Test Bank for Discovering the Life Span, 6th Edition by Robert S. Feldman | Chapters 1–10

Test Bank For Discovering the Life Span, 6th edition Robert S. Feldman Chapters 1-10 Chapter 1

Introduction 1-1. Approximately how many babies have been born through in vitro fertilization (IVF)? a) b) c) d)

Hundreds Thousands Hundreds of thousands Millions

Answer: d Page: 2 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.5 1-2. Louise Brown was the world’s first __________, giving developmental experts an opportunity to explore how one’s circumstances of conception impact one’s development. a) b) c) d)

test tube baby cloned baby stem cell baby surrogate baby

Answer: a Page: 2 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module: 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

1-3. _______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur from conception through death. a) b) c) d)

Biological Lifespan Psychological Research

Answer: b Page: 3 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 1-4. In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) __________ approach. a) b) c) d)

intuitive scientific social environmental

Answer: b Page: 3 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 1-5. A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. She has a theory about how this new approach will work and will use a methodical approach to test her theory. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes, while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess students’ progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment? a) b) c) d)

Intuitive Biological Environmental Scientific

Answer: d Page: 3 Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 1-6. The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on __________. a) b) c) d)

nonhuman species test tube babies biological and environmental development human development

Answer: d Page: 3 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 1-7. A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in __________ development. a) b) c) d)

cognitive physical personality social

Answer: b Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.1 1-8. A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete’s decline in on-the-field performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive Personality Physical Social

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-9. __________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior. a) b) c) d)

Cognitive Physical Personality Social

Answer: a Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-10. Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive Personality Social Physical

Answer: a Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-11. Researchers who use intellectual (IQ) testing as part of their research project with elementary-age students are likely to be researching __________ development. a) b) c) d)

personality cognitive social physical

Answer: b Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 2.1 1-12. What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in exploring the processes of learning, memory, and intelligence? a) b) c) d)

Physical Social Cognitive Personality

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-13. A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the __________ development of the subject(s). a) b) c) d) Answer: c Page: 4

personality social cognitive physical

Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-14. __________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span. a) b) c) d)

Cognitive Physical Personality Social

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.1

1-15. A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in __________ development. a) b) c) d)

personality social cognitive physical

Answer: a Page: 4 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 2.1 1-16. __________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. a) Cognitive

b) Physical c) Personality d) Social Answer: d Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-17. Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas? a) b) c) d)

A particular family A particular age range A particular town/city A particular country

Answer: b Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-18. A developmental researcher who is interested in studying the effects of malnutrition on the rate of growth in children or how athletes’ physical performance declines over time would be studying __________ development. a) b) c) d)

social physical personality cognitive

Answer: b Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-19. If a developmental researcher is studying how traumatic events in childhood are remembered later in life, or how problem-solving skills change over the lifetime, in what developmental area is the researcher interested? a) b) c) d)

Social Physical Cognitive Personality

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-20. A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called __________. a) b) c) d)

topical areas of lifespan development social construction age ranges social development

Answer: b Page: 4 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.1

1-21. The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist until the __________ century. a) b) c) d)

sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth twentieth

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-22. Which period is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary? a) b) c) d)

Infancy begins with birth.

Adolescence starts with sexual maturity.

Middle and late adulthood end with death.

The preschool period ends with entry into public school.

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-23. In Western culture, what age is considered the start of young adulthood? a) b) c) d)

16 18 20 35

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-24. Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he say a substantial change is occurring in his life? a) b) c) d)

When he finished his junior year of high school at age 17 When he turned 20 years of age When he leaves college and enters the workforce around age 22 When he turns 26 years old

Answer: c Page: 4 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-25. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

race cohort ethnic group normative group

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-26. People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called __________ effects. a) b) c) d)

biological environmental cohort Millennial Generation

Answer: c Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-27. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York, can be considered __________. a) b) c) d) Answer: b Page: 6

age-graded influences history-graded influences sociocultural-graded influences non-normative life events

Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-28. Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called __________ influences. a) b) c) d)

age-graded history-graded biological environmental

Answer: a Page: 6 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-29. __________ is an example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies. a) b) c) d)

Young adulthood Puberty Adulthood Death

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-30. Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

non-normative life event age-graded influence history-graded influence sociocultural-graded influence

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-31. Social and cultural factors that affect an individual at a particular time, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, are called __________. a) b) c) d)

age-graded influences non-normative life events history-graded influences sociocultural-graded influences

Answer: d Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2

1-32. When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential? a) b) c) d)

Laying down their infants Constant contact between themselves and their infant children Constant nourishment of their children Allowing their infants to cry

Answer: b Page: 6 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-33. Race is what kind of a concept? a) Cognitive b) Cultural c) Biological

d) Social Answer: c Page: 7 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-34. When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor’s office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason for including the question on the forms? a) b) c) d)

To establish her skin color To establish her ethnic/cultural heritage To establish her religion To establish biological factors

Answer: d Page: 7 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-35. Which statement BEST explains why the concept of race is exceedingly imprecise? a) Depending on how it is defined, there are between 2 and 200 races. b) All races are genetically distinct. c) The question of race seems comparatively insignificant, because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical. d) Names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Answer: c Page: 7 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-36. In __________, development is __________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. a) discontinuous change; distinct b) continuous change; gradual

c) discontinuous change; gradual d) continuous change; distinct Answer: b Page: 7 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.3 APA LO: 1.2 1-37. In __________, each stage is __________. a) b) c) d)

discontinuous change; distinct continuous change; distinct distinct change; discontinuous distinct change; gradual

Answer: a Page: 7 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.3 APA LO: 1.2 1-38. Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages, is called __________ change. a) b) c) d)

discontinuous continuous critical natural

Answer: a Page: 7 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.3 APA LO: 1.2 1-39. Consider a situation in which a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella affects the unborn child at these two times is an example of a __________.

a) b) c) d)

continuous change discontinuous change critical period sensitive period

Answer: c Page: 8 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.4 APA LO: 1.2

1-40. A specific time during development at which a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called __________. a) b) c) d)

discontinuous change continuous change a critical period natural change

Answer: c Page: 8 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.4 APA LO: 1.2 1-41. In a __________, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. a) b) c) d)

sensitive period continuous change critical period discontinuous change

Answer: a Page: 8 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings

Learning Objective: LO1.4 APA LO: 1.2 1-42. Early developmentalists tended to focus their attention on __________, often to the exclusion of other parts of the life span. a) b) c) d)

infancy to preschool years preschool to adolescence infancy and adolescence adolescence and adulthood

Answer: c Page: 8 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.5 APA LO: 1.2 1-43. What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development? a) Which area(s) of lifespan development is/are the most important? b) How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture? c) What are the historical roots of developmentalists and lifespan development? d) How are developmental research studies developed?

Answer: b Page: 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1 1-44. Nature refers to __________. a) b) c) d)

traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from biological parents biological forces within the environment that affect change how people’s growth and change are affected at the cellular level socioeconomic surroundings that affect people’s growth and change

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1 1-45. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

nurture influences of the physical and social environment maturation conception

Answer: c Page 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1 1-46. The term __________ is used to refer to the environmental influences that shape behavior. a) b) c) d)

nurture maturation nature social evolution

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1 1-47. Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy. This __________ environmental influence is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

biological; nurture cognitive; nature chemical; maturation social; nature

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6

APA LO: 1.1 1-48. Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child’s __________ but also indirectly shape the child’s __________. a) b) c) d)

behavior; environments environment; behavior maturation; circumstances circumstances; personality

Answer: a Page: 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1 1-49. According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature–nurture question? a) Nature is clearly dominant in most cases. b) Nurture is clearly dominant in most cases. c) Both sides should be considered, because most behaviors fall somewhere in between. d) Neither side should be considered, because most behaviors are not explained by either factor.

Answer: c Page: 9 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.1

1-50. Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called __________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles. a) b) c) d) Answer: c Page: 11

concepts hypotheses theories perspectives

Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1 1-51. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness and over which a person has little control. a) b) c) d)

psychodynamic psychosocial behavioral psychosexual

Answer: a Page: 11 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2

1-52. Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the __________ theory. a) b) c) d)

psychosocial psychosexual psychoanalytic behavioral

Answer: c Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1 1-53. The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with __________. a) b) c) d)

Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson B. F. Skinner Jean Piaget

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-54. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory. a) b) c) d)

behavioral psychoanalytic phallic reality

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1 1-55. Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing. a) b) c) d)

superego id ego unconscious

Answer: d Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-56. According to Freud, which part of a person’s personality represents primitive drives related to sex, hunger, aggression, and irrational impulses? a) unconscious b) ego c) superego

d) id Answer: d Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-57. Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to __________. a) b) c) d)

reduce satisfaction and maximize tension maximize satisfaction and reduce tension reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-58. Freud believed that the __________ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable. a) b) c) d)

id superego conscious ego

Answer: d Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-59. Freud believed that the ego operates on the __________. a) b) c) d)

unconscious reality principle pleasure principle conscious

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-60. If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed __________. a) b) c) d)

id superego consciousness ego

Answer: d Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-61. The __________ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong. a) b) c) d)

ego id superego unconscious

Answer: c Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-62. Freud believed that the __________ begins to develop around age 5 or 6 and is learned from significant authority figures. a) id b) superego c) conscious

d) ego Answer: b Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2

1-63. According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called __________. a) b) c) d)

psychosexual development the psychosexual approach the psychoanalytic theory the psychoanalytical approach

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-64. Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, __________ may occur. a) b) c) d)

fixation conflict stages patterns

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2

1-65. Adults demonstrating excessive activities, such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation. a) b) c) d)

anal oral phallic psychosexual

Answer: b Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-66. Psychoanalyst __________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development. a) b) c) d)

B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget

Answer: c Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1

1-67. Erikson proposed a __________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us. a) b) c) d)

psychosocial psychodynamic psychoanalytic behavioral

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1 1-68. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages. a) b) c) d)

three five eight two

Answer: c Page: 12 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-69. Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) __________ that the individual must resolve. a) b) c) d)

crisis fixation dilemma interaction

Answer: a Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-70. Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development __________. a) is completed in infancy b) is completed in early childhood c) is completed by adolescence d) continues throughout the life span Answer: d Page: 12 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-71. Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development. a) b) c) d)

trust vs. mistrust initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role diffusion

Answer: d Page: 13 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2

1-72. Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development. a) b) c) d)

initiative vs. guilt autonomy vs. shame and doubt intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation

Answer: c Page: 13 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-73. As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He would be described as being in Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development. a) b) c) d)

industry vs. inferiority ego-integrity vs. despair identity vs. role diffusion autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer: b Page: 13 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-74. Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s __________ stage of psychosexual development. a) b) c) d)

anal oral phallic latent

Answer: c Page: 13 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Developmentå Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-75. The __________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable behaviors and outside stimuli in the environment. a) b) c) d)

psychodynamic perspective behavioral perspective psychoanalytic theory psychosocial theory

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1

1-76. __________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed and that developmental change is __________. a) b) c) d)

Psychodynamic; qualitative Psychosocial; quantitative Developmental; qualitative Behavioral; quantitative

Answer: d Page: 14 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-77. Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development? a) b) c) d)

B. F. Skinner John B. Watson Jean Piaget Erik Erikson

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1

1-78. A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________. a) b) c) d)

classical conditioning behavioral perspective operant conditioning psychodynamic approach

Answer: a Page: 14 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-79. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called __________. a) b) c) d)

behavioral perspective psychodynamic perspective operant conditioning classical conditioning

Answer: c Page: 14 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1

1-80. When Judy was a little girl, she was bitten by a small brown and white dog. Now, every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of __________ conditioning. a) b) c) d)

behavioral classical reinforcement psychosocial

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-81. __________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from __________ conditioning, in which the response is automatic. a) b) c) d) Answer: b

Social-cognitive; operant Operant; classical Classical; operant Operant; social-cognitive

Page: 14 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1

1-82. Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by __________. a) b) c) d)

Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner Albert Bandura Carl Rogers

Answer: b Page: 14 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-83. Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and this made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is being strengthened through __________. a) b) c) d)

learning theory classical conditioning reinforcement social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c Pages: 14–15 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-84. Behavior modification depends on what principle? a) b) c) d)

Operant conditioning Social-cognitive conditioning Classical conditioning Stimulus conditioning

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2

1-85. The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future, is considered __________. a) b) c) d)

classical conditioning punishment social-cognitive learning reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-86. In the language of operant conditioning, behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be __________. a) b) c) d)

continued intermittent extinguished accelerated

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2

1-87. ________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. a) b) c) d)

Punishment modification Reinforcement modification Classical modification Behavior modification

Answer: d Page: 15 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-88. Which learning approach emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model? a) b) c) d)

Classical conditioning Behavior modification Social-cognitive learning theory Operant conditioning

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-89. Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. Ralph’s change in behavior is a demonstration of __________. a) b) c) d)

modeling reinforcement extinction classical conditioning

Answer: a Page: 15 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-90. Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model? a) b) c) d)

B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Albert Bandura John B. Watson

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1

1-91. Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles is based on learning through imitation? a) b) c) d)

Classical conditioning Social-cognitive learning theory Operant conditioning Reinforcement

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-92. Classical and operant conditioning consider learning in terms of __________ stimuli and responses, in which the only important factors are the __________ features of the environment. a) b) c) d)

external; insignificant external; observable internal; significant internal; unobservable

Answer: b Page: 15 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2

1-93. Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of __________. a) b) c) d)

classical conditioning operant conditioning mental activity reinforcement/punishment

Answer: c Page: 15 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-94. __________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. a) b) c) d)

Classical conditioning The behavioral perspective Operant conditioning The cognitive perspective

Answer: d Page: 16 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1 1-95. Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development? a) Jean Piaget b) B. F. Skinner c) Albert Bandura d) Sigmund Freud Answer: a Page: 16 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1

1-96. Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget speculated that human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions, patterns that he referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

assimilations schemes accommodations assessments

Answer: b Page: 16 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2 1-97. Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are __________. a) b) c) d)

reward and punishment schemas and assessment assimilation and accommodation cognitive and behavior

Answer: c Page: 16 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2 1-98. What did Piaget call the process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking? a) b) c) d)

Cognition Accommodation Schemes Assimilation

Answer: d Page: 16 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2

1-99. What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events? a) b) c) d)

Assimilation Accommodation Cognition Schemes

Answer: b Page: 16 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2 1-100. What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches? a) b) c) d)

Behavioral modification Classical conditioning Information-processing approaches Social-cognitive learning

Answer: c Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1

1-101. Which approach grew out of developments in computers, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps? a) b) c) d)

Information processing Social-cognitive learning Classical conditioning Behavioral modification

Answer: a Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1 1-102. Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes __________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by __________ advantages. a) b) c) d)

quantitative; qualitative quantitative; discontinuous qualitative; quantitative continuous; discontinuous

Answer: c Page: 17 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2

1-103. An information-processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as __________ theory, because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills. a) b) c) d)

behavioral operant classical neo-Piagetian

Answer: d Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1 1-104. Which aspect of development is adequately addressed by the information-processing approach? a) b) c) d)

Creativity and social context Neurological activity that underlies problem-solving Qualitative vs. quantitative development Skinnerian vs. neo-Skinnerian theory

Answer: c Page: 17 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2

1-105. Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal, mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior? a) b) c) d)

Neo-Piagetian Behavioral Information processing Cognitive neuroscience

Answer: d Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1 1-106. Which developmental approach is at the forefront of cutting-edge research working with genes associated with disorders such as schizophrenia? a) b) c) d)

Behavior modification Social-cognitive Cognitive neuroscience Neo-Piagetian

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.1

1-107. What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior? a) b) c) d)

Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand he Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.1 1-108. According to the humanistic perspective, people’s ability to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called __________. a) b) c) d)

free will societal standards positive regard self-actualization

Answer: a Page: 18 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.2

1-109. Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected? a) b) c) d)

Albert Bandura Carl Rogers Frederick ―Fritz‖ Perls Sigmund Freud

Answer: b Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.1 1-110. Which theorists championed the idea of self-actualization? a) b) c) d)

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson B. F. Skinner and Jean Piaget Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Albert Bandura and John B. Watson

Answer: c Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.1 1-111. Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds? a) b) c) d)

Humanistic Contextual Cognitive Behavioral

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1

1-112. Which perspective suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive neuroscience Humanistic perspective Contextual perspective Bioecological approach

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1 1-113. Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive Humanistic Behavioral Contextual

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1

1-114. Which Bronfenbrenner level examines the developmental influences of homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers? a) b) c) d)

Mesosystem Exosystem Microsystem Macrosystem

Answer: c Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-115. Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals? a) b) c) d)

Piaget’s cognitive approach Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach Skinner’s behavioral approach Freud’s psychoanalytical approach

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1

1-116. Which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person’s life, like links in a chain—to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends? a) b) c) d)

Exosystem Mesosystem Microsystem Macrosystem

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-117. Which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media? a) b) c) d)

Microsystem Macrosystem Mesosystem Exosystem

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2

1-118. Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain access to more social services, better schools, and a greater variety of local newspapers and television stations. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels? a) b) c) d)

Macrosystem Exosystem Microsystem Mesosystem

Answer: b Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-119. Which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual? a) b) c) d)

Macrosystem Microsystem Exosystem Mesosystem

Answer: a Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2

1-120. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach suggests that society, types of governments, religious value systems, political value systems, and other broad factors are parts of what system? a) b) c) d)

Mesosystem Microsystem Exosystem Macrosystem

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-121. Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development? a) b) c) d)

Macrosystem Microsystem Chronosystem Exosystem

Answer: c Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2

1-122. A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system? a) b) c) d)

Macrosystem Mesosystem Exosystem Chronosystem

Answer: d Page: 19 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-123. Which term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual? a) b) c) d)

Individualism Humanistic Collectivism Bioecological approach

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-124. The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to __________. a) b) c) d)

B. F. Skinner Albert Bandura Lev Vygotsky Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1

1-125. Which theory emphasizes the ways in which cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture? a) b) c) d)

Interconnectedness Sociocultural Bioecological Contextual

Answer: b Page: 20 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1 1-126. Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture’s influence on development? a) b) c) d)

Carl Rogers Albert Bandura Lev Vygotsky Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer: c Page: 20 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1 1-127. The concept of ―reciprocal transaction‖ is attributed to which developmentalist and theory? a) Vygotsky; sociocultural b) Freud; psychoanalytic c) Skinner: behavioral d) Rogers; humanistic Answer: a Page: 20 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.1

1-128. Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors? a) b) c) d)

Evolutionary Cognitive neuroscience Bioecological Humanistic

Answer: a Page: 21 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.1 1-129. Who wrote the groundbreaking work On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the birth of the evolutionary perspective? a) b) c) d)

Urie Bronfenbrenner Lev Vygotsky Charles Darwin Konrad Lorenz

Answer: c Page: 21 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.1

1-130. The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behavior. Who was a primary proponent of ethology? a) b) c) d)

Charles Darwin Lev Vygotsky Urie Bronfenbrenner Konrad Lorenz

Answer: d Page: 21 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.1 1-131. What is one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development and studies the effects of heredity on behavior? a) b) c) d)

Ethology Evolutionary perspective Behavioral genetics Sociocultural theory

Answer: c Page: 21 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.1

1-132. Which statement reflects the challenge of identifying the ―most accurate perspective on development‖? a) b) c) d)

All perspectives emphasize similar aspects of development, so they are equivalent.

The same developmental phenomenon can be looked at from different perspectives.

Nearly all theories and claims from various perspectives are accurate.

Most theoretical perspectives provide similar ways of looking at development.

Answer: b Pages: 22–23 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.13 APA LO: 1.1 1-133. What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data? a) b) c) d)

Theories Hypotheses Scientific method Research

Answer: c Page: 25 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 1.1

1-134. What is the term that means a broad explanation and prediction about phenomena of interest? a) b) c) d)

Scientific method Theory Hypothesis Research

Answer: b Page: 25 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 2.1 1-135. Identify the second step in the scientific method: a) b) c) d)

Identify questions of interest.

Formulate an explanation.

Carry out the research that either supports or refutes the explanation.

Secure funding.

Answer: b Page: 25 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 2.1 1-136. A __________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. a) b) c) d)

hypothesis theory conclusion scientific method

Answer: a Page: 25 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 2.1

1-137. In __________ research, the researcher can tell whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. a) b) c) d)

scientific correlational hypothetical experimental

Answer: b Page: 25 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.15 APA LO: 2.1 1-138. __________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors. a) b) c) d)

Correlational Hypothetical Experimental Scientific

Answer: c Page: 25 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.15 APA LO: 2.1

1-139. Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study. a) b) c) d)

scientific experimental theoretical correlational

Answer: d Page: 26 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-140. If a research study reveals a positive correlational relationship between aggressive behavior in children from low socioeconomic homes and levels of exposure to aggressive television, socioeconomic status may be an important factor in explaining both levels of aggressive behavior and amount of time spent watching aggressive television. In this example, socioeconomic status is the __________. a) b) c) d)

primary variable secondary variable third variable correlate variable

Answer: c Page: 26 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-141. Dr. Who conducts research to compare the relationship between the use of instant messaging and academic performance. His results reveal that the more time adolescent students spend using instant messaging on their computers, the lower their academic performance. Dr. Who’s findings suggest __________. a) b) c) d)

instant messaging causes poor academic performance a positive correlation academic performance is not impacted by the amount of instant messaging a negative correlation

Answer: d Page: 26 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-142. Which of the following correlational coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables? a) b) c) d)

–.15 +.43 –.67 +.89

Answer: a Page: 26 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-143. Which term refers to the observation of a naturally occurring behavior, without intervention in the situation? a) b) c) d)

Correlational Ethnography Naturalistic observation Experimental

Answer: c Page: 27 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-144. What is the method of research borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions? a) b) c) d)

Ethnography Case study Natural observation Experimentation

Answer: a Page: 27 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-145. Mary is researching the causes of alcohol use among college students, so she goes to live in a college dorm for a month to observe students and conduct in-depth interviews. This is an example of what type of research? a) b) c) d)

Experimental Ethnography Case study Naturalistic observation

Answer: b Page: 27 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-146. Professor Smythe wants to conduct a study in a virtual charter school. She wants to examine and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending the virtual charter school with students attending more traditional schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe what, if any, changes are occurring and why the changes create social difficulty. This is an example of what type of research? a) b) c) d)

Quantitative Survey Naturalistic observation Qualitative

Answer: d Page: 28 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-147. What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals? a) b) c) d)

Experimentation Case study Natural observation Ethnography

Answer: b Page: 28 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-148. William is participating in a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research? a) b) c) d)

Experimental Ethnography Case study Survey research

Answer: c Page: 28 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-149. To learn about children’s toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children’s responses. This is an example of __________ research. a) b) c) d)

experimental ethnography case study survey

Answer: d Page: 28 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-150. When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered _________ research. a) b) c) d)

ethnography case study experimental survey

Answer: d Page: 28 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-151. What is the type of research method that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior? a) b) c) d)

Psychophysiological Ethnography Experimental Case study

Answer: a Page: 28 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-152. The device that uses electrodes placed on the outside of the skull to record electrical activity within the brain, and is used in psychophysiological research, is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

CAT scan fMRI scan EEG experience

Answer: c Page: 28 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-153. The device whose operation involves a computer constructing an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

CAT scan EEG psychophysiological fMRI scan

Answer: a Page: 28 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1 1-154. The device that provides a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

EEG psychophysiological CAT scan fMRI scan

Answer: d Page: 28 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.16 APA LO: 2.1

1-155. An investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions to see how behavior is affected. This is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

hypothesis experiment theory treatment

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-156. The group of participants chosen to receive the independent variable in an experiment is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

control group experimental group statistical group sample

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1

1-157. In an experiment, the __________ is what researchers manipulate. a) b) c) d)

experimental control independent variable control group dependent variable

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-158. Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The different treatments constitute the __________. a) b) c) d)

independent variable dependent variable control group treatment group

Answer: a Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-159. In an experiment in which researchers manipulate the __________, the variable that the researchers measure to see whether it changes is the __________. a) b) c) d)

dependent variable; independent variable independent variable; dependent variable control group; treatment group treatment group; control group

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1

1-160. In an experiment, the __________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation. a) b) c) d)

treatment group independent variable control group dependent variable

Answer: d Page: 29 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-161. The procedure that experimenters need to use to make sure that participants in both the treatment and control groups are not aware of the purpose of the experiment is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

the independent variable the dependent variable random assignment statistical law

Answer: c Page: 29 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1

1-162. What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent? a) b) c) d)

Dependent variables Random assignment Independent variables Statistics

Answer: b Page: 29 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-163. When developmentalists combine the results of many research studies into one overall conclusion, they are conducting a __________. a) b) c) d)

meta-analysis comparative analysis random sampling field study

Answer: a Page: 30 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.4

1-164. Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

field study control group experimental group sample group

Answer: a Page: 31 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-165. What kind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant? a) b) c) d)

Control group Experimental group Field study Laboratory study

Answer: d Page: 31 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-166. What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge? a) b) c) d)

Experimental Hypothetical Theoretical Applied

Answer: c Page: 31 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.18 APA LO: 2.1

1-167. What type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems? a) b) c) d)

Hypothetical Applied Experimental Theoretical

Answer: b Page: 31 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.18 APA LO: 2.1 1-168. A research study focusing on the ways in which college professors can help students remember information more easily would represent __________ research. a) b) c) d)

applied experimental theoretical hypothetical

Answer: a Page: 31 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.18 APA LO: 2.1

1-169. Bringing research into practice includes the understanding that the results of relevant research studies __________. a) b) c) d)

are typically considered to have insignificant impact by educators rarely sway legislative processes relative to health are often used to shape and inform public policy issues are not considered when setting laws regulating family matters

Answer: c Pages: 31–32 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.18 APA LO: 2.5 1-170. Which statement accurately describes how relevant research has shaped public policy? a) Children raised by same-sex couples fare just as well as children raised by a mother and father. b) Programs such as DARE, designed to reduce children’s use of drugs, are very effective. c) Restricting teenagers’ access to the Internet is far more effective in preventing online harassment than monitoring their Internet use. d) Childhood vaccinations are linked to the incidence of autism spectrum disorder.

Answer: a Pages: 31–32 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.18 APA LO: 2.5

1-171. If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 5, the researcher may follow them until they are 5 years old, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as __________ research. a) b) c) d)

developmental longitudinal sequential cross-sectional

Answer: b Page: 32 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1 1-172. Research in which the behavior of one or more study participants is measured repeatedly over time as they age is called __________ research. a) b) c) d)

longitudinal developmental cross-sectional sequential

Answer: a Page: 32 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1

1-173. In a study of the behavioral adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a __________ study. a) b) c) d)

cross-sectional developmental longitudinal sequential

Answer: c Page: 32 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1 1-174. What is the type of research in which developmentalists examine simultaneously the amount of computer use and its impact on a population of 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 8-yearolds at the same point in time? a) b) c) d)

Longitudinal Sequential Developmental Cross-sectional

Answer: d Page: 33 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1

1-175. Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference? a) b) c) d)

Longitudinal Sequential Cross-sectional Experimental

Answer: b Page: 34 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1 1-176. Which statement illustrates an accepted ethical guideline developed for researchers by the Society for Research in Child Development and the American Psychological Association? a) b) c) d)

The rights of researchers take precedence over the rights of the research participants.

Parents can volunteer their 12-year-old child to participate in a research study.

The use of deception in research must be justified and cause no harm.

Privacy of the research participants is not guaranteed.

Answer: c Pages: 34–35 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.20 APA LO: 2.5

1-177. What kind of evidence is based on one or two instances of a phenomenon, haphazardly discovered or encountered? a) b) c) d)

Scientific Experimental Anecdotal Unethical

Answer: c Page: 35 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.20 APA LO: 2.1 1-178. According to the textbook, it is important to think critically about ―expert‖ advice. Which of the following is one method that the textbook recommends for evaluating ―expert‖ advice? a) b) c) d)

Consider the source accurate even if not a well-known organization.

Evaluate the credentials of the source.

Use popular opinion to judge the accuracy of the source.

Look at how many people believe something: the more people believe in something, the likely it is to be true.

Answer: b Pages: 35–36 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3: Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.20 APA LO: 2.1

ESSAY QUESTIONS 1-179. For which issues do lifespan developmental experts seek information?

Answer: Lifespan development experts study the way human beings change and grow and the ways in which this process continues over the course of a lifetime. Lifespan developmental experts seek to understand universal principles of development, as well as cultural, racial, and ethnic differences that affect the course of human development. They seek to understand the unique aspects of individuals, looking at traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

Page: 1 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 1-180. Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality goes about his or her work and how a developmentalist who is specializing in social development goes about his or her work.

Answer: A developmentalist interested in personality development might ask whether there are stable, enduring personality traits throughout the life span, while a specialist in social development might examine the effects of marriage or divorce on development.

Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-181. The life span is usually divided into which specific broad age ranges?

Answer: The prenatal period (conception to birth); infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3); the preschool period (ages 3–6); middle childhood (ages 6–12); adolescence (ages 12–20); young adulthood (ages 20–40); middle adulthood (ages 40–60); and late adulthood (ages 60 to death).

Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.1

1-182. Explain the four different types of cohort effects.

Answer: History-graded influences are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment in time. Age-graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised: for example, puberty and menopause. Sociocultural-graded influences are the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, dependent on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership. Non-normative life events are specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person’s life at a time when such events do not happen to most people.

Page: 6 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: L01 APA LO: 1.2 1-183. Briefly explain the differences between the terms race and ethnic group.

Answer: Race is a biological concept that should be employed to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species. In contrast, ethnic group and ethnicity are broader terms, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

Page: 7 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-184. Identify the four important issues of lifespan development that have been debated since lifespan development became established as a separate field.

Answer: (1) Continuity versus discontinuity; (2) the importance of critical periods; (3) whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and (4) the nature versus nurture controversy Pages: 7–9 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.3; LO1.4; LO1.5; LO1.6 APA LO: 1.2

1-185. Provide reasons why today’s developmentalists believe the entire life span is important.

Answer: (1) There was the discovery that developmental growth and change continue during every part of life. (2) A person’s social environment is affected by the influences on his or her social environments. (3) Paul Baltes points out that development across the life span involves both gains and losses.

Page: 8 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1: Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.5 APA LO: 1.2 1-186. Provide reason(s) why Freud’s principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.

Answer: (1) There has been a lack of validation by subsequent research—in particular, for the idea that people pass through stages in childhood that determine adult personality. (2) Freud’s theory was based on a limited population of upper-middle-class Austrians living in a strict, puritanical era, and the application of Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population is questionable. (3) Freud’s theory focuses primarily on male development, has been criticized as sexist, and may be interpreted as devaluing women.

Page: 13 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-187. Provide reasons why Erikson’s principles of psychosocial theory have been called into question.

Answer: (1) Erikson’s theory focuses more on men’s development than on women’s. (2) The theory is vague, in some aspects making it difficult for researchers to test. (3) This theory makes it difficult to make predictions about an individual’s future behavior.

Page: 13 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2

1-188. List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: (1) Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response. (2) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. (3) Social-cognitive learning theory is an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.

Pages: 14–15 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.2 1-189. Briefly explain why developmental researchers employ the cognitive perspective.

Answer: The cognitive perspective emphasizes the ways in which people internally represent and think about their world. The cognitive perspective helps researchers understand the ways in which people process information and the means by which their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior. It also gives insight into the ways in which people’s cognitive abilities change, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as people develop, and sheds light on how different cognitive abilities are related to one another.

Page: 16 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2 1-190. What is the greatest criticism of the Piagetian perspective?

Answer: The greatest criticism is that cognitive development is not as discontinuous as represented in Piaget’s theory of four distinct stages. Other researchers argue that growth is more continuous, as in the information-processing approach, which focuses on learning, memory, and thinking throughout a life span.

Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2

1-191. Provide insight as to why the humanistic perspective has not had a major impact on the field of lifespan development.

Answer: The lack of influence by the humanistic perspective is primarily due to its inability to identify a broad developmental change that is the result of increasing age or experience.

Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.2 1-192. Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner’s first level of his bioecological approach.

Answer: The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers, who all influence the child’s microsystem.

Page: 19 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-193. Briefly explain why Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development. Give an example.

Answer: Because the levels of the bioecological approach are related to one another, a change in one part of the system affects other parts of the system. For example, a parent’s loss of employment can impact a child’s microsystem.

Page: 19 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2

1-194. Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?

Answer: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory has gained influence because of the growing acknowledgment of the importance of cultural factors in development. Children do not develop in a cultural vacuum, and their attention is directed by society to certain areas that affect the particular skills they develop.

Page: 21 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-195. Based on information in the textbook, what are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspective?

Answer: (1) The evolutionary perspective pays insufficient attention to the environmental and social factors affecting people’s behavior. (2) There is no good way to experimentally test theories derived from the evolutionary approach because the developments and events in question happened so long ago.

Page: 22 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.2: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.2 1-196. Briefly list and describe the three major steps of the scientific method.

Answer: The three major steps of the scientific method include: (1) identifying questions of interest; (2) formulating an explanation; and (3) carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it.

Page: 25 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3 Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 2.1

1-197. Briefly describe some of the hallmarks that distinguish a field study.

Answer: (1) A field study is research carried out in a naturally occurring setting. (2) Field studies capture behavior in real-life settings; participants may behave more naturally than they would if they were brought into a laboratory. (3) Field studies may be used in both correlational studies and experiments. (4) It is often difficult to run an experiment in real-world settings where it is hard to exert control over the situation and environment. (5) Field studies are more typical of correlational designs than of experimental designs.

Page: 31 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3 Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1 1-198. Briefly describe some drawbacks of utilizing longitudinal research studies.

Answer: (1) Longitudinal research requires a tremendous investment of time as researchers wait for participants to grow older. (2) Participants may drop out over the course of the research because they move away, become ill, or die as the research proceeds. (3) Participants may become ―test wise‖ and perform better each time they are assessed as they become more familiar with the procedure. (4) Experimental participants may be affected by the repeated presence of an experimenter or observer.

Page: 33 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.3 Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.19 APA LO: 2.1

TRUE/FALSE 1-199. Specialists in lifespan development share one concern: understanding the growth, change, and stability that occur during the course of life.

Answer: True Page: 1 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1

1-200. Developmentalists study how both our biological inheritance and the environment in which we live jointly affect our behavior.

Answer: True Page: 1 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 1-201. Nearly all developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.

Answer: True Page: 3 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

1-202. Lifespan developmentalists believe that people continue to grow and change in every aspect of their lives up to the end of their lives.

Answer: False Page: 3 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 1-203. The age ranges within a period—and even the periods themselves—are steadfast and unchanging.

Answer: False Page: 4 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2

1-204. All age ranges have clear-cut boundaries.

Answer: False Page: 4 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-205. All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.

Answer: False Page: 5 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.1 APA LO: 1.2 1-206. Different cultures and subcultures have their own views of appropriate and inappropriate childrearing just as they have different developmental goals for their children.

Answer: True Page: 6 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-207. The terms race and ethnic group are interchangeable.

Answer: False Page: 7 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2

1-208. In the years ahead, it is likely that lifespan development will move from a discipline primarily focused on North America and Europe to one that encompasses development around the globe.

Answer: True Page: 7 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.2 APA LO: 1.2 1-209. Developmentalists reject the notion that behavior is the sole result of either nature or nurture.

Answer: True Page: 9 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.2 1-210. Intelligence is solely determined by inherited, genetic factors.

Answer: False Page: 9 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.1 Beginnings Learning Objective: LO1.6 APA LO: 1.2 1-211. Erikson believed that each of the eight stages of psychosocial development must be addressed in order to move on to the next stage.

Answer: True Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.1

1-212. Freud and Erikson agreed that development is relatively complete by adolescence.

Answer: False Page: 12 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.7 APA LO: 1.2 1-213. Classical conditioning is the only type of learning derived from the behavioral perspective.

Answer: False Pages: 14–15 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.8 APA LO: 1.1 1-214. By and large, based on thousands of investigations, Piaget’s broad view of the sequence of cognitive development is accurate.

Answer: True Page: 16 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2 1-215. Using information-processing terminology, neo-Piagetian theory suggests that cognitive development proceeds at the same rate for all areas; for example, it proceeds at the same rate for both reading ability and abstract computational abilities.

Answer: False Page: 17 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.9 APA LO: 1.2

1-216. The humanistic perspective has had a major impact on the field of lifespan development.

Answer: False Page: 18 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.10 APA LO: 1.2 1-217. In Bronfenbrenner’s first of his five levels of bioecological approach, the child has an active role in shaping his or her environment.

Answer: True Page: 19 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.11 APA LO: 1.2 1-218. Some evolutionary developmentalists suggest that behaviors such as shyness and jealousy are produced in part by genetic causes because those causes helped increase the survival rates of humans’ ancient relatives.

Answer: True Page: 21 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.12 APA LO: 1.2 1-219. All claims and theories derived from the various perspectives are accurate.

Answer: False Page: 22 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.13 APA LO: 1.2

1-220. A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behavior in children.

Answer: False Page: 25 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.3 Research Methods Learning Objective: LO1.14 APA LO: 2.1 1-221. In an experiment, one group, the treatment or experimental group, is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the other, the control group, is not.

Answer: True Page: 29 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development Learning Objective: LO1.17 APA LO: 2.1

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Introduction Quiz: Beginnings 1. __________ development examines the influences of learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence and how each changes over time.

A. Cognitive B. Physical C. Personality D. Social Answer: A. Cognitive Question Title: EOM Q1.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

Consider This: It is an area of study that aims to understand how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior. 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

2. Darius begins kindergarten; Sylvia experiences her first period; Ahmad gets his driver’s license; Alina experiences the first active signs of menopause. These events best characterize which type of developmental influence?

A. history-graded influences B. age-graded influences C. sociocultural-graded influences D. non-normative life events Answer: B. age-graded influences Question Title: EOM Q1.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Consider This: The influences are similar for individuals regardless of when or where they are raised. 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

3. Change that builds from one level to the next is described as __________, while development that occurs in distinct stages or steps is __________.

A. discontinuous; continuous B. critical; sensitive C. continuous; discontinuous D. sensitive; critical Answer: C. continuous; discontinuous Question Title: EOM Q1.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Consider This: In the first view, change is considered quantitative and a matter of degree, while in the contrasting view, change is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages. 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

4. Gerry understands that his personal list of vocabulary words has the potential to build over his lifetime, but his ability to increase his marathon pace from its peak at age 28 has limits. This suggests Gerry recognizes that development across one’s lifespan is characterized by both __________ and __________.

A. starts; stops B. peaks; valleys C. acceleration; deceleration D. gains; losses Answer: D. gains; losses Question Title: EOM Q1.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

Consider This: As we age, certain capabilities become more refined and sophisticated, whereas other capabilities decline. 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

5. Which of the following most closely represents nurture’s influence on development?

A. whether our eyes are blue or brown B. the effects of parental discipline C. the ability to get a golden tan after 30 minutes on the beach D. whether you will go bald Answer: B. the effects of parental discipline Question Title: EOM Q1.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Consider This: Our behaviors are shaped by a combination of predetermined genetic factors and environmental influences. 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Quiz: Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development 1. Which aspect of Freud’s theory of personality operates according to the pleasure principle?

A. ego B. superego C. id D. latency Answer: C. id Question Title: EOM Q1.2.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Consider This: The goal of this facet of personality is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension. 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

2. As a young child, Hermes suffered from severe allergies and required weekly visits to a clinic in order to receive injections. As an adult, Hermes avoids annual exams and panics at the thought of going to a doctor’s office. Hermes’s behavior is likely explained through __________.

A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. trust vs. mistrust D. social-cognitive learning Answer: A. classical conditioning Question Title: EOM Q1.2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Consider This: It is a form of learning in which the response associated with one stimulus comes to be connected to another. 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

3. When describing the cognitive development of her daughter, Alizza says, ―The best way to describe it is to compare it to a slow computer with a small memory getting a faster processor and more storage space.‖ This description suggests Alizza supports the __________ approach to development.

A. classical conditioning B. Piagetian C. information-processing D. Freudian Answer: C. information-processing Question Title: EOM Q1.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Consider This: It is an approach that assumes complex behaviors such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of specific steps. 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

4. According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, the people in the everyday, immediate environment of children’s daily lives reflect the __________.

A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem Answer: A. microsystem Question Title: EOM Q1.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Consider This: The influences include the home life, caregivers, friends, and teachers. 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

5. Dr. Chang is asked by Jiang’s mother to explain why Jiang is easily distracted, impulsive, and socially anxious. Given that medical history reveals the diagnosis of ADHD in Jiang’s father, Dr. Chang suggests Jiang may have a predisposition for the learning disorder. Dr. Chang’s views reflect the __________ perspective of development.

A. humanistic B. behavioral C. evolutionary D. cognitive Answer: C. evolutionary Question Title: EOM Q1.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Consider This: It is the perspective that seeks to identify behavior that comes from our genetic inheritance.

1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Quiz: Research Methods 1. Chantelle is interested in studying the effects of energy drinks on college student alertness. If she wants to test whether the consumption of energy drinks increases student alertness, the best research method is __________.

A. correlational research B. naturalistic observation C. survey research D. experimental research Answer: D. experimental research Question Title: EOM Q1.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Consider This: It is a type of methodology designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

2. The __________ is the mathematical representation of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.

A. equilibrium B. correlation coefficient C. variance factor D. factorial Answer: B. correlation coefficient Question Title: EOM Q1.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Consider This: The score ranges from +1.0 to -1.0. 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

3. A researcher has a hypothesis that watching pornography causes aggression toward women. If the researcher conducts an experiment in an effort to test this, what is the independent variable?

A. watching pornography B. the sexual acts in the pornography C. whether research participants are in a romantic relationship D. scores on an ―aggression toward women‖ assessment Answer: A. watching pornography Question Title: EOM Q1.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Consider This: The independent variable is the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment. 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

4. A researcher interested in identifying what smartphone technology aids student comprehension of collegelevel coursework would best be served by using __________ research.

A. correlational B. applied C. theoretical D. ethnographic Answer: B. applied Question Title: EOM Q1.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Consider This: It is research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

5. Which of the following challenges is LEAST associated with longitudinal research?

A. Participants who are repeatedly tested or observed may become ―test-wise.‖ B. Participants may die or drop out of the study.

C. It is expensive and time-intensive.

D. It is difficult to generalize to the larger population.

Answer: D. It is difficult to generalize to the larger population.

Question Title: EOM Q1.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Consider This: By following many individuals over time, researchers can understand the general course of change across some period of life. 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Chapter Quiz: Introduction 1. Researchers focused on the study of the long-term effects of premature birth emphasize __________ aspects of development.

A. cognitive B. personality C. physical D. social Answer: C. physical Question Title: EOC Q1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

Consider This: It includes study of the influences of the brain, nervous system, muscles, senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep. 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

2. Researchers who investigate how millennials’ voting patterns change following the 2016 U.S. presidential election would be studying __________.

A. non-normative life events B. sociocultural-graded influences C. age-graded influences D. history-graded influences Answer: D. history-graded influences Question Title: EOC Q1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Consider This: This example is a study of biological and environmental influences associated with a particular moment shared at the same time. 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

3. __________ change is development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage resulting in behavior that is qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages.

A. Continuous B. Discontinuous C. Scaffolded D. Linear Answer: B. Discontinuous Question Title: EOC Q1.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Consider This: Some developmentalists suggest our thinking changes in fundamental ways from one stage of life to the next. 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

4. As a young boy, Sergei lived in a country that endured years of civil unrest. As a result, he was unable to attend elementary school on a regular basis, leading to deficits in reading and writing. As an adult, Sergei enrolled in adult learning classes to improve his reading and writing skills. Sergei’s story illustrates what developmentalists refer to as __________ periods.

A. critical B. sensitive C. irreversible D. dysfunctional Answer: B. sensitive Question Title: EOC Q1.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between critical periods and sensitive periods.

Consider This: The absence of a particular environmental influence during certain periods may hinder development, but may be overcome later in life. 1.4 Distinguish between critical periods and sensitive periods.

5. Which statement inaccurately characterizes contemporary views in lifespan development?

A. Development across the life span involves both gains and losses.

B. All stages in the life span are important.

C. Infancy is the most relevant stage of development.

D. Infant development is an outgrowth of adult development.

Answer: C. Infancy is the most relevant stage of development.

Question Title: EOC Q1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

Consider This: Developmental growth and change continue during every part of life. 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

6. Which of the following questions reflects the spirit of developmentalists with a nature–nurture focus?

A. Byron asks, ―What risks does a child face if a mother smokes while she is pregnant?‖ B. Petra asks, ―Which genes are responsible for temper tantrums and which genes are responsible for adult aggression?‖ C. Omar asks, ―How do genes and environmental factors interact to influence sexual orientation?‖ D. Shanae asks, ―When does the influence of societal views exceed temperament in the selection of a career?‖ Answer: C. Omar asks, ―How do genes and environmental factors interact to influence sexual orientation?‖ Question Title: EOC Q1.6 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Consider This: Consider the two sides of the issue as two ends of a continuum. 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

7. According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, if children are unable to gratify themselves sufficiently during a particular stage, or if they receive too much gratification, __________ may develop.

A. fixation B. helplessness C. entitlement D. dissatisfaction Answer: A. fixation Question Title: EOC Q1.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Consider This: For instance, unresolved conflict in the oral stage may result in adulthood behaviors such as smoking, overeating, or fingernail biting. 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

8. After finishing her social studies project, Delia is excused from her least favorite chore, folding the laundry.

Delia’s parents are incorporating __________ with the goal of increasing Delia’s focus on her schoolwork.

A. punishment B. reinforcement C. trickery D. extinction Answer: B. reinforcement Question Title: EOC Q1.8 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Consider This: It is a process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

9. Which statement best captures critics’ assessment of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A. Piaget accurately identified the ages at which intellectual growth developed.

B. Stages of cognitive development are universally expressed.

C. Cognitive development is not as discontinuous as Piaget suggested.

D. Culture does not play a significant role in the timetable at which cognitive skills emerge.

Answer: C. Cognitive development is not as discontinuous as Piaget suggested.

Question Title: EOC Q1.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Consider This: Many developmental researchers argue that growth is considerably more continuous than Piaget thought. 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

10. Trenton’s greatest desire is to be an actor in community theater. However, he knows that his parents expect him to join the family law practice. Trenton anxiously confronts his parents and informs them that he must follow his dream by attending university on a theater scholarship. Trenton’s decision demonstrates what Carl Rogers refers to as an expression of __________.

A. free will B. defiance C. suggestibility D. insubordination Answer: A. free will Question Title: EOC Q1.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Consider This: Instead of relying on societal standards, people are assumed to be motivated to make their own decisions about what they do with their lives. 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

11. Which statement best represents a third-grade teacher’s understanding of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A. Inviting children to share how their families celebrate holidays aids in cognitive development.

B. Children should be encouraged to work individually rather than collaboratively.

C. Play is reserved for the playground, while structured drills are the most effective learning technique.

D. Children learn best from others very similar to them.

Answer: A. Inviting children to share how their families celebrate holidays aids in cognitive development.

Question Title: EOC Q1.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Consider This: To understand development, consider what is meaningful to members of a given culture. 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

12. One summer on the family farm, Sarah assisted an ailing sow with the birth of her litter. Unfortunately, the sow died due to a post-birth infection. Sarah was in charge of feeding and tending to the piglets and, over time, the piglets began to follow Sarah around. Which statement best explains this scenario?

A. From a humanistic perspective, Sarah is fulfilling her desire to be a veterinarian.

B. From a sociocultural perspective, Sarah simply empathizes with abandoned piglets.

C. From a contextual perspective, the piglets consider Sarah part of their exosystem.

D. From an evolutionary perspective, the piglets have attached to Sarah like they would to a mother.

Answer: D. From an evolutionary perspective, the piglets have attached to Sarah like they would to a mother.

Question Title: EOC Q1.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Consider This: Some behavior is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

13. Which statement reflects the most precise view regarding developmental perspectives?

A. The humanistic approach provides the most accurate account of human potential.

B. Many developmentalists advocate the use of an eclectic approach to human development.

C. Explanations of human development are best examined from a single perspective.

D. The evolutionary approach provides the most comprehensive view of human development.

Answer: B. Many developmentalists advocate the use of an eclectic approach to human development.

Question Title: EOC Q1.13 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

Consider This: Some developmentalists suggest an approach that draws on several perspectives simultaneously. 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

14. Which statement provides a good rationale for using the scientific method when conducting research?

A. Using the scientific method guarantees funding resources will be renewed.

B. The scientific method allows for careful, controlled, and orderly collection of data.

C. The scientific method allows special interest groups to control the types of research conducted.

D. Most scientists adhere to the scientific method merely to ensure their research is published.

Answer: B. The scientific method allows for careful, controlled, and orderly collection of data.

Question Title: EOC Q1.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 1.14 Explain the role theories and hypothesis play in the study of development.

Consider This: The scientific method involves three major steps: identifying questions of interest, formulating an explanation, and carrying out research that supports or refutes the explanation. 1.14 Explain the role theories and hypothesis play in the study of development.

15. __________ research establishes a causal relationship between factors, while __________ research seeks to discover whether a relationship exists between factors.

A. Experimental; correlational B. Experiential; laboratory C. Correlational; experimental D. Observational; deterministic Answer: A. Experimental; correlational Question Title: EOC Q1.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Consider This: Correlational research would be appropriate when determining whether a daily 45-minute run impacts cholesterol level. 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

16. Dr. Rattan is interested in studying collegiate behavior occurring at a college football game. Which method is most likely to help Dr. Rattan accomplish this goal?

A. self-report B. correlational C. naturalistic observation D. psychophysiological Answer: C. naturalistic observation Question Title: EOC Q1.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 1.16 Explain the type of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Consider This: It is a method in which research is conducted without intervening in the behavior. 1.16 Explain the type of studies and methods used in correlational research.

17. A scientist conducts a study to determine whether using a new memorization technique she devised improves performance on psychology exams. In this research study, performance grades on the psychology exams are the __________ variable.

A. randomized B. independent C. correlational D. dependent Answer: D. dependent Question Title: EOC Q1.17 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Consider This: Which variable do researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of the experimental manipulation? 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

18. __________ research is designed to test some developmental explanation while at the same time expanding scientific knowledge.

A. Applied B. Basic C. Theoretical D. Expansive Answer: C. Theoretical Question Title: EOC Q1.18 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Consider This: It is research that can be generalized and is not specific to a particular setting and problem. 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

19. When researchers compare people in different age groups at the same point in time, they are conducting a __________ research study.

A. chronological B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal Answer: C. cross-sectional Question Title: EOC Q1.19 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Consider This: Children’s moral development could be studied by looking simultaneously at a group of 3-yearolds, 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds. 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

20. The ethical guideline that ensures research participants are not forced to be part of a study is referred to as __________.

A. participant rights B. informed consent C. researcher contract D. right of refusal Answer: B. informed consent Question Title: EOC Q1.20 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 1.20 Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Consider This: Participants must voluntarily agree to be in a study. 1.20 Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Chapter 2 The Start of Life 2-1. The male reproductive cell is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

sperm ovum gametes zygote

Answer: a Page: 41 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-2. The female reproductive cell is called the __________.

a) b) c) d)

gamete sperm zygote ovum

Answer: d Page: 42 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

2-3. What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization? a) b) c) d)

Sperm Zygote Ovum Gametes

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-4. About an hour or so after the sperm enters the ovum, the two gametes suddenly fuse, becoming a single cell organism called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

chromosome ovum zygote gene

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-5. Male and female reproductive cells are also known as __________. a) b) c) d)

gametes zygotes genes chromosomes

Answer: a Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

2-6. What is the basic unit of genetic information? a) b) c) d)

Zygote Sperm Gene Gamete

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-7. The blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated in our __________. a) b) c) d)

zygote genes gametes ovum

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-8. Name the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function. a) b) c) d)

Chromosomes Gametes Zygotes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer: d Page: 42 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-9. What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs? a) b) c) d)

Genes Gametes Chromosomes Ovum

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-10. All genes are composed of specific sequences of __________ molecules. a) b) c) d)

DNA zygote ovum sperm

Answer: a Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-11. Genes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order along __________ chromosomes. a) b) c) d)

52 23 46 54

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-12. Rod-shaped portions of DNA called chromosomes are organized into __________ pairs. a) b) c) d)

52 23 46 54

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-13. The __________ pairs of chromosomes in the new zygote contain the genetic blueprint that will guide cell activity for the rest of the individual’s life. a) b) c) d)

21 23 24 26

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-14. The process of __________ accounts for the replication of most types of cells, so nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote. a) b) c) d)

meiosis cell division mitosis reproduction

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-15. The potential for the vast diversity of human beings resides primarily in the nature of the processes that underlie __________ cell division. a) b) c) d)

sperm ovum chromosome gamete

Answer: d Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-16. Gametes are formed in the human body in a process called __________. a) b) c) d)

division meiosis mitosis genetic instruction

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-17. The ultimate outcome of meiosis, in combination with other processes, is tens of __________ of genetic combinations. a) b) c) d)

billions millions thousands trillions

Answer: d Page: 42 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-18. Twins who are genetically identical are called __________ twins. a) b) c) d)

gamete monozygotic dizygotic zygote

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-19. Jason and Justin are twins and are genetically identical. They are __________ twins. a) b) c) d)

gamete dizygotic monozygotic zygote

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-20. Any differences in future development of monozygotic twins can be attributed only to __________ factors. a) b) c) d)

genetic chromosome environmental DNA

Answer: c Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-21. Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time are called __________ twins. a) b) c) d)

dizygotic monozygotic gamete zygote

Answer: a Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-22. Evan and Evelyn are twins but are not genetically identical. They are __________ twins. a) b) c) d)

gamete dizygotic monozygotic zygote

Answer: b Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-23. ________ twins are no more genetically similar than two siblings born at different times. a) b) c) d)

Dizygotic Monozygotic Gamete Zygotic

Answer: a Page: 42 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-24. Which of the following are more likely to have multiple births? a) b) c) d)

White American couples Women not taking fertility drugs Families in which multiple births do not run in the family Older women

Answer: d Page: 43 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-25. Multiple births have __________ in the last 25 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth. a) b) c) d)

decreased remained the same increased varied up and down

Answer: c Page: 43 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-26. The 23rd pair of chromosomes in males contains the __________- shaped chromosome. a) b) c) d)

XX XY YX YY

Answer: b Page: 43 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-27. If the child has an XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome, the child will be __________. a) b) c) d)

male monozygotic dizygotic female

Answer: d Page: 43 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-28. Because the __________ determines the gender of a child, new techniques are being developed that will allow parents to increase the chances of choosing the child’s gender. a) b) c) d)

woman’s ovum man’s sperm chromosome type chromosome similarity

Answer: b Page: 43 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-29. The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present is called __________. a) b) c) d)

recessive genotype dominant phenotype

Answer: c Page: 44 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-30. A trait within an organism that is present but not expressed is called __________. a) b) c) d)

dominant genotype phenotype recessive

Answer: d Page: 44 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-31. The underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly visible) in an organism is called __________. a) b) c) d)

a genotype a phenotype dominant recessive

Answer: a Page: 44 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-32. An observable trait—a trait that is actually seen—is labeled __________. a) b) c) d)

dominant recessive a genotype a phenotype

Answer: d Page: 44 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-33. When a child inherits similar genes for a given trait from his or her parents, the child is said to be __________ for that trait. a) b) c) d)

genotype homozygous phenotype heterozygous

Answer: b Page: 44 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-34. Eric has blue eyes. Because the gene for blue eyes is recessive, Eric must be __________ for that trait. a) b) c) d)

genotype homozygous phenotype heterozygous

Answer: b Page: 44 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-35. When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his/her parents, he or she is said to be __________. a) b) c) d)

dominant phenotypical homozygous heterozygous

Answer: d Page: 44 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-36. What is the name of the inherited disorder in which a child is unable to make use of an essential amino acid present in proteins found in milk and other foods and that has the potential to cause brain damage and intellectual disabilities? a) b) c) d)

Heterozygous regulation disorder (HRD) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Homozygous enzymatic palsy (HEP) Chromosome deficiency syndrome (CDS)

Answer: b Page: 45 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-37. In __________ inheritance, a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait. a) b) c) d)

X-lined PKU polygenic heterozygous

Answer: c Page: 45 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-38. Which type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome? a) b) c) d)

Heterozygous X-linked Homozygous Dominant

Answer: b Page: 45 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-39. What is the term for the inherited blood-clotting disorder that has been a problem in the royal families of Europe? a) b) c) d)

X-linked PKU disease Polygenic inheritance Hemophilia

Answer: d Page: 46 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-40. Humans have about __________ genes. a) b) c) d)

10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000

Answer: b Page: 46 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: O2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-41. What is the term applied to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior? a) b) c) d)

Gene sequence Mapping Behavioral genetics Human genome

Answer: c Page: 46 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-42. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, change their form in a process called spontaneous __________. a) b) c) d)

acceleration combustion mutation malformation

Answer: c Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-43. Jose has an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes. The disorder was once referred to as mongolism. This will cause him to have __________. a) b) c) d)

hemophilia Fragile X syndrome sickle-cell anemia Down syndrome

Answer: d Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-44. Sue has a disorder that is produced by an injury to a gene on the X chromosome, resulting in mild to moderate intellectual disability. She has __________. a) b) c) d)

Down syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Fragile X syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer: c Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-45. Toni has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells. She would be diagnosed with what disorder? a) b) c) d)

Sickle-cell anemia Hemophilia Klinefelter’s syndrome Fragile X syndrome

Answer: a Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-46. Tera has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration before death. Her diagnosis would be __________. a) b) c) d)

Fragile X syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Klinefelter’s syndrome hemophilia

Answer: b Page: 48 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-47. Michael has the disorder that results from the presence of an extra X chromosome and produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts. He has __________. a) b) c) d)

Klinefelter’s syndrome Down syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Fragile X syndrome

Answer: a Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-48. Scientists have discovered that carrying the sickle-cell gene raises immunity to __________, which is a common disease in West Africa. a) b) c) d)

hemophilia blood pressure malaria anemia

Answer: c Page: 47 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-49. Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders? a) b) c) d)

Psychological counseling Disorders counseling Genetic counseling Family counseling

Answer: c Page: 48 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-50. Which test examines the embryo or fetus during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy by means of a fiber-optic device inserted through the cervix? a) b) c) d)

Embryoscopy Amniocentesis Sonoembryology Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: a Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: O2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-51. Which test is performed as early as week five and allows access to the fetal circulation and direct visualization of the embryo, permitting the diagnosis of malformations? a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Embryoscopy Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Sonoembryology

Answer: b Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-52. Which test is recommended if either parent carries Tay-Sachs, spina bifida, sickle-cell, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Rh disease? a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Embryoscopy Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Sonoembryology

Answer: a Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-53. Which test is performed after 18 weeks of pregnancy by collecting and testing a small amount of blood from the umbilical cord? a) b) c) d)

Embryoscopy Amniocentesis Fetal blood sampling (FBS) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: c Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-54. What procedure is used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy and involves high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital-image processing? a) b) c) d)

Fetal blood sampling (FBS) Sonoembryology Embryoscopy First-trimester screen

Answer: b Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-55. Which procedure, in combination with ultrasound, can detect more than 80 percent of all malformations during the second trimester? a) b) c) d)

Sonoembryology Fetal blood sampling (FBS) Embryoscopy Amniocentesis

Answer: a Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-56. Which procedure produces a visual image of the uterus, fetus, and placenta? a) b) c) d)

Sonoembryology Sonogram Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Embryoscopy

Answer: b Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-57. Which procedure uses very-high-frequency sound waves to detect structural abnormalities or multiple pregnancies, measure fetal growth, judge gestational age, and evaluate uterine abnormalities? a) b) c) d)

Ultrasound sonography Sonoembryology Embryoscopy Sonogram

Answer: a Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-58. Which testing procedure uses high-frequency sound waves and is used as an adjunct to other procedures, such as amniocentesis? a) b) c) d)

Sonogram Sonoembryology Ultrasound sonography Embryoscopy

Answer: c Page: 48 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-59. What is the name of the earliest prenatal test, which is performed in the 11th to 13th week of pregnancy and can identify chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders, such as heart problems? a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Ultrasound sonography First-trimester screen

Answer: d Pages: 48–49 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-60. Huela is going to have her first child and talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure was recommended? a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Sonogram First-trimester screen Embryoscopy

Answer: c Pages: 48–49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-61. What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed? a) b) c) d)

First-trimester screen Ultrasound sonography Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: b Pages: 48–49 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-62. What is used to find genetic defects and involves taking samples of the hairlike material that surrounds the embryo? a) b) c) d)

Karyotype Amniocentesis Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: d Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-63. What is the more invasive prenatal test that can be employed if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem or if there is a family history of inherited disorders? a) b) c) d)

Embryoscopy Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Ultrasound sonography First-trimester screen

Answer: b Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-64. Which infrequently used test is usually performed between the 8th and 11th week of pregnancy but produces a 1 in 100 risk of miscarriage in 1 in 200 pregnancies? a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) First-trimester screen

Answer: c Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-65. Name the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells that are drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus. a) b) c) d)

Amniocentesis Karyotype Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: a Page: 49 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-66. Amniocentesis is carried out __________ weeks into the pregnancy. a) b) c) d)

5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25

Answer: c Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-67. Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into the pregnancy and allows the analysis of fetal cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100 percent accuracy? a) b) c) d)

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Ultrasound sonography First-trimester screen Amniocentesis

Answer: d Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-68. Which test can be used to determine the sex of the child? a) b) c) d)

Ultrasound sonography Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) First-trimester screen

Answer: b Page: 49 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-69. Huntington’s disease typically does not appear until people reach what age? a) b) c) d)

20s 40s 50s 70s

Answer: b Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-70. What is the procedure in which cells are taken from an embryo and then replaced after the defective genes they contain have been repaired? a) b) c) d)

Germ line therapy Genetic counseling Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Fetal blood sampling

Answer: a Page: 49 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-71. Recent research suggests prenatal screenings for Edwards syndrome return a false-positive result about ________ of the time and a false-positive rate of __________ for younger women. a) b) c) d)

5 percent; 10 percent 12 percent; 24 percent 36 percent; 60 percent 40 percent; 65 percent

Answer: c Page: 50 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-72. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called __________. a) b) c) d)

genetics genotype temperament phenotype

Answer: c Page: 51 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2

2-73. What is the term for the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors, in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed? a) b) c) d)

Multifactorial transmission Inheritance Natural selection Role of environment

Answer: a Page: 51 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-74. Developmentalists study identical twins adopted at birth who are raised in substantially different environments, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about __________. a) b) c) d)

the impact of parenting techniques of each adoptive family the relative contributions of genetics and environment the impact of socioeconomic status of each adoptive family the impact of adoptive parents’ education level on adoptive children’s intellect

Answer: b Page: 52 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 2.5

2-75. The closer the genetic link between two individuals, the greater the correspondence between their __________. a) b) c) d)

weight blood pressure IQ scores respiration rate

Answer: c Page: 53 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-76. Which researcher argued that as much as 80 percent of intelligence is a result of heredity? a) b) c) d)

Freud Erikson Scarr Jensen

Answer: d Page: 53 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-77. Which ―Big Five‖ personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays? a) b) c) d)

Aggression Neuroticism Shyness Fear

Answer: b Page: 54 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-78. Which ―Big Five‖ personality trait refers to the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable? a) b) c) d)

Neuroticism Gregariousness Social potency Extroversion

Answer: d Page: 54 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-79. Which trait reflects the tendency to be a masterful, forceful leader who enjoys being the center of attention and has been found to be strongly associated with genetic factors? a) b) c) d)

Neuroticism Social potency Extroversion Traditionalism

Answer: b Page: 55 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: L05 APA LO: 1.2

2-80. Which trait reflects the tendency to strictly endorse rules and authority and has been found to be strongly associated with genetic factors? a) b) c) d)

Traditionalism Neuroticism Social potency Extroversion

Answer: a Page: 55 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-81. Parents in the United States are more likely to encourage higher __________ levels, while Asian parents are more likely to encourage greater __________. a) b) c) d)

passivity; activity neuroticism; social potency activity; passivity social potency; neuroticism

Answer: c Page: 55 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-82. Developmental psychologist __________ speculated that the underlying temperament of a given society, determined genetically, may predispose people in that society toward a particular philosophy. a) b) c) d)

Erikson Watson Freud Kagan

Answer: d Page: 56 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-83. Research indicates that a monozygotic twin has almost a __________ risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorder when the other twin develops the disorder. a) b) c) d)

10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 100 percent

Answer: c Page: 56 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: L05 APA LO: 1.2

2-84. Which developmental psychologist endorses the idea that genetic endowment provided to children by their parents not only determines their genetic characteristics but also actively influences their environment? a) b) c) d)

Erikson Scarr Kagan Skinner

Answer: b Page: 58 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.6 APA LO: 1.2 2-85. What is the process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a single new cell? a) b) c) d)

Fertilization Sex Germinal stage Prenatal period

Answer: a Page: 60 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-86. Females are born with around __________ ova located in the rwo ovaries. a) b) c) d)

100,000 400,000 500,000 1,000,000

Answer: b Page: 60 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-87. From puberty until menopause, a female will ovulate about every __________ days. a) b) c) d)

15 28 35 41

Answer: b Page: 60 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-88. An adult male typically produces several __________ sperm a day. a) b) c) d)

thousand hundred thousand million hundred million

Answer: d Page: 60 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-89. The first and shortest stage of the prenatal period is called the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

fertilization germinal conception embryonic

Answer: b Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-90. During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n) __________ and travels toward the uterus, where it becomes implanted in the uterus’s wall. a) b) c) d)

ovum sperm gamete blastocyst

Answer: d Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: Lo2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-91. Three days after fertilization, the organism consists of some __________ cells; by the next day, the number doubles. a) b) c) d)

32 64 100 150

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-92. A conduit between the mother and fetus, this organ provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord. a) b) c) d)

Amniotic sac Ectoderm Placenta Endoderm

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-93. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems? a) b) c) d)

Embryonic stage Fetal stage Zygotic stage Germinal stage

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-94. In the embryonic stage, every part of the body is formed from __________ distinct layers. a) b) c) d)

three five eight ten

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-95. In the embryonic stage, what is the term for the outer layer that will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain, and the spinal cord? a) b) c) d)

Ectoderm Placenta Endoderm Mesoderm

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-96. In the embryonic stage, what is the term for the inner layer that produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system? a) b) c) d)

Ectoderm Placenta Endoderm Mesoderm

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-97. In the embryonic stage, what is the term for the layer that forms the muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system? a) b) c) d)

Mesoderm Ectoderm Endoderm Placenta

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-98. An 8-week-old embryo is only __________ inch(es) long, with what appear to be gills and a tail-like structure, as well as rudimentary eyes, nose, lips, teeth, and stubby bulges that will form into arms and legs. a) b) c) d)

1 2 5 10

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-99. In the embryonic stage, the brain begins to undergo rapid development, which causes the head to represent about __________ of the total length of the embryo. a) b) c) d)

10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-100. In the embryonic stage, the nervous system begins to function around the __________ week and emits weak brain waves. a) b) c) d)

2nd 4th 5th 8th

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-101. It is not until the final period of prenatal development, the __________ stage, that the developing child becomes easily recognizable. a) b) c) d)

embryonic germinal fetal birth

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-102. What is the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth? a) b) c) d)

Zygotic stage Germinal stage Embryonic stage Fetal stage

Answer: d Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-103. The __________ stage formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred. a) b) c) d)

fetal embryonic germinal birth

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-104. What is the term for a developing child from 8 weeks after conception until birth? a) b) c) d)

Embryo Baby Fetus Zygote

Answer: c Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-105. In which stage of development does the developing child undergo astoundingly rapid change, increasing in length some 20 times with dramatic changes in its proportions? a) b) c) d)

Embryonic Fetal Germinal Birth

Answer: b Page: 61 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-106. By __________ months of age, the fetus swallows and urinates, arms and hands develop, and fingers develop nails. a) b) c) d)

3 5 6 7

Answer: a Page: 61 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-107. High levels of the hormone __________ are produced in __________, which some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure and later variations in gender-related behavior(s). a) b) c) d)

serotonin; males serotonin; females androgen; males androgen; females

Answer: c Page: 62 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2 2-108. Research indicates that some __________ percent of couples suffer from infertility. a) b) c) d)

10 15 25 35

Answer: b Page: 62 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2

2-109. Infertility is the inability to conceive after __________ months of trying to become pregnant. a) b) c) d)

3 to 6 6 to 12 12 to 18 18 to 24

Answer: c Page: 62 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-110. Infertility is __________ correlated with age. a) b) c) d)

not negatively positively inversely

Answer: c Page: 62 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-111. What is the term for the process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician? a) b) c) d)

In vitro fertilization Intrafallopian transfer Artificial insemination Germinal insemination

Answer: c Page: 63 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2

2-112. What is the term for the procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory? a) b) c) d)

In vitro fertilization (IVF) Intrafallopian transfer Artificial insemination Germinal insemination

Answer: a Page: 63 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-113. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) are forms of what type of procedure? a) b) c) d)

Artificial insemination In vitro fertilization (IVF) Miscarriage Infertility

Answer: b Page: 63 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2

2-114. Bebe has been married for 5 years and wants to have a child. Her husband has a medical condition that prohibits him from producing enough sperm cells. She will have a procedure, called __________ , in which a fertilized egg will be implanted in her fallopian tubes. a) b) c) d)

artificial insemination embryonic implant fertilization zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Answer: d Page: 63 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-115. Pregnancy rates for in vitro fertilization in women under 35 run as high as __________. a) b) c) d)

25 percent 48 percent 60 percent 75 percent

Answer: b Page: 63 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-116. A spontaneous abortion is also known as __________. a) b) c) d)

infertility insemination fertility a miscarriage

Answer: d Page: 64 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2

2-117. When a pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb, it is called __________. a) b) c) d)

artificial insemination spontaneous abortion in vitro fertilization surrogate birth

Answer: b Page: 64 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-118. Researchers believe that some __________ of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, usually in the first several months of pregnancy. a) b) c) d)

5 to 10 percent 15 to 20 percent 25 to 30 percent 35 to 40 percent

Answer: b Page: 64 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-119. In __________, a mother voluntarily terminates a pregnancy. a) b) c) d)

spontaneous abortion artificial insemination miscarriage abortion

Answer: d Page: 64 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2

2-120. What is the term for an environmental agent that produces birth defects? a) b) c) d)

Virus Drug Teratogen Chemical

Answer: c Page: 65 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-121. It is the job of the __________ to keep teratogens from reaching the fetus. a) b) c) d)

Umbilical cord Placenta Amniotic fluid Prenatal development

Answer: b Page: 65 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-122. A mother’s diet plays an important role in fetal development; recommendations include eating a __________. a) b) c) d)

high-fat diet high-protein diet vegetarian diet high nutrient-varied diet

Answer: d Page: 65 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 2.5

2-123. Women over the age of __________ who give birth are at a greater risk for a variety of pregnancy and birth complications. a) b) c) d)

25 30 40 50

Answer: b Page: 66 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-124. Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with __________. a) b) c) d)

Tay-Sachs Down syndrome Huntington’s Charcot-Marie-Tooth

Answer: b Page: 66 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-125. About ___________ babies born to mothers over 40 have __________. a) b) c) d)

1 in 4; Tay-Sachs 1 in 4; Down syndrome 1 in 100; Tay-Sachs 1 in 100; Down syndrome

Answer: d Page: 67 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-126. Women who become pregnant during __________ are more likely to have premature deliveries. a) b) c) d)

menopause midlife adolescence illness

Answer: c Page: 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-127. The onset of __________ (German measles) in the mother prior to the 11th week of pregnancy is likely to cause serious consequences in the baby, including blindness, deafness, heart defects, and brain damage. a) b) c) d)

pox mumps gonorrhea rubella

Answer: d Page 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-128. Which disease, when contracted by a pregnant woman, increases the possibility that the fetus may develop a birth defect? a) b) c) d)

AIDS Chicken pox Syphilis Mumps

Answer: b Page: 67 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-129. Which disease, when contracted by a pregnant woman, increases the risk of miscarriage? a) b) c) d)

Chicken pox Mumps Syphilis AIDS

Answer: b Page: 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-130. What sexually transmitted infection can be transmitted directly to the fetus and will cause the fetus to be born suffering from the disease? a) b) c) d)

Chicken pox Rubella Sickle cell Syphilis

Answer: d Page: 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-131. What sexually transmitted infection can be communicated to the child as it passes through the birth canal to be born? a) b) c) d)

Gonorrhea Syphilis AIDS Mumps

Answer: a Page: 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-132. Mothers who are carriers of __________ may pass the disease on to their fetuses through the blood that reaches the placenta. a) b) c) d)

mumps syphilis AIDS gonorrhea

Answer: c Page: 67 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-133. If mothers with AIDS are treated with antiviral drugs such as AZT during pregnancy, fewer than __________ of infants are born with AIDS. a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 25 percent 50 percent

Answer: a Page: 67 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-134. If a woman suffers from clinical depression during pregnancy, the child __________. a) b) c) d)

may exhibit negative effects on his or her development will likely suffer from physical malformation is rarely affected will show symptoms of depression at birth

Answer: a Page: 67 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-135. In the 1970s, what medication did physicians frequently prescribe to pregnant women to prevent miscarriages which was later found to cause the daughters of the women who took the medication to develop a rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer and to have more difficult pregnancies? a) b) c) d)

Thalidomide AZT DES (diethylstilbestrol) Birth control medications

Answer: c Pages: 67–68 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-136. Diane has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer.

