capillary waves.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 10. As the wind velocity increases during a storm: a. the wave height increases. b. the wave velocity decreases. c. the wind tends to flatten the ocean surface. d. mass transport decreases in the open ocean.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 11. The ultimate height of a wind wave will depend on: a. the fetch. b. the length of time the wind blows. c. the velocity of the wind. d. all of these

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 12. As wind waves move out of a storm area: a. the short waves move out first and form "chop." b. the short-period waves overtake the long-period waves. c. the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell.

d. the sea becomes flat outside the storm area.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 13. When waves approach the shore, a series of changes takes place. One change is that the: a. wave crest forms a steep peak. b. wavelength increases. c. wave height decreases. d. wave velocity increases.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.6 Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves As They Approach Shore 14. Near shore, if the wave crests are 200 feet apart, the wave will "feel" bottom when the depth is about: a. 20 feet. b. 50 feet. c. 100 feet. d. 200 feet.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.6 Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves As They Approach Shore 15. Waves at the shore will start to break when the: a. water depth is about twice the wavelength. b. crest flattens into a rounded form.

c. wave period increases to 15 seconds. d. water depth is about four-thirds the wave height.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.6 Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves As They Approach Shore 16. Waves tend to be parallel to the shore when they break due to the process of: a. diffraction. b. reflection. c. refraction. d. reaction.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.6 Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves As They Approach Shore 17. Rogue waves are best described as: a. the highest waves of a tsunami. b. a breaking internal wave. c. a strong rocking motion within a harbor. d. a single massive wave that develops in the open ocean.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.5 Interference Produces Irregular Wave

Motions 18. Constructive Interference in waves can cause: a. an occasional wave greater than any noted before or after its occurrence. b. every other wave to be larger or smaller than those preceding or following. c. waves to get smaller within 24 hours. d. waves to double in height every 24 hours.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.5 Interference Produces Irregular Wave

Motions 19. The Ramapo wave is unique because: a. many lives were lost when it struck the shore. b. it is the largest wave ever observed by people. c. it is the largest wave accurately measured by direct observation. d. it was captured alive and brought to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1933 where it is presently on display. Tickets are hard to obtain.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 20. What wave form typically carries the greatest amount of energy through the ocean surface at any given time? a. wind waves b. tsunami c. seiches d. tides

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 21. Tsunami or seismic sea waves are generated by: a. storms at sea. b. tidal currents in the open sea.

c. breaking internal waves. d. coastal or submarine earthquakes.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 22. In the open sea, tsunami: a. are giant breaking waves that are dangerous to ships. b. are slow-moving waves, slower than the swell. c. are long-period waves, often of 5-20 minutes. d. have short wavelengths of 100-200 feet, similar to wind waves.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 23. In the open sea, tsunami reach an average wave height of about: a. 1 meter. b. 10 meters. c. 100 meters. d. 1,000 meters.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 24. When a tsunami reaches shore, a. the wave height is increased by entry into shallow water. b. it always arrives at the time of a high tide. c. the wave will appear as a single huge breaking wave. d. it will always race hundreds of meters inland.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 25. The best place to study the effects of a seiche is: a. on a shallow beach at the edge of the Pacific. b. in a harbor or lake. c. near tropical islands in the Pacific or Atlantic. d. in the open sea.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 9.10 Water Can Rock in a Confined Basin

26. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning capillary waves? a. Capillary waves can be important because they mix nutrients into surface waters. b. Capillary waves are the source of wind waves. c. Capillary waves form as friction stretches the water surface. d. Capillary waves form small ripples on the surface.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 27. The uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without change in direction is the: a. fetch. b. wavelength. c. wind length. d. wind cell.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 28. A ___________ is a gravity wave formed by the transfer of wind energy over the water. a. swell b. capillary wave c. wind wave d. tsunami

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 29. Classification of waves depends on: a. depth and trough. b. wave height and wavelength. c. depth and wave height. d. wavelength and depth.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving 30. The greatest disturbing force creating waves is: a. convection. b. wind. c. gravity. d. heat.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 9.2 Waves are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics TRUE/FALSE 1. A tsunami is a shallow water wave that moves at high speeds.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 2. The wavelength of a wave is a measure of the highest part of the wave above the average water level.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 9.1 Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface 3. The energy that causes ocean waves to form is called a disturbing force.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.2 Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics 4. For a wave, the longer the wavelength, the faster the wave energy will move through the water.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.2 Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics 5. Celerity is a measure of wavelength and the units are meters.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 9.3 The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving

6. Swell is the result of wave separation or dispersion.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves 7. A wave first begins to break against the shore when the ratio of wave height to water depth is about 3:4.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 9.6 Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves As They Approach Shore 8. Wave reflection causes interference in the form of vertical oscillations that are called standing waves.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.5 Interference Produces Irregular Wave

Motions 9. Internal waves commonly form at the base of the pycnocline.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 9.7 Internal Waves Can Form between Ocean Layers of Differing Densities 10. A seiche is a short wave found in areas of the ocean farthest away from the continents.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 9.10 Water Can Rock in a Confined Basin

ESSAY 1. Describe how a wave breaks on the shore as it transitions from a deep-water wave to a shallowwater wave.

ANS: As wind waves approach shallow waters and hence shore, they break. As a wave breaks on shore all of the energy and order is dissipated. The surf zone is that area of the coast that lies between the region where the waves are breaking and the shore. As a wave moves towards shore it is carried over water that gets shallow. When the wave reaches water that has a depth half its wavelength, the wave “feels” the bottom. The bottom slows the speed of the wave so the wavelength decreases and the height increases, but the period remains the same. When the wave becomes too high for the wavelength (a ratio of 1:7), which occurs when the water depth is about 4/3rds the wave height, the wave breaks.

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves

2. Describe how a tsunami is formed and how it can travel great distances at great speeds.

ANS: A tsunami is a shallow-water wave that originates on the seafloor when movement of the earth along fault lines displaces water. The oscillating ocean surface generates progressive waves that radiate from the epicenter in all directions. Tsunamis are extremely fast. For example, the 2004 tsunami traveled as fast as 470 miles per hour. The speed that a tsunami travels depends on the depth (d) of the water and the acceleration due to gravity (g) and can be calculated by taking the square root of depth times acceleration.

PTS: 1 REF: 9.11 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Are Caused by Water Displacement 3. What is fetch and how does it influence wind wave development?

ANS:

A fetch occurs over an uninterrupted distance with which the wind blows without significant change in direction. Depending on the wind speed, wind duration, and fetch, the wave size could increase or decrease. For example, with increased wind speed, duration, and fetch, the wave size will increase. For the largest waves to fully develop, a large fetch must occur with wind blowing continuously for nearly three days.

PTS: 1

REF: 9.4 Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves

4. What is the relationship between the wave crest, trough, height and wavelength?

ANS: Ocean waves have very specific structures or parts. The wave crest is highest part of the wave above the average water level at a specific location. The wave trough is the low point in the “valley” that occurs between the crests, below the average water level. The wave height is he vertical distance between a wave crest and wave trough. The wavelength is the horizontal distance between either two successive crests or troughs. Knowing the wavelength and wave height are important for determining the celerity of a wave and when it will break.

PTS: 1

REF: 9.2 Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics

5. What is a storm surge and how does it differ from a breaking wind wave?

ANS: A storm surge is an abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by a hurricane or frontal storm. Water can reach great heights and can cause great coastal damage. The water from a storm surge does not break on shore like a shallow water wave but rushes onto land like a very sudden, very high tide. The devastating influences of a storm surge can be augmented if the surge comes ashore during high tide.

PTS: 1 Chapter 10—Tides

REF: 9.10 Water Can Rock in a Confined Basin

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A steep wave moving upstream generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth is called a: a. tidal node. b. tidal wave. c. tidal surge. d. tidal current.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 2. Which body has the greatest influence on ocean tides? a. Sun b. Moon c. Jupiter d. Venus

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 3. The primary force(s) that cause(s) tides in the sea is (are): a. coastal earthquakes and landslides. b. wind and storms at sea. c. the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. d. the gravitational attraction of Mars and Venus.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 4. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the equilibrium theory of tides? a. The theory assumes that the seafloor does not influence tides. b. The theory states that the surface of the ocean cannot conform to the combination of forces acting on it. c. The theory presumes the surface of the ocean does conform to acting forces. d. The theory states that there is a balance between all of the forces that influence the surface of the ocean including those that allow Earth to stay in stable orbit around the sun.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 5. The longest of all ocean waves are called: a. tsunami. b. tides. c. storm surge. d. wind wave.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.1 Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves

6. The tidal pattern characteristic of the west coast of the United States is: a. mixed tides. b. diurnal tides. c. reversing tides. d. amphidromic tides.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 7. The side of the Earth facing the moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of the Earth will have a: a. low tide. b. time of no tidal action. c. high tide also. d. tide that cannot be predicted.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 8. When the sun and moon are in a line with the Earth, the: a. gravitational attraction will be less. b. difference between high and low tides will be minimal. c. arrival of high tide will be delayed. d. highest high and lowest low tides will occur.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 9. A tide pattern of one high and one low each day describes a: a. diurnal tide. b. mixed tide. c. solar tide.

d. semidiurnal tide.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 10. The reference level to which tidal height is compared is called the: a. sea level of spring tides. b. tidal datum. c. maximum range. d. tidal variance.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 11. The time between high and low tide when the current changes direction is called: a. ebb water. b. flood tides. c. slack water. d. amphidromic points.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 12. Tidal bores usually occur: a. in rivers or long narrow bays.

b. in open ocean far from land. c. around islands. d. in enclosed basins such as the Mediterranean.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 13. An amphidromic point is a: a. no tide point in the ocean around which the tide crest rotates through one tidal cycle. b. place in the ocean where tides are highest. c. place in the ocean where tidal datum is displaced to the right (in the northern hemisphere), or to the south (in the southern hemisphere). d. no tide point at the coast where there is a daily high tide, but no low tide.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 14. Tractive forces: a. are never responsible for the tides. b. cause water to flow away from some ocean areas. c. are the primary causes of tidal surges. d. influence the atmosphere only.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium

Theory 15. The only marine energy source being successfully exploited on a large scale is: a. tidal power. b. storm waves. c. salinity differences. d. thermal gradient.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.6 Power Can Be Extracted from Tidal Motion

16. World-wide, the most common type of tides are: a. semidiurnal. b. mixed diurnal. c. diurnal. d. mixed node tides.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 17. The height of the ocean averaged over a few years' time is called: a. mean high water. b. mean low water. c. tidal datum. d. mean sea level.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium

Theory 18. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning a lunar day? a. A lunar day is shorter than a solar day. b. A lunar day represents the time between when the moon is highest in the sky and the next time it is highest in the sky. c. A lunar day is 24 hours 50 minutes. d. Because of the length of a lunar day, lunar tides usually arrive 50 minutes later each day.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 19. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning tides? a. Because tides travel across the ocean, the crests and troughs that cause high and low tides are very large. b. Tidal bulges are gravitational bulges that stay aligned with the moon or inertial bulges due to centrifugal force. c. The combined forces of gravity and inertia result in tides. d. The sun and the moon influence tides.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 20. The rise and fall in sea level as a tide crest approaches and passes will cause a(n): a. tidal bore. b. tidal wave. c. ebb current.

d. tidal current.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 21. Slack water: a. occurs at high tide. b. occurs at low tide. c. occurs when the current is changing direction. d. occurs midway between high and low tide.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 22. A meteorological tide is caused by: a. rogue waves. b. storms. c. ebb currents. d. gravity and inertia.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 23. What body generates the strongest tractive forces? a. The moon

b. The sun c. The Earth d. the moon and the sun

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 24. The type of tide associated with the full and new moons are: a. neap tides. b. spring tides. c. diurnal tides. d. tidal currents.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 25. Which of the following statements best characterizes neap tides? a. Neap tides occur when the moon, Earth and sun form a right angle. b. Neap tides represent extreme tidal ranges. c. Neap tides occur at the new and full moons every month. d. Neap tides correspond with the timing of spring tides.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 26. The zero point on a tide graph is called the: a. slack water point. b. mean sea level point. c. node point.

d. tidal datum.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 27. Most of the energy from the daily rise and fall of the tides comes from: a. the rotation of the Earth. b. winds. c. heat. d. the movement of plates.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 28. Tides caused by the inertia and the gravitational force of the sun and moon are called: a. neap tides. b. astronomical tides. c. tidal surge. d. meteorological tides.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 29. Which of the following bodies is the largest? a. Earth.

b. Sun. c. Moon. d. Mars

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 10.1 Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves

30. Which of the following is true about a tidal current? a. The velocity of a tidal current increases with depth. b. The velocity is always greater in the open ocean away from land. c. The velocity of a tidal current decreases with depth. d. They only approach shore during a storm surge.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory TRUE/FALSE 1. Tides are long waves that are generated by gravity and inertia.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 10.1 Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves

2. A spring tide has a greater tidal range than a neap tide, and only occurs during the spring and summer months in each hemisphere.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 3. Tidal bulges are formed as the moon's gravity pulls the surface of the ocean towards the moon.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 4. A low tide corresponds to the trough of the wave.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 5. A tidal or lunar day is every 24 hours.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 6. Tractive forces include gravitational forces from both the moon and the sun.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 7. There can only be one high tide and one low tide per tidal day for any given area.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia 8. For tides as long waves, the amphidromic point corresponds to the wave crest.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 9. Tidal friction is gradually slowing Earth's rotation.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 10. Because of the combination of gravitational and inertial forces, tides are unpredictable.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 10.4 Most Tides Can Be Accurately Predicted

ESSAY 1. Tides are shallow-water waves. Explain this statement.

ANS: Tides are the longest of all ocean waves and in general, appear as periodic changes in the height of the ocean surface. Tides are short-term local phenomena caused by the gravitational pull of the water by the moon and the sun and also by the centrifugal force of a rotating Earth. The wavelength of a tide can be half or the Earth’s circumference and are therefore huge shallow water waves that always interact with the sea floor. Tides are also forced waves. A forced wave is a wave (tide) that is never free of the forces that cause them.

PTS: 1

REF: 10.1 Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves

2. What are the amphidromic points of the world ocean and how are they determined?

ANS: The amphidromic point of an ocean is the node or nodes near the center of the ocean basin. This point is a “no tide” point in the ocean and is the point around which the tidal crest rotates through one tidal cycle. Tidal crests sweep around amphidromic points like the spokes of a wheel from a rotating hub. The energy is dissipated across the ocean radiating the crests towards distant shores.

PTS: 1 REF: 10.3 The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory 3. Explain the relative influence of the sun and the moon on tides.

ANS: The moon and the sun both influence the movement of the tides but the moon generates strong tractive forces because of its close proximity to earth. Earth and moon are in a stable orbit with one another and as they orbit together, the moon’s gravity attracts the surface of the ocean.

Because Earth’s mass is 81 times that of the moon, the center of mass between the two bodies is 1,000 miles inside the Earth. Earth’s motion around the center of mass of the Earth-moon rotation results in two tidal budges.

PTS: 1

REF: 10.2 Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia

4. How can tidal energy be used by humans?

ANS: Within tidal motion lies potential for a huge amount of energy. For many years, humans have found ways to exploit this energy from “riding” the tides in and out of port to the generation of electricity. In terms of the generation of electricity, tidal energy is not only massive, but it is also clean and free if it can be sequestered and transformed. An example of tidal energy being used to generate electricity is the marine turbine system in England. Turbines are submerged in the open water and the energy of the flowing tides is used to spin the turbines. Although this technology has only been successful on a small scale, larger models are being conceived and engineered.

PTS: 1

REF: 10.6 Power Can Be Extracted from Tidal Motion

5. Can tides be predicted? Explain why or why not and give examples of factors that may render tidal predictions inaccurate.

ANS: Given the complexity of and the multiple variables involved in tidal cycles, it is hard to imagine that most tides can be very accurately predicted both in terms of time and height. Currently, tidal height can be predicted to an accuracy of about 3 m for years in advance. Despite the accuracy, local tidal height can be greatly influenced by strong winds or tidal surges.