Diane’s mother may have been prescribed __________, before Diane was born, to prevent miscarriage. a) b) c) d)

thalidomide AZT amphetamines DES (diethylstilbestrol)

Answer: d Pages: 67–68 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-137. What prescription medication, when taken by women before they are aware they are pregnant, can cause fetal damage? a) b) c) d)

Birth control medication AZT DES (diethylstilbestrol) Thalidomide

Answer: a Page: 68 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-138. Which illegal drug, when used during pregnancy, can restrict the oxygen that reaches the fetus and lead to infants who are irritable, nervous, and easily disturbed? a) b) c) d)

Cocaine Marijuana ―Crack‖ Amphetamines

Answer: b Page: 68 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-139. What illegal substance used by pregnant women led to an epidemic of thousands of ―crack babies‖? a) b) c) d)

Marijuana Amphetamines Cocaine AZT

Answer: c Page: 68 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-140. What illegal substance used by pregnant women produces an intense restriction of the arteries, causing a significant reduction in the flow of blood and oxygen to the fetus, thereby increasing the risk of fetal death and a number of birth defects and disabilities? a) b) c) d)

Cocaine Marijuana AZT Amphetamines

Answer: a Page: 68 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-141. Children of mothers who are addicted to __________ may be born addicted to the drug and may suffer through the pain of withdrawal. a) b) c) d)

AZT amphetamines marijuana cocaine

Answer: d Page: 68 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-142. What is the disorder caused by the consumption of substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual disability and delayed growth in the child? a) b) c) d)

―Crack babies‖ Autoimmune deficiency Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer: c Page: 68 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-143. Marta is pregnant and consumes substantial quantities of alcohol. She runs the risk of having a baby with __________. a) b) c) d)

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) autoimmune deficiency Down syndrome AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer: a Page: 68 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-144. Research indicates that approximately __________ infants are born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). a) b) c) d)

1 out of 250 1 out of 500 1 out of 750 1 out of 1000

Answer: c Page: 68 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-145. Mothers who use smaller amounts of alcohol during pregnancy place their children at risk for __________. a) b) c) d)

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) autoimmune deficiency fetal alcohol effects (FAE) AIDS

Answer: c Page: 68 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-146. A child displays some, though not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. The child was born with __________. a) b) c) d)

AIDS fetal alcohol effects (FAE) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) autoimmune deficiency

Answer: b Page: 68 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-147. Studies have found that a mother’s consumption of an average of __________ alcoholic drink(s) a day during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on intelligence, psychological functioning, and behavior in her children. a) b) c) d)

one two three four

Answer: b Page: 69 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-148. __________ reduces the oxygen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the mother’s blood. This quickly reduces the oxygen available for the fetus. a) b) c) d)

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Smoking cigarettes AIDS Using cocaine

Answer: b Page: 69 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: O2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-149. Pregnant women who __________ are __________ times more likely to have babies that are shorter with an abnormally low birthweight. In addition, their babies are shorter, on average, than those of nonsmokers. a) b) c) d)

drink; five smoke; five smoke; two drink; two

Answer: c Page: 69 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-150. What is the correct term for a newborn baby? a) b) c) d)

fetus embryo neonate infant

Answer: c Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-151. The birth of a baby usually occurs __________ days after conception. a) b) c) d)

250 266 300 330

Answer: b Page: 72 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-152. When the critical hormone __________ is released in high enough concentration by the mother’s pituitary gland, the uterus begins periodic contractions. a) b) c) d)

oxytocin corticotropin-releasing hormone cortisol estradiol

Answer: a Page: 72 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-153. The attending nurse tells the expectant mother that her contractions are approximately 5 minutes apart. The level of which hormone is high enough in the mother to cause the uterus to begin periodic contractions? a) b) c) d)

Androgen Progesterone Oxytocin Estrogen

Answer: c Page: 72 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-154. Another term for ―false labor,‖ in which after the 4th month of pregnancy the uterus occasionally contracts to ready itself for eventual delivery, is __________. a) b) c) d)

the Lamaze transition Braxton-Hicks contractions neonatal tending epidural posturing

Answer: b Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-155. The neck of the uterus that separates it from the vagina is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

transition cervix Braxton-Hicks episiotomy

Answer: b Page: 72 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-156. Labor proceeds in __________ stages. a) b) c) d)

two three four five

Answer: b Page: 72 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-157. When uterine contractions occur around every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds, this is considered the __________ stage of labor. a) b) c) d)

first second third fourth

Answer: a Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-158. During the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase to their greatest intensity. This period is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

birth Braxton-Hicks transition episiotomy

Answer: c Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-159. At which stage of labor does the baby’s head emerge? a) b) c) d)

second stage third stage first stage birth

Answer: a Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-160. When the baby is in the process of leaving the mother’s body, this is considered the __________ stage of labor. a) b) c) d)

first second third final

Answer: b Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-161. An incision that is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass is called a(n)__________. a) b) c) d)

Braxton-Hicks cervix episiotomy false labor

Answer: c Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-162. As a patient is going through labor, the obstetrician decides that there is a need for an episiotomy. That means __________. a) this is a necessary step in the Bradley method b) the patient is in the third stage of childbirth, when the placenta and the umbilical cord are expelled from the mother c) the doctor will make an incision to enlarge the size of the mother’s vagina, making it easier for the baby’s head to emerge d) the doctor has decided that the mother requires a Cesarean section procedure Answer: c Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-163. At what stage of labor are the child’s umbilical cord (still attached to the neonate) and the placenta expelled from the mother’s body? a) b) c) d)

Episiotomy Second First Third

Answer: d Pages: 72–73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-164. The __________ stage of birth is the quickest and easiest, taking only a few minutes. a) b) c) d)

first second third episiotomy

Answer: c Page: 73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-165. A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns is called __________. a) b) c) d)

bonding the Apgar scale the Lamaze method the Bradley method

Answer: b Page: 73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-166. Which of the following is a measurement using the Apgar scale? a) b) c) d)

Metabolism Hearing Grimace (reflex irritability) Pupil dilation

Answer: c Page: 73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-167. A newborn baby scores 6 on the Apgar scale. This indicates that the baby __________. a) is normal and healthy b) requires help to start breathing c) needs immediate, life-saving intervention d) is premature Answer: b Page: 73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-168. A newborn baby scores under 4 on the Apgar scale. This means that the baby __________. a) is normal and healthy b) requires help to start breathing c) needs immediate, life-saving intervention d) is premature Answer: c Page: 73 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-169. A restriction of oxygen lasting a few minutes that produces cognitive defects, such as language delays and intellectual disability due to brain cell death, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

Apgar anoxia episiotomy lanugo

Answer: b Page: 74 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-170. Sickle-cell anemia is an example of a disorder that can be detected in newborns by __________. a) b) c) d)

using the Apgar scale taking a urine sample drawing a tiny quantity of blood from the infant’s heel administering a DNA test

Answer: c Page: 74 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-171. The American College of Medical Genetics recommends that all newborns be screened for __________ disorders ranging from hearing difficulties to extremely rare conditions. a) b) c) d)

29 40 50 100

Answer: a Page: 74 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-172. Each year in the United States, __________ infants suffer from disorders that could have been detected at birth with appropriate screening. a) b) c) d)

500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Answer: b Page: 74 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-173. What is the thick, greasy, cottage-cheese-like substance that covers the newborn and smoothes the passage through the birth canal? a) b) c) d)

Episiotomy Apgar Lanugo Vernix

Answer: d Page: 74 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-174. What is the name of the fine, dark fuzz that covers a newborn and soon disappears? a) b) c) d)

Lanugo Vernix Episiotomy Apgar

Answer: a Page: 74 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-175. During the 1970s and 1980s, psychologists and physicians argued that __________ was a crucial ingredient for forming a lasting relationship between parent and child. a) b) c) d)

Lamaze imprinting bonding nursing

Answer: c Page: 74 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-176. __________ is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth. a) b) c) d)

Conditioning Emotional acceptance Bonding Stimulation

Answer: c Page: 74 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-177. Which birthing method has achieved widespread popularity in the United States and involves breathing techniques and relaxation training? a) b) c) d)

Apgar Lamaze Bradley Natural

Answer: b Page: 75 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-178. What is the birthing method that provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions by concentrating on their breathing and producing relaxation response, rather than by tensing up, which can make pain more acute? a) b) c) d)

Lamaze Apgar Bradley Hypnobirthing

Answer: a Page: 75 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-179. Which childbirth method is known as ―husband-coached childbirth‖? a) b) c) d)

Lamaze Hypnobirthing Bradley Apgar

Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-180. One childbirth method is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible and involve no medication or medical intervention. Parents are urged to take responsibility for childbirth, and the use of physicians is viewed as unnecessary and sometimes dangerous. This method is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

Bradley Lamaze natural hypnobirthing

Answer: a Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-181. Which childbirth method is quite controversial because it discourages the use of traditional medical interventions? a) b) c) d)

Lamaze Natural Bradley Hypnobirthing

Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-182. Which childbirth method involves a form of self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm that reduces pain? a) b) c) d)

Hypnobirthing Bradley Lamaze Natural

Answer: a Page: 76 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-183. Water birthing is considered to carry which risk? a) b) c) d)

Increased pain of labor Infection Prolonged labor Higher newborn mortality rate

Answer: b Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-184. Home birth is a common practice in __________. a) b) c) d)

the United States poor countries only countries at various levels of economic development mostly urbanized countries

Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-185. What type of physician specializes in delivering babies? a) b) c) d)

Doula Pediatrician Obstetrician Gynecologist

Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-186. In the last few decades, more mothers have chosen to use a(n) __________ as the childbirth attendant who stays with them throughout labor and delivery. a) b) c) d)

gynecologist midwife obstetrician doula

Answer: b Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-187. In the United States, midwives are employed in __________ of births. a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 50 percent 75 percent

Answer: b Page: 76 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-188. In parts of the world other than the United States, midwives help deliver about __________ of babies, often in the __________. a) b) c) d)

75 percent; home 50 percent; hospital 80 percent; home 65 percent; hospital

Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-189. What is a doula? a) A midwife who delivers the child b) An obstetrician who delivers the child c) A person well versed in birthing alternatives who provides emotional, psychological, and educational support to the mother d) A hypnotist who prepares the mother for childbirth Answer: c Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-190. What is a new trend in the United States that represents a return to an older tradition that has existed for centuries in other cultures? a) b) c) d)

Using a midwife Using a doula Using hypnosis Using natural birthing techniques

Answer: b Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-191. Other than a physician/obstetrician who is licensed, what other person involved in childbirth requires an additional year or two of training? a) b) c) d)

A doula A certified midwife A hypnotist A birthing coach

Answer: b Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-192. What type of pain reduction administered before childbirth produces numbness from the waist down? a) b) c) d)

Morphine Traditional epidural General anesthesia Walking epidural

Answer: b Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-193. What type of pain reduction during childbirth uses smaller needles and a system for administering continuous doses to reduce the pain of childbirth? a) b) c) d)

Dual spinal-epidural Traditional epidural Intravenous morphine Anesthesia

Answer: a Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-194. What is a physical advantage of administering a walking epidural or dual spinal-epidural during childbirth? a) b) c) d)

A walking epidural uses larger needles.

A walking epidural permits the woman to move about more freely during labor.

A walking epidural has more side effects than traditional epidurals.

A walking epidural costs less to administer.

Answer: b Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-195. Which is a side effect of administering anesthetics to a mother during childbirth? a) b) c) d)

Temporary depression in the flow of oxygen to the baby Fast labor Higher level of physiological activity in the newborn Less difficulty for the baby when initiating breastfeeding

Answer: a Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-196. In the 1970s in the United States, the average hospital stay for a normal birth was _____ days. a) b) c) d)

2.0 3.9 4.5 5.0

Answer: b Page: 77 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-197. In the 1990s in the United States, the average hospital stay for a normal birth was _____ days, in large part because of insurance companies. a) b) c) d)

2.0 3.9 4.5 5.0

Answer: a Page: 77 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-198. Which is not a good reason for sending mothers and their newborns home within 24 hours after birth? a) It saves costs. b) Mothers may bleed if they tear tissue during childbirth. c) Newborns who need intensive care in a hospital should not be discharged prematurely. d) Mothers are better rested and more satisfied when they stay longer in the hospital after birth.

Answer: a Page: 78 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-199. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Congress agree that women should stay in the hospital no less than __________ hours after giving birth. a) b) c) d)

24 48 72 96

Answer: b Page: 78 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-200. William and Sandy’s baby was considered preterm because __________. a) b) c) d)

the baby was born before 38 weeks after conception the baby weighed 3,400 grams the baby weighed less than 2,500 grams the baby was born earlier than normal

Answer: a Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-201. Preterm infants are at a high risk of illness and death because __________. a) b) c) d)

they usually have to be born by Cesarean section they have not had time to fully develop as fetuses their mothers used anesthesia during childbirth they have a chromosomal disorder

Answer: b Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-202. The extent of danger faced by preterm babies largely depends on __________. a) b) c) d)

the mother’s age whether the baby has suffered loss of oxygen (anoxia) the baby’s ability to regulate his or her body temperature the baby’s birthweight

Answer: d Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-203. Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (5½ pounds) at birth are called __________. a) b) c) d)

low birthweight preterm small for gestational age very low birthweight

Answer: a Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-204. Although __________ of all newborns in the United States fall into the low-birthweight category, they account for __________ of newborn deaths.

a) b) c) d)

7 percent; the majority 7 percent; the minority 15 percent; the majority 15 percent; the minority

Answer: a Page: 78 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-205. A baby is considered a small-for-gestational-age infant if __________. a) the baby was born 38 weeks after conception b) the baby weighs less than 2,500 grams c) because of delayed fetal growth the baby weighs 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of other infants of the same gestational age d) the baby weighs less than 1,250 grams Answer: c Page: 78 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-206. Keeping a neonate in the hospital to gain weight is important to help the baby __________. a) b) c) d)

recover from being malnourished learn to breastfeed fight infection build fat layers to prevent chilling and thus regulate his or her body temperature

Answer: d Pages: 78–79 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-207. An effective intervention such as __________, where infants are held skin-to-skin against their parents’ chests, appears to provide positive outcomes for preterm infants. a) b) c) d)

massage Kangaroo Care music therapy swaddling

Answer: b Page: 79 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-208. Newborns who are born prematurely and who have a low birthweight may experience respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and require __________. a) b) c) d)

blood transfusions immersion in warm water isolation to ward off infection placement in an incubator where oxygen is monitored

Answer: d Page: 79 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-209. When a premature infant with a low birthweight is placed in an incubator, oxygen is carefully monitored because too __________ a concentration of oxygen __________. a) b) c) d)

high; can damage the baby’s retinas, leading to permanent blindness low; can damage the baby’s retinas, leading to permanent blindness low; can prove fatal for the baby high; can prove fatal for the baby

Answer: a Page: 79 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-210. By age 6, approximately __________ of preterm infants have mild problems such as learning disabilities or behavior disorders. a) b) c) d)

25 percent 38 percent 50 percent 65 percent

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-211. Which of the following would not be considered a concern for 6-year-old preterm children compared to children born full term? a) b) c) d)

Further hospitalization(s) Learning disabilities Behavioral disorders Lower-than-average IQ

Answer: a Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-212. Which infants are considered the most extreme case of prematurity? a) b) c) d)

Small-for-gestational-age infants Very-low-birthweight infants Preterm infants Low-birthweight infants

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-213. Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks are called __________. a) b) c) d)

low-birthweight very-low-birthweight preterm small for gestational age

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-214. A newborn has been categorized as a very-low-birthweight infant. Which best describes the infant’s weight? a) b) c) d)

90 percent (or less) of average infant weight Less than 1,250 grams (around 2¼ pounds) Less than 2,500 grams (around 5½ pounds) Around 3,400 grams (about 7½ pounds)

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-215. Alisha was born earlier than 25 weeks after conception and as such would be classified as __________. a) b) c) d)

small-for-gestation very-low-birthweight postmature low-birthweight

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-216. Which of the following is a characteristic of very-low-birthweight infants? a) b) c) d)

Skin is a darkened bluish color despite race.

Webs are apparent between the fingers and toes.

Eyes may be fused shut.

Earlobes are fully developed.

Answer: c Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-217. What is the major reason that very-low-birthweight babies are in grave danger from the moment they are born? a) b) c) d)

They are exposed to toxic air and other substances.

They are developing outside the womb.

Their organ systems are immature.

They may be rejected by their mothers.

Answer: c Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-218. Which of the following best describes the ―age of viability,‖ or the point at which an infant can survive prematurely? a) b) c) d)

About 22 weeks Approximately 6 months Approximately 3½ months Approximately 5 months

Answer: a Page: 80 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO212 APA LO: 1.2 2-219. A baby born earlier than 25 weeks has less than a __________ chance of survival. a) b) c) d)

25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 90 percent

Answer: b Page: 80 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-220. The average financial costs of medical care for a very-low-birthweight infant during the first 3 years of life may be between __________ and __________ times higher than medical costs for a full-term child. a) b) c) d)

3; 50 5; 75 30; 50 50; 100

Answer: a Pages: 80–81 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-221. Which type of care is considered the most effective for treating preterm infants? a) b) c) d)

Koala Care Kangaroo Care Aromatherapy Constant use of an incubator

Answer: b Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-222. Mary’s baby was born at 28 weeks, and now part of the baby’s medical care includes massage several times a day. Which of the following are the benefits of the massage? a) b) c) d)

Weight loss Muscle development Increased stress Increased appetite

Answer: b Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-223. What percentage of preterm and low-birthweight births are unexplained? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 33 percent 50 percent 67 percent

Answer: c Page: 81 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-224. Which of the following may cause preterm births? a) b) c) d)

A mother working during pregnancy A father’s age The strength of the mother’s social support system The mother carrying a single fetus

Answer: b Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-225. Which of the following is considered a medical risk predating pregnancy? a) b) c) d)

Low height for weight Number of previous pregnancies Diseases such as childhood leukemia or anxiety Onset of menstruation

Answer: b Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-226 Which of the following is considered a behavioral and environmental risk to pregnancy? a) b) c) d)

Smoking Low altitude Vegan diet Aerobic exercise

Answer: a Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-227. The percentage of low-birthweight infants born to African American mothers is __________ times that for Caucasian American mothers. a) b) c) d)

two three five ten

Answer: a Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-228. What is the term for an infant who has not yet been born two weeks after the mother’s due date? a) b) c) d)

Premature Postmature Fetal distress Stillbirth

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-229. Melissa is 2 weeks past her due date, but her baby has not yet been born. Melissa’s baby is __________. a) b) c) d)

premature postmature in fetal distress a stillbirth

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-230. Meredith’s baby is 2 weeks overdue. What is a potential hazard that the baby can experience because it is postmature? a) Broken limbs during birth b) Insufficient blood supply from the placenta to the baby’s brain, leading to potential brain damage c) Death or being stillborn d) Lifelong obesity Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-231. Approximately how many children in the United States are born via cesarean delivery? a) b) c) d)

500,000 1 million 1.5 million 3.4 million

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2

2-232. A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

stillbirth fetal distress cesarean delivery postmature

Answer: c Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-233. What is another term for a cesarean birth? a) b) c) d)

Fetal distress Postmature Stillborn C-section

Answer: d Page: 82 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-234. Which of the following is a warning sign during a pregnant woman’s labor that a cesarean delivery is needed? a) b) c) d)

The mother is over 23.

Urine is seen coming from the mother’s urethra during labor.

The fetus has a sudden change in heart rate.

The Lamaze techniques are no longer effective.

Answer: c Page: 82 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2

2-235. If a baby is being born feet first, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

stillbirth breech position cesarean section transverse position

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-236. Breech position occurs in approximately __________ births and places the baby at risk because the umbilical cord may become compressed and deprive the baby of oxygen. a) b) c) d)

1 out of 100 1 out of 25 1 out of 10 1 out of 5

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-237. When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus during delivery, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

breech position transverse position cesarean section fetal distress

Answer: b Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2

2-238. The use of __________ has contributed to a sharp increase in __________. a) b) c) d)

fetal monitoring; cesarean deliveries cesarean deliveries; fetal monitoring cesarean deliveries; infant mortality fetal monitoring; postmature infants

Answer: a Page: 82 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-239. Which of the following is a risk related to cesarean delivery? a) b) c) d)

The mother’s recovery can be lengthy.

It endangers the baby’s health because it is major surgery.

The mother has a lower risk of infection(s).

A cesarean birth triggers the normal release of stress-related hormones into the newborn’s bloodstream.

Answer: a Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-240. What is the stress-related hormone that newborns need in their bloodstream to avoid problems such as breathing problems? a) b) c) d)

Estrogen Progesterone Catecholamines Testosterone

Answer: c Page: 82 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: L010 APA LO: 1.2

2-241. Because of the rise in cesarean births in the United States, medical authorities currently recommend __________ use of fetal monitors. a) b) c) d)

more no less the same

Answer: c Page: 83 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-242. What is the term for a delivery of a child who is not alive? This type of birth occurs in less than 1 delivery in 100. a) b) c) d)

Cesarean Fetal distress Breech position Stillbirth

Answer: d Page: 83 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-243. What is the term that relates to the death of a child within the first year of life? a) b) c) d)

Stillbirth Infant mortality Fetal distress Very-low-birthweight

Answer: b Page: 84 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-244. The overall rate of infant mortality (defined as death within the first year of life) is approximately__________. a) b) c) d)

1 death per 100 live births 6 deaths per 1,000 live births 10 deaths per 10,000 live births 70 deaths per 100,000 live births

Answer: b Page: 84 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-245. Infant mortality generally has been __________ since the 1960s. a) b) c) d)

increasing the same declining fluctuating

Answer: c Page: 84 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-246. Corleta’s newborn has died. While obviously suffering from depression, she may also develop __________. a) b) c) d)

dysthymia cyclothymia bipolar disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer: d Page: 84 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-247. The rate of infant mortality in the United States is higher than that in many other countries. A factor that plays a role in this higher rate is the __________. a) b) c) d)

number of first-time mothers over age 35 lack of availability of prenatal care rate of normal deliveries proportion of people living in poverty

Answer: d Page: 84 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-248. The infant mortality rate of the United States is __________ that of Japan. a) b) c) d)

almost the same as lower than half almost double

Answer: d Page: 84 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-249. Approximately __________ percent of Caucasian American women and approximately __________ percent of African American women receive no prenatal care early in their pregnancies. a) b) c) d)

10; 25 10; 50 20; 40 20; 80

Answer: c Page: 85 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-250. Other countries do significantly better than the United States in preventing infant mortality by providing __________. a) b) c) d)

high-cost prenatal care transportation benefits for medical visits for pregnant women extended unpaid maternity leave birth control

Answer: b Page: 85 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-251. What is the term for the period of deep sadness and related symptoms following the birth of a child that affects approximately 10 percent of all new mothers for months or even years? a) b) c) d)

Postpartum depression Stillbirth Infant mortality Crib death

Answer: a Page: 85 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-252. Following the birth of her baby, Kerry experienced a period of deep sadness, triggered by swings in hormone production. Kerry was experiencing __________. a) b) c) d)

false labor bonding postpartum depression hypnobirthing

Answer: c Page: 85 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-253. Postpartum depression may be triggered by pronounced swings in hormone production that occur after birth. These hormones are __________. a) b) c) d)

testosterone and progesterone estrogen and progesterone dopamine and progesterone catecholamines and progesterone

Answer: b Page: 85 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-254. The brain of an average newborn is about __________ the size it will be in adulthood. a) b) c) d)

one-half one-quarter one-third one-tenth

Answer: b Page: 86 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-255. A neonate enters the world with which of the following abilities? a) Breathing automatically despite no longer being attached to the umbilical cord that provided oxygen in the womb b) Moro reflex, which involves turning in the direction of the source of stimulation c) Underdeveloped sense of smell and taste d) Perfect hearing Answer: a Page: 86 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.15 APA LO: 1.2

2-256. A neonate enters the world with unlearned, organized, and involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of stimuli; these responses are called __________. a) b) c) d)

crying elimination reflexes breathing

Answer: c Page: 86 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.15 APA LO: 1.2 2-257. Neonates are born with a variety of reflexes, including __________. a) b) c) d)

smiling swallowing shivering elimination

Answer: b Page: 86 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.15 APA LO: 1.2 2-258. Because a neonate’s liver does not work effectively at first, almost half of all newborns develop a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes called __________. a) b) c) d)

meconium amniotic fluid neonatal jaundice pigmentation

Answer: c Page: 86 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.15 APA LO: 1.2

2-259. Which of the following describes the visual skills of a newborn? a) b) c) d)

Excellent visual acuity Inattention to objects that sharply contrast with the rest of their environment Unawareness of different levels of brightness Sense of size constancy

Answer: d Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2 2-260. Newborns can distinguish different colors, and they seem to prefer __________. a) b) c) d)

red and black blue and green yellow and blue pink and blue

Answer: b Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2 2-261. If a newborn baby hears a tape recording of his or her own crying, the baby is likely to __________. a) b) c) d)

cry even louder and longer show a startle response/reaction fall asleep stop crying, possibly because the baby recognizes a familiar sound

Answer: d Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2

2-262. Research shows that which sense(s) is/are not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth? a) b) c) d)

Sense of pleasure Sense of hearing Sense of touch, taste, and smell Sense of vision

Answer: c Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2 2-263. Martha is holding her new baby while she enjoys a bite of peppermint candy. She notices that when the candy comes close to the baby’s face, the baby becomes more physically active.

What sense has the peppermint activated? a) b) c) d)

Sense of vision Sense of taste and smell Sense of hearing Sense of touch

Answer: b Page: 87 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2

2-264. Estimates suggest __________ of males in the United States are circumcised, while worldwide the rate is approximately _________. a) b) c) d)

95 percent; 50 percent 80 percent; 45 percent 75 percent; 30 percent 65 percent; 25 percent

Answer: c Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 2.5 2-265. Newborns are born with innate sensory abilities that they do not have to learn; however, one way they learn about their environment is via the __________ method first identified by Pavlov. a) b) c) d)

operant conditioning habituation conditioning modeling classical conditioning

Answer: d Page: 88 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-266. The key feature of classical conditioning is __________. a) b) c) d)

sensory stimulation stimulus substitution unlearned reflexes learned reactions

Answer: b Page: 88 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-267. The type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________. a) b) c) d)

habituation classical conditioning operant conditioning modeling

Answer: b Page: 88 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-268. A hungry baby who stops crying when his mother picks him up because he has learned to associate being picked up with being fed demonstrates what type of learning? a) b) c) d)

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Habituation Modeling

Answer: a Page: 88 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: L012 APA LO: 1.2

2-269. One of the earliest demonstrations of classical conditioning was the case of an 11-monthold infant, named __________, whose learned fear of rats generalized to include rabbits and other furry items. a) b) c) d)

Little Jimmie Little Randy Little Albert Little Sammy

Answer: c Page: 88 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-270. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

operant conditioning habituation classical conditioning modeling

Answer: a Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-271. In what type of conditioning do infants learn to act deliberately on their environments to bring about a desired consequence? a) b) c) d)

Modeling Habituation Operant conditioning Classical conditioning

Answer: c Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-272. Elaine is reading a fairy tale to her newborn baby as she feeds the baby its bottle.

Although the milk in the bottle is gone, the baby continues to suck on the nipple as the mother continues to read the story. This is an example of what type of conditioning? a) b) c) d)

Habituation Operant conditioning Modeling Classical conditioning

Answer: b Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-273. An infant who learns that smiling at his or her parents brings positive attention and therefore begins to smile more often is demonstrating what type of learning? a) b) c) d)

Classical conditioning Modeling Operant conditioning Habituation

Answer: c Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-274. What is considered the most primitive form of learning? a) b) c) d)

Modeling Habituation Operant conditioning Classical conditioning

Answer: b Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-275. The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus is called __________. a) b) c) d)

modeling habituation operant conditioning classical conditioning

Answer: b Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-276. Which form of learning relies on newborns producing an orienting response, in which they become quiet and attentive and experience a slowed heart rate as they take in the novel stimuli? a) b) c) d)

Habituation Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Modeling

Answer: a Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-277. Difficulties in which type of learning will signal the development of problems such as intellectual disabilities? a) b) c) d)

Modeling Habituation Operant conditioning Classical conditioning

Answer: b Page; 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2 2-278. A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a new toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning? a) b) c) d)

Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Modeling Habituation

Answer: d Page: 89 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.17 APA LO: 1.2

2-279. Tiffany Field’s research suggests that infants can discriminate between which of the following basic facial expressions? a) b) c) d)

Boredom Shame Guilt Sadness

Answer: d Page: 90 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2 2-280. When the newborn’s behavior meshes with the parents’ behavior, this helps the baby’s __________ to grow. a) b) c) d)

brain imitative skills social relationship skills dependency

Answer: c Page: 90 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2

2-281. The different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation, are called __________. a) b) c) d)

social interaction consciousness states of arousal attentiveness

Answer: c Page: 90 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 2-282. Briefly explain the contribution of the woman’s ovum and the man’s sperm in determining the sex of the offspring.

Answer: When the ovum and sperm meet at fertilization, the ovum provides an X chromosome, while the sperm provides either an X or Y chromosome. If the sperm contributes its X chromosome, the child will have an XX pairing and the child will be a girl. If the sperm contributes its Y chromosome, the child will have an XY pairing and the child will be a boy.

Page: 43 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2 2-283. Briefly explain the inherited disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU).

Answer: PKU is an inherited disorder in which a child is unable to make use of phenylalanine, an essential amino acid present in proteins found in milk and other foods. If left untreated, PKU allows phenylalanine to build to toxic levels, causing brain damage and intellectual disabilities.

Page: 45 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-284. Briefly explain how mutations can damage the fetus.

Answer: Genes may become physically damaged due to wear and tear or chance events during the cell division processes of meiosis and mitosis or may spontaneously change their form in a process called spontaneous mutation. When damaged genes are passed on to a fetus, the results can be disastrous in terms of future physical and cognitive development.

Page: 47 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-285. Briefly explain how reproductive technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated, allowing parents to choose the sex of the baby.

Answer: One technique is to separate sperm carrying the X and Y chromosome and implant the desired type into the woman’s uterus. In another technique, eggs are removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm using in vitro fertilization. Three days after fertilization, the embryos are tested to determine their sex. If they are the desired gender, they are implanted into the mother.

Page: 64 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.8 APA LO: 1.2 2-286. Briefly explain how the father’s behavior may influence prenatal development.

Answer: Fathers should avoid smoking because secondhand smoke may affect the mother’s health, which in turn affects the unborn child. A father’s smoking has been linked to lower birthweight in babies. A father’s use of alcohol and illegal drugs impairs sperm and may lead to chromosomal damage that may affect the fetus at conception. Use of alcohol and drugs, as well as physical and/or emotional abuse, may increase stress in the mother’s, and therefore the unborn child’s, environment. A father’s exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead or mercury, may cause toxins to bind to sperm and cause birth defects.

Page: 69 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-287. Briefly identify what pregnant women can do to optimize the prenatal environment.

Answer: (1) Before becoming pregnant, schedule nonemergency medical procedures and update required immunizations. (2) Discontinue birth control at least 3 months before trying to conceive. (3) Eat regular, well-balanced meals, particularly those high in folic acid. (4) Restrict intake of alcohol and other drugs, unless prescribed by a physician. (5) Limit consumption of caffeine. (6) Don’t smoke. (7) Exercise regularly.

Page: 70 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-288. What are some of the things that countries other than the United States provide to reduce their infant mortality rate?

Answer: Other countries have a lower percentage of low-birthweight and preterm deliveries.

Other countries do not have as high a population living in poverty as the United States does.

Other countries provide better prenatal care, which is low in cost or free. Some other countries offer paid maternity leave, which sometimes lasts up to 51 weeks, as well as free transportation to health care services and living expenses to stay near the hospital when they are ready to deliver.

Pages: 84–85 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-289. Briefly describe the meaning of ―states of arousal.‖ Answer: Newborn infants cycle through various states of arousal, which are different degrees of sleep and wakefulness ranging from deep sleep to great agitation.

Page: 90 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2

2-290. Discuss some of the findings about a baby’s ability to imitate behavior and its implications for later social competence.

Answer: Research from the late 1970s suggests that babies are able to imitate a behavior modeled by an adult if the behavior is something the infant has already performed spontaneously. Developmental psychologist Tiffany Field reported that infants could discriminate between basic facial expressions, such as happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Subsequent research has questioned these results: however, consistent evidence was found for only one movement, sticking out the tongue, which may actually be more of an exploratory action. It does seem clear that imitative behavior begins early. Imitative skills rely partly on the ability to react to other people appropriately and understand the meaning of others’ emotional states. Imitative skills provide an important foundation for social interaction later in life.

Pages: 90–91 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2

TRUE/FALSE 2-291. The basics of heredity involve the genetic transmission of characteristics from biological parents to their children.

Answer: True Page: 41 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 2-292. It is clear that the father’s sperm does not determine the gender of the child.

Answer: False Page: 43 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.1 APA LO: 1.2

2-293. In the mid-1800s, Austrian monk Gregor Mendel performed a series of simple experiments involving the cross-pollination of pea plants.

Answer: True Page: 44 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-294. Mendel’s pea plant experiments established the existence of dominant and recessive traits.

Answer: True Page: 44 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-295. If a child’s parents both have the recessive gene for PKU, the child has only a 25 percent chance of inheriting the disorder.

Answer: True Page: 45 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-296. Relatively few traits are governed by a single pair of genes. Most traits are the result of polygenic inheritance.

Answer: True Page: 45 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-297. Genes vary in terms of their reaction range, which is the potential degree of variation in the actual expression of a trait due to environmental conditions.

Answer: True Page: 45 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-298. The blood disorder hemophilia is an example of a disease that is produced by X-linked genes.

Answer: True Page: 46 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-299. With 25,000 human genes, humans have many more genes than other far less complex organisms.

Answer: False Page: 46 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-300. Scientists have discovered that all humans share 99.9 percent of the gene sequence.

Answer: True Page: 46 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2

2-301. The field of behavioral genetics studies psychological disorders such as depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia.

Answer: True Page: 47 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-302. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, spontaneously change their form in a process called spontaneous mutation.

Answer: True Page: 47 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-303. If a disorder has genetic roots, it means that no environmental factors played a role in the manifestation of the disease.

Answer: False Page: 48 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.2 APA LO: 1.2 2-304. Genetic counselors are trained to use a variety of data to help people deal with issues related to inherited disorders, including the age of the mother and the father.

Answer: True Page: 48 Level: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2

2-305. The newest role of genetic counselors involves testing people to identify whether they are susceptible to future disorders because of inherited genetic abnormalities.

Answer: True Page: 49 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-306. Genetic testing does not raise difficult practical and ethical questions.

Answer: False Page: 49 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-307. Genetic testing can always provide a simple yes or no answer as to whether an individual will be susceptible to a disorder.

Answer: False Page: 49 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.3 APA LO: 1.2 2-308. As developmental research accumulates, it is becoming apparent that to view behavior as due to either genetic or environmental factors is inappropriate.

Answer: True Page: 50 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2

2-309. Research on pregnant women who were severely malnourished during famines during World War II found that their children were, on average, unaffected physically or intellectually as adults.

Answer: True Page: 51 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-310. If people eat a diet rich in healthy foods, it is possible for them to grow beyond their genetically imposed limitations in height.

Answer: False Page: 51 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-311. It is the unique interaction of inherited and environmental factors that determines people’s patterns of development.

Answer: True Page: 51 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-312. One drawback to using nonhumans as research subjects is that we cannot be sure how well the obtained findings can be generalized to people.

Answer: True Page: 51 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2

2-313. The data from studies of identical twins raised in different environments are always without bias.

Answer: False Page: 52 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-314. By comparing behavior within pairs of dizygotic twins (fraternal twins) with that of pairs of monozygotic twins (identical twins), researchers can determine whether monozygotic twins are more similar on a particular trait, on average, than dizygotic twins.

Answer: True Page: 52 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-315. The general conclusion among researchers is that virtually all traits, characteristics, and behaviors are the joint result of the combination and interaction of nature and nurture.

Answer: True Page: 53 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.4 APA LO: 1.2 2-316. Dizygotic twins are a good example of the fact that the more genetically similar two people are, the more likely they are to share physical characteristics.

Answer: False Page: 53 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-317. Obesity does not have a strong genetic component.

Answer: False Page: 53 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-318. Physical characteristics such as blood pressure, respiration rates, and longevity are not strongly influenced by genetics.

Answer: False Page: 53 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-319. Intelligence is a central human characteristic that differentiates humans from other species, and genetics plays a significant role in intelligence.

Answer: True Page: 53 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-320. The IQ scores of dizygotic twins become increasingly similar over the course of time.

Answer: False Page: 53 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-321. A person’s intelligence is the result of some combination of natural mental ability and environmental opportunity.

Answer: True Page: 53 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-322. Developmental psychologist Sandra Scarr suggests that society should be asking what can be done to maximize the intellectual potential of every individual.

Answer: True Page: 53 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-323. Humans possess a novelty-seeking gene that affects the production of the brain chemical dopamine, which makes some people more prone to seek out novel situations and to take risks.

Answer: True Page: 54 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-324. Researchers believe that political attitudes, religious interests, values, and attitudes toward human sexuality do not have genetic components.

Answer: False Page: 55 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-325. Researchers are 100 percent confident that differences in behaviors of identical, monozygotic twins are due to differences in their environments.

Answer: False Page: 55 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-326. Researcher Jerome Kagan suggests that Chinese children enter the world temperamentally calmer, and, therefore, Buddhist philosophical notions of serenity are more in tune with their natural inclinations.

Answer: True Page: 56 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-327. Schizophrenia spectrum disorder is a mental disorder that runs in families, with some families showing an unusually higher incidence than others.

Answer: True Page: 56 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-328. Data illustrate that genetics alone influences the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorder..

Answer: False Page: 57 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2

2-329. Inherited genetic factors, environmental influences, structural abnormalities, and chemical imbalances are all factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Answer: True Page: 57 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.5 APA LO: 1.2 2-330. The genetically driven temperament of a child may evoke environmental influences. For example, a child who learns songs easily and sings frequently around the house may prompt a parent to give the child music lessons.

Answer: True Page: 58 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.6 APA LO: 1.2 2-331. Human characteristics and behavior are a joint outcome of genetic and environmental factors.

Answer: True Page: 58 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.1: Prenatal Development Learning Objective: LO2.6 APA LO: 1.2 2-332. During the fetal stage, the neurons become coated with an insulating material called myelin that helps speed the transmission of messages from the brain to the rest of the body.

Answer: True Page: 62 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.7 APA LO: 1.2

2-333. A pregnant woman’s use of illegal drugs, but not legal drugs, poses serious risks to the unborn child.

Answer: False Page: 67 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-334. Research indicates that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is now the primary preventable cause of intellectual disability.

Answer: True Page: 68 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-335. Increasing evidence suggests that ingestion of even small amounts of alcohol and nicotine by a pregnant mother can disrupt the development of the fetus.

Answer: True Page: 69 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2 2-336. A father’s use of alcohol and illegal drugs has no significant effect on the development of the fetus.

Answer: False Page: 69 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.2: Prenatal Growth and Change Learning Objective: LO2.9 APA LO: 1.2

2-337. The protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers the release of various hormones that lead to the process of birth.

Answer: True Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-338. When the protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) reaches a high enough concentration, the mother’s uterus begins periodic contractions.

Answer: False Page: 72 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-339. In the first stage of labor, contractions increase in frequency, duration, and intensity until the baby’s head is able to pass through the cervix.

Answer: True Page: 72 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-340. In the second stage of labor, the baby moves through the cervix and birth canal and leaves the mother’s body.

Answer: True Page: 72 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-341. The number of episiotomies has increased drastically in the last decade.

Answer: False Page: 72 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-342. In the third stage of labor, the umbilical cord and the placenta are expelled from the mother.

Answer: True Pages: 72–73 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-343. Immediately after birth, the birthing attendants examine the neonate using the Apgar measurement system.

Answer: True Page: 73 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2 2-344. Developmental researchers failed to find supporting evidence that bonding within the first few hours after birth is essential for a lasting responsive relationship between mother and child.

Answer: True Pages: 74–75 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.10 APA LO: 1.2

2-345. There is extensive, definitive research on the benefits of the Lamaze technique to both mother and newborn.

Answer: False Page: 75 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-346. Around the world, only people in the lowest socioeconomic groups have their babies at home.

Answer: False Page: 76 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-347. Research indicates that babies born to mothers who received anesthetics during childbirth cry less than babies whose mothers do not receive anesthesia.

Answer: False Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-348. Most research suggests that the drugs currently used during labor produce only minimal risks to the fetus and neonate.

Answer: True Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-349. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests that a woman’s request for pain relief during childbirth should be honored only as a last resort following the failure of other childbirth techniques.

Answer: False Page: 77 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-350. In the 1990s, insurance companies advocated hospital stays of 48 hours following a birth in order to reduce costs.

Answer: False Pages: 77–78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-351. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Congress disagree about mandating minimum insurance coverage of 48 hours’ hospitalization for childbirth.

Answer: False Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2 2-352. Mothers who spend more time in the hospital following the birth of a child do better than those discharged after a shorter period.

Answer: True Page: 73 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.11 APA LO: 1.2

2-353. More than 10 percent of all babies are born early.

Answer: True Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-354. Small-for-gestational-age babies are always considered preterm.

Answer: False Page: 78 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-355. Routinely massaging preterm infants promotes weight gain and the ability to cope with stress.

Answer: True Page: 79 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-356. Because of the difficulties preterm infants experience at birth, regardless of what kind of special care they receive, they never develop normally in the long run.

Answer: False Page: 79 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-357. An infant who is born before 30 weeks is considered a low-birthweight infant.

Answer: False Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-358. Very-low-birthweight infants are tiny, with eyes that may be fused shut, darkened skin color (despite race), and earlobes that look like flaps of skin on the sides of their heads.

Answer: True Page: 80 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-359. The point at which an infant can survive prematurely is about 22 weeks—4 months earlier than the term of a normal delivery.

Answer: True Page: 80 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-360. The ―age of viability‖ is 22 weeks.

Answer: True Page: 76 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-361. A baby born earlier than 25 weeks has a 75 percent chance of survival.

Answer: False Page: 80 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-362. Once a very-low-birthweight child reaches his or her first year of age, the medical care costs for that child decrease drastically.

Answer: False Pages: 80–81 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-363. Ethical debates have ensued because the astronomical costs of medical care for a verylow-birthweight child cannot guarantee a positive outcome.

Answer: True Page: 81 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-364. ―Kangaroo Care‖ is a term that applies to the practice of holding preterm infants skin-toskin against their parents’ chests.

Answer: True Page: 81 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2

2-365. ―Kangaroo Care‖ is a term that applies to a medical intervention for small-for-gestational infants in which the mother carries the child in a small bag hanging around the mother’s stomach.

Answer: False Page 81 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-366. Wives of older fathers are more likely to have preterm deliveries.

Answer: True Page: 81 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-367. Infants who remain unborn for 2 weeks after the mother’s due date are at no risk.

Answer: False Page: 82 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.12 APA LO: 1.2 2-368. There is no association between successful birth consequences and the rate of cesarean deliveries.

Answer: True Page: 82 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2

2-369. Countries other than the United States have substantially increased their rates of cesarean deliveries.

Answer: False Page: 83 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-370. Babies born via cesarean delivery are less likely to experience breathing problems.

Answer: False Page: 83 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-371. Because the increase in cesarean deliveries is related to the use of fetal monitors, medical authorities now recommend that fetal monitors not be routinely used.

Answer: True Page: 83 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.13 APA LO: 1.2 2-372. Infant mortality has been generally increasing since the 1960s.

Answer: False Page: 84 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2

2-373. The infant mortality rate in the United States is half that of Japan.

Answer: False Page: 84 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-374. Ultimately, the lack of prenatal care services results in a higher mortality rate.

Answer: True Page: 85 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-375. Postpartum depression affects the mother but not the infant.

Answer: False Page: 85 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.14 APA LO: 1.2 2-376. Even without full visual acuity, newborns actively pay attention to certain types of information.

Answer: True Page: 87 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2

2-377. Newborns cannot register smells and tastes with facial expressions.

Answer: False Page: 87 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.16 APA LO: 1.2 2-378. The final determination whether newborns are born with the capability to imitate facial expressions has been made, and the result is unequivocally that newborns can.

Answer: False Page: 90 Level: 1-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 2.3: Birth and the Newborn Infant Learning Objective: LO2.18 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 2 The Start of Life Quiz: Prenatal Development 1. The blueprints for creating a human are stored and communicated in our __________, which determine(s) the nature and function of every cell in the human body.

A. genes B. DNA C. chromosomes D. zygote Answer: A. genes Question Title: EOM Q2.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Consider This: In humans, there are approximately 25,000 of them that serve as biological ―software.‖ 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

2. Aaron complains to his parents that he is experiencing significant pain in his right leg, and he does not have much of an appetite. Aaron’s father takes him to the doctor for a thorough exam.

After getting lab results, the doctor reports, ―The pain is his leg is likely due to the presence of misshapen red blood cells.‖ Of the following disorders, which is the most likely diagnosis of Aaron’s condition?

A. Tay-Sachs disease B. sickle-cell anemia C. Klinefelter’s syndrome D. Down syndrome Answer: B. sickle-cell anemia Question Title: EOM Q2.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Consider This: It is a disease carried in approximately 1 in 10 individuals of African descent. 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

3. Amniocentesis is a fetal monitoring technique that involves drawing a sample of cells from the __________.

A. umbilical cord B. placenta C. fluid surrounding the fetus D. fetus Answer: C. fluid surrounding the fetus Question Title: EOM Q2.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Consider This: The procedure allows the analysis of the fetal cells and is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into the pregnancy. 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

4. Terrance and Jayson are identical twins who were adopted at birth into two separate families.

Despite these environmental differences, both boys are painfully shy as reflected in results of an assessment of shyness. The similarity in assessment scores suggests that shyness is a result of __________.

A. genetics only B. quality of early education C. emotional detachment of adoptive parents D. the interaction between nature and nurture Answer: D. the interaction between nature and nurture Question Title: EOM Q2.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Consider This: Most developmental researchers conclude that the determinants of behavior are complex. 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

5. According to Tellegen et al. (1988), which of the following personality traits reflects the greatest degree of genetic influence?

A. desire for social intimacy B. desire to be the center of attention C. level of aggressive expression D. political affiliation Answer: B. desire to be the center of attention Question Title: EOM Q2.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Consider This: A person high in the trait in question is a masterful, forceful leader. 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Quiz: Prenatal Growth and Change 1. At six weeks after fertilization, a developing human is most accurately defined as a(n) __________.

A. fetus B. blastocyst C. embryo D. zygote Answer: C. embryo Question Title: EOM Q2.2.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of development.

Consider This: One of the highlights at this stage is the development of major organs and body systems. 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of development.

2. Raquelle and Basil have been trying unsuccessfully to create a family. After consulting with a reproductive specialist, they have determined the best course of action is to use a procedure in which Basil’s sperm is placed directly into Raquelle’s uterus by their physician. This technique is referred to as __________.

A. intrauterine insemination B. intracervical insemination C. in vitro fertilization D. zygote intrafallopian transfer Answer: A. intrauterine insemination Question Title: EOM Q2.2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Consider This: In this procedure, sperm is deposited after being ―washed,‖ a process that concentrates sperm in a small amount of fluid. 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

3. Research reveals that children conceived through emerging reproductive technologies __________.

A. experience an increased risk of mental disorders B. experience a higher incidence of intellectual delays C. experience psychological adjustment similar to that of children conceived naturally D. have reduced risk of physical abnormalities Answer: C. experience psychological adjustment similar to that of children conceived naturally Question Title: EOM Q2.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Consider This: The later psychological adjustment of children conceived through IVF and artificial insemination is no different from that of children conceived through natural techniques.

2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

4. A woman’s age plays a role in the health of the newborn. Research suggests that older mothers are at increased risk of giving birth to children __________.

A. with Down syndrome B. born overweight C. born later than 40 weeks D. with physical abnormalities Answer: A. with Down syndrome Question Title: EOM Q2.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Consider This: It describes a form of intellectual disability. 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

5. Braylon’s coach notices that Braylon has somewhat unusual facial deformities, is much shorter than his peers, and has a difficult time remembering the coach’s play calls despite regular drills and ongoing practice. After a conversation with her developmental psychologist friend, the coach suspects that Braylon’s mother might have __________ while pregnant with him.

A. run marathons B. smoked marijuana C. drunk alcohol D. injected heroin Answer: C. drunk alcohol Question Title: EOM Q2.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Consider This: Studies have found that maternal consumption of an average of just two doses a day during pregnancy is associated with lower intelligence in offspring at age 7. 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Quiz: Birth and the Newborn Infant 1. Within minutes after Mackenzie was born, the attending nurses quickly assessed her pulse, her respiration, the color of her skin, her muscle tone, and her reflex irritability. Mackenzie received a score of 8. What type of assessment were the nurses using?

A. Braxton-Hicks B. neonate scale C. ability to bond score D. Apgar scale Answer: D. Apgar scale Question Title: EOM Q2.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.

Consider This: A measure of overall health in newborns, a score of 7–10 is considered normal.

2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.

2. A recent trend in childbirth is the presence of a(n) __________, a birthing attendant who provides emotional, psychological, and educational support during birth but is not a medical attendant.

A. birthing coach B. doula C. nurse–midwife D. obstetrician Answer: B. doula Question Title: EOM Q2.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.

Consider This: Although the individual’s role does not include medical examinations, her presence often reduces the reliance on drugs and increases the speed of delivery. 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.

3. Kia was born 37 weeks after conception and weighs 2 pounds. Kia would be described as __________.

A. preterm and very low birthweight B. full-term and normal birthweight C. preterm and normal birthweight D. full-term and extremely low birthweight Answer: A. preterm and very low birthweight Question Title: EOM Q2.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.

Consider This: A full-term pregnancy lasts approximately 38 to 40 weeks. 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.

4. A cesarean section is most accurately considered __________.

A. a genetic screening of the infant prior to birth B. the surgical removal of a fetus C. vaginal childbirth D. a commonly found form of maternal toxin Answer: B. the surgical removal of a fetus Question Title: EOM Q2.3.4 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.13 Describe the process of caesarean delivery, and explain the reasons for its increase in use.

Consider This: With this procedure, the risk of maternal infection is high. 2.13 Describe the process of caesarean delivery, and explain the reasons for its increase in use.

5. Which statement is most reflective of postpartum depression?

A. The onset of postpartum depression is predictable.

B. It is experienced by 90 percent of new mothers following the birth of her child.

C. It typically lasts two to three weeks and is no cause for concern.

D. Women with a history of depression are at higher risk of developing postpartum depression.

Answer: D. Women with a history of depression are at higher risk of developing postpartum depression.

Question Title: EOM Q2.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.

Consider This: It is defined as a period of deep depression following the birth of a child. 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.

Chapter Quiz: The Start of Life 1. If you are looking through a microscope at a normal sperm cell, you should see __________ chromosomes.

A. 12 B. 20 C. 23 D. 46 Answer: C. 23 Question Title: EOC Q2.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Consider This: Chromosomes are rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in pairs. 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

2. Sophia is brunette, outgoing, and has blue eyes and full lips. These characteristics reflect Sophia’s __________.

A. genotype B. genetic code C. recessive genes D. phenotype Answer: D. phenotype Question Title: EOC Q2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Consider This: They are observable traits, ones that are actually seen. 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

3. A type of fetal development monitoring technique that involves inserting a thin needle into the placenta and removing small samples of hairlike material surrounding the embryo is called __________.

A. amniocentesis B. chorionic villus sampling C. ultrasound sonography D. fetal blood sampling Answer: B. chorionic villus sampling Question Title: EOC Q2.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Consider This: It can be done between the 8th and 11th weeks of pregnancy, but carries a risk of miscarriage. 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

4. Josette typically weighs more than others in her peer group. However, she is not considered overweight given her large frame and muscular build. Josette sees a very thin model in a fashion magazine and, determined to slim down, spends $250 for a 12-week fitness program at the local gym. Why is Josette unlikely to achieve the same figure as the fashion model?

A. All fashion models reach model weight by starving themselves.

B. Josette’s natural body type is genetically determined.

C. Fitness goals take at least 36 weeks to accomplish.

D. Josette will need to adopt a vegan diet as well as the fitness program.

Answer: B. Josette’s natural body type is genetically determined.

Question Title: EOC Q2.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

Consider This: A person’s genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed. 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

5. Which statement best explains the current understanding of the role of nature and nurture in intelligence?

A. A person’s score on an IQ test is determined only by the influence of environmental factors.

B. Intelligence is based solely on nature.

C. Intelligence is strongly influenced by genetics but is impacted by environmental factors.

D. Interventions aimed at improving IQ scores in schools are a waste of educational funding.

Answer: C. Intelligence is strongly influenced by genetics but is impacted by environmental factors.

Question Title: EOC Q2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Consider This: No other nature–nurture issue has generated more research and controversy than the origin of intelligence. 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

6. Which individual with a genetic predisposition toward introversion appears to have chosen a suitable career?

A. Kahlil, who is a car salesman B. Makayla, who is a political lobbyist C. Tawana, who is an archive specialist in the Library of Congress D. Christof, who is a sports broadcaster Answer: C. Tawana, who is an archive specialist in the Library of Congress Question Title: EOC Q2.6 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.6 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.

Consider This: People attend to those aspects of the environment in which their genetically determined abilities can flourish. 2.6 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.

7. During the __________ stage, the fertilized egg begins to divide and grow, traveling toward the uterus for implantation.

A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. ectodermal Answer: A. germinal Question Title: EOC Q2.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of development.

Consider This: It is the first and shortest stage of prenatal development, taking place during the first two weeks following conception. 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of development.

8. Janae and her partner, Melissa, wish to have a family and are considering the many options available to them. They decide that Melissa will undergo __________, wherein her eggs are removed and fertilized in a laboratory using sperm the couple selected from a sperm bank, with the resulting fertilized egg implanted in Melissa’s uterus.

A. artificial insemination B. in vitro fertilization C. gamete intrafallopian transfer D. zygote intrafallopian transfer Answer: B. in vitro fertilization Question Title: EOC Q2.8 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Consider This: Fertilization takes place outside the woman’s body. 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

9. Which statement relating to threats to the fetal environment is true?

A. With today’s technology, a mother’s age has little bearing on the risk to the fetus.

B. A diet of poor nutritional value can be overcome with regular use of multivitamins during pregnancy.

C. Over-the-counter drugs can have injurious consequences to the developing fetus.

D. A few alcoholic drinks and occasional cigarettes during pregnancy will not negatively impact the developing fetus.

Answer: C. Over-the-counter drugs can have injurious consequences to the developing fetus.

Question Title: EOC Q2.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Consider This: Some common headache remedies can lead to fetal bleeding and growth impairments. 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

10. At five months pregnant, Paige is energetic and quite active, working full-time and maintaining her own floral shop. One afternoon, Paige is surprised to feel what seem to be contractions, but she is assured by her physician that she is likely experiencing __________, a response by the uterus as it accommodates the growing fetus.

A. Braxton-Hicks contractions B. the first stage of labor C. the second stage of labor D. anoxia Answer: A. Braxton-Hicks contractions Question Title: EOC Q2.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.

Consider This: It is often called ―false labor‖ because it can fool anxious parents. 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.

11. Which statement is most reflective of current childbirth techniques for reducing pain and discomfort during delivery?

A. Medications should never be used in the delivery room.

B. Deep breathing and relaxation training are useful practices.

C. Calming into a state of internalized focus does little to reduce pain.

D. Giving birth in a pool of cool water helps the baby acclimate outside the womb and keeps the mother from becoming overheated.

Answer: B. Deep breathing and relaxation training are useful practices.

Question Title: EOC Q2.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.

Consider This: The discouragement of traditional interventions is highly controversial. 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.

12. Which newborn is at greatest risk of developing blindness?

A. Jarrod, born at 36 weeks weighing 6 pounds, 12 ounces B. Quentin, born at 41 weeks weighing 9 pounds, 14 ounces following an induced labor C. Suki, born weighing 7 pounds, 6 ounces via cesarean section D. Piper, born weighing 4 pounds, 14 ounces, who received highly concentrated oxygen following birth Answer: D. Piper, born weighing 4 pounds, 14 ounces, who received highly concentrated oxygen following birth Question Title: EOC Q2.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.

Consider This: Low-birthweight infants are often placed in incubators to carefully monitor temperature and oxygen levels. 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.

13. Under what circumstances might a doctor order an emergency cesarean delivery?

A. when the fetus is facing head first in the birth canal B. if there are indications of a sudden rise in fetal heart rate C. to accommodate the maternal grandparents’ 30th wedding anniversary D. for a mother carrying twins Answer: B. if there are indications of a sudden rise in fetal heart rate Question Title: EOC Q2.13 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons for its increase in use.

Consider This: Cesarean deliveries occur most frequently when the fetus shows distress. 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons for its increase in use.

14. In which of the following countries do newborns have the lowest chance of survival?

A. Japan B. Cuba C. United States D. Hungary Answer: C. United States Question Title: EOC Q2.14 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.

Consider This: It is considered the richest country in the world. 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.

15. Kavya’s father notices that when he lightly strokes his newborn daughter’s cheek, she turns her head toward his hand. Kavya is most likely displaying the __________ reflex.

A. rooting B. sucking C. swallowing D. blinking Answer: A. rooting Question Title: EOC Q2.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 2.15 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn.

Consider This: It guides infants toward nearby sources of food, such as a bottle or breast. 2.15 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn.

16. __________, performed on nearly 75 percent of males born in the United States, is generally considered medically unnecessary.

A. Circumspection B. Urethra cleanse C. Circumcision D. Foreskin realignment Answer: C. Circumcision Question Title: EOC Q2.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.

Consider This: The procedure provides protection against sexually transmitted diseases. 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.

17. One day David took his son, Carlton, for a walk in the park. As Carlton was reaching for a pink flower along the park trail, a bee appeared and stung him on the cheek. When Carlton and his father returned home, Carlton began to cry uncontrollably at the sight of a bouquet of pink flowers on the kitchen table. Carlton’s automatic response of fear at the sight of the flowers is an example of __________.

A. operant conditioning B. habituation C. an orienting response D. classical conditioning Answer: D. classical conditioning Question Title: EOC Q2.17 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.

Consider This: It is a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.

18. Newborns cycle through various states of __________, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness that range from deep sleep to great agitation.

A. circadian rhythm B. action C. arousal D. attention Answer: C. arousal Question Title: EOC Q2.18 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 2.18 Describe the social competencies of newborns.

Consider This: Caregivers become involved in easing the baby through transitions from one state to another. 2.18 Describe the social competencies of newborns.

Chapter 3 Infancy 3-1. When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur? a) b) c) d)

In the womb during gestation During the first year of life During toddlerhood During adolescence

Answer: b Page: 97 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 2.1 3-2. By the first birthday, the average infant’s weight has __________. a) b) c) d)

doubled tripled quadrupled increased nearly five times

Answer: b Page: 97 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy

Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 2.1

3-3. Which principle states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body? a) b) c) d)

Cephalocaudal Principle of hierarchical integration Principle of the independence of systems Proximodistal

Answer: a Page: 97 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-4. Which principle means that we develop visual abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the body)? a) b) c) d)

Independence of systems Hierarchical integration Cephalocaudal Proximodistal

Answer: c Page: 97 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-5. Which principle refers to the trunk of the body growing before the extremities of the arms and legs? a) Independence of systems b) Proximodistal c) Cephalocaudal d) Hierarchical integration Answer: b Page: 97 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1

3-6. Which principle states that effective use of the arms precedes the ability to use the hands? a) b) c) d)

Cephalocaudal Independence of systems Proximodistal Hierarchical integration

Answer: c Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-7. Which principle’s name is based on Greek and Latin roots meaning ―head-to-tail‖? a) b) c) d)

Proximodistal Hierarchical integration Independence of systems Cephalocaudal

Answer: d Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-8. Which principle’s name is based on the Latin words for ―near‖ and ―far‖? a) b) c) d)

Proximodistal Cephalocaudal Hierarchical integration Independence of systems

Answer: a Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1

3-9. Name the principle: Simple skills typically develop separately and independently, but are later integrated into more complex skills. a) b) c) d)

Cephalocaudal principle Proximodistal principle Principle of the independence of systems Principle of hierarchical integration

Answer: d Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-10. A baby grasps for his or her rattle at 3 months of age but cannot quite get hold of it.

However, by 11 months, the baby is holding and moving the rattle with total control. This is an example of the __________. a) b) c) d)

principle of hierarchical integration proximodistal principle cephalocaudal principle principle of the independence of systems

Answer: a Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1

3-11. Which principle states that different body systems grow at different rates? a) b) c) d)

Principle of the independence of systems Cephalocaudal principle Principle of hierarchical integration Proximodistal principle

Answer: a Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-12. If you were to examine the different growth patterns of a child’s body size, nervous system, and sexual maturation, you would apply which principle? a) b) c) d)

Principle of the independence of systems Cephalocaudal principle Principle of hierarchical integration Proximodistal principle

Answer: a Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 1.1 3-13. The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called a __________. a) b) c) d)

synapse dendrite neuron myelin

Answer: c Page: 98 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1

3-14. Like all body cells, __________ have a cell containing a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

synapses; axon neurons; nucleus myelin; nucleus dendrites; axon

Answer: b Page: 98 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-15. Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibers called __________. a) b) c) d)

nucleus myelins synapses dendrites

Answer: d Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-16. __________ receive messages from other cells, and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n) __________ which carries the messages to other neurons. a) b) c) d)

Neurons; dendrite Dendrites; axon Axons; synapse Synapses; neuron

Answer: b Page: 98 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1

3-17. The gap at the connection between neurons through which neurons chemically communicate with one another is called a __________. a) b) c) d)

synapse dendrite neuron myelin

Answer: a Page: 98 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-18. Communication between neurons is done by means of __________ that travel across the small gaps called __________. a) b) c) d)

myelins; synapses dendrites; myelin neurotransmitters; synapses axons; synapses

Answer: c Page: 98 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1

3-19. During the first __________ year(s) of life, a baby’s brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons. a) b) c) d)

1 2 3 4

Answer: b Page: 98 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-20. Synaptic pruning involves the removal of unused __________ in the brain. a) b) c) d)

myelin dendrites axons neurons

Answer: d Pages: 98–99 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-21. The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called __________. a) b) c) d)

independence of systems synaptic pruning myelination hierarchical integration

Answer: b Pages: 98–99 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1

3-22. What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses? a) b) c) d)

dendrites axons myelin synaptic vesicles

Answer: c Page: 99 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-23. Neuronal growth occurs in both the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for processes such as __________, and subcortical areas, which regulate __________. a) b) c) d)

breathing; reasoning heart rate; thinking thinking and reasoning; breathing and heart rate breathing and heart rate; thinking and reasoning

Answer: c Page: 100 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 1.1

3-24. Violently shaking an infant, a form of child abuse known as __________, can lead to severe medical problems, long-term physical and learning disabilities, and, often, the child’s death. a) b) c) d)

infant discipline parental punishment shaken baby syndrome shaking infant disorder

Answer: c Page: 100 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 1.1 3-25. An estimated __________ of babies who are victims of shaken baby syndrome die. a) b) c) d)

8 percent 12 percent 25 percent 36 percent

Answer: c Page: 100 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 3-26. __________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience. a) b) c) d)

Synaptic pruning Principle of independence of systems Myelination Plasticity

Answer: d Page: 100 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1

3-27. What is a specific, but limited, time (usually early in children’s lives) during which the child is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some specific facet of development? a) b) c) d)

Latent period Sensitive period Critical period Plasticity period

Answer: b Page: 100 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-28. A __________ may be associated with a specific behavior such as development of vision or with the development of structures of the body, such as brain configuration. a) b) c) d)

sensitive period critical period latent period plasticity period

Answer: a Page: 100 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective; LO3.2 APA LO: 1.1

3-29. One of the most important ways that behavior becomes integrated is through the development of __________. a) b) c) d)

plasticity synapses neurons rhythms

Answer: d Page: 101 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 2.1 3-30. What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior? a) b) c) d)

Training Cycles Rhythms Patterns

Answer: c Page: 101 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.1 3-31. What is the term for the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation? a) b) c) d)

Rhythm Attention Sensitive period State

Answer: d Page: 101 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.1

3-32. Which term refers to an infant’s various levels of wakeful behaviors, such as alertness, fussing and crying, and different levels of sleep? a) b) c) d)

Sensitive period State Rhythm Alternation

Answer: b Page: 101 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.1 3-33. A baby demonstrates behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep; there is generalized motor activity; the baby’s eyes may be closed, or they may open and close rapidly. What is the term for this state, which occurs when the baby is awakening? a) b) c) d)

Alert Daze Active sleep Sleep–wake transition

Answer: d Page: 102 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.1

3-34. What is the term for the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming? a) b) c) d)

Rapid eye movement (REM) Sleep–wake transition Active sleep Active–quiet transition

Answer: a Page: 102 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.1 3-35. REM-like sleep takes up what percentage of an infant’s sleep? a) b) c) d)

75 percent 50 percent 33 percent 20 percent

Answer: b Page: 102 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2 3-36. Some researchers think that __________ provides a means for an infant’s brain to stimulate itself. a) b) c) d)

SIDS rhythms REM sleep state

Answer: c Page: 103 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2

3-37. SIDS strikes about __________ infants in the United States each year. a) b) c) d)

1,000 2,500 10,000 100,000

Answer: b Page: 104 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2 3-38. Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later, the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this? a) b) c) d)

REM Autostimulation Sleep decline SIDS

Answer: d Page: 104 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2

3-39. The American Academy of Pediatrics now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent __________. a) b) c) d)

rhythms SIDS autostimulation state

Answer: b Page:104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2 3-40. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS? a) b) c) d)

Autostimulation Use of a monitor Frequent naps Giving the baby a pacifier during naps and bedtime

Answer: d Page: 104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2 3-41. Which factor is linked to a decrease in the incidents of SIDS in the United States? a) b) c) d)

Dramatic increase in U.S. population Better prenatal care Back-to-sleep guidelines Reduction of low-birthweight babies born in the United States

Answer: c Page: 104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2

3-42. What is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 1 year? a) b) c) d)

SIDS Autostimulation REM Being born prematurely

Answer: a Page: 104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 1.2 3-43.The shape and proportion of newborn babies are simply not conducive to easy __________. a) b) c) d)

sleep patterns mobility cognitive growth nervous system development

Answer: b Page: 104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 3-44. What is the term for unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli? a) b) c) d)

Autostimulation Reflexes Rhythms Cycles

Answer: b Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-45. Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have __________ value. a) b) c) d)

limited no survival fleeting

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.2 3-46. What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby, who is lying face down in a body of water, paddle and kick? a) b) c) d)

Rooting Swimming Moro Babinski

Answer: b Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-47. What is the possible function of the swimming reflex in infants? a) b) c) d)

Prepares the infant for independent locomotion Unknown Avoidance of danger Similar to primates’ protection from falling

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-48. What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from too much direct light that might damage the retina? a) b) c) d)

Babinski Rooting Eye-blink Moro

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-49. What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek? a) b) c) d)

Babinski Moro Startle Rooting

Answer: d Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-50. Mary is preparing to breastfeed her infant daughter, and, in the process, the baby’s cheek brushes across her mother’s blouse. The baby immediately turns its head toward Mary’s chest in preparation for feeding. This is called the __________ reflex. a) b) c) d)

Babinski rooting Moro startle

Answer: b Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-51. What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8–12 months and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot? a) b) c) d)

Babinski Moro Startle Stepping

Answer: a Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-52. What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants? a) b) c) d)

Prepares the infant for independent locomotion Unknown Similar to primates’ protection from falling General protection

Answer: b Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-53. What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear and is demonstrated by the infant’s tendency to suck at things that touch its lips? a) b) c) d)

Rooting Sucking Gag Startle

Answer: b Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-54. What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear his or her throat? a) b) c) d)

Sucking Rooting Gag Startle

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-55. Which reflex involves the baby moving its legs when held upright with feet touching the floor? a) b) c) d)

Stepping Rooting Babinski Moro

Answer: a Page: 105 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-56. The __________ reflex disappears around 6 months of age and is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something. a) b) c) d)

Babinski rooting Moro startle

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-57. What is the term for the reflex that scientists think represents a leftover response that humans inherited from their nonhuman ancestors? a) b) c) d)

Babinski Rooting Swimming Moro

Answer: d Page: 105 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-58. What is the possible function of the Moro reflex in infants? a) b) c) d)

Prepares the infant for independent locomotion Unknown Similar to primates’ protection from falling General protection

Answer: c Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1

3-59. As William is laying his infant down in the crib at bedtime, he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby’s head and neck. The baby thrusts its arms outward, appearing to grasp onto something. This is known as the __________ reflex. a) b) c) d)

Moro Babinski startle swimming

Answer: a Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 1.1 3-60. By the age of ________ months, babies can move themselves in different directions. a) b) c) d)

4 6 9 12

Answer: b Page: 106 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-61. Babies are typically able to crawl between __________ months of age. a) b) c) d)

5 and 8 6 and 8 8 and 10 10 and 12

Answer: c Page: 106 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-62. Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age. It is likely that she is beginning to __________. a) b) c) d)

walk while supporting herself on furniture walk by herself sit without support crawl

Answer: d Page: 106 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-63. Babies are typically able to walk by supporting themselves at around __________ months of age. a) b) c) d)

6 9 11 12

Answer: b Page: 106 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-64. About half of all babies are able to walk independently by __________ months of age. a) b) c) d)

8 9 11 12

Answer: d Page: 106 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-65. At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle? a) b) c) d)

1 month 3 months 6 months 9 months

Answer: b Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-66. At what age is a baby able to grasp with its thumb and fingers? a) b) c) d)

4 months 6 months 8 months 10 months

Answer: c Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-67. At what age can a child hold a crayon adaptively? a) b) c) d)

8 months 9 months 10 months 11 months

Answer: d Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-68. At what age can a child build a tower of two cubes? a) b) c) d)

8 months 11 months 12 months 14 months

Answer: d Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-69. Thomas is 6 months of age. It is likely that he is able to __________. a) b) c) d)

walk while supporting himself on furniture walk by himself sit without support crawl

Answer: c Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-70. Infants are able to pick up objects as small as marbles off the ground at __________. a) b) c) d)

8 months 11 months 12 months 14 months

Answer: b Page: 107 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-71. At what age are most babies able to hold a cup to their lips and take a drink without spilling a drop? a) b) c) d)

8 months 12 months 16 months 24 months

Answer: d Page: 108 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-72. Alex and Nadine watch their 8-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is the baby likely to use? a) b) c) d)

Whole hand Pincer Three-finger Five-finger

Answer: b Page: 108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-73. The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

standard median typical norm

Answer: d Page: 108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 1.1 3-74. Which of the following—which includes 27 categories of responses constituting four aspects of infants’ behavior—is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants’ normative standing? a) b) c) d)

Cultural dimensions of motor development Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Dynamic systems theory Apgar

Answer: b Page: 108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 1.1

3-75. Which of the following is one of the four general aspects of an infants’ behavior, as measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale? a) b) c) d)

Interaction with self Motor control Response to the mother Response to stress

Answer: d Page: 108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 1.2 3-76. Infants should consume about __________ calories per day for each pound they weigh. a) b) c) d)

25 50 100 125

Answer: b Page: 109 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 2.1 3-77. The condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients is called __________. a) b) c) d)

starvation malnutrition obesity undernutrition

Answer: b Page: 109 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-78. Which is an effect of chronic malnutrition during infancy? a) b) c) d)

Lower IQ scores later Higher performance in school Height taller than most of their same-age peers Weight gains greater than most of their same-age peers

Answer: a Page: 109 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.1 3-79. In the United States, approximately __________ children, or _________, live in poverty, which puts them at great risk for malnutrition. a) b) c) d)

4 million; 5.5 percent 8 million; 11 percent 16 million; 22 percent 20 million; 26 percent

Answer: c Page: 110 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.1 3-80. Severe malnutrition during the first year can produce __________, a disease in which infants stop growing. a) b) c) d)

kwashiorkor nonorganic failure to thrive marasmus rickets

Answer: c Page: 110 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-81. The disease that affects malnourished older children, causing their stomachs, limbs, and face to swell with water, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

nonorganic failure to thrive rickets marasmus kwashiorkor

Answer: d Page: 110 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2 3-82. Due to malnutrition, a child’s stomach, limbs, and face may swell with water so that the child actually appears chubby, but in fact the child is suffering from __________. a) b) c) d)

nonorganic failure to thrive rickets marasmus kwashiorkor

Answer: d Page: 110 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-83. Infants who receive adequate nutrition but look as though they are suffering from marasmus, acting listless and apathetic, are suffering from __________. a) b) c) d)

nonorganic failure to thrive marasmus kwashiorkor undernutrition

Answer: a Page: 110 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO36 APA LO: 1.2 3-84. Alice has just delivered her baby; however, because of financial constraints, she has to go back to working both of her jobs. Because she can’t give her baby the attention and stimulation it needs, her baby could start to suffer from __________. a) b) c) d)

kwashiorkor marasmus nonorganic failure to thrive SIDS

Answer: c Page: 110 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-85. What is the definition of obesity? a) b) c) d)

20 percent over the average for a given height 30 percent over the average for a given height 40 percent over the average for a given height 50 percent over the average for a given height

Answer: a Page: 110 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.1 3-86. What was the argument put forth by advocates of bottle-feeding? a) b) c) d)

Bottle-feeding has more nutrients.

Parents can keep track of the amount of milk the baby is receiving.

Bottle-feeding offers significant emotional advantages.

Bottle-fed babies are more responsive to their mothers.

Answer: b Page: 111 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.1 3-87. Child-care authorities agree that for the first 12 months of life, there is no better food for an infant than __________. a) b) c) d)

bottle formula cow’s milk solid food a mother’s breast milk

Answer: d Page: 111 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-88. Breast milk not only contains all the nutrients necessary for growth, but it also offers some degree of __________. a) b) c) d)

cultural factors cognitive consequences immunity metabolism

Answer: c Page: 111 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2 3-89. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians suggests that babies can start eating solid food at __________ of age. a) b) c) d)

6 months 8 months 10 months 12 months

Answer: a Page: 111 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.2

3-90. While in a warm bubble bath, Meredith presents her infant son, Micah, with a musical floating duck. Meredith understands the importance of __________, the physical stimulation of Micah’s sense organs. a) b) c) d)

sensation perception persuasion socialization

Answer: a Page: 112 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.3 3-91. The term for the mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain is __________. a) b) c) d)

perception visualization sensation distinction

Answer: a Page: 112 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.1

3-92. The developmental researcher(s) who conducted the classic study regarding the ―visual cliff‖ was/were ________ a) b) c) d)

Pavlov Skinner Bandura Gibson and Walk

Answer: d Page: 112 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.2 3-93. The ―visual cliff‖ study indicates that most infants in the age range of __________ months cannot be coaxed to cross the ―cliff.‖ a) b) c) d)

6 to 14 5 to 12 12 to 14 8 to 14

Answer: a Page: 112 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 2.1

3-94. Researcher Robert Fantz discovered that __________. a) b) c) d)

newborn infants prefer to look at simple stimuli rather than complex stimuli when given a choice of visual stimuli, newborn infants do not show a preference newborn infants prefer to look at complex stimuli rather than simple stimuli newborn infants are too young to concentrate on visual stimuli; therefore, it is impossible to measure their preference

Answer: c Page: 113 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.1 3-95. What is the term for the ability to detect sound and pinpoint the direction from which it is emanating? a) b) c) d)

Discrimination Sound distinction Sound travel Sound localization

Answer: d Page: 113 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.1

3-96. Infants’ sound localization abilities are actually fairly good even at birth, and they reach adult levels of success by __________. a) b) c) d)

4 months 6 months 9 months 1 year

Answer: d Pages: 113–114 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 2.1

3-97. Which of the following tastes does an infant demonstrate a preference for through facial expressions? a) b) c) d)

Sweet Salty Bitter Spicy

Answer: a Page: 114 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 2.1

3-98. Which signal indicates an infant is feeling pain? a) b) c) d)

Decreased heartbeat Increased intensity and tone of cry Ongoing lethargy No signal; infants don’t feel pain

Answer: b Page: 114 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.2 3-99. The sense of __________ is one of the most highly developed and first to develop, as evidenced by the reflexes present at birth, such as rooting. a) b) c) d)

taste sight hearing touch

Answer: d Page: 114 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.2 3-100. The __________ approach to perception considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. a) b) c) d)

sensory modal unimodal multimodal megamodal

Answer: c Page: 115 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.8 APA LO: 1.1

3-101. An infant’s perceptual growth is aided by the infant’s discovery of __________, which is(are) the option(s) that a given situation or stimulus provides. a) b) c) d)

multimodal approach affordances opportunities sensation

Answer: b Page: 115 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.8 APA LO: 1.1 3-102. Who was the Swiss psychologist whose theory of developmental stages highly influenced a considerable amount of work on cognitive development? a) b) c) d)

Skinner Watson Piaget Erikson

Answer: c Page: 118 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 3-103. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through __________. a) b) c) d)

sensation perception facts communicated by others action

Answer: d Page: 118 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1

3-104. Piaget’s theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of __________ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are __________. a) five; sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and maturation b) four; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational c) three; preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational d) six; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, assimilation, and accommodation Answer: b Page: 118 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.1 3-105. Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infant’s __________ and __________. a) b) c) d)

level of physical maturation; experience of the environment level of physical maturation; genetic predisposition of the child level of cognitive development; environment in which the child is raised level of physical maturation; cognitive development of the child

Answer: a Page: 118 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-106. What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development? a) b) c) d)

Assimilation Scheme Reception Skill

Answer: b Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-107. Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called __________. a) b) c) d)

assimilation accommodation schemes memory

Answer: c Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-108. Mark and Amanda just purchased some new toys for their 4-month-old baby. As soon as they put the toys in the baby’s crib, the baby immediately tried to put the toys in its mouth, then picked up and shook the toys. Piaget would say that this is an example of a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

scheme assimilation operation accommodation

Answer: a Page: 119 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-109. What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking? a) b) c) d)

Scheme Assimilation Accommodation Operational stage

Answer: b Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-110. Piaget thought that __________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon, perceived, and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought. a) b) c) d)

assimilation scheme accommodation learning

Answer: a Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-111. Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While there, Alex’s mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next, he pointed and said, ―A bird.‖ Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

scheme accommodation object permanence assimilation

Answer: d Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-112. While being dressed for bed, 7-month-old Darnell picked up the new comb that his mother had just bought for him. Darnell had never seen this before and didn’t know how it was used, so he tried to put it in his mouth. Piaget might say that Darnell was __________. a) b) c) d)

assimilating the comb into his existing schemes accommodating the comb into his existing schemes adapting the comb into his existing schemes accommodating the comb using simple reflexes

Answer: a Page: 119 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-113. Piaget used the term __________ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. a) b) c) d)

accommodation scheme preoperational assimilation

Answer: a Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-114. Five-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex’s mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, ―A bird with a tail.‖ Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

scheme accommodation object permanence assimilation

Answer: b Page: 119 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-115. Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of __________. a) b) c) d)

accommodation simple reflexes assimilation secondary circular reactions

Answer: a Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-116. Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to __________ that we have when we are born. a) b) c) d)

inherited abilities senses neuron and synapse development reflexes

Answer: d Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-117. What is the term for Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages? a) b) c) d)

Concrete operational Preoperational Sensorimotor Formal operational

Answer: c Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-118. In Piaget’s sensorimotor period, the first substage is called __________. a) b) c) d)

first habits and primary circular reactions schemes assimilation simple reflexes

Answer: d Pages: 119–120 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-119. Beth normally breastfeeds her baby; however, during the workday Beth’s mother watches her baby, and the baby must be fed with a bottle. Beth has noticed that her baby’s approach to being bottle-fed is somewhat different than when the baby is being breastfed. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

a scheme substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage: simple reflexes accommodation assimilation

Answer: b Pages: 119–120 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-120. Piaget’s substage 2, first habits and primary circular reactions, occurs for infants in the age range of __________. a) b) c) d)

1 to 4 months of age 4 to 8 months of age 8 to 10 months of age 10 to 12 months of age

Answer: a Page: 120 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-121. In which of the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage do infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single, integrated activities? a) b) c) d)

Substage 1: Simple reflexes Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

Answer: b Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-122. Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called __________. a) b) c) d)

first habits assimilation circular reaction accommodation

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-123. Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant’s repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant’s own body. An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking. a) b) c) d)

primary circular reactions circular reactions secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions

Answer: a Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-124. Piaget’s substage 3, secondary circular reactions, occurs for infants in the age range of __________. a) b) c) d)

1 to 4 months of age 4 to 8 months of age 8 to 10 months of age 10 to 12 months of age

Answer: b Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-125. During which substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage does the child ―begin to act on the outside world,‖ a process by which infants seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments if they happen to produce them through chance activities? a) b) c) d)

Substage 1: Simple reflexes Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-126. Baby Jimmy’s parent places a brand new rattle in his crib. Instantly, Jimmy picks up the rattle, tries to mouth the rattle, and notices that when it shakes, it makes noise. Jimmy immediately tries shaking the rattle different ways to see how the sound changes, and he seems to enjoy this activity. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

Substage 1: Simple reflexes Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-127. Eight-month-old baby Lucy picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy, making an interesting noise. She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib’s railing, producing another different and interesting sound. This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

Substage 1: Simple reflexes Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-128. What is the major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage? a) An infant must first demonstrate the primary circular reactions before demonstrating the secondary circular reactions. b) Primary circular reactions are based upon enjoyment activities, while secondary circular reactions are not. c) Primary circular reactions bring about a desirable consequence, while secondary circular reactions do not. d) Primary circular reactions involve activities in which the infant is focused on its own body, while secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant’s actions relate to the outside world.

Answer: d Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-129. Piaget’s substage 4 (coordination of secondary circular reactions) occurs for infants in the age range of __________. a) b) c) d)

4 to 8 months of age 8 to 12 months of age 12 to 16 months of age 16 to 20 months of age

Answer: b Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-130. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

secondary circular reactions first habits and primary circular reactions coordination of secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-131. When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

goal-directed behavior tertiary circular reaction secondary circular reaction object-directed behavior

Answer: a Page: 121 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-132. __________ is the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen. a) b) c) d)

Object permanence Circular reaction Sensorimotor stage Simple reflex

Answer: a Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-133. Piaget believed that __________ appears in substage 4 and enables the infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen. a) b) c) d)

accommodation object permanence assimilation goal-directed behavior

Answer: b Page: 121 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-134. Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of behavior in which of Piaget’s substages? a) b) c) d)

Substage 1: Simple reflexes Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer: d Page: 121 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-135. Piaget’s substage 5—tertiary circular reactions—occurs for infants in the age range of ________ a) b) c) d)

6 to 8 months of age 8 to 12 months of age 12 to 18 months of age 18 to 24 months of age

Answer: c Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-136. What is the term for the substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage in which an infant develops schemes that include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences? a) b) c) d)

Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

Answer: d Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-137. ―Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell.‖ This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

Answer: d Page: 121 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-138. At dinnertime, baby Michael is seated in his high chair as his parents try to feed him; however, Michael repeatedly drops or throws his cup, spoon, and much of his dinner onto the floor while he watches the consequences of his actions. Which of Piaget’s substages might explain Michael’s behaviors? a) b) c) d)

Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

Answer: d Pages: 121–122 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-139. Piaget’s substage 6—beginnings of thought—occurs for children in the age range of __________. a) b) c) d)

8 to 10 months of age 10 to 12 months of age 12 to 18 months of age 18 to 24 months of age

Answer: d Page: 122 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-140. According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of substage 6? a) Children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen. b) Children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate variety. c) Children employ goal-directed behavior. d) Children exhibit the capacity for mental representation, or symbolic thought.

Answer: d Page: 122 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-141. Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a __________. a) b) c) d)

mental representation memory scheme pretending

Answer: a Page: 122 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2 3-142. Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and the ball accidentally bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

mental manipulation attention mental representation scheme

Answer: c Page: 122 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.2

3-143. Which statement reflects a criticism of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive development does not happen in stages, but in ―waves.‖ Cognitive development is grounded in social activities.

Piaget’s work describes children from non-Western cultures.

Infants are incapable of mastering object permanence until three years of age.

Answer: a Page: 123 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.10 APA LO: 1.1 3-144. Researcher Robert Siegler contends that, contrary to Piaget’s theory, cognitive development happens in ___________ rather than stages. a) b) c) d)

baby steps stairs ripples waves

Answer: d Page: 123 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.10 APA LO: 1.1

3-145. The information-processing approaches emphasize the types of __________ that people use when they problem solve. a) b) c) d)

prediction skills goal-directed behaviors schemes mental programs

Answer: d Page: 124 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 3-146. Which of the following is considered a basic aspect of information processing? a) b) c) d)

Encoding Behavior Structure Vocabulary

Answer: a Page: 124 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2 3-147. What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory? a) b) c) d)

Automatization Encoding Information processing Storage

Answer: b Page: 124 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1

3-148. Infants, like all people, are exposed to massive amounts of information; therefore, they must focus their attention and select information so as not to be overwhelmed. Thus, children must __________ selectively. a) b) c) d)

encode automate store retrieve

Answer: a Page: 124 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1 3-149. A baby is in her crib while a swarm of relatives hover, calling the baby’s name and making cooing sounds. There is a radio playing in the background and sounds emanate from the television in the living room. All the while, the baby’s mother is trying to get the baby’s attention to get ready for her feeding. The baby is most likely to attend to the mother’s face and voice.

This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

automatization information processing encoding memory

Answer: c Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1

3-150. Which term refers to the placement of material into memory? a) b) c) d)

Storage Automatization Encoding Retrieval

Answer: a Page: 125 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1 3-151. Which term refers to the process by which material in memory is located, brought to awareness, and used? a) b) c) d)

Encoding Retrieval Storage Automatization

Answer: b Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1 3-152. Which term refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention? a) b) c) d)

Automatization Encoding Information processing Retrieval

Answer: a Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1

3-153. Processes that require relatively little attention are __________; however, processes that require relatively large amounts of attention are __________. a) b) c) d)

controlled; automatic encoded; stored stored; encoded automatic; controlled

Answer: d Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2 3-154. Which is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved? a) b) c) d)

Encoding Automatization Categorization Memory

Answer: d Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1

3-155. Infantile amnesia is the lack of memory for experience that occurred before __________. a) b) c) d)

6 months of age 12 months of age 2 years of age 3 years of age

Answer: d Page: 126 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2 3-156. What is the term for the lack of memory for experiences that occurred in infancy? a) b) c) d)

Memory loss Infantile amnesia Storage Retrieval

Answer: b Page: 126 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.1 3-157. What two sources from neuroscience suggest that there are two separate systems involved in long-term memory? a) b) c) d)

Automatization and storage Brain scan technology and studies of adults with brain damage Long-term clinical studies and surveys of children Clinical studies that include psychotropic medications and neuro-stimulation techniques

Answer: b Page: 126 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2

3-158. What kind of memory is conscious and can be recalled intentionally? a) b) c) d)

Explicit Encoded Retrieved Stored

Answer: a Page: 126 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2 3-159. Memories in our unconscious that affect performance and behavior are known as __________ memories. a) b) c) d)

explicit encoded implicit stored

Answer: c Page: 126 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2 3-160. Climbing stairs, riding a bike, and eating breakfast are all examples of __________ memory. a) b) c) d)

long-term implicit explicit short-term

Answer: b Page: 126 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 1.2

3-161. Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated a test that __________. a) measures the IQ of babies b) measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies c) measures only language skills in babies d) measures all other skills except language Answer: b Page: 128 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.1 3-162. What is the term for an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social? a) b) c) d)

Gesell test Bayley Scales of Infant Development Visual-recognition memory measurement Developmental quotient

Answer: d Page: 128 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.1

3-163. Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure __________. a) b) c) d)

four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social. two domains: language skills and adaptive behavior. visual-recognition and memory two areas: mental (senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, and language) and motor abilities

Answer: d Page: 128 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.1 3-164. Baby Misha scored at the average level on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, performing at the average level for children of the same age. She received a score of __________. a) b) c) d)

50 100 110 150

Answer: b Page: 128 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.2

3-165. Which developmental instrument looks to find how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory? a) b) c) d)

Visual-recognition memory measurement Developmental quotient Gesell measurement test Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Answer: a Pages: 128–129 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.1 3-166. Information processing focuses on __________ changes in infants, while Piaget’s theory focuses on __________ changes in infants. a) b) c) d)

quantitative; qualitative effective; efficient qualitative; quantitative surreal; real

Answer: a Page: 130 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.12 APA LO: 1.2

3-167. The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

sign language talking or speaking language codification

Answer: c Page: 131 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-168. Which term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences? a) b) c) d)

Symbols Letters Alphabet Phonemes

Answer: d Page: 131 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2 3-169. What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning? a) b) c) d)

Morpheme Phonology Letter Symbol

Answer: a Page: 131 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2

3-170. What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences? a) b) c) d)

Phonology Semantics Morphemes Grammar

Answer: b Page: 131 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2 3-171. Baby Todd’s mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds, including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

phonology morphemes semantics prelinguistic communication

Answer: d Page: 131 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2

3-172. A baby making speech-like but meaningless sounds is exhibiting a universal phenomenon called __________. a) b) c) d)

cooing babbling gurgling murmuring

Answer: b Page: 132 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2 3-173. A child’s first words usually come in the form of __________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used. a) b) c) d)

phonemes semantics holophrases morphemes

Answer: c Page: 133 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2

3-174. Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father’s attention by saying ―eat.‖ This would be an example of a __________. a) b) c) d)

semantic phoneme morpheme holophrase

Answer: d Page: 133 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2 3-175. By the age of 2, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech while leaving out non-critical words of a sentence. a) b) c) d)

holophrastic telegraphic phonemic semantic

Answer: b Page: 134 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2

3-176. Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a ―blankie.‖ When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as ―blankie‖ because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

underextension overextension referential style holophrastic speech

Answer: a Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-177. The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

holophrastic speech referential style overextension underextension

Answer: d Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1

3-178. When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents, she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out ―see cars,‖ even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks. This is an example of _________ speech. a) b) c) d)

overextension rehearsal holophrases telegraphic

Answer: a Page: 134 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-179. What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning? a) b) c) d)

Referential style Overextension Expressive style Telegraphic speech

Answer: b Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1

3-180. What is the term for a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects? a) b) c) d)

Holographic Underextension Referential Overextension

Answer: c Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-181. Martha and Jim spend time with their baby, teaching her to say what she feels and to tell them what she needs. This style of speech is called __________. a) b) c) d)

expressive underextension overextension referential

Answer: a Page: 134 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1

3-182. What is the term that refers to a style of language use in which language is used primarily to convey feelings and needs related to oneself and others? a) b) c) d)

Underextension Overextension Referential Expressive

Answer: d Page: 134 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-183. Mothers in the United States are partial to a(n) __________ style of speech, while mothers in Japan are partial to a(n) __________ style of speech. a) b) c) d)

overextension; underextension expressive; referential underextension; overextension referential; expressive

Answer: d Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.2

3-184. Melissa is teaching her baby to speak by learning the names of lots of familiar and different objects that the baby sees. Melissa is teaching a(n) __________ style of speech. a) b) c) d)

expressive underextension overextension referential

Answer: d Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.13 APA LO: 1.1 3-185. Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word ―da,‖ his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say ―dad.‖ The father’s behavior reinforces Will’s behavior, and this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

learning theory approach universal grammar nativist approach infant-directed speech

Answer: a Page: 134 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1

3-186. What is the term for a theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning? a) b) c) d)

Nativist approach Learning theory approach Universal grammar Infant-directed speech

Answer: b Page: 134 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1 3-187. Which researcher developed the ―nativist approach‖ and ―universal grammar‖ to explain how children learn their language skills? a) b) c) d)

Skinner Bandura Chomsky Bayley

Answer: c Page: 135 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1

3-188. What is the term for the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development? a) b) c) d)

Learning theory approach Referential style Universal grammar Nativist approach

Answer: d Page: 135 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: L013 APA LO: 1.1 3-189. The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by __________ and is called __________. a) b) c) d)

Chomsky; universal grammar Chomsky; nativist approach Skinner; learning theory approach Skinner; language-acquisition theory

Answer: a Page: 135 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: O3.14 APA LO: 1.1

3-190. What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language? a) b) c) d)

Nativism approach Language acquisition device (LAD) Infant-directed speech Universal grammar

Answer: b Page: 135 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1 3-191. Which of Chomsky’s concepts relates to ways in which the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language? a) b) c) d)

Infant-directed speech Nativist approach Language acquisition device Universal grammar

Answer: c Page: 135 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1

3-192. Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetically predetermined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language? a) b) c) d)

Universal grammar Interactionist perspective Learning theory approach Language acquisition device

Answer: b Page: 135 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1 3-193. Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants and characterized by short, simple sentences? a) b) c) d)

Infant-directed speech Universal grammar Nativist approach Language acquisition device

Answer: a Page: 136 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1

3-194. The outdated term for infant-directed speech is __________. a) b) c) d)

nativist language universal grammar expressive style motherese

Answer: d Page: 136 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.2 3-195. Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and come across the room to her. Rebecca uses a short phrase such as ―Come to Mommy‖ to prompt her baby. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

holographic speech universal grammar learning theory approach infant-directed speech

Answer: d Page: 136 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.1 3-196. Nonverbal expressions of emotion called __________ are fairly consistent among people of all ages. a) b) c) d)

emergence discrimination nonverbal encoding communication

Answer: c Page: 139 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-197. One-month-old Albert is upset, and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding verbal expression of emotion communication emergence

Answer: a Page: 139 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-198. Which of the following is a facial expression exhibited by babies who are 1 month of age? a) b) c) d)

Interest Hatred Love Jealousy

Answer: a Page: 139 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-199. Who wrote the 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, arguing that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions? a) b) c) d)

Izard Darwin Benson Sroufe

Answer: b Page: 139 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.1 3-200. Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research studies conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicate that ________ a) b) c) d)

they observed little emotional expression in infants younger than 6 months old only joy was observed most mothers felt their children had expressed interest and joy most infants had no recognizable emotions during the first 2 months

Answer: c Page: 139 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-201. What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person? a) b) c) d)

Fear Suspicion Stranger anxiety Distress

Answer: c Page: 140 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-202. Baby Polly is usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings.

When her parents take her to a family reunion, though, her behavior changes. Her face crinkles up in a frown, and she stares at unfamiliar people with suspicion. Baby Polly is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

distress nonverbal encoding stranger anxiety emotion

Answer: c Page: 140 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-203. What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs? a) b) c) d)

Nonverbal encoding Separation anxiety Stranger anxiety Nonverbal decoding

Answer: b Page: 140 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-204. Baby Sally’s mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Sally’s behavior changes from that of a calm, happy baby to that of a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding stranger anxiety separation anxiety nonverbal decoding

Answer: c Page: 140 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.1

3-205. Four-month-old baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his dad. Baby Timmy is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

a social smile nonverbal encoding nonverbal decoding communication

Answer: a Page: 141 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-206. By what age are children purposefully using smiling to communicate positive emotions? a) b) c) d)

6 months 1 year 18 months 2 years

Answer: d Page: 141 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-207. When an infant uses his or her abilities to interpret others’ facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding nonverbal decoding a social smile communication

Answer: b Page: 141 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-208. By what age has an infant begun to understand the emotions that lie behind facial and vocal expressions of others? a) b) c) d)

3 months 4 months 6 months 12 months

Answer: b Page: 141 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-209. What is the term for the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events? a) b) c) d)

Social smile Nonverbal decoding Social referencing Nonverbal encoding

Answer: c Page: 141 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-210. At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing? a) b) c) d)

5 or 6 months 8 or 9 months 11 or 12 months 15 or 16 months

Answer: b Page: 141 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-211. Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile too. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

nonverbal decoding social referencing nonverbal encoding social smile

Answer: b Page: 141 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2 3-212. Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near her dresser, which has a large mirror, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the fulllength bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not? a) Amanda has developed self-awareness, or knowledge of herself. b) Amanda’s self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism. c) Elisha has developed self-awareness but is too interested in other things to look at herself. d) Amanda’s mother has given her more attention than she has given Elisha.

Answer: a Page: 142 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 1.2

3-213. Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior? a) b) c) d)

Learning theory Social referencing Theory of mind Self-awareness

Answer: c Page: 142 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.1 3-214. When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie, and that his mother will behave under her own power and will respond to his request, then Jarrod sees his mother as a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

good parent compliant agent social reference independent agent

Answer: b Page: 142 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.2

3-215. According to the theory of mind and a child’s capacity to understand causality and intention, infants have a kind of innate_________, in which they demonstrate a preference for helpfulness. a) b) c) d)

compass spirit morality faith

Answer: c Page: 142 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.3 3-216. At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others, such as comforting and showing concern for others? a) b) c) d)

6 months 12 months 14 months 24 months

Answer: d Page: 143 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.2

3-217. What is the term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person? a) b) c) d)

Caring Pity Emotion Empathy

Answer: d Page: 143 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.2 3-218. Two-year-old Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane’s older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor, and Duane offers his brother his cookie. Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate __________. a) b) c) d)

empathy trust self-awareness kindness

Answer: a Page: 143 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.16 APA LO: 1.2

3-219. What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual? a) b) c) d)

Parent Caregiver Attachment Reliance

Answer: c Page: 143 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2 3-220. When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when in distress, it is said that the child has __________. a) b) c) d)

made a friend formed an attachment found a parental figure learned not to be lonely

Answer: b Page: 143 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1

3-221. The experiment involving newborn goslings, who have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched, was developed by what developmental researcher? a) b) c) d)

Ainsworth Skinner Bowlby Lorenz

Answer: d Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1 3-222. What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother? a) b) c) d)

Secure attachment pattern Harlow experiment Ainsworth Strange Situation Bowlby caregiver theory

Answer: c Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1

3-223. When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment in which the mother is used as a ―home base‖ and the child is at ease when she is present, the child gets upset when she leaves, and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

Bowlby safety and security pattern Ainsworth safety and security pattern secure attachment pattern strange situation pattern

Answer: c Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1 3-224. A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she leaves the room, does not look distressed is exhibiting a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

avoidant attachment pattern secure attachment pattern Ainsworth Strange Situation anxious situation pattern

Answer: a Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1

3-225. Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when the mother leaves, but on her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her. a) b) c) d)

Ambivalent attachment pattern Avoidant attachment pattern Secure attachment pattern Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Answer: a Pages: 144–145 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1 3-226. Alex is playing in a room and his mother is sitting nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and Alex hardly leaves his mother’s side. Later, when his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex begins to wail and cry. However, when his mother returns, he runs up to her, and instead of giving her a hug or kiss, he begins to punch her in the arm. This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern? a) b) c) d)

Avoidant attachment pattern Secure attachment pattern Ambivalent attachment pattern Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Answer: c Pages: 144–145 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: L017 APA LO: 1.1

3-227. What percentage of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent classification? a) b) c) d)

5–10 percent 10–15 percent 15–20 percent 20–25 percent

Answer: b Page: 145 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2 3-228. Children who show the __________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her. a) b) c) d)

ambivalent disorganized-disoriented avoidant secure

Answer: b Page: 145 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2

3-229. What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers? a) The child never cries and is secure enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the mother. b) The mother responds to the child constantly to the point of being overly responsive. c) The mother is sensitive to the child’s needs, is aware of the child’s moods, can discriminate the infant’s signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate. d) The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that he or she is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults and the mother.

Answer: c Page: 145 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2 3-230. When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child’s emotional states match, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

secure attachment ambivalent attachment pattern face-to-face interactions interactional synchrony

Answer: d Page: 145 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2

3-231. When considering attachment across cultures, which children are most likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment? a) b) c) d)

Children from Germany Children from Japan Children from the United States Children from Canada

Answer: a Page: 146 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2 3-232. When applying the Ainsworth Strange Situation, which children are most likely to demonstrate the appearance of being less securely attached to their mothers? a) b) c) d)

Children from the United States Children from Germany Children from Canada Children from Japan

Answer: d Page: 146 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.2

3-233. Nine-month-old baby Luke and ten-month-old baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day care center. They smile at each other, present each other with toys, and accept toys from each other. This behavior is __________. a) b) c) d)

modeling infant sociability reciprocal socialization mutual regulation model

Answer: b Page: 147 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.18 APA LO: 1.2 3-234. What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior but also whenever that child simply observes others around him or her who are carrying out the same behavior? a) b) c) d)

Neural ganglia Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Mirror neurons

Answer: d Page: 147 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.18 APA LO: 2.1

3-235. The dysfunction of __________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism spectrum disorder. a) b) c) d)

attachment mirror neurons cerebral cortex cerebellum

Answer: b Page: 147 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.18 APA LO: 2.1 3-236. What is the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another? a) b) c) d)

The differences in the lives they lead Differences based on gender and race Personality The nature of the families in which they grow up

Answer: c Page: 148 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1

3-237. Erikson’s approach to personality development suggests that an infant’s early experiences are responsible for shaping whether or not that infant becomes a(n) __________ individual later in life. a) b) c) d)

agitated trusting lazy motivated

Answer: b Page: 148 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-238. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers __________. a) how an adult can maintain memories from when he/she was an infant that affect life as an adult b) how an infant’s perception of self can be assessed c) how children develop independence from their parents d) how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’, and their own, behavior(s) Answer: d Page: 148 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1

3-239. According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage? a) b) c) d)

First 12 months of life First 18 months of life First 2 years of life First 5 years of life

Answer: b Page: 148 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-240. Mary is planning to take 18 months’ leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child’s life, it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary’s decision comes at a good time to address which stage of her child’s development? a) b) c) d)

The strange-situation stage The trust-versus-mistrust stage The autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage The temperament-behavior stage

Answer: b Page: 148 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1

3-241. Erikson believed that everyone enters the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage at what time in our lives? a) b) c) d)

Beginning of infancy When we are around 5 years old When we enter adolescence At the end of infancy, around 18 months to 3 years

Answer: d Page: 148 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-242. What is Erikson’s term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected? a) b) c) d)

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage Temperamental stage Trust-versus-mistrust stage

Answer: b Page: 148 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1

3-243. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called __________. a) b) c) d)

personality temperament genetic predisposition inherited characteristics

Answer: b Page: 148 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-244. The regularity of basic functions such as feeding schedule and sleep-wake schedule are referred to as an infant’s __________. a) b) c) d)

rhythmicity activity level adaptability threshold of responsiveness

Answer: a Page: 149 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-245. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the overall movement, or proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods demonstrated by a baby? a) b) c) d)

Rhythmicity Intensity of reaction Distractibility Activity level

Answer: d Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2 3-246. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the baby’s response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it? a) b) c) d)

Quality of mood Intensity of reaction Approach/withdrawal Rhythmicity

Answer: c Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-247. An important dimension of temperament is the nature and quality of an infant’s mood, in particular, the child’s __________. a) b) c) d)

irritability intensity of reaction threshold of responsiveness rhythmicity

Answer: a Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2 3-248. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the child's ease of acceptance or refusal in response to novel stimuli? a) b) c) d)

Threshold of responsiveness Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Distractibility

Answer: c Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-249. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the intensity of stimulation needed to elicit a response? a) b) c) d)

Intensity of reaction Attention span and persistence Activity level Threshold of responsiveness

Answer: d Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2 3-250. Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats, sleeps, remains and awake and even the baby’s excretions. They are keeping track of the baby’s __________. a) b) c) d)

threshold of responsiveness rhythmicity activity level adaptability

Answer: b Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-251. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable? a) b) c) d)

Difficult babies Easy babies Slow-to-warm babies Low-intensity babies

Answer: b Page: 149 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-252. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods, are slow to adapt to new situations, and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation? a) b) c) d)

Slow-to-warm babies Easy babies Difficult babies Low intensity babies

Answer: c Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1

3-253. Sharon and Max are taking a three-day road trip with their infant son, Grayson, to meet his paternal grandparents. While on the trip, Grayson is generally calm but a bit fussy and unsettled with his sleep schedule. After a day with his grandparents, Grayson manages to adjust and settle in to the vacation routine. Thomas and Chess would describe Grayson as _________? a) b) c) d)

slow-to-warm easy difficult low intensity

Answer: a Page: 149 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 2.5 3-254. With regard to a child’s temperament, the child’s long-term adjustment depends on the __________ of his or her particular temperament and the nature and demands of the child’s environment. a) b) c) d)

adaptability goodness-of-fit intensity of reaction quality

Answer: b Page: 149 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-255. What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which he or she is being raised? a) b) c) d)

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development Trust versus mistrust stage Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage Goodness of fit

Answer: d Page: 149 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.1 3-256. Which term relates to one’s sense of being male or female? a) b) c) d)

Social perceptions Gender Sex Gender roles

Answer: b Page: 150 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2

3-257. Research suggests that by __________ years of age, boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls do. a) b) c) d)

2 3 5 6

Answer: a Page: 151 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 1.2 3-258. What percentage of all families with children are headed by single parents? a) 66 percent b) 50 percent c) 29 percent d) 20 percent Answer: c Page: 151 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2

3-259. The average family size today is __________ persons per household. a) b) c) d)

1.8 2.5 3.1 3.9

Answer: b Page: 151 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2 3-260. There are still __________ births to adolescent women aged 15 to 17 each year, the vast majority of whom are unmarried. a) b) c) d)

1,000,000 521,000 253,000 96,000

Answer: d Page: 151 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2 3-261. In 2011, __________ of children younger than the age of 18 lived in a low-income household in the United States. a) b) c) d)

18 percent 22 percent 38 percent 45 percent

Answer: d Page: 151 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2

3-262. Two-year-old Angela attends day care five days a week because she has a single mother who works. This means that Angela falls into the group of close to __________ of children under the age of 3 who are cared for by adults other than their parents at some point during their first year of life. a) b) c) d)

33 percent 50 percent 66 percent 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 152 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2 3-263. Research comparing infants who have been in high-quality child care and infants raised solely by their parents finds __________. a) b) c) d)

little to no difference in the strength of parental attachment bonds stronger attachment in those raised solely by their parents weaker attachment in those raised solely by their parents weaker parental attachment bonds in infants who spent time in high-quality child care

Answer: a Pages: 152–153 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 2.5

3-264. Children who spend __________ a week in group child care for a year or more have a(n) __________ probability of being disruptive in class, and that effect continues through sixth grade. a) b) c) d)

10 hours or more; decreased less than 10 hours; decreased 10 hours or more; increased less than 10 hours; increased

Answer: c Page: 153 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2 3-265. Even with several providers, a group of infants in a day-care situation should not be larger than ______. .

a) b) c) d)

fifteen ten eight twelve

Answer: c Page: 153 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 3-266. Briefly explain the process of ―synaptic pruning.‖ Answer: Babies are born with many more neurons than they need, and although synapses are formed throughout life based on experiences, the billions of new synapses that are formed in the first 2 years of life are more numerous than necessary. Therefore, the brain has the capability of ―pruning down‖ unnecessary neurons based on the infant’s experiences in the world. The unnecessary neurons eventually die out, which increases the efficiency of the nervous system.

The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons.

Page: 99 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 1.1 3-267. Briefly discuss some of the research regarding childhood obesity and its origins.

Answer: Although there is no clear correlation between obesity during infancy and obesity at the age of 16 years, some research suggests that overfeeding during infancy may lead to the creation of an excess of fat cells, which remain in the body throughout life and may predispose a person to be overweight. Weight gains during infancy are associated with weight at age 6. Other research shows an association between obesity after the age of 6 and adult obesity, suggesting that obesity in babies ultimately may be found to be associated with adult weight problems. A clear link between overweight babies and overweight adults, however, has not yet been found.

Page: 110 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 1.1

3-268. Briefly discuss the classic study by developmental psychologists Gibson and Walk involving the ―visual cliff.‖ Answer: In this 1960 study, infants were placed on a sheet of heavy glass and a checkered pattern appeared under one-half of the glass sheet, making it appear that the infant was on a stable floor. In the middle of the glass sheet, the pattern dropped down several feet, forming a ―visual cliff.‖ The researchers asked whether infants would willingly crawl across the cliff when called by their mothers. The results were clear. Most of the 6- to 14-month-old infants could not be coaxed over the cliff. This indicated that most of the infants had developed the ability to perceive depth.

Page: 112 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 1.1 3-269. Briefly discuss criticisms, if any, of Piaget’s theories.

Answer: Researchers question the stage conception of Piaget’s theory because they contend that development proceeds in a continuous fashion. Critics dispute Piaget’s notion that cognitive development is grounded in motor activities because it overlooks the importance of sensory and perceptual systems present from infancy. Recent studies cast doubt on Piaget’s view that infants are incapable of mastering the concept of object permanence until they are 1 year of age due to the fact that the techniques used to test infants’ abilities were not sensitive enough. An infant’s inability to demonstrate object permanence may be attributed to memory deficits rather than an inability to master object permanence. Piaget’s work has been criticized for being based on Western cultural experience with an omission of a non-Western point of view.

Pages: 122–123 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.10 APA LO: 1.1

3-270. Briefly describe how information-processing approaches are analogous to a computer.

Answer: Information-processing approaches suggest that the process of encoding, storage, and retrieval are analogous to different parts of a computer. Encoding can be thought of as a computer’s keyboard by which you would input the information. Storage is the computer’s hard drive, where knowledge is stored. Retrieval is analogous to software that accesses the information for display on the computer screen. Only when all three processes are operating can information be processed.

Pages: 124–125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 2.1 3-271. Briefly explain the differences in infant-directed speech in various cultures.

Answer: Although the words differ across languages, the way the words are spoken to infants is similar. Six of the ten most frequent major characteristics of speech directed at infants used by native speakers of English and Spanish are common to both languages: exaggerated intonation, high pitch, lengthened vowels, repetition, lower volume, and heavy stress on certain words. Deaf mothers use a form of infant-directed speech when communicating with their infants because they use sign language at a significantly slower tempo than when communicating with adults, and they frequently repeat the signs.

Pages: 136–137 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.14 APA LO: 1.2

3-272. Briefly expand on what experts believe contributes to the extent and causes of gender differences.

Answer: Experts disagree considerably in both extent and causation. Although generally minor differences exist at birth, male infants tend to be more active and fussier. Boys’ sleep is often disturbed, they grimace more, and, as some research suggests, are more irritable. As children age, differences are observed in play, although often based on what is available to them: girls tend to play with dolls or stuffed animals while boys seek out trucks and blocks. Boys are encouraged to explore while girls are kept close. Many of these differences are due to parental expectations while some may be due to social encouragement and reinforcement. Some research suggests the in-utero environment and the level of exposure to hormones may influence how a child behaves relative to gender norms. Ultimately, differences in gender behaviors is attributed to a combination of influences from both nature and nurture.

Pages: 150–151 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 2.5 3-273. Briefly highlight the benefits of how infant child care affects later development.

Answer: The newest research from a long-term study of early child care and youth development suggests that there may be unanticipated consequences to long-term participation in day care as follows: (1) High-quality child care produces only minor differences from home care and may even enhance certain aspects of development. (2) Children from single-parent families and lowincome households may benefit from educational and social experiences in day care. (3) Children who participate in Early Head Start can solve problems better, pay attention to others, and use language more effectively. (4) Participating parents talk and read more to their children and are less likely to spank them.

Pages: 152–153 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 2.1

TRUE/FALSE 3-274. There are no gender differences in the weight and length of infant children.

Answer: False Page: 97 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.1 APA LO: 2.1 3-275. Infants are born with between 100 and 200 million neurons.

Answer: False Page: 98 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-276. Brain plasticity in infants is relatively low.

Answer: False Page: 100 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.2 APA LO: 2.1 3-277. If you ―sleep like a baby,‖ you sleep one long stretch with no interruptions.

Answer: False Page: 101 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 2.1

3-278. The brain waves of sleeping infants appear to be qualitatively different from those of an adult who is dreaming.

Answer: True Page: 103 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 2.1 3-279. SIDS stands for sudden infant death syndrome.

Answer: True Page: 104 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 2.1 3-280. Researchers know the causes of and reliable preventive measures for SIDS. Answer: False Page: 104 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.3 APA LO: 2.1 3-281. The swimming reflex lasts throughout a lifetime.

Answer: False Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 2.1

3-282. The eye-blink reflex is taken over by voluntary control when infants are more able to control their muscles.

Answer: False Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 2.1 3-283. All reflexes, such as the eye-blink reflex, last a lifetime.

Answer: False Page: 105 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 2.1 3-284. Caucasian infants show a much more pronounced response to situations that produce the Moro reflex compared with Navajo infants.

Answer: True Page: 106 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.4 APA LO: 2.1 3-285. Infants first learn to pick up an item using the pincer grasp.

Answer: False Pages: 107–108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1

3-286. Infant norms are useful only to the extent that they are based on data from a large heterogeneous and culturally diverse sample of children.

Answer: True Page: 108 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-287. Differences exist in the timing of development in children from different cultural, racial, and social groups.

Answer: True Page: 108 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.5 APA LO: 2.1 3-288. Without proper nutrition, infants cannot reach their physical and cognitive potential.

Answer: True Pages: 108–109 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 2.1 3-289. Babies need to consume at least twice the amount of calories per day that adults of their size would need to consume.

Answer: True Page: 109 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 2.1

3-290. A clear link between obese babies and overweight adults has been found.

Answer: False Page: 110 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 2.1 3-291. The saying that ―A fat baby is a healthy baby‖ is not necessarily true.

Answer: True Page: 110 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.6 APA LO: 2.1 3-292. An infant’s distance vision is about one-tenth to one-third that of an average adult’s until the baby is 6 months old.

Answer: True Page: 112 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 2.1 3-293. A newborn infant’s sense of smell is so well developed that the infant can distinguish its mother on the basis of smell alone.

Answer: True Page: 114 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.7 APA LO: 2.1

3-294. The multimodal approach to perception is a well-established and long-standing approach to studying how infants understand their sensory world.

Answer: False Page: 115 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.8 APA LO: 2.1 3-295. Piaget’s views of the ways infants learn can be summarized in a simple equation: Action = Knowledge.

Answer: True Page: 118 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1 3-296. In Piaget’s view, a 4-month-old baby that consistently tries to put toys in his mouth and bangs and throws objects around is categorized as a difficult baby.

Answer: False Page: 119 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.1 3-297. In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, all infants reach a particular substage at the exact same time.

Answer: False Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.1

3-298. Piaget thought that there is a period of transition in which some behavior reflects one stage, while other behavior reflects a more advanced stage.

Answer: True Page: 119 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.9 APA LO: 1.1 3-299. There are no disputes or disagreements with Piaget’s theories.

Answer: False Pages: 122–123 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.10 APA LO: 1.2 3-300. Infants are born with many automatic abilities, with the exception of basic math functions and statistical patterns.

Answer: False Page: 125 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 2.1 3-301. Recent research on infantile amnesia suggests the rapid and continuous growth of the infant brain may impede our ability to remember information and memories before the age of 3.

Answer: True Pages: 126–127 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 2.1

3-302. Explicit and implicit memories emerge at the same rates and involve the same parts of the brain.

Answer: False Pages: 126–127 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.2: Cognitive Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.11 APA LO: 2.1 3-303. Babies across diverse cultures express basic facial expressions.

Answer: True Page: 139 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 2.1 3-304. Chinese infants are generally more expressive than European, American, and Japanese infants.

Answer: False Pages: 139–140 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.15 APA LO: 2.1 3-305. Ainsworth argued that attachment depends on how the infant acts on the mother’s emotional cues.

Answer: False Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1

3-306. Mary Ainsworth devised the ―Strange Situation‖ that contains six steps.

Answer: False Page: 144 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1 3-307. The quality of attachment style in a child has nothing to do with the quality of relationships the child forges as an adult.

Answer: False Page: 145 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 2.1 3-308. Research has shown that human attachment is not as culturally universal as Bowlby predicted.

Answer: True Page: 146 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 1.1 3-309. Research suggests that there is no difference between Western and non-Western cultures and parenting style when it comes to attachment patterns.

Answer: False Page: 146 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.17 APA LO: 2.1

3-310. Infants are unable to demonstrate the capacity for socialization.

Answer: False Page: 147 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.18 APA LO: 2.1 3-311. When we speak of personality, we mean that from the time a baby is born until he or she grows up, there will be stable traits and behaviors that lead to their development as distinct individuals.

Answer: True Page: 148 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 2.1 3-312 Temperament refers to what children do and why they do it.

Answer: False Page: 148 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 2.1 3-313. The term ―gender‖ means the same thing as ―sex.‖ Answer: False Page: 150 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.19 APA LO: 2.1

3-314. The size of the average American family is growing.

Answer: False Page: 151 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 2.1 3-315. The number of adolescents giving birth has increased over the last 5 years.

Answer: False Page: 151 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 3.3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy Learning Objective: LO3.20 APA LO: 2.1

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 3 Infancy Quiz: Physical Development in Infancy 1. The __________ principle of infant growth states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.

A. cephalocaudal B. proximodistal C. hierarchical integration D. independence of systems Answer: B. proximodistal Question Title: EOM Q3.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first 2 years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth.

Consider This: The trunk of the body grows before the extremities of the arms and legs. 3.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first 2 years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth.

2. Derron’s mother is interested in learning more about her son’s brain development. She has read about the process of ―pruning‖ and is intent on providing the perfect environment for her son’s optimal brain growth. Which statement best describes Derron’s brain development relative to synaptic pruning?

A. Connections that are used will be strengthened.

B. Genes fully determine Derron’s synaptic production.

C. The brain prunes the majority of connections before birth to increase efficiency of brain function.

D. Environmental factors have inconsequential impact on the pruning process.

Answer: A. Connections that are used will be strengthened.

Question Title: EOM Q3.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first 2 years of life, and explain how the environment affects such development.

Consider This: Established neurons build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons. 3.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first 2 years of life, and explain how the environment affects such development.

3. Since the American Academy of Pediatrics developed guidelines recommending that infants __________, the incidence of death from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has decreased.

A. sleep on their stomachs B. sleep on their sides C. sleep on their backs D. do not sleep with their mothers Answer: C. sleep on their backs Question Title: EOM Q3.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior.

Consider This: Parents should also consider giving their babies a pacifier during naps and bedtime. 3.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior.

4. Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes?

A. All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy.

B. Infants rely on observational learning rather than inborn reflexes.

C. Reflexes are remnants of early evolutionary processes but serve little purpose today.

D. Reflexes are genetic mechanisms important to survival.

Answer: D. Reflexes are genetic mechanisms important to survival.

Question Title: EOM Q3.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.4 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with both protect them and help them adapt to their surroundings.

Consider This: Given the protective value of many reflexes, it might seem beneficial for them to remain with us for our entire lives. 3.4 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with both protect them and help them adapt to their surroundings.

5. Brahm has just learned to pull himself up to a standing position. His accomplishment is an example of __________.

A. a fine motor skill B. a gross motor skill C. synaptic pruning D. the Moro reflex Answer: B. a gross motor skill Question Title: EOM Q3.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.5 Identify the milestones of gross motor and fine motor skill development in infancy.

Consider This: Initial milestones include rolling over and sitting up without support. 3.5 Identify the milestones of gross motor and fine motor skill development in infancy.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Infancy 1. According to Piaget, infants in the sensorimotor stage of development learn to master __________, the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

A. tertiary circular reactions B. simple reflexes C. object permanence D. accommodation Answer: C. object permanence Question Title: EOM Q3.2.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.9 Summarize the fundamental features of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and describe the sensorimotor stage.

Consider This: An infant understands that his/her father or mother still exists even when the parent has left the room. 3.9 Summarize the fundamental features of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and describe the sensorimotor stage.

2. Laurent is 17 years old. He is frustrated that he cannot seem to remember anything that happened to him before the age of 3. According to memory research, __________.

A. Laurent is normal, as most adults cannot remember experiences occurring before 3 years of age B. Laurent’s inability to remember much before the age of 3 is indicative of suppression of severe abuse C. Laurent should make an appointment to see a doctor, as he may be suffering from a rare cognitive disorder, infantile amnesia D. Laurent has a very low IQ Answer: A. Laurent is normal, as most adults cannot remember experiences occurring before 3 years of age Question Title: EOM Q3.2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.11 Describe how information-processing approaches explain cognitive development in infants, and summarize the memory capabilities of infants in the first 2 years of life.

Consider This: Research suggests memories of personal experiences in infancy do not last into adulthood. 3.11 Describe how information-processing approaches explain cognitive development in infants, and summarize the memory capabilities of infants in the first 2 years of life.

3. At 8 months old, Rodrigo is alert, enjoys listening to his father read books, crawls around the room much more quickly than his 9-month-old cousin, and loves watching his reflection in the mirror. His score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were quite high. Which of the following does Rodrigo’s high developmental quotient (DQ) indicate?

A. Rodrigo is showing signs of genius intellect.

B. Rodrigo’s fascination with his reflection indicates the beginnings of narcissistic personality disorder.

C. Rodrigo is healthy and appears to be developmentally ahead of his same-age peers.

D. Rodrigo’s father’s dreams of raising a star athlete will be realized.

Answer: C. Rodrigo is healthy and appears to be developmentally ahead of his same-age peers.

Question Title: EOM Q3.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 3.12 Explain how infant intelligence is measured using information-processing approaches.

Consider This: Developmental scales provide a good snapshot of an infant’s current developmental level. 3.12 Explain how infant intelligence is measured using informationprocessing approaches.

4. Cierra sees a cat on the front porch, points, and says to her mother, ―Kitty!‖ The fact that Cierra is using one word to imply a whole sentence—such as, ―Look at that kitty, momma!‖— reflects the use of __________.

A. holophrases B. underextension C. telegraphic speech D. expressive style Answer: A. holophrases Question Title: EOM Q3.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.13 Outline the processes by which children learn to use language.

Consider This: A child’s first words are often utterances that stand for a whole phrase. 3.13 Outline the processes by which children learn to use language.

5. Hekima is holding her infant daughter, Kazumi, and is speaking to her in short, simple sentences. Hekima is using a rather high-pitched voice and is often repetitive with her words.

Which of the following best represents Hekima’s exchange with her daughter?

A. the nativist approach to language development B. parentese C. infant-directed speech D. universal grammar Answer: C. infant-directed speech Question Title: EOM Q3.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.14 Differentiate the major theories of language development, and describe how children influence adults’ language.

Consider This: It is a style of speech that characterizes much of the verbal communication aimed at infants. 3.14 Differentiate the major theories of language development, and describe how children influence adults’ language.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Infancy 1. Which of the following children is most likely to express stranger anxiety?

A. Ashok, a 6-month-old encountering a stranger while sitting on his mother’s lap B. Baird, an 18-month-old meeting a stranger at the front door of his home C. Sharelle, a 15-month-old being dropped off at her childcare center D. Samaira, a 10-month-old meeting a stranger in a research laboratory Answer: D. Samaira, a 10-month-old meeting a stranger in a research laboratory Question Title: EOM Q3.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.15 Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first 2 years of life, and summarize the development of social referencing.

Consider This: Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety are largely attributable to the same reasons. 3.15 Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first 2 years of life, and summarize the development of social referencing.

2. Two-year-old Elysa laughs at the reflection of herself in the mirror and then rubs off a smear of birthday-cake frosting from her cheek. Elysa is displaying a keen sense of __________.

A. empathy B. self-awareness C. social referencing D. social awareness Answer: B. self-awareness Question Title: EOM Q3.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.16 Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first 2 years of life, including the development of a theory of mind.

Consider This: This ability represents infants’ understanding of themselves as independent beings. 3.16 Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first 2 years of life, including the development of a theory of mind.

3. Harlow’s parents are going out for the evening and you have been asked to babysit. When you are in the living room with his parents, Harlow is happy and contented. However, when they go back into their bedroom to finish getting dressed, he cries, and is not comforted when you pick him up. As soon as his mother comes out, she picks him up and he immediately calms down.

Harlow is exhibiting signs of a(n) __________ attachment.

A. secure B. avoidant C. ambivalent D. disorganized-disoriented Answer: A. secure Question Title: EOM Q3.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.17 Explain attachment in infancy, how it affects a person’s future social competence, and the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Consider This: It is a style of attachment in which children use the mother as home base and are at ease when she is present. 3.17 Explain attachment in infancy, how it affects a person’s future social competence, and the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

4. An infant who expresses an inability to adjust to new surroundings, is irritable, and shows signs of withdrawal when in a new environment would likely be characterized by Chess and Thomas as __________.

A. an easy baby B. a difficult baby C. a slow-to-warm baby D. temperamentally sensitive Answer: B. a difficult baby Question Title: EOM Q3.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.19 Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality and the roles that temperament and gender play.

Consider This: About 10 percent of infants belong in this category. 3.19 Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality and the roles that temperament and gender play.

5. Which statement most accurately reflects the impact of child care outside the home?

A. Children raised exclusively by their mothers have advanced cognitive abilities.

B. Children raised within a high-quality child-care setting have poor social skills when entering kindergarten.

C. High-quality child care outside the home negatively impacts children’s capacity to bond effectively with their parents.

D. High-quality child care outside the home does not adversely affect the security of infants’ attachments to their parents.

Answer: D. High-quality child care outside the home does not adversely affect the security of infants’ attachments to their parents.

Question Title: EOM Q3.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.20 Describe 21st-century families and their consequences for children, including the impact of nonparental child care on infants.

Consider This: High-quality child care outside the home produces only minor differences from home care in most respects. 3.20 Describe 21st-century families and their consequences for children, including the impact of nonparental child care on infants.

Chapter Quiz: Infancy 1. The __________ principle states that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts.

A. proximodistal B. hierarchical C. cephalocaudal D. independence of systems Answer: C. cephalocaudal Question Title: EOC Q3.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first 2 years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth.

Consider This: The name is based on Greek and Latin roots meaning ―head-to-tail.‖ 3.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first 2 years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth.

2. The infant brain triples its weight in the first 2 years of life as neurons increase in size and efficiency. The speed of processing within the infant brain is largely influenced by the rate at which __________ production occurs, a component that also serves to protect the neuron.

A. dendrite B. synaptic C. terminal button D. myelin Answer: D. myelin Question Title: EOC Q3.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first 2 years of life, and explain how the environment affects such development.

Consider This: It is a fatty substance that coats the axon. 3.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first 2 years of life, and explain how the environment affects such development.

3. Which term describes the sleep pattern often observed in infants that is characterized by closed eyes seemingly moving in a back-and-forth motion?

A. autostimulation B. rapid eye movement (REM) C. rhythm D. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Answer: B. rapid eye movement (REM) Question Title: EOC Q3.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior.

Consider This: The pattern is found in both children and adults and is associated with dreaming.

3.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior.

4. Which of the following best illustrates the protective value of infant reflexes?

A. the Babinski reflex, which is demonstrated in response to a stroke on the outside of the foot B. the eye-blink reflex, which protects the eye from direct light C. the rooting reflex, which ensures ingestion of food D. the Moro reflex, which protects individuals from falling Answer: B. the eye-blink reflex, which protects the eye from direct light Question Title: EOC Q3.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.4 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with both protect them and help them adapt to their surroundings.

Consider This: Some reflexes remain functional throughout the full life span. 3.4 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with both protect them and help them adapt to their surroundings.

5. Which statement best captures the usefulness of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

A. Norms are based on cultural factors, which may be helpful for determining age-appropriate development.

B. The timing of developmental milestones predicts future outcomes.

C. Norms are useful only to the extent that they are based on data from a large, heterogeneous, and culturally diverse sample of children.

D. The NBAS is limited in its ability to predict the neurological health of infants.

Answer: C. Norms are useful only to the extent that they are based on data from a large, heterogeneous, and culturally diverse sample of children.

Question Title: EOC Q3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.5 Identify the milestones of gross motor and fine motor skill development in infancy.

Consider This: The NBAS is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants’ normative standing. 3.5 Identify the milestones of gross motor and fine motor skill development in infancy.

6. Which slogan would most pediatricians endorse for patients with newborns?

A. ―Formula is Fantastic!‖ B. ―Soy is Joy!‖ C. ―Breast is Best!‖ D. ―Rice is Nice!‖ Answer: C. ―Breast is Best!‖ Question Title: EOC Q3.6 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.6 Summarize the role of nutrition in the physical development of infants, including the benefits of breastfeeding.

Consider This: According to child-care authorities, for the first 12 months of life, there is one food that is best for an infant. 3.6 Summarize the role of nutrition in the physical development of infants, including the benefits of breastfeeding.

7. Gibson and Walk (1960) placed infants on one side of a ―visual cliff‖ in order to test an infant’s __________.

A. depth perception B. ability to follow commands C. crawling ability D. visual acuity Answer: A. depth perception Question Title: EOC Q3.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.7 Describe the sensory capabilities of infants.

Consider This: Most infants ages 6 to 14 months cannot be coaxed to cross the cliff, apparently responding to the fact that the patterned area appears to drop several feet. 3.7 Describe the sensory capabilities of infants.

8. When James turned 1 year old, his grandmother presented him with a squeaky, clacking pulltoy. As soon as he saw it, he reached out for it, squeezed it, and grasped the pull string. After his grandmother showed him how to use it, James began to drag it behind him, gleefully enjoying the clacking sound. Researchers’ interest in how James’s sensory responses work together rather than separately reflects the _________ approach to perception.

A. multitasking B. multimodal C. sensory D. affordances Answer: B. multimodal Question Title: EOC Q3.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 3.8 Summarize the multimodal approach to perception.

Consider This: It is the approach that examines how sensory systems are integrated and coordinated. 3.8 Summarize the multimodal approach to perception.

9. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is a qualitative stage approach that __________.

A. describes strategies children may utilize when problem solving B. utilizes standardized tests to measure and describe thought processes C. identifies different types of cognition that children experience during particular ages D. provides inconclusive evidence of children’s cognitive development Answer: C. identifies different types of cognition that children experience during particular ages Question Title: EOC Q3.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.9 Summarize the fundamental features of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and describe the sensorimotor stage.

Consider This: Piaget suggests that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches appropriate physical maturation and is exposed to relevant experiences. 3.9 Summarize the fundamental features of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and describe the sensorimotor stage.

10. Which statement most closely represents a major criticism of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A. Some researchers question the stage conception that forms the basis of Piaget’s theory.

B. Piaget overemphasized the influence of sensory and perceptual systems.

C. Current research suggests that object permanence develops after conservation.

D. Many critics contend that non-Western cultures were overrepresented in Piaget’s study population.

Answer: A. Some researchers question the stage conception that forms the basis of Piaget’s theory.

Question Title: EOC Q3.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.10 Summarize the arguments both in support of and critical of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

Consider This: Recent research suggests that cognitive development proceeds in waves. 3.10 Summarize the arguments both in support of and critical of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

11. Which statement is true regarding infant memory?

A. Infants’ early memories are explicit in nature, not implicit.

B. Early infant memory based on motor skills, habits, and activities are easier for infants to recall.

C. Two-year-olds are unable to remember events that occurred when they were 6 months old.

D. Adults recall memories of early experiences occurring between birth and 18 months with remarkable accuracy.

Answer: B. Early infant memory based on motor skills, habits, and activities are easier for infants to recall.

Question Title: EOC Q3.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.11 Describe how information-processing approaches explain cognitive development in infants, and summarize the memory capabilities of infants in the first 2 years of life.

Consider This: Our earliest memories seem to be implicit memories, those that can be remembered without conscious cognitive effort, such as how to ride a bike or climb a stairway.

3.11 Describe how information-processing approaches explain cognitive development in infants, and summarize the memory capabilities of infants in the first 2 years of life.

12. Which scenario may offer some predictive value of future intelligence?

A. Justice, who scores high on fine motor skills B. Quora, who scores high on ability to repeat words C. Levi, who is extraordinarily good-natured D. Barron, who scores high on speed and efficiency of processing new stimuli Answer: D. Barron, who scores high on speed and efficiency of processing new stimuli Question Title: EOC Q3.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 3.12 Explain how infant intelligence is measured using information-processing approaches.

Consider This: Infants who are more efficient information processors during the 6 months following birth tend to have higher intelligence scores between 2 and 12 years of age. 3.12 Explain how infant intelligence is measured using information-processing approaches.

13. Sadie refers to buses, trucks, campers, and tractors as ―cars.‖ Sadie is displaying the language characteristic called __________.

A. underextension B. telegraphic speech C. overextension D. referential style Answer: C. overextension Question Title: EOC Q3.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.13 Outline the processes by which children learn to use language.

Consider This: It is the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning. 3.13 Outline the processes by which children learn to use language.

14. One strong piece of evidence in support of Chomsky’s nativist approach to language development is that __________.

A. children are rewarded for language production B. recent research has identified a specific gene related to speech production C. learning theory suggests that children are unable to produce novel phrases D. interactionist perspectives do not consider environmental factors influencing language production Answer: B. recent research has identified a specific gene related to speech production Question Title: EOC Q3.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 3.14 Differentiate the major theories of language development, and describe how children influence adults’ language.

Consider This: Language processing in infants involves brain structures similar to those in adult speech processing, suggesting an evolutionary basis to language. 3.14 Differentiate the major theories of language development, and describe how children influence adults’ language.

15. __________ describes the stress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs.

A. Separation anxiety B. Stranger anxiety C. Overreaction D. Neediness Answer: A. Separation anxiety Question Title: EOC Q3.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 3.15 Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first 2 years of life, and summarize the development of social referencing.

Consider This: It begins at about 7 to 8 months of age and peaks at 14 months. 3.15 Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first 2 years of life, and summarize the development of social referencing.

16. Two-year-olds Sasha and Katarina are playing when Sasha trips and falls. When Sasha begins to cry, Katarina reaches over, kisses her skinned knee, and hugs her while reassuring Sasha by saying, ―It’s okay, it’s okay.‖ Katarina’s response most closely resembles the emotion of __________.

A. sympathy B. kindness C. empathy D. helpfulness Answer: C. empathy Question Title: EOC Q3.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.16 Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first 2 years of life, including the development of a theory of mind.

Consider This: It is an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person.

3.16 Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first 2 years of life, including the development of a theory of mind.

17. Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

A. Harry, whose parents often express happiness toward him B. Jillian, whose parents are demonstrably affectionate toward her C. Isaac, whose parents frequently play games with him D. Jordan, whose parents tend not to respond to her crying Answer: D. Jordan, whose parents tend not to respond to her crying Question Title: EOC Q3.17 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.17 Explain attachment in infancy, how it affects a person’s future social competence, and the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Consider This: Consistent response to the needs of infants paves the way for healthy attachment between parent and child. 3.17 Explain attachment in infancy, how it affects a person’s future social competence, and the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

18. __________ neurons may help infants understand others’ actions and develop a theory of mind.

A. Imitation B. Reflective C. Mirror D. Sociability Answer: C. Mirror Question Title: EOC Q3.18 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 3.18 Discuss the development of peer relationships in infancy.

Consider This: They are neurons that fire when an individual enacts a behavior and when the individual simply observes another organism carrying out the same behavior. 3.18 Discuss the development of peer relationships in infancy.

19. Davidson is an infant who expresses a sense of hope. Which stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development has Davidson successfully resolved?

A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. initiative versus guilt C. identity versus identity confusion D. trust versus mistrust Answer: D. trust versus mistrust Question Title: EOC Q3.19 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 3.19 Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality and the roles that temperament and gender play.

Consider This: It is the stage that largely depends on how well a child’s needs are met by his or her caregivers. 3.19 Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality and the roles that temperament and gender play.

20. Based on the long-term Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, long-term participation in day care __________.

A. is detrimental to a child’s emotional development B. results in academic underachievement when children reach elementary school C. offers positive benefits if child care is of high quality D. benefits only those of low socioeconomic status Answer: C. offers positive benefits if child care is of high quality Question Title: EOC Q3.20 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 3.20 Describe 21st-century families and their consequences for children, including the impact of nonparental child care on infants.

Consider This: Child care outside the home may enhance certain aspects of development. 3.20 Describe 21st-century families and their consequences for children, including the impact of nonparental child care on infants.

Chapter 4 The Preschool Years 4-1. By age 2, the average youngster in the United States weighs around __________ pounds and is close to __________ tall. a) b) c) d)

25–30; 36 inches 25–50; 38 inches 40–65; 50 inches 50–60; 43 inches

Answer: a Page: 160 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 4-2. By the time a child is 6 years old, he or she weighs, on average, about __________ pounds and stands approximately __________ inches tall. a) b) c) d)

30; 36 46; 46 60; 55 75; 50

Answer: b Page: 160 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

4-3. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the influence on a preschooler’s weight and height? a) b) c) d)

Sex: girls tend to gain more weight and height than boys.

Global economics: children in industrialized countries like Sweden do not gain weight and height as quickly as do children living in Bangladesh.

Poverty: U.S. children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level are likely to be shorter than children from more affluent homes.

The quality of preschool: children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches.

Answer: c Page: 160 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 4-4. As an infant, Sarah had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches. However, now Sarah is 4 years old and she is experiencing frequent earaches. What is the most likely reason for this? a) b) c) d)

Sarah attends preschool and picks up many more infectious bacteria and viruses than she would at home.

Sarah attends preschool, and the noise level of the other children playing aggravates her hearing and gives her earaches.

Sarah’s eustachian tubes have radically changed orientation, which in turn can lead to earaches.

Sarah has developed an allergy to the shampoo her mother uses to wash her hair, and the result is inflammation in her eustachian tubes.

Answer: c Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-5. Because the rate of Alex’s growth during his preschool years is __________ than during infancy, Alex needs __________ food to maintain his growth. a) b) c) d)

slower; less faster; more slower; more faster; less

Answer: a Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-6. What is the term for a condition in which body weight is more than 20 percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height? a) b) c) d)

Overweight Underweight Malnutrition Obesity

Answer: d Page: 161 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-7. Natalie is a 2-year-old child who struggles with constant fatigue. Her diet is limited in the amount of dark green vegetables available and consists mainly of rice and high-fat meats. Based on the information in your text, Natalie’s fatigue is likely a reflection of what nutritional problem? a) b) c) d)

Diabetes Iron-deficiency anemia Psychosomatic illness Vitamin A deficiency

Answer: b Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-8. It is particularly important to provide foods high in __________ to preschool children to help prevent fatigue-causing anemia. a) b) c) d)

calcium protein iron carbohydrates

Answer: c Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-9. Preschoolers need a variety of foods containing vitamins that are necessary for healthy growth. These include Vitamin A, found in foods such as __________ and eggs, and Vitamin ___________, found in fruit. a) milk; D b) red meat; C c) fish; D d) milk; C Answer: d Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-10. A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is a plant or animal whose DNA has been artificially modified in an effort to produce crops that may be __________. a) more resistant to insect damage b) higher in fiber c) more resistant to drought d) lower in cholesterol Answer: a Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-11. Estimates suggest __________ to __________ percent of the food supply may consist of GMOs. a) 15; 20 b) 25; 35 c) 40; 50 d) 60; 70 Answer: d Page: 161 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-12. The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age 3 to 5. a) 1–2 b) 3–5 c) 5–8 d) 7–10 Answer: d Page: 161 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-13. Before they are 10 years old, children are __________ as likely to die from an __________ as from an __________. a) b) c) d)

twice; injury; illness three times; illness; injury two times; illness; injury four times; injury; illness

Answer: a Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-14. What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child? a) b) c) d)

Illness Nutritional problems Accidents Neglect

Answer: c Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-15. Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group? a) b) c) d)

Parental neglect, parents working full time, lack of supervision Preschooler’s high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment Dangerous furniture, unsafe living conditions, poor lighting Lack of quality day care, lack of supervision, poorly trained day care workers

Answer: b Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-16. Which preschooler is most likely to die of injuries? a) b) c) d)

A boy in the suburbs A boy in the inner city A girl in a small town A girl growing up on a farm

Answer: b Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-17. What is the term used to describe the practice of placing covers over electrical outlets and child locks on cabinets, using child car seats, and preventing long-term hazards such as lead poisoning? a) b) c) d)

Quality child care Parenting Child-proofing Supervision

Answer: c Page: 162 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-18. According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately how many children are at risk of developing lead poisoning due to exposure to potentially toxic levels of lead? a) b) c) d)

5 million 10 million 14 million 20 million

Answer: c Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-19. Which of the following is a likely source of exposure to lead poisoning? a) b) c) d)

Painted walls and window frames in newer homes Gasoline and air pollution from car exhaust Plastic pipes that carry water Farm products such as fruits, vegetables, and milk

Answer: b Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-20. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services consider the most hazardous health threat to children under the age of 6? a) b) c) d)

Obesity Lead poisoning Accidents Neglect

Answer: b Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-21. Aaron is 5 years old. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services consider the greatest threat to his health? a) b) c) d)

Accidents Neglect Obesity Lead poisoning

Answer: d Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-22. The tragic case in Flint, Michigan, illustrates the developmental damage and detrimental effects to children caused by __________-contaminated water. a) iron b) zinc c) lead d) plastic Answer: c Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-23. Which of the following is considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children? a) b) c) d)

Problems with learning how to speak Obesity and abnormal growth/height Hyper-focus and attention to detail Antisocial behavior, irritability, aggression, and delinquency

Answer: d Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-24. Ali is considering enrolling his young son in child care while he pursues his master’s degree. He is concerned about exposing his son to illness and disease from others, particularly as his son’s immune system is developing. Which of the following is an advisable precaution Ali can take to minimize his son’s risk of sickness or disease? a) refuse the recommended schedule of immunizations b) avoid enrolling his son in team sports c) provide his son with a protein-based diet d) minimize his son’s exposure to other sick children Answer: d Page: 163 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-25. By age 5, a child’s brain weighs __________ as much as an average adult’s brain. a) b) c) d)

60 percent 70 percent 80 percent 90 percent

Answer: d Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

4-26. What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells? a) b) c) d)

Reticular formation Corpus callosum Myelin Cerebellum

Answer: c Page: 163 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 4-27. By the end of the preschool period, the brain structure called the __________ becomes considerably thicker, with individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres. a) b) c) d)

cerebral cortex frontal lobe hypothalamus corpus callosum

Answer: d Page: 163 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2

4-28. What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other? a) b) c) d)

Cross-referencing Lateralization Hemispheric transference Transmission

Answer: b Page: 163 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2 4-29. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in the following area: a) b) c) d)

comprehension of spatial relationships speaking reading thinking

Answer: a Page: 163 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2

4-30. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in the following: a) b) c) d)

comprehension of spatial relationships recognition of patterns and drawings thinking and reasoning music and emotional expression

Answer: c Page: 163 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2 4-31. The left hemisphere of the brain processes information __________, while the right hemisphere of the brain processes information __________. a) b) c) d)

globally; sequentially sequentially; globally sequentially; one piece of data at a time reflecting on it as a whole; sequentially

Answer: b Page: 163 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2

4-32. Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture, boys show a greater lateralization of language in the __________ hemisphere; while girls develop language in __________. a) b) c) d)

right; the right hemisphere left; the right hemisphere left; both hemispheres right; both hemispheres

Answer: c Page: 164 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2 4-33. Neuroscientists have discovered growth spurts in the brains of children who are __________ years of age, a time associated with the development of language abilities. a) b) c) d)

1 to 1½ 1½ to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4

Answer: b Page: 164 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.4 APA LO: 1.2

4-34. Which area of the brain is associated with attention and concentration and is completely myelinated by the time a child is 5 years of age? a) b) c) d)

Corpus callosum Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Reticular formation

Answer: d Page: 164 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.4 APA LO: 1.2 4-35. Which area of the brain is associated with memory and is completely myelinated in the preschool years? a) b) c) d)

Corpus callosum Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Cerebellum

Answer: b Page: 164 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.4 APA LO: 1.2

4-36. During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for balance and movement? a) b) c) d)

Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Hippocampus

Answer: a Page: 164 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.4 APA LO: 1.2 4-37. During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for sophisticated information processing? a) b) c) d)

Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Corpus callosum Hippocampus

Answer: a Page: 164 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.4 APA LO: 1.2

4-38. By what age would a child be expected to jump, hop on one foot, skip, and run? a) b) c) d)

1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years

Answer: c Page: 165 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-39. At a family reunion picnic, the Wilson’s two children participated in different games.

Which of the following is a game that the 4-year-old would likely have enough fine motor skills to play? a) b) c) d)

Throwing a ball accurately Tossing a ring around a peg Bike races Badminton

Answer: a Page: 165 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2

4-40. Which of the following is a gross motor skill that a 5-year-old preschooler possesses? a) b) c) d)

Folding paper into triangular designs Putting together a simple jigsaw puzzle Skiing downhill Manipulating a pencil

Answer: c Page: 165 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-41. Under what circumstances might it be advisable to delay toilet training? a) When a child receives a puppy for his or her birthday b) Upon the birth of a new baby c) When a child has a runny nose d) After a child gets a toddler bed Answer: b Page: 166 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-42. In which stage is a child’s general level of activity extraordinarily high? a) b) c) d)

Infancy Preschool years Adolescent years Young adult years

Answer: b Page: 166 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2

4-43. Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.

In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age? a) b) c) d)

32 percent 52 percent 72 percent 92 percent

Answer: d Page: 166 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-44. Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.

In 1999, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 45 percent 65 percent 85 percent

Answer: a Page: 166 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2

4-45. In 1999, what percentage of 36-month-old toddlers had been toilet trained? a) b) c) d)

20 percent 40 percent 60 percent 80 percent

Answer: c Page: 166 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-46. In 1999, what percentage of 4-year-old toddlers were not yet toilet trained? a) b) c) d)

2 percent 12 percent 22 percent 32 percent

Answer: a Page: 166 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2

4-47. Which of the following is considered one sign that a toddler is ready to begin toilet training? a) b) c) d)

They thoroughly wipe/cleanse themselves after urination or defecation.

They stay dry at least 2 hours at a time during the day or wake up dry after taking a nap.

They communicate, through facial expressions or words, that urination or elimination has already occurred.

They follow complicated directions.

Answer: b Page: 166 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-48.Which of the following is a fine motor skill that a 3-year-old preschooler can perform? a) b) c) d)

Buttoning his pants after going to the bathroom Putting together a 100-piece jigsaw puzzle Fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes Throwing a ball to a friend so the friend can catch it

Answer: c Page: 167 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.6 APA LO: 1.2

4-49. By what age do children tend to show signs of a preference for the use of one hand over the other? a) b) c) d)

in early infancy 2 years of age 3 years of age 4 years of age

Answer: a Page: 167 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.6 APA LO: 1.2 4-50. Piaget believed that the __________ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development called the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

preschool years; operational preschool years; preoperational school years; concrete school years; operational

Answer: b Page: 168 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

4-51. Piaget believed that children from __________ years of age fall into the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

2 to 7; concrete operational 2 to 7; preoperational 5 to 7; concrete operational 5 to 7; preoperational

Answer: b Page: 168 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-52. According to Piaget, in which stage, between ages 2 and 7, does children’s use of symbolic thinking grow, mental reasoning emerge, and use of concepts increase? a) b) c) d)

Concrete operational Preoperational Abstract operational Symbolic functioning

Answer: b Page: 168 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-53. According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational thought? a) b) c) d)

Symbolic function Organized, formal, logical mental processes Increased memory for objects Increased fine motor skill development

Answer: a Page: 169 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-54. Which of the following is the best description of Piaget’s symbolic function? a) b) c) d)

The child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean something.

The child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.

The child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes.

The child is able to use his or her imagination.

Answer: b Page: 169 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-55. According to Piaget, __________ is at the heart of __________, which is a major advance for preschool children. a) b) c) d)

symbolic function; language concrete operations; language symbolic function; preoperations symbolic function; concrete operations

Answer: a Page: 169 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-56. What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring others? a) b) c) d)

Symbolic functioning Language acquisition Centration Concrete operations

Answer: c Page: 169 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-57. Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? a) b) c) d)

Symbolic functioning Concrete operations Preoperational functioning Centration

Answer: d Page: 169 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-58. Four-year-old Johnny is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours milk in the children’s glasses, she finds there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny’s sister. Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of __________. a) b) c) d)

reversibility conservation concrete operational thought preoperational thought

Answer: b Page: 169 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 å4-59. What was Piaget’s explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation? a) b) c) d)

Their neural-visual network is not fully matured.

They have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to know the difference between quantities.

Their tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation.

They have not yet developed numerical understanding; therefore, different amounts are meaningless.

Answer: c Pages: 169–170 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-60. Preschoolers’ thoughts tend to focus on __________. a) b) c) d)

the superficial that which is unseen internal elements relevant features or aspects of a situation

Answer: a Pages: 169–170 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-61. __________is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. a) b) c) d)

Concrete operations Conservation Centration Preoperational operations

Answer: b Page: 170 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-62. If a 4½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other pictures in between to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be demonstrating a lack of __________. a) b) c) d)

egocentric thought intuitive thought conservation transformation

Answer: d Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-63. What term did Piaget use for the process in which one state is changed into another? a) b) c) d)

Transformation Conservation Centration Concrete operations

Answer: a Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-64. Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called __________. a) b) c) d)

conservation centration intuitive thought egocentric thought

Answer: d Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-65. On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens a gift from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Billy is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

centration egocentric thought conservation intuitive thought

Answer: b Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-66. Three-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others and ignores his mother’s instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. In this example, Randy is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

childhood schizophrenia conservation of thought intuitive thought egocentric thought

Answer: d Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-67. Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

intuitive thought egocentric thought centration conservation

Answer: b Page: 171 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-68. What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world? a) b) c) d)

Egocentric thought Centration Intuitive thought Conservation

Answer: c Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-69. In 4-year-old Amanda’s preschool class, the group discussion involved airplanes. After that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about airplanes, even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation for how she knew what she knew. In this example, Amanda is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

conservation intuitive thought egocentric thought centration

Answer: b Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-70. By the end of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns. This is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity functionality intuitive thought egocentric thought

Answer: b Page: 171 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-71. In the later stages of the preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance. This is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity functionality intuitive thought egocentric thought

Answer: a Page: 171 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-72. Four-year-old Roger has been given six different toys, and his mother is working with him in his math skills. According to developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman, which skill would Roger exhibit as he learns to count using his toys? a) b) c) d)

Showing his mother that each toy is assigned just one number, and that each toy should be counted only once Comparing different quantities and carrying out simple division and multiplication Showing that when he gets the ―names‖ of the numbers wrong (e.g., 1, 3, 6 instead of 1, 2, 3), he would be inconsistent Counting the toys flawlessly and with precision

Answer: a Page: 172 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.8 APA LO: 1.2 4-73. What is the term for a memory of particular events from one’s own life? a) b) c) d)

Picture memory Visual memory Autobiographical memory Semantic memory

Answer: c Page: 173 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2

4-74. Preschoolers’ memories are often organized in broad representations of events in the order in which they occurred. These representations are referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

autobiographical memory biographical memory scripts schema

Answer: c Page: 173 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2 4-75. __________ focuses on the reliability of children’s autobiographical memories and considers children’s abilities to recall events in their lives when they are witnesses or victims. a) b) c) d)

Developmental psychopathology Hypnosis Information processing Forensic developmental psychology

Answer: d Page: 174 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2

4-76. When discussing the reliability of memories, the memory of a(n) __________ is considered the most vulnerable to suggestion and therefore the least reliable. a) b) c) d)

senior citizen adult school-age child preschool-age child

Answer: d Page: 174 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2 4-77. Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems? a) b) c) d)

B. F. Skinner Jean Piaget John B. Watson Lev Vygotsky

Answer: d Page: 175 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2

4-78. Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools and play groups and the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives? a) b) c) d)

Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky John B. Watson B. F. Skinner

Answer: b Page: 175 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2 4-79. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent? a) b) c) d)

schema script zone of proximal development scaffolding

Answer: c Pages: 175–176 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2

4-80. According to Vygotsky, if one child receives assistance, he or she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed __________. a) b) c) d)

schema scaffolding scripting mentoring

Answer: b Page: 176 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2 4-81. What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth? a) b) c) d)

Scaffolding Scripting Schema Mentoring

Answer: a Page: 176 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2

4-82. Which of the following is Vygotsky’s term for the actual physical items (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.) that a child uses to learn? a) b) c) d)

Memory aids Definition aids Cultural tools Learning aids

Answer: c Page: 176 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2 4-83. Which term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences? a) b) c) d)

Pragmatic speech Grammar Private speech Syntax

Answer: d Page: 177 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2

4-84. From the late 2s and into the mid-3s, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences __________ each month. a) b) c) d)

doubles triples quadruples quintuples

Answer: a Page: 177 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-85. By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around __________ words. a) b) c) d)

8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Answer: d Page: 177 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2

4-86. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter? a) b) c) d)

Encoding Egocentric speech Fast mapping Private speech

Answer: c Page: 177 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-87. What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed? a) b) c) d)

Egocentric speech Fast mapping Private speech Grammar

Answer: d Page: 178 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-88. At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time? a) b) c) d)

3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years

Answer: a Page: 178 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2

4-89. When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

egocentric speech syntax fast mapping private speech

Answer: d Page: 178 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-90. What is the term for the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others? a) b) c) d)

Syntax Fast mapping Pragmatics Private speech

Answer: c Page: 178 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2

4-91. When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as ―please‖ and ―thank you,‖ the child is demonstrating knowledge of __________. a) b) c) d)

egocentric speech pragmatics social speech fast mapping

Answer: b Page: 178 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-92. What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person? a) b) c) d)

Social speech Pragmatics Syntax Private speech

Answer: a Page: 178 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2

4-93. Before the age of 3, most children are unable to engage in __________ speech. a) b) c) d)

pragmatic private egocentric social

Answer: d Page: 178 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.11 APA LO: 1.2 4-94. Approximately how many hours per week does the average preschool child watch TV? a) b) c) d)

15 21 30 40

Answer: b Page: 179 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-95. Research indicates that preschoolers spend approximately __________ reading on the average day. a) b) c) d)

¾ hour 1 hour 1.5 hours 2 hours

Answer: a Page: 179 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-96. What percentage of preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 has used a computer? a) b) c) d)

30 percent 50 percent 70 percent 90 percent

Answer: c Page: 179 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-97. Danielle is considering purchasing a laptop as a birthday present for her 5-year-old daughter. However, Danielle, who is worried that a computer may be inappropriate for a 5-yearold, is surprised to learn that __________ percent of preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 have used a computer, and __________ of them use one every day. a) 25; a quarter b) 50; a half c) 70; a quarter d) 80; a half Answer: c Page: 179 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-98. How much TV does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under 2 years old be allowed to watch per day? a) b) c) d)

None 30 minutes 45 minutes 60 minutes

Answer: a Page: 179 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-99. After the age of 2, what is the maximum number of hours per day of quality television that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends for children? a) b) c) d)

1 to 2 hours 2 to 3 hours 3 to 4 hours 4 to 5 hours

Answer: a Page: 179 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-100. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that parents limit combined screen time using television, computers, video games, and DVDs to a total of __________ per day for preschoolers. a) 30 minutes b) 1 hour c) 2 hours d) 4 hours Answer: c Page: 179 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-101. Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in some form of ___________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at age 5 or 6 in the United States. a) b) c) d)

quality television watching quality child care educational activity socialization with peers

Answer: c Page: 180 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-102. Almost __________ of children in the United States are enrolled in some form of care outside the home. a) 25 percent b) 35 percent c) 50 percent d) 75 percent Answer: d Page: 180 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-103. Cecile is comparing the pros and cons of placing her young sons in child care so that she can go back to full-time work. She is concerned that child care may delay her children’s development. Cecile is surprised to learn that when compared to children who stay at home without formal educational involvement, children enrolled in good preschools experience __________. a) clear cognitive and social benefits b) an increase in physical development c) improved nutrition d) delays in language development Answer: a Page: 180 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-104. The model of early childhood education focused primarily on social and emotional development is __________. a) family child-care centers b) preschools c) child-care centers d) school child care Answer: c Page: 180 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-105. The Reggio Emilia preschool approach incorporates __________, emphasizing joint participation of children and teachers. a) social skills b) a negotiated curriculum c) language immersion d) team-based games Answer: b Page: 181 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-106. Which statement highlights the effectiveness of out-of-home child care? a) Most children in child-care environments show a significant improvement in physical ability. b) Some studies show children in child care are less verbally fluent than at-home children are. c) Long-term participation in child care is particularly helpful for children from higherincome homes. d) Children in high-quality programs demonstrate greater self-confidence, independence, and knowledge about their social world than stay-at-home children do.

Answer: d Page: 181 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-107. Which is a characteristic of high-quality child care? a) Care providers who are highly trained, preferably with bachelor’s degrees b) No more than 14 to 20 three-year-olds per caregiver c) At least three meals a day served d) Child-to-teacher ratio of 20:1 or better Answer: a Page: 182 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-108. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most important benefit of preschool? a) b) c) d)

Academic head start Developing a sense of independence The experience of being a member of a group Learning about the child’s family history

Answer: c Page: 182 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-109. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Chinese parents view as the primary benefit of preschool? a) b) c) d)

Academic head start Developing a sense of independence Experiencing being a member of a group Learning about the child’s family history

Answer: a Page: 182 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2

4-110. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do U.S. parents view as the primary purpose of preschool? a) b) c) d)

Academic head start Developing a sense of independence The experience of being a member of a group Learning about the child’s family history

Answer: b Page: 182 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-111. Who was the psychoanalyst who suggested that during the preschool years, children face conflict related to initiative? a) b) c) d)

Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Lev Vygotsky B. F. Skinner

Answer: b Page: 184 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-112. What is Erikson’s term for development that encompasses changes in individuals’ understanding of themselves and of others’ behavior? a) b) c) d)

Initiative versus guilt stage Self-concept Psychosocial development Individualistic orientation

Answer: c Page: 184 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-113. The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

self-concept autonomy-versus-shame individualistic orientation initiative-versus-guilt

Answer: d Page: 184 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-114. According to Erikson, children 3 to 6 years of age who experience conflict between independence of action and the results of that action are in the __________. a) b) c) d)

initiative-versus-guilt stage autonomy-versus-shame stage individualistic orientation collectivistic orientation

Answer: a Page: 184 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-115. When 4-year-old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop __________. a) b) c) d)

initiative autonomy self-concept individualistic orientation

Answer: a Page: 185 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-116. Five-year-old Randy is in preschool, and his teacher is showing him how to use a pair of children’s scissors to cut paper. Randy tries to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance and says to his teacher, ―Let me.‖ Erikson would say that Randy is demonstrating what stage of development? a) b) c) d)

Individualistic orientation Psychosocial Initiative-versus-guilt Self-concept

Answer: c Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-117. Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher uses open, friendly questions to build rapport with him. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendel responds, ―I can run fast‖ and ―I like to eat pizza.‖ Wendel’s responses are examples of his __________. a) b) c) d)

individualistic orientation autonomy self-concept psychosocial development

Answer: c Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-118. What is the term for a person’s set of beliefs about what he or she is like as an individual? a) b) c) d)

Individualistic orientation Self-concept Psychosocial development Ego

Answer: b Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-119. Preschool-age children’s view of themselves reflects the way their culture views self. For example, many Asian societies tend to have __________. a) b) c) d)

an individualistic orientation self-concept orientation a collectivistic orientation a nationalistic orientation

Answer: c Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-120. What is the term for the orientation that promotes interdependence and responsibility to others? a) b) c) d)

Nationalism Collectivistic orientation Individualistic orientation Socialism

Answer: b Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-121. Western cultures, unlike many Asian cultures, foster a view of self reflected in a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

self-concept collectivistic orientation initiative versus guilt stage individualistic orientation

Answer: d Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-122. The philosophy of __________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. a) b) c) d)

psychosocial development eastern cultures collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation

Answer: d Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-123. Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the United States who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Haruki is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) __________, and Haruki is growing up with __________. a) b) c) d)

self-concept; no self-concept self-concept; a collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation; no self-concept

Answer: c Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-124. What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people? a) b) c) d)

Race dissonance Ethnic preference Race identity Cultural identity

Answer: a Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-125. Four-year-old Sheila, an African American, is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children. According to research regarding racial dissonance, Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward __________. a) b) c) d)

pictures of white children pictures of black children pictures of black and white children together none of the pictures

Answer: b Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-126. Gender, the sense of being male or female, is well established by the time children are __________. a) b) c) d)

adolescents around 8 years old infants preschool age

Answer: d Page: 186 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-127. Beliefs in gender stereotypes become increasingly pronounced up to age 5 and somewhat less rigid by age __________. a) b) c) d)

7 9 11 16

Answer: a Page: 186 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-128. What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors? a) b) c) d)

Height and weight Hormones Brain size/development Prenatal development

Answer: b Pages: 186–187 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-129. Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of __________ prenatally, they are more likely to display ―typical male‖ behaviors. a) b) c) d)

adrenaline estrogen androgens toxins

Answer: c Page: 187 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-130. According to the evolutionary perspective, which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of gender differences? a) Gender differences have little bearing on the survival of the species. b) Males with more nurturing characteristics attract females with competitive traits. c) Females with nurturing characteristics are valued for their tendency to help children survive. d) Forceful and competitive females attract males who can provide them with sturdy offspring.