PTS: 1

REF: Most Tides Can Be Accurately Predicted

Chapter 11—Coasts

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The present shorelines of the world are considered to be: a. geologically stable zones separating land and sea. b. features of great geological antiquity. c. a dynamic environment affected by both long-term and short-term cycles. d. that part of the marine environment most resistant to change.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes 2. It is believed that over the past 2 million years, world sea level has: a. changed, but not significantly. b. varied from about 6 meters above to about 125 meters below present position. c. varied from about 125 meters above to about 6 meters below present position. d. not changed.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes 3. The single most influential agent changing the shore and coast is: a. wave action. b. the tidal range. c. alternate freezing and thawing of coastal cliffs. d. prevailing winds.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

4. The origin of sea cliffs, sea stacks, sea caves, blowholes, and arches is related to: a. longshore currents. b. high tides. c. human activities. d. erosion by waves.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

5. The highest point on a summer beach profile is: a. the berm. b. the backshore. c. the foreshore. d. the low-tide terrace.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

6. The large waves of late summer modify the shape of sandy beaches. Huge "bites" of beach are removed from the exposed beach and end up in offshore sand bars. These "bites" are most evident in the form of a very large and high: a. berm. b. shore face, or beach scarp. c. foreshore. d. backshore.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

7. The downcoast transport mechanism for beach sand along much of the Pacific coast is called: a. the longshore current, a current that moves sand north-to-south along the coast, parallel to shore, at a great distance away from land. b. the longshore current, a current that moves sand south-to-north along the coast, parallel to shore, at a great distance away from land. c. the longshore current, a current that moves sand north-to-south along the coast, parallel to shore, close to shore. d. the longshore current, a current that moves sand south-to-north along the coast, parallel to shore, close to shore.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

8. Steep, narrow, rocky beaches are usually found in areas of: a. summer beach conditions. b. wave deposition. c. high wave energy. d. small inlets and bays.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

9. The energy that drives the longshore currents is derived from: a. hurricanes and cyclones. b. major surface currents, such as the Gulf Stream. c. monthly high tides. d. wind waves approaching the beach front at an angle.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

10. A summer beach is characteristically: a. a rocky platform. b. steep and narrow. c. covered with boulders and cobbles. d. broad and covered with sand.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

11. Solution, abrasion, and hydraulic action are factors involved in: a. wave deposition. b. moving longshore currents. c. causing wave refraction. d. wave erosion.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

12. A long-term effect of wave refraction is: a. to smooth and straighten a coast. b. to build out points of land.

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

c. to erode and deepen bays. d. to remove sand from the beach.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

13. Oceanographers usually classify coasts by: a. the type of sand found on the beach. b. the physical processes shaping the coasts. c. the direction the coast faces. d. the latitude in which the coast resides.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

14. Most of the minerals found in the sand of continental beaches are supplied by: a. erosion of local coastal cliffs. b. currents from the deep ocean floor. c. glacial processes. d. rivers and streams.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

15. A problem facing many beaches along the U.S. east and west coasts is: a. excess sand being deposited around seaside installations. b. the rapid growth of deltas at the mouths of rivers. c. the development of barrier beaches across harbors. d. the loss of sand and the erosion of beaches.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

16. Human activities that have contributed to shoreline erosion include: a. seasonal traffic at beaches during the summer months b. depositional processes c. placement of seawalls along the shoreline d. excess fishing and boating activities

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

17. If a beach is wide, gently sloping with fine sands, we would expect to see: a. very heavy wave action. b. a beach facing into Arctic storms. c. generally small waves winter and summer. d. high-energy waves all year around.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

18. The steep cliffs and rugged coast of much of the West Coast of the United States are primarily the result of: a. faulting and earth movement. b. marine deposition. c. river deposition. d. glacial erosion.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

19. An estuary which forms where a rapidly flowing large river enters the ocean in an area where tidal range is low to moderate is called: a. a well-mixed estuary. b. a salt wedge estuary. c. a partially mixed estuary. d. a reverse estuary.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.6 Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries

20. Which of the following is FALSE for depositional coasts? a. They have been changed by wave action since sea level stabilized. b. They never support beaches. c. They tend to be older than primary coasts. d. They tend be straighter than primary coasts.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

21. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Florida Keys? a. They were formed during a time between glaciations. b. They are an example of a coral reef coast. c. They are an example of a coast formed by biological activity. d. They are relatively low and extend below sea level.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.5 Coasts are Formed and Modified by Biological Activity 22. Estuaries are categorized by: a. location or latitude. b. circulation patterns.

c. the ratio of fresh water to salt water. d. sediment origins and age.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.6 Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries

23. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning estuaries? a. Many organisms live in estuaries. b. Estuaries are very vulnerable to pollution. c. The salinity in estuaries varies because of mixing. d. An estuary is a type of delta.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.6 Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries

24. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning breakwaters? a. Sand accumulates directly in front of the breakwater. b. Breakwaters interrupt the progress of waves to the beach. c. Breakwaters weaken longshore currents. d. Breakwaters are often built to protect small-boat anchorages.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.8 Humans Have Interfered in Coastal

Processes 25. The function of a breakwater is to: a. divert sand away from a swimming area. b. interrupt the progress of waves to the beach. c. allow freshwater to flow readily into the ocean. d. fill in a bay or an inlet.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.8 Humans Have Interfered in Coastal

Processes 26. A(n) ____ is a bridge of sediment that connects sea islands. a. inlet. b. tombolo. c. estuary. d. delta.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.4 Larger-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts 27. A sand spit forms when: a. a long-shore current speeds up. b. a long-shore current slows. c. a turbidity currents flows near a coast. d. a gyre approaches coasts.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.4 Larger-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts 28. Which of the following bests describes the berm of a beach? a. It is the accumulation of sediment that runs parallel to shore. b. It is highest part of a beach. c. It is the part of the beach that has windblown dunes and grasses. d. It is the accumulation of sediment due to turbidity currents.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

29. The variation in sea level that can be measured over the world ocean is called: a. erosional change. b. tectonic change. c. dynamic change. d. eustatic change.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes 30. An example of a partially mixed estuary is: a. Milford Sound. b. Chesapeake Bay. c. Sydney Harbour. d. San Francisco Bay.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 11.6 Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries

TRUE/FALSE 1. Both land erosion and sea-level changes can shape a coastline.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

2. Over time, the amount of water in the world ocean has remained constant.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes

3. Marine erosion is most rapid on low-energy coasts.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

4. Eustatic changes are variations in sea level that can be measured all over the world ocean.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes 5. Depositional coasts are growing because of sediment accumulation or the action of living organisms.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.4 Large-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts 6. A longshore bar is a vertical wall of sand delineating the low-tide mark.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

7. One mechanism by which sediments are transported in the surf zone is via longshore currents.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

8. Barrier islands were once part of the mainland when sea levels were lower.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 11.4 Large-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts 9. Deltas form at the mouths of sediment-laden rivers and where continental shelves are broad.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.4 Large-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts 10. The Florida Keys is an example of how living organisms such as corals can influence coastlines.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 11.5 Coasts Are Formed and Modified by Biological Activity ESSAY 1. Define the term coast and describe the factors that shape coastlines.

ANS: Coastal areas join land and sea, and a coast refers to the larger zone affected by the processes that occur at this boundary. There are several processes that dictate the shape and general characteristics of coasts; these include natural events that originate both from the land and ocean.

Coasts are subject to both ocean and land processes due to their proximity to both. These processes include wind waves, tides, erosion, sediment transport and deposition, long-term changes in sea level, tectonic motions, and isostatic adjustments.

PTS: 1

REF: 11.1 Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes

2. What is an erosional coast and how are they different from other types of coasts?

ANS: Erosional coasts are new coasts in which the dominant processes are those that remove coastal material. Erosional coasts are different from other types of coasts due to the leading processes affecting them. These processes include things such as stream erosion, plant root probing, glacial activity, rainfall, and more. Erosional coasts are constantly under attack and are characteristically different from other coasts due to the dominant processes that occur there and remove coastal material.

PTS: 1

REF: 11.2 Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts

3. What is a beach? Define the term and describe features and processes that may bound the limits of a beach.

ANS: A beach is a zone of loose particles that covers part or all of a shore; a beach is also a type of depositional coast. There are landward and seaward limits to beaches. Vegetation, a sea cliff, sand dunes, or construction such as a seawall may characterize the landward limits of a beach.

The seaward limit occurs where sediment movement onshore and offshore ceases. Beaches are built by wave action, particle size, and beach permeability.