Answer: c Page: 187 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-131. The __________ approach is based on the belief that children learn gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and noticing that they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways. a) b) c) d)

Freudian social learning Erikson’s conflict-resolution individualistic orientation

Answer: b Page: 187 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-132. What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female? a) b) c) d)

Sexual identity Individualistic orientation Gender schema Gender identity

Answer: d Page: 187 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-133. To develop a(n) __________, a child must develop a __________. a) b) c) d)

gender schema; gender identity gender identity; gender schema self-concept; gender identity individualistic orientation; gender schema

Answer: b Page: 187 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-134. When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, he or she is __________. a) developing his or her own sexual identity based on inborn expectations b) increasing his or her own cognitive abilities to develop ―rules‖ about what is appropriate and inappropriate for males and females c) developing his or her own ideas about how males and females are biologically different d) developing his or her behavior solely around what he or she sees from his or her parents’ behavior Answer: b Page: 187 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-135. Amy’s mother has bought her brand new jeans to wear. However, 5-year-old Amy refuses, insisting that girls wear only dresses. This may be an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

gender constancy autonomy a gender schema a gender identity

Answer: c Page: 187 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-136. __________ is the awareness that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. a) b) c) d)

Gender schema Gender constancy Gender identity Sexual identity

Answer: b Page: 188 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-137. At approximately what age do boys and girls understand the concept of gender constancy? a) b) c) d)

1 or 2 years 2 or 3 years 3 or 4 years 4 or 5 years

Answer: d Page: 188 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-138. The concept that preschool-age children believe that differences in sex are based not on biological factors but on the differences in boys’ and girls’ appearance and/or behavior(s) is expressed by which researcher and theory? a) b) c) d)

Skinner; social learning theory Freud; psychoanalytic theory Erikson; conflict resolution theory Kohlberg; cognitive-developmental theory

Answer: d Page: 188 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-139. What is the term for a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes? a) b) c) d)

Gender identity Androgynous Gender schema Gender constancy

Answer: b Page: 188 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2

4-140. Marion and her husband Bill are trying to bring up their children, a boy and a girl ages 4 and 5, respectively, in exactly the same way: encouraging their son to demonstrate both assertiveness and tenderness and encouraging their daughter to exhibit both independence and empathy. According to researcher Sandra Bem, these parents are encouraging their children toward __________. a) b) c) d)

gender constancy gender schema androgynous characteristics gender identification

Answer: c Page: 188 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-141. Preschoolers’ peer relationships tend to be based mostly on __________. a) b) c) d)

care, protection, and direction intellectual stimulation and cognitive growth building skills through competition the desire for companionship, play, and fun

Answer: d Page: 188 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-142. Raul and Raymond are 3 years old, and the main benefit they get from being friends is __________. a) b) c) d)

doing things together and joint play trust, support, and shared interests the give-and-take of competing with each other in games the intellectual stimulation of conversation and learning activities

Answer: a Page: 188 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-143. What is the term for play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds? a) b) c) d)

Constructive Simple Functional Associative

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-144. Which of the following is the best example of functional play? a) b) c) d)

Skipping or jumping Checkers Counting items like cookies Playing with Legos to build objects

Answer: a Page: 189 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-145. Functional play is typical of __________. a) b) c) d)

2-year-olds 3-year-olds 5-year-olds 7-year-olds

Answer: b Page: 189 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-146. What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something? a) b) c) d)

Functional Parallel Cooperative Constructive

Answer: d Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-147. When 4-year-old Anna uses Legos to build a playhouse or puts a puzzle together, this is an example of __________ play. a) b) c) d)

functional parallel constructive associative

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-148. Constructive play is typical of __________. a) b) c) d)

2-year-olds 3-year-olds 4-year-olds 5-year-olds

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-149. What type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other? a) b) c) d)

Associative Functional Onlooker Parallel

Answer: d Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-150. Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy car, while Alex is sitting next to her, playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds. The two children never interact.

What type of play are they engaged in? a) b) c) d)

Parallel Onlooker Functional Associative

Answer: a Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-151. What is the type of play in which children simply watch others at play but do not actually participate themselves? a) b) c) d)

Associative Parallel Onlooker Functional

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-152. Several 4-year-old boys are sitting at a table playing with cars in a makeshift race, and one boy stands by the table watching them. Occasionally, the boy who is standing calls out for the green car to go faster. This is an example of __________ play. a) b) c) d)

functional parallel onlooker associative

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-153. What is the term for play in which two or more children interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing? a) b) c) d)

Functional Associative Parallel Onlooker

Answer: b Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-154. In preschool one day, five children decide to build a fort together. Each child looks for objects in the classroom that can be put together to build the fort. This is an example of __________ play. a) b) c) d)

cooperative parallel functional onlooker

Answer: a Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-155. What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests? a) b) c) d)

Associative Functional Cooperative Parallel

Answer: c Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-156. Three children in a preschool class are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of __________ play. a) b) c) d)

cooperative associative parallel functional

Answer: a Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-157. When do associative and cooperative play tend to become most common among children? a) b) c) d)

in infancy at ages 1 to 2 years at ages 2 to 3 years toward the end of the preschool years

Answer: d Page: 189 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-158. Play assists preschoolers in __________. a) b) c) d)

developing socially, cognitively, and physically suppressing their emotions increasing their levels of testosterone allowing genders to self-identify

Answer: a Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-159. A 3-year-old’s understanding of ―belief‖ can be illustrated by __________. a) b) c) d)

sleight-of-hand tricks hide and seek a false belief task truth or dare

Answer: c Page: 190 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2

4-160. Children with autism spectrum disorder find it particularly difficult to relate to others, in part because they find it difficult to __________. a) b) c) d)

listen to others pay attention understand what others are thinking use visualization

Answer: c Page: 190 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2 4-161. Six-year-old Charlie lacks the ability to connect to other classmates, is unable to make any significant friends, and avoids interpersonal activities. According to the textbook’s author, Charlie is displaying symptoms of __________. a) autism spectrum disorder b) antisocial personality disorder c) bipolar disorder d) deafness Answer: a Page: 190 Level: 2-Medium Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2 4-162. According to the Centers for Disease Control, about __________ children (primarily __________) have autism spectrum disorder. a) 1 in 25; males b) 1 in 53; females c) 1 in 68; males d) 1 in 76; females Answer: c Page: 190 Level: 1-Easy Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2

4-163. Unbeknownst to Chang, his parents are playing a trick on him by presenting him with a wrapped bar of soap for his birthday. Chang opens the gift and, on seeing the bar of soap, looks over to his grandmother and hesitantly and softly says, ―I wanted this soap, grandmother. Thank you!‖ Clearly, Chang’s body language indicates his disappointment in the gift. What likely explains why Chang lied about his enthusiasm for the gift of soap? a) Chang is not lying but likely enjoys soap. b) Chang is a habitual liar. c) The soap is the only gift Chang received. d) By saying he wanted the soap, Chang is displaying the social norm of politeness.

Answer: d Page: 191 Level: 3-Difficult Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2 4-164. In 1960, less than __________ percent of children younger than 18 lived with one parent.

However, in 2000, a single parent headed __________ percent of white families, 35 percent of Hispanic families, and 55 percent of African American families. a) b) c) d)

3; 10 4; 17 7; 20 10; 21

Answer: d Page: 191 Level: 2-Medium Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-165. What is the term for parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, and whose word is law? a) b) c) d)

Authoritative Involved Authoritarian Permissive

Answer: c Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-166. Meredith’s 5-year-old friends at the playground are running around from the rides to the slides, but Meredith’s mother has told her she had to stay on the swings and not move elsewhere in the playground. When Meredith complains that the other children are allowed to play where they want, her mother tells her to stay on the swings ―because I said so.‖ This is an example of __________ parenting. a) b) c) d)

involved authoritarian permissive authoritative

Answer: b Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-167. What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children? a) b) c) d)

Authoritarian Authoritative Involved Permissive

Answer: d Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-168. Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth, and doesn’t usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up his toys in his room. It would appear that Billy’s parents’ style of parenting is __________. a) b) c) d)

permissive authoritarian involved authoritative

Answer: a Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-169. What is the term for parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, and try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way but at the same time providing love and support? a) b) c) d)

Authoritarian Permissive Involved Authoritative

Answer: d Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-170. Five-year-old Benjamin and his younger sister were playing together in the living room, and his sister grabbed at the toy that Benjamin was playing with. He lashed out and punched his sister in the arm and took back the toy, making her cry. Benjamin’s mother immediately took Benjamin aside and, rather than punishing him, explained how his behavior made his sister cry and that he needed to learn to share his toys. This is an example of which parenting style? a) b) c) d)

Authoritative Permissive Authoritarian Uninvolved

Answer: a Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-171. Which is the term for parents who show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent, rejecting behavior(s)? a) b) c) d)

Permissive Authoritative Authoritarian Uninvolved

Answer: d Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-172. Isabelle lives in a household in which her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Isabelle goes to school with dirty clothes and no breakfast. What type of parents does Isabelle likely have? a) b) c) d)

Uninvolved Permissive Authoritarian Authoritative

Answer: a Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-173. In its most extreme form, __________ parenting results in neglect. a) b) c) d)

permissive authoritative uninvolved authoritarian

Answer: c Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-174. Maurice is a child of authoritative parents. He is likely to grow up exhibiting which of the following characteristics? a) b) c) d)

self-assertiveness withdrawn behavior and low social skills little motivation to achieve unlikable and uncooperative behavior

Answer: a Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-175. Lucas is the child of permissive parents. He is likely to grow up exhibiting which of the following characteristics? a) b) c) d)

independence from his parents stable moods low social skills and self-control assertive and cooperative behavior(s)

Answer: c Page: 193 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-176. Randy and Mandy are the children of authoritarian parents. They are likely to grow up exhibiting which of the following characteristic? a) b) c) d)

high sociability hostility friendly and cooperative behavior independence from their parents

Answer: b Page: 193 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2

4-177. Which of the following statements reflects differences in childrearing practices? a) Cultural differences influence parenting practices in childrearing. b) American parents believe it is their duty to train their children to adhere to socially and culturally desired behaviors. c) A child’s unique genetic map plays a very limited role in a child’s development. d) Sibling and peer influences play an insignificant role in a child’s development.

Answer: a Page: 194 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-178. Which of the following is the most frequent form of child abuse? a) b) c) d)

Sexual Psychological Physical Neglect

Answer: d Page: 194 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-179. Approximately how many children are killed by their parents or caretakers every day? a) b) c) d)

5 10 15 25

Answer: a Page: 194 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-180. Approximately how many children are physically injured every year as a result of abuse? a) b) c) d)

1,400 14,000 140,000 1,400,000

Answer: c Page: 194 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-181. The majority of cases of sexual abuse of a child are perpetrated by __________. a) female homosexuals b) male heterosexuals c) female heterosexuals d) male homosexuals Answer: b Page: 194 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-182. Steven is an abused 4-year-old child. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a contributor to his situation? a) Steven is a child who is fussy, resistant to control, and not readily adaptable to new situations. b) Steven’s parents have a history of violence and marital conflict. c) Steven is not yet potty trained. d) Steven lives with a single parent in poverty.

Answer: c Page: 195 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-183. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indication that a child has been abused? a) Inappropriate attire (long sleeves and pants in hot summer weather) b) Affectionate behavior from the child: he or she wants to be held and nurtured all the time c) Extreme behavior, including highly aggressive or highly withdrawn or passive behavior d) Feelings of pain for no apparent reason Answer: b Page: 195 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-184. While spanking may produce a child’s immediate compliance, the long-term side effects may include which of the following? a) b) c) d)

better mental health for both child and parent higher levels of delinquency and antisocial behavior teaching children that violence is an unacceptable solution to problems a greater sense of independence and autonomy in the child, who will adhere to social and cultural norms

Answer: b Page: 195 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-185. Many developmentalists recommend which of the following for disciplining children? a) b) c) d)

using time-out for punishment spanking using spontaneous activities such as game time to avoid conflict applying the same disciplinary technique to all children

Answer: a Page: 195 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-186. What is the term for the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children? a) b) c) d)

Psychological maltreatment Victim–aggression theory Cycle of violence hypothesis Parent–child cycle

Answer: c Page: 196 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-187. What percentage of children who are raised in abusive households grow up to be abusive parents themselves? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 33 percent 50 percent 67 percent

Answer: b Page: 196 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-188. What is the term for abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children’s behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning? a) b) c) d)

Cycle of violence hypothesis Parent–child cycle Victim–aggression theory Psychological maltreatment

Answer: d Page: 196 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-189. While walking through the grocery store with her mother, 5-year-old Amanda accidentally knocks over a display. Her mother is furious, calls Amanda names, and tells her she is clumsy and stupid for causing a mess. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

the cycle of violence hypothesis child abuse psychological maltreatment an authoritarian parenting style

Answer: c Page: 196 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-190. What two parts of the limbic system in the brain can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse? a) b) c) d)

Prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum Thalamus and corpus callosum Temporal lobe and amygdala Hippocampus and amygdala

Answer: d Page: 196 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-191. The stress, fear, and terror accompanying abuse may produce permanent changes in the brain due to __________ of the __________. a) b) c) d)

understimulation; hypothalamus overstimulation; limbic system overstimulation; thalamus understimulation; amygdala

Answer: b Page: 196 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-192. What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change? a) b) c) d)

Psychological maltreatment Cycle of violence hypothesis Resilience Character

Answer: c Pages: 196–197 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-193. According to psychologist Emmy Werner, young children who are considered resilient have __________. a) affectionate, easygoing, and good-natured temperaments b) a strong independent streak that allows them to function without nurturing and assistance from others c) parents with excellent parenting skills d) been brought up in households that have relatively few stressors Answer: a Page: 197 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-194. Which term refers to the changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong and in their behavior related to moral issues? a) b) c) d)

Law and order Transformation Moral development Heteronomous morality

Answer: c Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: L016 APA LO: 1.2

4-195. What is Piaget’s term for the earliest stage of moral thinking, in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable? a) b) c) d)

Preschool morality Heteronomous morality Resilience Morality

Answer: b Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-196. A group of 4- to 7-year-old children play a game of tag on the playground rigidly, assuming that there is only one way to play. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

resilience preschool morality heteronomous morality incipient cooperation stage

Answer: c Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2

4-197. A group of 7- to 10-year-old children are playing organized Little League baseball. They have learned the formal rules of the game, and they play according to their shared knowledge; however, the rules are seen as unchangeable. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

autonomous cooperation heteronomous morality incipient cooperation resilience

Answer: c Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-198. According to Piaget, when a child turns 10 years old, he or she is fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people playing agree. This is called __________. a) b) c) d)

autonomous cooperation heteronomous morality incipient cooperation resilience

Answer: a Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2

4-199. What is the term that describes helping behavior that benefits others? a) b) c) d)

Immanent justice Moral development Autonomous cooperation Prosocial behavior

Answer: d Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-200. Five-year-old Clarice is watching a movie and eating popcorn with her 3-year-old brother.

Her brother finishes his popcorn first, so she offers him some of her popcorn. Clarice’s mother praises her as a ―good girl‖ for sharing. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

Piaget’s autonomous cooperation Piaget’s incipient cooperation prosocial behavior of the social learning theory modeling

Answer: c Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2

4-201. According to the social learning theory, modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles in a process called __________. a) b) c) d)

empathy abstract modeling immanent justice autonomous cooperation

Answer: b Page: 199 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-202. According to developmentalists, what lies at the heart of moral behavior? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive ability Empathy Social skills development Freud’s ―superego‖

Answer: b Page: 199 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-203. What is the term for intentional injury or harm to another person? a) b) c) d)

Anger Retaliation Aggression Abuse

Answer: c Page: 199 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-204. According to developmental research, what contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children? a) b) c) d)

More access to better child care Personality and social development of the child More authoritarian parenting More authoritative parenting

Answer: b Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-205. What is the term for the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity? a) b) c) d)

Instrumental aggression Relational aggression Emotional self-regulation Autonomous cooperation

Answer: c Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-206. What is the term for aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal? a) b) c) d)

Relational aggression Instrumental aggression Emotional aggression Regulated aggression

Answer: b Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-207. Two boys, ages 3 and 4, are playing with cars, and both boys want the bigger red car. As the first boy reaches for the red car, the second boy strikes him, knocking it out of his hand and taking the red car for himself. This is an example of __________ aggression. a) b) c) d)

relational emotional regulated instrumental

Answer: d Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-208. On the playground, Amanda calls Janey names, refuses to include her in a game of hopscotch, and makes fun of her. This is an example of __________ aggression. a) b) c) d)

relational emotional regulated instrumental

Answer: a Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-209. What is the term for nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological feelings? a) b) c) d)

Psychological aggression Instrumental aggression Relational aggression Emotional aggression

Answer: c Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-210. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz, evolutionary theorists, and sociobiologists all suggest that root of aggression is which of the following? a) b) c) d)

a fighting instinct shared with the animal kingdom that stems from primitive urges a learned behavior a social root of physical behavior a primitive urge that helps weaken the species

Answer: a Page: 200 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-211. The social learning approach to aggression emphasizes that aggressive behavior is learned through __________. a) b) c) d)

direct reinforcement biological and primitive urges only direct methods only indirect methods

Answer: a Page: 201 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-212. Bandura’s research indicates that when children watch adults modeling aggressive behavior with the Bobo doll, they are likely to __________. a) b) c) d)

be frustrated get frightened and angry be as aggressive as or more aggressive than the adults are be less aggressive than the adults are

Answer: c Page: 201 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-213. Despite the fact that results are primarily correlational, overwhelming research evidence suggests that observation of televised aggression leads to __________. a) b) c) d)

no significant increase in aggressive behavior increases in aggressive behaviors that can extend into adulthood increases in aggression only for the male population increases in aggression only for children who play violent video games

Answer: b Page: 201 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2 4-214. __________ percent of children age 3 and younger and approximately __________ percent of those ages 4 to 6 play video games. a) Five; 25 b) Ten; 30 c) Fourteen; 50 d) Fifteen; 60 Answer: c Page: 202 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

4-215. Which statement suggests a research-based solution for combating the negative effects of viewing violent video games on a child’s behavior? a) Children should never be allowed to view violent video games. b) Children should be told that the violence they see on the video could never happen in real life. c) Exposure to and observation of non-aggressive models can reduce aggression. d) Children can learn effective fighting techniques by watching video games.

Answer: c Page: 202 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 4-216. Briefly explain the causes of variations in growth during the preschool years.

Answer: Average differences in height and weight between boys and girls increase during the preschool years; boys start becoming taller and heavier than girls. Economics also plays a role; better nutrition and health care received by children in developed countries translate into differences in growth. Children in developed countries who grow up in poverty are often shorter than children raised in more affluent homes.

Page: 160 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Before LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-217. Briefly explain how children can become exposed to lead and how lead poisoning can harm children, as illustrated in Flint, Michigan.

Answer: Despite legal restrictions on the amount of lead in paint and gasoline, lead is still found on painted walls and window frames in older homes, and in ceramics, lead-soldered pipes, and automobile and truck exhaust. As it has been determined in the tragic case of Flint, Michigan, even small amounts of lead in drinking water can lead to permanent health and developmental problems, and exposure to lead has been linked to lower intelligence, problems in verbal and auditory processing, and hyperactivity. High lead levels have also been linked to higher levels of antisocial behavior, including aggression and delinquency. At even higher levels, lead poisoning results in illness and death.

Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-218. Briefly give an example of how recent research refutes some of Piaget’s understanding of preschool children’s abilities.

Answer: Developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman found that children as young as three can easily tell the difference between rows of two and three toy animals regardless of the toys’ spacing. Gelman concludes that children have an innate ability to count akin to learning language, and this is at odds with Piagetian notions, which suggest that children’s numerical abilities do not blossom until after the preoperational period.

Page: 172 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.8 APA LO: 1.2

4-219. Briefly describe the ways in which the information-processing approach is at odds with the Piagetian approach with regard to children and learning.

Answer: Supporters of the information-processing approach believe that one of its most important features is the reliance on well-defined processes that can be tested with relative precision in research. Unlike the Piagetian approach, which relies on somewhat vague concepts and notions such as assimilation and accommodation, the information-processing approach provides a comprehensive and logical set of concepts.

Page: 174 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2 4-220. Briefly describe the criticism of Vygotsky’s theories.

Answer: Critics point to the lack of precision in his conceptualization of cognitive growth, such as the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s theories do not lend themselves to experimental tests. Vygotsky did not provide information regarding how basic cognitive processes such as attention and memory unfold in children, and he did not focus on how individual bits of information are processed and synthesized.

Page: 177 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2

4-221. Briefly describe the different varieties of early education.

Answer: (1) Child-care centers typically care for children outside of the home. Their purpose is to provide a warm, safe environment that includes some intellectual stimulation but mostly social and emotional rather than cognitive stimulation. (2) Family child-care centers are small operations run in private homes where the quality of care may not be as high as in licensed facilities. (3) Preschools are explicitly designed to provide intellectual and social experiences for children, typically three to five hours per day. (4) School child care refers to prekindergarten programs for 4-year-olds funded by local school systems.

Pages: 180–181 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.12 APA LO: 1.2 4-222. Briefly explain why ―theory of mind‖ contributes to the changes in children’s play and social skills during preschool.

Answer: Using theory of mind, children are able to give explanations as to how others think and reason, and, therefore, behave. By age 2, children are able to understand that others have emotions. By ages 3 to 4, they can distinguish between an idea in their mind and physical actuality. Preschoolers become more insightful regarding the motives and reasons behind people’s behavior. At age 4, they understand that people can be fooled or tricked. By the end of the preschool period, children can solve false belief problems.

Page: 190 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2

4-223. Briefly explain each of the four major parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind.

Answer: Authoritarian parents are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. They value unquestioning obedience from their children. Permissive parents provide lax and inconsistent feedback and expect little of their children. Authoritative parents are firm and set clear and consistent limits but also are loving and emotionally supportive. Uninvolved parents show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

Page: 192 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-224. Briefly give some reasons why parents physically abuse children.

Answer: Although most parents who abuse their children later express bewilderment and regret their behavior, one reason for child abuse is that the line between permissible and impermissible punishment is vague. In the United States, spanking is seen as often necessary and desirable, and half of mothers with children younger than 4 admit they have spanked their child. In some cultures outside the United States, spanking is even more common. The American Academic of Pediatrics recommends that physical punishment not be used at all. The privacy of childrearing in the United States (being raised in individual households) also contributes to the propensity to use physical abuse, which is less prevalent in societies where several adults, or the society as a whole, are responsible for how children are raised. Also, sometimes adults have unrealistic expectations for their children’s behavior.

Page: 195 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-225. Briefly explain the results of Bandura’s social learning experiment with aggression and the Bobo doll.

Answer: One group of preschool-age children watched a film of an adult playing aggressively with the Bobo doll, and another group watched a film of an adult playing calmly with Tinkertoys. Later, the children were led to feelings of frustration by being refused the opportunity to play with their favorite toys. Then they were given access to the Bobo doll and the Tinkertoys. As predicted, the children modeled the behavior of the adult. Those who witnessed the aggressive model were more aggressive when playing, while those who witnessed the less aggressive adult playing with the Tinkertoys were less aggressive when playing.

Page: 201 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

TRUE/FALSE 4-226. By age 2, the average child in the United States weighs 25 to 30 pounds and is close to 36 inches tall.

Answer: True Page: 160 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 4-227. Preschool-age children must rely on their parents to help them determine the appropriate amount of food intake that they need.

Answer: False Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2

4-228. The prevalence of obesity in older preschool children has decreased dramatically in the past 20 years.

Answer: False Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-229. Parents should expose preschool children to all types of foods by forcing them to eat large amounts until they get used to the taste and texture of the food.

Answer: False Page: 161 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-230. The science community unanimously agrees that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) pose no harm to the health of children or adults.

Answer: False Page: 161 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.1 APA LO: 1.2 4-231. The danger from injuries during the preschool years is, in part, a result of parents’ neglect.

Answer: False Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2

4-232. Because of stringent legal restrictions on the amount of lead in paint and gasoline, lead poisoning is no longer a significant danger to children.

Answer: False Page: 162 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-233. As devastating as lead poisoning can be to a young child, it does not lead to illness or death.

Answer: False Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-234. Lead is only toxic if ingested in large quantities at a very young age.

Answer: False Page: 162 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.2 APA LO: 1.2 4-235. The two hemispheres of the brain process information differently; therefore, they work and process information independently of each other.

Answer: False Pages: 163–164 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.3 APA LO: 1.2

4-236 Muscle strength development for preschool boys and girls is the same.

Answer: False Page: 166 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-237. Preschool-age boys surpass preschool-age girls in games such as jumping jacks and hopscotch because they have superior muscle development.

Answer: False Page: 166 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.1: Physical Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.5 APA LO: 1.2 4-238. A child seeing his or her mother’s car keys and saying ―Go to store?‖ is an example of symbolic function.

Answer: True Page: 168 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-239. Conservation is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

Answer: True Page: 170 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2

4-240. By age 4, most children understand conservation.

Answer: False Pages: 169–170 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-241. Egocentric thought relates to how children in the preoperational stage intentionally think in a selfish or inconsiderate manner.

Answer: False Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-242. Children’s lack of concern over the impact of their nonverbal behavior on others is evidence of their inherent selfishness.

Answer: False Page: 171 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.7 APA LO: 1.2 4-243. The average preschooler is not able to count in a fairly systematic, consistent manner.

Answer: False Page: 173 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2

4-244. The information-processing perspective emphasizes quantitative rather than qualitative changes.

Answer: True Page: 173 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.9 APA LO: 1.2 4-245. Lev Vygotsky’s long life enabled him to advance his theories and become influential in the field of child development.

Answer: False Pages: 176–177 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.2: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.10 APA LO: 1.2 4-246. Preschool-age children usually underestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise.

Answer: False Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-247. Preschool-age children have no knowledge of racial and ethnic identity.

Answer: False Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2

4-248. Research indicates that ethnic identity emerges in children at the same time that racial identity emerges.

Answer: False Page: 185 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.13 APA LO: 1.2 4-249. Preschool-age children do not have strict expectations and do not follow stereotypes when it comes to gender-appropriate behaviors.

Answer: False Page: 186 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.14 APA LO: 1.2 4-250. Functional play involves doing something for the aim of creating some end product.

Answer: False Page: 189 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2 4-251. Before the age of 3, most social activity involves simply being in the same place at the same time, without real social interactions.

Answer: True Page: 189 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.15 APA LO: 1.2

4-252. At 3 years old, a typical child has completely developed an understanding of ―belief.‖ Answer: False Page: 190 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.16 APA LO: 1.2 4-253. Most parents demonstrate a consistent parenting mode/style.

Answer: False Page: 194 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.17 APA LO: 1.2 4-254. Child abuse occurs only in low-income to middle-income families.

Answer: False Page: 195 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-255. Child abuse is typically a secret crime.

Answer: True Page: 195 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2

4-256. Studies show that when a child is reared in an abusive household, as an adult he or she is likely to abuse his or her own children.

Answer: False Page: 196 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-257. Psychological maltreatment and physical abuse of children can produce permanent physical changes in the limbic system of the brain, which is responsible for regulation of memory and emotions.

Answer: True Page: 196 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.18 APA LO: 1.2 4-258. The social learning theory approach to moral development mirrors Piaget’s approach.

Answer: False Page: 198 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.19 APA LO: 1.2 4-259. Preschool-age children rarely exhibit aggression.

Answer: False Page: 199 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 4.3: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years Learning Objective: LO4.20 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 4 The Preschool Years Quiz: Physical Development in the Preschool Years 1. __________, which is characterized by constant fatigue, is one of the prevalent nutritional problems in developed countries.

A. Diabetes B. Iron-deficiency anemia C. Undernutrition D. Vitamin A deficiency Answer: B. Iron-deficiency anemia Question Title: EOM Q4.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.1 Describe the state of children’s bodies during the preschool years.

Consider This: Foods that help combat the problem include dark green vegetables, whole grains, and some kinds of meat. 4.1 Describe the state of children’s bodies during the preschool years.

2. Four-year-old Dante has been attending preschool for the first time in his young life. Although he seems to get along well with other children, his teacher has noticed Dante is increasingly agitated, unusually active, and easily distracted. Further, Dante is falling behind his peers academically. Suspicious of recent news reports about tainted drinking water in the local area, the teacher fears Dante’s symptoms are likely due to __________ poisoning.

A. iron B. lead C. bacteria D. herbicide Answer: B. lead Question Title: EOM Q4.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.2 Describe the state of children’s overall health during the preschool years.

Consider This: There are strict limitations on the amount of it allowed in paint, gasoline, ceramics, automobile and truck exhaust, and water. 4.2 Describe the state of children’s overall health during the preschool years.

3. While rapid increases in myelination contribute to a child’s increase in __________, brain _________ describes the process in which the brain functions become more specialized.

A. processing speed; lateralization B. lateralization; memory C. height; differentiation D. lateralization; processing speed Answer: A. processing speed; lateralization Question Title: EOM Q4.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.3 Explain how children’s brains change and develop during the preschool years.

Consider This: The process of myelination accelerates the transmission of electrical impulses, while brain specialization results in certain cognitive functions being located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other. 4.3 Explain how children’s brains change and develop during the preschool years.

4. Micah, typically a reserved 2-year-old, begins to regularly repeat what he hears from commercials aired during his 8-year-old brother’s favorite television show. Micah’s father is stunned one night during dinner when Micah correctly rattles off the tag lines from several popular commercials. Micah’s increased language abilities can likely be attributed to __________.

A. a growth spurt in the brain B. repeated exposure to television C. the desire to please his father D. a propensity for language Answer: A. a growth spurt in the brain Question Title: EOM Q4.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.4 Explain the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development.

Consider This: Language abilities often show patterns of rapid increase that parallel advances in cognitive development. 4.4 Explain the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development.

5. Which of these behaviors indicates a sign of readiness for toilet training?

A. regular, yet unpredictable bowel movements B. indifference to soiled diapers C. staying dry at least 1 hour at a time during the day D. asking to use the toilet or potty chair Answer: D. asking to use the toilet or potty chair Question Title: EOM Q4.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.5 Describe the process of gross motor development in preschool children.

Consider This: Signs of readiness include awareness that urination or a bowel movement is about to occur, the ability to remain dry for at least 2 hours, being uncomfortable in wet diapers, and an interest in toilet training. 4.5 Describe the process of gross motor development in preschool children.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years 1. The second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development, the __________ stage, lasts from ages 2 to 7.

A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor Answer: C. preoperational Question Title: EOM Q4.2.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.7 Analyze Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development during the preschool years.

Consider This: During this stage, children’s use of symbolic thinking expands, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases. 4.7 Analyze Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development during the preschool years.

2. According to the information-processing approach to development, the memory 6-year-old Andres is most likely to recall into his adult years is __________.

A. the 35th day of kindergarten B. a visit to the local park at age 4 C. the horse-riding accident at age 5 when he broke his leg D. his third birthday party at the pool Answer: C. the horse-riding accident at age 5 when he broke his leg Question Title: EOM Q4.2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.9 Analyze information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the preschool years.

Consider This: Unless an event is particularly vivid or meaningful, it is not likely to be remembered at all. 4.9 Analyze information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the preschool years.

3. Vygotsky’s theory stressed the importance of social and cultural influences on children’s development, which suggests that it is important to evaluate __________ factors in learning.

A. biological B. contextual C. evolutionary D. psychoanalytic Answer: B. contextual Question Title: EOM Q4.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.10 Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.

Consider This: Vygotsky viewed children as apprentices who learn from master teachers the necessary skills that are valued in the child’s culture. 4.10 Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.

4. Young children who correctly articulate that more than one marble are ―marbles‖ appear to grasp the system of rules known as __________.

A. grammar B. syntax C. semantics D. social speech Answer: A. grammar Question Title: EOM Q4.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.11 Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.

Consider This: Preschoolers’ skills extend to the appropriate formation of words that they have never before encountered. 4.11 Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.

5. Throughout the course of the school day, 4-year-old Joshua’s teacher encourages him to move freely from playing with play dough, to counting colored sticks, to painting with watercolors, to watching a puppet show. Joshua’s school environment reflects the __________ approach to preschool.

A. Waldorf B. Reggio Emilia C. Montessori D. Kabuki Answer: C. Montessori Question Title: EOM Q4.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.12 Describe the effects of informal and formal learning resources on preschoolers.

Consider This: The namesake early education reformer who developed the method employed a carefully designed set of materials to create an environment that fosters sensory, motor, and language development. 4.12 Describe the effects of informal and formal learning resources on preschoolers.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years 1. Three-year-old Keisha is learning to drink without using her sippy cup. Excited to show her big-girl ability, she reaches for her glass and spills juice on her new dress while eating brunch at her grandmother’s house. Keisha begins to cry, fearful she may be punished, but her grandmother quickly wipes up the juice, soaks up the spill from the dress, and kisses Keisha on the forehead, saying, ―It’s okay, honey. Some days we spill things; other days we don’t. I’ll get you another glass.‖ Keisha’s grandmother is supporting what Erik Erikson refers to as __________.

A. shame and doubt B. guilt C. identity D. initiative Answer: D. initiative Question Title: EOM Q4.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.13 Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves.

Consider This: During this period, children face conflicts between the desire to act independently of their parents and the challenges if they do not succeed. 4.13 Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves.

2. The perception of being male or female is defined as __________.

A. gender role B. sex C. gender identity D. gender schema Answer: C. gender identity Question Title: EOM Q4.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.14 Analyze how preschool-age children develop a sense of gender.

Consider This: During the preschool period, differences in play according to how children selfsegregate become more pronounced; boys tend to play with boys, and girls with girls. 4.14 Analyze how preschool-age children develop a sense of gender.

3. Three-year-olds are more likely to engage in __________ play such as bouncing a ball against a wall or going up and down a slide, while 6-year-olds tend toward __________ play, planning contests and taking turns.

A. functional; cooperative B. associative; constructive C. parallel; functional D. onlooker; collaborative Answer: A. functional; cooperative Question Title: EOM Q4.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.15 Describe the sorts of social relationships that are typical of preschool-age children.

Consider This: One type of play typical of 3-year-olds involves simple, repetitive activities, while older children genuinely play with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests.

4.15 Describe the sorts of social relationships that are typical of preschool-age children.

4. The __________ parenting style encourages children to behave independently but still places limits and controls on their actions. Verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents tend to be warm and nurturing.

A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. indulgent D. neglectful Answer: B. authoritative Question Title: EOM Q4.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.17 Describe the changing nature of families and the diversity of parenting styles preschoolers experience.

Consider This: It is a parenting style that is not restrictive or punitive, but loving and emotionally supportive. 4.17 Describe the changing nature of families and the diversity of parenting styles preschoolers experience.

5. Miranda, once a bubbly, happy, and active 4-year-old, has begun to complain regularly of stomachaches, is agitated during class, and is falling behind in her reading group. When asked about the scratches on her left forearm and neck, she tells her teacher, Mr. Killian, that her dog scratched her. Mr. Killian’s concern is likely warranted due to which of the following reasons?

A. Abused children are usually forthcoming about abuse perpetrated against them.

B. Most parents use corporal punishment and consider spanking appropriate and acceptable.

C. Children abused while young will become abusers in adulthood.

D. Miranda is in one of the age groups more likely to be abused than children of other ages.

Answer: D. Miranda is in one of the age groups more likely to be abused than children of other ages.

Question Title: EOM Q4.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.18 Analyze the factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect, and describe personal characteristics that may protect children.

Consider This: Some children are at greater risk of being abused than other children. 4.18 Analyze the factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect, and describe personal characteristics that may protect children.

Chapter Quiz: The Preschool Years 1. Obesity is defined as body weight more than __________ percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height.

A. 50 B. 40 C. 20 D. 10 Answer: C. 20 Question Title: EOC Q4.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.1 Describe the state of children’s bodies during the preschool years.

Consider This: Encouraging children to eat more than they want may lead to obesity. 4.1 Describe the state of children’s bodies during the preschool years.

2. Although the average child is exposed to many illnesses between 3 and 5 years of age, __________ is the most frequent health problem in the preschool years.

A. an ear infection B. strep throat C. diarrhea D. a runny nose Answer: D. a runny nose Question Title: EOC Q4.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.2 Describe the state of children’s overall health during the preschool years.

Consider This: The condition is often a result of the common cold. 4.2 Describe the state of children’s overall health during the preschool years.

3. The fastest-growing part of the body during the preschool years is the __________.

A. heart B. brain C. spine D. leg muscles Answer: B. brain Question Title: EOC Q4.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.3 Explain how children’s brains change and develop during the preschool years.

Consider This: An increase in the number of interconnections that support communication between cells allows for the rapid growth of cognitive skills in the part of the body to which the question refers. 4.3 Explain how children’s brains change and develop during the preschool years.

4. Five-year-old Tyree is able to pay attention to his coach’s detailed instructions and concentrate on maintaining proper kicking form much longer now than he did last soccer season. Tyree’s improved attention and concentration are likely due to increased myelination in the __________.

A. hippocampus B. reticular formation C. occipital lobe D. temporal lobe Answer: B. reticular formation Question Title: EOC Q4.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.4 Explain the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development.

Consider This: It is an area of the brain associated with attention and concentration, and myelination is completed there by the time a child reaches age 5. 4.4 Explain the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development.

5. __________ is an example of a fine motor skill, while __________ is an example of a gross motor skill.

A. jumping in puddles; riding a bicycle B. skipping rope; drawing with a crayon C. stringing popcorn and cranberries; climbing stairs D. hopping on one foot; using a toothbrush Answer: C. stringing popcorn and cranberries; climbing stairs Question Title: EOC Q4.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.5 Describe the process of gross motor development in preschool children.

Consider This: Fine motor skills involve more delicate, smaller body movements, while gross motor skills engage the larger muscles associated with more pronounced physical activity. 4.5 Describe the process of gross motor development in preschool children; 4.6 Describe the process of fine motor development in preschool children.

6. Beginning in early infancy, most children demonstrate signs of __________, which is a preference for the use of one hand over the other.

A. handedness B. motor lateralization C. manipulation arc D. observational grasp Answer: A. handedness Question Title: EOC Q4.6 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.6 Describe the process of fine motor development in preschool children.

Consider This: Most children display a clear tendency by the end of the preschool years. 4.6 Describe the process of fine motor development in preschool children.

7. Three-year-old Max cries when he sees that his 6-year-old sister has two cookies while he only has one. Tyler, who is babysitting his younger siblings, remembers a concept he learned in psychology class, so he reaches over and breaks Max’s cookie into two equal halves. Max gleefully points to his sister’s cookie and says, ―Yay! I now have the same amount of cookies as Sisty!‖ Tyler used his understanding of __________ to end Max’s tantrum.

A. object permanence B. conservation C. mental trickery D. numeracy Answer: B. conservation Question Title: EOC Q4.7 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.7 Analyze Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development during the preschool years.

Consider This: The concept is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. 4.7 Analyze Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development during the preschool years.

8. Piaget is credited for providing developmental psychologists with a lens from which to view the cognitive development of preschoolers. However, recent research findings suggest shortcomings in Piaget’s work, contending that __________.

A. Piaget’s observed population was culturally underrepresented B. changes in thinking ability are more qualitative than quantitative C. numerical abilities may indeed be innate, much like language development D. children are unable to improve performance on conservation tasks Answer: C. numerical abilities may indeed be innate, much like language development Question Title: EOC Q4.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.8 Evaluate how Piaget’s approach stands up to the test of time.

Consider This: Recent research leads some theorists to conclude that certain abilities are universal and genetically determined. 4.8 Evaluate how Piaget’s approach stands up to the test of time.

9. Indira remembers her fifth birthday when her father wheeled in a shiny new candy-apple-red bicycle wrapped in a large blue bow and adorned with five yellow balloons. This event is part of Indira’s __________ memory.

A. autobiographical B. short-term C. implicit D. explicit Answer: A. autobiographical Question Title: EOC Q4.9 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 4.9 Analyze information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the preschool years.

Consider This: It is the type of memory that represents events from one’s own life. 4.9 Analyze information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the preschool years.

10. Which statement best represents a kindergarten teacher’s understanding of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A. Advanced readers may be paired with slow readers in order to reinforce and practice reading skills.

B. Collaborative work is time-consuming and takes away from learning, and therefore should be used sparingly.

C. The classroom is for academic work, while the playground is the more appropriate environment for games.

D. Children are budding scientists, and thus, toys add little value to a child’s learning.

Answer: A. Advanced readers may be paired with slow readers in order to reinforce and practice reading skills.

Question Title: EOC Q4.10 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.10 Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.

Consider This: Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development represents the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but could do so with the assistance of someone more skilled. 4.10 Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.

11. Wyman is presented with a picture of an unusual figure and told it is called a ―wonk.‖ Then he is presented with a drawing in which three of the figures are playing with a ball. ―Now there are three of them playing ball,‖ says the teacher. ―Wyman, complete this sentence: There are three __________ playing ball.‖ Wyman’s ability to complete the sentence correctly with the term ―wonks‖ illustrates the concept of __________.

A. media exposure B. pragmatics C. social context D. fast mapping Answer: D. fast mapping Question Title: EOC Q4.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 4.11 Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.

Consider This: The language development skill illustrated in the question represents instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter. 4.11 Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.

12. Jose and Cecelia both work outside the home and have recently relocated to a new city. They have two young children and are looking to find a child-care center close to their home. Cecelia understands how important a quality child-care environment is to her children’s well-being. Jose is worried that teachers at child-care centers will not pay enough attention to his children and would prefer that Cecelia stay home to care for them. In order to reduce Jose’s concerns, which of the following aspects of child care should Jose and Cecelia be looking for?

A. The teachers are certified in Babysitting Basics Skills.

B. The child-to-teacher ratio is a maximum of 10:1.

C. Children are prompted with instructions such as ―Big boys don’t cry,‖ ―You can wait until the movie is over to use the restroom,‖ and ―Talk only when you are asked a question.‖ D. The majority of the children’s day is spent in unstructured activities.

Answer: B. The child-to-teacher ratio is a maximum of 10:1.

Question Title: EOC Q4.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.12 Describe the effects of informal and formal learning resources on preschoolers.

Consider This: Overcrowding of child-care centers is not only unhealthy for the children, but is demotivating and overwhelming for the teachers. 4.12 Describe the effects of informal and formal learning resources on preschoolers.

13. Chen and Chad are playing with a group of their 4-year-old peers on the playground. While playing kickball in the school yard, their classmate, Omar, falls and scrapes his knee. Chen quickly helps Omar up and calls the teacher over for a bandage. Chad chides Chen for stopping mid-play and suggests his helping Omar caused Chad to lose the game. An observer of this interaction may conclude that __________.

A. Chen has a collectivistic orientation while Omar has an individualistic orientation B. Omar has an individualistic orientation while Chad has a collectivist orientation C. Chad has an individualistic orientation while Chen has a collectivist orientation D. Omar has a collectivist orientation while Chen has an individualistic orientation Answer: C. Chad has an individualistic orientation while Chen has a collectivist orientation Question Title: EOC Q4.13 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.13 Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves.

Consider This: Collectivists tend to regard themselves as parts of a larger social network in which they are interconnected with and responsible to others; individualistically oriented individuals emphasize personal identity and uniqueness, seeing themselves as self-contained and autonomous. 4.13 Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves.

14. Gender __________ reflects a child’s understanding that people are males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

A. schema B. stereotyping C. roles D. constancy Answer: D. constancy Question Title: EOC Q4.14 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.14 Analyze how preschool-age children develop a sense of gender.

Consider This: Children consider this aspect of one’s identity to remain the same throughout one’s lifetime. 4.14 Analyze how preschool-age children develop a sense of gender.

15. Which scenario most closely illustrates constructive play?

A. Sergei, playing alone, is throwing a basketball against a wall.

B. Chantelle and Emily share a table, each assembling a different puzzle.

C. Jackson, Sam, and Rayna are working together to create a fort out of sheets.

D. TJ watches Sukka and Bobby racing their small sailboats in the wading pool.

Answer: C. Jackson, Sam, and Rayna are working together to create a fort out of sheets.

Question Title: EOC Q4.15 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 4.15 Describe the sorts of social relationships that are typical of preschool-age children.

Consider This: Constructive play is typified by a child’s manipulation of objects in order to produce or build something, individually or collaboratively. 4.15 Describe the sorts of social relationships that are typical of preschool-age children.

16. Three-year-old Jordan and 5-year-old Dylan are watching a magic show. The magician places a rabbit in a large black hat, then asks his assistant to go offstage. While she is away, the magician takes the rabbit out of the hat and hides it in a red basket. When the assistant returns, she is asked to find the rabbit. According to the false belief task, which statement best describes where Jordan and Dylan believe she will look for the rabbit?

A. Both believe she will look in the hat.

B. Jordan believes she will look in the basket, while Dylan believes she will look in the hat.

C. Both believe she will look in the basket.

D. Jordan believes she will look in the hat, while Dylan believes she will look in the basket.

Answer: B. Jordan believes she will look in the basket, while Dylan believes she will look in the hat.

Question Title: EOC Q4.16 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 4.16 Analyze how children’s theory of mind changes during the preschool years.

Consider This: By age 4, children’s understanding that people can be fooled by physical reality (such as magic tricks involving sleight of hand) becomes surprisingly sophisticated. 4.16 Analyze how children’s theory of mind changes during the preschool years.

17. When 5-year-old Anthony asks why he cannot go outside and play with his friends in a neighborhood game of kickball, his father yells, ―Because I said so!‖ Anthony’s father is displaying what Baumrind terms the __________ parenting style.

A. authoritative B. indulgent C. authoritarian D. neglectful Answer: C. authoritarian Question Title: EOC Q4.17 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 4.17 Describe the changing nature of families and the diversity of parenting styles preschoolers experience.

Consider This: It is a type of parenting that is controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. 4.17 Describe the changing nature of families and the diversity of parenting styles preschoolers experience.

18. __________ is the most frequent form of child abuse.

A. Improper touching B. Name-calling C. Neglect D. Spanking Answer: C. Neglect Question Title: EOC Q4.18 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 4.18 Analyze the factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect, and describe personal characteristics that may protect children.

Consider This: Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse are not as prevalent as being inattentive or dismissive. 4.18 Analyze the factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect, and describe personal characteristics that may protect children.

19. A 4-year-old who believes rules are firm and unchangeable is reflecting Piaget’s __________ stage of moral development.

A. autonomous B. heteronomous C. religious D. judicial Answer: B. heteronomous Question Title: EOC Q4.19 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 4.19 Explain how preschool-age children develop a moral sense.

Consider This: It is the stage of moral development from ages 4 to 7 in which children play games rigidly, assuming there is one, and only one, way to play. 4.19 Explain how preschool-age children develop a moral sense.

20. What do experts conclude regarding the impact of children’s prolonged exposure to violent behavior on television?

A. Exposure to violent behavior has a neutral effect on children’s aggressive tendencies.

B. Exposure to violent behavior on television leads to an increase in subsequent aggressive behaviors.

C. Exposure to violent behavior does not lead to increases in aggressive behaviors.

D. Exposure to violent behavior between cartoon characters leads to more aggressive behaviors in children than exposure to violent behaviors between human characters.

Answer: B. Exposure to violent behavior on television leads to an increase in subsequent aggressive behaviors.

Question Title: EOC Q4.20 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 4.20 Analyze theoretical perspectives on the ways in which aggression develops in preschool-age children.

Consider This: Albert Bandura’s classic Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the resulting negative impact on children’s aggressive tendencies after they observed an adult model aggressive behavior. 4.20 Analyze theoretical perspectives on the ways in which aggression develops in preschool-age children.

Chapter 5 Middle Childhood 5-1. Elementary school children in the United States grow, on average, __________ a year. a) 1 to 2 inches b) 2 to 3 inches c) 3 to 4 inches

d) 4 to 5 inches Answer: b Page: 210 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.1 APA LO: 2.1 5-2. Throughout the life span, which of the following is the only time when girls are taller, on average, than boys? a) b) c) d)

by age 10 by age 11 by age 12 by age 13

Answer: b Page: 210 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.1 APA LO: 2.1

5-3. When it comes to worrying about obesity, which of the following children is least likely to be concerned? a) b) c) d)

6-year-old girl 8-year-old boy 9- to 10-year-old girl 16-year-old girl

Answer: b Page: 211 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.5 5-4. Body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average of a person of a given age and height is called __________. a) b) c) d)

overnutrition undernutrition average obesity

Answer: d Page: 211 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.1

5-5. Given national efforts to increase the level of fitness of school-age children, Dr. Gatlin has been monitoring her young son’s level of exercise. She is concerned that he is not engaging in enough physical activity. According to your textbook, what may help explain to Dr. Gatlin why her son’s amount of exercise has not improved? a) b) c) d)

Reduced recess and gym time in school Decrease in use of video games Increase in healthy snack choices Increase in general laziness of today’s children

Answer: a Page: 212 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.5 5-6. Which of the following activities is considered a gross motor activity? a) b) c) d)

Coloring ―inside the lines‖ Tying a shoelace Zipping up a jacket Ice skating

Answer: d Page: 213 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1

5-7. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that boys and girls should engage in the same sports and games, and __________, a) boys should play with boys b) girls should play with girls c) boys and girls should engage in those sports and games in mixed-gender groups until puberty d) boys and girls should engage in those sports and games in mixed-gender groups even after the onset of puberty Answer: c Page: 213 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.2 5-8. At what age can both boys and girls judge and intercept directions of small balls thrown from a distance and run 17 feet per second? a) b) c) d)

7 years old 8 years old 10 years old 12 years old

Answer: c Page: 214 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1

5-9. Which of the following is a fine motor skill? a) b) c) d)

Typing on a keyboard Throwing a football Jumping rope Running and skipping

Answer: a Page: 214 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1 5-10. At approximately what age should a child be able to tie his or her shoes? a) b) c) d)

3 years old 5 years old 7 years old 9 years old

Answer: c Page: 214 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1 5-11. At approximately what age should a child be able to use each hand independently? a) b) c) d)

2 to 3 years old 4 to 5 years old 6 to 7 years old 8 to 9 years old

Answer: d Page: 214 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1

5-12. At approximately what age should a child be able to manipulate objects with almost as much capability as an adult? a) b) c) d)

5 to 6 years old 8 to 9 years old 11 to 12 years old 15 to 16 years old

Answer: c Page: 214 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1 5-13. What is one significant reason for the advances in fine motor skills in children 6 to 8 years old? a) Children live long enough to get more practice with fine motor skills. b) Children’s cognitive development is increasing. c) Children have more opportunity to model fine motor skill behavior(s) from others and practice on a consistent basis. d) The amount of myelin in the brain increases to protect, insulate, and surround the nerve cells, raising the speed at which electrical impulses travel between neurons.

Answer: d Page: 214 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 2.1

5-14. According to your textbook, what disease has seen a significant increase in prevalence in children over the last several decades? a) b) c) d)

Leukemia Asthma Bronchitis Allergies

Answer: b Page: 215 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO 5.4 APA LO: 2.5 5-15. Michael is playing with his friend, Malek. According to your textbook, which of the following would likely trigger Michael’s asthma attack? a) b) c) d)

Malek’s collection of Pokeman cards Rough-housing with Malek’s dog, Snuggles Playing Minecraft with Malek Eating a bag of chocolate-covered peanuts

Answer: b Page: 215 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO 5.4 APA LO: 2.1

5-16. A task force has been formed to study the injury death rates among children between the ages of 5 and 14. Which of the following groups will the task force discover has the highest injury death rates? a) b) c) d)

Asian and Japanese Caucasian and Latino Americans Asian and Pacific Islanders American Indian and Alaska Natives

Answer: d Page: 215 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.5 5-17. Amanda is 12 years old, Suzy is 8, Bobby is 5, and Allan is 3. Which of these children is more apt to be injured than the others? a) b) c) d)

Bobby Amanda Allan Suzy

Answer: a Page: 215 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.5

5-18. Children between 5 and 9 years of age are most likely to be killed __________. a) b) c) d)

in a house fire in a gun-related death in an automobile accident by drowning

Answer: c Page: 215 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2 5-19. Approximately how many children and adolescents have a psychological disorder that produces some impairment? a) b) c) d)

1 in 2 1 in 3 1 in 5 1 in 10

Answer: c Page: 216 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2 5-20. What percentage of preteens suffers from childhood depression? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: a Page: 216 Level: 2-Moderate Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2

5-21. What percentage of children between 9 and 17 years of age experiences an anxiety disorder? a) b) c) d)

13 percent 23 percent 33 percent 43 percent

Answer: a Page: 216 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2 5-22. After the accidental death of the family dog, Max, Brenda is concerned that her 8-year-old son Daniel is demonstrating symptoms of depression. In weighing the options for treatment, Brenda should understand __________. a) antidepressants such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Wellbutrin show no negative effects on children b) the scientific literature is clear about the correct dosage of antidepressants for age and size c) critics suggest no one knows the long-term consequences of antidepressant use on the developing brain d) antidepressants are more effective than talk therapy Answer: c Page: 216 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4

5-23. What is the term for a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness? a) b) c) d)

Visual acuity Amblyopia Color blindness Visual impairment

Answer: d Page: 217 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-24. The inability to see even at 20 feet what a typical person can see at 200 feet (20/200) after correction (corrective lenses, etc.) is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

blindness partial sightedness legally blind impairment

Answer: a Page: 217 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-25. Which symptom would a boy or girl with vision impairment likely exhibit while doing schoolwork? a) complain he or she is too tired to read b) hold a book close to his or her face c) glance away for long periods of time, apparently ―daydreaming‖ d) yawn continuously while reading Answer: b Page: 217 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3

5-26. Auditory impairment, which is a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing, affects __________ percent of the school-age population. a) b) c) d)

1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8

Answer: a Pages: 217–218 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-27. Severe and early loss of hearing is associated with __________. a) b) c) d)

impairments in concrete thinking problems developing the ability to write reduced intelligence speech impairments

Answer: d Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-28. What is the term for speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker? a) b) c) d)

A disorder of executive functioning Auditory language processing disorder Auditory impairment Speech impairment

Answer: d Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3

5-29. What percentage of school-age children demonstrates speech/language impairment? a) b) c) d)

1 to 3 percent 3 to 5 percent 5 to 7 percent 7 to 9 percent

Answer: b Page: 218 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-30. What is the term for a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech and is the most common speech impairment? a) b) c) d)

Echolalia Auditory language processing delays Stuttering Dyspraxia

Answer: c Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 4.3 5-31. How can parents and teachers help children who stutter? a) b) c) d)

Draw attention to the issue.

Finish their sentences.

Give them sufficient time to finish what they are saying.

Correct their speech.

Answer: c Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 5.1

5-32. If a child is demonstrating difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities, the child is exhibiting a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

intellectual disability pervasive developmental disorder learning disability developmental delay

Answer: c Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 1.1 5-33. How many school-age children are labeled with a learning disability? a) b) c) d)

1 in 10 1 in 5 1 in 4 1 in 3

Answer: a Page: 218 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 1.2

5-34. Which of the following is an accurate description of a learning disability? a) A speech/language impairment b) A significant discrepancy between the child’s actual academic performance and his or her apparent potential to learn c) A vision impairment in which the child cannot see at 20 feet what most people can see at 200 feet d) A hearing impairment Answer: b Page: 218 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 1.2 5-35. The causes of learning disabilities, while not well understood, are generally attributed to __________. a) b) c) d)

low birth weight in infancy brain dysfunction due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors inadequate access to learning speech/language problems in early childhood

Answer: b Page: 218 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.5 APA LO: 1.2

5-36. What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity? a) b) c) d)

Bipolar disorder Childhood schizophrenia Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer: c Page: 219 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2 5-37. Frank was tested by the school psychologist and diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The test results have been explained to his parents. His parents are curious as to brain involvement and ADHD. The school psychologist informs them that __________. a) b) c) d)

some research indicates that ADHD is related to a delay in neural development there is little research to link ADHD with specific brain involvement if there is a lag in neural functioning, it will decline with age ADHD is considered a developmental delay

Answer: a Page: 219 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.1

5-38. Which of the following factors helps differentiate normal active behavior in children from children with ADHD? a) b) c) d)

Ease in finishing tasks, following instructions, and organizing work Infrequent interruptions of others or appropriate level of talking Difficulty waiting or remaining seated Interest in very active, fast-paced games

Answer: c Page: 219 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2 5-39. Most estimates put the number of children that have ADHD at __________ percent of children under 18 years of age. a) b) c) d)

1 to 3 3 to 5 7 to 10 10 to 15

Answer: b Page: 219 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2

5-40. Which of the following is a side effect of medication treatment for ADHD (e.g., Ritalin)? a) b) c) d)

Nightmares Increased appetite Depression Mild stuttering

Answer: c Page: 219 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2 5-41. Which of the following is considered an additional and/or alternative method of ADHD treatment? a) b) c) d)

Hormonal replacement therapy Behavior therapy that includes use of punishments Dietary changes to address fatty acids and/or food additives in the child’s diet Decreased structure in the classroom environment

Answer: c Page: 220 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2 5-42. If a preschool child thinks largely in an egocentric manner, then from Piaget’s perspective we would say that the child is in the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

concrete operational decentering abstract operational preoperational

Answer: d Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1

5-43. What is the term that refers to the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic? a) b) c) d)

Concrete operational Decentering Abstract operational Preoperational

Answer: a Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2 5-44. Concrete operational thought involves applying __________ to concrete problems. a) b) c) d)

dichotomous reasoning intuition or hunches logical operations abstract concepts

Answer: c Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2 5-45. What is the term for the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation? a) b) c) d)

Concrete operational Abstract operational Preoperational Decentering

Answer: d Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2

5-46. Two boys, 7-year-old Marvin and his 4-year-old brother, are sitting at the table as their mother pours milk into their glasses. Both glasses are the same size and shape. However, Marvin’s mother notices a scratch/nick on the lip of his glass and decides that it is safer if she pours that milk into another glass so Marvin doesn’t cut his lip. The new glass is shorter and much wider, and when she pours the milk into it, Marvin’s younger brother laughs and says that now he has more milk than Marvin does. Marvin is not upset because he knows that he still gets the same amount of milk. Marvin is exhibiting __________. a) b) c) d)

formal operations decentering preoperational abstract reversing

Answer: b Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1 5-47. Seven-year-old Alice is working with clay in art class, and she rolls a round ball of clay between her hands until it becomes a long rope. However, she decides that she does not want the rope of clay but would prefer that the clay be in the shape of a ball again. Alice knows that this is possible. Piaget would say that Alice is demonstrating the knowledge of __________. a) b) c) d)

formation decentering reversibility conservation

Answer: c Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1

5-48. According to Piaget’s work, when children are interviewed by researchers from their own culture, who also share their language and customs, and whose reasoning tasks relate to the important cultural domains, which kind of thinking are children likely to display? a) b) c) d)

Preoperational thinking Concrete operational thinking Formal operational thinking Post-formal operational thinking

Answer: b Page: 223 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1 5-49. In the information-processing model, what is the term for the ability to record, store, and retrieve information? a) b) c) d)

Encoding Metacognition Memory Information processing

Answer: c Page: 224 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1

5-50. For a child to remember a piece of information, __________ processes must function properly. a) b) c) d)

three four five six

Answer: a Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2 5-51. When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

rehearsal listening visualization encoding

Answer: d Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2

5-52. Larry was daydreaming the day that his first-grade teacher reviewed the that 5 + 5 = 10.

Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, probably because he __________. a) b) c) d)

did not use adequate mnemonics never encoded it never rehearsed it never visualized it

Answer: b Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2 5-53. When a middle-school student is able to demonstrate that he or she is able to hear a string of digits (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and then repeat the string in reverse order, the child is indicating that he or she is developing __________. a) b) c) d)

memory skills working memory rehearsal strategies semantic memory

Answer: b Page: 224 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2

5-54. What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood? a) b) c) d)

Recall Rehearsal Metamemory Working memory

Answer: c Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.2 5-55. Intentionally used tactics employed to improve cognitive processing are called __________. a) b) c) d)

reasoning constructs control strategies rehearsal involvements working memories

Answer: b Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1

5-56. What is Vygotsky’s term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task? a) b) c) d)

Metamemory Transference Zone of proximal development Theory of mind

Answer: c Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1 5-57. Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation, based on Vygotsky’s work, where children work together in groups to achieve a common goal? a) b) c) d)

Reciprocal teaching Metamemory Zone of proximal development Cooperative learning

Answer: d Page: 225 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1

5-58. Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation, based upon Vygotsky’s work, where reading comprehension strategies are taught, allowing the student to take on the role of the teacher? a) b) c) d)

Reciprocal teaching Metamemory Zone of proximal development Cooperative learning

Answer: a Page: 225 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1 5-59. The vocabulary of a 6-year-old child is between 8,000 and 14,000 words, whereas the vocabulary grows by another __________ words from the ages of 9 to 11. a) b) c) d)

1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

Answer: c Page: 225 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3

5-60. When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

metalinguistic skills metacognition syntax phonemes

Answer: c Page: 225 Level: 2-Moderate Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3 5-61. Alexander is 6 years old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing ―j,‖ ―v,‖ ―th,‖ and ―zh‖ sounds, which are examples of __________. a) b) c) d)

metalinguistics phonemes word blends enunciation

Answer: b Page: 225 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3

5-62. When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of __________. a) b) c) d)

pragmatics syntax phonemes metalinguistic awareness

Answer: a Page: 226 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3 5-63. What is the term for an understanding of one’s own use of language? a) b) c) d)

Metamemory Comprehension Metalinguistic awareness Expressive/receptive communication

Answer: c Page: 226 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3

5-64. Middle-school-age children utilize __________ when information is fuzzy or incomplete, such as asking for clarifications of information. a) b) c) d)

metacognitive skills metalinguistic awareness pragmatics syntax

Answer: b Page: 226 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3 5-65. What is the term for the use of more than one language? a) b) c) d)

Pragmatics Bilingualism Syntax Metalinguistics

Answer: b Page: 226 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 4.3 5-66. When non-English-speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

bilingualism bilingual education pragmatics metalinguistics

Answer: b Page: 227 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 2.5

5-67. Which of the following best fits the stage of reading that lasts from birth to the start of first grade, where children learn the essential prerequisites for reading, such as identifying letters? a) b) c) d)

Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Answer: a Page: 228 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-68. Children begin to use reading as a source for learning around __________. a) b) c) d)

kindergarten first grade fourth grade sixth grade

Answer: c Page: 228 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-69. At which stage does a child learn phonological recoding skills and start to read? a) b) c) d)

Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Answer: b Page: 228 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2

5-70. Which of the following stages best reflects when a child reads, using phonological recoding skills? What grade(s) is the child most likely attending? a) b) c) d)

Stage 0; kindergarten Stage 1; first and second grades Stage 2; second and third grades Stage 3; third and fourth grades

Answer: b Page: 228 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-71. At which stage does a child learn to read aloud with fluency? What grade(s) is the child likely to be attending? a) b) c) d)

Stage 0; kindergarten Stage 1; first and second grades Stage 2; second and third grades Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades

Answer: c Page: 228 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2

5-72. At which stage does reading become a means to an end and a way for a child to learn?

What grade(s) is the child most likely attending? a) b) c) d)

Stage 1; first and second grades Stage 2; second and third grades Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades Stage 4; eighth grade and beyond

Answer: c Pages: 228–229 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-73. At which stage is a child able to read and process information that reflects multiple points of view? What grade(s) is the child likely to be attending? a) b) c) d)

Stage 1; first and second grades Stage 2; second and third grades Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades Stage 4; eighth grade and beyond

Answer: d Page: 229 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2

5-74. The curriculum director for a school district is making arrangements to bring the works of Shakespeare into the school district. What is the earliest grade that he or she should plan to introduce these great works of literature? a) b) c) d)

First grade Third grade Sixth grade Ninth grade

Answer: d Page: 229 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-75. If a reading educator is in favor of teaching reading by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading, such as phonics, this teacher is a proponent of the __________ approach. a) b) c) d)

whole-language sound-symbol code-based phonetic fluency

Answer: c Page: 229 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2

5-76. If a reading educator is in favor of teaching reading by presenting it as a natural process, similar to acquisition of oral language, where the child is encouraged to guess at words and learns to read through exposure to actual uses of language, this teacher is a proponent of the __________ approach. a) b) c) d)

whole-language sound-symbol code-based phonetic fluency

Answer: a Page: 229 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2 5-77. What is the term for a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures? a) b) c) d)

Diversity Equal opportunity Cultural assimilation model Multicultural education

Answer: d Page: 230 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5

5-78. What is the term for the model in which the goal of education was to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture? a) b) c) d)

Diversity Culture Cultural assimilation model Multicultural education

Answer: c Page: 230 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5 5-79. What is the term for the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their unique cultural features? a) b) c) d)

Diversity Pluralistic society model Cultural assimilation model Multicultural education

Answer: b Page: 231 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5

5-80. Over the past decade or so, educators began to argue that the presence of students from diverse cultures enriched and broadened the education experience for all students. This would be an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

diversity a pluralistic society model a cultural assimilation model multicultural education

Answer: b Page: 231 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5 5-81. What is the term for maintaining one’s original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture? a) b) c) d)

Bicultural identity Pluralistic society model Cultural assimilation model Multicultural education

Answer: a Page: 231 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5

5-82. What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges? a) b) c) d)

Education Assertiveness Achievement Intelligence

Answer: d Page: 232 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 5-83. Who is the psychologist that used a trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction today? a) b) c) d)

Freud Binet Skinner Watson

Answer: b Page: 232 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.1

5-84. Who is the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success in constructing an intelligence test that continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student’s ability to be successful in school? a) b) c) d)

Freud Binet Skinner Watson

Answer: b Page: 232 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.1 5-85. What is the term that Binet developed for the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age? a) b) c) d)

Standard age Chronological (or physical) age Intelligence quotient Mental age

Answer: d Page: 233 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3

5-86. What is the term for the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test? a) b) c) d)

Standard age Chronological (or physical) age Intelligence quotient Mental age

Answer: b Page: 233 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3 5-87. What is the term for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age? a) b) c) d)

Standard age Chronological/physical age Intelligence quotient Mental age

Answer: c Page: 233 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3 5-88. What is the name of a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested? a) b) c) d)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Deviation IQ scores Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)

Answer: c Page: 233 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3

5-89. What is the name of the test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score? a) b) c) d)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Deviation IQ scores Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)

Answer: a Pages: 233–234 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3 5-90. What is the name of an intelligence test that measures children’s ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking? a) b) c) d)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Deviation IQ scores Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)

Answer: d Page: 235 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3

5-91. Intelligence tests most frequently used in schools are based on a common idea that intelligence is a single factor or unitary mental ability called __________. a) b) c) d)

deviation IQ full-scale IQ g intelligence quotient

Answer: c Page: 235 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.1 5-92. Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory? a) b) c) d)

Triarchic theory of intelligence Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Intellectual quotient

Answer: b Page: 235 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3

5-93. Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations? a) b) c) d)

Triarchic theory of intelligence Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Intellectual quotient

Answer: c Page: 235 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3 5-94. Howard Gardner posited the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting humans possess at least __________ distinct intelligences, each relatively independent of the others. a) b) c) d)

2 3 8 12

Answer: c Page: 235 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5. 11 APA LO: 1.2

5-95. Julian and his friends enjoy taking weekend road trips exploring the hiking trails, cultural offerings, and historical sites outside their college campus. While Sam is charged with making the grocery list and Stanton procures needed supplies, Julian takes the lead on mapping the travel, navigating the traffic, and deciding how best to navigate the hiking trails. According to Gardner, Julian demonstrates signs of __________ intelligence. a) b) c) d)

logical-mathematical linguistic intrapersonal spatial

Answer: d Page: 235–236 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 2.2 5-96. According to Robert Sternberg, who developed the __________, intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing. a) b) c) d)

triarchic theory of intelligence fluid intelligence theory crystallized intelligence theory theory of intellectual quotient

Answer: a Page: 236 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.1

5-97. The book The Bell Curve argues that the average 15-point difference between white Americans’ and African Americans’ IQs is primarily due to __________. a) b) c) d)

high rates of poverty among African Americans the environment heredity lower employment among African Americans

Answer: c Page: 237 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 2.5 5-98. Recent findings show that nationally in the United States, twice as many African American students as white American students are classified as having mild intellectual disabilities, which is a difference attributed primarily to __________. a) less availability of quality preschool services for poverty-stricken African American children b) cultural bias and poverty c) truancy and inadequate access to educational opportunities d) inadequate opportunities regarding self-expression Answer: b Page: 238 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 2.5

5-99. Although no test is completely without bias, which of the following tests is designed to be equally valid regardless of the cultural background of the test-taker? a) b) c) d)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)

Answer: b Page: 238 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 1.3 5-100. What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs? a) b) c) d)

Regular education Mainstreaming Integration Least restrictive environment

Answer: d Page: 239 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.1

5-101. Which of the following is the term for an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives? a) b) c) d)

Regular education Mainstreaming Integration Least restrictive environment

Answer: b Page: 239 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.1 5-102. If a person has significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, this person is said to __________. a) b) c) d)

need mainstreaming be intellectually disabled need psychoeducational evaluation need special education

Answer: b Page: 239 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.3

5-103. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

profound intellectual disability moderate intellectual disability borderline intellectual development mild intellectual disability

Answer: d Page: 240 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.3 5-104. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

intellectual disability moderate intellectual disability borderline intellectual development mild intellectual disability

Answer: b Page: 240 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.3

5-105. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

intellectual disability moderate intellectual disability severe intellectual disability mild intellectual disability

Answer: c Page: 240 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.3 5-106. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

intellectual disability moderate intellectual disability severe intellectual disability profound intellectual disability

Answer: d Page: 240 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.3

5-107. Children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields are referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

geniuses special gifted and talented special education students

Answer: c Page: 240 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.2 5-108. Which of the following is the term for an approach to education through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic? a) b) c) d)

Special education Acceleration Enrichment Gifted and talented

Answer: c Page: 241 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.12 APA LO: 1.1

5-109. According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12, children go through the period characterized by efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called __________. a) b) c) d)

inferiority versus superiority industry versus inferiority social comparison puberty

Answer: b Page: 243 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.1 5-110. Which psychologist promoted the theory that addresses middle childhood children’s focus on meeting the challenges presented by the world? a) b) c) d)

Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner John B. Watson

Answer: a Page: 243 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.1

5-111. According to research by Vaillant & Vaillant (1981), which of the following characteristics is most highly associated with adult success? a) b) c) d)

High level of intelligence Family background Childhood industriousness Genetic predisposition

Answer: c Page: 243 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.1 5-112. Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Tina’s views of herself are based on __________. a) b) c) d)

her physical skills psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract desire to be popular with her friends external activities relying on motor skills

Answer: b Pages: 243–244 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.2

5-113. Twelve-year-old Sam believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good in chorus.

This is an indication of Sam’s __________. a) b) c) d)

self-esteem self-concept social reality social comparison

Answer: b Page: 244 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.2 5-114. __________ is an individual’s overall and specific self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented); __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self. a) b) c) d)

Self-concept; self-esteem Self-esteem; self-concept Self-esteem; social comparison Social comparison; self-concept

Answer: b Page: 244 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.1

5-115. Which term relates to an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative selfevaluation? a) b) c) d)

Social comparison Self-concept Self-esteem Downward social comparison

Answer: c Page: 244 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.2 5-116. Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that because he’s going to do badly anyway, he should not bother. This is an indication of Harry’s __________. a) b) c) d)

self-esteem self-concept social reality social comparison

Answer: a Page: 244 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.2

5-117. Generally, overall self-esteem is high during middle childhood but begins to decline around the age of __________ due to __________. a) b) c) d)

15; puberty 16; sexual activity 12; change of schools 11; self-concept

Answer: c Page: 244 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-118. Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) __________ childrearing style. a) b) c) d)

authoritarian permissive authoritative passive

Answer: c Page: 245 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5

5-119. During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families __________. a) b) c) d)

often have significant learning problems often do quite well in the United States are less fluent in communication skills suffer from depression

Answer: b Page: 245 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-120. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show higher self-esteem than white American children. Which of the following is a reason for this? a) b) c) d)

African American children notice more visibility on television of African Americans.

African American children begin to distance themselves from their racial group.

African American children begin to develop more complex views of racial identity.

African American children begin to view negative aspects of their group membership.

Answer: c Page: 245 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5

5-121. The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from __________. a) b) c) d)

social comparison social identity theory downward social comparison low self-esteem

Answer: b Page: 245 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-122. According to __________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups. a) b) c) d)

social comparison theory low self-esteem theory downward social comparison theory social identity theory

Answer: d Page: 245 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 1.1

5-123. Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the United States. Sima is likely to demonstrate __________. a) b) c) d)

equal or worse grades in school than nonimmigrant children a lower level of self-esteem than nonimmigrant children feeling less popular than her nonimmigrant peers a high level of popularity among peers

Answer: c Page: 246 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-124. Which of the following psychologists contends that people pass through a series of stages in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments as their sense of justice evolves? a) b) c) d)

Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Lawrence Kohlberg Albert Bandura

Answer: c Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-125. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments? a) b) c) d)

Conventional morality Postconventional morality Moral reasoning Preconventional morality

Answer: d Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-126. A seventh-grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course. This student is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional morality preconventional morality postconventional morality a lack of morality

Answer: b Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-127. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a person’s approach to moral problems as a member of society? a) b) c) d)

Conventional morality Postconventional morality Moral reasoning Preconventional morality

Answer: a Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-128. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which stage reflects a person’s use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society? a) b) c) d)

Conventional morality Postconventional morality Moral reasoning Preconventional morality

Answer: b Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-129. Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________. a) b) c) d)

middle childhood; deficits in cognitive development adolescence; lack of experience and peer pressure young adulthood; lack of experience adolescence; deficits in cognitive development before then

Answer: d Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-130. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg found that __________ is relatively rare. a) b) c) d)

preconventional reasoning a lack of morality postconventional morality conventional morality

Answer: c Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-131. According to Kohlberg’s theory, the fourth stage of development is __________. a) authority and social-order-maintaining morality b) universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of a particular society c) obedience and punishment orientation d) morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law Answer: a Page: 248 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-132. Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development for women? a) b) c) d)

Lawrence Kohlberg B. F. Skinner Carol Gilligan Sigmund Freud

Answer: c Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-133. According to Gilligan, girls view morality in terms of __________. a) broad principles of justice and fairness b) responsibility toward self c) compassion for individuals, which is a greater factor in moral behavior for women than for men d) gradual transition from responsibility to selfishness, which includes thinking about what would be best for oneself Answer: c Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-134. Which of the following best describes the first of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan? a) b) c) d)

Goodness as self-sacrifice Orientation toward individual survival Morality of nonviolence Moral equivalence established between self and others

Answer: b Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-135. Which of the following best describes the second of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan? a) b) c) d)

Goodness as self-sacrifice Orientation toward individual survival Morality of nonviolence Moral equivalence established between self and others

Answer: a Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-136. Which of the following best describes the third of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan? a) b) c) d)

Goodness as self-sacrifice Orientation toward individual survival Morality of nonviolence Moral equivalence established between self and others.