PTS: 1

REF: 11.3 Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts

4. What is an estuary and how are they unique ecosystems?

ANS: An estuary is a body of water partially surrounded by land, where freshwater from land mixes with ocean water. Oceanographically, they are quite dynamic as the physical and chemical characteristics (i.e. temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, etc) can fluctuate significantly with tides or freshwater input. Despite the challenge this presents to organisms, estuaries are areas of remarkable biological productivity and diversity. Estuaries are unique ecosystems for many reasons including their high availability of nutrients and sunlight, protection from wave shock, and the presence of various habitats. Due to these factors estuaries often support a tremendous number of living organisms.

PTS: 1

REF: 11.6 Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries

5. How have human activities influenced coastal processes? Give a specific example.

ANS: Human construction of structures such as breakwaters, jetties, and seawalls obstruct natural coastal processes. Human activity can tip the natural balance of coasts one way or the other. For example, consider the breakwater built in Santa Monica, CA. The breakwater interrupts the progress of waves to the beach, weakening the long-shore current and allowing sand to accumulate there. Human activity can also cause the reverse effect by the coast eroding at a specific location or down coast from a human built structure.

PTS: 1

REF: 11.8 Humans Have Interfered in Coastal Processes

Chapter 12—Life in the Ocean

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A good "working definition" for life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, store, and transmit ____." a. energy b. raw materials c. metabolic products d. waste products

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.1 Life on Earth Is Notable for Its Unity and Its Diversity 2. The organisms that are capable of converting carbon dioxide into glucose are called: a. primary consumers. b. primary producers. c. heterotrophs. d. secondary consumers.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 3. In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in: a. carbon dioxide molecules. b. the carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrates. c. oxygen molecules. d. the oxygen-hydrogen bonds of water molecules.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 4. Carolus Linnaeus was one of the first persons to classify organisms into natural categories.

Which system of taxonomy did he develop? a. domains b. kingdoms c. natural selection d. food webs

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.3 Ocean Life Is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage 5. The organisms that cannot produce their own food are called: a. primary producers. b. heterotrophs. c. secondary producers. d. autotrophs.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 6. The zone of lighted ocean where marine autotrophs are able to thrive is called: a. the disphotic zone. b. the euphotic zone. c. the aphotic zone. d. the mesopelagic zone.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 7. Which of the following statements best characterizes natural selection? a. Natural selection is the mechanism by which predetermined adaptations are passed to offspring from parents. b. Natural selection is the differential survivorship and reproduction of organisms that have favorable adaptations. c. The natural environment is not involved with the process of natural selection; the heritability of traits is what drives evolution.. d. For natural selection to occur, mutations have to be embedded in the genome.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.2 The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the Ocean 8. Though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is about ____ meters (feet) in mid-latitudes. a. 20 meters (66 feet) b. 40 meters (130 feet)

c. 70 meters (230 feet) d. 80 meters (265 feet)

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 9. The main inorganic nutrients required in primary productivity include: a. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates. b. glucose and oxygen. c. nitrates and phosphates. d. nitrates and carbohydrates.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 10. The movement of water across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration is called: a. diffusion. b. osmosis. c. active transport. d. chemosynthesis.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 11. Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings.

They are known as ____ organisms. a. poikilothermic

b. endothermic c. homeothermic d. ectothermic

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 12. All other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in ____ seawater. a. cold b. warm c. high salinity d. low salinity

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 13. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more: a. acidic; its pH is higher. b. acidic; its pH is lower. c. alkaline; its pH is higher. d. alkaline; its pH is lower.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 14. The requirements for photosynthesis include all of these EXCEPT: a. light.

b. oxygen c. nutrients. d. pigments (chlorophyll).

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 15. Each of the following is a domain EXCEPT:. a. Archaea. b. Bacteria. c. Eukarya. d. Animalia.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 12.3 Oceanic Life is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage 16. Photosynthetic organisms live in the ___________ of the ocean. a. photic zone b. deep sea c. aphotic d. mesopelagic

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 17. The oxidation of inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide into carbohydrates is called: a. photosynthesis. b. chemosynthesis. c. photoautotrophy.

d. evolution.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 18. A _______________ is a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relations. a. species b. food web c. trophic pyramid d. population

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 19. An example of a primary producer is: a. a fish. b. a copepod. c. a diatom. d. a crab.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 20. The zone where most biological productivity of the ocean occurs is called: a. euphotic zone. b. aphotic zone. c. hyperphotic zone. d. disphotic zone.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 21. An example of a nutrient that is important for primary productivity is: a. calcium. b. silica. c. oxygen. d. nitrogen.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 22. The mechanism of evolution discovered by Darwin and Wallace is: a. taxonomy. b. natural selection. c. classification. d. biology.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.3 Oceanic Life is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage 23. A form of autotrophy other than photosynthesis is: a. respiration. b. chemosynthesis. c. heterotrophy. d. decomposition.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 24. Which of the following domains would a protistan primary producer belong to? a. Eukarya b. Archaea c. Bacteria d. None of these

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 25. Scientists can observe primary productivity in the ocean from space by measuring the ____. a. temperature of the surface water. b. depth of the euphotic zone. c. amount of chlorophyll in surface waters. d. salinity of surface waters.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 26. In the ocean as a whole, the limiting factor for primary productivity is: a. oxygen. b. light. c. carbon dioxide. d. carbohydrates.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 27. The area in the ocean without light is called the: a. aphotic zone. b. euphotic zone. c. photic zone. d. epipelagic zone.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 28. Many marine invertebrates are ___________ meaning that they have specialized structures they use to extract plankton out of the surrounding water. a. scavengers b. deposit feeders c. filter feeders d. chemoautotrophic

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 29. Which of the following functions to maintain a balanced pH in the ocean? a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen d. phosphate

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 30. Which of the following is FALSE about dissolved gases in the ocean? a. Oxygen dissolves easily in the ocean from the atmosphere. b. Gases dissolve more readily into cold water than warm water. c. Carbon dioxide is much more soluble in water than is oxygen. d. As carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, some of it is converted to carbonic acid.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms TRUE/FALSE 1. Hydrogen sulfide is a high-energy molecule that can be used to make carbohydrates through the process of chemosynthesis.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization 2. Primary productivity measures the grams of carbon bound into organic material per square meter of ocean surface area per year.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials 3. A tuna is an example of a top consumer.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.5 Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Materials

4. The aphotic zone is the upper layer of the ocean where there is enough light for photosynthesis and vision.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 5. Nitrogen and phosphorous can be depleted rapidly in the deep sea by photosynthetic organisms.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 6. Marine organisms are limited in terms of where in the ocean they can live because of the enormous amount of pressure in the deep sea.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms 7. An important part of Darwinian natural selection is that traits must be inheritable.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.2 The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the Ocean 8. Life is categorized into two domains: one for all the prokaryotic organisms and one for all the eukaryotic organisms.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 12.3 Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage 9. The scientific name of an organism includes the genus and species name.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.3 Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage 10. Asteroids hitting Earth may result in mass extinctions.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 12.7 Rapid, Violent Change Causes Mass Extinctions ESSAY 1. What is natural selection and how can it explain the diversity of life on Earth?

ANS: Natural selection is the differential reproduction and survivorship of better adapted variants.

Organisms evolve as they become adapted to their environment and the accumulation of inherited traits leads to change over time (evolution). The mechanism of evolutionary change, or natural selection, results in change as better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce.

Evolutionary change occurs as many generations of individuals within a population respond to their environment, becoming better adapted and experience more reproductive success. When individuals in a population are physically isolated from each other, favorable traits in the two populations may differ leading to the evolution of new species. The long-term result of an everchanging environment and the adaptation of the organisms within that environment increases the number of species that inhabit an area, know as biodiversity.

PTS: 1

REF: 12.1 Life on Earth is Notable for its Unity and Diversity

2. Why is evolution important in the study of the ocean?

ANS:

Evolutionary theory has important implications for marine science. All of life evolved in the ocean about 3.8 billion years ago and the ocean remains a cradle of life. The ocean covers 71% of the surface of the planet and offers many different habitats and opportunities for a variety of lifestyles. Marine organisms have evolved in countless ways to take advantage of the vast amount of space, energy, food and resources of the ocean. Throughout the history of the ocean, the physical and chemical conditions have remained relatively stable over millions of years, thus allowing for the diversification of life.