Answer: c Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-137. According to psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through which of the following stages? a) b) c) d)

Basing friendship on intelligence Basing friendship on group status Basing friendship on socioeconomic status Basing friendship on psychological closeness

Answer: d Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-138. According to Damon, the first stage of building friendship for middle-school age children is __________. a) b) c) d)

basing friendship on intelligence basing friendship on others’ behavior basing friendship on trust basing friendship on psychological closeness

Answer: b Pages: 250–251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2 5-139. According to Damon, when Sammy (who is a kindergarten student) is asked, ―How do you know that someone is your best friend?‖ it is highly likely that he will respond, ―__________.‖ a) because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it b) because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and they will stick with you no matter what c) because I can play a lot with him or her and stay over at his or her house a lot. d) because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first Answer: c Pages: 250–251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-140. According to Damon, when Martha (who is 9 years old) is asked, ―How do you know that someone is your best friend?‖ it is highly likely that she will respond, ―__________.‖ a) because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it b) because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and they will stick with you no matter what c) because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot d) båecause a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first Answer: a Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2 5-141. Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood? a) b) c) d)

Similar racial or ethnic background Mutual trust Similar size and weight Living geographically near one another

Answer: b Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-142. Friends influence children’s development during the middle childhood years in which of the following ways? a) Friendship provides a child with information about the world as well as themselves. b) Friendship provides physical support that helps the child respond more effectively to team sport challenges. c) Friendship teaches a child how to influence others for personal gain. d) Friendships provide more security than relationships with parents and other family members.

Answer: a Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2 5-143. According to Damon, the second stage of building friendship for middle-school age children is __________. a) b) c) d)

basing friendship on intelligence basing friendship on others’ behavior basing friendship on trust basing friendship on psychological closeness

Answer: c Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-144. According to Damon, the third stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is __________. a) b) c) d)

basing friendship on intelligence basing friendship on others’ behavior basing friendship on trust basing friendship on psychological closeness

Answer: d Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2 5-145. According to Damon, when Steven (who is 15 years old) is asked, ―How do you know that someone is your best friend?‖ it is highly likely that he will respond, ―__________.‖ a) because a friend is someone who shares his/her possessions with you b) because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and they will stick with you no matter what c) because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot d) because a friend is somebody who likes the same things that you do Answer: b Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-146. Status is __________. a) the amount of money a person or his/her family has b) the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings c) the geographical location of a person’s home d) the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group Answer: d Page: 251 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2 5-147. High-status children tend to __________. a) b) c) d)

form friendships with other high-status children have a selective number of friends form cliques of groups that are mixed equally with low- and high-status children form friendships with unpopular children

Answer: a Page: 251 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 3.2

5-148. Research indicates that popular children share which of the following personality characteristics: a) b) c) d)

having a sense of humor being domineering discounting others’ sense of humor being uncooperative

Answer: a Page: 252 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.5 5-149. Compared to less popular children, popular children are more likely to __________. a) b) c) d)

demonstrate a lack of humor read others’ nonverbal behavior and understand others’ emotional experiences control their own nonverbal behavior less effectively disregard others’ emotional experiences

Answer: b Page: 252 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.5 5-150. What is the term for the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings? a) b) c) d)

Status Morals Social competence Social problem solving

Answer: c Pages: 238–239 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: L014 APA LO: 3.2

5-151. What is the term that means the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in mutually satisfactory ways? a) b) c) d)

Social problem-solving Status Social competence Conflict resolution

Answer: a Page: 252 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.3 5-152. According to developmental psychologist Kenneth Dodge, successful __________ proceeds through a series of steps that correspond to the child’s information-processing strategies. a) b) c) d)

status management conflict resolution social competence social problem-solving

Answer: d Page: 252 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.3

5-153. Kenneth Dodge offers a five-stage strategy for children to use when solving problems.

Identify the third stage in Dodge’s process. a) b) c) d)

Find and identify relevant social cues.

Interpret and evaluate social cues.

Determine possible problem-solving responses.

Choose a response.

Answer: c Page: 253 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.3 5-154. Roughly __________ U.S. schoolchildren stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied. a) b) c) d)

16,000 160,000 1,600,000 16,000,000

Answer: b Page: 254 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.1

5-155. Keisha is trying to help her young daughter, Carmella, fend for herself at school but is concerned her daughter is at risk of being subjected to bullying. Which of the following behaviors should Keisha help her child overcome so that she is less likely to be a target of bullying? a) b) c) d)

Being socially active Assertiveness Tendency to cry easily Ability to diffuse a bullying situation

Answer: c Page: 254 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood APA LO: 2.5 5-156. The segregation of friendships according to gender occurs __________. a) b) c) d)

in the United States only only among separate racial groups in almost all societies when boys are assigned one type of chore, and girls are assigned another type of chore

Answer: c Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2

5-157. What does the term ―border work‖ mean? a) Domination of same-sex groupings in middle childhood b) Forays that boys and girls occasionally make into the other gender’s territories with romantic overtones c) The making of friendships within one’s own race d) The making of friendships within one’s own school or chronological age Answer: b Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2 5-158. The lack of cross-gender interaction in the middle childhood years means that __________. a) girls and boys may not learn to like each other and may have difficulty making crossgender friendships b) boys’ and girls’ friendships are restricted to members of their own sex c) girls and boys do not have enough time or opportunity to learn about each other’s differences and/or similarities d) it is more difficult for boys and girls to build social competence Answer: b Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2

5-159. Which term means rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group? a) b) c) d)

Social competence Status Dominance hierarchy Social problem-solving

Answer: c Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2 5-160. Middle-school-age boys typically have which of the following? a) b) c) d)

Smaller networks of friends than girls have The tendency to play in pairs rather than larger groups Members of groups falling into particular levels of status One or two ―best friends‖ who are of relatively equal status

Answer: c Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2 5-161. Boys’ play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended, tranquil episodes, due in part to __________. a) b) c) d)

lack of social competence skills their concern over dominance hierarchy, known as restrictive play lack of dominance hierarchy, leading to equal status of different members lack of social problem-solving skills

Answer: b Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2

5-162. Middle-school-age girls tend to __________; middle-school-age boys tend to __________. a) b) c) d)

focus on one or two ―best friends‖; develop a dominance hierarchy have a smaller network of friends; ignore differences in status avoid differences in status; have a smaller network of friends focus on one or two ―best friends‖; smooth over disagreements

Answer: a Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2 5-163. According to developmental psychologist Carol Beal, the motivation of middle-schoolage girls to solve social conflict among friends is due to __________. a) b) c) d)

lack of self-confidence lack of social competence apprehension over the use of more direct approaches the desire to make social interaction nonconfrontational

Answer: d Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2

5-164. Sally, who is a middle-school-age girl, wants her friend, Beth, to go to the movies with her. Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get her friend to go? a) b) c) d)

―I want you to go the movies with me.‖ ―You have to go to the movies with me.‖ ―I want to go to the movies.‖ ―Let’s go to the movies.‖

Answer: d Page: 255 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2 5-165. Which of the following is true when it comes to middle-school-age children’s friendships? a) b) c) d)

Children tend to make an equal number of same-race and different-race friends.

Children can show a high degree of mutual acceptance.

Children tend to make same-gender but different-race group friends.

Children cannot make more different-race friendships as they age.

Answer: b Page: 256 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 3.2

5-166. __________ is the process by which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior. a) b) c) d)

Self-care Social competence Coregulation Adolescence

Answer: c Page: 256 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.3 5-167. During the middle-school years, which of the following occurs? a) b) c) d)

Children spend more time with their parents.

Parents still remain the major influence in their children’s lives.

Siblings do not have a significant influence on children.

Peer relationships are more influential than family relationships are.

Answer: b Page: 257 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-168. Which of the following children in China is likely to have the highest level of academic performance? a) b) c) d)

An only child A child who has one sibling A child who has two siblings A child who has more than four siblings

Answer: a Page: 257 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-169. Approximately how many children under the age of 18 in the United States live in singleparent households? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 25 percent 33 percent 50 percent

Answer: b Page: 257 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-170. Almost __________ of African American children under the age of 18 and almost __________ of Hispanic American children under the age of 18 live in single-parent households. a) b) c) d)

60 percent; 35 percent 35 percent; 60 percent 45 percent; 50 percent 50 percent; 45 percent

Answer: a Page: 257 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-171. The prevalence of three-generation families who live together is greater among ________ American families than among Caucasians. a) b) c) d)

African Native Asian Hispanic

Answer: a Page: 257 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-172. More than __________ households in the United States contain at least one spouse who has remarried. a) b) c) d)

100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000

Answer: c Page: 257 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-173. By definition, a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called a __________ family. a) b) c) d)

multigenerational single-parent blended mixed

Answer: c Page: 257 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-174. What percentage of children in the United States live in ―blended families‖? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 17 percent 35 percent 45 percent

Answer: b Page: 257 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-175. In a blended family, roles and expectations can be unclear. This is called __________. a) b) c) d)

autonomy self-care shared benefits role ambiguity

Answer: d Page: 258 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-176. Estimates suggest that approximately __________ children have lesbian or gay parents. a) b) c) d)

1 million 4 million 6 million 10 million

Answer: c Page: 258 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-177. The latest research regarding children raised in lesbian and gay households suggests __________. a) children develop similarly to children of heterosexual families and are equally welladjusted b) most children demonstrate significant adjustment problems c) children raised in gay or lesbian households have more significant learning problems d) children raised in gay and lesbian households have gender identity issues Answer: a Page: 258 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-178. A young man who sees his father to be a powerful figure who maintains discipline, and who is taught that it is his responsibility to care for his parents throughout his lifetime, is likely to be __________. a) b) c) d)

Caucasian American African American Asian American Hispanic American

Answer: c Page: 259 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-179. What is the current term for children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their parents return from work? a) b) c) d)

Latchkey children Socially competent children Self-care children Autonomous children

Answer: c Page: 259 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5

5-180. What percentage of children in the United States between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time alone after school without adult supervision? a) b) c) d)

12 to 14 percent 15 to 20 percent 5 to 10 percent 8 to 10 percent

Answer: a Page: 259 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5 5-181. According to psychologist Sandra Hofferth, which of the following is a part of self-care children’s development? a) Given their hectic schedule, self-care children likely do not benefit from a period of decompression after school. b) Self-care children tend to develop dependency. c) Self-care children who stay at home rather than ―hang out‖ unsupervised with friends may avoid activities that lead to difficulties. d) Self-care children seem more emotionally damaged than children who come home to and are supervised by a parent.

Answer: c Page: 260 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5

5-182. What is the approximate percentage of children in the United States who spend their entire childhood living in the same household with both parents? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 33 percent 50 percent 67 percent

Answer: c Page: 260 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5 5-183. Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from __________. a) b) c) d)

1 to 2 years 3 months to 3 years 6 months to 2 years 3 to 6 years

Answer: c Page: 260 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5

5-184. According to your textbook, following his or her parents’ divorce, a child may exhibit __________. a) b) c) d)

eating disorders bipolar disorder ADHD anxiety

Answer: d Page: 260 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5 5-185. After a divorce, children feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father and may experience a degree of divided loyalty by the age of __________ years. a) b) c) d)

2 5 8 10

Answer: d Page: 260 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5

5-186. With regard to children of divorced parents, which of the following is true? a) Three times as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as children from intact families. b) Between 24 months to 3 years after the divorce, most children begin to return to their predivorce state of psychological adjustment. c) People who have experienced parental divorce are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves. d) Divorce is not beneficial to children living in households overwhelmed by parental strife.

Answer: c Page: 260 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5 5-187. Children living in poverty experience many more disruptions than children in socioeconomically secure environments. Which of the following represents a disruption as noted in your textbook? a) b) c) d)

Frequent moving by the family to find work An increase in basic everyday resources Attending private schools in safe neighborhoods Living in single-parent households

Answer: a Page: 261 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5

5-188. What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in children? a) Children experience significant hardships, poor academic performance, cardiovascular disease, depression, and diabetes. b) There are no major effects regarding stress and susceptibility to disease. c) Children are prone to brain delays and adjustment problems. d) Children experience poor self-esteem, high resilience, and improved health.

Answer: a Page: 261 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.5 5-189. The word orphanage has been replaced by the words __________. a) b) c) d)

foster home group home or residential treatment center alternative lifestyle latchkey child

Answer: b Page: 261 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.18 APA LO: 2.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 5-190. Describe the newest threat to children’s safety and identify what experts believe is the most reliable safeguard.

Answer: According to developmentalists, the newest threat to children’s safety is access to the Internet. The web allows children to see material many parents find objectionable. Socialnetworking exposes children to interaction with unfamiliar people and puts children at risk for bullying. Most computer experts think that the most reliable safeguard is parental supervision and educating children to never provide personal information such as addresses or phone numbers within chat rooms or social networking sites. Further, children should be restricted from engaging in face-to-face meetings unless a parent is present.

Pages: 215–216 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.5 5-191. Briefly explain the treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the controversies surrounding them.

Answer: Many physicians routinely prescribe stimulant drugs such as Ritalin or Dexadrine because those drugs reduce hyperactivity in children. However, the side effects, such as irritability, reduced appetite, and depression, can be considerable, and the long-term health consequences are unclear. Although the drugs are effective in the short run, the evidence for continued improvement is mixed; some studies suggest that after a few years, children treated with drugs perform no better than untreated ADHD children. In addition to drugs, behavior therapy is often used to treat ADHD, using rewards and increased structure of classroom activities to improve behavior. Research showing links between ADHD and children’s diets have prompted dietary treatments; however, dietary treatments are usually insufficient by themselves.

Page: 219 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 2.2

5-192. Provide some criticisms of Piaget’s perspective of learning.

Answer: Researchers argue that Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities because of the limited nature of Piaget’s mini-experiments. Researchers believe that Piaget misjudged the age at which children’s cognitive abilities emerge. Researchers believe that Piaget’s theories were based too much on Western culture.

Page: 223 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.1 5-193. Briefly explain some of the educational trends of the twenty-first century.

Answer: The renewed focus on educational fundamentals (reading, writing, and arithmetic) is a departure from previous decades when the emphasis was on social well-being and on allowing students to choose study topics. Schools today stress individual accountability for students and teachers. Consequently, both students and teachers may be required to take state or national tests to assess their competence. Schools today also pay increased attention to issues involving student diversity and multiculturalism.

Page: 229 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 1.1

5-194. Describe what recent research reveals regarding the effect of praise on a child’s selfesteem and how this praise may impact a child’s interest in tackling complex challenges.

Answer: Research shows praise may not encourage some children to take on challenge but rather may lead them to avoid challenge. Praising children’s innate ability rather than their effort has been shown to cause children to avoid challenge. The logic is that it may be easier to deal with failure due to lack of trying rather than learning you are not good enough. In a recent study, children with low self-esteem given restrained praise for their work were more likely to choose more challenging work on the next attempt. However, children with low self-esteem offered overinflated praise tended to choose work less challenging on the next attempt. Researchers believe inflated praise in low self-esteem children results in these children avoiding work that may reveal their deficiencies while high self-esteem children want to work to show off their abilities.

Page: 245 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module: 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-195. Briefly provide information regarding the success and adjustment of the children of immigrant families.

Answer: Immigrant children are faring quite well and, in some ways, doing better than their nonimmigrant peers. They tend to have equal or better grades than nonimmigrant students, and they demonstrate similar levels of self-esteem. Immigrant children are highly motivated and place a higher value on education than nonimmigrant children do, and immigrant children feel an obligation and duty to succeed. Due to a strong cultural identity, they do not adopt undesirable ―American‖ behaviors.

Page: 246 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5

5-196. Briefly describe criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.

Answer: Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized because it is based solely on observations of Western cultures. Members of industrialized, technically advanced societies move through morality stages faster than members of nonindustrialized countries do. One explanation is that Kohlberg’s morality involves governmental and societal institutions such as the police and the court system, while less industrialized cultures’ morality may be based on the relationship between people. Kohlberg’s morality also does not explain girls’ moral judgments because his data was based on males. Another criticism notes that although Kolhberg’s theory may adequately assess moral judgment, it is less useful for predicting moral behavior.

Pages: 248–249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-197. Briefly explain the major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan’s moral development for girls.

Answer: Girls see morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals in the context of particular relationships. There are three stages that girls pass through: (1) orientation toward individual survival; (2) goodness as self-sacrifice; and (3) morality of nonviolence.

Pages: 249–250 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-198. Briefly describe what is meant by learned helplessness and explain the resulting behavior.

Answer: Learned helplessness is a concept particularly associated with unpopular children because they have little understanding of why they are unpopular. Without fully grasping the ―whys‖ of their social status, children may feel they have little control or ability to improve their situation. As a result, they may give up and refuse to even try to engage with their peers. Their learned helplessness becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, reducing the chances that they will become popular in the future.

Page: 252 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.5 5-199. Identify the most effective ways to reduce the incidence of bullying.

Answer: Research suggests school programs that enlist and involve students are effective in that they can train students to intervene when they see a bullying behavior, rather than just being a passive bystander. Teaching students how to stand up for victims has been shown to reduce bullying significantly.

Page: 254 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.5

TRUE/FALSE 5-200. Boys begin their adolescent growth spurt before girls do.

Answer: False Page: 210 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.1 APA LO: 2.1

5-201. Obesity in children ages 6–12 has dropped dramatically over the past four decades.

Answer: False Page: 211 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.2 5-202. Adopted children tend to have weights that are more similar to those of their adoptive parents than those of their birth parents.

Answer: False Page: 211 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.5 5-203. The only cause of obesity is diet.

Answer: False Page: 211 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.2 5-204. School-age children are very active; therefore, they do not need to exercise more.

Answer: False Page: 212 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.2 APA LO: 2.2

5-205. Recent comparisons made between boys and girls in middle childhood indicate that there are extreme differences between the motor skills of the two sexes.

Answer: False Page: 213 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.3 APA LO: 1.2 5-206. Antidepressant drugs have received unconditional approval by government regulators for use with children.

Answer: False Page: 216 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2 5-207. In 2004, the U.S. Federal Drug Administration issued a warning linking the use of antidepressant medication(s), specifically SSRIs, with the increased risk of suicide.

Answer: True Page: 216 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.4 APA LO: 2.2 5-208. There is a simple diagnostic test available to diagnose ADHD. Answer: False Page: 219 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.6 APA LO: 1.2

5-209. During middle childhood, children’s thinking becomes fully mature.

Answer: False Page: 222 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.3 5-210. Children are able to demonstrate metamemory awareness as early as the preschool years.

Answer: False Page: 224 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.7 APA LO: 1.3 5-211. Bilingual students often have greater metalinguistic awareness than do their monolingual peers.

Answer: True Page: 228 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.8 APA LO: 2.5 5-212. A growing body of research suggests that the code-based approach to reading instruction is superior to whole-language approaches.

Answer: True Page: 229 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.9 APA LO: 4.2

5-213. Educators now agree that minority children should be encouraged to develop a bicultural identity.

Answer: True Page: 231 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5 5-214. In almost all developing countries, males and females receive formal educations equally.

Answer: False Page: 232 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.10 APA LO: 2.5 5-215. Lev Vygotsky argued that intelligence assessment should involve cooperative interaction between the assessed individual and the assessor.

Answer: True Page: 235 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.11 APA LO: 2.5 5-216. Children are on a quest for self-understanding in middle childhood.

Answer: True Page: 243 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 3.2

5-217. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show slightly higher self-esteem than white American children.

Answer: True Page: 245 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.13 APA LO: 2.5 5-218. Kohlberg’s theory contends that students with higher levels of moral reasoning are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior at school.

Answer: True Page: 247 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-219. One experiment found that 15 percent of students who reasoned at the postconventional level of morality (the highest category) cheated when given the opportunity.

Answer: True Page: 247 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-220. Kohlberg’s morality theory is problematic because his data was largely based on males rather than equally on males and females.

Answer: True Page: 249 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1

5-221. Psychologist Carol Gilligan suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in society leads to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior.

Answer: True Page: 249 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.14 APA LO: 3.1 5-222. Although generally popular children are friendly and cooperative, one subset of popular boys display negative behaviors such as aggressiveness and disruptiveness, which is viewed as cool because they are seen as breaking the rules.

Answer: True Page: 252 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.1 5-223. Despite frequent attempts, it is impossible to teach social competence to unpopular children.

Answer: False Page: 252 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.1 5-224. Bullying is a phenomenon that is exclusive to preschool children.

Answer: False Page: 254 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.1

5-225. Some 90 percent of middle-school children report being bullied at some point in their time at school, beginning as early as the preschool years.

Answer: True Page: 254 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.15 APA LO: 2.1 5-226. Middle-school-age girls typically have larger networks of friends than boys do.

Answer: False Page: 255 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 2.5 5-227. Research indicates that, for the most part, friendships are color-blind.

Answer: False Page: 256 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 2.5 5-228. A good deal of research supports the notion that contact between majority and minority groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.

Answer: True Page: 256 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.16 APA LO: 2.5

5-229. Children who have no siblings are not as well adjusted as children who grow up with siblings.

Answer: False Page: 257 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-230. Single-parent African American families tend to rely substantially on grandparents for everyday child care.

Answer: True Page: 257 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-231. Adolescents are able to adjust better to living in a blended family than are school-age children.

Answer: False Page: 258 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5 5-232. A growing body of research suggests that there is little developmental difference between children whose parents are gay and lesbian and those who have heterosexual parents.

Answer: True Page: 258 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

5-233. Research indicates that African American children growing up in households headed by a grandmother are particularly well adjusted.

Answer: True Page: 258 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Learning Objective: LO5.17 APA LO: 2.5

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 5 Middle Childhood Quiz: Physical Development in Middle Childhood 1. The period of __________ is the only time in life when, on average, girls tend to be taller than boys.

A. early childhood B. middle childhood C. adolescence D. early adulthood Answer: B. middle childhood Question Title: EOM Q5.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.1 Summarize the ways in which children grow during the school years, and discuss the factors that influence their growth.

Consider This: Girls, who start their adolescent growth spurt around age 10, experience a more rapid physical development than boys. 5.1 Summarize the ways in which children grow during the school years, and discuss the factors that influence their growth.

2. Which statement regarding childhood obesity is most accurate?

A. Lack of exercise is a major factor in childhood obesity.

B. Obesity reflects a lack of willpower.

C. Due to increased media focus on the problem, childhood obesity rates are declining.

D. Twenty-five percent of children in the United States are obese.

Answer: A. Lack of exercise is a major factor in childhood obesity.

Question Title: EOM Q5.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.2 Explain how nutrition affects children’s growth and functioning, and identify the risks posed by obesity.

Consider This: Many kids today spend time watching television and playing computer and video games. 5.2 Explain how nutrition affects children’s growth and functioning, and identify the risks posed by obesity.

3. One of the more recent threats to children’s safety and well-being comes from __________.

A. the hoverboard B. Pokémon Go C. the Internet D. relaxed gun laws Answer: C. the Internet Question Title: EOM Q5.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.4 Summarize the main health and safety concerns of school-age children.

Consider This: The most reliable safeguard against this threat is parental supervision. 5.4 Summarize the main health and safety concerns of school-age children.

4. Which statement is accurate regarding sensory impairments?

A. Continual blinking, headaches, and facial contortions when reading are fairly common.

B. A hearing aid that amplifies all frequencies is an ideal intervention.

C. Dyslexia reflects poor eyesight.

D. Stutterers should be given ample time to finish their sentences.

Answer: D. Stutterers should be given ample time to finish their sentences.

Question Title: EOM Q5.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.5 Explain how various sensory impairments and learning disabilities may impact children’s school performance and social relationships.

Consider This: Parents and teachers can help by not drawing attention to the impairment. 5.5 Explain how various sensory impairments and learning disabilities may impact children’s school performance and social relationships.

5. Which statement is true concerning the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A. About 15 percent of school-age children are diagnosed with ADHD. B. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls.

C. ADHD can be diagnosed by using a simple test.

D. The cause of ADHD is clearly understood.

Answer: B. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls.

Question Title: EOM Q5.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.6 Identify the behaviors associated with ADHD, and discuss how it impacts children’s school performance.

Consider This: One group is twice as likely to be diagnosed with the disorder as its counterpart.

5.6 Identify the behaviors associated with ADHD, and discuss how it impacts children’s school performance.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood 1. Leslie understands that she can be her mother’s daughter, her grandfather’s granddaughter, and her favorite uncle’s niece all at the same time. According to Piaget, Leslie is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational Answer: C. concrete operational Question Title: EOM Q5.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.7 Identify and summarize the major theoretical approaches to cognitive development in middle childhood.

Consider This: The stage is characterized by active use of logic and logical operations. 5.7 Identify and summarize the major theoretical approaches to cognitive development in middle childhood.

2. Deidre is fluent in both Mandarin and English. Deidre’s ability is referred to as __________.

A. bilingualism B. polylingualism C. dualism D. metalingualism Answer: A. bilingualism Question Title: EOM Q5.2.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.8 Summarize the development of language during middle childhood, and explain the cognitive advantages bilingualism offers.

Consider This: The term refers to the use of more than one language. 5.8 Summarize the development of language during middle childhood, and explain the cognitive advantages bilingualism offers.

3. Which statement best describes U.S. schooling in the twenty-first century?

A. The focus by educators is on students’ social well-being and self-esteem.

B. Neither students nor teachers may be tested for competence.

C. Most educators believe immigrant children are best served by developing a bicultural identity.

D. Most educators believe non-English-speaking students should be required to speak only English in the classroom.

Answer: C. Most educators believe immigrant children are best served by developing a bicultural identity.

Question Title: EOM Q5.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 5.10 Summarize the various trends in U.S. education.

Consider This: Most educators agree that support should be given to children’s original cultural identity while also integrating them into the dominant culture. 5.10 Summarize the various trends in U.S. education.

4. Intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a measure that accounts for both __________ age and the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test, referred to as chronological age.

A. biological B. social C. psychological D. mental Answer: D. mental Question Title: EOM Q5.2.4 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 5.11 Compare and contrast the different methods of assessing intelligence.

Consider This: It is the average intelligence level found for people at a given physical age. 5.11 Compare and contrast the different methods of assessing intelligence.

5. Jahzeer is considered a ―gifted‖ student. Compared with his peers, Jahzeer most likely __________.

A. is unsociable B. has more health problems C. has fewer emotional challenges D. is more physically mature Answer: C. has fewer emotional challenges Question Title: EOM Q5.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.12 Summarize the various approaches to educating children with intellectual disabilities and children who are intellectually gifted in middle childhood.

Consider This: Gifted children are often psychologically better adjusted than their less intelligent classmates. 5.12 Summarize the various approaches to educating children with intellectual disabilities and children who are intellectually gifted in middle childhood.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood 1. Ten-year-old Allison is asked how she might describe herself. Which of the following statements is most likely to be her response given her growing sophistication?

A. ―I like peanut butter cups.‖ B. ―I live on Middle Street!‖ C. ―I love my puppy, Sam.‖ D. ―I am kind-hearted.‖ Answer: D. ―I am kind-hearted.‖ Question Title: EOM Q5.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.13 Summarize how children’s view of themselves changes in middle childhood, and explain how this shift affects their self-esteem.

Consider This: In middle childhood, views of oneself are based on inner traits that are more abstract. 5.13 Summarize how children’s view of themselves changes in middle childhood, and explain how this shift affects their self-esteem.

2. Kohlberg’s first level of moral development is known as __________ morality.

A. conventional B. preconventional C. postconventional D. formal Answer: B. preconventional Question Title: EOM Q5.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.14 Identify the six stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and compare and contrast them with Gilligan’s sequence of stages.

Consider This: The main considerations at the first level are avoidance of punishment and desire for rewards. 5.14 Identify the six stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and compare and contrast them with Gilligan’s sequence of stages.

3. Peter wants to be part of the popular crowd. What advice would you give Peter to help him be considered ―popular‖ among his peers?

A. ―Be cooperative.‖ B. ―Don’t make straight A’s.‖ C. ―Don’t try too hard.‖ D. ―Stay quiet.‖ Answer: A. ―Be cooperative.‖ Question Title: EOM Q5.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.15 Identify Damon’s stages of friendship, and explain the factors that determine popularity in middle childhood.

Consider This: Popular children are usually helpful with others on joint projects. 5.15 Identify Damon’s stages of friendship, and explain the factors that determine popularity in middle childhood.

4. Children in the third grade are more likely to segregate friendships according to __________.

A. socioeconomic status B. sex C. academic standing D. similar interests Answer: B. sex Question Title: EOM Q5.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.16 Explain how gender and race affect friendships at this age.

Consider This: Children’s social networks are almost entirely based on this characteristic. 5.16 Explain how gender and race affect friendships at this age.

5. Which statement most accurately reflects the impact of same-sex parenting on children’s sexual identity?

A. A boy raised exclusively by two gay fathers will become gay in adulthood.

B. A girl raised exclusively by two lesbian mothers will become a lesbian in middle adulthood.

C. Children raised by same-sex parents are much more likely to adopt the homosexual lifestyle for themselves.

D. There are no significant differences in sexual orientation between children raised by heterosexual parents and children raised by gay or lesbian parents.

Answer: D. There are no significant differences in sexual orientation between children raised by heterosexual parents and children raised by gay or lesbian parents.

Question Title: EOM Q5.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.17 Identify the variety of family constellations, and assess their impact on children.

Consider This: A growing body of research finds a child’s sexual orientation is unrelated to that of his or her parents. 5.17 Identify the variety of family constellations, and assess their impact on children.

Chapter Quiz: Middle Childhood 1. Most variations in height and weight of children in the United States can be attributed to __________.

A. type of schooling B. parenting styles C. genetic inheritance D. lack of exercise Answer: C. genetic inheritance Question Title: EOC Q5.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.1 Summarize the ways in which children grow during the school years, and discuss the factors that influence their growth.

Consider This: It includes factors related to ethnic and racial background. 5.1 Summarize the ways in which children grow during the school years, and discuss the factors that influence their growth.

2. Parents who control and direct their children’s eating habits in middle childhood __________.

A. see their efforts result in fewer sick days B. are rewarded with children who are less likely to make poor dietary choices C. have children who excel academically compared with children who make their own food choices D. may raise children who are incapable of regulating their food intake Answer: D. may raise children who are incapable of regulating their food intake Question Title: EOC Q5.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.2 Explain how nutrition affects children’s growth and functioning, and identify the risks posed by obesity.

Consider This: Children need to control their own eating. 5.2 Explain how nutrition affects children’s growth and functioning, and identify the risks posed by obesity.

3. Children’s fine motor skills advance due to an increase in the amount of __________ surrounding the nerve cells.

A. dendrites B. myelin C. synapses D. axons Answer: B. myelin Question Title: EOC Q5.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.3 Identify the advances in motor skills during middle childhood.

Consider This: It provides protective insulation to the nerve cell. 5.3 Identify the advances in motor skills during middle childhood.

4. Which statement accurately reflects health and safety concerns in middle childhood?

A. Because they are physically weaker than their male counterparts, girls experience injuries in greater numbers than boys.

B. Unsupervised access to the Internet can pose a threat to children’s safety.

C. Food allergies to substances such as gluten, nuts, and corn syrup are the most common triggers for asthma attacks.

D. More than half of children and adolescents suffer from psychological disorders that produce at least some impairment.

Answer: B. Unsupervised access to the Internet can pose a threat to children’s safety.

Question Title: EOC Q5.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.4 Summarize the main health and safety concerns of school-age children.

Consider This: The newest threat to children’s safety comes from a source unheard of a generation ago. 5.4 Summarize the main health and safety concerns of school-age children.

5. Which statement best captures the impact of sensory disabilities on children’s learning?

A. Visual impairments are easy to identify as they tend to emerge in infancy.

B. Auditory impairments rarely produce negative impacts on social development.

C. The origin of learning difficulties is associated with some form of brain dysfunction.

D. Stuttering is a very uncommon speech impairment.

Answer: C. The origin of learning difficulties is associated with some form of brain dysfunction.

Question Title: EOC Q5.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.5 Explain how various sensory impairments and learning disabilities may impact children’s school performance and social relationships.

Consider This: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to learning disabilities. 5.5 Explain how various sensory impairments and learning disabilities may impact children’s school performance and social relationships.

6. Which action best supports Jared’s teacher’s suspicion that Jared may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A. He talks with his classmates during lunch and snack time.

B. He frequently shouts out the answer to the teacher’s question when he is supposed to raise his hand first.

C. He is unable to read a storybook from front to back.

D. He is unable to remember his multiplication tables.

Answer: B. He frequently shouts out the answer to the teacher’s question when he is supposed to raise his hand first.

Question Title: EOC Q5.6 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.6 Identify the behaviors associated with ADHD, and discuss how it impacts children’s school performance.

Consider This: Symptoms of ADHD include inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration. 5.6 Identify the behaviors associated with ADHD, and discuss how it impacts children’s school performance.

7. __________ is the process by which information is recorded into a form usable to memory.

A. Encoding B. Storing C. Retrieving D. Strategizing Answer: A. Encoding Question Title: EOC Q5.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.7 Identify and summarize the major theoretical approaches to cognitive development in middle childhood.

Consider This: It is the first stage in the information-processing model of memory. 5.7 Identify and summarize the major theoretical approaches to cognitive development in middle childhood

8. Eleven-year-old Amir is demonstrating his grasp of pragmatics when he states which of the following in response to his grandmother’s gift?

A. ―Oh, no! Not another pair of socks!‖ B. ―Grandmama, thank you for the new socks! I can’t think of anything I’d like more!‖ C. ―Grandmama, why do you always buy me socks?‖ D. ―Did you get me sneakers to go with the socks, Grandma?‖ Answer: B. ―Grandmama, thank you for the new socks! I can’t think of anything I’d like more!‖ Question Title: EOC Q5.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 5.8 Summarize the development of language during middle childhood, and explain the cognitive advantages bilingualism offers.

Consider This: Pragmatics are the rules governing the use of language in social settings. 5.8 Summarize the development of language during middle childhood, and explain the cognitive advantages bilingualism offers.

9. Which statement reflects the latest research on the most effective method of teaching reading?

A. Children learn best by engaging with computer-based programs that read to them.

B. Children learn to read best by writing sentences, creating stories, and designing visual representations of their understanding.

C. Children who are taught the basics of language production—such as letter sounds and how sounds combine to make words—tend to demonstrate significant gains in reading ability.

D. Reading complete books is the best way to learn to read.

Answer: C. Children who are taught the basics of language production—such as letter sounds and how sounds combine to make words—tend to demonstrate significant gains in reading ability.

Question Title: EOC Q5.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.9 Describe the five stages of reading, and compare teaching approaches.

Consider This: Code-based learning centered on mastering phonics is the recommended method of reading instruction. 5.9 Describe the five stages of reading, and compare teaching approaches.

10. Which statement best reflects the current trends in education in the United States?

A. Educators believe the presence of cultural diversity enriches the educational experience for all students.

B. Most educators discourage non-English speakers from using their native language.

C. Girls have more educational opportunities than boys.

D. Educators believe minority students should assimilate by developing an American identity.

Answer: A. Educators believe the presence of cultural diversity enriches the educational experience for all students.

Question Title: EOC Q5.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.10 Describe the various trends in U.S. education.

Consider This: Globally, two-thirds of women are illiterate throughout their lives. 5.10 Describe the various trends in U.S. education.

11. Which statement do most researchers accept to explain differences in IQ test scores?

A. White Americans score higher on IQ tests because they are innately smarter than other races.

B. IQ is the result of the complex interaction of nature and nurture.

C. The biases in traditional IQ scores have been largely corrected so little bias exists in current measures of IQ. D. Socioeconomic status plays an insignificant role in IQ scores.

Answer: B. IQ is the result of the complex interaction of nature and nurture.

Question Title: EOC Q5.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 5.11 Compare and contrast the different methods of assessing intelligence.

Consider This: Genes affect experiences, and experiences influence the expression of genes. 5.11 Compare and contrast the different methods of assessing intelligence.

12. Chase shows signs of being slow to grasp reading skills and is uncoordinated when running, but seems to be a very kind, generous, and friendly child. Into which category of intellectual disability is Chase most likely to be assessed?

A. grave intellectual disability B. severe intellectual disability C. profound intellectual disability D. moderate intellectual disability Answer: D. moderate intellectual disability Question Title: EOC Q5.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 5.12 Summarize the various approaches to educating children with intellectual disabilities and children who are intellectually gifted in middle childhood.

Consider This: It is the level of intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 35 or 40 to 50 or 55. 5.12 Summarize the various approaches to educating children with intellectual disabilities and children who are intellectually gifted in middle childhood.

13. A child who remarks that she is very good at tennis, but not so good at art is reflecting her __________, while a child who notes that he has a great sense of humor and never cries at sad movies is referencing his __________.

A. self-esteem; self-concept B. emotions; abilities C. self-concept; self-esteem D. attitude; aptitude Answer: C. self-concept; self-esteem Question Title: EOC Q5.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.13 Summarize how children’s view of themselves changes in middle childhood, and explain how this shift affects their self-esteem.

Consider This: Self-esteem is emotionally oriented. 5.13 Summarize how children’s view of themselves changes in middle childhood, and explain how this shift affects their self-esteem.

14. Suilan is protesting soaring student debt, and when interviewed by a local reporter, Suilan suggests she is motivated to protest due to her profound concern for the welfare of college students. Suilan’s explanation for her behavior seems closely aligned with Gilligan’s suggestion that female moral reasoning is based on __________.

A. justice and fairness B. care and compassion for individuals C. rules dictated by authorities D. social norms Answer: B. care and compassion for individuals Question Title: EOC Q5.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 5.14 Identify the six stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and compare and contrast them with Gilligan’s sequence of stages.

Consider This: According to Gilligan, girls view morality in terms of responsibility toward others and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific people. 5.14 Identify the six stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and compare and contrast them with Gilligan’s sequence of stages.

15. Popular children tend to be high in what developmentalists refer to as social __________.

A. competence B. intelligence C. status D. problem-solving Answer: A. competence Question Title: EOC Q5.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 5.15 Identify Damon’s stages of friendship, and explain the factors that determine popularity in middle childhood.

Consider This: The term refers to the collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings. 5.15 Identify Damon’s stages of friendship, and explain the factors that determine popularity in middle childhood.

16. What is an effective way for educators to reduce prejudice and discrimination among majority and minority groups?

A. Force intermixing of majority and minority groups.

B. Allow students to remain in their self-selected groups.

C. Teach students that racism is a normal response among groups in all societies.

D. Design activities that encourage contact among all groups.

Answer: D. Design activities that encourage contact among all groups.

Question Title: EOC Q5.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.16 Explain how gender and race affect friendships at this age.

Consider This: Schools with ongoing integration efforts show a high degree of mutual acceptance among majority and minority groups. 5.16 Explain how gender and race affect friendships at this age.

17. Darla’s father remarried last year, and his new wife has three children around Darla’s age.

Darla is often uncomfortable at home because she is uncertain how to behave toward her stepsiblings and is unsure about her own place in the family, a situation referred to as __________.

A. role parity B. parental incongruence C. role ambiguity D. family inconsistency Answer: C. role ambiguity Question Title: EOC Q5.17 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 5.17 Identify the variety of family constellations, and assess their impact on children.

Consider This: In blended families, responsibilities, roles, and relationships are not always welldefined. 5.17 Identify the variety of family constellations, and assess their impact on children.

18. Children who experience parental divorce __________.

A. usually stay with their fathers B. experience lifelong mental illness C. are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves D. never return to their predivorce state of adjustment Answer: C. are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves Question Title: EOC Q5.18 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 5.18 Describe the challenges to family life posed by work, divorce, and poverty.

Consider This: Only half the children in the United States spend their entire childhood in the same household with both parents. 5.18 Describe the challenges to family life posed by work, divorce, and poverty.

Chapter 6 Adolescence 6-1. Which of the following stages immediately follows childhood? a) b) c) d)

Adulthood Adolescence Puberty Young adulthood

Answer: b Page: 266 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 6-2. One aspect of the transformation from childhood to adolescence involves a period of very rapid growth in height and weight called __________. a) b) c) d)

obesity menopause a growth spurt maturation

Answer: c Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium

Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-3. The average age when girls begin their growth spurt is __________ years, whereas boys tend to begin their growth spurt around age __________. a) b) c) d)

10; 12 12; 10 12; 14 14; 12

Answer: a Page: 268 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-4. Which term describes the period during which the sexual organs mature? a) b) c) d)

Maturation Puberty Latency Growth spurt

Answer: b Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-5. Which gland signals the brain and other glands in children’s bodies to begin producing sex hormones at adult levels? a) b) c) d)

Thyroid gland Pineal gland Pituitary gland Adrenal gland

Answer: c Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-6. Male sex hormones are called __________; female sex hormones are called __________. a) b) c) d)

estrogens; androgens androgens; estrogens testosterone; estrogens estrogens; testosterones

Answer: b Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-7. The __________ gland signals the body to increase production of growth hormones that interact with the sex hormones to cause the growth spurt and puberty. a) b) c) d)

thalamus thyroid pituitary salivary

Answer: c Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-8. What is the correct term for the onset of menstruation? a) b) c) d)

Puberty Periods Maturation Menarche

Answer: d Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-9. What is the most obvious sign of puberty in girls? a) b) c) d)

An increase in height The onset of menarche An increase in weight Breast development

Answer: b Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-10. According to research, which of the following factors is linked to the age of menarche in girls? a) b) c) d)

Social status of the country in which the girl lives Environmental stress and high levels of family conflict Age at which girl’s close friends begin menarche Age of menarche for the girl’s mother

Answer: b Pages: 268–269 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-11. Which statement is true of today’s adolescents as compared to adolescents in the nineteenth century? a) b) c) d)

Adolescents are beginning menstruation earlier, around age 9 or 10.

Adolescents are exhibiting signs of sexual maturity earlier.

Adolescents are exhibiting adult height much later.

Adolescents are exhibiting advanced levels of intellectual and emotional growth much earlier.

Answer: b Page: 269 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-12. A pattern of change occurring over several generations is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

primary characteristic secular trend secondary characteristic intergenerational cycle

Answer: b Page: 269 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-13. When physical characteristics such as height and weight or onset of menstruation change over the course of several generations, this is an example of a __________. a) generational cycle b) primary characteristic c) secular trend d) secondary characteristic Answer: c Page: 269 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-14. The characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction are called __________. a) b) c) d)

secular trends menstruation secondary sex characteristics primary sex characteristics

Answer: d Page: 269 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-15. The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs are called __________. a) b) c) d)

primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics maturation secular trend

Answer: b Page: 269 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-16. By age 8, __________ Caucasian American girls and __________ African American girls develop breasts or pubic hair. a) b) c) d)

one out of seven; one out of two one out of two; one out of seven two out of seven; one out of two one out of two; two out of seven

Answer: a Page: 270 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-17. In boys, growth of the penis and scrotum accelerates around age __________, and they reach adult size __________ later. a) b) c) d)

14; 2 years 12; 3 or 4 years 11; 2 years 10; 4 to 5 years

Answer: b Page: 270 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-18. A boy’s first ejaculation, spermarche, usually occurs around age __________, more than a year after the body begins producing sperm. a) b) c) d)

12 13 14 15

Answer: b Page: 270 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-19. One of the last noticeable changes in the development of a boy’s sex characteristics is __________. a) b) c) d)

deepened voice growth of pubic hair increase in volume of sperm production growth in facial hair

Answer: a Page: 270 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-20. The surge in hormone production that triggers the beginning of adolescence may lead to rapid mood swings. Boys may have feelings of __________, whereas girls may feel __________. a) b) c) d)

anger and depression; anger and annoyance anger and annoyance; anger and depression anger and annoyance; depression and withdrawal depression and withdrawal; anger and annoyance

Answer: b Page: 270 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-21. Although early maturation is largely a plus for boys, there are drawbacks. Which of the following is identified as a drawback to early maturation in a boy? a) b) c) d)

Higher risk of becoming involved in delinquency and substance abuse Fewer difficulties in school Greater likelihood of becoming academically focused Earlier maturity in nonverbal cognitive development

Answer: a Pages: 271–272 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-22. Which group is the least likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation? a) Tenth-grade late-maturing girls b) Late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers c) Late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers but have qualities such as assertiveness, insightfulness, creativity d) Eighth-grade late-maturing girls Answer: a Page: 272 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-23. Developmentalists suggest that __________ may be more pertinent in determining an adolescent’s behavior than the age of maturation. a) b) c) d)

IQ development changes in peer groups nutritional choices the influence of social media

Answer: b Page: 272 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-24. During the teenage years, the average girl requires __________ calories a day, and the average boy requires __________. a) b) c) d)

1,200; 2,000 2,200; 2,800 2,000; 2,500 1,500; 2,000

Answer: b Page: 273 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-25. By drinking milk during their teenage years, girls can consume enough required __________ to avoid __________ later in their lives. a) b) c) d)

magnesium; osteoporosis iron; stroke calcium; osteoporosis Vitamin D; rickets

Answer: c Page: 273 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-26. The most common nutritional concern during adolescence is __________. a) b) c) d)

anorexia nervosa obesity bulimia malnutrition

Answer: b Page: 273 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-27. According to the textbook, __________ adolescents can be classified as obese. a) b) c) d)

1 in 20 1 in 10 1 in 5 1 in 3

Answer: a Page: 273 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-28. Obese adolescents stand a(n) __________ chance of becoming obese adults. a) b) c) d)

100 percent 90 percent 80 percent 70 percent

Answer: c Page: 273 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-29. Which of the following is least likely to participate in exercise? a) b) c) d)

An 18-year-old African American female An 18-year-old African American male An 18-year-old Caucasian American female An 18-year-old Caucasian American male

Answer: a Page: 273 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-30. Obesity is a common nutritional concern during adolescence. The availability of fast food is a major contributor to adolescent obesity because __________. a) b) c) d)

adolescents are too lazy to eat nutritious foods it delivers large portions of high-calorie and high-fat food at low prices cooking at home is not as popular for adolescents as it used to be adolescents are not educated about the quality of foods

Answer: b Page: 273 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-31. Which is the term for a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and very thin appearance are out of the ordinary? a) b) c) d)

Bulimia Obesity Malnutrition Anorexia nervosa

Answer: d Page: 273 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-32. Which term describes a common demographic among females diagnosed with anorexia? a) b) c) d)

affluent unambitious Asian unattractive

Answer: a Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 2.5 6-33. Meredith is a 17-year-old adolescent female who weighs approximately 82 pounds and is gaunt and frail, with a skeletal appearance. Whenever she looks at herself in the mirror, she thinks she is disgustingly fat. Meredith is suffering from __________. a) b) c) d)

anorexia nervosa obesity malnutrition bulimia

Answer: a Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-34. Which of the following terms relates to an eating disorder characterized by binge eating large quantities of food, followed by purging through vomiting or the use of laxatives? a) b) c) d)

Anorexia nervosa Obesity Malnutrition Bulimia

Answer: d Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-35. Stella is a 16-year-old adolescent female who privately eats large quantities of food and then purges it immediately afterward by making herself vomit. Stella is suffering from __________. a) b) c) d)

anorexia nervosa obesity bulimia malnutrition

Answer: c Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-36. Which of the following adolescents is least likely to develop an eating disorder? a) b) c) d)

One who is clinically depressed One who is already dieting One who matured later than her peers One who desires control and success

Answer: c Page: 274 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-37. From the perspective of cultural influences on the development of eating disorders, experts may consider why __________ is not prevalent outside the United States. a) b) c) d)

bulimia obesity malnutrition anorexia

Answer: d Page: 274 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 2.5 6-38. What is the area of the brain that undergoes considerable development during the adolescent years? a) b) c) d)

Myelin bridges Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Prefrontal cortex

Answer: d Page: 275 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2

6-39. The part of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments in a uniquely human way is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

corpus callosum occipital lobe prefrontal cortex temporal lobe

Answer: c Page: 275 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2 6-40. Which of the following is the most likely reason for adolescent impulsivity and risky behavior(s)? a) ADD/ADHD b) Adolescents tendency to overestimate the risks of risky behavior while underestimating the rewards of risky behavior c) The immaturity of the adolescent prefrontal cortex d) Decreased influence of peers Answer: c Page: 275 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2

6-41. Which statement accurately describes how changes in brain development may impact adolescent behaviors? a) b) c) d)

The increase in white matter results in restraint of impulsivity.

The increase in gray matter results in less risky behaviors.

The decrease in white matter results in more mature thought processes.

The decrease in gray matter results in better decision making.

Answer: a Page: 276 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2 6-42. How many hours of sleep do older adolescents require for optimal functioning? a) b) c) d)

9 hours per night 8 hours per night 7 hours per night 6 hours per night.

Answer: a Page: 276 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2

6-43. Mrs. Valdez was concerned that her daughter was not getting adequate sleep and that, as a result, she was failing classes and suffering from depression. Mrs. Valdez attended a school meeting with other concerned parents about adolescent sleep requirements and learned that __________. a) adolescents are more mature and do not need as much sleep b) with increasing academic and social demands, adolescents are often leading their lives in a sleep-deprived state c) adolescents are more mature than they were in previous years, and they should know how much sleep they need d) there is no correlation between sleep and academic performance Answer: b Page: 276 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2 6-44. If a person is called or known as a ―garbage head,‖ that means that __________. a) the person is of low intelligence and regarded as stupid by his or her peers b) the person will try almost any kind of drug c) the person has a low regard for society’s values and disregards them when making decisions about his or her personal behavior(s) d) the person has an interest in and tendency toward pornography and sexual deviancy Answer: b Page: 277 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

6-45. According to researchers, how many high school seniors smoke marijuana on a daily or near-daily basis? a) b) c) d)

1 in 10 1 in 15 1 in 20 1 in 25

Answer: b Page: 277 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-46. One of the newest uses of drugs such as Adderall, prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is to __________ a) b) c) d)

enhance sexual performance decrease appetite enhance academic performance decrease focus

Answer: c Page: 277 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2

6-47. Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them, are known as __________ drugs. a) b) c) d)

illegal recreational addictive prescription

Answer: c Page: 277 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-48. What percentage of college students report having had an alcoholic drink in the past 30 days? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 90 percent

Answer: c Page: 278 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: L04 APA LO: 1.2

6-49. Approximately what percentage of high school seniors report having tried alcohol by the end of high school? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 90 percent

Answer: c Page: 278 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-50. For men, binge drinking is defined as __________ drinks in one sitting. a) b) c) d)

10 or more 5 or more 4 or more 3 or more

Answer: b Page: 278 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-51. For women, binge drinking is defined as __________ drinks in one sitting. a) b) c) d)

10 or more drinks 5 or more drinks 4 or more drinks 3 or more drinks

Answer: c Page: 278 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2

6-52. In what way does binge drinking affect non-drinkers or light drinkers? a) One-third of light drinkers report being disturbed by drunken students while sleeping or studying. b) Twenty-five percent of women have reported being the target of an unwanted sexual advance by a drunken classmate. c) Three-quarters have been insulted or humiliated by a drunken student. d) Brain scans show no damaged tissue in teen binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.

Answer: b Page: 278 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 2.5 6-53. Ellen notices conspicuous examples of drunkenness around campus, which causes her to assume that everybody is drinking heavily. As a result, Ellen begins to engage in binge drinking.

This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

alcoholism false consensus effect competition drinking addiction

Answer: b Page: 278 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2

6-54. A person with alcohol problems who has learned to depend on alcohol and is unable to control his or her drinking is a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

addict enabler dependent alcoholic

Answer: d Page: 278 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-55. Which of the following may indicate an adolescent is abusing drugs or alcohol? a) b) c) d)

Clothing depicting heavy metal band logos Increased motivation, energy, and self-esteem Obsession with cleanliness, personal hygiene, and grooming Increased absenteeism and tardiness

Answer: d Page: 279 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 2.5

6-56. According to your textbook, which of the following adolescents is least likely to start smoking? a) b) c) d)

Austrian female Caucasian American male African American male Swedish female

Answer: c Pages: 278–279 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-57. Which of the following accurately explains why adolescents become addicted to smoking? a) b) c) d)

It is seen as a rite of passage.

It is glamorized in social media.

The fumes of cigarettes are highly addictive.

Adolescents think that smoking cigarettes is safer than using illicit drugs.

Answer: a Page: 279 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-58. Approximately how many cigarettes does an adolescent have to smoke to increase his or her chance of becoming an addicted and habitual smoker for life? a) b) c) d)

25, or about 1 pack 50, or about 2 packs 10 cigarettes about a carton of cigarettes

Answer: c Page: 279 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2

6-59. Cigarette companies typically target advertising to specific markets to recruit new smokers.

Which strategy has proven to be most effective for cigarette manufacturers? a) b) c) d)

Aggressively recruiting young adults in undeveloped countries Advertising smoking as a prestigiously American habit Designing brands targeting African Americans living in urban areas Offering free samples

Answer: d Page: 280 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 2.5 6-60. According to the World Health Organization, smoking will prematurely kill about _________ of the world’s children and adolescents. a) b) c) d)

2 million 20 million 200 million 2 billion

Answer: c Page: 280 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 2.5 6-61. The most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) is __________. a) genital herpes b) human papilloma virus (HPV) c) gonorrhea and syphilis d) yeast infections Answer: b Page: 280 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.5 APA LO: 1.2

6-62. Which of the following STIs were recorded by ancient historians? a) b) c) d)

AIDS Gonorrhea and syphilis Trichomoniasis Genital herpes

Answer: b Page: 280 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.5 APA LO: 1.2 6-63. According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

concrete operational stage preoperational stage formal operational stage theory of mind

Answer: c Page: 283 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2

6-64. Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of development around age __________. a) b) c) d)

8 12 10 16

Answer: b Page: 283 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2 6-65. According to Piaget, what do adolescents employ during the formal operational stage of development that helps them reason differently than children in the concrete development stage? a) b) c) d)

A prefrontal cortex Additional myelinated neurons Propositional thought Adolescent egocentrism

Answer: c Page: 284 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2

6-66. While Piaget proposed that formal operational thought is not fully settled in until around 15 years of age, evidence suggests that some people never fully employ formal operational thinking.

Studies show that only __________ of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking, and other estimates run as low as __________. a) b) c) d)

40 to 60 percent; 25 percent 30 to 50 percent; 25 percent 25 to 50 percent; 10 percent 50 to 75 percent; 40 percent

Answer: a Page: 284 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2 6-67. In what way does the development of abstract reasoning change adolescents’ thinking? a) b) c) d)

They blindly accept rules and explanations.

They become more argumentative.

They become much more decisive.

They tend to think less critically.

Answer; b Page: 285 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 2.1

6-68. The model of development that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information is called __________. a) b) c) d)

concrete operational thought memory formal operational thought the information-processing perspective

Answer: d Page: 285 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-69. The perspective that sees changes in adolescents’ cognitive abilities as evidence of gradual transformations in the capacity to take in, use, and store information is called __________. a) b) c) d)

formal operational thought the information-processing perspective memory concrete operational thought

Answer: b Page: 285 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-70. According to information-processing explanations of cognitive development during adolescence, one of the most important reasons for advances in mental abilities is the growth of __________. a) b) c) d)

myelination in the brain neural connectivity in the prefrontal cortex memory capacity metacognition

Answer: d Page: 286 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-71. Which cognitive ability helps adolescents think introspectively and self-consciously? a) b) c) d)

Multitasking Memory Metacognition Formal operational thought

Answer: c Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-72. When an adolescent’s newly sophisticated metacognitive capability causes him or her to become self-absorbed and believe that the world is focused on only him or her, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

fantasy adolescent egocentrism schizophrenia formal operational thought disorder

Answer: b Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-73. The state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

formal operational thought disorder schizophrenia adolescent egocentrism fantasy

Answer: c Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-74. Fifteen-year-old Lawrence thought he had prepared for his final exams; however, when he got his scores, he was disappointed. Rather than reviewing the areas of the test in which he did not fare so well, Lawrence confronted his teacher with a verbal lashing and accused the teacher of being ―out to get him.‖ Lawrence’s behavior could be considered an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

self-centeredness a psychological disorder adolescent egocentrism formal operational thought disorder

Answer: c Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-75. Sixteen-year-old Sally primps in front of every mirror she comes across and believes that she is the focus of everyone’s attention—even fictitious observers. Sally is demonstrating the development of __________. a) b) c) d)

adolescent egocentrism an imaginary audience a formal operation thought disorder a personal fable

Answer: b Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-76. Egocentrism leads to a distortion in thinking: the notion that one’s experiences are unique.

This may lead the adolescent to develop __________. a) b) c) d)

a mental illness an imaginary audience a formal operation thought disorder personal fables

Answer: d Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-77. The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else is called __________. a) b) c) d)

imaginary audience personal fable adolescent egocentrism formal operation thought disorder

Answer: b Page: 286 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-78. Adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as not using condoms when engaging in sexual activity and driving recklessly when drunk are exhibiting the development of__________; they feel that no bad consequences of these risky behaviors could possibly happen to them. a) b) c) d)

adolescent egocentrism an imaginary audience a formal operation thought disorder a personal fable

Answer: d Page: 287 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2 6-79. Brazilian adolescent boys who feel invulnerable and engage in risky behavior such as riding the roofs of high-speed trains are exhibiting the development of __________. a) b) c) d)

a formal operation thought disorder adolescent egocentrism personal fables an imaginary audience

Answer: c Page: 287 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.7 APA LO: 1.2

6-80. Independent measures of achievement, such as SAT scores, have not risen in the past decade, but overall grades in school have. The most likely explanation for this is that __________. a) student performance in school has improved, and students are demonstrating more achievement b) student performance in school has improved because they are cheating more on tests c) instructors have become more lenient, awarding higher grades for the same performance, a practice known as ―grade inflation‖ d) independent measures of achievement such as the SAT are harder tests than they were a decade ago Answer: c Page: 287 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-81. Which is a possible factor in the gap in educational achievement between U.S. students and other students around the world? a) U.S. students spend more time in classes and get more intensive instruction. b) There is a broader diversity of students in the United States than in other countries, where the school population is more homogeneous and affluent. c) U.S. parents and students do not care as much about education as do parents and students from other countries. d) The high school graduation rate of U.S. students is higher than that in many other countries.

Answer: b Pages: 287–288 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2

6-82. Which country’s students have the second-highest academic achievement in math in the world? a) b) c) d)

Japan United States Italy Korea

Answer: d Page: 288 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-83. Which statement may explain why children from a lower socioeconomic status (SES) do not do as well in school as children from middle or high SES? a) Children from middle- and high-SES groups are born with genetically superior IQ potential. b) Children from high-SES groups may have more health problems. c) The lag in school performance of children from low-SES groups tends to decrease as they get older. d) Children from low-SES groups often live in cramped conditions and lack adequate space and learning tools (books, computer, etc.) to do their homework.

Answer: d Page: 288 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2

6-84. Which of the following students is likely to demonstrate the greatest academic achievement? a) b) c) d)

Caucasian American African American Asian American Hispanic American

Answer: c Page: 288 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-85. Anthropologist John Ogbu argues that members of certain minority groups may have low academic achievement because __________. a) these groups perceive that school success is relatively unimportant with regard to their future career success b) these groups carry genetically inferior intellectual potential from generation to generation c) these groups lack the social, interpersonal relationship, and communication skills to fully benefit from a formal education d) these groups have a higher number of parents who themselves never succeeded within the educational environment and lack adequate parenting skills Answer: a Page: 289 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2

6-86. Anthropologist John Ogbu compares the involuntary immigration of Africans as slaves to America and the motivation to succeed educationally in subsequent generations of African Americans to __________. a) the voluntary immigration of Italian Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations b) the voluntary immigration of Irish Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations c) the voluntary immigration of German Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations d) the involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations Answer: d Page: 289 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-87. Researchers have proposed many cultural differences in achievement, including __________. a) African American students are more apt to view success as a result of external causes over which they have no control, such as societal biases, rather than internal causes, such as overcoming temporary setbacks by working harder b) African American and Hispanic American adolescents tend to believe that they can not succeed despite above average school performance c) Asian American students are more likely to subscribe to the belief that effort does little to affect success d) African American and Hispanic American students are not born with the intellectual capacity to succeed academically Answer: a Page: 289 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2

6-88. What is a basic requirement of the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress in 2002? a) All students have the right to an education up to age 21. b) Students must pass designated core curriculum courses in order to graduate from high school. c) Every U.S. state must design and administer achievement tests that students must pass in order to graduate from high school. d) All schools must hire teachers who have advanced degrees.

Answer: c Page: 289 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-89. Which of the following teenagers in the United States is least likely to drop out of high school before graduation? a) b) c) d)

An African American male A Caucasian American female An Asian American male An Hispanic American male

Answer: c Page: 290 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2

6-90. Students from lower-income households are __________ more likely to drop out of high school than are middle- and higher-income students. a) b) c) d)

two times three times four times five times

Answer: b Page: 290 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-91. What was the result of a study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation regarding young people’s use of media? a) b) c) d)

Cyberspace activities have a positive effect on young people.

Cyberspace activities serve as an alternative to substance use.

Young people should use caution in what form of media they choose to use.

Young people spend an average of 6.5 hours a day with media.

Answer: d Page: 290 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.9 APA LO: 1.2

6-92. While it is clear that the Web is having an impact on education, schools should consider changing their curricula to include specific instruction in a key skill for deriving value from the Internet, specifically __________. a) b) c) d)

keyboarding skills improved communication and written language skills expertise in the installation and maintenance of computers the ability to search, choose, and integrate information in order to create new knowledge

Answer: d Pages: 291–292 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.9 APA LO: 1.2 6-93. The phenomenon known as the digital divide is __________. a) the difference between students who use the Internet for entertainment purposes, such as movies, games, and gambling, and students who use the Internet for schoolwork b) the difference between the computer-savvy generation of the past decade and their parents, who have less computer experience c) the challenge involving socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity, in which poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than do more affluent adolescents d) the difference between educators who believe that computers need to be integrated more into the curriculum and educators who argue for a more traditional educational experience for students Answer: c Page: 292 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.9 APA LO: 1.2

6-94. Adrienne is a 16-year-old girl who is searching for her identity. Which of the following would be an example of the search for her self-concept? a) She would describe herself using only a list of traits. b) She would have a broader view of herself and be able to see various aspects of herself simultaneously. c) She would look at herself from a physical perspective. d) She would be unable to consider the views of others Answer: b Page: 294 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2 6-95. Adolescents’ self-concept comprises __________. a) b) c) d)

viewing personal traits as concrete entities seeing various aspects of the self simultaneously considering only traits they fully like in themselves excluding others’ views of themselves

Answer: b Page: 294 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2

6-96. Societal messages suggest that which of the following may be a roadblock to a female’s social success? a) b) c) d)

Race Academic achievement Socioeconomic status Physical development

Answer: b Page: 295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2 6-97. Recent studies indicate that, due to social movements in the African American community, African American adolescents __________. a) differ little with regard to self-esteem compared with Caucasian American adolescents b) continue to demonstrate lower self-esteem compared with Caucasian American adolescents c) demonstrate a stronger sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem compared with Hispanic Americans d) demonstrate a weaker sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem compared with Asian Americans Answer: a Page: 295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2

6-98. Some developmentalists have considered the combination of race and gender as simultaneously affecting an adolescent’s self-esteem, thus coining the term __________. a) b) c) d)

self-concept ethgender multiple gender identity identity-versus-identity-confusion stage

Answer: b Page: 295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2 6-99. From an ―ethgender‖ point of view, which of the following adolescents has the lowest selfesteem? a) b) c) d)

African American male Native American male Hispanic female Asian female

Answer: d Page: 295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2

6-100. According to Erik Erikson, the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves is called __________. a) b) c) d)

self-disclosure the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage the self-esteem stage the self-concept stage

Answer: b Pages: 295–296 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-101. According to Erik Erikson, if an adolescent struggles to find and adopt a suitable identity, he or she may __________. a) exhibit socially acceptable roles as a way of expressing what/who they want to be b) form and maintain long-lasting and close personal relationships with relative ease c) develop a sense of self that is ―diffuse‖ because it is not organized around a central, unified core identity d) develop an identity disorder/mental illness such as schizophrenia Answer: c Page: 296 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-102. In Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, what is the positive outcome of the fifth stage, called the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage? a) b) c) d)

Discovery of ways to initiate actions Development of a sense of competence Awareness of uniqueness of self and a knowledge of roles Development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships

Answer: c Page: 296 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-103. During adolescence, which of the following is true? a) Adolescents increasingly rely on their friends and peers as sources of information. b) Societal pressures on adolescents to make education and occupation decisions are low during the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage. c) Adolescents’ dependence on adults increases. d) Adolescents lack sufficient brain development to make informed decisions.

Answer: a Page: 296 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-104. According to Erikson, adolescents’ reliance on peers to help them define their identities and learn to form relationships is the link between the __________. a) b) c) d)

industry-versus-inferiority stages identity-versus-identity-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages identity-versus-identity-confusion and industry-versus-inferiority stages identity-versus-identity confusion and generativity-versus-stagnation stages

Answer: b Page: 296 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-105. Erikson believed that because of the pressures related to the identity-versus-identityconfusion stage, many adolescents __________. a) never have the opportunity to experience adolescence fully before they mature and move on to young adulthood b) become psychologically scarred for life and never fully mature c) pursue a ―psychological moratorium,‖ during which they take time off from responsibilities to explore alternative roles and possibilities d) regress psychologically to childhood, when life was simpler Answer: c Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-106. Psychologist James Marcia suggests that adolescent identity can be seen in terms of the presence or absence of two characteristics: __________. a) b) c) d)

industry or withdrawal inferiority or assertiveness identity acceptance or identity refusal crisis or commitment

Answer: d Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-107. According to James Marcia’s definition, crisis is __________. a) a period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions b) a period in which the adolescent finds himself or herself in physical jeopardy or danger c) a period in which the adolescent makes a psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology d) a period in which the adolescent finds himself or herself having to make the decision to take a psychological moratorium Answer: a Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-108. According to James Marcia’s definition, commitment is __________. a) a time when an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions b) psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology c) a period when an adolescent feels he or she is mature enough for a committed relationship d) a period of identity development when the adolescent decides whether to concentrate on his or her own development or dedicate himself or herself to others Answer: b Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-109. Psychologist James Marcia proposed __________ categories of adolescent identity. a) b) c) d)

three four five eight

Answer: b Page: 297 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-110. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity foreclosure identity achievement moratorium identity diffusion

Answer: b Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-111. According to Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads to the greatest psychological health, achievement motivation, and moral reasoning ability in adolescents? a) b) c) d)

Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement

Answer: d Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-112. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity diffusion identity foreclosure moratorium identity achievement

Answer: b Pages: 297–298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-113. According to James Marcia, which category of identity development leads to ―rigid strength,‖ authoritarian behavior, and a high need for social approval? a) b) c) d)

Moratorium Identity achievement Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure

Answer: d Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-114. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree but have not yet committed themselves is called __________. a) b) c) d)

moratorium identity achievement identity diffusion identity foreclosure

Answer: a Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-115. According to James Marcia, adolescents in which category of identity development show relatively high anxiety and psychological conflict but are often also lively and appealing and seek intimacy with others? a) b) c) d)

Identity diffusion Moratorium Identity foreclosure Identity achievement

Answer: b Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-116. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who neither explore nor commit to any identity alternatives is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity diffusion moratorium identity foreclosure identity achievement

Answer: a Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-117. According to James Marcia, which category of identity development leads to carefree behavior in which the adolescent shifts from one thing to another? a) b) c) d)

Moratorium Identity foreclosure Identity diffusion Identity achievement

Answer: c Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-118. According to James Marcia, when an adolescent moves back and forth between the moratorium and identity achievement categories of identity development, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

identity diffusion moratorium a ―MAMA‖ cycle identity foreclosure

Answer: c Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-119. The sense of attachment to some higher power such as God, nature, or something sacred is called __________. a) b) c) d)

religion faith spirituality secular belief

Answer: c Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-120. What is the name of the stage of faith in which individuals contemplate their beliefs and values? a) b) c) d)

Contemplative identity stage Individuative–reflective stage Conjunctive stage Exploratory belief stage

Answer: b Page: 299 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-121. Which of the following U.S. societal models views individual cultural identities as needing to be assimilated into a unified culture? a) b) c) d)

Pluralistic society model Bicultural identity model Multicultural model Cultural assimilation model

Answer: d Page: 299 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-122. Which of the following models suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features? a) b) c) d)

Pluralistic society model Bicultural identity model Melting-pot model Cultural assimilation model

Answer: a Page: 299 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-123. Which of the following models represents the view that U.S. minority groups draw from their own cultural identities while integrating themselves into the dominant culture? a) b) c) d)

Pluralistic society model Bicultural identity model Melting-pot model Cultural assimilation model

Answer: b Page: 299 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-124. The results of the 2000 U.S. census indicate __________. a) a larger percentage of African Americans b) a significant decrease in the number of individuals who decline to state their race c) a significant increase in the number of individuals who think of themselves as belonging to more than one race d) an increasing percentage of Asian Americans Answer: c Page: 299 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-125. What is the percentage of teenagers who experience major depression—that is, depression that is severe and lingers for a long time? a) b) c) d)

0.3 percent 3 percent 13 percent 30 percent

Answer: b Page: 300 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-126. Which of the following adolescents is most likely to suffer from major depression? a) b) c) d)

Native American female Caucasian American male Asian American male Caucasian American female

Answer: a Page: 300 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-127. Which of the following is a likely cause of major depression in adolescent females? a) b) c) d)

Conflicting societal demands of the male role Hormonal imbalance The fact that traditional gender roles still give higher status to men than to women Boys’ tendency to react to stress by turning it inward compared to girls’ tendency to externalize through impulsivity, aggression, alcohol, or drugs

Answer: c Pages: 300–301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-128. The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has __________ in the last 30 years. a) b) c) d)

doubled tripled quadrupled remained the same

Answer: b Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-129. The annual rate for adolescent suicide in the United States is __________ suicides per 100,000 adolescents. a) b) c) d)

1.6 12.2 22.2 30.4

Answer: b Page: 301 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-130. Even though some adolescent suicide is underreported, suicide is the __________ most common cause of adolescent death in the 15- to 24-year-old group. a) b) c) d)

second third fourth first

Answer: b Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-131. Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls? a) b) c) d)

Boys attempt suicide more frequently than girls do.

Boys encounter more serious episodes of major depression than girls do.

Boys experience greater social stigma for attempting suicide than girls do.

Boys tend to use more violent means, such as guns, to attempt suicide.

Answer: d Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-132. Which of the following contributes to the rising number of adolescent suicides? a) b) c) d)

Impaired cognitive development Social inhibition and perfectionism Lack of access to guns in the United States Low levels of stress and anxiety

Answer: b Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-133. When one suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

mass suicide cluster suicide suicide ideation self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer: b Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-134. Warren is a 16-year-old male who recently started to give away important possessions, stopped eating, and demonstrated general depression by being lethargic and uncommunicative.

Warren may be demonstrating a warning sign of __________. a) b) c) d)

an eating disorder mental illness suicide a brain lesion

Answer: c Page: 302 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-135. Which of the following is an alarm or warning sign of adolescent suicide? a) b) c) d)

Preoccupation with death in music, art, film, or literature Constant wearing of black or dark clothing Perfect class attendance Increased appetite

Answer: a Page: 302 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-136. Which of the following should you do if you suspect an adolescent (or anyone) is contemplating suicide? a) b) c) d)

Let them know you think suicide is selfish.

Ask specific questions, such as ―Do you have a plan?‖ Let them seek help on their own.

Respect the person’s privacy and keep your talk a secret.

Answer: b Page: 302 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-137. The desire to have independence and a sense of control over one’s life is called __________. a) b) c) d)

maturity adolescence adulthood autonomy

Answer: d Page: 303 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2

6-138. Because of the adolescent’s development of __________, the balance of power in the relationship between parents and adolescent becomes more __________ toward the end of adolescence. a) b) c) d)

metacognitive skills; in favor of the adolescent cognitive skills; in favor of the adolescent autonomy; egalitarian prefrontal cortex; in favor of the parents

Answer: c Page: 303 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-139. Which of the following adolescents is the most likely to develop a degree of autonomy at an early stage of adolescence? a) b) c) d)

Japanese American Chinese Korean

Answer: b Page: 303 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2

6-140. A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

autonomy maturity conscience generation gap

Answer: d Page: 304 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-141. When adolescents and their parents disagree, it is usually regarding __________. a) b) c) d)

political affiliation moral issues minor issues, such as music preference or style of dress the adolescent’s career choice

Answer: c Page: 304 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2

6-142. According to psychologist Judith Smetana, what is the most likely reason for the greater conflict between adolescents and their parents in the earlier stage of adolescence compared to the later stage? a) Adolescents’ demands for spending money b) Inadequate academic progress c) Adolescents’ refusal to participate in family activities and responsibilities in the home d) Differing definitions of and rationales for appropriate versus inappropriate conduct Answer: d Page: 305 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-143. When adolescents compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical changes, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

social reference social comparison peer review reference groups

Answer: b Page: 305 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-144. What is the likely reason that adolescents refer to their peers rather than their parents for social comparison? a) Parents cannot remember their adolescent years. b) Parents are too critical and judgmental of adolescent behavior and choices. c) Parents do not have the time to devote to their adolescents for such issues due to employment commitments. d) Adolescents’ desire for autonomy makes parents an inadequate source of information.

Answer: d Pages: 305–306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-145. Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are called __________. a) b) c) d)

associates cohorts reference groups social references

Answer: c Page: 306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-146. Standards against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success are called __________. a) b) c) d)

peer reviews cohort effects social references norms

Answer: d Page: 306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-147. Groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another are called __________. a) b) c) d)

peers cliques reference groups cohorts

Answer: b Page: 306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-148. Larger groups composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another are called __________. a) b) c) d)

cliques crowds peers cohorts

Answer: b Page: 306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-149. Sally’s adolescent classmates call her and the other 125 members of her advanced computer software group ―nerds,‖ meaning she is part of a __________. a) b) c) d)

sorority crowd clique personal fable

Answer: b Page: 306 Level: 3-Difficulty Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-150. Adolescent membership in particular cliques and crowds is often determined by __________. a) b) c) d)

how geographically close the adolescents reside to one another the gender of the adolescents the degree of similarity with members of the group socioeconomic class

Answer: c Page: 306 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-151. Cognitive empathy, the ability to understand other people’s perspective, begins taking hold in girls around age _________ and in boys around age _________. a) b) c) d)

5; 7 7; 9 11; 13 13; 15

Answer: d Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-152. What developments lead to the change in the way adolescents view the opposite sex? a) b) c) d)

Peer pressure Onset of puberty and social expectations regarding romantic involvement Membership in cliques or crowds Disintegration of the parent–adolescent relationship, which leads adolescents to seek companionship elsewhere

Answer: b Page: 307 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-153. If an adolescent student is mostly liked by other students, that adolescent is considered __________. a) b) c) d)

well-adjusted popular controversial envied

Answer: b Page: 307 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-154. If an adolescent student is liked by some and disliked by others, that adolescent is considered __________. a) b) c) d)

rejected popular controversial neglected

Answer: c Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-155. Allison is well liked by the other members of her swim team but not well liked by other adolescent girls in her homeroom class. Allison would be considered __________. a) b) c) d)

controversial popular rejected neglected

Answer: a Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-156. Children and adolescents who are uniformly disliked are called __________. a) b) c) d)

controversial popular rejected neglected

Answer: c Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-157. Andrew is a 16-year-old who does not participate in any sports or clubs in school and does not attend social events or have a girlfriend. Nobody likes Andrew because he is aggressive and difficult to get along with, and, subsequently, he feels lonely. Andrew would be considered __________. a) b) c) d)

rejected outcast controversial neglected

Answer: a Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-158. Children and adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions are called __________. a) b) c) d)

rejected outcast controversial neglected

Answer: d Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-159. Brandy is an overweight 15-year-old girl who is neither liked nor disliked by others at her school. Rather, Brandy gets no attention from her classmates at all, and she feels as though she might as well be invisible. Brandy would be considered __________. a) b) c) d)

neglected outcast controversial rejected

Answer: a Page: 307 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-160. Which statement exemplifies the reality of racial and ethnic segregation in the United States during adolescence? a) Desegregated schools result in increased interaction between races and ethnicities. b) Lower academic performance places minority students with more majority students. c) Ethnic and racial segregation in high school may be based on ethnicity rather than academic achievement. d) Regular and extensive interaction with other races in childhood leads to diversity in adolescent friendships.

Answer: d Page: 308 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 2.5

6-161. What is true about the impact of peer pressure? a) Adolescents are highly susceptible to their peers when considering who to date. b) When choosing a career path, adolescents rely on peer input rather than consulting with an adult. c) Pressures to conform to peers decrease in adolescence. d) Adolescents conform more to both peers and adults as their autonomy increases.

Answer: a Page: 309 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 2.5 6-162. An adolescent delinquent who is raised with little discipline or by harsh, uncaring parents is called __________. a) b) c) d)

a juvenile delinquent conduct disordered oppositional defiant an undersocialized delinquent

Answer: d Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-163. Randal is a 17-year-old whose parents have left him mostly on his own for several years.

They leave for days on end to drink and gamble, leaving no food or assistance for him in the home. When they do come around, they often beat Randal and criticize him because the house is unkempt. Randal is usually on the streets, vandalizing cars and getting involved in arson. Randal would be categorized as __________. a) b) c) d)

a juvenile delinquent conduct disordered an undersocialized delinquent oppositional defiant

Answer: c Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-164. Undersocialized delinquents share several characteristics, including __________. a) b) c) d)

late demonstrations of aggression and violence rejection by peers a tendency toward higher intelligence the likelihood of being successfully rehabilitated

Answer: b Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-165. Undersocialized delinquents often grow up to be adults who demonstrate __________. a) b) c) d)

physical difficulties a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder the likelihood of being successfully rehabilitated a tendency to live on the margins of society

Answer: d Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-166. Adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically are called __________. a) b) c) d)

undersocialized delinquents antisocial personalities socialized delinquents conduct disordered

Answer: c Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-167. Differences between undersocialized and socialized delinquents include which of the following? a) Socialized delinquents live a life of crime into adulthood, while undersocialized delinquents are more likely to be rehabilitated. b) Undersocialized delinquents participate in serious crimes, while socialized delinquents engage in petty crimes. c) Socialized delinquents are not highly influenced by peer pressure, and their delinquency often occurs as an individual. d) Undersocialized delinquents are fairly normal psychologically, while socialized delinquents suffer from psychological disorders such as attention deficit disorder.