PTS: 1

REF: 12.1 Life on Earth is Notable for its Unity and Diversity

3. Describe how energy enters biological ecosystems in the ocean.

ANS: All living things need energy in order to maintain their complete organization. Energy is the capacity to do work and according to the laws of thermodynamics, organisms cannot create their own energy. Instead, organisms have to take available energy and convert it into a biologically useful form. The main source of energy available for life on Earth is the sun. Photosynthesis is the process by which energy form the sun is converted to organic energy in the form of carbohydrate molecules, which living things can then convert to ATP. Most organisms in the ocean get their energy either directly (if they are photosynthetic) or indirectly (if they eat other organisms) from the sun. In a few cases, some organisms can get energy from inorganic chemicals found at hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. This process is called chemosynthesis.

PTS: 1 REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization.

4. What is a limiting factor and how do they affect the distribution of primary producers?

ANS:

A limiting factor is a physical or chemical factor that is necessary for the normal functioning of an organism but is found in the environment in limited amounts. In some cases, the limited factor can be seasonally limited or may be unpredictably patchy. For example, all photoautotrophic primary producers need both light and nutrients for successful photosynthesis but as we know, light can only penetrate the ocean water to a depth to about 200 meters. Marine photoautotrophs are restricted to where they can live and photosynthesize by how much light and nutrients are available. Therefore, in the ocean, the primary producers are most abundant in the photic zone or the uppermost layer of the ocean where light is not a limiting factor and when nutrients are available.

PTS: 1

REF: 12.6 Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine

Organisms 5. Describe how energy is distributed through ecosystems and define the different trophic levels into which marine organism can be classified.

ANS: All ecosystems have to have an energy source. Other than at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and a few other rare marine ecosystems, energy from the sun fuels the organisms of the ocean. Once sunlight energy has been converted into glucose, or biologically useful energy, it then enters ecosystems through complex trophic food webs. Any marine organism that cannot produce their own energy via photoautotrophy or chemoautotrophy have to consume energy. These are the heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are organisms that must either directly eat the autotrophs (herbivores) or eat other heterotrophs (carnivores). A food web is a group of both autotrophs and heterotrophs that are linked together by complex feeding relationships in which the flow of energy ca be followed from one group of organisms to another. Food webs are non-linear and attempt to show predator relationships, competition between species, and other complex interactions between organisms.

PTS: 1 REF: 12.4 The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization.

Chapter 13—Pelagic Communities

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ____ refers to organisms that live on or are associated with the bottom. a. Pelagic b. Neritic c. Planktonic d. Benthic

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.2 The Marine Environment Is Classified in Distinct Zones 2. All of the following adaptations offset sinking in fish EXCEPT: a. swim bladders. b. counter current flow in gills. c. fat-filled bladders. d. fins shaped like airplane wings.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 312

3. The whale shark is the largest species of fish and eats: a. seals and other smaller marine mammals. b. fish, especially tuna. c. plankton near the surface of the water. d. benthic crabs.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

4. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the global distribution of phytoplankton? a. In the poles, phytoplankton populations decrease during the summer months. b. There is a constant amount of phytoplankton year-round in the tropics. c. Phytoplankton are most abundant when there are ample nutrients and light. d. Phytoplankton populations vary with latitude and season.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.7 Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions 5. An example of a zooplankton that is very important to many pelagic communities is: a. krill. b. squid. c. dinoflagellates. d. diatoms.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

6. Drag is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. frontal area. b. body shape. c. surface texture. d. depth.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

7. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the baleen whales? a. They are marine mammals and hence are air breathers. b. Some species of baleen whales migrate long distances between their feeding and

breeding grounds. c. The baleen whales are the smallest of the true whales because they only feed on plankton. d. Some species of baleen whales use complex songs to group communicate.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

8. What is produced in primary productivity? a. carbon dioxide b. light c. carbohydrates d. gametes (egg cells and sperm cells)

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: Most Phytoplankton Are Photosynthetic Autotrophs 9. Where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity? a. in the tropics b. in the temperate zones c. in the polar regions d. productivity is about equal at all latitudes

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.7 Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions 10. The "seals" of seal shows are: a. sea lions. b. true seals. c. sea otters.

d. manatees.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

11. Only part of this organism's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community: a. plankton b. meroplankton c. holoplankton d. phytoplankton

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

12. Single-celled plant-like organisms are called: a. plankton b. meroplankton c. holoplankton d. phytoplankton

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.6 Most Phytoplankton Are Photosynthetic Autotrophs 13. Which of the organisms below drift with the ocean currents? a. meroplankton b. nekton c. benthic organisms d. cephalopods

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.4 Plankton Drift with Ocean Currents

14. Plankton that belong to Kingdom Animalia are called: a. zooplankton b. meroplankton c. holoplankton d. phytoplankton

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

15. Members of Class Chondrichtyes include: a. alligators and sharks b. rays and skates c. tuna and lampreys d. rays and hagfish

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

16. Organisms such as diatoms or copepods that spend their entire life cycle as plankton are called: a. nanoplankton. b. meroplankton. c. holoplankton. d. zooplankton.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

17. Bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group: a. Mammalia b. Chondrichthyes

c. Osteichthyes d. Agnatha

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

18. In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate ____, which ____ transfer efficiency. a. in the same direction; increases b. in opposite directions; increases c. in the same direction; decreases d. in opposite directions; decreases

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

19. Identify the statement that best describes the adaptations of "true seabirds" (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean). a. their wings tend to be short and blunt to reduce weight during flight. b. their bodies are covered in specialized feathers that differ from other bird species. c. their wingspan is very long and their bones are hollow to minimize the energy expended in flight. d. their bodies are insulated with layers of fat to protect them from cold at high altitudes.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

20. Animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called: a. ectotherms.

b. mesotherms. c. paratherms. d. endotherms.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

21. Which of the following is NOT an Order of marine mammals? a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. Ecinodermata

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

22. Which taxonomic group do whales belong to? a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. Manatee

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

23. Which of the following groups include manatees and sea cows.? a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. Copepoda

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

24. Which of the following groups of animals includes only pinnipeds? a. dolphins, whales and manatees b. seals, sea lions and walruses c. sea lions, sea cows and dugongs d. walruses, polar bears and otters

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

25. All of the following characteristics apply to the Cetacea EXCEPT: a. Cetaceans have nearly complete hair loss. b. They have large and deeply convoluted brains. c. The cetaceans are air-breathing mammals. d. They all have teeth in powerful jaws that make them efficient predators.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

26. Baleen whales are: a. in the suborder Odontoceti. b. in the suborder Mysticeti. c. in the class Osteichthyes. d. are in the order Teleostei.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

27. All of the following are cetacean adaptations EXCEPT:

a. ectothermy. b. streamlined body shape. c. modified respiratory system to collect and retain large amounts of oxygen. d. mammary glands.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

28. An example of an oceanic bird that can forage across the open ocean for months is the: a. sea gull. b. albatross. c. pelican. d. sandpiper.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

29. An important animal in the food web of Antarctica is (are): a. krill. b. foraminifera. c. diatoms. d. ctenophores.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

30. An area that has high nutrient levels and very high seasonal primary productivity are the: a. subpolar zones. b. tropical coastal regions. c. coral reefs. d. tropical open ocean.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 13.7 Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions TRUE/FALSE 1. Pelagic organisms live in the open ocean.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 13.2 The Marine Environment Is Classified in Distinct Zones 2. Huge wings allow the albatross to fly great distances but also require a tremendous amount of energy.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

3. The active swimmers of the pelagic realm are called the zooplankton.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

4. Photosynthetic plankton are called phytoplankton and include the diatoms and dinoflagellates.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 13.6 Most Phytoplankton Are Photosynthetic Autotrophs 5. Coccolithophores are zooplankton that form oozes on the seabed.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 13.6 Most Phytoplankton Are Photosynthetic Autotrophs

6. The distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is directly influenced by the distribution of nutrients.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 13.7 Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions 7. Zooplankton are the most numerous primary consumers in the ocean.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 13.8 Zooplankton Consume Primary Producers

8. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, not bone.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

9. Gill membranes evolved from lungs and function in gas exchange.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

10. Penguins are found world-wide and although they cannot fly, they can swim great distances.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

ESSAY 1. Define marine community and describe the different trophic levels or ecological roles organisms may fill. What factors vary in marine communities that explain why they may change over time?

ANS:

In marine ecosystems, as well as other biological systems, organisms are distributed in specific groups that interact with each other as well as their environment. A community comprises populations (individuals of the same species) that all share a common living space and includes the producers, consumers and recyclers. The location of a community is determined by the many biological, physical and chemical factors that exist in time and space. Because of the dynamic nature of the environment in which communities live, yes: a community can change over time.