Answer: b Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-168. While dating is part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage, it can also __________. a) b) c) d)

help adolescents learn to establish intimacy with another individual provide a way to split costs of entertainment help develop a sense of dependency on others establish sexual or gender identity/preference

Answer: a Page: 311 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.15 APA LO: 1.2

6-169. According to the text, to adolescents, the term ―hooking up‖ means __________. a) getting a cell phone b) the installation of computer Internet service c) a vague term that covers everything involved in dating from kissing to sexual intercourse d) a specific term meaning the use of the Internet to gamble or play video games Answer: c Page: 311 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.15 APA LO: 1.2 6-170. Adolescents who are gay or lesbian and choose to date face which of the following? a) They are subjected to severe religious persecution. b) They find it hard to find partners because others who are gay or lesbian may not openly express their sexual orientation. c) They may face sexual harassment if they date openly. d) Partners are difficult to find because homosexuality is so rare among adolescents.

Answer: b Page: 311 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.15 APA LO: 1.2 6-171. The term masturbation refers to __________. a) b) c) d)

solitary sexual self-stimulation abstinence from sexual stimulation changes in sexual organs due to puberty changes in sexual thoughts due to puberty

Answer: a Page: 311 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-172. What percentage of 15-year-old boys and 15-year old girls report having masturbated? a) b) c) d)

20 percent of boys; 10 percent of girls 80 percent of boys; 20 percent of girls 60 percent of boys; 30 percent of girls 40 percent of boys; 40 percent of girls

Answer: b Page: 311 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-173. About __________ adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the age of __________. a) b) c) d)

1 in 4; 20 1 in 3; 19 1 in 5; 21 1 in 5; 15

Answer: d Page: 312 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-174. The average age at which adolescents have sexual intercourse for the first time is __________, and __________ have had sex before the age of 20. a) b) c) d)

increasing; 25 percent declining; 50 percent declining; 75 percent increasing; 40 percent

Answer: c Page: 312 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-175. The number of adolescents who say they have never had sexual intercourse __________ by __________ from 1991 to 2007. a) b) c) d)

decreased; 30 percent increased; 13 percent decreased; 15 percent increased; 50 percent

Answer: b Page: 312 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-176. Which statement reflects the latest information regarding racial and ethnic differences in the timing of first intercourse? a) African Americans generally have sex for the first time earlier than do Puerto Ricans, who have sex earlier than whites do. b) There is no significant difference between racial and ethnic groups regarding the timing of first intercourse. c) Whites generally have sex for the first time at an earlier age. d) Sex education has made a significant impact on when adolescents in various ethnic and racial groups have sex for the first time.

Answer: a Page: 312 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-177. According to current norms, if sexual intercourse occurs within the context of a longterm, committed, or loving relationship, it is called __________. a) b) c) d)

a double standard marriage engagement permissiveness with affection

Answer: d Page: 312 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-178. Social norms allow premarital sex for women in which of these geographic areas? a) b) c) d)

Sub-Saharan Africa Mexico North Africa Middle East

Answer: a Page: 312 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-179. Alan is a very masculine young man who excels in typical male-oriented activities—and he is sexually attracted to other men. For Alan, being attracted to other men reflects his __________. a) b) c) d)

gender identity sexual attraction sexual orientation bisexuality

Answer: c Pages: 312–313 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-180. If a person is only attracted to another person of the same sex, this is __________. a) b) c) d)

heterosexuality bisexuality asexuality homosexuality

Answer: d Page: 313 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-181. Individuals who feel they were born with the wrong physical sex (i.e., trapped in the wrong body) are known as __________. a) b) c) d)

homosexual transexual asexual bisexual

Answer: b Page: 313 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-182. Studies indicate that sexual orientation is __________. a) b) c) d)

based primarily on genetic predisposition produced by a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors psychologically influenced, based on family factors based strictly on a conscious choice by the person

Answer: b Pages: 313–314 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-183. Despite the fact that a majority of U.S citizens support gay marriage, which was legalized in 2015, lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents __________. a) b) c) d)

rarely come to terms with their sexual orientation experience few mental health issues are at greater risk for depression have lower suicide rates than their heterosexual peers

Answer: c Page: 314 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 2.5

6-184. In 2012, the number of teen pregnancies __________. a) b) c) d)

rose 5 percent over the previous year was about the same as it was two decades ago dropped to its lowest level in seven decades dropped slightly from 2002 levels

Answer: c Page: 314 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-185. The overall pregnancy rate among teenagers is about __________ births per 1,000. a) b) c) d)

12 34 72 103

Answer: b Page: 314 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-186. Which is a factor in explaining the historical low in the teenage birth rate? a) High school initiatives and comprehensive sex education programs to raise awareness among teenagers of the risks of unprotected sex b) Adolescents taking the ―virginity pledge‖ in schools across the country c) Increasing rates of sexual intercourse among teenagers and decreasing use of birth control, such as condoms d) Increasing acceptance of practices such as anal sex as an alternative to sexual intercourse Answer: a Pages: 314–315 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 6-187. Briefly explain the changes in the brain that contribute to changes in adolescent thinking.

Answer: The brain produces an oversupply of gray matter during adolescence, which is later pruned at a rate of 1 to 2 percent per year. Increased myelination of the nerve cells makes the transmission of neural messages more efficient. The prefrontal cortex develops considerably during adolescence. It provides impulse control and allows the person to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the early 20s.

Page: 275 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2

6-188. Briefly describe aspects of adolescent drinking.

Answer: Drinking occurs in high schools, and it is a particular problem on college campuses with both men and women. Binge drinking affects not only the drinker but people around him or her who may be trying to sleep or study. Many people are insulted or humiliated by drunken students, and 25 percent of women say they have been the target of unwanted sexual advances by drunken classmates. Athletes imbibe as a way of proving their skill. Others drink to reduce stress. Many adolescents begin drinking because they view conspicuous examples of drunkenness around them and assume that everyone is drinking, which is known as the false consensus effect.

Page: 278 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-189. Identify the recommended ―safer sex‖ practices that may significantly reduce the risk of contracting as STI. Answer: The safest ―safer sex‖ practice is abstinence. However, for those engaging in sexual activity, there are several practices important to reducing the risk of contracting an STI: (1) Know your partner and his or her sexual history. (2) Use condoms and dental dams. (3) Avoid the exchange of bodily fluids, and avoid, particularly, unprotected anal intercourse. (4) Stay sober, as drugs and alcohol impair judgment and lead to poor decisions. (5) Consider the benefits of monogamy.

Page: 281 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.5 APA LO: 1.2

6-190. Briefly explain how an adolescent’s thinking is different from that of younger children.

Answer: Unlike children, adolescents are able to think beyond a concrete situation to a variety of abstract possibilities. They can see issues in relative terms as opposed to absolute or finite terms, and they can consider issues from different points of view. Instead of viewing problems in terms of black-and-white solutions, they can think in terms of shades of gray.

Page: 283 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 6-191. Briefly describe some criticisms of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development.

Answer: While Piaget believed that all people develop in a universal path and advance from stage to stage, research indicates that there are significant differences between cognitive capabilities from culture to culture. Many developmentalists argue that these stages shift and sometimes overlap in a more continuous fashion. They also argue that Piaget underestimated the age at which certain capabilities emerge. Some scholars do not agree that formal operations are the epitome of thinking; Labouvie-Vief, for example, believes that in a complex society, thought cannot be based on pure logic but must be flexible and reflect the subtlety of cause and effect in the real world.

Page: 285 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2

6-192. Briefly explain how the use of computers and the Web is changing education.

Answer: The Web is changing education, but it is not clear how positive these changes will be.

Students must be taught a key skill for Web use: obtain the ability to search, choose, and integrate information in order to create new knowledge. Also, the Web makes material available that parents may find objectionable, and there is the growing problem of Internet gambling among high school and college students. The growing use of computers in education has also created a digital divide; poor adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than socially advantaged adolescents do.

Page: 277 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.9 APA LO: 1.2 6-193. Briefly explain some criticism of Erikson’s eight-stage theory of development.

Answer: Erikson used male identity development as the standard against which he compared female identity. Erikson’s views are based on male-oriented concepts of individuality and competitiveness.

Page: 297 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-194. Briefly describe what you should do if you suspect someone is contemplating suicide.

Answer: Several suggestions are offered on page 302: (1) Talk to the person, listen without judging, and talk specifically about suicide. (2) Take charge of finding help for that person. For immediate help, contact a suicide hotline. (3) Evaluate the situation to determine whether the person has made plans, and if he/she has, do not leave that person alone. (4) Make the environment safe by removing all potential weapons and other hazards. (5) Get a promise or commitment, preferably in writing, from the person that he or she will not attempt suicide until you have talked further. (6) Remember that a change to a better mood does not necessarily mean the crisis has passed. Last, call the national suicide hotline to talk with a trained counselor.

Page: 302 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-195. Briefly describe some reasons behind voluntary racial segregation in adolescence.

Answer: While there is racial and ethnic integration during childhood, by mid-to-late adolescence, segregation is substantial, for a number of reasons. Minority students actively seek support from others who share their minority status, which helps them affirm their identity.

Different racial and ethnic groups may be segregated in the classroom based on their level of academic success. Majority group students may be in classes with fewer minority group students due to ―tracking‖ based on academic achievement. Prejudice, both perceived and real, is also a factor.

Page: 308 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 TRUE/FALSE 6-196. Males only produce androgens, while females only produce estrogens.

Answer: False Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-197. All females begin menarche at exactly the same age.

Answer: False Page: 268 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-198. In poorer developing countries, menstruation begins earlier than it does for girls in more economically advantaged countries.

Answer: False Page: 268 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-199. Over the past 100 years, girls in the United States and other cultures have been experiencing puberty at earlier ages.

Answer: True Page: 269 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-200. Menstruation is the only change that females experience during puberty.

Answer: False Page: 269 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2

6-201. Boys’ and girls’ sexual maturation follows the same time course of development.

Answer: False Page: 270 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.1 APA LO: 1.2 6-202. The two extremes of nutritional problems in teenagers are obesity and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Answer: True Pages: 273–274 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-203. Anorexia nervosa is seen only in adolescent girls.

Answer: False Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2 6-204. Anorexia nervosa is prevalent all over the world.

Answer: False Page: 274 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.2 APA LO: 1.2

6-205. Typically, the prefrontal cortex is not fully developed in a person until around his or her early 20s.

Answer: True Page: 275 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2 6-206. Developmentalists believe that because adolescent brains are not fully developed until their early 20s, adolescents should receive a lesser punishment for their crimes than adults receive.

Answer: False Page: 276 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.3 APA LO: 1.2 6-207. Data over the past few years indicates that overall drug use, including marijuana use, has declined.

Answer: False Page: 277 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-208. Male athletes are likely to demonstrate a lower percentage of alcohol consumption because of health concerns.

Answer: False Page: 278 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2

6-209. Alcoholism has no genetic component.

Answer: False Page: 278 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-210. Recent research figures show that, overall, the number of adolescents who smoke is decreasing.

Answer: True Page: 278 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.1: Physical Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.4 APA LO: 1.2 6-211. Adolescents’ ability to reason using formal operations causes a change in their everyday behavior(s).

Answer: True Page: 284 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2 6-212. Research indicates that people who live in unsophisticated, non-technologically based cultures are incapable of attaining the formal operational stage of thinking as described by Piaget.

Answer: False Page: 284 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.6 APA LO: 1.2

6-213. In terms of high school graduation rates, the United States is consistently among the top five countries in the world.

Answer: False Page: 288 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-214. One of the most telling indicators of success in education is the relationship between educational achievement and socioeconomic status.

Answer: True Page: 288 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-215. In spite of economic disparity, poor adolescents and members of minority groups have the same access to computers as affluent adolescents.

Answer: False Page: 288 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.2: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.8 APA LO: 1.2 6-216. Self-concept is the same thing as self-esteem.

Answer: False Page: 294 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2

6-217. During early adolescence, boys’ self-esteem is typically higher than that of girls.

Answer: True Pages: 294–295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2 6-218. Stereotypes regarding expectations of male adolescent behavior(s) are far less damaging to boys than stereotypical expectations are for girls.

Answer: False Page: 295 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.10 APA LO: 1.2 6-219. According to James Marcia’s four categories of adolescent identity development, adolescents are ―stuck‖ in one category at a time.

Answer: False Page: 298 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2 6-220. According to James Marcia, identity gels in the late teens and early 20s for most people.

Answer: True Page: 298 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.11 APA LO: 1.2

6-221. Approximately two-thirds of adolescents report feelings of depression at one time or another.

Answer: True Page: 300 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-222. Adolescent boys report experiencing depression at approximately the same level as girls.

Answer: False Page: 300 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-223. The rate of adolescent suicide has tripled in the last 30 years.

Answer: True Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-224. Adolescent boys commit suicide at a higher rate than girls do; however, adolescent girls attempt suicide more often than boys do.

Answer: True Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2

6-225. The suicide rate for other segments of U.S. society has increased at the same rate as it has for adolescents.

Answer: False Page: 301 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-226. Contrary to popular opinion, talking about suicide on a suicide hotline does not encourage a suicidal act because it breaks down the person’s sense of isolation.

Answer: True Page: 302 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.12 APA LO: 1.2 6-227. Gaining autonomy is one of the primary developmental tasks of adolescence.

Answer: True Page: 303 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-228. On social, political, and religious issues, parents and adolescents tend to be out of synch with each other.

Answer: False Page: 304 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2

6-229. There is overwhelming evidence that family problems are worse during adolescence than at any other stage of a child’s development.

Answer: False Page: 304 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-230. Research suggests that for most teenagers, the stereotypical reputation of adolescence as a time of confusion and rebellion is not inevitable.

Answer: True Page: 304 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-231. While there is parent–adolescent conflict in every culture, there is less conflict in traditional preindustrial cultures because individualism is not as highly valued, and, therefore, the adolescent is less inclined to seek out independence.

Answer: True Page: 291 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.13 APA LO: 1.2 6-232. In elementary school, there is little integration among students of different ethnicities.

Answer: False Page: 305 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2

6-233. The influence of one’s peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes is called peer pressure.

Answer: True Page: 309 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-234. Adolescents and young adults are not more likely to commit a crime than any other age group.

Answer: False Page: 310 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.14 APA LO: 1.2 6-235. While masturbation used to be viewed as a disease that needed to be cured, current experts on sexual behavior view it as a normal, healthy, harmless activity.

Answer: True Pages: 311–312 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2 6-236. Most experts believe that between 4 and 10 percent of men and women are exclusively homosexual during extended periods of their lives.

Answer: True Page: 313 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

6-237. Suicide rates for homosexual adolescents are the same as those for heterosexual adolescents.

Answer: False Page: 314 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 6.3: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Learning Objective: LO6.16 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 6 Adolescence Quiz: Physical Development in Adolescence 1. __________ is the period of development in which sexual organs mature.

A. Menarche B. Puberty C. Late childhood D. Maturation Answer: B. Puberty Question Title: EOM Q6.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.1 Describe the physical changes that adolescents experience.

Consider This: It begins when the pituitary gland in the brain signals other glands to increase the production of sex hormones. 6.1 Describe the physical changes that adolescents experience.

2. Which statement is true regarding eating disorders?

A. The origin of eating disorders is unclear.

B. Anorexia is a prevalent problem in societies all over the world.

C. Bulimics tend to remain overweight.

D. Eating disorders date back to early Greece with the advent of the Olympic Games.

Answer: A. The origin of eating disorders is unclear.

Question Title: EOM Q6.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.2 Analyze the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescents.

Consider This: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may have both biological and environmental causes. 6.2 Analyze the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescents.

3. An adolescent’s inability to inhibit risk-taking behavior is most likely explained by a(n) __________.

A. lack of parental control B. weak resistance to peer pressure C. underdeveloped prefrontal cortex D. underlying mental illness Answer: C. underdeveloped prefrontal cortex Question Title: EOM Q6.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.3 Explain the relationship between brain development and cognitive growth in adolescents.

Consider This: A particular part of the brain allows humans to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments. 6.3 Explain the relationship between brain development and cognitive growth in adolescents.

4. Given the health warnings listed on cigarette packages and the limited smoking areas in public spaces, which explanation most accurately reflects why some adolescents continue to smoke?

A. Smoking is not nearly as dangerous as the media has suggested.

B. Smoking is not addictive and therefore less harmful than drinking alcohol.

C. Other people in their family smoke, so they are genetically predisposed to be smokers.

D. Smoking is seen as a rite of passage.

Answer: D. Smoking is seen as a rite of passage.

Question Title: EOM Q6.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.4 Describe major threats to adolescents from substance use and abuse.

Consider This: Some adolescents view smoking as a sign of growing up. 6.4 Describe major threats to adolescents from substance use and abuse.

5. The most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) is __________, which can be transmitted without sexual intercourse.

A. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) B. human papilloma virus (HPV) C. genital herpes D. gonorrhea Answer: B. human papilloma virus (HPV) Question Title: EOM Q6.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.5 Describe the dangers that adolescent sexual practices can present.

Consider This: Most infections do not have symptoms, but the most common STI can produce genital warts. 6.5 Describe the dangers that adolescent sexual practices can present.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Adolescence 1. Keaton is asked to solve the following physics problem: What determines the speed at which a ball will drop from a five-story building? He is given six balls and a tall box. Demonstrating his ability to think within the formal operational stage, Keaton will likely __________.

A. begin by climbing onto the box and dropping all of the balls B. lower the height at which the balls are dropped C. think about the problem first, systematically consider all factors, and form a hypothesis D. take a wild guess that the larger the ball, the faster the speed Answer: C. think about the problem first, systematically consider all factors, and form a hypothesis Question Title: EOM Q6.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.6 Analyze Piaget’s account of adolescent cognitive development.

Consider This: This is the period at which people begin to think abstractly and use formal principles of logic. 6.6 Analyze Piaget’s account of adolescent cognitive development.

2. Weston is convinced that all of his friends will stare at the small cut on his chin and make fun of his inability to ―shave like a man.‖ The notion that Weston’s friends will even notice suggests Weston’s belief in __________.

A. an imaginary audience B. a personal fable C. egocentrism D. metacognition Answer: A. an imaginary audience Question Title: EOM Q6.2.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.7 Explain the information-processing view of adolescent cognitive development.

Consider This: The term refers to an adolescent’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others’ attention and concerns. 6.7 Explain the information-processing view of adolescent cognitive development.

3. Which student is at greatest risk for low school performance?

A. Diego, whose father drives him to the library after school three times a week B. Sal, who tutors other students 10 hours a week in his school’s Learning Center C. Jessica, whose mother earns the minimum wage and has little time to interact with her children D. Xia, whose father has set aside a college fund for Xia’s education Answer: C. Jessica, whose mother earns the minimum wage and has little time to interact with her children Question Title: EOM Q6.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

Consider This: Children may lack the books and computers available to their more affluent peers. 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

4. A significant consequence for adolescents who drop out of high school is that they will likely __________.

A. be disowned by their families B. face a 25 percent unemployment rate C. have difficulty making ends meet D. become addicted to drugs and alcohol Answer: C. have difficulty making ends meet Question Title: EOM Q6.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

Consider This: High school dropouts earn 42 percent less than graduates. 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

5. Unlike many of his schoolmates, Mason does not own a laptop or home computer. He is a victim of __________, a term that describes the fact that poorer adolescents and some minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent groups.

A. digital disparity B. technological inequity C. technological inferiority D. the digital divide Answer: D. the digital divide Question Title: EOM Q6.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.9 Explain the nature and consequences of the regular use of media by adolescents.

Consider This: Most adolescents make use of social media and other technologies to a staggering degree. 6.9 Explain the nature and consequences of the regular use of media by adolescents.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence 1. Sixteen-year-old Alexis is asked to complete a personal statement for a college scholarship application. Someone her age is likely to describe herself, in part, by which of the following statements?

A. ―I’m very competitive, enjoy lifting weights, and have always been pretty athletic.‖ B. ―I enjoy spending time with my camera and journal, recording my hiking experiences in the Rocky Mountains.‖ C. ―My goal is to be an architect of green buildings for senior citizens.‖ D. ―My friends think I am grounded and always calm, but they don’t know that I am often nervous and have to work hard to balance my emotions.‖ Answer: D. ―My friends think I am grounded and always calm, but they don’t know that I am often nervous and have to work hard to balance my emotions.‖ Question Title: EOM Q6.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.10 Describe how adolescents develop their self-concept and self-esteem.

Consider This: Adolescents often describe themselves from both their own perspective and others’ views of them. 6.10 Describe how adolescents develop their self-concept and self-esteem.

2. Adolescents fall into Erikson’s stage of development referred to as __________.

A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. identity versus identity confusion C. industry versus inferiority D. intimacy versus isolation Answer: B. identity versus identity confusion Question Title: EOM Q6.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.11 Analyze diverse theoretical approaches to understanding identity formation.

Consider This: It is the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. 6.11 Analyze diverse theoretical approaches to understanding identity formation.

3. Jasper and Johnson are both liked by some peers and disliked by others, while most people pay little attention to Tanner. Jasper and Johnson are likely considered __________ adolescents, and Tanner falls into the category of __________ adolescents.

A. controversial; neglected B. rejected; neglected C. controversial; rejected D. rejected; controversial Answer: A. controversial; neglected Question Title: EOM Q6.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.14 Analyze the nature and significance of peer relationships during adolescence.

Consider This: In most cases, popular and controversial adolescents tend to enjoy a higher status, and rejected and neglected adolescents share a lower status. 6.14 Analyze the nature and significance of peer relationships during adolescence.

4. The dating behaviors of gay and lesbian teens suggest that they __________.

A. do not date at all B. may date members of the opposite sex in an effort to fit in C. date more than their heterosexual peers D. tend to openly express their sexual preferences Answer: B. may date members of the opposite sex in an effort to fit in Question Title: EOM Q6.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.15 Describe the functions and characteristics of dating during adolescence.

Consider This: Homosexual teens who openly date face possible harassment. 6.15 Describe the functions and characteristics of dating during adolescence.

5. Which statement most accurately reflects the research on the origins of sexual orientation?

A. Most experts believe sexual orientation is a mental illness and reflects sexually maladjusted behavior.

B. Sexual orientation originates at birth.

C. All humans consciously choose whether they are attracted to a gay, lesbian, or straight partner.

D. Most experts believe sexual orientation develops out of a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors.

Answer: D. Most experts believe sexual orientation develops out of a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors.

Question Title: EOM Q6.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.16 Explain how sexuality develops in the adolescent years.

Consider This: There is no accepted explanation of why some adolescents develop a heterosexual orientation and others a homosexual orientation. 6.16 Explain how sexuality develops in the adolescent years.

Chapter Quiz: Adolescence 1. Over the last century, researchers have observed that puberty __________.

A. has consistently started at the same age over time B. trends toward starting at a slightly older age C. trends toward starting at a slightly younger age D. starts earlier for boys and later for girls Answer: C. trends toward starting at a slightly younger age Question Title: EOC Q6.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.1 Describe the physical changes that adolescents experience.

Consider This: The change in onset of menstruation likely results from better nutrition and reduced disease. 6.1 Describe the physical changes that adolescents experience.

2. Which adolescent is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa?

A. Nikko, an Asian American female honor student from a middle-income family B. Dillon, an African American male honor student from a middle-income family C. Ezekiel, a white male from a middle-income family who has dropped out of school D. Charlize, an attractive white female honor student from an upper-income family Answer: D. Charlize, an attractive white female honor student from an upper-income family Question Title: EOC Q6.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.2 Analyze the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescents.

Consider This: Anorexia primarily afflicts women between the ages of 12 and 40, although it is also becoming a problem for boys. 6.2 Analyze the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescents.

3. __________ in adolescence leads to lower grades, more depression, and greater difficulty regulating moods.

A. Excessive homework B. Sleep deprivation C. Multitasking D. Social media overuse Answer: B. Sleep deprivation Question Title: EOC Q6.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.3 Explain the relationship between brain development and cognitive growth in adolescents.

Consider This: It also places teens at greater risk for auto accidents. 6.3 Explain the relationship between brain development and cognitive growth in adolescents.

4. Which statement most accurately reflects the use of alcohol and drugs by adolescents?

A. More than 75 percent of high school seniors report having been drunk at least once in their lives.

B. Twenty-five percent of women have reported being the target of unwanted sexual advances by a drunk classmate.

C. Smoking is on the rise among boys and is declining among girls.

D. Casual use of hazardous drugs never leads to substance abuse.

Answer: B. Twenty-five percent of women have reported being the target of unwanted sexual advances by a drunk classmate.

Question Title: EOC Q6.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.4 Describe major threats to adolescents from substance use and abuse.

Consider This: Around a third of adolescents report having been insulted or humiliated by a drunken student. 6.4 Describe major threats to adolescents from substance use and abuse.

5. Which statement accurately reflects recent research relative to sexual activity?

A. There is no significant difference in the number of new AIDS cases among Caucasian males and African American males.

B. Condom use is typically not necessary or advised for the prevention of STIs, particularly when in a long-term relationship.

C. Adolescent sexual activity often leads to cases of STIs. D. AIDS no longer causes death among young people.

Answer: C. Adolescent sexual activity often leads to cases of STIs. Question Title: EOC Q6.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.5 Describe the dangers that adolescent sexual practices can present.

Consider This: Forty percent of sexually active teenage girls have an STI with the potential of causing infertility. 6.5 Describe the dangers that adolescent sexual practices can present.

6. A child in the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development is most likely to engage in __________.

A. writing a story about how his dog followed him to school one day B. composing an essay about free speech C. drawing a family portrait using stick figures D. using Legos to learn how houses are designed Answer: B. composing an essay about free speech Question Title: EOC Q6.6 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 6.6 Analyze Piaget’s account of adolescent cognitive development.

Consider This: Adolescents use propositional thought and abstract logic to present their ideas.

6.6 Analyze Piaget’s account of adolescent cognitive development.

7. The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition is referred to as __________.

A. metacognition B. memorization C. metamemory D. egocentrism Answer: A. metacognition Question Title: EOC Q6.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.7 Explain the information-processing view of adolescent cognitive development.

Consider This: Adolescents are more adept at understanding their own mental processes than younger children are. 6.7 Explain the information-processing view of adolescent cognitive development.

8. Shelda lives in a rural community where school funding is being threatened by state tax cuts.

The local school district made major cuts last year, resulting in the need to close one area middle school and combine it with the elementary school. As a result of the changes to her school environment, Shelda __________.

A. will have many more opportunities for social interaction, which will improve her grade point average B. is at risk of a decline in her school performance C. will likely be issued her own personal laptop D. is no more at risk than her urban neighbors who have smaller classes and more teachers Answer: B. is at risk of a decline in her school performance Question Title: EOC Q6.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

Consider This: Crowded schools leave little space for students to study. 6.8 Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.

9. Which statement describes a potential danger voiced by researchers regarding teens’ use of the Web? A. Texting has replaced all face-to-face interaction.

B. Students are able to tap into a vast array of information.

C. Teens are exposed to opportunities to bet on sports events, which may lead to a gambling problem.

D. Adolescents read more news stories online in digital form than they do in print form.

Answer: C. Teens are exposed to opportunities to bet on sports events, which may lead to a gambling problem.

Question Title: EOC Q6.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.9 Explain the nature and consequences of the regular use of media by adolescents.

Consider This: The risks include easy access to harmful materials and behaviors. 6.9 Explain the nature and consequences of the regular use of media by adolescents.

10. A strong sense of __________ identity during adolescence is tied to higher levels of selfesteem.

A. racial B. sexual C. religious D. political Answer: A. racial Question Title: EOC Q6.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.10 Describe how adolescents develop their self-concept and self-esteem.

Consider This: Social movements within the African American community have bolstered pride.

6.10 Describe how adolescents develop their self-concept and self-esteem.

11. Several teens were asked if they had ever experienced doubts about their religion. Based on the responses below, which student has arrived at identity achievement?

A. Michelle, who responds, ―Yes, I guess that is where I am now. I often wonder how a god can even exist with so much evil in the world.‖ B. Dominic, who responds, ―Yes, I even started wondering if God really existed. However, I’ve pretty much resolved that question now.‖ C. Dexter, who says, ―No, my father and grandfather were both deacons and our family is in clear agreement about the importance of our religion.‖ D. Kirsten, who reports, ―Oh, I don’t know. I don’t really think about it much because I figure any religion is about as good as any other religion.‖ Answer: B. Dominic, who responds, ―Yes, I even started wondering if God really existed.

However, I’ve pretty much resolved that question now.‖ Question Title: EOC Q6.11 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.11 Analyze diverse theoretical approaches to understanding identity formation.

Consider This: Following a period of crisis during which they considered various alternatives, teens who have successfully navigated identity achievement have committed to a particular identity. 6.11 Analyze diverse theoretical approaches to understanding identity formation.

12. Which statement provides an accurate explanation for gender differences in the rates of depression among adolescents?

A. Hormones cause more girls to experience depression than boys.

B. Genes that code for depression in males are passed down from fathers to sons.

C. Girls are more likely to externalize stress and, as a result, show increased levels of aggression.

D. Traditional gender roles still give higher status to males than females.

Answer: D. Traditional gender roles still give higher status to males than females.

Question Title: EOC Q6.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 6.12 Explain why depression and suicide are important issues in adolescence.

Consider This: Stress is greater in girls in adolescence because of the many, often conflicting, demands on the traditional female role. 6.12 Explain why depression and suicide are important issues in adolescence.

13. Current research on parent–adolescent relationships suggests that __________.

A. parent–adolescent conflict is intense and highly stressful throughout adolescence B. most adolescents easily detach from their parents and quickly transition into the world of freedom and autonomy C. adolescents begin to see their parents realistically as people in their own right D. cultural differences among parents of adolescents are minimal Answer: C. adolescents begin to see their parents realistically as people in their own right Question Title: EOC Q6.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.13 Analyze how the parent–child relationship changes during adolescence.

Consider This: As autonomy increases, the balance of power between teens and their parents becomes more egalitarian. 6.13 Analyze how the parent–child relationship changes during adolescence.

14. Richie belongs to a crowd at his high school but does not belong to a clique. Which statement is likely true about Richie’s group?

A. Members of his group likely do not share much in common.

B. His group is likely made up of people he may or may not know who share a desire for academic success.

C. Richie’s membership in a group reflects his increased social skills.

D. His group is smaller than a clique.

Answer: B. His group is likely made up of people he may or may not know who share a desire for academic success.

Question Title: EOC Q6.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 6.14 Analyze the nature and significance of peer relationships during adolescence.

Consider This: A crowd is composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another. 6.14 Analyze the nature and significance of peer relationships during adolescence.

15. __________ is a way teens learn how to establish intimacy with another person.

A. Dating B. Sexting C. Going out with a group of friends D. Tweeting Answer: A. Dating Question Title: EOC Q6.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 6.15 Describe the functions and characteristics of dating during adolescence.

Consider This: Despite changing cultural norms, it remains the dominant form of social interaction that leads to intimacy among teens. 6.15 Describe the functions and characteristics of dating during adolescence.

16. In the nineteenth century, people were warned of the horrible effects of __________, although today, experts view it as normal, healthy, and harmless.

A. sexual intercourse B. oral sex C. pornography D. masturbation Answer: D. masturbation Question Title: EOC Q6.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 6.16 Explain how sexuality develops in the adolescent years.

Consider This: It is often the first sex act in which adolescents engage. 6.16 Explain how sexuality develops in the adolescent years.

Chapter 7 Early Adulthood 7-1. The natural physical decline brought about by aging is called __________. a) b) c) d)

maturation puberty senescence adolescence

Answer: c Page: 321 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-2. Which body part(s) continue(s) to exhibit growth both in size and weight into early adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Legs Chest and arms Feet Brain

Answer: d Page: 321 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts

Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1

7-3. In general, a professional athlete’s physical edge tends to decline when __________. a) b) c) d)

the athlete reaches his or her 30s the athlete reaches his or her 40s the athlete reaches his or her late teens the athlete reaches his or her early 20s

Answer: a Page: 321 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-4. According to the official definition of disability, how many people in the United States are physically or mentally challenged? a) b) c) d)

10 million 25 million 40 million 50 million

Answer: d Page: 321 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 1.1 7-5. The term for a condition that substantially limits a major life activity such as walking or vision is a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

impediment birth defect disability setback

Answer: c Page: 321 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 1.1

7-6. Statistics suggest that many people with a disability are __________. a) b) c) d)

well taken care of by the government well taken care of by their families an undereducated and underemployed minority group better off than nondisabled Americans

Answer: c Page: 321 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-7. Fewer than __________ of disabled people finish high school. Fewer than __________ of disabled men and __________ of disabled women are employed full time. a) b) c) d)

10 percent; 25 percent; 15 percent 25 percent; 25 percent; 20 percent 15 percent; 20 percent; 18 percent 35 percent; 22 percent; 30 percent

Answer: a Page: 321 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-8. The landmark legislation that mandates full access for people in wheelchairs to public establishments such as stores, office buildings, hotels, and theaters is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) Equal Employment Act Civil Rights Act Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer: d Page: 322 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 1.1

7-9. According to the American College of Sports Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people should participate in at least __________. a) b) c) d)

1 hour of exercise at least 5 days a week 30 minutes of vigorous physical activity at least 5 days a week 30 minutes of moderate physical activity at least 5 days a week 10 minutes of activity at least 5 days a week

Answer: c Page: 322 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-10. Regular exercise as prescribed by medical experts may result in __________. a) b) c) d)

an increased the risk of developing disease a decrease in feelings of control a decrease in longevity a reduction in stress, anxiety, and depression

Answer: d Page: 322 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 1.3 7-11. The term for body weight that is 20 percent or more above the average weight for a person of a given height is ________. a) b) c) d)

diastolic obesity systole kwashiorkor

Answer: b Page: 323 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: L03 APA LO: 2.1

7-12. More than __________ of adults in the United States are obese. a) b) c) d)

one-quarter one-third one-half three-quarters

Answer: b Page: 311 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: L03 APA LO: 2.1 7-13. Adults who are in their 20s and 30s are at higher risk of dying from __________ than any other cause. a) b) c) d)

alcoholism automobile accidents drug abuse AIDS, cancer, heart disease, and suicide

Answer: b Page: 323 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-14. By age __________, illness and disease overtake accidents as the leading cause of death, and, statistically speaking, this is the first time this occurs since infancy. a) b) c) d)

25 35 45 55

Answer: b Page: 323 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1

7-15. Physical declines brought about by environmental factors of an individual’s behavioral choices are called __________. a) b) c) d)

risk factors maturity secondary aging primary aging

Answer: c Page: 324 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-16. Molly is a 27-year-old female who looks years older than her actual age. She lives a highrisk lifestyle that includes regular use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, and she has never exercised regularly. Molly’s behavioral choices have likely brought about physical declines that are referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

illness and disease secondary aging geriatrics senescence

Answer: b Page: 324 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1

7-17. Which group of people is more likely to die in young adulthood as a result of risky lifestyle decisions and secondary aging? a) b) c) d)

Caucasian American women African American men Caucasian American men African American women

Answer: b Page: 324 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-18. Which developed country has the highest murder rate? a) b) c) d)

Portugal Germany United States France

Answer: c Page: 324 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-19. Which is the most likely cause of death for African Americans? a) b) c) d)

Automobile accidents Homicide Drug overdose Suicide

Answer: b Pages: 324–325 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1

7-20. The physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us is called __________. a) b) c) d)

fear fight or flight stress psychosis

Answer: c Page: 326 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 7-21. What is the name for the new field of study that researches the relationship among the brain, immune system, and psychological factors with regard to stress-related events? a) b) c) d)

Psychosocial medicine Interpersonal relationship development Neuropsychology Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer: d Page: 326 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.1

7-22. Psychoneuroimmunology suggests that when a stressful situation is encountered, several biological reactions occur, including __________. a) b) c) d)

hormone secretion drop in heart rate and blood pressure decreased respiration and sweating lightheadedness or fainting episodes

Answer: a Page: 326 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 7-23. Long-term, continuous exposure to stressors may result in a reduction of the body’s ability to deal with __________. a) b) c) d)

psychological disorders stress sweating susceptibility to diseases

Answer: b Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

7-24. Theo returned home from vacationing in Europe. While he was flying home, his father died after suffering a heart attack. When told of his father’s death, Theo suffered from symptoms similar to a panic attack. The unexpected death of his father would be described as a(n) __________ for Theo. a) b) c) d)

chronic stressor primary appraisal secondary appraisal acute stressor

Answer: d Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 7-25. According to researchers Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, an individual’s assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

psychological review primary appraisal secondary appraisal psychological challenge

Answer: b Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.3 APA LO: 1.1

7-26. You are likely to feel differently about an upcoming history test if you passed the last one with flying colors than you would if you had not done well on it. This is an example of a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

academic review secondary appraisal primary appraisal time management skills

Answer: c Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.3 APA LO: 1.1 7-27. According to researchers Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, an individual’s assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

psychological review primary appraisal secondary appraisal psychological challenge

Answer: c Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.3 APA LO: 1.1

7-28. If a student assesses the situation to determine how much time he/she has available to devote to studying for an upcoming exam, this is an example of a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

academic review secondary appraisal primary appraisal time-management skills

Answer: b Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.3 APA LO: 1.1 7-29. The organs, glands, and cells that are the body’s line of defense against disease and illness is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

immune system limbic system biofeedback loop autoimmune system

Answer: a Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.3 APA LO: 2.1

7-30. The effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress is called __________. a) b) c) d)

stress management hardiness coping defensive coping

Answer: c Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-31. Allison is having a great deal of difficulty in her statistics class. She goes to her teacher to discuss ways in which she can improve her skills or even drop the class if necessary. Allison is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

coping emotion-focused coping defensive coping problem-focused coping

Answer: d Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 1.1

7-32. When a person attempts to control stress by using conscious regulation of emotions, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

social support emotion-focused coping defensive coping hardiness

Answer: b Page: 328 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 1.1 7-33. Jayne is having difficulty finding adequate, affordable day care for her child while she is at work. Instead of focusing on the negative, she looks at the bright side and realizes that at least she has a good job in a tight economy. Jayne is utilizing __________. a) b) c) d)

hardiness emotion-focused coping defensive coping problem-focused coping

Answer: b Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 1.1

7-34. Assistance and comfort provided to a person dealing with a stressful situation is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

counseling social support sounding off stress management

Answer: b Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-35. Mita is 21 years old. She has two jobs and is attending a local college. Due to her hectic schedule, she is experiencing several stressors that are contributing to physical ailments. Mita does not want to take medication for her stress, so the college therapist suggests that Mita try to increase contact with her friends as a means of decreasing her stress. Turning to friends for assistance and comfort is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

social support emotion-focused coping hardiness resiliency to stress

Answer: a Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1

7-36. Coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation is called __________. a) b) c) d)

emotion-focused coping hardiness defensive coping substitution

Answer: c Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-37. Unconsciously trying to prevent experiencing emotions is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

passive-aggressive behavior emotional insulation hardiness emotion-focused coping

Answer: b Page: 328 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-38. Which statement illustrates a general guideline for coping with stress? a) b) c) d)

Do not seek outside support.

Refrain from exercise.

Take a break from the stress-inducing situation.

Understand that stress is an unusual, avoidable nuisance.

Answer: c Page: 329 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 1.1

7-39. Developmental psychologist Giesela Labouvie-Vief suggests that the nature of thinking changes during __________. a) b) c) d)

early childhood early adulthood adolescence late adulthood

Answer: b Page: 331 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.2 7-40. Giesela Labouvie-Vief is to __________ as Piaget is to __________. a) b) c) d)

formal operations; postformal thought postformal thought; formal operations postformal thought; postformal thought concrete operational thought; postformal thought

Answer: b Page: 331 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-41. Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms is called __________. a) b) c) d)

dialectical thought moralistic thinking postformal thought logical thinking

Answer: c Page: 331 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-42. According to research by psychologist William Perry, students entering Harvard University tended to have a view of the world that involved reasoning that something was right or wrong; people were good or bad; and others were either for them or against them. He called this __________. a) b) c) d)

postformal thought dualistic thinking dialectical thinking formal operational thought

Answer: b Page: 332 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-43. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, what is the mission of childhood and adolescence? a) b) c) d)

Responsibility Acquisition Achievement Reintegration

Answer: b Page: 332 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-44. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main developmental task is to acquire information, is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

achieving stage responsible stage acquisitive stage executive stage

Answer: c Page: 332 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-45. Information that is gathered before we grow up and is stored away for future use (e.g., education during childhood and adolescence) is an example of what developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie calls the __________. a) b) c) d)

achieving stage acquisitive stage reintegrative stage responsible stage

Answer: b Page: 332 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-46. Developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie believed that when young adults apply their intelligence to attain long-term goals and confront and resolve major issues—such as what job to take and who to marry—they are using an operation in the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

responsible acquisitive reintegrative achieving

Answer: d Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-47. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the point that young adults reach at which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions is called __________. a) b) c) d)

achieving stage acquisitive stage reintegrative stage responsible stage

Answer: a Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-48. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, what is the main cognitive task of young adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Responsibility Acquisition Achievement Reintegration

Answer: c Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-49. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, what is the main cognitive task of the late stages of early adulthood through middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Responsibility Acquisition Achievement Reintegration

Answer: a Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-50. According to Schaie, the stage in which people in early adulthood through middle adulthood are mainly concerned with protecting and nourishing their families and careers is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

executive stage acquisitive stage responsible stage reintegrative stage

Answer: c Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-51. According to Schaie, what is the stage that many (but not all) people enter further into middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Responsibility Executive Achievement Reintegration

Answer: b Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-52. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world, is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

executive stage acquisitive stage responsible stage reintegrative stage

Answer: a Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-53. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the stage in which people in middle adulthood may become involved in town government, service clubs, charitable groups, unions and organizations—in which they have a larger purpose in society and can look beyond their individual/family situations—is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

responsible stage reintegrative stage executive stage achieving stage

Answer: c Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-54. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

responsible stage reintegrative stage executive stage achieving stage

Answer: b Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-55. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, what is the main cognitive task of people in late adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Responsibility Executive Achievement Reintegration

Answer: d Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-56. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, late adulthood marks a period in which people no longer focus on acquiring knowledge to solve potential problems but rather focus on acquiring information directed toward issues of personal interest. He calls this the __________ stage. a) b) c) d)

responsible executive reintegrative acquisitive

Answer: c Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-57. Using Schaie’s stages of adult development, which of the following is an issue that a senior citizen is most likely to be focused on and interested in? a) b) c) d)

Common Core education legislation Legislation to balance the federal budget Legislation to enact universal health care benefits Legislation to enact stricter environmental regulations for protection of forests and wetlands

Answer: c Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-58. Psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed a theory that intelligence is made up of three major components—componential, experiential, and contextual—that he called the __________. a) b) c) d)

stages of adult development theory formal operational thought theory postformal thought theory triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer: d Pages: 333–334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-59. In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the componential aspect of intelligence deals with __________. a) the ways in which prior experiences are used in problem solving, which involves the ability to cope with new situations b) analysis of data to solve problems using previously learned information c) the ways in which intelligence is used to face real-world demands (i.e., practical intelligence) d) the ways in which emotional experiences affect our interpretation of the information around us and the ways in which we choose to affect change (i.e., emotional intelligence) Answer: b Page: 334 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-60. When a person uses information he or she has been taught (e.g., chooses formulas and problem-solving strategies) to solve problems in a rational way, psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that that person is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

contextual intelligence experiential intelligence practical intelligence componential intelligence

Answer: d Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-61. According to Sternberg, the relationship between intelligence, people’s prior experience, and their ability to cope with new situations is called __________. a) b) c) d)

contextual intelligence experiential intelligence practical intelligence componential intelligence

Answer: b Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-62. In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the experiential aspect of intelligence refers to __________. a) the ways in which prior experiences are used in problem solving and one’s ability to cope with new situations b) analysis of data to solve problems using previously learned information c) the ways in which intelligence is used to face real-world demands (i.e., practical intelligence) d) the ways in which emotional experiences affect our interpretation of the information around us and the ways in which we choose to affect change (i.e., emotional intelligence) Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-63. Evidence suggests that __________ is the most useful measure for comparing and predicting adult success. a) b) c) d)

practical intelligence experiential intelligence emotional intelligence componential intelligence

Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-67. When a person exhibits success facing everyday, real-world demands, such as those found in on-the-job professional demands, Sternberg’s theory of intelligence would suggest that that person is demonstrating the __________ component of intelligence. a) b) c) d)

contextual experiential emotional componential

Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-68. Traditional IQ tests usually focus on which aspect of Sternberg’s intelligence theory? a) b) c) d)

Contextual Experiential Emotional Componential

Answer: d Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-69. In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the contextual aspect of intelligence deals with __________. a) the ways in which prior experiences are used in problem solving, which involves the ability to cope with new situations b) analysis of data to solve problems using previously learned information c) the ways in which intelligence is used to face real-world demands d) the ways in which emotional experiences affect our interpretation of the information around us and the ways in which we choose to affect change (i.e., emotional intelligence) Answer: c Page: 334 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-70. When it comes to predicting a person’s business success as an adult, including rate of career advancement, research suggests traditional IQ tests are __________. a) b) c) d)

highly reliable in predicting the success of business executives moderately reliable in predicting the success of business executives only marginally reliable in predicting the success of business executives totally unreliable predicting the success of business executives

Answer: c Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.2

7-71. Sternberg contends that success in a career necessitates __________. a) componential aspect of intelligence b) experiential intelligence c) practical intelligence d) emotional intelligence Answer: c Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-72. Johnny has watched his twin brother climb up and down the stairs. When his brother reaches the top of the stairs, he immediately goes to his mother and she gives him a treat. Johnny is now attempting to climb stairs. According to Sternberg, this is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

emotional intelligence intellectual intelligence practical intelligence social intelligence

Answer: c Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-73. What type of intelligence enables people to get along well with others? a) Emotional b) Practical c) Experiential d) Academic Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-74. Skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of feeling are referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

emotional intelligence practical intelligence accurate intelligence virtual intelligence

Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-75. What type of intelligence allows some people to acquire the ability to relate to others, understand what others are experiencing, and respond to the needs of others? a) b) c) d)

Intellectual intelligence Practical intelligence Virtual intelligence Emotional intelligence

Answer: d Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1

7-76. Sarnoff Mednick discussed the fact that the more people know about a particular subject, the less likely they are to be creative in that subject area. Which of the following quotations addresses this issue? a) b) c) d)

―Familiarity breeds rigidity.‖ ―Familiarity enhances creativity.‖ ―Creativity compounds suggestibility.‖ ―Creativity stifles negative thought.‖

Answer: a Page: 334 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-77. Combining responses or ideas in novel ways defines __________. a) b) c) d)

intelligence creativity emotional enhancement intellectual capacity

Answer: b Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-78. What percentage of the U.S. college population is white? a) b) c) d)

42 percent 58 percent 69 percent 77 percent

Answer: b Page: 336 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2

7-79. What percentage of students entering college finish four years later with a degree? a) b) c) d)

30 percent 40 percent 50 percent 60 percent

Answer: b Page: 336 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2 7-80. The national dropout rate for African American college students is approximately __________. a) b) c) d)

50 percent 60 percent 70 percent 80 percent

Answer: b Page: 336 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2 7-81. Which of the following would be considered a reasonable answer as to why there is a gender gap in college attendance? a) b) c) d)

More minority men than minority women attend college.

Men have more job opportunities when they graduate from high school.

Women have more opportunities to earn money.

Men have better high school academic records than women do.

Answer: b Page: 336 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2

7-82. Which of the following is a reason why older, nontraditional students attend college? a) b) c) d)

Economic opportunity Social stimulation Intellectual stimulation Therapeutic reasons

Answer: a Page: 337 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2 7-83. As a person ages, there is a need for consistency and stabilization in his or her life.

However, this change in attitude can reduce issues regarding risk-taking behavior and force people to acquire the ability to support his or her family. This is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

maturation reform maturational rebellion responsibility need-acquiring behavior

Answer: a Page: 337 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2

7-84. Women who start out in mathematics, engineering, and the physical sciences are more than __________ as likely as men to drop out. a) b) c) d)

three times four times twice five times

Answer: c Page: 337 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-85. Dionne has decided to major in chemical engineering. During her first semester, she discovers that her professors are giving her more deadline extensions and better grades than the men in her classes. Dionne is experiencing __________. a) b) c) d)

stereotyped gender benevolent sexism racism prejudice

Answer: b Page: 337 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2

7-86. Bernice’s male science professor gives her an easier research project than he gives the males in the class. Although the professor thinks he is being helpful, this makes Bernice feel that she is not being taken seriously and undermines her view of her competence. The professor is practicing __________. a) b) c) d)

stereotype threat blatant sexism poor advising benevolent sexism

Answer: d Page: 337 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-87. Tyrone has enrolled at the local university and he wants to study mathematics; however, he feels this may not be the appropriate course of study for his career. Which of the following terms describes what Tyrone is experiencing? a) b) c) d)

Academic disidentification Academic disillusionment Poor advising Weak self-concept

Answer: a Page: 338 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2

7-88. Negative societal stereotypes produce a state of __________ in which members of a stereotyped group become aware of the beliefs that others hold about their academic abilities. a) b) c) d)

stereotype threat blatant sexism harassment self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer: a Page: 338 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-89. Recent research indicates that first-generation college students __________. a) b) c) d)

are as well-adjusted as other students have more emotional issues are particularly susceptible to difficulties during their first year of college do not do as well academically as other students do

Answer: c Page: 339 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2

7-90. Rasheed is attending college. He feels depressed, lonely, anxious, and somewhat withdrawn from his family. Rasheed is experiencing what is commonly referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

separation anxiety an adjustment disorder being away from home first-year adjustment reaction

Answer: d Page: 339 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-91. The most frequently stated issue reported by college students visiting a college counseling center is __________. a) b) c) d)

stress anxiety family issues depression substance abuse

Answer: a Page: 340 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.3

7-92. According to Erik Erikson, the period of postadolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others is called __________. a) b) c) d)

intimacy-versus-isolation stage postformal thought social clock social role

Answer: a Page: 343 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.1 7-93. According to Erik Erikson, the focus of a person’s early 30s is __________. a) b) c) d)

career success providing for self and family developing close, intimate relationships with others taking care of physical health

Answer: c Page: 343 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.1 7-94. According to Erik Erikson, when a person is in his or her 30s, intimacy is related to __________. a) b) c) d)

the sacrifice of one’s own needs for those of another selfishness in sexual matters efforts to develop superficial relationships with other persons the effort to exude confidence and independence

Answer: a Page: 343 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.1

7-95. __________ who are able to form intimate relationships on a physical, intellectual, and emotional level successfully resolve the crisis of this stage of development. a) b) c) d)

Young adults Older adults Adolescents Older children

Answer: a Page: 343 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.2 7-96. Which of the following identified the period from the end of teenage years through the early 20s as a time in which people are still sorting out their options for the future? a) b) c) d)

Erikson Piaget Murguia Arnett

Answer: d Pages: 343–344 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.2

7-97. Which of the following is identified in your textbook as a reason for developing friendships? a) b) c) d)

Improve race relations Increase self-esteem Improve social status Satisfy the need for belongingness

Answer: d Page: 344 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.2 7-98. We choose friends for their __________. a) b) c) d)

differing values financial security personal qualities social standing

Answer: c Page: 344 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.2 7-99 According to your textbook, which of the following stages in the progression of relationships would occur first? a) b) c) d)

Two people increasingly seek each other’s company.

Two people are more willing to offer criticism in addition to praise.

Two people’s reactions to situations become more similar.

Two people begin to see themselves as a couple.

Answer: a Page: 345 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.3

7-100. Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid suggest that individuals experience __________ when intense physiological arousal and situational cues occur together. a) b) c) d)

friendship romantic love companionate love consummate love

Answer: b Page: 345 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.1 7-101. The component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness is called __________. a) b) c) d)

companionship intimacy passion commitment

Answer: b Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.2

7-102. The component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance is called __________. a) b) c) d)

companionship intimacy passion commitment

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.2 7-103. Psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that love requires a more complex explanation and is made up of __________. a) b) c) d)

three components four components five components six components

Answer: a Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-104. According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, the three components of love include __________. a) b) c) d)

companionship, social approval, and the occasional helping hand companionship, passion, and social approval intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment intimacy, social approval, and the occasional helping hand

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-105. According to Robert Sternberg, liking develops when only __________ is present. a) b) c) d)

passion intimacy loyalty similarity

Answer: b Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-106. According to Robert Sternberg, companionate love develops when __________ is(are) present. a) b) c) d)

intimacy and decision/commitment infatuation passion and intimacy passion and decision/commitment

Answer: a Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-107. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people have a ―fling‖ or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

nonlove infatuated love liking empty love

Answer: b Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-108. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are living in an arranged marriage or a couple has decided to stay together ―for the sake of the children,‖ this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

nonlove fatuous love liking empty love

Answer: d Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-109. According to Robert Sternberg, infatuated love develops when only __________ is present. a) b) c) d)

passion intimacy loyalty similarity

Answer: a Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-110. According to Robert Sternberg, empty love develops when only __________ is present. a) b) c) d)

intimacy decision/commitment loyalty similarity

Answer: b Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-111. Jerome and Alice have been married for 15 years, and their marriage is strained with bickering and unhappiness. Still, they are not considering a divorce because they have an 8-yearold son whom they both love deeply. Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship __________. a) b) c) d)

companionate love empty love fatuous love nonlove

Answer: b Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-112. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are happily dating one another and feel that they have a strong closeness but are not making future plans, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

romantic love fatuous love companionate love infatuated love

Answer: a Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-113. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people enjoy each other’s company and their relationship but no longer feel much sexual interest for the other, their relationship is called __________. a) b) c) d)

nonlove liking companionate love empty love

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-114. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people share a loving, sexually vibrant, longterm relationship, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

companionate love infatuated love fatuous love consummate love

Answer: d Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-115. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people decide to move in together after knowing each other for only two weeks, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

companionate love infatuated love fatuous love consummate love

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-116. According to Robert Sternberg, fatuous love develops when __________ is (are) present. a) b) c) d)

intimacy and decision/commitment infatuation passion and intimacy passion and decision/commitment

Answer: d Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-117. Mark and Angela met one night at a local bar, and after dating for two weeks, they decided to move in together, despite barely knowing each other. Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship __________. a) b) c) d)

companionate love infatuated love fatuous love empty love

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-118. Stella and Anthony have been happily married for 22 years, and they still enjoy an active sex life and participate in many activities together. Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship __________. a) b) c) d)

consummate love companionate love romantic love liking

Answer: a Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1

7-119. Darnell and Denise have been happily dating for months; however, they do not feel compelled to make a long-term commitment yet. Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship __________. a) b) c) d)

consummate love companionate love romantic love liking

Answer: c Page: 346 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.1 7-120. Surveys indicate that a high proportion of which of the following college students would consider it acceptable to marry without love? a) b) c) d)

U.S. college students Japanese college students Brazilian college students Pakistani college students

Answer: d Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2

7-121. In what culture do men rank good health as more important in marriage than love? a) b) c) d)

Pakistan Japan China Mexico

Answer: c Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-122. Which of the following does Buss (2004) offer as an explanation for cross-cultural similarities in gender differences in choice of mate? a) b) c) d)

Evolutionary factors Personality factors Social factors Familial factors

Answer: a Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-123. Which trait is universally valued across almost every culture? a) b) c) d)

Good health Emotional stability Physical strength Humorous disposition

Answer: b Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2

7-124. According to David Buss (2004), what trait do most men value most in a mate? a) b) c) d)

Intelligence Ambition Wealth Physical attractiveness

Answer: d Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.3 7-125. People who screen potential mates through successively finer-grained filters are using the __________. a) b) c) d)

cheesecloth method sifting sand process filter explanation ruling-out method

Answer: c Page: 348 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-126. __________ is the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and religion. a) b) c) d)

Marriage gradient Homogamy Cross-cultural factor Gender replication

Answer: b Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1

7-127. Jorge has been taught to marry a woman who is younger, smaller, and lower in status.

This is referred to as the __________. a) b) c) d)

marriage gradient social norm social more societal bias

Answer: a Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-128. Which of the following is an example of ―bottom of the barrel‖ men? a) b) c) d)

Men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status Men who do not marry because of compatibility Men who are fearful of commitment Men who find women unappealing

Answer: a Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: L014 APA LO: 1.2 7-129. In what culture does the marriage gradient make finding a spouse difficult when the person is well educated? a) b) c) d)

Asian American men African American women Mexican American men Canadian women

Answer: b Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2

7-130. Relationships between lesbian women show which of the following characteristics? a) b) c) d)

More conflict Less positive feelings toward the partner Short-term duration High levels of intimacy

Answer: d Page: 349 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 2.5 7-131. Research suggests that most gay and lesbian couples __________. a) b) c) d)

have relationships that are not as stable as those of heterosexual couples want to adopt children and raise a family prefer cohabitation seek loving, long-term, and meaningful relationships

Answer: d Page: 349 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-132. Which of the following reflects a secure attachment style? a) Someone who is uncomfortable being close to others b) Someone who finds others are reluctant to get as close to him or her as he or she would like to be to another person c) Someone who finds it easy to get close to others and is comfortable depending on them d) Someone who has difficulty staying in positive relationships Answer: c Page: 350 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1

7-133. Which is an example of the avoidant attachment style? a) b) c) d)

People who find it easy to get close to others People who are uncomfortable being close to others People who are invested in relationships People who do not want to compromise

Answer: b Page: 350 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1 7-134. For the past three decades, there has been a significant __________. a) b) c) d)

rise in the number of couples getting married decline in the number of couples living together without getting married decline in the number of couples getting married decline in the number of same-sex couples living together

Answer: c Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-135. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of couples living together before marriage increased by __________. a) b) c) d)

12 percent 15 percent 26 percent 41 percent

Answer: d Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-136. Fewer U.S. citizens are now married than at any time since the late __________. a) b) c) d)

1950s 1990s 1920s 1890s

Answer: d Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-137. The median age of first-time marriage in the United States is now __________ for men and __________ for women. a) b) c) d)

35.5; 25.4 30; 25 28.7; 26.5 25; 24

Answer: c Page: 351 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-138. What is the legal alternative to marriage in France in which couples receive many of the same legal rights as married couples without a legal lifetime commitment? a) b) c) d)

Civil unions Civil Solidarity Pacts Nonbinding contracts Prenuptial agreements

Answer: b Pages: 351–352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-139. What percentage of people eventually marry? a) b) c) d)

90 percent 80 percent 70 percent 60 percent

Answer: a Page: 352 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-140. When polled, _____________ of never-married men and women say they would like to get married. a) b) c) d)

40 percent 50 percent 60 percent 70 percent

Answer: c Page: 352 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-141. What proportion of marriages in the United States remain intact? a) b) c) d)

One-quarter One-third Half Three-quarters

Answer: c Page: 352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-142. More than a million U.S. marriages end in divorce each year, and there are 5 divorces for every _________ individuals.

a) b) c) d)

10,000 5,000 1,000 100

Answer: c Page: 352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-143. According to research reported in the text, which country has the lowest rate of divorce? a) b) c) d)

Denmark Sweden Italy France

Answer: c Page: 352 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-144. Approximately ___________ of men and __________ of women live in singlehood. a) b) c) d)

18; 15 20; 17 30; 20 35; 28

Answer: c Page: 353 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-145. In the United States, what is the average amount of money that parents will spend on a child from birth until the child reaches age 18? a) b) c) d)

$55,000 $105,000 $155,000 $235,000

Answer: d Page: 353 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-146. What percentage of married couples have at least one child? a) b) c) d)

95 percent 90 percent 75 percent 50 percent

Answer: b Page: 353 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2

7-147. What is the most likely reason for the dramatic decrease in the number of children in the average American family? a) b) c) d)

The increase in religious-based sex-abstinence programs The availability and use of effective contraceptives The decrease in the number of people getting married An increase in same-sex couplings

Answer: b Page: 353 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-148. In the 1930s, 70 percent of Americans who were polled reported that the ideal number of children to have was __________. In the 1990s, the percentage had shrunk to less than __________ percent. a) b) c) d)

3 or more; 10 3 or more; 40 5 or more; 50 6 or more; 25

Answer: b Page: 354 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2

7-149. When did the fertility rate peak in the United States? a) b) c) d)

After World War I, when each woman had 4.5 children After World War II, when each woman had 3.7 children After the Vietnam War, when each woman had 2.5 children Now, when the current rate is 2.1 children born to each woman

Answer: b Page: 354 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-150. The number of children that one generation must produce to be able to replenish its numbers is called __________. a) b) c) d)

fertility rate birthrate replacement level generation replacement

Answer: c Page: 354 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-151. Which of the following is a reason for the decline in the fertility rate? a) b) c) d)

Women returning to school declining health of the population Women joining the workforce Sexual education

Answer: c Page: 354 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2

7-152. The rate of women between the ages of __________ giving birth has increased over earlier decades. a) b) c) d)

24 and 28 30 and 34 35 and 38 38 and 40

Answer: b Page: 354 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-153. In the mid-1960s, __________ of mothers of 1-year-olds worked full time; now, more than __________ do. a) b) c) d)

5 percent; 35 percent 10 percent; 38 percent 17 percent; 50 percent 21 percent; 56 percent

Answer: c Page: 354 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 2.5 7-154. Which statement accurately describes the division of labor in dual-earner couples? a) b) c) d)

Men carry out chores that are easily scheduled in advance or postponed.

Women carry out chores that are physically easier.

Women carry out chores requiring immediate attention.

Men tend to spend more time doing home chores than do wives.

Answer: c Page: 355 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 2.5

7-155. What percentage of gay men and lesbian women are parents? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: d Page: 356 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-156. Research suggests that children raised in households in which parents are homosexual __________. a) b) c) d)

show no differences in eventual adjustment show significant differences in adjustment show adjustment differences in school show adjustment differences in socialization

Answer: a Page: 356 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-157. Psychologist George Vaillant believed that a stage entered between the ages of 20 and 40, when young adults become centered on their careers, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

realistic period fantasy period career consolidation tentative period

Answer: c Page: 357 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.1

7-158. According to psychologist George Vaillant’s longitudinal research study of male Harvard graduates, men tended to be influenced by their __________. a) marriages b) children. c) career d) parents’ authority Answer: d Page: 357 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.1 7-159 What type of motivation drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as money and prestige? a) b) c) d)

Career consolidation Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation Status

Answer: c Page: 357 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2

7-160. Bernice is a go-getter at her sales job because she likes the finer things in life like sports cars, jewelry, and expensive vacations. Bernice is most likely motivated by __________. a) b) c) d)

intrinsic motivation career consolidation status extrinsic motivation

Answer: d Page: 357 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2 7-161. The motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not just for the financial rewards that work may bring, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

intrinsic motivation career consolidation status extrinsic motivation

Answer: a Page: 357 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2

7-162. Brenda owns a small bookstore that also serves as an art gallery for her artwork and that of some of her friends. Although this business may never make Brenda wealthy, she admits that it has been her dream since she was an art student in college. Brenda appears to be motivated by __________. a) b) c) d)

career consolidation status intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation

Answer: c Pages: 357–358 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2 7-163. A group’s or society’s evaluation of the role a person plays is called __________. a) b) c) d)

career consolidation status intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation

Answer: b Page: 358 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2

7-164. According to Eli Ginzberg, the period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

career consolidation fantasy period tentative period realistic period

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-165. When Bobby was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a fireman. But just a year later, Bobby told everybody that when he grew up, he wanted to be an astronaut. When he was around 11 years old, he changed his mind again and wanted to be a professional basketball player. According to Eli Ginzberg, Bobby is in the __________. a) b) c) d)

tentative period career consolidation period realistic period fantasy period

Answer: d Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-166. The second stage of Eli Ginzberg’s career choice theory—a stage that spans adolescence, when people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them—is called the __________. a) b) c) d)

realistic period career consolidation tentative period fantasy period

Answer: c Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-167. Jack is 16 years old and wants to become an architect like his father and, when he grows up, he wants to eventually take over the family architectural firm. However, Jack has been evaluated and found to have a specific learning disability in mathematics. Jack may need to reconsider his plans based on the difficulty he experiences with all forms of math. According to Eli Ginzberg, Jack is in the __________. a) b) c) d)

fantasy period tentative period career consolidation period realistic period

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-168. The third stage of Eli Ginzberg’s theory—a stage that occurs in early adulthood when people begin to explore specific career options—is called __________. a) b) c) d)

fantasy period tentative period career consolidation period realistic period

Answer: d Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-169. Sheila went to college to study accounting and got her first job right after she graduated.

However, as Sheila gained more experience at the law firm where she worked, she became more knowledgeable about tax law and decided to make a commitment to go to law school and become a tax lawyer. According to Ginzberg, Sheila is in the __________. a) b) c) d)

tentative period realistic period career consolidation period fantasy period

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-170. What was a conclusion developed by John Holland in his personality type theory? a) A person can be happy in any career, irrespective of his or her personality characteristics. b) Certain personality types match certain careers well. c) Career success will depend on the particular training of the person. d) Happiness in a career is dependent on a college education.

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-171. According to psychologist John Holland’s research, the greater the correspondence between career choices and __________, the happier people will be in their choices. a) b) c) d)

family/marriage responsibilities family history and birth order physical attributes and genetic predisposition personality traits

Answer: d Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-172. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong but who have mediocre social skills are best described as __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional enterprising realistic intellectual

Answer: c Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-173. Researcher John Holland created the personality type theory, which contains __________ career/psychological personality types. a) b) c) d)

5 6 8 10

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-174. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are oriented toward the theoretical and abstract and well suited for math and science but who are not particularly good with people are described as __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional enterprising realistic intellectual

Answer: d Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-175. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who have good verbal and interpersonal relationship skills are described as __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional enterprising social intellectual

Answer: c Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-176. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who prefer highly structured tasks are described as __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional enterprising social intellectual

Answer: a Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-177. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are risk-takers and takecharge types with good leadership skills are described as __________. a) b) c) d)

conventional enterprising social intellectual

Answer: b Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

7-178. Whose research regarding career choice and personality traits has been validated and used as the foundation for ―job quizzes‖ that people take to see what occupations they might enjoy? a) b) c) d)

Ginzberg Vaillant Wechsler Holland

Answer: d Page: 359 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1 7-179. Which of the following jobs might have been in a newspaper employment ad directed at women in the 1960s? a) b) c) d)

Police officer Legal counsel Librarian Construction worker

Answer: c Page: 360 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2 7-180. Occupations that are associated with relationships are called __________. a) b) c) d)

maternal agentic communal intrinsic

Answer: c Page: 360 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2

7-181. Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished are called __________. a) b) c) d)

maternal agentic communal intrinsic

Answer: b Page: 360 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2 7-182. Today, women make up about __________ percent of the U.S. labor force. a) b) c) d)

37 47 57 67

Answer: b Page: 360 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2 7-183. In what percentage of households in the United States do women earn more than their husbands do? a) b) c) d)

15 percent 24 percent 29 percent 32 percent

Answer: b Page: 360 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2

7-184. When women and minorities hit an invisible barrier in an organization that, because of discrimination, prevents individuals from being promoted beyond a certain level, it is called __________. a) b) c) d)

the saturation level the glass ceiling attrition downsizing

Answer: b Page: 361 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 7-185. Briefly explain some factors that influence why Latinos are one of the least likely ethnic groups in America to seek a physician’s help when they are ill.

Answer: Surveys reflect that Latinos from Central America, South America, or the Caribbean believe that when they become ill, God is testing their faith. Researchers believe that cultural health beliefs, demographics, and psychological barriers reduce Latinos’ use of medical care.

Latinos tend to believe in supernatural causes of illness, such as punishment from God for lack of faith or a spell cast. Taking these factors into consideration, healthcare practitioners need to take cultural beliefs into consideration when working with this population.

Pages: 325–326 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 1.1

7-186. Briefly explain some strategies for coping with stress.

Answer: (1) Seek control of situations that produce stress. An example of this would be to begin preparing/studying for a test that is causing stress. (2) Redefine a perceived ―threat‖ as a ―challenge.‖ Look for the ―silver lining.‖ (3) Avail yourself of family, friends, and telephone hotlines—all part of a social support system. (4) Develop relaxation techniques to reduce physiological arousal. This can include things like meditation, muscle relaxation, and hypnosis.

(5) Maintain a healthful lifestyle through good nutrition, exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding or reducing use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. (6) Stress is natural, and successfully coping with it can be gratifying.

Page: 329 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 1.1 7-187. Briefly explain developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie’s perspective on stages of development and how it differs from Piaget’s approach.

Answer: Schaie focuses on how information is used during adulthood, rather than on changes in the acquisition of new information as in Piaget’s approach. Schaie suggests that adults’ thinking follows a set pattern of stages: (1) the acquisitive stage, the period before adulthood when information is gathered for future use; (2) the achieving stage, when young adults apply intelligence to long-term goals regarding family, careers, and contributions to society; (3) the responsible stage, when middle-aged adults are mainly concerned with their spouses, families, and careers; (4) the executive stage, further into middle adulthood, when many (but not all) people take a broader perspective, becoming concerned about the larger world; and (5) the reintegrative stage, the period of late adulthood during which people focus on tasks that have personal meaning.

Pages: 332–333 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-188. Briefly explain Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.

Answer: Sternberg suggests that intelligence is made up of three major components. The componential aspect involves the mental components used to solve problems: selecting and using formulas, choosing problem-solving strategies, and making use of what has been learned in the past. The experiential component is the insightful aspect of intelligence: the relationship between intelligence, prior experience, and the ability to cope with new situations. The contextual component involves the demands of everyday, real-world environments, such as adapting to onthe-job professional demands. Traditional IQ tests tend to focus on the componential aspect of intelligence, but increasing evidence suggests that the contextual component is a more useful predictor of adult success. This aspect of intelligence has come to be known as practical intelligence.

Pages: 333–334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-189. Briefly provide criticisms of psychologist David Buss’s evolutionary explanation for gender differences in choosing mates.

Answer: Critics claim that the evolutionary explanation for gender differences in choosing mates is untestable. Similarities across cultures relating to gender preferences in seeking a mate may be due more to gender stereotyping than to evolution. There are inconsistencies across cultures with regard to gender differences between male and female preferences in a mate. The consistencies that are found across cultures in gender preferences may have more to do with the realities of economic life than evolution. The cross-cultural fact that women’s preference for a partner who has good earning potential may have nothing to do with evolution and everything to do with the fact that men generally hold more power, status, and other resources.

Page: 347 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1

7-190. Briefly describe the main issues surrounding the marriage gradient and partner choice.

Answer: The marriage gradient is the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status and women to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status. It affects partner choice by limiting the number of potential mates for women, especially as they age, while allowing men a wider choice of partners as their age increases. Some men do not marry because they cannot find women of low enough status to meet the demands of the gradient. Some women are unable to marry because they are high in status and seek someone of higher status than anyone in the available pool.

Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.1 7-191. Briefly describe current research findings with regard to the nature of lesbian and gay relationships as presented in your textbook.

Answer: Findings suggest that gay and lesbian relationships are quite similar to heterosexual relationships. Gay men describe a successful relationship in the same way as a heterosexual couple would describe a successful relationship. Gay and lesbian couples show high levels of attachment, caring, intimacy, affection, and respect. The marriage gradient seen in heterosexual relationships also applies to gay men. Gay men prefer a partner who is the same age or younger.

For lesbian women, age preferences fall between those of gay men and heterosexual couples.

Attitudes toward same-sex marriage have changed significantly between the generations, where two-thirds of people under age 30 support same-sex marriage and only 38 percent of those older than 65 support legalization of same-sex marriage. Despite these differences, in 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of legalizing same-sex marriages.

Page: 349 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1

7-192. Briefly explain some criticism of Eli Ginzberg’s career choice theory.

Answer: Critics charge that it is an oversimplification of the process of choosing a career.

Because his research was based on the middle socioeconomic class, his theory may overstate the choices and options available to lower socioeconomic levels. The ages that Ginzberg associates with each level or stage may be too rigid and not reflect the seriousness of decisions made by people who leave high school and immediately enter a job. In addition, economic shifts may cause people to have to change careers at different points in their lives even though they did not plan on changing careers.

Page: 359 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.1

TRUE/FALSE 7-193. All physical development ends in early adulthood.

Answer: False Page: 321 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-194. Senescence is not initiated until a person reaches 30 years of age.

Answer: False Page: 321 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1

7-195. According to the American College of Sports Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people need to exercise vigorously for at least 30 minutes per day, with no break, 5 days a week to get the maximum benefits of exercise.

Answer: False Page: 322 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-196. The landmark Americans with Disabilities Act eliminated all barriers to public establishments.

Answer: False Page: 322 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.1 APA LO: 2.1 7-197. Some obesity experts believe that people should avoid dieting altogether.

Answer: True Page: 323 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.2 APA LO: 2.1 7-198. All stress-related events are unpleasant.

Answer: False Page: 326 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

7-199. Long-term, continuous exposure to stressors can increase people’s susceptibility to disease.

Answer: True Page: 327 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 7-200. Some stress can be positively handled through exercise and/or meditation.

Answer: True Page: 329 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-201. A strategy for coping with stress is to view the threat as a challenge.

Answer: True Page: 329 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.1: Physical Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.4 APA LO: 2.1 7-202. Psychologist William Perry’s research indicated that as Harvard students encountered new ideas and points of view from other students and professors, the level of their dualistic thinking increased.

Answer: False Page: 332 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1

7-203. Schaie’s perspective on cognitive development supports the notion that cognitive change stops at adolescence.

Answer: False Pages: 332–333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.1 7-204. As people encounter important milestones on the path through life, these milestones may bring about stress.

Answer: True Page: 333 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.5 APA LO: 1.2 7-205. Sternberg asserts that success in any career necessitates practical intelligence, which is different from intelligence involved in traditional academic endeavors.

Answer: True Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.1 7-206. A reason for the higher productivity of earlier adulthood may be that after early adulthood, creativity may be stifled by familiarity.

Answer: True Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.2

7-207. Studying creativity reveals several consistent developmental patterns.

Answer: False Page: 334 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.2 7-208. Creative people develop and endorse ideas that are fashionable or regarded as right.

Answer: False Page: 335 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.6 APA LO: 1.2 7-209. Nationwide statistics reveal that white high school graduates entering college are in the minority.

Answer: False Page: 336 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2 7-210. More men than women attend college.

Answer: False Page: 336 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.7 APA LO: 1.2

7-211. Prejudice and discrimination directed at women are still a fact of college life.

Answer: True Page: 337 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-212. Male and female college students tend to choose careers in professions typically dominated by their opposite sex counterparts.

Answer: False Pages: 337–338 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-213. First-year adjustment reaction tends to pass when students begin to make friends and integrate themselves into academic and social environments.

Answer: True Page: 339–340 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.2: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.8 APA LO: 1.2 7-214. Maintaining close relationships is an important preoccupation for most young adults.

Answer: True Page: 343 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.9 APA LO: 1.2

7-215. The idea of romantic love is primarily an Eastern concept.

Answer: False Page: 345 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.10 APA LO: 1.2 7-216. In some cultures, it is acceptable for college students to marry without love.

Answer: True Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-217. Love is the primary consideration when choosing a mate in all countries across the world.

Answer: False Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-218. Zulu women rate emotional stability as the most important characteristic when considering marriage.

Answer: False Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2

7-219. Men tend to prefer a potential spouse who is ambitious and industrious.

Answer: False Page: 347 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-220. In certain ethnic groups, the importance of homogamy is declining.

Answer: True Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-221. The marriage gradient limits the number of potential partners for women.

Answer: True Page: 348 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-222. There are three different attachment categories: securely attached, avoidant, and ambivalent.

Answer: True Page: 350 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.1

7-223. Attachment styles continue into adulthood and affect the nature of relationships.

Answer: True Page: 350 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-224. There is no correlation between attachment style and the nature of care most adults give to their partners when they are in need of assistance.

Answer: False Page: 350 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.11 APA LO: 1.2 7-225. As of 2011, the majority of households in the United States contain a married couple.

Answer: False Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-226. One of the primary questions young adults face is whether to marry.

Answer: True Page: 351 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-227. Fewer U.S. citizens are married now than have been at any time since the late 1890s.

Answer: True Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-228. According to U.S. statistics, the median age for women getting married, age 26.5, is the oldest since national statistics were first collected in the 1880s.

Answer: True Page: 351 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-229. A Civil Solidarity Pact in France can be more easily dissolved than a legal marriage.

Answer: True Pages: 351–352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-230. Perceptions of marital quality over the first 10 years of marriage tend to show a decline.

Answer: True Page: 352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2

7-231. Only 50 percent of the marriages in the United States remain intact.

Answer: True Page: 352 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-232. The United States is the only country in the world that is demonstrating an increase in the rate of divorce.

Answer: False Page: 352 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-233. Singlehood has not increased significantly in the last decades.

Answer: False Page: 353 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.12 APA LO: 1.2 7-234. For many young adults, the decision to have children is independent of marriage.

Answer: True Page: 353 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2

7-235. Couples who are most likely to have unplanned and unwanted pregnancies are often young, poor, and less educated.

Answer: True Page: 353 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-236. Some couples avoid having children for fear of not being good parents.

Answer: True Page: 354 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-237. The birth of a child produces one of the highest levels of marital satisfaction.

Answer: False Page: 356 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.13 APA LO: 1.2 7-238. Status is the only thing that is associated with a person’s satisfaction with his or her work.

Answer: False Page: 358 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.14 APA LO: 1.2

7-239. Communal professions usually pay more than agentic professions.

Answer: False Page: 360 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2 7-240. It is now illegal to advertise an employment position by listing that it is specifically for either men or women.

Answer: True Page: 360 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2 7-241. Even today, women earn significantly less than men for performing the exact same kind of work.

Answer: True Page: 360 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 7.3: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Learning Objective: LO7.15 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 7 Early Adulthood Quiz: Physical Development in Early Adulthood 1. Most professional athletes tend to reach their physical peak __________.

A. in their mid-30s B. by the end of their 20s C. by their late teens D. in their early 20s Answer: B. by the end of their 20s Question Title: EOM Q7.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face.

Consider This: People in their early 20s tend to be healthy, vigorous, and energetic. 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face.

2. Which statement accurately reflects the impact of exercise in early adulthood?

A. It increases flexibility.

B. It increases the risk of heart disease.

C. It reduces lung capacity.

D. It increases the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Answer: A. It increases flexibility.

Question Title: EOM Q7.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

Consider This: Through exercise, the body’s range of movement is greater and the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are more elastic. 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

3. In terms of mortality, the age of __________ represents a major milestone in early adulthood.

A. 20 B. 25 C. 30 D. 35 Answer: D. 35 Question Title: EOM Q7.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Remember Objective: 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

Consider This: It is the point at which illness and disease overtake accidents as the leading cause of death. 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

4. Researchers have found that people move through two stages when they experience a stressful event. Which term reflects the first stage?

A. secondary appraisal B. denial C. suppression D. primary appraisal Answer: D. primary appraisal Question Title: EOM Q7.1.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences.

Consider This: The first stage is the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral. 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences.

5. In response to a third denial of a job advancement in his company, Andy makes the decision to meet with an industry career recruiter. Andy’s decision to seek work outside his company is an example of __________ coping.

A. defensive B. problem-focused C. emotion-focused D. social Answer: B. problem-focused Question Title: EOM Q7.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress.

Consider This: It is managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful. 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 1. Whitney is at a crossroads in her life and is looking for additional avenues to explore her interests. A friend encourages her to attend a local environmental awareness group. Two months later, Whitney agrees to serve as the president of the Rocky Mountain Hiking Trail Preservation Society. According to Schaie, Whitney is likely in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A. achieving B. responsible C. executive D. reintegrative Answer: C. executive Question Title: EOM Q7.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking.

Consider This: It is the period in middle adulthood when people become more concerned about the larger world. 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking.

2. __________ is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior.

A. Practical intelligence B. Emotional intelligence C. Creativity D. Experiential intelligence Answer: A. Practical intelligence Question Title: EOM Q7.2.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

Consider This: People with the type of intelligence described here have good ―social radar.‖ 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

3. Larson’s new job includes overseeing two new assistants and reporting to a new supervisor.

Although a bit overwhelmed, Larson adjusts his hours and begins creating a plan to delegate tasks to each of his new hires so that he can present a strategic plan to his new boss. Which of the following types of intelligence best reflects Larson’s handling of these changes?

A. experiential B. componential C. contextual D. practical Answer: C. contextual Question Title: EOM Q7.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

Consider This: It is involved in adapting to on-the-job professional demands. 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

4. Which statement is true about college students in the United States?

A. Asians represent the largest group among the college population.

B. More than 65 percent of students who start college finish with a four-year degree.

C. More women than men attend college.

D. Nineteen percent of adults with a college degree live below the poverty line.

Answer: C. More women than men attend college.

Question Title: EOM Q7.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing.

Consider This: One group does better academically in high school and may be admitted to college at greater rates. 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing.

5. Henry was the valedictorian at his private high school in Ohio and is now attending American University in Washington, DC. One night he calls his mother and tells her he is feeling a bit lonely, has been anxious, and is down about his lagging grades. Henry’s mother explains that his feelings are likely reflective of __________.

A. major depressive disorder B. lack of organizational skills C. not enough time spent studying D. first-year adjustment reaction Answer: D. first-year adjustment reaction Question Title: EOM Q7.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color.

Consider This: Freshmen, particularly those who were successful in high school, may feel a cluster of psychological symptoms relating to the college experience. 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood 1. Cooper recently moved from his family home to take a new job 2,000 miles away. Excited to settle down and start his own life, Cooper is interested in finding that special someone, a partner to build a life alongside him. However, after repeated failures to find someone he is really interested in, Cooper decides to give up on finding a partner and buys an elaborate gaming system to keep himself occupied. Erikson would suggest Cooper is experiencing difficulties in the stage of __________.

A. independence versus isolation B. intimacy versus isolation C. identity versus intimacy D. isolation versus identity Answer: B. intimacy versus isolation Question Title: EOM Q7.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving.

Consider This: It is the period of postadolescence that focuses on developing close relationships with others. 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving.

2. __________ love is a state of powerful absorption in someone.

A. Compassionate B. Passionate C. Companionate D. Codependent Answer: B. Passionate Question Title: EOM Q7.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love.

Consider This: It is also referred to as romantic love. 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love.

3. Ellen and Stacy have been in a relationship for 13 months, and Ellen is interested in making a commitment to Stacy. She wants them to move into a house together and has even suggested they adopt a puppy together. On the other hand, Stacy has consistently avoided any mention of making such a commitment and is uncomfortable at the notion of sharing a house. According to Shaver, Ellen likely has a(n) __________ style of attachment, while Stacy appears to have a(n) __________ style.

A. ambivalent; avoidant B. avoidant; secure C. secure; avoidant D. secure; ambivalent Answer: C. secure; avoidant Question Title: EOM Q7.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.

Consider This: Slightly more than half of young adults are comfortable getting close to others; 25 percent are uncomfortable with commitment; 20 percent are overly invested in relationships.

7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.

4. Which statement is true of cohabiting couples relative to marriage and divorce?

A. Women are more likely than men to consider cohabitation a test of the relationship.

B. Divorce rates are higher for couples who previously lived together.

C. Men are more likely than women to view cohabitation as step toward marriage.

D. Couples who live together before marriage have lower rates of divorce.

Answer: B. Divorce rates are higher for couples who previously lived together.

Question Title: EOM Q7.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage.

Consider This: Most marriages today occur after a period in which the couple has cohabited.

7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage.

5. Which statement best reflects the impact of parenthood on a couple’s relationship?

A. Men and women tend to split childrearing duties equally.

B. Children make a dissatisfying marital relationship better.

C. Homosexual couples tend to divide childrearing duties less equitably than heterosexual couples.

D. Women are more dissatisfied than men with their marriages after the arrival of children.

Answer: D. Women are more dissatisfied than men with their marriages after the arrival of children.

Question Title: EOM Q7.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on a marriage.

Consider This: Women often bear the brunt of childrearing. 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on a marriage.

Chapter Quiz: Early Adulthood 1. People with disabilities __________.

A. typically get preferential treatment in the hiring process B. have full access to all public establishments C. often experience prejudice D. are subject to unprotected discrimination Answer: C. often experience prejudice Question Title: EOC Q7.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face.

Consider This: People often focus on the disability rather than other characteristics of a disabled individual. 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face.

2. Which person is at greatest risk of dying in early adulthood?

A. Francine, a 24-year-old Asian female who insists her partner use condoms during sex B. Amanda, a 21-year-old, upper-class white female who takes medication to treat her depression C. Duncan, an 18-year-old African American male who walks to his classes at the local university D. Arturo, a 28-year-old, poor, homeless Hispanic male who lives in the inner city of a large metropolitan area Answer: D. Arturo, a 28-year-old, poor, homeless Hispanic male who lives in the inner city of a large metropolitan area Question Title: EOC Q7.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

Consider This: Cultural factors, including gender and race, are related to the risk of dying. For instance, men are more apt to die than women, primarily in automobile accidents. 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.

3. In the event of being issued a speeding ticket, which of the following most accurately illustrates secondary appraisal of the situation?

A. ―Is getting a ticket really that bad?‖ B. ―Do I have enough money to pay the fine?‖ C. ―My dad got a ticket last year, and it wasn’t a big deal.‖ D. ―I wasn’t going that much over the speed limit, and it’s my first ticket.‖ Answer: B. ―Do I have enough money to pay the fine?‖ Question Title: EOC Q7.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences.

Consider This: Secondary appraisal is the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor.

7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences.

4. Jabari is keenly aware of the challenges facing him as his visa expires at the end of the year.

Unfortunately, he has at least another year of classes to take in order to finish his degree. He shares his concerns and the resulting stress of the situation with his tennis coach, Dr. Osaka.

According to the various methods of coping with stress, which of the following strategies would be most effective for Jabari?

A. telling himself the immigration department has far too many people to monitor and that the odds are he will not be caught with an expired visa B. making an appointment with the college registrar to discuss his options for extending his visa due to extenuating circumstances C. developing an air of confidence in an effort to emotionally insulate himself from his feelings of stress D. keeping the situation a secret from others to avoid being turned in to the authorities Answer: B. making an appointment with the college registrar to discuss his options for extending his visa due to extenuating circumstances Question Title: EOC Q7.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress.

Consider This: Managing a threatening situation by directly changing it can reduce the stress. 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress.

5. Colton is frustrated with his psychology professor’s presentation on intelligence. After the professor presents multiple theories of intelligence, Colton asks, ―Why don’t you just tell us which theory is the correct one, so we don’t waste our time having to learn all of the possible theories?‖ According to Perry’s model of intellectual development, Colton’s complaint reflects __________.

A. relativistic thinking B. dualistic thinking C. emotional immaturity D. postformal operational thought Answer: B. dualistic thinking Question Title: EOC Q7.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking.

Consider This: It is a form of thinking in which something is either right or wrong, good or bad.

7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking.

6. Research on creativity reveals that __________.

A. the more people know about a subject, the more likely they are to approach it in a creative way B. most people reach their peak of creative work in early adolescence C. creative people tend to take more risks of being labeled wrong in thought or unfashionable in idea D. overall productivity in creative endeavors declines fairly steadily following early adulthood Answer: C. creative people tend to take more risks of being labeled wrong in thought or unfashionable in idea Question Title: EOC Q7.6 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Understand Objective: 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

Consider This: Creative people are flexible enough to move away from the tried-and-true way of doing things. 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.

7. The share of college students who earn a degree within four years is approximately __________ percent.

A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50 Answer: C. 40 Question Title: EOC Q7.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing.

Consider This: About half of students who do not receive a degree in four years do eventually finish college, although the national dropout rate for African American students is sizable at 60 percent. 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing.

8. Ashanti is overwhelmed with her college workload and her responsibilities at her part-time job. In addition, her father recently had surgery and Ashanti is helping with his caretaking.

Ashanti’s economics professor tells her she looks tired and offers to help with her multiple challenges by reducing the class requirements for her as well as grading her work with a bit less scrutiny. The professor’s offer is an example of __________.

A. kindness B. benevolent sexism C. gender bias D. hostile sexism Answer: B. benevolent sexism Question Title: EOC Q7.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color.

Consider This: In some cases, women are placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear, on the surface, to be positive. 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color.

9. Which of the following acquaintances is LEAST likely to progress to being a friend?

A. Jasmine, a colleague you met at a conference who lives two hours away B. Stewart, a neighbor you often see tending to his rose garden C. Bob, the father of one of your kid’s friends whom you have asked for parenting advice D. Kylie, a girl you see at your weekly CrossFit classes Answer: A. Jasmine, a colleague you met at a conference who lives two hours away Question Title: EOC Q7.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving.

Consider This: One of the most important factors in development of friendships is proximity. 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving.

10. Robert and Juliet have had a very long marriage characterized by little physical desire, limited feelings of connectedness, and relatively few conversations sharing their deepest dreams for their lives. According to Sternberg, Robert and Juliet share a strong __________.

A. commitment B. passion C. consummate love D. companionship Answer: A. commitment Question Title: EOC Q7.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love.

Consider This: It involves a long-term determination to maintain a relationship. 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love.

11. According to Buss and his colleagues’ cross-cultural research on mate selection, physical attractiveness is __________.

A. unimportant in selecting a partner for both females and males B. more important for males seeking a partner than for females seeking a partner C. more important for females seeking a partner than for males seeking a partner D. more important than ambition for females seeking a partner Answer: B. more important for males seeking a partner than for females seeking a partner Question Title: EOC Q7.11 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.

Consider This: Physical attractiveness may indicate a partner’s potential reproductive capacity.

7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.

12. When discussing their marriage, Dwayne and Samantha agree that what keeps them happy and satisfied with their relationship is that they __________.

A. keep displays of affection to a minimum B. do not engage as an interdependent couple C. engage in sporadic communication to avoid conflict or argument D. experience social homogamy Answer: D. experience social homogamy Question Title: EOC Q7.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage.

Consider This: In successful marriages, couples tend to share similar interests and agree on role distribution. 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage.

13. Which statement best describes the impact the arrival of a child has on a couple?

A. New parents experience a surge in energy.

B. Couples adjust easily to their new roles as mothers and fathers.

C. New parenting results in a state of near-constant fatigue.

D. New parents in the United States typically reach out for community support.

Answer: C. New parenting results in a state of near-constant fatigue.

Question Title: EOC Q7.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on a marriage.

Consider This: Western cultures emphasize individualism. 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on a marriage.

14. Carla is a newly hired CEO at a large Wall Street brokerage house. Upon her arrival, she made changes to the computer monitoring system in order to restrict employees from surfing social media, shopping online, or listening to streaming music. Furthermore, personal email accounts have been deactivated. According to factors that affect job satisfaction, Carla should expect which of the following in response to the changes?

A. Employees will express appreciation for the work-focused approach.

B. Worker dissatisfaction will increase.

C. Employee performance will increase.

D. Job applications to the firm will likely rise.

Answer: B. Worker dissatisfaction will increase.

Question Title: EOC Q7.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other than money.

Consider This: Job satisfaction is higher when workers have input into the nature of their jobs.

7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other than money.

15. John Holland’s research on personality type theory and career choice finds that a person with a conventional personality is most likely to be a __________.

A. bank teller B. teacher C. politician D. welder Answer: A. bank teller Question Title: EOC Q7.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices.

Consider This: People in these careers prefer highly structured tasks. 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices.

Chapter 8 Middle Adulthood 8-1. At what age level do most people become aware of the changes in their bodies related to the aging process? a) b) c) d)

Adolescence Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood

Answer: c Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-2. A group of highly athletic people in their early 50s are meeting with a developmental specialist to discuss the changes of middle age. The group asks the specialist to discuss selfimage issues in middle adulthood. What could the specialist tell the group? a) Middle-aged adults whose self-image is tied to their physical attributes may find the changes of middle adulthood particularly difficult. b) Self-image tends to strengthen for athletic adults as they age. c) Physical appearance is less important to adults as they age, because they tend to appreciate the value of their increased wisdom and experience.

d) Adults who were not very athletic or physically attractive earlier in life tend to have a more difficult time accepting the physical changes of aging.

Answer: a Page: 368 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-3. In which of the following cultures do women face particularly strong societal pressures to retain a youthful appearance during middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Latino Eastern Asian Western

Answer: d Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-4. Which of the following is a significant reason noted by your textbook as to why physical appearance plays a significant role in how women see themselves? a) b) c) d)

Workforce College Family role model Societal pressures

Answer: d Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-5. At what age does the ―settling‖ process begin with regard to height? a) b) c) d)

35 45 55 65

Answer: c Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-6. George is experiencing back pain. His doctor tells him the bones attached to his spinal column have become less dense. The doctor is referring to __________. a) b) c) d)

the aging process the settling process the process of physical decline the decline in bone formation

Answer: b Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-7. Sue’s bones have become brittle, fragile, and thin. Her doctor would most likely diagnose her with __________. a) b) c) d)

osteoporosis presbyopia presbycusis arthritis

Answer: a Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-8. Men and women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by consuming a diet high in calcium and __________. a) b) c) d)

reducing their intake of animal protein eating vegetables getting enough sleep getting regular exercise

Answer: d Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-9. John has been gaining weight during middle adulthood. He feels fine and exercises but still gains weight. John’s weight gain is related to __________. a) b) c) d)

the fact that his height is not increasing and may actually be decreasing hypertension the body not being able to rid itself of excess fat cells emotional issues

Answer: a Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-10. Which of the following plays a major factor in reducing and preventing weight gain during middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Vitamins Fat-free diet Lifestyle changes Less caffeine

Answer: c Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-11. Changes in a person’s height and weight during middle adulthood are accompanied by a decline in __________. a) b) c) d)

strength immune functioning cognitive ability security

Answer: a Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-12. In which parts of the body would Sam likely lose strength during middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Back and leg muscles Hamstrings Hands and arms Torso

Answer: a Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-13. By what age have most people lost an average of 10 percent of their maximum strength? a) b) c) d)

55 60 65 70

Answer: b Pages: 368–369 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-14. By age 60, what percent of strength is lost in most people? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: b Pages: 368–369 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-15. Which of the following has become a stereotypical emblem of middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Living will Erectile difficulties Reading glasses Cane

Answer: c Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-16. José is beginning to lose the ability to detect fine spatial detail in close and distant objects.

Which term refers to his condition? a) b) c) d)

Loss of visual acuity Presbyopia Glaucoma Presbycusis

Answer: a Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-17. At which age does visual acuity typically begin to decline? a) b) c) d)

40 45 50 55

Answer: a Page: 369 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-18. The loss of near vision in middle adulthood is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

visual acuity presbycusis glaucoma presbyopia

Answer: d Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-19. Tomasina finds herself holding books and newspapers farther from her eyes in order to read and bring material into focus. Her eye exam will probably reveal that she has __________. a) b) c) d)

farsightedness amblyopia presbyopia strabismus

Answer: c Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-20. Which of the following makes it more difficult for people in middle adulthood to navigate a dark room? a) b) c) d)

Decline in distance perception Loss of depth perception Decrease in lens transparency Decreased fluid in the eye

Answer: c Page: 369 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-21. Which of the following is a change in vision occurring during middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Sharpening in depth perception Decline in distance perception Decrease in presbyopia Diminished ability to view items in two dimensions

Answer: b Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-22. Which of the following is one of the most frequent causes of eye problems that can result in blindness in middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Presbyopia Glaucoma Myopia Presbycusis

Answer: b Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-23. Emanuel is told that the pressure in his eyes has increased and that the fluid cannot drain properly. Emanuel would be most appropriately diagnosed with __________. a) b) c) d)

glaucoma myopia presbyopia presbycusis

Answer: a Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-24. Which of the following groups is particularly susceptible to glaucoma? a) b) c) d)

Asian Americans Latino Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans

Answer: c Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-25. The loss of ability to hear high-pitched, high-frequency sounds is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

presbycusis hearing detention hearing manifestation presbyopia

Answer: a Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-26. What percentage of people between the ages of 45 and 65 suffer from presbycusis? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 12 percent 14 percent 16 percent

Answer: b Page: 369 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-27. At what age do most men begin experiencing hearing loss? a) b) c) d)

40 45 50 55

Answer: d Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-28. Middle-aged adults are involved in fewer automobile accidents than younger people because __________. a) b) c) d)

middle-aged adults tend to drive less middle-aged adults tend to take fewer risks the slowing of reaction time helps middle-aged adults avoid accidents younger adults tend to be distracted drivers more so than middle-aged adults

Answer: b Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-30. Which of the following is a problem related to sexuality that men face in middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Less time needed to achieve an erection Endurance decreases Volume of fluid ejaculated increases Testosterone increases

Answer: b Page: 371 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-31. Which statement most accurately reflects sexuality in middle age? a) Approximately 75 percent of men age 45 to 49 have sexual intercourse once a week or more. b) At least 85 percent of men between the ages of 50 and 59 report masturbating. c) Approximately two-thirds of women between 50 and 59 years of age report receiving oral sex from a different-sex partner in the last year. d) Gay and lesbian couples report sex as an important activity during middle adulthood.

Answer: d Page: 371 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-32. Allison and Paul have been married for 26 years. Over the last several months, Allison has been experiencing pain during intercourse. Allison and Paul are both worried about what this means to their sex life. Allison speaks to her doctor and learns that many women in middle adulthood experience painful intercourse due to __________. a) b) c) d)

thinning and shrinking of the vaginal walls lack of interest in sex loss of attraction to their partner poor body image

Answer: a Pages: 371–372 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.3

8-33. Around what age do women enter a period known as the female climacteric? a) b) c) d)

35 40 45 50

Answer: c Page: 372 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-34. The cessation of menstruation is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

climacteric ―hot flashes‖ progesterone menopause

Answer: d Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-35. At about what age does menopause typically begin? a) b) c) d)

42–43 47–48 50–51 52–53

Answer: b Page: 372 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-36. Which of the following is a reason that menopause is important? a) b) c) d)

Menopause marks the point at which traditional pregnancy is not possible.

Sexuality declines at a rapid rate.

The production of estrogen begins to increase.

The production of testosterone increases.

Answer: a Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-37. Joan is 45 years old, and her body temperature sometimes feels too hot. During these episodes, her skin looks red, she begins to sweat, and then she feels chills. Joan is experiencing __________. a) b) c) d)

―hot flashes‖ perimenopause menopause climacteric

Answer: a Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-38. According to your textbook, which of the following is a common symptom of menopause? a) b) c) d)

loss of appetite heart palpitations occasional fainting lack of focus

Answer: b Page: 361 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-39. What percentage of women experience severe distress during menopause? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 15 percent 20 percent 25 percent

Answer: a Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-40. What percentage of women experience no significant symptoms of menopause? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-41. Dr. Johnson is lecturing to a group of medical students. Her lecture focuses on the period beginning around 10 years before menopause when hormone production begins to change. She is discussing __________. a) b) c) d)

premenopause hormone reduction climacteric perimenopause

Answer: d Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-42. Ten years ago, doctors commonly treated symptoms of menopause by __________. a) b) c) d)

suggesting women ignore the short-lasting symptoms recommending women seek psychiatric help advising a regular exercise regime and a low-fat diet prescribing regular doses of a hormone replacement drug

Answer: d Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-43. Which of the following menopausal symptoms is commonly remedied using hormone therapy? a) b) c) d)

Loss of appetite Weight gain Hot flashes Dry skin

Answer: c Page: 372 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.1 8-44. Results of the large-scale Women’s Health Initiative, released in 2002, revealed hormone therapy may __________. a) b) c) d)

increase a woman’s risk of arthritis decrease a woman’s risk of sexually transmitted disease increase a woman’s risk of breast cancer decrease a woman’s risk of stroke

Answer: c Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.3

8-45. The most recent thinking among health professionals regarding the use of hormone therapy suggests that __________. a) hormone therapy is the most effective and risk-free treatment for menopausal symptoms b) for the short-term, hormone therapy is often beneficial for younger women at the onset of menopause c) hormone therapy is most beneficial and risk-free for older, post-menopausal women d) most medical experts consider hormone therapy safe and risk-free, no matter the age Answer: b Page: 373 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.3 8-46. How do most researchers today view menopause? a) b) c) d)

It produces mood disorders.

It is a normal part of the aging cycle.

It is responsible for increased anxiety attacks.

It produces severe irritability.

Answer: b Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-47. For men, the period of physical and psychological change in the reproductive system is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

the male climacteric testosterone decline male menopause BPH

Answer: a Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-48. At what age do men typically experience climacteric? a) b) c) d)

During their 40s During their 50s During their 60s During their 70s

Answer: b Page: 373 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-49. A physical change that occurs frequently in men during the male climacteric is __________. a) b) c) d)

heart problems pulmonary difficulties enlargement of the prostate gland hypertension

Answer: c Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-50. Many men experience changes in their sexual functioning as they age, with __________ becoming a particularly common problem. a) b) c) d)

an absence of semen during ejaculation erectile dysfunction arousal disorder dyspareunia

Answer: b Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-51. Surveys indicate most adults in middle adulthood are afraid of having __________. a) b) c) d)

cancer diabetes heart problems psychological problems

Answer: a Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-52. Certain chronic illnesses begin to appear during middle adulthood. Which of the following is considered a chronic illness typically occurring during this time? a) b) c) d)

Hypertension AIDS Lupus Allergies

Answer: a Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-53. The ―silent killer‖ refers to __________. a) b) c) d)

alcoholism drug addiction strokes hypertension

Answer: d Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-54. Because chronic illnesses begin to appear during middle adulthood, the death rate during this period __________. a) b) c) d)

is stable is about the same decreases increases

Answer: d Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-55. Which statement accurately reflects the impact of ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic differences on health among middle-aged adults? a) African Americans die at a rate twice that of Caucasians. b) The death rate for lower socioeconomic (SES) whites is lower than that of lower SES blacks. c) Men’s overall mortality rate is lower than that of women’s. d) Women are more susceptible than men to serious illnesses such as heart disease.

Answer: a Page: 375 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.3 8-56. Medical experts recommend that adults between the ages of 50 to 59 receive a colonoscopy at age __________ as a baseline and then every __________ thereafter. a) b) c) d)

40; 10 years 35; 15 years 50; 3 to 5 years 60; 2 years

Answer: c Page: 376 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.3

8-57. Which of the following are experts in studying the relationships among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors? a) b) c) d)

Psychologists Medical practitioners Pharmacologists Psychoneuroimmunologists

Answer: d Page: 376 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-58. Which of the following is a major consequence of stress? a) b) c) d)

Indirect effects such as increased compliance with medical advice Harmful behaviors, such as smoking or drinking Increased immune system response Direct physiological effects, such as decreased blood pressure

Answer: b Page: 376 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-59. Research indicates that stress can produce direct physiological effects such as __________. a) b) c) d)

elevated blood pressure psychological disorders decrease in hormonal activity increase in immune system functioning

Answer: a Page: 376 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-60. Along with genetic characteristics, which of the following is considered a contributor to heart and circulatory disease? a) b) c) d)

Cigarette smoking Taking prescription medications Increase in aerobic exercise Diet high in proteins and gluten

Answer: a Page: 377 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-61. Behavior that is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility is called a __________ behavior pattern. a) b) c) d)

Type B Type D Type A polyphasic

Answer: c Pages: 377–378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2

8-62. Behavior characterized by non-competitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression is called a __________ behavior pattern. a) b) c) d)

Type B Type D Type A polyphasic

Answer: a Page: 378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-63. Multiple activities carried on simultaneously are called __________. a) b) c) d)

Type B behavior pattern psychological imbalance Type A behavior pattern polyphasic activities

Answer: d Page: 378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-64. Which of the personality types is more at risk of developing coronary heart disease? a) b) c) d)

Type A Type B Type C Type D

Answer: a Page: 378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.3

8-65. Which of the following is a genetic factor related to cancer? a) b) c) d)

Poor nutrition Alcohol use Exposure to sunlight Family history of cancer

Answer: d Page: 378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-66. Which of the following does the textbook note as a cancer treatment that serves to poison a cancerous tumor? a) b) c) d)

Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Holistic therapy Surgery

Answer: b Pages: 378–379 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2

8-67. What was the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force proposal regarding routine mammograms? a) Women in their 40s should not routinely have mammograms, and women between the ages of 50 and 74 should have mammograms every 2 years. b) Mammograms should be based on symptoms in consultation with the woman’s physician. c) Women between the ages of 50 and 74 should have mammograms annually. d) Health care coverage should be reviewed to make the initial determination.

Answer: a Page: 379 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-68. Marion is 40 years old. According to the American Cancer Society and the American College of Radiology, she should start having mammograms __________. a) b) c) d)

every year every other year every 5 years after age 50

Answer: a Page: 379 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2

8-69. Which statement reflects the view of medical experts on the topic of genetic testing for one’s risk of serious disease? a) b) c) d)

Genetic tests are inaccurate and therefore, unreliable for risk assessment.

Environmental and lifestyle factors pose little risk on disease development.

Genetic testing is expensive and is often not covered by insurance companies.

Genetic testing provides a clear and accurate prediction of one’s risk for disease.

Answer: c Pages: 379–380 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 2.5 8-70. What is a likely explanation for the results from cross-sectional studies showing that older people are less likely to score as well as younger subjects on traditional intelligence tests? a) b) c) d)

Improper administration of testing Cohort effects Testing bias Improper test design

Answer: b Page: 382 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-71. Based on longitudinal studies, a different developmental pattern for intelligence was revealed that showed which of the following? a) Adults tended to show fairly stable intelligence until their mid-20s. b) Adults tended to show increasing intelligence test scores until their mid-40s. c) Adults tended to show increasing intelligence test scores in some cases up to their mid-50s. d) Adults’ intelligence significantly slowed around their mid-30s.

Answer: c Page: 382 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-72. Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory is called __________. a) b) c) d)

crystallized intelligence verbal intelligence fluid intelligence perceptual intelligence

Answer: c Page: 383 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-73. Intelligence that represents the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations is called __________. a) b) c) d)

crystallized intelligence verbal intelligence fluid intelligence perceptual intelligence

Answer: a Page: 383 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-74. When developmentalists looked at the two kinds of intelligence, fluid and crystallized, to determine if intelligence continues to grow, slow, or decline with age, they determined that __________. a) fluid intelligence does decline; however, crystallized intelligence holds steady and can improve b) crystallized intelligence does decline; however, fluid intelligence holds steady and can improve c) both fluid and crystallized intelligences decline with age d) both fluid and crystallized intelligences improve with age Answer: a Page: 383 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-75. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, and verbal memory begin to gradually decline beginning around age __________. a) b) c) d)

25 30 40 50

Answer: a Page: 371 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: L07 APA LO: 1.2 8-76. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, numeric ability tends to increase until the __________, and then stays steady. a) b) c) d)

mid-50s, is lower at age 60 mid-40s, is lower at age 60 mid-30s, is lower at age 60 mid-20s, is lower at age 60

Answer: b Page: 383 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-77. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, verbal ability rises until about the start of the __________ and then stays fairly steady. a) b) c) d)

30s 40s 50s 60s

Answer: b Page: 383 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: L0O8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-78. One reason brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood is that __________. a) middle-aged adults do not take good care of themselves, and that affects the health of their brains b) middle-aged adults carry greater loads of stress, which adversely affects their health c) researchers have found that 20 genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40 d) middle-aged adults are too busy to participate in mental learning and activities to maintain mental flexibility Answer: c Page: 383 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-79. The process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called __________. a) b) c) d)

expertise sensory memory long-term memory selective optimization

Answer: d Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-80. Alice is a 52-year-old typist working in the same law firm as 28-year-old Juliet. Both are considered excellent at their jobs, even though Alice is older and has some delay in her reaction time. What is it that permits Alice to perform her job as well as Juliet does? a) Alice is given less arduous work to complete, while Juliet receives more challenging assignments. b) Juliet lacks experience and understanding of the complex material. c) Alice has developed selective optimization and uses a dictation program to make up for her slower typing time. d) Alice has greater verbal skills development than Juliet.

Answer: c Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-81. The acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area is called __________. a) b) c) d)

expertise sensory memory long-term memory selective optimization

Answer: a Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-82. When Walter devotes attention and practice to completing tax returns and has gained experience in that area, he is demonstrating __________. a) b) c) d)

expertise sensory memory long-term memory selective optimization

Answer: a Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-83. People with expertise are likely to demonstrate __________. a) b) c) d)

use of the same neural pathways to solve problems as novices use less flexibility in approaching problems automatic processing of information limited ability to transfer these skills to other areas

Answer: c Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-84. Which of the following affects whether or not a person develops expertise? a) b) c) d)

Time spent honing skill of expertise Socioeconomic status Ethnicity Discrimination

Answer: a Page: 384 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-85. Which statement is true regarding memory loss in middle-aged people? a) All middle-aged people can expect to experience significant memory loss. b) Middle-aged people may attribute absentmindedness to aging, even though they have actually been absentminded most of their lives. c) All middle-aged people will experience some memory loss starting in their 40s, with memory loss stabilizing around 70. d) Middle-aged people have memory loss for different things.

Answer: b Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-86. Which has been viewed as one of three sequential components of memory? a) b) c) d)

workbench memory sequential memory sensation memory long-term memory

Answer: d Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-87. The initial, momentary storage of information that is recorded as a raw and meaningless stimulus is called __________. a) b) c) d)

short-term memory sequential memory sensory memory long-term memory

Answer: c Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-88. When information is held in memory for 15 to 25 seconds, it is called __________. a) b) c) d)

short-term memory sequential memory sensory memory long-term memory

Answer: a Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-89. When information is rehearsed and stored in memory on a relatively permanent basis, it is called __________. a) b) c) d)

short-term memory sequential memory sensory memory long-term memory

Answer: d Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-90. Mary looks at the phone number of her favorite pizza restaurant for a few seconds and then walks into the other room to call to order. Mary remembers the phone number in its correct sequence. Mary is taking advantage of __________. a) b) c) d)

short-term memory sequential memory sensory memory long-term memory

Answer: a Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-91. Rasheed is memorizing his math multiplication tables by using flash cards. He does this frequently enough that eventually he does not need the visual stimulation of the cards to remember his multiplication tables for a test. Rasheed is taking advantage of __________. a) b) c) d)

short-term memory sequential memory sensory memory long-term memory

Answer: d Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-92. Which of the following memory skills show decline for some people in middle age? a) b) c) d)

Long-term memory and sensory memory Sensory memory and short-term memory Short-term memory only Long-term memory only

Answer: d Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-93. What is the best explanation for why some middle-aged people have some long-term memory loss? a) Middle-aged people have too much information stored; therefore, it is difficult to keep it all in long-term memory. b) Middle-aged people have too much stress in their lives, which impedes their ability to use their long-term memory capacity. c) Middle-aged people have less efficient skills for finding and retrieving information even if the information was adequately stored in long-term memory. d) Middle-aged people’s learning genes begin to deteriorate, which leads to long-term memory loss.

Answer: c Page: 385 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-94. What are organized bodies of information stored in memory that help people represent the way the world is organized and allow them to categorize and interpret new information? a) b) c) d)

Long-term memory Encoded memory Short-term memory Schemas

Answer: d Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-95. If Larry is taught new information about an elephant, he will benefit from using __________ about other large animals to store that new information so he can retrieve it when he needs it. a) b) c) d)

long-term memory schemas short-term memory sensory memory

Answer: b Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-96. What is the term for formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered? a) b) c) d)

Long-term memory Schemas Mnemonics Short-term memory

Answer: c Page: 386 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-97. Using memory skills such as getting better organized, paying attention, using visualization strategies, and rehearsing information for later retrieval are all considered __________ strategies. a) b) c) d)

long-term memory short-term memory schema mnemonic

Answer: d Page: 386 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-98. What can middle-aged people do to improve their memory that takes relatively little effort? a) b) c) d)

Change routines often Create elaborate rituals and routines Pay greater attention to particular things Write everything down

Answer: c Page: 386 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-99. People are most likely to recall information in environments that are similar to those in which they initially learned it. This is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

schemas the encoding specificity phenomenon visualization rehearsal

Answer: b Page: 386 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-100. Which age has come to have special meaning in most Western societies? a) b) c) d)

50 40 30 20

Answer: b Page: 388 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social/Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 8-101. What approach to personality development is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related crises? a) b) c) d)

Midlife crisis models Life events models Normative-crisis models Seasons of life approach

Answer: c Page: 388 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-102. Theorist Ravenna Helson focuses on __________, which suggest that it is the particular events in an adult’s life, rather than age per se, that determine the course of personality development. a) b) c) d)

normative-crisis models generativity-versus-stagnation stages midlife crises life events models

Answer: d Page: 388 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-103. Winona is a 22-year-old new mother, and Anna is a 38-year-old new mother. According to Ravenna Helson’s theory, the __________, both of these women may experience similar psychological forces based on their shared experience of being a new mother regardless of their ages. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis life events models normative-crisis models generativity versus stagnation

Answer: b Page: 388 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-104. Erik Erikson suggested that middle adulthood encompasses a period he characterized as __________, in which a person feels that he or she is or is not making a contribution to family and community. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis life events models normative-crisis model generativity-versus-stagnation stage

Answer: d Page: 388 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-105. When middle-aged people focus on work that is directed toward others rather than themselves, Erik Erikson called this __________. a) b) c) d)

life events models generativity midlife crisis normative-crisis models

Answer: b Page: 388 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-106. According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is focused on the triviality of his or her own activities and moves into stagnation, he or she is likely to experience __________. a) b) c) d)

staying put in current career frustration and boredom satisfaction and inner peace feelings of stability

Answer: b Page: 389 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-107. Which developmental psychologist believed that the period between the ages of 45 and 55 is important regarding ―keeping the meaning‖ versus rigidity? a) b) c) d)

Erikson Gould Vaillant Levinson

Answer: c Page: 389 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-108. According to Vaillant, what does ―keeping the meaning‖ mean? a) Adults seek to extract meaning from their lives and accept the strengths and weaknesses of others. b) Adults seek to distinguish truths from non-truths in their lives. c) Adults seek to maintain the history of their family as legacy for their offspring. d) Adults seek to make significant changes in their world before they become too old to make a difference.

Answer: a Page: 389 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-109. Which psychologist agrees that adults move through a series of stages and potential crises but believes they also pass through seven stages associated with specific age periods? a) b) c) d)

Erikson Gould Vaillant Levinson

Answer: b Page: 389 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-110. According to Gould’s stages of development, which stage is associated with the period of urgency to attain life’s goals, the awareness of time limitations, and the realignment of life’s goals? a) b) c) d)

Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6

Answer: c Page: 389 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-111. Which psychologist developed the ―seasons of life‖ theory, in which men in their early 40s are in a period of transition and crisis? a) b) c) d)

Erikson Gould Vaillant Levinson

Answer: d Page: 389 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-112. According to Levinson, people around the age of 40 to 45 move into a period/time of questioning called __________ and focus on the finite nature of life; they begin to question everyday fundamental assumptions. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis midlife transition generativity versus stagnation stage normative-crisis models

Answer: b Pages: 389–390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-113. According to Levinson, what is the period of uncertainty and indecision that people go through at around age 40 or 45 that is brought about by the realization that life is finite? a) b) c) d)

Midlife crisis Midlife transition Generativity-versus-stagnation stage The normative-crisis model

Answer: a Pages: 389–390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-114. According to anthropologist Richard Shweder, high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa, India, view their life course __________. a) b) c) d)

on the basis of chronological age on the nature of one’s responsibility to one’s father on family management issues on one’s religious traditions at a given time

Answer: c Page: 391 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-115. The first phase of the model of aging for high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa, India, is __________. a) b) c) d)

life in the father’s house (bapa gharo) the shift in social status from child to single woman physical changes such as the onset of menstruation and its cessation at menopause life in the husband’s mother’s house (sasu gharo)

Answer: a Page: 391 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-116. In the model of aging for high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa, India, which of the following brings about a significant alteration in social responsibility? a) b) c) d)

Physical changes such as the onset of menstruation and its cessation at menopause Graduation from primary and secondary schooling Inheritance of the family’s finances and assets The change from daughter to daughter-in-law

Answer: d Page: 391 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-117. Which two developmental psychologists believed that there is a substantial change in personality over time, and that change follows a set, predictable pattern? a) b) c) d)

Gould and Levinson Erikson and Levinson Costa and McCrae Vaillant and Helson

Answer: b Page: 391 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-118. Which two developmental psychologists believed that a person’s personality is quite stable and continuous throughout the person’s lifetime? a) b) c) d)

Gould and Levinson Erikson and Levinson Costa and McCrae Vaillant and Helson

Answer: c Page: 391 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-119. Which of the following lists comprises the personality traits/characteristics known as the ―Big Five‖? a) b) c) d)

Selfishness, shyness, aggressiveness, neuroticism, and self-confidence Neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness Likability, extroversion, aggressiveness, self-confidence, and trustworthiness Loyalty, self-confidence, openness, deceptiveness, and aggression

Answer: b Page: 380 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-120. Which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is moody, anxious, and self-critical? a) b) c) d)

Extroversion Openness Conscientiousness Neuroticism

Answer: d Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-121. Which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is outgoing or shy? a) b) c) d)

Extraversion Openness Conscientiousness Neuroticism

Answer: a Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-122. Which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person demonstrates curiosity and interest in new experiences? a) b) c) d)

Extroversion Openness Conscientiousness Neuroticism

Answer: b Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-123. Which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is easygoing and helpful? a) b) c) d)

Extroversion Openness Conscientiousness Agreeableness

Answer: d Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-124. Which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is organized and responsible? a) b) c) d)

Extroversion Openness Conscientiousness Agreeableness

Answer: c Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-125. The ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics that decline somewhat from early adulthood through middle adulthood do not include __________. a) b) c) d)

neuroticism agreeableness extroversion openness

Answer: b Page: 392 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-126. When reviewing findings across cultures, which of the ―Big Five‖ major clusters of personality traits/characteristics increase to a degree from early adulthood through middle age? a) b) c) d)

Neuroticism and agreeableness Extroversion and openness Agreeableness and conscientiousness Conscientiousness and openness

Answer: c Page: 392 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-127. Approximately __________ percent of people in the United States rate themselves as ―very happy,‖ while only __________ percent rate themselves as ―not too happy.‖ a) b) c) d)

40; 25 35; 20 30; 10 25; 5

Answer: c Pages: 392–393 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.1

8-128. Kaitlyn and Sam have agreed to participate in marriage counseling. They have been married for 5 years and report they have become bored with their marriage. Initially, what can the marriage therapist tell them regarding the ―ups and downs‖ of marriage? a) They will need to improve their communication skills to discuss issues. b) Marital satisfaction declines if couples do not engage in fun activities. c) Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after marriage and continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point following the birth of children. d) Couples should spend more time with other married couples to engage in decision making.

Answer: c Page: 393 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-129. Most research regarding marital satisfaction __________. a) substantiates the U-shaped pattern in which marital satisfaction is high at the beginning, drops down around the birth of children, and then gradually rises back to its original high level b) questions the U-shape pattern, suggesting that the upturn in the U shape may be illusory and that marital dissatisfaction continues to decline throughout life c) is not conclusive regarding the U-shape and marital satisfaction but seems to substantiate that women are more satisfied than men d) is not conclusive regarding the U-shape and marital satisfaction but seems to substantiate that men are more satisfied than women Answer: a Page: 393 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-130. Which of the following is a reason why men and women cite high levels of satisfaction with their marriage? a) b) c) d)

They state that their spouse is like a friend.

Marriage involves a long-term commitment with individual aims and goals.

They state that their spouse has sex with them as often as they want.

Their spouse has grown more interesting over the course of the marriage.

Answer: d Page: 394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-131. Mechanisms that have been proven to help couples remain happily married include __________, a) b) c) d)

having realistic expectations about each other learning to give in to the other’s wants and needs discussing problems in the heat of an argument increasing the frequency of sexual intercourse

Answer: a Page: 394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-132. Although the overall divorce rate has declined in the past two decades, divorce among __________ couples is rising. a) b) c) d)

elderly middle-aged young-adult teen

Answer: b Page: 394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-133. What are the odds that a woman in her first marriage will get divorced by the time she is 40 years old? a) b) c) d)

1 in 10 1 in 5 1 in 8 1 in 4

Answer: c Page: 394 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-134. Which of the following is considered a reason why marriages unravel in Western society? a) People are more concerned about their own personal happiness. b) In some cases, the financial costs of divorce are high. c) Women have fewer economic opportunities available to them and, therefore, may be able to be independent. d) The benefits of marriage—economic, sexual, health, social support, and financial (such as tax advantages)—no longer exist.

Answer: a Page: 394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-135. Dr. Roe is a marriage counselor who specializes in infidelity. She is counseling a group of five couples who have been unfaithful in their marriage over the last year. One couple wants to know the recent statistics regarding infidelity. What statistics can Dr. Roe provide concerning the numbers of spouses who commit infidelity in a given year? a) b) c) d)

10 percent of men and 14 percent of women 12 percent of men and 7 percent of women 6 percent of men and women 20 percent of men and 18 percent of women

Answer: b Page: 395 Level: 3-Difficulty Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-136. Approximately how many people who divorce will remarry, usually within 2 to 5 years? a) b) c) d)

one-half two-thirds three-quarters nine-tenths

Answer: c Page: 395 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-137. Which group of divorced women has the best opportunity to remarry? a) b) c) d)

Women under the age of 25 Women over the age of 40 Women who are considered unattractive Women who are not younger, smaller, and of lower status than men

Answer: a Page: 395 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-138. Which of the following groups is most likely to experience feelings of loneliness and increased physical and mental health problems? a) b) c) d)

Divorced women over the age of 40 Divorced men in general Divorced women under the age of 25 Divorced women in general

Answer: b Page: 396 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-139. Which of the following may be a contributing factor to the higher percentage of second marriages that end in divorce? a) b) c) d)

Second marriages may be subject to less stress than first marriages.

Personality and emotional characteristics may make it difficult to live together.

Partners in second marriages may be more committed and more willing to stay.

Partners are experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

Answer: b Page: 396 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-140. Which term refers to parents’ feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children’s departure from home? a) b) c) d)

Midlife crisis Normative crisis model Empty nest syndrome Life events model

Answer: c Page: 396 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-141. After Kathy and Bob’s son leaves for college, they have feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression. They are experiencing __________. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis empty nest syndrome sandwich generation boomerang children

Answer: b Page: 396 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-142. Parents who intrusively intervene in their children’s lives are referred to as __________. a) b) c) d)

overprotective parents boomerang parents helicopter parents entitled parents

Answer: c Page 397 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 8-143. Young adults who return to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents are called __________. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis empty nest syndrome sandwich generation boomerang children

Answer: d Page: 397 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-144. Which of the following is a common reason why boomerang children return home to live with middle-aged parents? a) b) c) d)

Having a child Difficulty adjusting to independence Lack of employment or underemployment Parents experiencing empty nest syndrome

Answer: c Page: 397 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-145. Middle-aged couples who must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents are called __________. a) b) c) d)

empty nest parents the sandwich generation the midlife crisis generation the normative crisis generation

Answer: b Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-146. Juanita is feeling stressed today because her children need help with their homework and her elderly parents need someone to take them grocery shopping. Juanita is a member of the __________ generation. a) b) c) d)

empty nest sandwich midlife crisis normative crisis

Answer: b Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-147. Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the phenomenon called the ―sandwich generation‖? a) Men and women are marrying earlier. b) In general, people are living longer. c) Societies are becoming and less accepting of people who do not care for their parents in their older years. d) People are having children at an earlier age.

Answer: b Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-148. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the multigenerational household has increased more than a third between 1990 and 2000 and represents __________ percent of all households in America. a) b) c) d)

0.4 4 14 24

Answer: b Page: 398 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-149. Companionate grandparents are usually characterized by which of the following? a) They take responsibility for their grandchildren. b) They rarely call or visit their grandchildren and never take them on vacation without the parents. c) They act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren. d) They hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren should behave.

Answer: c Page: 399 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-150. Remote grandparents are typically characterized by which of the following? a) b) c) d)

They are involved and warm with their grandchildren.

They visit often with their grandchildren and show an abundance of interest.

They hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren behave.

They complain about their grandchildren’s childish behavior when they see them.

Answer: d Page: 399 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-151. Involved grandparents typically do which of the following? a) b) c) d)

Actively engage in grandparenting and influence their grandchildren’s lives Act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren Hold ambiguous expectations about the way their grandchildren should behave Take care of their grandchildren minimal times a month while the parents are at work

Answer: a Page: 399 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-152. Which group is most likely to be involved in their grandchildren’s care? a) b) c) d)

African American grandparents Caucasian American grandparents Native American grandparents Asian American grandparents

Answer: a Page: 399 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-153. African American grandparents are more likely to be involved in their grandchildren’s care because __________. a) b) c) d)

there is less prevalence of multigenerational households among African Americans African American households are less likely to be headed by single parents African American grandparents have more leisure time single-parent African American households depend more on the grandparents to provide child care during the day

Answer: d Page: 399 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-154. Some form of domestic violence occurs in __________ percent of all marriages in the United States. a) b) c) d)

10 25 35 50

Answer: b Page: 399 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-155. Globally speaking, __________ women experience some form of violent victimization during their lives. a) b) c) d)

1 in 2 1 in 3 1 in 5 1 in 10

Answer: b Page: 399 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-156. What percentage of women physically abuse their husbands? a) b) c) d)

8 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: a Page: 399 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-157. Which of the following is a factor that contributes to spousal abuse? a) b) c) d)

Small families with continuing economic concerns Small families with high levels of physical aggression Multigenerational families living in one household Parents who grew up in violent families themselves

Answer: d Pages: 399–400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-158. Which is a factor that puts a family at risk for child abuse? a) b) c) d)

Higher socioeconomic levels Multigenerational families living in the same house Two-parent families Families with four or more children

Answer: d Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-159. In which of the following families is incest most likely to occur? a) b) c) d)

Affluent families Multigenerational families living in the same house Single-parent families Families with four or more children

Answer: a Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-160. In marital aggression, the couple goes through which stage? __________. a) b) c) d)

A chronic battering stage The loving contrition stage The intense-building stage The fight-or-flight stage

Answer: b Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-161. The theory that abuse and neglect of children predisposes them to abusiveness as adults is called __________. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis the cycle of violence hypothesis the normative crisis generation the life events hypothesis

Answer: b Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-162. What percentage of children who are abused or neglected grow up to abuse or neglect their own children? a) b) c) d)

33 percent 50 percent 25 percent 20 percent

Answer: a Page: 400 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-163. Research looking at the economic roles of men and women reveals that__________. a) b) c) d)

women from low-status environments are less likely to be abused women from high-status environments are less likely to be abused women from low-status environments are easy targets of violence battering statistics indicate there is little to no correlation between status and incidence of abuse

Answer: c Page: 401 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Analyze It Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.3 8-164. Suggested measures to help victims of spousal abuse include which of the following? a) b) c) d)

Teach husbands and wives that violence is acceptable under limited circumstances.

Call the police when an assault occurs.

Refrain from filing a restraining order.

Understand that remorse expressed by an abuser does not protect the abused from future abuse.

Answer: d Pages: 401–402 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-165. Which of the following is considered a factor that affects job satisfaction for middle-aged workers? a) b) c) d)

Recognition and approval Organizational wellness benefits Specific policies that affect their jobs Gender of his/her supervisor

Answer: a Page: 402 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-166. A situation in which a worker experiences dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from his or her job is called __________. a) b) c) d)

midlife crisis burnout the live events hypothesis a normative life crisis

Answer: b Page: 403 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2

8-167. According to one analysis, every time the unemployment rate goes up 1 percent, there is a __________ percent rise in suicides. a) b) c) d)

1 4 5 10

Answer: b Page: 403 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-168. Middle-aged people who lose their jobs may be discriminated against when trying to find a new job, which is not only illegal, but also based on misguided assumptions. Which of the following statements is true about middle-aged workers? a) b) c) d)

They miss more days than younger workers do.

They hold their jobs longer and are more reliable.

They lack sufficient technological skills and are unable to learn new skills.

They are unwilling to learn new skills.

Answer: b Page: 404 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2

8-169. Since the mid-1980s, the workforce has grown, especially with __________. a) b) c) d)

women in their 50s and older men in their 50s and older men in their early 20s and 30s women in their early 20s and 30s

Answer: a Page: 404 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-170. U.S. residents born outside the United States represent about __________ percent of the population, which is more than three times the percentage in 1970. a) b) c) d)

5 10 15 20

Answer: c Page: 405 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-171. First- and second-generation immigrants constitute almost __________ of the U.S. population. a) b) c) d)

one-half one-third one-quarter one-fifth

Answer: c Page: 405 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2

8-172. In contrast to the majority of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century, the majority of recent immigrants are __________. a) b) c) d)

illiterate not white illegal immigrants fugitives from the law

Answer: b Page: 405 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-173. Critics who argue that immigrants lack the technical knowledge to contribute to the U.S. economy fail to see some fundamental aspects of immigrant success, including __________. a) b) c) d)

few legal and illegal immigrants eventually succeed financially many immigrants come to the United States to get on welfare immigrants eventually contribute more to the U.S. economy than they take away most immigrants eventually marry into native-born American families

Answer: c Page: 405 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2

8-174. Which country in the world has the fastest pace of living? a) b) c) d)

United States South Korea Singapore Switzerland

Answer: d Page: 406 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-175. Approximately how many hours per week does a middle-aged person watch television? a) b) c) d)

10 15 20 25

Answer: b Page: 406 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.13 APA LO: 1.2 8-176. Approximately how many hours per week does the average middle-aged person spend socializing? a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 Answer: b Page: 406 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.13 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 8-177. Briefly explain the benefits of regular, moderate exercise in middle age in relation to muscles.

Answer: (1) Exercise helps combat and slow the decline in energy molecules, muscle cell thickness, number of muscle cells and mass, muscle strength, and blood supply. (2) Exercise helps improve the speed of muscle movement and stamina. (3) Exercise helps to slow the increase in fat and fibers, reaction time, recovery time, and development of muscle soreness.

Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-178. Briefly explain the benefits of regular exercise in middle age in relation to the nervous and circulatory systems.

Answer: (1) Exercise slows the decline in processing impulses by the central nervous system as well as the increase in variation in the speed of motor neuron impulses. (2) Exercise helps maintain the ratio between good and bad cholesterol levels. (3) It also reduces the risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke.

Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-179. Briefly explain the benefits of regular exercise in middle age in relation to the skeletal system.

Answer: Exercise helps to slow the decline in bone minerals and helps reduce the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.

Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-180. Briefly explain the benefits of regular exercise in middle age in relation to psychological health.

Answer: Exercise can help enhance mood and feelings of well-being while reducing stress.

Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-181. Briefly explain the pros and cons of hormone therapy (HT).

Answer: Hormone therapy (HT) is the administration of estrogen and progesterone and is used to alleviate the worst symptoms of menopause. It can reduce hot flashes, maintain skin elasticity, reduce coronary heart disease and the risk of stroke and colon cancer, correct the ratio of bad and good cholesterol, and help reduce osteoporosis. It can help improve memory performance and improve sex drive. However, since 2002 the risks of HT have been better understood to include a risk of breast cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and heart disease.

Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-182. Briefly explain the association between poor health and socioeconomic status (SES).

Answer: Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a large role in the health of Americans. Caucasians and African Americans who have the same SES appear to have similar death rates, with African Americans’ death rate actually falling below that of Caucasians. The lower the family income, the more likely the family has a member with a disabling illness. Reasons for this include lowSES workers having riskier jobs and inferior health care, and they are likely to live in areas with a higher crime rate and more environmental pollutants.

Page: 375 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-183. Briefly explain the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

Answer: Fluid intelligence reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory.

Examples of fluid intelligence are tasks such as arranging a series of letters according to some rule or memorizing a series of numbers. Fluid intelligence declines with age. Crystallized intelligence is the information, skills, and strategies that people have accumulated through experience and that they can apply to solve problems. Examples of crystallized intelligence are solving a crossword puzzle or trying to identify the murderer in a mystery story. Crystallized intelligence holds steady with age and can actually improve.

Pages: 382–383 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-184. Briefly describe the three types of memory.

Answer: Sensory memory is the initial, momentary storage of information, recorded by the sensory system as a raw, meaningless stimulus. Next, information moves into short-term memory, which holds it for 15 to 25 seconds. If the information is rehearsed, it then moves into long-term memory, where it is stored on a relatively permanent basis.

Page: 385 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-185. Briefly explain what mnemonics are and how they can be used to improve memory.

Answer: Mnemonics are formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it easier to remember. Some examples are: (1) Get organized: using a date book, Post-It notes, etc. can aid recall. (2) Pay attention: make mental notes of things to remember when they happen. (3) The encoding specificity phenomenon: people are more likely to recall information in environments that are similar to those in which they initially learned (encoded) it. (4) Visualize: making mental images of ideas can help in recalling them later. (5) Rehearse: practicing or rehearsing can substantially improve memory.

Page: 386 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-186. Briefly explain why ―midlife crisis‖ is a myth.

Answer: For most people, passage into middle age is relatively easy and particularly rewarding.

Children have left home, allowing more time for parents to rekindle intimacy. Careers are established, and people feel content to concentrate on the present rather than the future. Most middle-aged people report that they feel younger than they really are. Only when turmoil is evident in a middle-aged person’s life do people tend to notice it and give it more attention.

There is now time for people to change direction in their lives if they feel a need to do so.

Pages: 389–390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-187. Briefly explain the changes in marital satisfaction over time.

Answer: Research shows that marital satisfaction follows a U-shape in which there is a decline over time from the start of the marriage until the arrival of children, when it bottoms out and then steadily grows during subsequent years until it reaches its original level.

Pages: 393–394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2

8-188. Briefly explain how to deal with spousal abuse.

Answer: (1) Teach both husbands and wives that physical violence is never an acceptable means of resolving conflict. (2) Call the police. (3) Remember that remorse shown by a spouse may have no bearing on the possibility of future violence. (4) If you are a victim of abuse, seek safe haven in a community shelter. (5) Seek a restraining order if you feel that you are in danger from an abusive partner. (6) Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline.

Pages: 401–402 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

TRUE/FALSE 8-189. The process of losing height is very slow. Women average a 1-inch decline and men average a 2-inch decline from middle age through the rest of the life span.

Answer: False Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-190. Men seem to be more prone to a decline in height due to the risk of osteoporosis.

Answer: False Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-191. Osteoporosis is brought about by a lack of protein in a person’s diet.

Answer: False Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-192. Lifestyle changes play a critical role in reducing body fat during middle adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-193. Strength actually increases during middle adulthood.

Answer: False Page: 368 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-194. Visual acuity is the ability to discern fine spatial detail in close and distant objects.

Answer: True Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-195. Although it can be detected early, there is no treatment for glaucoma.

Answer: False Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-196. Aging brings about a loss of cilia in the inner ear, causing hearing problems.

Answer: True Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-197. Women are more prone to hearing loss than men are.

Answer: False Page: 369 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: O8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-198. People do not really slow down in their reaction time during middle adulthood.

Answer: False Pages: 369–370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2

8-199. Because of increases in reaction time in middle adulthood, middle-aged adults are involved in more automobile accidents than younger people are.

Answer: False Page: 370 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.1 APA LO: 1.2 8-200. The frequency of sexual intercourse declines in middle age, but sexual pleasure remains vital.

Answer: True Page: 371 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-201. Middle adulthood often brings about a renewal of sexual enjoyment.

Answer: True Page: 371 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-202. The female climacteric begins the end of a woman’s childbearing years.

Answer: True Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-203. The most noticeable sign of the female climacteric is the lowering of testosterone levels.

Answer: False Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-204. Menopause is the cessation of menstruation.

Answer: True Page: 372 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-205. Menopause by itself does not produce psychological symptoms.

Answer: True Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-206. There is no correlation between a woman’s expectations about menopause and her experience with menopause.

Answer: False Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2

8-207. A woman’s attribution of physical symptoms will impact her perception of the experience of menopause.

Answer: True Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-208. Men experience the equivalent of menopause: the male climacteric.

Answer: False Page: 373 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.2 APA LO: 1.2 8-209. People tend to be healthier in middle adulthood than in earlier periods.

Answer: True Page: 374 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-210. Women are actually more likely to die of heart and circulatory disease than men are.

Answer: False Page: 375 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-211. A possible reason for the higher incidence of illness in women may be that a greater amount of research money is focused on diseases suffered by men.

Answer: True Page: 375 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-212. There has been a historical pattern of gender discrimination by the traditionally maledominated research community.

Answer: True Page: 375 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2

8-213. The impact of stress lessens during middle adulthood.

Answer: False Page: 376 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.3 APA LO: 1.2 8-214. Research indicates that men with a Type A behavior pattern have the same rate of heart and coronary disease as men with a Type B behavior pattern.

Answer: False Pages: 377–378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2

8-215. Middle-aged people view cancer as a diagnosis for death.

Answer: True Page: 378 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-216. Forty percent of people diagnosed with cancer are alive 5 years later.

Answer: True Page: 378 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-217. A family history of breast cancer raises the risk of breast cancer in a woman.

Answer: True Page: 378 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.1: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.4 APA LO: 1.2 8-218. Older people are less likely than younger people are to score well on traditional intelligence tests.

Answer: True Page: 382 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2

8-219. Fluid intelligence increases with age, while crystallized intelligence declines.

Answer: False Page: 383 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.5 APA LO: 1.2 8-220. According to research, middle-aged adults show significant losses of memory ability.

Answer: False Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-221. Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory.

Answer: True Page: 385 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-222. Short-term memory stores information for several minutes.

Answer: False Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2

8-223. Short-term memory weakens with age, while long-term memory improves.

Answer: False Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-224. Schemas help people categorize and interpret new information; they also convey cultural information.

Answer: True Page: 385 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.6 APA LO: 1.2 8-225. Daniel Levinson’s theories on midlife crisis were based largely on studies of women.

Answer: False Page: 389 Level: 2Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-226. Research substantiates that the passage into middle age is full of psychological turmoil called the midlife crisis.

Answer: False Page: 390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2

8-227. Throughout adulthood, most people say they feel older than they actually are.

Answer: False Page: 390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-228. The evidence for a midlife crisis experience is no more compelling than the evidence for a stormy adolescence.

Answer: True Page: 390 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-229. In some cultures, middle age is not considered a separate period of life; therefore, the notion of middle age is a cultural construction.

Answer: True Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.7 APA LO: 1.2 8-230. Most middle-aged adults do not feel that they have changed a great deal since adolescence.

Answer: False Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-231. There is evidence that people’s traits become more ingrained as they age.

Answer: True Page: 391 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-232. According to a growing body of research, adults’ sense of subjective well-being or general happiness does not remain stable over their lifetime.

Answer: False Page: 392 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-233. Research indicates that most people’s happiness set points seem to be fairly low.

Answer: False Page: 392 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2 8-234. Residents of countries across the world have much higher happiness set points than people living in the United States.

Answer: False Page: 393 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.8 APA LO: 1.2

8-235. The overall divorce rate has declined in the last two decades.

Answer: True Page: 394 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-236. Divorced people who remarry tend to marry others who have also been divorced.

Answer: True Page: 395 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-237. Research shows that the divorce rate for second marriages is lower than for first marriages.

Answer: False Page: 396 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.9 APA LO: 1.2 8-238. Research indicates that when children depart from a home in which the mother remained at home full time, the despair and feelings of loss experienced by the mother are so profound that the mother can never get over them.

Answer: False Page: 396 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-239. Research suggests that fathers do not experience ―empty nest syndrome‖ when their children leave home.

Answer: False Page: 397 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-240. Being part of the sandwich generation is not a new phenomenon.

Answer: False Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-241. Most elderly people who live alone report that they do not want to live with their children.

Answer: True Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-242. Census data reveals that multigenerational households, which include three or more generations, are the fastest-growing household arrangement in the United States and have increased by more than a third between 1990 and 2000.

Answer: True Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2

8-243. Research indicates that the burden of taking care of aging parents is equally shared by men and women.

Answer: False Page: 398 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.10 APA LO: 1.2 8-244. Domestic violence occurs only in the United States.

Answer: False Page: 399 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-245. In the United States, only women of very low status are subjected to spousal abuse.

Answer: False Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-246. Growing up in an abusive home invariably leads a person to become an abusive and neglectful adult.

Answer: False Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-247. The cycle of violence hypothesis explains the full story of how abuse and neglect occur.

Answer: False Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-248. Marital violence against women is limited to Western cultures.

Answer: False Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-249. Until the late nineteenth century, U.S. law based on English common law permitted a husband to beat his wife.

Answer: True Page: 400 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2 8-250. The phrase ―rule of thumb‖ comes from English common law, which allowed a husband to beat his wife with a stick or rod that was no thicker than his thumb.

Answer: True Page: 401 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.11 APA LO: 1.2

8-251. In general, the relationship between age and work seems to be positive.

Answer: True Page: 402 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-252. Most legal and illegal immigrants become financially successful in the United States because they are highly motivated.

Answer: True Page: 405 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-253. Nonrefugee immigrants who are old enough to work are less likely to be on welfare than are native-born U.S. citizens.

Answer: True Page: 405 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.12 APA LO: 1.2 8-254. Most middle-aged adults have almost 70 waking hours per week at their disposal for leisure.

Answer: True Page: 406 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 8.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood Learning Objective: LO8.13 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 8 Middle Adulthood Quiz: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood 1. __________ is a nearly universal change in eyesight that results in some loss of near vision.

A. Osteoporosis B. Presbyopia C. Glaucoma D. Presbycusis Answer: B. Presbyopia Question Title: EOM Q8.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.1 Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Starting around age 40, the shape of the eye’s lens changes and its elasticity deteriorates. 8.1 Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.

2. Barbara tells her doctor that she is concerned about her declining interest in sex. She has not had a menstrual cycle in more than 5 months, and intercourse is painful and much less pleasurable than it once was. What is Barbara’s physician likely to say if she suspects Barbara is experiencing female climacteric?

A. ―I hope you’re not planning to have more children.‖ B. ―Do genetic disorders run in your family?‖ C. ―You may experience slow but significant memory loss.‖ D. ―It’s best that you not engage in sexual intercourse.‖ Answer: A. ―I hope you’re not planning to have more children.‖ Question Title: EOM Q8.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

Consider This: At menopause, progesterone and estrogen levels begin to drop and natural fertility ends. 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

3. Although men do not experience ―menopause‖ as such, they do experience age-related declines in __________ levels, often referred to as the male climacteric.

A. progesterone B. estrogen C. melatonin D. testosterone Answer: D. testosterone Question Title: EOM Q8.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Despite the reduction of this male hormone and decreased sperm production, males are able to father children throughout middle adulthood. 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

4. Which statement accurately reflects the health of the average middle-aged adult?

A. Diabetes is most likely to be diagnosed around age 40.

B. Arthritis typically sets in between ages 40 and 50.

C. Middle-aged adults are encouraged to limit their level of physical activity in order to avoid hip fractures.

D. Middle-aged adults are less likely than younger adults to experience infections and allergies.

Answer: D. Middle-aged adults are less likely than younger adults to experience infections and allergies.

Question Title: EOM Q8.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.3 Describe the health of the average person in middle adulthood.

Consider This: In some ways, health is better in middle adulthood than in previous periods of life. 8.3 Describe the health of the average person in middle adulthood.

5. Psychological factors, such as __________, contribute to the development of coronary heart disease.

A. extroversion B. Type A behavior C. patience D. noncompetitiveness Answer: B. Type A behavior Question Title: EOM Q8.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.4 Describe risk factors and preventive measures for heart disease and cancer in middle adulthood.

Consider This: It is a behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and hostility. 8.4 Describe risk factors and preventive measures for heart disease and cancer in middle adulthood.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 1. Which of the following examples best illustrates fluid intelligence?

A. Steven, who is taking the Law School Admission Test B. Vivian, who is using a family recipe to make homemade tamales C. Shoshana, who is experimenting with ways to change the headlamp in her car D. Wyatt, who is writing an essay for his scholarship application Answer: C. Shoshana, who is experimenting with ways to change the headlamp in her car Question Title: EOM Q8.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Fluid intelligence reflects the ability to solve and reason about novel problems.

8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

2. __________ intelligence reflects one’s knowledge, skill sets, and strategies learned through experience.

A. Crystallized B. Emotional C. Fluid D. Experiential Answer: A. Crystallized Question Title: EOM Q8.2.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

Consider This: People solving a crossword puzzle would draw on the intelligence defined here to complete the puzzle. 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

3. Which statement accurately reflects researchers’ understanding of expertise?

A. Experts believe there is only one solution to any given problem.

B. Experts must follow a specific, reliable set of guidelines to solve a problem.

C. Experts may find it challenging to articulate how they arrived at their solutions.

D. Experts often have trouble solving practical problems.

Answer: C. Experts may find it challenging to articulate how they arrived at their solutions.

Question Title: EOM Q8.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Experts believe their solutions just seem right. 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

4. When Rihanna goes shopping at a mall, she often forgets where she parked her car. Which strategy would be most effective in helping Rihanna remember her car’s location?

A. looking at the cars parked next to hers B. telling her older sister to remember for her C. looking for signage indicating where she is parked and repeating the signage marker out loud multiple times D. telling herself that her memory is good by repeating, ―I have a good memory, I have a good memory‖ several times Answer: C. looking for signage indicating where she is parked and repeating the signage marker out loud multiple times Question Title: EOM Q8.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

Consider This: Paying attention to details can make memory better. 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

5. Yousef notices he is having trouble remembering the names of people he recently met. He also has misplaced his keys several times. Yousef, who recently celebrated his 50th birthday, is concerned he may have dementia or a serious memory disease. Which statement best explains the changes Yousef is experiencing?

A. Yousef is showing symptoms of a brain tumor.

B. Sensory memory shows steep declines in middle adulthood.

C. Short-term memory weakens significantly beginning in one’s early 50s.

D. People become less efficient at retrieving information in middle age.

Answer: D. People become less efficient at retrieving information in middle age.

Question Title: EOM Q8.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

Consider This: Both sensory memory and short-term memory show virtually no weakening in middle age. 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood 1. Which individual exemplifies Erikson’s concept of generativity?

A. Dawson, who says, ―I am very satisfied with the loving relationships in my life.‖ B. Macy, who remarks, ―If I have squeezed every ounce out of life, death won’t be so bad.‖ C. Vinnie, who says, ―If you can trust your friend’s judgment, you can trust your own judgment.‖ D. Pam, who remarks, ―I will help young people, because they are the future.‖ Answer: D. Pam, who remarks, ―I will help young people, because they are the future.‖ Question Title: EOM Q8.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

Consider This: Generative people wish to leave a lasting contribution, particularly to future generations. 8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

2. __________ are most likely to marry someone who has been previously divorced.

A. Women over age 40 B. People who have been divorced themselves C. Younger men D. Single women under age 40 Answer: B. People who have been divorced themselves Question Title: EOM Q8.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

Consider This: People who have gone through divorce share similar experiences. 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

3. Fiona is concerned about her friend Anne, who recently confided that she has experienced multiple incidences of domestic abuse, the most recent after her husband, Mark, was fired from his job. Anne has talked about leaving Mark. Based on research on domestic violence, Fiona knows that __________.

A. Mark’s job loss does not provide a rationale for his violent behavior B. she has no reason to be concerned for Anne’s safety C. Mark appears to be in the tension-building stage, and Anne’s efforts to escape may escalate his anger D. Mark is in the loving contrition stage and will easily accept Anne’s decision to leave their marriage Answer: C. Mark appears to be in the tension-building stage, and Anne’s efforts to escape may escalate his anger Question Title: EOM Q8.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.11 Describe causes and characteristics of family violence in the United States.

Consider This: When an abused person attempts to withdraw or avoid the situation, the batterer senses the victim’s vulnerability and may become more enraged. 8.11 Describe causes and characteristics of family violence in the United States.

4. Which statement most accurately reflects worker experiences with burnout?

A. It is a sign that the worker needs to work more hours.

B. It often strikes those who once were the most driven.

C. It most often happens to those in jobs that involve sales.

D. Once burnout sets in, it is nearly impossible to overcome.

Answer: B. It often strikes those who once were the most driven.

Question Title: EOM Q8.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.12 Describe the benefits and challenges of work life in middle adulthood.

Consider This: In some ways, burnout may signal an overcommitment to one’s job. 8.12 Describe the benefits and challenges of work life in middle adulthood.

5. Which statement best reflects the relationship between middle-aged adults and increased leisure time?

A. Most middle-aged adults increase leisure time hours regardless of their financial situation.

B. Early retirees tend to be those with the most significant health problems, since healthier people often work longer.

C. Many retirees are surprised at the increased amount of ―free time‖ retirement affords compared with preretirement.

D. The prospect of increased leisure hours results in a significant number of people taking early retirement.

Answer: D. The prospect of increased leisure hours results in a significant number of people taking early retirement.

Question Title: EOM Q8.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.13 Describe how people experience leisure time in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Leisure time can be very alluring to many middle-aged adults. 8.13 Describe how people experience leisure time in middle adulthood.

Chapter Quiz: Middle Adulthood 1. Current research suggests that exercise in middle adulthood __________.

A. increases the incidence of fractures B. increases the risk of stroke C. enhances mood D. decreases muscle strength Answer: C. enhances mood Question Title: EOC Q8.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.1 Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Regular exercise tends to make people feel stronger and more able to compensate for any age-related losses in strength. 8.1 Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.

2. Like any average middle-aged male, Wilhelm will most likely experience a(n) __________.

A. increase in sperm production B. decrease in pleasure derived from sexual activity C. increase in testosterone production D. increase in the time needed to achieve an erection Answer: D. increase in the time needed to achieve an erection Question Title: EOC Q8.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Both men and women face challenges to their sexuality in midlife. 8.2 Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.

3. Generally speaking, the vast majority of middle-aged adults report __________.

A. an increase in limitations on their activities B. no chronic health difficulties C. an increased incidence of allergies D. little concern for developing cancer Answer: B. no chronic health difficulties Question Title: EOC Q8.3 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.3 Describe the health of the average person in middle adulthood.

Consider This: In some ways, health in middle adulthood is better than in previous periods of life. 8.3 Describe the health of the average person in middle adulthood.

4. Chuck has always been hard-driving, ambitious, and dedicated to his career. After 30 years in the financial industry, he is finding that his well-known tendency to become impatient and verbally lash out at members of his staff is increasing in frequency. He discusses his emotional outbursts with his physician during his annual wellness exam, and his doctor tells him that __________.

A. Chuck need not worry about his angry outbursts as he is just behaving authentically B. Chuck should consider enrolling in an anger management course as he is at greater risk of death due to heart attack C. being competitive and impatient shows employees who is boss and has no downside D. Type A personalities have no greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than do other personality types Answer: B. Chuck should consider enrolling in an anger management course as he is at greater risk of death due to heart attack Question Title: EOC Q8.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.4 Describe risk factors and preventive measures for heart disease and cancer in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Some evidence suggests that only certain personality traits of Type A individuals—specifically, hostility and anger—lead to health problems, including twice the rate of coronary heart disease and a greater number of fatal heart attacks. 8.4 Describe risk factors and preventive measures for heart disease and cancer in middle adulthood.

5. Nathan is concerned that once he reaches middle age, he will lose his mental edge and will no longer be of value to his organization. Nathan’s concerns lead him to discover recent research that suggests __________.

A. aging adults have few strategies to overcome any declining cognitive abilities B. older people are successful due to their particular expertise and competencies C. both verbal memory and numeric ability continue to decline throughout middle adulthood D. like their younger counterparts, older adults use only one brain hemisphere to complete tasks Answer: B. older people are successful due to their particular expertise and competencies Question Title: EOC Q8.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Occupational success may be influenced by specific, well-practiced abilities. 8.5 Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.

6. Which statement is true regarding memory in middle age?

A. Working memory needed for tasks such as following a recipe takes a dramatic decline beginning in middle age.

B. With middle age comes natural declines in all types of memory.

C. Schemas aid people in knowing what to expect in a given situation and, thus, how to behave.

D. Formal strategies for aiding memory are relatively ineffective for the middle-aged brain.

Answer: C. Schemas aid people in knowing what to expect in a given situation and, thus, how to behave.

Question Title: EOC Q8.6 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Understand Objective: 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

Consider This: Organized bodies of information allow people to categorize and interpret new information. 8.6 Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.

7. The notion that most 40-somethings go through a midlife crisis is __________.

A. supported by research B. a common theme in Eastern cultures but not seen in Western societies C. largely a myth and not supported by research D. a universal concept found in all cultures Answer: C. largely a myth and not supported by research Question Title: EOC Q8.7 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

Consider This: Most people pass into middle age with relative ease. 8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

8. According to Roger Gould, at approximately what age do adults begin to feel a sense of urgency about attaining life’s goals?

A. 25 to 33 B. 35 to 43 C. 45 to 53 D. 55 to 63 Answer: B. 35 to 43 Question Title: EOC Q8.8 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

Consider This: Gould suggested there is a particular age period in which people realize that their life is finite, and they can be propelled toward maturity as they come to grips with this reality.

8.7 Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.

9. According to Costa and McCrae’s ―Big Five‖ personality traits, which person is most likely to have challenges getting along with others?

A. Ben, who is low on conscientiousness B. Nancy, who is low on agreeableness C. Jose, who is low on neuroticism D. Chantal, who is low on extraversion Answer: B. Nancy, who is low on agreeableness Question Title: EOC Q8.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 8.8 Analyze whether personality is stable or changes over the life span.

Consider This: It is the trait that measures how easygoing and helpful a person tends to be. 8.8 Analyze whether personality is stable or changes over the life span.

10. Which statement describes a successful coping mechanism that may result in a couple remaining together happily?

A. Understand that a strong marriage is based on changing your partner to eliminate his or her flaws.

B. Learning how to win arguments makes you the stronger partner, while losing arguments is a sign of weakness.

C. Rather than keeping your feelings to yourself, it is best to calmly let your partner know what is bothering you.

D. Focusing on the positive aspects of your relationship is analogous to putting your head in the sand.

Answer: C. Rather than keeping your feelings to yourself, it is best to calmly let your partner know what is bothering you.

Question Title: EOC Q8.10 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Successful couples avoid suffering in silence, but do not approach problems in an accusatory way. 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

11. Lena, a 51-year-old wife and stay-at-home mother, is contemplating divorce after 25 years of marriage. She feels distant from and no longer sexually attracted to her husband. Research on divorce in middle adulthood suggests that __________.