Changes can be slow and gradual or they can be rapid such as those caused by a natural disturbance like a hurricane.

PTS: 1

REF: 13.1 Marine Organisms Live together in Communities

2. What is a pelagic community? Compare and contrast the types of plankton and nekton that comprise surface and deep-sea pelagic communities.

ANS: Open water is called the pelagic zone and occupies that largest single continuous space on the planet. The pelagic community is composed of organisms that live suspended in the ocean as well as those that are active swimmers. Some pelagic organisms are so small that they are unable to swim against the currents - these make up the planktonic communities. Plankton may be autrotrophic (phytoplankton) or heterotrophic (zooplankton), meroplankton (temporary drifters) or holoplankton (lifetime drifters). Other animals that are larger and able to swim through the pelagic realm are called nektonic. Nekton include cephalopods, most fish, reptiles and mammals. Pelagic communities are defined by the source of food. In the photic zone, food is provided to the consumers via photosynthesis by phytoplankton – food is usually abundant relative to the deep sea. As you move deeper in the ocean, food becomes rarer and the communities are supplied food either as predators or by food that has rained down from the photic zone. Phytoplankton cannot survive in the dark, so virtually all deep-sea plankton are zooplankton.

PTS: 1

REF: 13.3 Pelagic Communities Occupy the Open Ocean

3. Explain why phytoplankton is critical to all of life on Earth.

ANS: Phytoplankton are microscopic organisms that are the primary producers of the open ocean.

They are important for all of life on Earth in many ways. First, through photosynthesis, planktonic autotrophs are thought to bind at least 50 trillion kilograms of carbon into organic carbohydrate each year. This represents about 50% of the total amount of food produced by all photosynthetic organisms on Earth. Secondly, it is thought that phytoplankton can produce about 50-70% of the atmospheric oxygen.

PTS: 1

REF: 13.6 Most Phytoplankton Are Photosynthetic Autotrophs

4. Describe at least 3 ways that marine mammals are adapted to life in the marine environment.

ANS: Although marine mammals evolved from terrestrial mammals, they have many unique adaptations that have enables them to succeed and diversify in the ocean. All marine mammals have a streamlined body shape with limbs adapted for swimming (not walking). Marine mammals can also generate internal body heat that can be stored by dense fur, or in fat and blubber. Because they are air-breathers, they have a respiratory system that is modified to collect and retain large amounts of oxygen. The biochemistry of the blood and muscles is optimal for the retention and distribution of oxygen during prolonged deep dives.

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

5. Explain the properties of water that have led to the evolution of a “torpedo” shaped body in most open water fish.

ANS:

Open water fish have a torpedo shape because having a streamlined body morphology is much more efficient for swimming. Because water is about 800 times more dense than air, and 100 times more viscous, an animal moving through this fluid has to expend a great deal of energy. A fish’s resistance to movement in the water is called drag and the amount of drag is greatly influenced by the shape of the head, body contour, and surface texture. Since drag increases with increasing speed, fast swimming open ocean fish have exaggerated torpedo shapes, the most efficient anti-drag shape.

PTS: 1

REF: 13.9 Nekton Swim Actively

Chapter 14—Benthic Communities

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Benthic organisms live: a. on or associated with the seafloor. b. suspended in the water column. c. by drifting through the water, unable to swim against currents. d. as parasites.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.1 Benthic Organisms Live on or in the

Seafloor 2. The most common pattern for benthic organism distributions is: a. clumped distribution. b. negative binomial distribution. c. random distribution. d. uniform distribution.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.2 The Distribution of Benthic Organisms Is Rarely Random 3. All of the following represent benthic communities EXCEPT: a. phytoplankton. b. kelp forest. c. coral reef. d. hydrothermal vent communities.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.1 Benthic Organisms Live on or in the

Seafloor 4. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning hydrothermal vents? a. They are found in shallow waters near subduction zones. b. Certain animals are found at hydrothermal vents such as pogonophorans . c. Hydrothermal vents are found associated with spreading centers. d. Vent waters cool as they are released from the vent.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.10 Vent and Seep Communities Depend on Chemosynthetic Producers 5. Intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by: a. moving out to the open ocean during high tides. b. adhering themselves to the rocks. c. sliding out of small crack as the wave crashes around them. d. releasing themselves from rocks..

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock

6. Coral reef communities: a. are made up exclusively of various species of coral polyps. b. are made up of filter and suspension feeders living off the abundant plankton. c. are limited to carnivorous animals. d. are successful because they efficiently recycle nutrients

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 7. Which of the following is FALSE concerning deep-sea floor organisms? a. Several organisms have adapted unique feeding strategies. b. Organisms that produce calcium carbonate skeletons are unusually strong. c. Metabolic rates are typically low relative to an organism’s surface-dwelling relative. d. Most are small in size, but it is not unusual for species to demonstrate gigantism.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.8 The Deep-Sea Floor Is Earth's Most Uniform Community 8. The symbiotic dinoflagellate that lives within coral tissue is called: a. kelp. b. Riftia. c. zooxanthellae. d. polyp.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 9. In the nutrient-poor water of the tropics, specialized dinoflagellates aid coral’s success by: a. providing carbon dioxide and phosphates for coral. b. providing a safe and stable environment for coral. c. causing coral bleaching. d. providing oxygen, carbohydrates, and absorbing waste products.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 10. Perhaps the most difficult oceanic environments for small organisms to inhabit are: a. low-energy abyssal plains. b. high-energy sand and cobble beaches. c. low-productivity salt marshes. d. high-productivity rocky intertidal communities.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.6 Sand Beach and Cobble Beach Communities Exist in One of Earth's Most Rigorous Habitats 11. Tropical coral reefs require all of the following conditions to thrive EXCEPT: a. clear, shallow water, preferably less than 10 meters ( 33 feet). b. cold nutrient-rich water. c. average salinity or slightly higher. d. symbiotic dinoflagellates that reside inside the animal.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 12. According to Darwin, the last stage in the cycle of reef formation is: a. the fringing reef. b. the atoll. c. the algal rim. d. the barrier reef.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 13. Life in productive tropical reefs is characterized by: a. extreme competition for food, territory, and reproductive opportunities. b. very few species, but large numbers of each species. c. large adults in each species that reproduce late in life. d. organisms with extremely long lifespans.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 14. Which of these statements is FALSE concerning estuaries? a. Larvae are often abundant there. b. Estuaries are in danger of development and pollution. c. Very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there.

d. Estuaries are places where saltwater and fresh water meet.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.4 Salt Marshes and Estuaries Are Highly Productive Benthic Habitats 15. Food in the intertidal zone is: a. not particularly abundant, so resident organisms are in constant competition for the limiting resource. b. abundant but inaccessible, so few organisms are able to inhabit the area. c. abundant and accessible, but there are few organisms adapted to feed in this environment. d. abundant and accessible, and there are many organisms that are adapted to take advantage of it.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock 16. Which of these benthic habitats is NOT characterized by both high productivity and high biodiversity? a. The hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. b. Salt marshes associated with estuaries. c. Rocky intertidal communities of the US west coast. d. Sandy beaches of tropical shores.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.4 Salt Marshes and Estuaries Are Highly Productive Benthic Habitats

17. In Darwin’s description of reef structures, a fringing reef: a. usually forms on the lee side of a tropical island. b. has a deep lagoon that separates the reef from the island. c. is ring-shaped and is not associated with an island. d. is formed as a volcanic island sinks.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 18. Ahermatypic corals are: a. found in shallow waters in the tropics. b. have symbiotic algae. c. are found in the deep-sea. d. are actually plants.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 19. A reason for the great diversity and success of organisms in the rocky intertidal is: a. the large quantity of food available. b. the vast amount of space available. c. the lack of nekton. d. the rise and fall of the tides.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock 20. Animals that are attached to the bottom are called: a. sessile. b. motile. c. infaunal. d. interstitial.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock 21. Seaweeds are: a. vascular plants. b. unicellular algae. c. muticellular algae. d. zooxanthellae.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers 22. Algae are classified by: a. their method of photosynthesis. b. their location in the intertidal. c. their photosynthetic pigments. d. their size and shape.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers

23. An example of a vascular plant that is successful in low, muddy coasts in tropical and subtropical areas are: a. mangroves. b. ahermatypic corals. c. kelp. d. macroalgae.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers 24. Primary productivity in estuaries is high because: a. light is seasonal and dim. b. nutrients are abundant. c. symbiotic autotrophs live within the tissues of estuary animals. d. nutrients are abundant and light is dim.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.4 Salt Marshes and Estuaries Are Highly Productive Benthic Habitats 25. Organisms common in the rocky intertidal include all of the following EXCEPT: a. benthic multicellular algae. b. snails. c. flat fish. d. small sculpins.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock

26. Physical conditions that contribute to the transparent waters of the tropics are: a. low salinity and warm water. b. no thermocline and abundant nutrients. c. permanent thermocline and abundant nutrients. d. an abrupt deep thermocline and lack of nutrients.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 27. One of Earth’s most rigorous habitats is a: a. sand beach. b. coral reef. c. kelp forest. d. rocky intertidal.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 14.6 Sand Beach and Cobble Beach Communities Exist in One of Earth's Most Rigorous Habitats 28. A physical challenge that high-intertidal organisms must adapt to is: a. chemosynthesis. b. zonation. c. osmotic pressure. d. desiccation.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock 29. One might expect to encounter all of the following organisms in an estuary EXCEPT: a. sea grasses b. hermatypic corals c. phytoplankton d. juvenile fish

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 14.4 Salt Marshes and Estuaries Are Highly Productive Benthic Habitats 30. Which of the following groups of organisms includes only true marine vascular plants? a. rhodophytes, chlorophytes and phaeophytes. b. diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. c. kelp forests and seagrasses. d. mangroves and salt marshes.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers TRUE/FALSE 1. Marine algae are nonvascular plants.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers

2. The biomass of benthic algae in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers 3. Species diversity is generally higher on the seafloor than in that part of the water column immediately above it.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock 4. Deep sea vent communities depend on specialized photoautotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters down to that depth.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 14.10 Vent and Seep Communities Depend on Chemosynthetic Producers 5. Kelp forests are most common in tropical latitudes.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 14.3 Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Effective Primary Producers 6. Estuaries are nutrient rich environments that foster very high biodiversity.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.4 Salt Marshes and Estuaries Are Highly Productive Benthic Habitats 7. Desiccation refers to the constant inundation of sub-tidal rocky reefs.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock

8. Interstitial animals are very small and live between sand grains.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.6 Sand Beach and Cobble Beach Communities Exist in One of Earth's Most Rigorous Habitats 9. Hermatypic corals are corals that build reefs in tropical areas.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled 10. Hydrothermal vents that support biological communities exist because of primary productivity in the form of chemosynthesis.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 14.10 Vent and Seep Communities Depend on Chemosynthetic Producers ESSAY 1. Is the distribution of benthic organisms random? Explain why or why not.

ANS:

No, the distribution of benthic organisms is rarely random. Random distribution implies that the position of one organism in the community is independent of the position of other organisms within that same community. Most benthic communities show small patchy aggregations of organisms representing clumped distribution. The reason for this is because there are many physical and biological variables that influence benthic habitats. In many benthic habitats such as coral reefs, a kelp forest, or the intertidal, there is intense competition for resources such as food and space. Therefore, many benthic organisms have evolved adaptations that enable them to compete effectively, meaning that they do interact with the other organisms in the community.

PTS: 1

REF: 14.2 The Distribution of Benthic Organisms is Rarely Random

2. Despite residing in the deep, dark sea, hydrothermal vents are able to support a diverse community of organisms including pogonophorans, clams, crabs, worms and many more species.

Since no light reaches hydrothermal vents, explain what provides the basis of primary production and how it supports the community?

ANS: Communities around hydrothermal vents and seeps are supported by chemosynthesis. The chemoautotrophs are microscopic bacteria that convert low energy inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide into high energy organic molecules like carbohydrates. In many cases, the bacteria live symbiotically within the tissues of animals and provide nutrition directly to the animal. In these unique habitats the base of the food web is formed by bacteria rather than lightdependent phytoplankton. Remarkably, vent communities support a unique diversity of life including tube worms, clams, crabs, shrimp, and fish.

PTS: 1 REF: 14.10 Vent and Seep Communities Depend on Chemosynthetic Producers 3. Are the physical and chemical conditions stable in intertidal environments? Explain why or why not and provide examples to support your claims.

ANS: On a daily basis, organisms of the intertidal are often faced with extreme environmental conditions. Some of the variables that can change with the rise and fall of the tides include temperature, salinity, dissolved gas levels, desiccation, and wave action. Organisms living in the intertidal have evolved adaptations that enable them to survive not only the harshness of the environment but also the extreme fluctuations in temperature. For example, a sea star living in a tide pool off a temperate coast may experience 60 degree water during high tide and 80 degree water during low tide.

PTS: 1

REF: 14.5 Rocky Intertidal Communities Can Thrive Despite Wave Shock

4. Compare and contrast the stability of habitats found in the deep-sea.

ANS: The physical nature of most of the deep-sea floor can be described as a constant dark, cold, hypersaline expanse. Despite this grim picture, scientists have discovered that many marine organisms are well adapted to the deep sea. On average, there are up to 4,500 organisms per square meter. This diversity of life includes fish, invertebrates, and microscopic heterotrophs all with low metabolic rates and often bizarre feeding habits. Individuals of the deep sea are often much larger than their shallow-water relatives and may live very long lives. The exception to this vast abyssal plain habitat is that of hydrothermal vents. The presence of primary producers in these dynamic and extreme environments allows for a variety of other species to grow and thrive. The abundance, biomass and diversity of organisms at vent sites can be much greater than that of adjacent abyssal plains.

PTS: 1

REF: 14.8 The Deep-Sea Floor Is Earth's Most Uniform Community

5. What is an atoll? Describe the steps that occur in the formation of an atoll.

ANS:

An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef found in tropical latitudes. Atolls first start to develop as a fringing reef forms around an island. Over time, the island sinks as the oceanic plate on which it rides moves away from the spreading center and the plate begins to bow from the weight of the island. As the island sinks, coral organisms build the reef upward toward the surface. The island eventually disappears beneath the surface but the coral reef remains as a ring-shaped structure.

PTS: 1 REF: 14.7 Tropical Coral Reef Communities Are Productive Because Nutrients Are Efficiently Recycled Chapter 15—Uses and Abuses of the Ocean

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The decline of the Easter Island population of humans was in part due to all of the following EXCEPT: a. consumption of the wrong fish species. b. destruction of the palm trees. c. mismanagement of resources. d. overuse and erosion of agricultural land.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.12 Epilogue

2. Non-renewable physical resources that are extracted from the ocean and prized by humans include: a. a variety of seafood. b. petroleum and natural gas. c. energy from currents. d. pharmaceutical compounds.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

3. Which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea? a. They are easier to recover than from the land. b. They are more difficult to locate and extract. c. They are in greater variety than minerals on land. d. They are less expensive to recover than from land.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

4. Second to petroleum and natural gas, the most profitable resource recovered from the marine environment is: a. gold. b. diamonds. c. sand and gravel. d. coal.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

5. About ____ of the crude oil used by humans is derived from the seabed. a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. 1/3 d. all

ANS: C

PTS: 1

6. The best fishing grounds are located:

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

a. in the middle of the open ocean. b. in temperate waters over continental shelves. c. in tropical waters of the deep sea. d. in equatorial deep waters.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

7. Overall, the ocean’s most valuable biological resources consist of: a. compounds harvested for medical use. b. cultured kelp and algae. c. fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. d. whales.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

8. The per capita world fish catch has changed in what way? a. It has been climbing steadily since the 1950s. b. It has declined drastically since the 1950s. c. It has stayed at the level of the 1960s. d. It has declined significantly since the 1970s.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

9. What accounts for most of the total value of world trade transported by sea? a. passengers b. finished goods c. oil d. grain

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

10. The world’s largest industry is: a. tourism. b. renewable resources. c. commercial fishing. d. whaling.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.5 Nonextractive Resources Use the Ocean in Place 11. The growing or farming of marine plants or animals under controlled conditions is called: a. mariculture. b. aquaculture. c. fish farming. d. shrimp farming.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

12. Global demand for oil increases by about ____ per year. a. 2 percent b. 0.5 percent c. 25 percent d. 10 percent

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

13. Minamata disease, which affected people living near Minamata Bay in Japan, was finally traced to: a. a vitamin deficiency due to a restricted diet of rice and fish. b. a diet including shellfish contaminated with mercury. c. a diet including seaweeds contaminated with lead from a nearby plastics plant. d. high levels of DDT from local rice farms.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 14. All of the following changes in ocean conditions are expected to occur if current trends in climate change continue EXCEPT: a. increase in anoxic zones (i.e. dead zones). b. decrease in the pH of seawater. c. increase in sea surface temperatures. d. decrease in the intensity of El Nino events.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate is Changing

15. Greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT: a. chlorofluorocarbons. b. methane. c. carbon dioxide. d. oxygen.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate is Changing

16. The most dangerous threat to the marine environment, overall, is probably:

a. human overpopulation. b. refined oil spills. c. solid waste and synthetic pesticides. d. excessive greenhouse heating.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 17. A major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases results from: a. the release of gases from volcanic and geothermal processes. b. the combustion products of petroleum, coal and natural gas. c. the production of byproducts from photosynthesis. d. the transfer of gases from the ocean into the atmosphere.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate is Changing

18. The desalination method that is done by forcing seawater against a semi permeable membrane at high pressure is called: a. high pressure desalination. b. distillation. c. freezing. d. reverse osmosis desalination.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

19. The number of people who can inhabit a given area is in part determined by the: a. ease at which food can be extracted from the environment. b. amount of potable water available. c. ability of the people to build housing.

d. amount of evaporation in the area.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

20. The fastest growing alternative energy source is: a. nuclear power. b. coal energy. c. wind power. d. oil energy.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.3 Marine Energy

21. The maximum of each species that can be caught without negatively influencing future populations of that species is called the: a. maximum sustainable yield. b. annual catch. c. maximum global landing. d. maximum global harvest.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

22. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning bycatch? a. Bycatch are targeted species. b. Bycatch sometimes greatly exceeds the target catch. c. Bottom trawling is one of the methods that results in a lot of bycatch. d. Sea turtles are an example of bycatch.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

23. An example of a fishing technique that is particularly disruptive is: a. hook and line. b. drift nets. c. mid-water trawl. d. spear fishing.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

24. The farming specifically of marine organisms for human use is called: a. nonextractive resource harvesting. b. fish farming. c. aquaculture. d. mariculture.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

25. An example of a nonextractive resource provided by the ocean is: a. transportation. b. crabs. c. oil. d. manganese nodules.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: 15.5 Nonextractive Resources Use the Ocean in Place

26. One toxic substance found in pesticides, industrial solvents, and cleaning fluids that has exceeded dangerous concentrations in some coastal areas is: a. petroleum. b. chlorinated hydrocarbons. c. emulsion. d. oil.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 27. The introduction of excess nutrients into a system that results in the increased growth of autotrophs is: a. heterotrophy. b. chemoautotrophy. c. eutrophication. d. oligotrophication.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.6 An Introduction to Marine Environmental Issues 28. Which of the following is true about a pollutant? a. Pollutants are natural and so organisms develop adaptations to deal with them. b. Pollutants can cause both indirect or direct damage by interrupting biochemical pathways of organisms. c. Most pollutants are capable of causing massive mortality events for marine organisms. d. The concentration of pollutants in the ocean has remained stable since the industrial revolution.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 29. One major concern about climate change is that: a. crop production will increase. b. solubility of oxygen will increase as ocean temperatures rise. c. phytoplankton productivity will decrease. d. the ocean will freeze.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate Is Changing

30. The gas that comprises 72% of the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere is: a. methane. b. oxygen. c. nitrous oxide. d. carbon dioxide.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate is Changing

TRUE/FALSE 1. Though desalination is a theoretically attractive method for obtaining fresh water from seawater, no large commercial facilities for desalination exist.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

2. Pollutants can have negative influences on organisms by interfering with biochemical processes.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 3. Global warning by "greenhouse gases" would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, and other gases with similar effects on the atmosphere.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate Is Changing

4. Whaling has effectively ceased. Except for a small and relatively insignificant number of "pirate whalers," the taking of whales for profit is a thing of the past.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

5. Most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 6. Generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 7. In terms of the volume of oil spilled and subsequent environmental damage, the wreck of the tanker Exxon Valdez was the worst tanker accident in history.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated

8. Sometimes, the best thing to do in the event of a crude oil spill is to do nothing.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

REF: 15.7 Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human-Generated 9. Drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that fishing ought to be more environmentally sensitive.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

10. Fishing is a growth industry, but the fishing consortia are, for the most part, careful to conserve this resource and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

ESSAY 1. With current climate change trends, is there any evidence that the ocean environment is changing as a result of increased greenhouse gases? Explain why or why not.

ANS: There is scientific evidence that the ocean is warming. Data suggest that about 90% of the excess heat of the Earth’s surface is stored in the ocean. Over the last 50 years, the measured and documented increase in the ocean’s temperature has been only about 0.1 degree Celsius. But that is expected because water has a very high heat capacity and therefore it takes more energy to increase the temperature of water than it does of air. Other evidence includes the fact that polar ice is melting. The result of a warmer ocean and melting ice caps is documented rises in sea level. In addition to the affects of warming, changes to ocean chemistry, physics and biology has also been documented. Such changes include decrease in pH, changes in current flow and altered distribution of organisms.

PTS: 1

REF: 15.10 Earth's Climate Is Changing

2. Many of today’s fisheries are not sustainable. Explain some of the factors that must be considered in maintaining healthy fisheries.

ANS: In order to have a sustainable fishery, all of the factors that determine a realistic maximum sustainable yield must be understood. That is, the industry has to fully understand the biology of the species in question and the maximum amount that can be taken each year without impairing or reducing the numbers of future generations. Current yield exceeds 150 million tons annually and scientists believe that 65% of the fish stocks are being overfished. One of the biggest problems is the continued practice of harvesting fish before they have reached reproductive maturity. The result is a very rapid decline in fish populations, especially in apex predators.

Additional concerns include habitat destruction associated with some fishing gear, large quantities of bycatch and environmentally damaging aquaculture practices. The good news is that not all fisheries are overfished, several under-exploited species are suitable seafood choices!

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources

3. With a human population of nearly 7 billion, freshwater has become a very important natural resource for human success and prosperity. What is desalination and can it help? What challenges does this industry face?

ANS:

Although 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water, because of the chemical composition of seawater, it is unusable for human consumption or for growing crops. Therefore, freshwater is becoming an important marine resource and desalination technology is making progress. Desalination is the separation of pure water from seawater, or in other words, removal of all the dissolved compounds. Currently, there are more than 15,000 desalination plants worldwide that produce about 32 million cubic meters of freshwater per day. One of the biggest challenges of desalination is that is both monetarily and energetically costly to produce large quantities of freshwater.

PTS: 1

REF: 15.2 Physical Resources

4. Describe the four main categories of marine resources and provide examples of each.

ANS: As the human population continues to grow, we are constantly looking for new resources to support the nearly 7 billion people on this planet. The ocean has a lot to offer and many marine resources have not yet been discovered.

1. Physical resources include those that are accumulated substances in the ocean or the seabed.

2. Marine energy resources result from taking energy directly from the motion or heat of the ocean and converting it to human uses.

3. Biological resources are those such as fisheries that represent resources supplied to humans by the plants and animals of the ocean.

4. Nonextractive resources are those such as recreation where humans use the ocean in nonextractive ways.

PTS: 1 REF: 15.1 Marine Resources Are Subject to the Economic Laws of Supply and Demand 5. Define “Bycatch” and explain how it is damaging to marine populations.

ANS:

Efficient and inexpensive fishing methods can sometime be disastrous for unintended species. In some fisheries, many animals are unintentionally killed during the fishing of a targeted species.

These unintentional victims are called “bycatch” and in some cases the numbers of bycatch individuals (or weight) far exceeds the numbers of intended individuals. Many birds, sea turtles and marine mammals, such as dolphins, are caught in nets and drown, while many other species are simply caught and discarded. Many other organisms, like marine invertebrates, can account for large amounts bycatch too. Though the organisms are often an afterthought because they are of little commercial importance, they each play important roles in the ecosystem as producers, predators or decomposers. A healthy marine environment requires a delicate balance of a diversity of species!

PTS: 1

REF: 15.4 Biological Resources