A. contemporary societal views consider divorce socially unacceptable B. there are more legal impediments to divorce now than there were in the past C. Lena’s ability to find employment post-divorce will be relatively easy D. women are apt to find that developing a new, independent self-identity is a positive outcome of divorce Answer: D. women are apt to find that developing a new, independent self-identity is a positive outcome of divorce Question Title: EOC Q8.11 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Divorce can be especially difficult in midlife. Many people who divorce in midlife, though, end up happy. 8.9 Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood.

12. When referring to the ―sandwich generation,‖ what are the ―two pieces of bread‖?

A. children and parents B. coping and stress C. family and job D. grandchildren and children Answer: A. children and parents Question Title: EOC Q8.12 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.10 Analyze the effects and significance of changes in family patterns in middle adulthood.

Consider This: It is a relatively new phenomenon. 8.10 Analyze the effects and significance of changes in family patterns in middle adulthood.

13. According to the cycle of violence hypothesis, __________.

A. adults abused as children rarely repeat abusive behavior as an adult B. adults abused as children are predisposed to be abusers themselves C. two-thirds of adult abusers were abused as children D. wife battering is especially prevalent in cultures where women are viewed as equal to men Answer: B. adults abused as children are predisposed to be abusers themselves Question Title: EOC Q8.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 8.11 Describe causes and characteristics of family violence in the United States.

Consider This: Family aggression is perpetuated from one generation to another. 8.11 Describe causes and characteristics of family violence in the United States.

14. Abby, who has been at the same company for 15 years, is considering her career options at age 53. Given the research on career development, what information would you share with Abby?

A. Starting a new career in midlife is never worth the risk.

B. A career change at midlife is regarded as a sign of emotional instability.

C. Most people who change careers in middle age do so because they are no longer productive.

D. Forecasters believe career changes will become the rule, not the exception.

Answer: D. Forecasters believe career changes will become the rule, not the exception.

Question Title: EOC Q8.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 8.12 Describe the benefits and challenges of work life in middle adulthood.

Consider This: The speed of technological advances is occurring very rapidly. 8.12 Describe the benefits and challenges of work life in middle adulthood.

15. Which statement most accurately reflects cultural impacts on leisure time?

A. The pace of life in the United States is much faster than that experienced in Switzerland.

B. People in the United States enjoy a slower pace of life than do people in Latin America.

C. The pace of life in the United States results in the perceived reduction of leisure time.

D. Research has shown that leisure time is universal and does not exhibit cultural variations.

Answer: C. The pace of life in the United States results in the perceived reduction of leisure time.

Question Title: EOC Q8.15 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 8.13 Describe how people experience leisure time in middle adulthood.

Consider This: Tempo of living impacts how people in any particular country view leisure time.

8.13 Describe how people experience leisure time in middle adulthood.

Chapter 9

Late Adulthood 9-1. Which of the following is considered an expert who studies aging? a) b) c) d)

Genealogist Gerontologist Oncologist Endocrinologist

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 9-2. What is the approximate age of onset of late adulthood? a) b) c) d)

55 65 75 85

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

9-3. Which of the following factors are considered in a description of one’s functional age? a) b) c) d)

Cognitive functioning Physical and psychological well-being Emotional/behavioral functioning Their ability to recover from illness

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 9-4. Which of the following is the definition of ―young old‖? a) b) c) d)

Some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities Healthy and active Frail and in need of care Senior citizen

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 9-5. Which group has some health problems and difficulties with daily activities? a) b) c) d)

Young old Middle old Old old Oldest old

Answer: c Page: 412 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

9-6. Which of the following is the definition of ―old old‖? a) b) c) d)

Some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities Healthy and active Frail and in need of care Geriatric

Answer: a Page: 412 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 9-7. Which of the following is the definition of ―oldest old‖? a) b) c) d)

Some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities Healthy and active Frail and in need of care Senior citizen

Answer: c Page: 412 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 9-8. Sophia is a 98-year-old woman who still lives independently, has no major illnesses, and is able to take daily walks to the local grocery store. Which of the following best describes Sophia’s functional age? a) b) c) d)

Oldest old Old old Young old Geriatric

Answer: c Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

9-9. Deron is a 68-year-old man who smoked most of his life and is now battling asthma. He struggles to complete some of his daily activities; otherwise, he is able to live an independent, full life. Which of the following best describes Deron’s functional age? a) b) c) d)

Oldest old Old old Young old Geriatric

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1 9-10. Wilma is a 75-year-old woman who has chronic pulmonary disease and osteoporosis, and she recently suffered a stroke. She now needs quite a bit of assistance on a daily basis. Which of the following best describes Wilma’s functional age? a) b) c) d)

Oldest old Old old Young old Geriatric

Answer: a Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 2.1

9-11. According to the terminology used by demographers, people between the ages of 65 and 74 years are called __________. a) b) c) d)

old old young old geriatric oldest old

Answer: b Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-12. According to the terminology used by demographers, people between the ages of 75 and 84 years are called __________. a) b) c) d)

old old young old geriatric oldest old

Answer: a Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-13. According to the terminology used by demographers, people above 85 years of age are called __________. a) b) c) d)

old old young old geriatric oldest old

Answer: d Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-14. One out of every __________ people in the United States is 65 years of age or older. a) b) c) d)

four six eight ten

Answer: c Page: 412 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-15. Research indicates that the fastest-growing segment of the population is the __________. a) b) c) d)

old old young old geriatrics oldest old

Answer: d Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-16. Which of the following is a term for prejudice and discrimination directed at older people? a) b) c) d)

Ethnocentrism Abuse Neglect Ageism

Answer: d Page: 412 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 1.1 9-17. In which of the following societies would ageism most likely be seen? a) b) c) d)

Japan The Sioux Nation Nigeria Canada

Answer: d Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 1.2 9-18. Aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, due to genetic programming, occur as people get older is called __________. a) b) c) d)

inward aging secondary aging outward aging primary aging

Answer: d Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.1

9-19. The term senescence is another name for __________. a) b) c) d)

primary aging secondary aging outward aging inward aging

Answer: a Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.2 9-20. Changes in physical functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but which are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable, are called __________ aging. a) b) c) d)

primary secondary outward inward

Answer: b Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.2 9-21. What is the name for the protein that forms the basic fibers of body tissue? a) b) c) d)

Derma Ectoderm Membrane Collagen

Answer: d Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1

9-22. A condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

osteopathy endocrinology osteoporosis rickets

Answer: c Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-23. Osteoporosis affects what percentage of women over the age of 60? a) b) c) d)

10 percent .5 percent 25 percent 50 percent

Answer: c Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-24. Osteoporosis can be treated and even prevented with __________. a) b) c) d)

surgery collagen bone marrow transplants drugs

Answer: d Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1

9-25. In Western cultures, women with gray hair are often described as being ―over the hill‖ while men with gray hair are referred to as ―distinguished.‖ The reality that women are judged more harshly than men relative to appearance is referred to as a __________. a) b) c) d)

double standard double judgment unjust assessment unfair comparison

Answer: a Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.5 9-26. During a geriatrics conference, discussion was focused on age-related changes to brain size and cognitive functioning. Which of the following summaries is most accurate for this discussion? a) The brain will remain the same size, and cognitive function can remain the same if the person keeps active. b) Brain structure and cognition will decline slightly. c) Brain structure will be drastically reduced, and cognitive functioning will decrease. d) The brain becomes smaller and lighter with age, and brain cells begin to decline.

Answer: d Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1

9-27. Which of the following is true regarding brain development and aging? a) b) c) d)

The brain becomes smaller and lighter.

The space between the brain and skull triples between 20 and 70 years of age.

The brain uses more oxygen.

Blood flow is increased in the brain.

Answer: a Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-28. The digestive system produces less digestive juice and is less efficient in pushing food through the system, increasing the incidence of __________. a) b) c) d)

diarrhea constipation hunger pains gas

Answer: b Page: 416 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-29. Smoking accelerates declines in cardiovascular capacity ________. a) b) c) d)

in early adulthood at any age in late adulthood in old age

Answer: b Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1

9-30. The theory suggesting that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

pulmonary hardening theory peripheral slowing hypothesis generalized slowing hypothesis decreased myelination theory

Answer: b Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-31. The theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient with increasing age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

dendrite/axon theory peripheral slowing hypothesis generalized slowing hypothesis decreased myelination theory

Answer: c Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.1

9-32. The notion that the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and brain become less efficient with age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

dendrite/axon theory peripheral slowing hypothesis generalized slowing hypothesis decreased myelination theory

Answer: b Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.1 9-33. The belief that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, slow down with age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

dendrite/axon theory peripheral slowing hypothesis generalized slowing hypothesis decreased myelination theory

Answer: c Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 1.1

9-34. Which of the following is the term for cloudy or opaque areas on the lens of the eye that interfere with the passing of light? a) b) c) d)

Glaucoma Myopia Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts

Answer: d Page: 417 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-35. Which of the following is the term for an increase in pressure in the fluid of the eye that occurs either because it cannot be drained properly or too much fluid is produced? a) b) c) d)

Glaucoma Myopia Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts

Answer: a Page: 417 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1

9-36. Which vision disease, if diagnosed early, can be treated with medication, lasers, and, in some cases, a diet rich in antioxidant vitamins? a) b) c) d)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Myopia Glaucoma Cataracts

Answer: a Page: 417 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-37. What percentage of adults between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 30 percent 50 percent 75 percent

Answer: b Page: 418 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-38. What percentage of adults over the age of 75 have some degree of hearing loss? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 30 percent 50 percent 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 418 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1

9-39. Elderly people experience a decline in their taste and smell sensitivity because __________. a) b) c) d)

they have fewer taste buds on the tongue they use too much salt on their food their olfactory bulbs on the brain begin to expand they no longer perceive food as nutritious

Answer: a Page: 418 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-40. As adults begin losing their sense of taste and smell, they may oversalt their food to enhance flavor. The added intake of salt increases the risk of __________. a) b) c) d)

obesity hypertension cancer anemia

Answer: b Page: 418 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-41. According to surveys conducted in the United States, almost __________ of people 65 years old and older rate their health as good, very good, or excellent. a) b) c) d)

one-quarter one-half two-thirds three-quarters

Answer: d Page: 419 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3

APA LO: 2.1 9-42. Which of the following is a leading cause of death in elderly people? a) b) c) d)

Heart disease Arthritis Alzheimer’s disease Depression

Answer: a Page: 419 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-43. Which of the following is an incurable disease that causes painful inflammation and swelling of one or more joints? a) b) c) d)

Hypertension High blood pressure Alzheimer’s disease Arthritis

Answer: d Page: 419 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-44. Maria is a 65-year-old woman who has difficulty managing simple, everyday tasks because of painful swelling of the joints in her hands. Maria has likely been diagnosed with __________. a) b) c) d)

arthritis high blood pressure Alzheimer’s disease hypertension

Answer: a Page: 419 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-45. What portion of older people have hypertension, or high blood pressure, which is a condition that can lead to an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease or stroke if left untreated? a) b) c) d)

About a third Nearly half Less than one-fifth Just over two-thirds

Answer: a Page: 419 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-46. What percentage of people over the age of 65 show some symptoms of a psychological disorder? a) b) c) d)

10 to 20 percent 15 to 25 percent 25 to 30 percent 30 to 50 percent

Answer: b Page: 419 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-47. One of the most prevalent psychological problems in people over age 65 is __________. a) b) c) d)

Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease depression arthritis

Answer: c Page: 419 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-48. Which of the following is a broad category of diseases encompassing serious memory loss and other declines in mental functioning and is the most common mental disorder of the elderly? a) b) c) d)

Glaucoma Major neurocognitive disorder Alzheimer’s disease Schizoaffective disorder

Answer: b Page: 419 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-49. Seventy-two-year-old Angelo is demonstrating serious memory loss, lessened intellectual ability, and impaired judgment. What diagnosis is Angelo likely to receive from his doctor? a) b) c) d)

Drug intoxication Alzheimer’s disease Major cognitive disorder A stroke

Answer: c Pages: 419–420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-50. The chances of experiencing major neurocognitive disorder increase with __________. a) drug usage b) inflammations c) various diseases d) age Answer: d Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-51. Which of the following people is most likely to show the symptoms of major cognitive disorder? a) b) c) d)

A 63-year-old Caucasian An 85-year-old African American A 64-year-old Hispanic American A 73-year-old Asian American

Answer: b Page: 420 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-52. What is the term for a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion and, in many cases, death? a) b) c) d)

Hypertension Alzheimer’s disease Drug intoxication A stroke

Answer: b Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-54. Approximately how many deaths are a result of Alzheimer’s disease annually in the United States? a) b) c) d)

25,000 50,000 100,000 150,000

Answer: c Page: 420 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-55. What percentage of people 85 and older has Alzheimer’s disease? a) b) c) d)

30 percent 40 percent 50 percent 60 percent

Answer: c Page: 420 Skill: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-56. The Alzheimer’s Foundation of America projects that unless a cure is discovered, by 2050 __________ people will afflicted with Alzheimer’s. a) b) c) d)

5 million 10 million 14 million 18 million

Answer: c Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-57. What is the first sign of Alzheimer’s? a) b) c) d)

Depression Anxiety Hypertension Forgetfulness

Answer: d Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-58. Muriel is an 86-year-old woman who tries to function independently but has suffered for several years with forgetfulness, especially with recent memories. She has trouble recalling the names of her best friends when they call on the phone, and she worries that she may have a form of dementia called __________. a) b) c) d)

Alzheimer’s disease Huntington’s disease schizophrenia Parkinson’s disease

Answer: a Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-59. In the final stage of Alzheimer’s disease, people __________. a) b) c) d)

lose olfactory buds have trouble recalling particular words during conversation demonstrate unusual forgetfulness lose voluntary control of their muscles and are bedridden

Answer: d Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-60. One theory of how __________ occurs is that the production of beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, and clumps of inflammatory and deterioration-causing cells are produced. a) b) c) d)

Huntington’s disease Alzheimer’s disease schizophrenia Parkinson’s disease

Answer: b Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 1.1 9-61. Drug therapy to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease focuses on the loss of the neurotransmitter __________. a) b) c) d)

serotonin dopamine acetylcholine ribonucleic acid

Answer: c Page: 420 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-62. Donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and tacrine (Cognex) are among the common drugs prescribed to treat __________. a) b) c) d)

Huntington’s disease Alzheimer’s disease schizophrenia Parkinson’s disease

Answer: b Page: 421 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-63. Alzheimer’s patients constitute approximately __________ of the people living in nursing homes. a) b) c) d)

one-quarter two-thirds two-fifths one-fifth

Answer: b Page: 421 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-64. Which of the following is a common emotion expressed by caretakers of loved ones suffering from Alzheimer’s disease? a) b) c) d)

Anger Optimism Empathy Fear

Answer: a Page: 421 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-65. Older people spend almost __________ of their total expenses on health care. a) b) c) d)

5 percent 8 percent 10 percent 13 percent

Answer: d Page: 421 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-66. The goal of professionals such as social services workers is to help senior citizens extend their __________. a) b) c) d)

periods between illnesses life expectancies active life spans mental capabilities

Answer: c Page: 421 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 1.2

9-67. What percentage of the elderly do not have adequate nutrition and even suffer from hunger in the United States? a) b) c) d)

1 to 5 percent 5 to 10 percent 15 to 50 percent 60 to 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 422 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-68. What are the two most important factors that determine whether or not an elderly person will engage in sexual activity? a) b) c) d)

Family approval and personal sexual history Participation in an exercise program, and whether they have an available partner Good physical and mental health, and previous regular sexual activity The level of testosterone in males, and the level of estrogen in females

Answer: c Page: 422 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-69. Which theories promote the view that the cells of the body can only duplicate a certain number of times and that the genetic instructions for running the body can be read only a certain number of times before they become illegible? a) b) c) d)

Wear-and-tear theories Genetic programming theories of aging Life expectancy theories Inevitable death theories

Answer: b Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1 9-70. Theories that suggest that a body’s DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells are called the __________. a) b) c) d)

wear-and-tear theories inevitable death theories life expectancy theories genetic programming theories of aging

Answer: d Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1

9-71. Which theories promote the existence of a ―death gene‖ that is programmed to direct the body to deteriorate and die? a) b) c) d)

Wear-and-tear theories Inevitable death theories Life expectancy theories Genetic programming theories of aging

Answer: d Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1 9-72. Which theories promote the idea that a long life after the reproductive years is unnecessary for the survival of the species? a) b) c) d)

Wear and tear theories Genetic programming theories of aging Life expectancy theories Inevitable death theories

Answer: b Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1

9-73. Evidence supporting the genetic programming theories of aging comes from research showing that when human cells are permitted to divide in the laboratory, they can do so successfully only around __________ times. a) b) c) d)

10 20 50 75

Answer: c Page: 423 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.2 9-74. What is the term for the part of the protective area(s) or tip of the DNA that grow(s) shorter every time the cell divides? a) b) c) d)

Chromosomes Ribonucleic acid Telomeres Antigen

Answer: c Page: 423 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1

9-75. When a cell’s __________ has (have) just about disappeared, the cell stops replicating, making it susceptible to damage and producing signs of aging. a) b) c) d)

chromosomes ribonucleic acid telomeres antigen

Answer: c Page: 423 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1 9-76. The theories that the mechanical functions of the body simply decay with age are called the __________. a) b) c) d)

wear-and-tear theories inevitable death theories life expectancy theories genetic programming theories of aging

Answer: a Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1

9-77. The wear-and-tear theories of aging argue that the body constantly manufactures energy and creates ___________, which eventually reach such high levels that they impair the body’s normal functioning. a) b) c) d)

by-products radiations diseases toxins

Answer: a Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1 9-78. Which theories of aging argue that the body’s constant manufacturing of energy creates byproducts that combine with various toxins and eventually reach such high levels that they impair the body’s ability to function normally? a) b) c) d)

Life expectancy theories Genetic programming theories of aging Wear-and-tear theories Inevitable death theories

Answer: c Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1

9-79. What is a category of by-product that is produced in the body and has been related to aging? a) Carbon dioxide b) Oxygen-deprived ribonucleic acid c) Acetylcholine d) Free radical Answer: d Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1 9-80. What is the term for the average age of death for members of a population? a) b) c) d)

Life span Life expectancy Peer group expectancy Active duration

Answer: b Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1 9-81. The life expectancy of a person born in 2012 is __________ years of age. a) b) c) d)

79 68 75 120

Answer: a Page: 424 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1

9-82. Rachel and Lucas are at the local farmer’s market and are discussing which of the many options to purchase for their weekly grocery outing. Considering the many selections at the market, which of the following dietary choices has the potential to extend both Rachel and Lucas’s active life spans? a) b) c) d)

Eating plenty of protein-rich red meats Consuming daily grains Eating fresh fruit and vegetables Eating a diet high in fresh dairy-based products

Answer: c Page: 425 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.5 9-83. Life expectancy is almost 10 percent greater for __________ than for __________. a) b) c) d)

Caucasians; Asian Americans Latino Americans; Asian Americans African Americans; Latino Americans Caucasians; African Americans

Answer: d Page: 426 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 2.1

9-84. When it comes to performance on intelligence tests, older people might do worse on any timed intelligence testing due to __________. a) b) c) d)

loss of intellectual capacity slower reaction time impaired auditory processing decrease in comprehension

Answer: b Page: 428 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.6 APA LO: 1.1 9-85. K. Warner Schaie has employed an ongoing study of intelligence in older people using the __________ research method. a) b) c) d)

cross-sectional longitudinal experimental sequential

Answer: d Page: 429 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.1

9-86. Research shows that __________ declines with age, whereas __________ remains steady and sometimes improves. a) b) c) d)

crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence information processing; fluid intelligence fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence crystallized intelligence; information processing

Answer: c Page: 429 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.2 9-87. Plasticity in cognitive skills in the elderly depends on __________. a) b) c) d)

innate skills degeneration of the senses proper stimulation demotivation

Answer: c Page: 429 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.2

9-88. The relationship between environmental factors and intellectual skills suggests that with the proper stimulation, practice, and motivation, older people can maintain their mental abilities.

This illustrates the concept of __________. a) b) c) d)

learning plasticity life experience intellectual functioning

Answer: b Page: 429 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.1 9-89. Researcher Timothy Salthouse suggests that if people are mentally active all of their lives, they enter late adulthood with __________. a) a higher IQ b) a ―cognitive reserve‖ that allows them to continue to perform at a relatively high mental level c) learned practice skills that help the elderly ―use it or lose it‖ d) the knowledge of how to find and take advantage of adequate or proper mental stimulation Answer: b Page: 430 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.1

9-90. Elderly persons in __________ are less likely to show memory decline than those in Western countries. a) b) c) d)

United States China Italy Canada

Answer: b Page: 430 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-91. Memories that are related to specific life experiences, such as recalling the events of a vacation, are called __________ memories. a) b) c) d)

life episodic semantic visual

Answer: b Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1

9-92. Memories that are related to general facts, such as the names of state capitals or addition facts, are called __________ memories. a) b) c) d)

factual episodic semantic visual

Answer: c Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-93. Memories that are related to unconscious information, such as how to ride a bike or write one’s name, are called __________ memories. a) b) c) d)

factual episodic semantic implicit

Answer: d Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1

9-94. Which type of memory capacity changes during old age and shows a more pronounced decline around age 70? a) b) c) d)

Long-term memory Implicit memory Short-term memory Episodic memory

Answer: c Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-95. The most challenging information for those in old age to remember is __________. a) b) c) d)

date of birth information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions names of family members current events, such as the name of the president of the United States

Answer: b Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1

9-96. When an elderly person demonstrates difficulty with multi-step verbal information that is presented quickly, the person is exhibiting problems with __________ memory. a) b) c) d)

episodic long-term implicit short-term

Answer: d Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-97. Older people find it harder to recall information regarding __________. a) b) c) d)

unfamiliar things life experiences familiar things historical facts

Answer: a Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 1.2 9-98. Memories from one’s own life are called __________ memories. a) b) c) d)

visual implicit autobiographical explicit

Answer: c Pages: 430–431 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1

9-99. When pleasant memories are more likely to be recalled than unpleasant memories, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

implicit memory explicit memory the Pollyanna principle autobiographical memory

Answer: c Page: 431 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-100. Hannah is a strict parent and does not recall that she herself got drunk at her senior prom, which does not ―fit‖ with the way she currently views herself. This failure to recall a negative or unpleasant memory is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

implicit memory explicit memory autobiographical memory the Pollyanna principle

Answer: d Page: 431 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1

9-101. Explanations for memory changes in older people focus on three main categories: biological factors, information processing deficits, and __________ factors. a) b) c) d)

autobiographical environmental motivational cultural

Answer: b Page: 431 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 1.1 9-102. Which of the following aspects of memory loss involving information-processing deficits has received the most research support? a) Memory declines are due to changes in the ability to pay attention to and organize tasks involving memory skills. b) People in late adulthood have a different ability for inhibiting irrelevant information and thoughts that interfere with learning and recalling memorized information. c) The speed at which the elderly process information is slower and perhaps contributes to slow reaction times in retrieving memories. d) The elderly suffer neuron loss that inhibits their ability to hold and retrieve information.

Answer: a Page: 431 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 1.2

9-103. The challenge of pinpointing the effects of biological deterioration on memory is that __________. a) declines in autobiographical memory may be related to a reduction in testosterone b) some studies show a loss of cells in the cerebellum c) memory loss may be related to breakdown of the temporal lobe d) some memory deficits occur without any evidence of underlying biological deterioration Answer: d Page: 431 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 1.2 9-104. A large generational divide involves the use of technology. People who are older than 65 are less likely to use technology than younger individuals. Some of this difference may be explained by a reduction in fluid intelligence that occurs as we age. What kind of barrier would describe this limitation? a) b) c) d)

Physical Emotional Cognitive Psychological

Answer: c Page: 432 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.9 APA LO: 2.1

9-105. According to Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, the ―Big Five‖ personality traits __________. a) b) c) d)

vary with lifestyle changes vary based on social and psychological factors change across adulthood appear stable across adulthood

Answer: d Page: 434 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.9 APA LO: 1.1 9-106. Which statement regarding personality throughout adulthood is true? a) b) c) d)

Profound changes in social environments can produce fluctuations.

Changes in physiological adaptation produce fluctuations in personality.

Personality will change with age.

There are constant fluctuations in personality.

Answer: a Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-107. Which theorist examined personality in the ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development? a) b) c) d)

Robert Peck Daniel Levinson Erik Erikson Bernice Neugarten

Answer: c Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1

9-108. The ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development is characterized by a process of __________. a) b) c) d)

reexamining one’s accomplishments and preparing for retirement looking back over one’s life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it preparing for death making personality changes

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-109. George is beginning to look back on his life and evaluate it. Which stage describes what George is attempting to accomplish? a) b) c) d)

Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role Ego integrity versus despair Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Coping with aging

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-110. MacDonald is in his mid-60s. He is reflecting on his life and is experiencing a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. Erikson refers to this as __________. a) b) c) d)

self-esteem civility integrity self-appraisal

Answer: c Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-111. Some people contemplate their lives and realize they are dissatisfied. They realize that missed opportunities have passed and that they have not accomplished what they wished.

According to the theory of psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, these individuals experience __________. a) b) c) d)

despair destitute civility self-correction

Answer: a Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-112. Which of the following reflects Robert Peck’s view of the first task in old age? a) b) c) d)

People must redefine themselves in a manner not relating to their work roles.

People should reflect on their life’s accomplishments.

People should begin the process of getting their affairs in order.

People should develop short-term life goals.

Answer: a Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-113. Mollie has been retired for 10 years and is 71 years old. She is having a conversation with her daughter, discussing plans to do different things with each of her grandchildren. According to Robert Peck, Mollie is in what developmental stage? a) b) c) d)

Ego integrity versus despair Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

Answer: d Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-114. What is the major task to be accomplished in the body-transcendence-versus-bodypreoccupation stage? a) b) c) d)

Coping with the aging process Learning to cope with and move beyond physical changes Coping with mental decompensation Preparing for death

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-115. In Peck’s body-transcendence-versus-body-preoccupation stage, what may ultimately be affected in the developmental process? a) b) c) d)

Emotions Personality Cognition Ability to learn

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1

9-116. Which psychologist has suggested that personality development in elderly people is occupied by three major developmental tasks or challenges? a) b) c) d)

Bernice Neugarten Daniel Levinson Robert Peck Erik Erikson

Answer: c Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-117. In Peck’s developmental stages, body transcendence refers to __________. a) b) c) d)

moving beyond psychological limitations moving beyond physical changes having order in one’s life congruence between mind and body

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1

9-118. Last year, Greta’s knee injury caused her to drop out of her bowling league, but at 90 years old, she still enjoys life and is involved in many activities. Greta is successful at which of Peck’s developmental stages? a) b) c) d)

Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Integrity versus despair

Answer: c Page: 435 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-119. Jamil has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and has been given 6 months to live. He and his family are starting to come to grips with his impending death. What developmental task is he facing? a) b) c) d)

Ego intensity versus despair Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation role Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role Body transcendence versus body preoccupation

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1

9-120. How do people experience ego transcendence? a) b) c) d)

Seeing their contributions lasting beyond their own lives Preoccupation with the question of whether their lives had meaning Experiencing their lives as positive Reaffirming their dedication to life

Answer: a Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-121. What is the focus of Daniel Levinson’s theory of adult development? a) b) c) d)

Reaffirmation of personality change throughout the course of life from birth to death Preparation for death Achievement of ego transcendence Process of personality change associated with aging

Answer: d Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-122. According to Daniel Levinson, at which of the following ages might a person be entering into late adulthood by passing through a transition stage? a) b) c) d)

54 63 70 75

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-123. Daniel Levinson discusses a transition stage people pass through when entering late adulthood; in this transition stage, they realize that they are __________. a) b) c) d)

virile old competent ego vested

Answer: b Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-124. Which of the following areas was the focus of Bernice Neugarten’s work? a) b) c) d)

How emotions affect the aging process Different ways people cope with aging Cognitive processes in aging Social deterrents to the aging process

Answer: b Page: 436 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-125. Jorge cannot accept that he is getting older and experiences despair. According to Bernice Neugarten, what is his personality type? a) b) c) d)

Passive-dependent Defended Disintegrated and disorganized Integrated

Answer: c Page: 436 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: L0O9.10 APA LO: 1.1

9-126. Camille is becoming extremely fearful of becoming ill as she ages and constantly makes preparations for the help that she thinks she will need. According to Bernice Neugarten, Camille is a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

integrated personality defended personality disintegrated and disorganized personality passive-dependent personality

Answer: d Page: 436 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-127. According to Bernice Neugarten, people who attempt to stop the aging process by acting young, exercising, and participating in youthful activities are a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

defended personality integrated personality passive-dependent personality disintegrated and disorganized personality

Answer: a Pages: 436–437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-128. According to Robert Butler, what triggers a life review? a) b) c) d)

Hospitalization The obvious prospect of one’s death Confinement in a nursing home A diagnosis of dementia

Answer: b Page: 437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-129. Which of the following is a benefit of a life review? a) b) c) d)

Reopening old wounds Understanding the future Resolving lingering problems and conflicts Facing past life situations with serenity

Answer: c Page: 437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-130. __________ may improve memory by activating memories that bring back sights, sounds, and even smells of the past. a) b) c) d)

Reminiscence Life review Physical therapy Aromatherapy

Answer: a Page: 437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 2.1

9-131. The view of aging and the treatment of people in late adulthood in __________ tends to be more positive than in __________ cultures. a) b) c) d)

Ethiopia; Asian Asia; Western Canada; Eastern Norway; Asian

Answer: b Page: 438 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.11 APA LO: 2.5 9-132. Although intelligence permits a person to think logically and systematically, _________ provides an understanding of human behavior. a) b) c) d)

comparative analysis observation contemplation wisdom

Answer: d Page: 439 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.12 APA LO: 2.1

9-133. The accumulation of knowledge, experience, and contemplation is referred to as __________, a quality that is contributed to by aging. a) b) c) d)

maturity intelligence wisdom aging

Answer: c Page: 439 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.12 APA LO: 1.2 9-134. Which of the following theories focuses on a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, social, and psychological levels? a) b) c) d)

Disengagement theory Activity theory Continuity theory Compensational theory

Answer: a Page: 440 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1 9-135. What factor led to the development of the activity theory? a) b) c) d)

Lack of support for the continuity theory Lack of correlational factors Too few subjects in studies Lack of support for the disengagement theory

Answer: d Page: 440 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.2

9-136. The theory suggesting that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age is called __________. a) b) c) d)

disengagement theory activity theory continuity theory compensational theory

Answer: b Page: 440 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1 9-137. The theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem is called __________. a) b) c) d)

disengagement theory activity theory continuity theory compensational theory

Answer: c Page: 441 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1

9-138. Which of the following is considered an essential factor that determines happiness in late adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Extensive wealth Average physical health A sense of autonomy, independence, and control over one’s life Maintaining a relationship with a long-term, committed partner

Answer: c Page: 441 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.2 9-139. Men who go bald prematurely, and then see themselves as older than they are, are at greater risk of developing prostate cancer and heart disease. This finding is a reflection of Langer’s work on __________.

a) b) c) d)

silence surroundings mindfulness weight training music therapy

Answer: b Page: 441 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 2.5

9-140. The process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called __________. a) b) c) d)

selective optimization activity theory continuity theory minimizing theory

Answer: a Page: 442 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1 9-141. Which model of successful aging was developed by Paul and Margret Baltes and focuses on the assumption that late adulthood brings changes and losses in underlying capabilities that vary from person to person? a) b) c) d)

Continuity theory Activity theory Selective optimization with compensation Compensational theory

Answer: c Page: 442 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1

9-142. What percentage of elderly people finish their lives in nursing homes? a) b) c) d)

3 percent 5 percent 7 percent 10 percent

Answer: b Pages: 442–443 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-143. People over the age of 65 represent what percentage of single-person households? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 15 percent 25 percent 30 percent

Answer: c Page: 443 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-144. What proportion of people over the age of 65 live with family members? a) b) c) d)

one-fifth one-quarter one-half two-thirds

Answer: d Page: 443 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-145. Which of the following strategies can help prevent conflicts when elderly people live with their children? a) b) c) d)

Establishing ground rules regarding roles Allowing everyone to be totally independent Having family meetings Establishing separate living areas

Answer: a Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 1.2 9-146. What percentage of people in late adulthood live in homes that are considered some kind of specialized environment? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: b Page: 443 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-147. Frederick is living in a specialized living environment where all residents are of retirement age and in need of some level of care. The specific needs, however, differ from one resident to the next. Frederick probably lives in a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

adult day care skilled nursing facility assisted-living facility continuing-care community

Answer: d Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-148. Grace’s care needs have increased since her husband’s death. She has moved into an independent housing unit that is supported by medical providers as needed. Grace is living in a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

adult day care facility assisted-living facility skilled nursing facility support facility

Answer: b Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-149. What is a major drawback of some continuing-care facilities? a) b) c) d)

Requiring a substantial initial payment Not being homogeneous Location Type of care

Answer: a Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-150. Amad does not need continued care. However, he does receive care during the day in the form of meals and occasional nursing care. What type of facility does Amad attend? a) b) c) d)

Drop-in facility Skilled nursing Assisted living Adult day care

Answer: d Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-151. What type of facility provides extensive care for those with chronic illnesses or who are recovering from a temporary medical condition? a) b) c) d)

Skilled nursing Adult day care Assisted living Independent living

Answer: a Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-152. Renee is 67 years old and is in the hospital because she broke her hip. She will need extensive physical therapy for 2 months. Which of the following is the proper facility to provide care for her? a) b) c) d)

Adult day care Skilled nursing Assisted living Extended care

Answer: b Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-153. What percentage of people older than 65 live in nursing homes? a) b) c) d)

1.4 percent 3.0 percent 4.4 percent 7.0 percent

Answer: b Page: 443 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-154. Tony has been in a nursing home for 1 year. He has become apathetic and indifferent and does not care about himself. From which of the following is Tony suffering? a) b) c) d)

Disengagement Disenfranchisement Institutionalism Neurodementia

Answer: c Page: 444 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 1.1 9-155. Learned helplessness is a belief that __________. a) b) c) d)

being helpless leads to wellness being helpless leads to despair one must help oneself to receive help one has no control over one’s environment

Answer: d Page: 444 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 1.1 9-156. Which statement is true regarding financial issues in late adulthood? a) Social inequities that various socioeconomic groups experience magnify with increasing age. b) Social inequities seem to level out in late adulthood. c) People who spend money early in their lives adopt a meager spending style. d) Cost of living does not have a profound effect in late adulthood.

Answer: a Page: 444 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1

9-157. What percentage of people age 65 and older live in poverty? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: b Page: 444 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-158. What percentage of women living on their own in late adulthood live on an income below the poverty line? a) b) c) d)

10 percent 15 percent 20 percent 25 percent

Answer: d Page: 444 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-159. What percentage of African Americans in late adulthood live below the poverty level? a) b) c) d)

8 percent 12 percent 24 percent 31 percent

Answer: c Page: 444 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1

9-160. What is a source of financial vulnerability for people in late adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Gambling Reliance on fixed income Poor investments Cost of living

Answer: b Page: 444 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-161. Older people spend what percentage of their income on health care? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: d Page: 445 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-162. What 1970s legislation was passed that significantly affects the elderly? a) b) c) d)

Social security stipends were increased.

Taxes on social security payments were increased.

Mandatory retirement ages were made illegal in almost every profession.

The age at which people can begin receiving social security was increased to 65.

Answer: c Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.5

9-163. What is an obstacle that the elderly continue to face with regard to working? a) The elderly don’t have the stamina in their jobs that they had when they were younger. b) The elderly don’t always have reliable transportation or a car to drive to their jobs. c) The elderly continue to face age discrimination. d) The working elderly lose tax advantages if they continue to work.

Answer: c Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.2 9-164. Which of the following professions was exempted from laws prohibiting a mandatory retirement age? a) b) c) d)

Politics Literature Science Public safety

Answer: d Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.2 9-165. Which of the following may soon be considered an incentive to hiring the elderly? a) b) c) d)

Retirement of baby boomers, shrinking the workforce Government tax incentives for hiring the elderly The elderly going back to school for additional skills Legal actions and lawsuits for firing the elderly

Answer: a Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.5

9-166. Which stage of retirement involves retirees engaging in a variety of activities, such as travel, that were less possible while they were still working full time? a) b) c) d)

Disenchantment Reorientation Retirement routine Honeymoon

Answer: d Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.1 9-167. Which stage of retirement involves retirees feeling that retirement is not all that they thought it would be and missing the stimulation of a job or finding that it’s difficult to keep busy? a) b) c) d)

Disenchantment Reorientation Retirement routine Honeymoon

Answer: a Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.1

9-168. Which stage of retirement involves retirees reconsidering their options and becoming engaged in new, more fulfilling activities? a) b) c) d)

Disenchantment Reorientation Retirement routine Termination

Answer: b Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.1 9-169. Which stage of retirement involves retirees coming to grips with the realities of retirement and feeling fulfilled with the new phase of life? a) b) c) d)

Disenchantment Reorientation Retirement routine Honeymoon

Answer: c Page: 447 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.1 9-170. What percentage of women outlive their husbands? a) b) c) d)

30 percent 50 percent 70 percent 90 percent

Answer: c Page: 448 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1

9-171. Because there are fewer men available (many have died), older women are unlikely to __________. a) b) c) d)

have companionship retire remarry divorce

Answer: c Page: 448 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-172. When does research suggest that a man is most likely to leave his wife for a younger woman? a) b) c) d)

When the marriage is 7 years old When the children are grown When the couple is childless Soon after the man retires and is in psychological turmoil

Answer: d Page: 448 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-173. What percentage of the population enters late adulthood having never been married? a) b) c) d)

5 percent 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent

Answer: a Page: 448 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1

9-174. For some married couples, retirement alters the long-standing distribution of __________. a) b) c) d)

child-care tasks family relationships financial responsibilities household chores

Answer: d Page: 449 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-175. After retirement, spouses often reverse roles: men become __________ while women become __________. a) b) c) d)

less nurturing; more nurturing more aggressive; less aggressive more affiliative; more autonomous more autonomous; less competitive

Answer: c Page: 449 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Analyze It Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-176. Upon a partner’s death, spouses suddenly assume a new and unfamiliar societal role: __________. a) b) c) d)

widowhood head of household caregiver grief counselor

Answer: a Page: 449 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1

9-177. Which of the following stages of adjusting to widowhood relates to buying insurance, preparing a will, and the decision to have children? a) b) c) d)

Regret Preparation Grief and mourning Adaptation

Answer: b Page: 450 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 1.1 9-178. Which of the following stages of adjusting to widowhood relates to the immediate reaction to the death of a spouse including shock, pain of loss, grief, and reality testing? a) b) c) d)

Regret Preparation Grief and mourning Adaptation

Answer: c Page: 450 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 1.1

9-179. Which of the following stages of adjusting to widowhood includes accepting one’s loss, reorganizing roles, and forming new friendships? a) b) c) d)

Regret Preparation Grief and mourning Adaptation

Answer: d Page: 450 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 1.1 9-180. Pedro is age 65 and was married for 42 years. His children are concerned because their mother died more than 3 years ago, but their father continues in unrelenting grief. Their father cannot seem to let go of the loss of his spouse. He has intrusive memories that impede normal functioning. Pedro is experiencing __________. a) b) c) d)

extreme grief complicated grief complicated mourning depressionalization

Answer: b Page: 450 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 1.1

9-181. Because late adulthood often causes a gradual loss of control in other areas, such as in health, the ability to maintain __________ may take on more importance than in other stages of life. a) b) c) d)

finances friendships their home physical appearance

Answer: b Page: 451 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-182. __________ is assistance and comfort supplied by a network of caring, interested people. a) b) c) d)

Social support Emotional support A self-help group Assisted living

Answer: a Page: 451 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 1.1 9-183. What percentage of children live within a 30-minute drive of their parents? a) b) c) d)

45 percent 60 percent 75 percent 90 percent

Answer: c Page: 452 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1

9-184. According to parents’ responses in a research study, what is the most important way that children should behave toward their elderly parents? a) b) c) d)

Discuss matters of importance.

Provide financial help.

Live close to the parent.

Make room in their home in an emergency.

Answer: a Page: 452 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-185. Children’s responsibility in perpetuating an older parent’s views, beliefs, values, and standards is called __________. a) b) c) d)

lifestyle characteristics developmental stake scruples

Answer: c Page: 452 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-186. Which group of grandparents tends to be more involved with their grandchildren? a) b) c) d)

White American Asian American Hispanic American African American

Answer: d Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1

9-187. What is the most likely reason for the involvement of African American grandfathers with their grandchildren? a) African Americans have larger families and more grandchildren. b) African Americans have more multigenerational families than white American families, and grandparents play a role in childrearing. c) African American families lack a sufficient number of male role models, because a high percentage are single-parent, multigenerational families. d) African American males suffer a higher level of unemployment and therefore have more time for family matters and childrearing.

Answer: b Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-188. Most grandchildren express a preference for their __________. a) b) c) d)

paternal grandmother maternal grandfather maternal grandmother paternal grandfather

Answer: c Page: 453 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1

9-189. The physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals is called __________. a) b) c) d)

elder ignorance ageism elder abuse age discrimination

Answer: c Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.18 APA LO: 1.1 9-190. Approximately how many older people experience elder abuse each year? a) 20 percent b) 11 percent c) 15 percent d) 5 percent Answer: b Page: 453 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.18 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 9-191. Briefly explain ageism and how it operates in society.

Answer: Ageism is prejudice and discrimination that is directed at older people. This view suggests that older people are less in command of their mental faculties. Older people are viewed more negatively than younger people on a variety of traits, particularly those relating to general competence and attractiveness. Ageism is a modern and Western cultural phenomenon—in the American colonial period, long life was an indication of virtue, and Asian and Native American societies view older people as wise and as storehouses of information about the past.

Pages: 412–414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 1.1 9-192. Briefly describe some of the promising avenues to increase the human life span.

Answer: (1) Telomere therapy to lengthen the telomere means that aging could be slowed. (2) Drug therapy: scientists in 2009 discovered that the drug rapamycin could extend life in mice.

(3) Unlocking longevity genes’ ability to overcome environmental challenges and physical adversity; (4) Reducing free radicals through antioxidant drugs; (5) Restricting calorie intake to prolong longevity, and developing drugs to mimic caloric restriction; (6) The bionic solution: Replacing worn-out organs with transplants to prolong life.

Page: 425 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1

9-193. Briefly describe some of the aspects of the gender gap in life expectancy.

Answer: Women live approximately 4 to 10 years longer than men to, and more female babies survive the prenatal, infancy, and childhood period than male babies to. At age 85, there are 2.57 women for every male. Higher levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones and better lifestyles help to protect women from heart disease and live healthier lives. The gender gap increased in the 1980s, although it seems to have leveled off since then due to similar lifestyles between men and women.

Page: 426 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.1 9-194. Briefly give some explanations for memory changes in older people.

Answer: (1) Environmental factors such as taking prescription drugs can affect memory; too, retirees need to use their memories less than they did when they were facing job challenges. (2) Information-processing deficits may lead to declines in recall abilities—the ability to screen out irrelevant information or thoughts may decrease, and the speed of information processing may decline. Older people may lose the ability to concentrate on new material and have difficulty paying attention and organizing material in memory and use less efficient processes to retrieve information from memory. (3) Biological factors such as brain and body deterioration may cause memory changes. Declines in episodic memory may be related to deterioration of the frontal lobes of the brain or a reduction in estrogen; studies also show cell loss in the hippocampus, which is critical to memory.

Page: 431 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 1.1

9-195. Briefly describe the ways in which culture shapes the view of late adulthood.

Answer: In general, Asian societies have a history of holding the elderly in higher esteem than Western societies do. Although this may be changing slightly in rapidly industrializing areas of Asia, the view of the aging and treatment of older people is still more positive than it is in Western societies. In Asian societies, the elders usually control resources to a great extent. Asian cultures are more organized around extended families that integrate older generations; therefore, young Asians see elders as knowledgeable and valuable. Chinese society promotes respect for elders, but actual behavior may not accurately reflect those beliefs except in elite society. Latino and African cultures also venerate elderly people.

Page: 438 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.11 APA LO: 1.1 9-196. Briefly explain the distinction between intelligence and wisdom.

Answer: Researchers report that the difference between intelligence and wisdom is timing.

Intelligence produces knowledge related to the here and now, while wisdom is a more timeless quality that grows over time. Intelligence provides logical and systematic thinking, while wisdom relates to the understanding of human behavior. An example presented in the text is as follows: ―According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, intelligence permits humans to invent the atom bomb, whereas wisdom prevents them from using it.‖ Page: 439 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.12 APA LO: 1.1

9-197. Provide a summary of what gerontologists suggest are factors of a good retirement.

Answer: Research on planning and living a good retirement suggest the following: prepare finances to include health insurance, savings, and pensions; shift slowly from full-time to parttime work; consider your likes and dislikes and incorporate into leisure activities; discuss how you and your partner view retirement; consider the ideal retirement location; don’t live too close to children or grandchildren; allow time for volunteering in nonprofit organizations.

Page: 447 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.5

TRUE/FALSE 9-198. Demographers have taken to dividing their measurements of the elderly population by age.

Answer: True Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-199. The percentage of people over the age of 65 is projected to decline by the year 2050.

Answer: False Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-200. The population explosion of the oldest old is limited to the United States.

Answer: False Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-201. By 2050, the number of adults worldwide over age 60 will exceed the number of people under the age of 15 for the first time in history.

Answer: True Page: 412 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-202. Ageism directed toward people in late adulthood may be considered a peculiarly modern and Western cultural phenomenon.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 1.2

9-203. The majority of old people (age 65 and older) have severe memory deficits, are disoriented, or suffer from major neurocognitive disorders.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-204. The majority of old people have no interest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-205. Physical strength tends to decline in old age.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-206. At least 10 percent of the aged are living in long-stay institutions (such as nursing homes, mental hospitals, and homes for the aged).

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-207. Older workers usually cannot work as effectively as younger workers.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-208. More than three-quarters of the aged are healthy enough to carry out their normal activities.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-209. The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-210. Old people usually take longer to learn something new.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-211. It is almost impossible for the average old person to learn something new.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-212. Older people tend to react more slowly than do younger people.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-213. In general, old people tend to be pretty much alike.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-214. The majority of old people say they are seldom bored.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1

9-215. The majority of old people are socially isolated.

Answer: False Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-216. Older workers have fewer accidents than do younger workers.

Answer: True Page: 414 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.1 APA LO: 2.1 9-217. Men are just as susceptible to osteoporosis as women.

Answer: False Page: 415 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-218. The internal functioning of many organ systems declines with age.

Answer: True Pages: 415–416 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1

9-219. Drivers over the age of 70 have fewer fatal accidents per mile than teenagers do.

Answer: False Page: 416 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.2 APA LO: 2.1 9-220. Aging affects a person’s ability to hear higher frequencies.

Answer: True Page: 418 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-220. Hearing aids make it difficult for wearers to separate what they want to hear from other sounds, such as background noise.

Answer: True Page: 418 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-221. Hearing aids can be helpful in compensating for hearing loss in 100 percent of the elderly population.

Answer: False Page: 418 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1

9-222. Hearing loss in the elderly can hasten cognitive decline.

Answer: True Page: 418 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.3 APA LO: 2.1 9-223. The elderly population shows a higher percentage of psychological disorders than do young adults.

Answer: False Page: 419 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-224. The elderly display the same behavioral symptoms of a psychological disorder as young adults do.

Answer: False Page: 419 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-225. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease have a sudden onset and come without warning.

Answer: False Page: 420 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-226. The triggers for Alzheimer’s disease have been uncovered by researchers.

Answer: False Page: 420 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-227. Western societal expectations present negative attitudes toward the elderly being sexually active; this is not necessarily true in other cultures and societies.

Answer: True Page: 422 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-228. Testosterone declines during adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1 9-229. Elderly people do not contract sexually transmitted diseases.

Answer: False Page: 423 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.4 APA LO: 2.1

9-230. Gerontologists suspect that the lifespan can be increased to approximately 120 years but that would probably require some major genetic alterations in humans.

Answer: True Page: 425 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.1: Physical Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.5 APA LO: 1.1 9-231. The notion that older people become less cognitively adept arose from misinterpretations of research evidence comparing younger and older people’s performance on the same IQ test using cross-sectional methods.

Answer: True Page: 428 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.6 APA LO: 1.1 9-232. Traditional IQ tests, which use cross-sectional experimental methods, take cohort effects into account.

Answer: False Page: 428 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.6 APA LO: 1.1 9-233. K. Warner Schaie’s sequential studies research suggests that there is no uniform pattern in adulthood of age-related changes across all intellectual abilities.

Answer: True Page: 429 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.1

9-234. K. Warner Schaie’s sequential studies research suggests that fluid intelligence (the ability to deal with new problems and situations) declines with age, while crystallized intelligence (the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired) remains steady and in some cases actually improves.

Answer: True Page: 429 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.7 APA LO: 1.1 9-235. Research indicates that memory loss in old age is an inevitable part of aging.

Answer: False Page: 430 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.8 APA LO: 2.1 9-236. The Road Scholar program is one of the largest educational programs for people in late adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 432 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.9 APA LO: 2.1 9-237. Older adults have difficulty maintaining their standing in rigorous college classes.

Answer: False Page: 432 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.2: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.9 APA LO: 2.1

9-238. A fundamental question asked by lifespan developmentalists focuses on the degree to which personality remains stable or changes during the aging process.

Answer: True Page: 434 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2 9-239. The ―Big Five‖ personality traits remain stable throughout adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 434 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-240. There appears to be continuity to personality across the life span.

Answer: True Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-241. When people achieve integrity, they experience a sense of accomplishment and fulfilled possibilities.

Answer: True Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-242. Peck suggests that people do not necessarily have to adjust their values and place less emphasis on themselves as workers and place more emphasis on attributes that do not involve work.

Answer: False Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-243. An important component of the process for people in the ego-transcendence-versus-egopreoccupation tasks is understanding their contributions to society.

Answer: True Page: 435 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-244. People in late adulthood can serve as resources for younger people and can be regarded as ―venerated elders.‖ Answer: True Page: 436 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 2.1 9-245. Integrated personalities are the most successful individuals when coping with the aging process.

Answer: True Page: 437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2

9-246. According to Bernice Neugarten’s research, integrated personalities are often found in nursing homes.

Answer: False Pages: 436–437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.1 9-247. A life review is a common theme for many personality theorists focusing on late adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 437 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.10 APA LO: 1.2 9-248. Age stratification theories suggest that economic resources are distributed equally among people.

Answer: False Page: 438 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.11 APA LO: 1.1 9-249. Age stratification theories assist in explaining why aging is viewed more positively in less-industrialized societies.

Answer: True Page: 438 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.11 APA LO: 1.1

9-250. Neither disengagement theory nor activity theory provides a complete picture of successful aging.

Answer: True Page: 440 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.1 9-251. Regardless of the level of activity, older adults cannot experience positive emotions as frequently as younger adults do.

Answer: False Page: 441 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.13 APA LO: 1.2 9-252. When elderly people live with their children, there may be adjustment problems and concern over how their grandchildren are being raised.

Answer: True Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-253. Continuing-care facilities are usually homogeneous and may be organized by private or religious organizations.

Answer: True Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1

9-254. Continuing care can extend to full-time nursing care.

Answer: True Page: 443 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-255. The greater the extent of nursing home care, the less amount of adjustment is required by the resident.

Answer: False Page: 443 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 2.1 9-256. Institutionalism is believed to be caused, at least partially, by learned helplessness.

Answer: True Page: 444 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 1.1 9-257. Helplessness brought about by institutionalism does not have serious consequences.

Answer: False Page: 444 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.14 APA LO: 1.2

9-258. The rising cost of health care is a source of financial vulnerability to older adults.

Answer: True Page: 445 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-259. The decision of when to retire is a major decision facing most people in late adulthood.

Answer: True Page: 446 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-260. People who retire experience no difficulty in making the identity shift from ―worker‖ to ―retiree.‖ Answer: False Page: 446 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 2.1 9-261. Everyone passes through all five stages of retirement.

Answer: False Page: 447 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.15 APA LO: 1.2

9-262. The proportion of men who are married at age 65 is far greater than that of women.

Answer: True Page: 448 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-263. The majority of people who are still married in late adulthood report that they are satisfied with their marriages.

Answer: True Page: 448 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-264. The death of a spouse brings about drastic changes in economic and social circumstances.

Answer: True Page: 449 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1 9-265. Widowed men and women do not need to worry because their married friends will likely socialize with them and remain their friends even after their spouse has died.

Answer: False Page: 450 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO: 2.1

9-266. Widowed women usually do not experience a decline in their economic well-being after the death of their husbands because of insurance, savings, and pensions.

Answer: False Page: 450 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.16 APA LO:2.1 9-267. In late adulthood, time spent with friends is often more highly valued than time spent with family.

Answer: True Pages: 450–451 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-268. The reason for the importance of friendship to older adults relates to the element of control.

Answer: True Page: 451 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-269. Social support plays a critical role in successful aging.

Answer: True Page: 451 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1

9-270. The benefits of social support extend not only to the recipient of the support but also to the provider, because it gives that person a feeling of usefulness and self-esteem.

Answer: True Page: 452 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-271. Grandmothers and grandfathers tend to be equally involved with their grandchildren.

Answer: False Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-272. Most great-grandmothers have close relationships with great-grandchildren.

Answer: False Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.17 APA LO: 2.1 9-273. Elder abuse is a relatively rare occurrence.

Answer: False Page: 453 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 9.3: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood Learning Objective: LO9.18 APA LO: 2.1

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 9 Late Adulthood Quiz: Physical Development in Late Adulthood 1. Older adults between the ages of 75 and 84 are referred to as __________.

A. the young old B. the old old C. the oldest old D. centenarians Answer: B. the old old Question Title: EOM Q9.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 9.1 Describe the myths and realities of aging.

Consider This: For demographers, the age groups are based purely on chronological terms. 9.1 Describe the myths and realities of aging.

2. What is the major difference between primary aging and secondary aging?

A. Primary aging is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition; secondary aging is potentially reversible and is a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences.

B. Primary aging refers to changes that happen due to poor health habits; secondary aging refers to changes that happen due to genetic factors.

C. Secondary aging reflects changes common to specific groups; primary aging is selective to individuals.

D. Secondary aging is permanent; primary aging is reversible.

Answer: A. Primary aging is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition; secondary aging is potentially reversible and is a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences.

Question Title: EOM Q9.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.2 Summarize the physical changes that occur in old age.

Consider This: Primary aging is universal. 9.2 Summarize the physical changes that occur in old age.

3. Joe is complaining of blurred vision. A visual screening reveals that his eyes have cloudy areas on the lenses that are preventing light from passing through. Joe’s diagnosis is likely __________.

A. glaucoma B. macular degeneration C. eye strain D. cataracts Answer: D. cataracts Question Title: EOM Q9.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.3 Explain how aging affects the senses.

Consider This: If the condition is left untreated, the lens becomes milky white and blindness results. 9.3 Explain how aging affects the senses.

4. Which statement is true about health and wellness in aging adults?

A. The elderly are more likely to experience psychological disorders such as depression than younger adults.

B. The majority of people over age 85 have Alzheimer’s disease.

C. Some research shows that having sex after age 75 correlates with an increased life span.

D. Due to a lifetime of experience, older people are able to bounce back quickly from illness.

Answer: C. Some research shows that having sex after age 75 correlates with an increased life span.

Question Title: EOM Q9.1.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.4 Summarize the health problems elderly people experience, and list the factors that influence the state of a person’s health.

Consider This: ―Use it or lose it‖ is an appropriate way to think about this aspect of health among the aging. 9.4 Summarize the health problems elderly people experience, and list the factors that influence the state of a person’s health.

5. According to genetic programming theories of aging, __________.

A. aging is strictly a reflection of cell exposure to environmental toxins B. our DNA contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells C. the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out over time, resulting in deterioration and death D. hydrogen-free radicals are implicated in multiple age-related illnesses Answer: B. our DNA contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells Question Title: EOM Q9.1.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.5 Discuss the different theories of aging, and summarize the research to increase life expectancy.

Consider This: Evolutionary theorists suggest that a long life span after the reproductive years is not necessary for survival of the species. 9.5 Discuss the different theories of aging, and summarize the research to increase life expectancy.

Quiz: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood 1. Addie and Evelyn, two 65-year-olds, were college students in the free-spirited, politically engaged, and open-minded atmosphere prevalent in the 1960s. They share a particular curiosity about the world and remain active in local organizations committed to women’s causes.

Researchers may explain the women’s sharp, sustained cognitive abilities by citing __________.

A. longitudinal effects B. cross-sectional effects C. cohort effects D. primary aging Answer: C. cohort effects Question Title: EOM Q9.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 9.6 Describe the challenges of determining the cause of age changes in intelligence.

Consider This: The term describes influences attributable to growing up in a particular era. 9.6 Describe the challenges of determining the cause of age changes in intelligence.

2. __________ intelligence shows declines with age.

A. Fluid B. Emotional C. Crystallized D. Practical Answer: A. Fluid Question Title: EOM Q9.2.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 9.7 Summarize the effects of aging on cognitive functioning, and identify the factors that may affect it.

Consider This: It involves the ability to deal with new problems and situations. 9.7 Summarize the effects of aging on cognitive functioning, and identify the factors that may affect it.

3. Seventy-eight-year-old Zahra, an avid fan of Spanish-speaking television programs, is experiencing significant inability to recall what happened in the last episode of her favorite novella. Worried about her memory problems, Zahra makes an appointment with her doctor.

What is the most likely explanation for Zahra’s lapse in short-term memory?

A. She no longer comprehends the Spanish language.

B. Biological factors such as the reduction of testosterone are impeding her recall.

C. She is reacting to a new medication her doctor recently prescribed.

D. She is overtaxing her memory and is likely being too critical of her ability to recall information.

Answer: C. She is reacting to a new medication her doctor recently prescribed.

Question Title: EOM Q9.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

Consider This: Environmental factors common to many older people may cause declines in memory. 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

4. As people progress through old age, they can typically expect the most amount of decline in the ability to recall __________.

A. a family recipe for lasagna B. how to drive a car C. the first trip to Boston they took as a child D. the days of the week Answer: C. the first trip to Boston they took as a child Question Title: EOM Q9.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

Consider This: Memory declines are typically limited to episodic memories, which relate to specific life experiences. 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

5. Natasha, an energetic and active 76-year-old, is excited about her upcoming classes at the local community college. Although she is thrilled to be back in the classroom, she is a bit nervous about her ability to keep pace with her younger classmates. According to research, what aspect of the college classroom may prove to be the most challenging for Natasha?

A. mathematics B. comprehending instructions C. the academic rigor D. using the online learning management system Answer: D. using the online learning management system Question Title: EOM Q9.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 9.9 Identify the learning opportunities available to older adults, and describe their value to cognitive functioning.

Consider This: As a person ages, the ability to deal with new problems and situations declines, which may impact the ability to learn technology. 9.9 Identify the learning opportunities available to older adults, and describe their value to cognitive functioning.

Quiz: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood 1. Aging adults whose identity originates in large part from their physical capabilities are likely to experience the most difficulty with Peck’s developmental stage of __________.

A. ego integrity versus despair B. ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation C. redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role D. body transcendence versus body preoccupation Answer: D. body transcendence versus body preoccupation Question Title: EOM Q9.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.10 Identify and describe the various theories of personality development in late adulthood.

Consider This: It is a period in which people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical abilities. 9.10 Identify and describe the various theories of personality development in late adulthood.

2. __________ argues that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem.

A. Selective optimization B. Continuity theory C. Activity theory D. Disengagement theory Answer: B. Continuity theory Question Title: EOM Q9.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 9.13 Differentiate the theories of aging, and explain how culture shapes the way older people are treated.

Consider This: People who enjoy walks in the woods and long days of reading will be happiest pursuing the same level of sociability. 9.13 Differentiate the theories of aging, and explain how culture shapes the way older people are treated.

3. Miller, a retired restaurant owner, is bored and misses the energy of the patrons. Miller is likely in the __________ phase of retirement.

A. honeymoon B. reorientation C. disenchantment D. retirement routine Answer: C. disenchantment Question Title: EOM Q9.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 9.15 Discuss the financial security of older people and the social and economic ramifications of work and retirement in later adulthood.

Consider This: For some people, retirement is not what they expected. 9.15 Discuss the financial security of older people and the social and economic ramifications of work and retirement in later adulthood.

4. A significant adjustment for retired couples occurs as __________.

A. men’s need for power intensifies B. women become more independent C. men’s need for companionship decreases D. women take on more household chores Answer: B. women become more independent Question Title: EOM Q9.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.16 Identify the issues married couples face in late adulthood, and describe the challenges presented by the death of a spouse.

Consider This: Research suggests an interesting role reversal takes place. 9.16 Identify the issues married couples face in late adulthood, and describe the challenges presented by the death of a spouse.

5. Which statement best reflects the grandparenting and great-parenting roles?

A. Caucasian grandfathers play a more integral role in the lives of their grandchildren than African American grandfathers.

B. Grandfathers tend to be more involved with their grandchildren than are grandmothers.

C. Most grandparents are uninterested and uninvolved in the lives of their grandchildren.

D. Some people view great-grandchildren as a concrete indicator of their family’s longevity.

Answer: D. Some people view great-grandchildren as a concrete indicator of their family’s longevity.

Question Title: EOM Q9.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.17 Identify the relationships that are important to older adults, and explain why they matter.

Consider This: For some, grandchildren and great-grandchildren represent continuation of family. 9.17 Identify the relationships that are important to older adults, and explain why they matter.

Chapter Quiz: Late Adulthood 1. During the evening shopping rush, Bernie fumbles at the grocery store while trying to insert his credit card into the self-check terminal. He overhears someone behind him mutter, ―Hurry up, you old geezer!‖ The words are an example of __________.

A. xenophobia B. sexism C. ageism D. racism Answer: C. ageism Question Title: EOC Q9.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Apply Objective: 9.1 Describe the myths and realities of aging.

Consider This: It is prejudice and discrimination directed at older people. 9.1 Describe the myths and realities of aging.

2. Ninety-two-year-old Henry is watching his 26-year-old grandson play a video game that involves a military-style shootout. Henry challenges his grandson to a round, but a few minutes into the game, Henry becomes frustrated, mutters something about his fingers not working fast enough, and decides to quit. Henry’s inability to keep up with his grandson’s quick game play is best explained by the __________.

A. generalized slowing hypothesis B. shortening of reaction time C. increased speed of processing time D. peripheral slowing hypothesis Answer: D. peripheral slowing hypothesis Question Title: EOC Q9.2 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 9.2 Summarize the physical changes that occur in old age.

Consider This: It hypothesizes that the nerves that branch from the spinal cord and brain to the extremities of the body become less efficient. 9.2 Summarize the physical changes that occur in old age.

3. Loss of sensitivity to taste as we age may lead to oversalting of foods in order to compensate for bland flavors, increasing aging adults’ risk of __________.

A. weight gain B. hypertension C. oversensitivity to smells D. an increased desire to eat Answer: B. hypertension Question Title: EOC Q9.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.3 Explain how aging affects the senses.

Consider This: It is one of the most common health problems of old age. 9.3 Explain how aging affects the senses.

4. Which statement is true about Alzheimer’s disease?

A. Some evidence suggests that taking certain vitamins may result in lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

B. Scientists believe dietary choices are the primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease.

C. Drug treatments are now available that offer a cure for Alzheimer’s disease.

D. Genetics accounts for almost all cases of Alzheimer’s diagnoses; therefore, people without a family member with the disease are not at risk of developing it.

Answer: A. Some evidence suggests that taking certain vitamins may result in lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Question Title: EOC Q9.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.4 Summarize the health problems elderly people experience, and list the factors that influence the state of a person’s health.

Consider This: Existing research has not led to a definitive cause of or cure for Alzheimer’s disease. 9.4 Summarize the health problems elderly people experience, and list the factors that influence the state of a person’s health.

5. Dr. Colbert has suggested to Mariam that she consider increasing her daily intake of foods containing antioxidant vitamins to lower her risk of developing certain age-related diseases. Dr. Colbert’s recommendation suggests that she believes __________.

A. unlimited replication of telomeres increases the aging process B. aging is due to damage from free radicals C. increasing caloric intake adds to longevity D. genes dictate the speed at which aging occurs Answer: B. aging is due to damage from free radicals Question Title: EOC Q9.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 9.5 Discuss the different theories of aging, and summarize the research to increase life expectancy.

Consider This: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may slow the aging process. 9.5 Discuss the different theories of aging, and summarize the research to increase life expectancy.

6. A plausible theory of what may contribute to the differential in intelligence test scores of older and younger adults is that __________.

A. older adults are less educated than younger adults B. younger adults are more intelligent than older adults C. older adults have a slower reaction time than younger adults D. younger adults are less cognitively adept than older adults Answer: C. older adults have a slower reaction time than younger adults Question Title: EOC Q9.6 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Understand Objective: 9.6 Describe the challenges of determining the cause of age changes in intelligence.

Consider This: Timed tests are more problematic for older adults. 9.6 Describe the challenges of determining the cause of age changes in intelligence.

7. Generally speaking, intellectual functioning in older adults __________.

A. can be somewhat maintained with stimulation and practice B. is fixed and unchangeable C. is not affected by environmental factors D. shows significant declines in all older adults Answer: A. can be somewhat maintained with stimulation and practice Question Title: EOC Q9.7 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.7 Summarize the effects of aging on cognitive functioning, and identify the factors that may affect it.

Consider This: Many developmentalists accept a ―use it or lose it‖ hypothesis. 9.7 Summarize the effects of aging on cognitive functioning, and identify the factors that may affect it.

8. Native Nebraskans Beatrice and Maud are enjoying dinner out with their neighbors, Li Na and Zhang, both of whom grew up in Taiwan. The conversation centers on childhood memories, specifically coming of age in the 1950s. Which statement best reflects the likely overall memory abilities of this group of elderly adults?

A. Beatrice and Maud will show fewer declines in memory than Li Na and Zhang.

B. All four will likely forget the dates of their marriages, but remember the details of their first trip to New York City.

C. Li Na and Zhang will show less memory loss overall than Beatrice and Maud.

D. All four will remember the details of their high school graduations.

Answer: C. Li Na and Zhang will show less memory loss overall than Beatrice and Maud.

Question Title: EOC Q9.8 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

Consider This: In societies that hold older people in relatively high esteem, people are less likely to show memory losses. 9.8 Explain how memory capability changes in late adulthood.

9. The generational digital divide, a gap in knowledge of technology between younger and older populations, will likely __________.

A. remain the same as technology continues to progress at a rapid pace B. grow due to natural declines in crystallized intelligence among the aging C. decline as people of all ages incorporate technology into their lives D. grow because older people are not capable of learning new information Answer: C. decline as people of all ages incorporate technology into their lives Question Title: EOC Q9.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.9 Identify the learning opportunities available to older adults, and describe their value to cognitive functioning.

Consider This: Increasing numbers of individuals are using social networking sites and e-mail.

9.9 Identify the learning opportunities available to older adults, and describe their value to cognitive functioning.

10. Bernice Neugarten theorized that older adults cope with the aging process in a variety of ways, each based on what she believed reflected four distinct personality types. According to those personality types, if a minimally athletic 72-year-old decides to join a local running club with the hope of running her first marathon alongside her 17-year-old granddaughter, she is likely displaying a(n) __________ personality.

A. defended B. disintegrated and disorganized C. passive-dependent D. integrated Answer: A. defended Question Title: EOC Q9.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.10 Identify and describe the various theories of personality development in late adulthood.

Consider This: It describes a response to aging that involves acting to stop it in its tracks. 9.10 Identify and describe the various theories of personality development in late adulthood.

11. Age stratification theories suggest that __________.

A. highly industrialized countries are likely to hold their aging citizens in high esteem B. aging adults in the United States believe they are less relevant than their younger counterparts C. peak earning power for most people extends into their late 60s D. technological advances frequently empower aging adults Answer: B. aging adults in the United States believe they are less relevant than their younger counterparts Question Title: EOC Q9.11 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.11 Explain how age relates to the distribution of resources, power, and privilege.

Consider This: Power and privilege for the elderly have eroded despite medical advances that have lengthened life span. 9.11 Explain how age relates to the distribution of resources, power, and privilege.

12. Which statement best exemplifies researchers’ understanding of wisdom?

A. Knowledge gained from intelligence is timeless, while wisdom is related to what is current.

B. Wisdom allows for humans’ ability to invent the atom bomb; intelligence prevents humans from using it.

C. The accumulation of knowledge, experience, and contemplation has little correlation with aging.

D. Experience over time results in a more refined interpretation of others’ thoughts, feelings, and intentions.

Answer: D. Experience over time results in a more refined interpretation of others’ thoughts, feelings, and intentions.

Question Title: EOC Q9.12 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.12 Define wisdom, and describe how it is associated with age.

Consider This: Over time, older adults develop a sophisticated theory of mind. 9.12 Define wisdom, and describe how it is associated with age.

13. Which theory involves the impact of societal norms, such as mandatory retirement, on the behavior of elderly adults?

A. activity theory B. continuity theory C. disengagement theory D. selective optimization Answer: C. disengagement theory Question Title: EOC Q9.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 9.13 Differentiate the theories of aging, and explain how culture shapes the way older people are treated.

Consider This: The theory suggests a mutual process wherein society begins to withdraw from people in late adulthood. 9.13 Differentiate the theories of aging, and explain how culture shapes the way older people are treated.

14. Yana, an 82-year-old, active great-grandmother, recently was admitted to a local nursing home. Upon visiting his mother, Sergei is excited to report on the grandkids and great-grandkids.

However, Sergei is surprised at his mother’s despondence and lack of interest in hearing about the children she loves so much. Yana’s attitude seems to reflect __________.

A. selective optimization B. institutionalism C. activity theory D. biological maladjustment Answer: B. institutionalism Question Title: EOC Q9.14 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 9.14 Describe the living arrangements available to older adults, and explain how each affects the quality of their lives.

Consider This: It is a psychological state in which people in nursing homes develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves. 9.14 Describe the living arrangements available to older adults, and explain how each affects the quality of their lives.

15. The average older adult spends close to 20 percent of his or her income on __________.

A. healthcare costs B. capital gains tax C. leisure activities D. travel expenses Answer: A. healthcare costs Question Title: EOC Q9.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 9.15 Discuss the financial security of older people and the social and economic ramifications of work and retirement in later adulthood.

Consider This: The average annual cost of a nursing home is around $80,000. 9.15 Discuss the financial security of older people and the social and economic ramifications of work and retirement in later adulthood.

16. Callum is a 79-year-old widower. His wife died nearly 2 years ago and he still seems to be in a stage of unrelenting mourning, talking almost exclusively about his wife and their life together and declining to join his family on outings he once enjoyed. Callum’s behavior seems to be indicative of __________.

A. ego transcendence B. preparation for widowhood C. complicated grief D. adaptation to widowhood Answer: C. complicated grief Question Title: EOC Q9.16 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 9.16 Identify the issues married couples face in late adulthood, and describe the challenges presented by the death of a spouse.

Consider This: Some people find it difficult to let go of a loved one and have intrusive memories of the deceased that impede normal functioning. 9.16 Identify the issues married couples face in late adulthood, and describe the challenges presented by the death of a spouse.

17. From whom do aging adults typically receive the most assistance and support?

A. adult children B. siblings C. religious support groups D. grandchildren Answer: A. adult children Question Title: EOC Q9.17 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 9.17 Identify the relationships that are important to older adults, and explain why they matter.

Consider This: Relationships are often asymmetrical, with one person seeking a closer relationship while the other prefers a more distant one. 9.17 Identify the relationships that are important to older adults, and explain why they matter.

18. Which statement is true about elder abuse?

A. More than 30 percent of elderly adults report abuse.

B. Elder abuse is directed at acquaintances more often than at family members.

C. As the population of elderly people increases, the incidences of abuse likely will decline.

D. Elderly people with Alzheimer’s disease or other neurocognitive disorders are particularly likely to be targets of abuse.

Answer: D. Elderly people with Alzheimer’s disease or other neurocognitive disorders are particularly likely to be targets of abuse.

Question Title: EOC Q9.18 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Remember Objective: 9.18 Discuss what causes elder abuse and how it can be prevented.

Consider This: Elder abuse often stems from economic, psychological, and social pressures on caregivers who must provide high levels of care 24 hours a day. 9.18 Discuss what causes elder abuse and how it can be prevented.

Chapter 10 Death and Dying 10-1. The absence of a heartbeat and breathing is called __________. a) b) c) d) Answer: b Page: 460

brain death functional death mortality clinical death

Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-2. A person may be resuscitated and suffer little damage if his or her heart has stopped beating and breathing has stopped for as long as __________ minutes. a) b) c) d)

2 5 10 15

Answer: b Page: 460 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2

10-3. A diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain waves, is called __________. a) b) c) d)

electrocardiogram electroshock functional death brain death

Answer: d Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-4. Brain death is declared after there are no longer signs of __________. a) b) c) d)

breathing a heartbeat brain wave activity eye tracking

Answer: c Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-5. Some medical experts argue that a person who suffers irreversible brain damage, is in a coma, and will never experience anything approaching a human life __________. a) b) c) d)

is still living a meaningful life may be experiencing a full life as long as primitive brain activity is still occurring can be considered dead should be considered fully functional

Answer: c Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2

10-6. Brain activity may be measured to determine death in which of the following circumstances? a) b) c) d)

When a person has requested this in a living will When time of death is insignificant When cremation is requested When criminal or legal issues are involved

Answer: d Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-7. The relatively high infant mortality rate in the United States is highlighted by the fact that in more than __________ other countries, fewer infants die in the first year after birth than in the United States. a) b) c) d)

10 20 50 55

Answer: c Page: 461 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-8. The definition of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is __________. a) b) c) d)

the sudden death of the infant due to abuse the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby the eventual brain death of an infant after a long illness the death of an infant caused by an unknown virus

Answer: b Page: 461 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-9. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually occurs in babies between the ages of __________ months. a) b) c) d)

1 and 2 2 and 4 4 and 8 8 and 12

Answer: b Page: 461 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-10. What is the most frequent cause of death during childhood? a) b) c) d)

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Child abuse, malnutrition, and neglect Cancers such as leukemia Automobile accidents, fires, and drowning

Answer: d Page: 461 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-11. Recent statistics show that the third- through fifth-leading cause of death for children between the ages of 1 and 24 is __________. a) b) c) d)

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) child abuse, malnutrition, and neglect homicides automobile accidents, fires, and drowning

Answer: c Page: 461 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-12. At what age do children develop a concept of death? a) b) c) d)

2 3 5 8

Answer: c Page: 461 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-13. Alex is a 5-year-old preschool student whose hamster just died. Which of the following is a common reaction to the hamster’s death that Alex may demonstrate? a) Alex may say his hamster is ―dead.‖ b) Alex may say that medicine will not make his hamster come back to life. c) Alex may think that his hamster’s behavior is curious and temporary and that if he’s a good boy the hamster will come back to life. d) Alex would want to bury the hamster because he realizes that it will never come back to life.

Answer: c Page: 461 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-14. By what age do children accept death as universal and final? a) b) c) d)

5 7 9 11

Answer: c Page: 462 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-15. Adolescents tend to think they are invulnerable and death cannot happen to them, a belief system known as __________. a) b) c) d)

delusion immaturity personal fable selective perception

Answer: c Page: 462 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-16. A risky behavior resulting in the most frequent cause of death in adolescents is __________. a) b) c) d)

due to sexually transmitted diseases motor vehicle accidents suicide drug overdose

Answer: b Page: 462 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-17. In the early years of young adulthood, the leading cause of death is __________. a) b) c) d)

accidents suicide homicide AIDS

Answer: a Page: 462 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-18. By the end of early adulthood, the most common reason for death is __________. a) b) c) d)

suicide homicide disease automobile accidents

Answer: c Page: 462 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-19. For most people facing death in early adulthood, which of the following is important? a) b) c) d)

Deciding whether or not to marry Deciding whether or not to freeze eggs or sperm Deciding to become involved in risky behavior Deciding whether or not to go to college

Answer: a Page: 462 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-20. In middle adulthood, the most common cause of death is __________. a) b) c) d)

accidents suicide homicide life-threatening diseases

Answer: d Page: 463 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-21. Middle adulthood inspires an increased fear of ___________ not experienced in previous stages of life. a) b) c) d)

loss of attractiveness age discrimination disease death

Answer: d Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-22. What life event is the most frequent cause of death in middle adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Cancer Heart attack or stroke Gun accident Automobile accident

Answer: b Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-23. What is the most frequent cause of death in late adulthood? a) b) c) d)

Automobile accidents Suicide Heart attack or stroke Drug overdose

Answer: c Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-24. If cancer, stroke, and heart disease were eliminated, demographers estimate that the life of an average 70-year-old would be extended approximately __________. a) b) c) d)

10 years 7 years 5 years 15 years

Answer: b Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-25. The acceleration of decline in cognitive functioning related to impending death is called __________. a) b) c) d)

brain death memory loss terminal decline neuroplastic drop

Answer: c Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-26. A significant drop in performance in cognitive areas such as memory and reading may __________. a) b) c) d)

spark an interest in cognitive training foreshadow death within the next few years be an indicator of brain cancer be a precursor to Alzheimer’s disease

Answer: b Page: 463 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-27. The suicide rate for men in late adulthood __________. a) b) c) d)

significantly declines declines somewhat compared with men in middle adulthood climbs steadily, especially for men over the age of 85 is lower than for women in late adulthood

Answer: c Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-28. Reasons identified in the textbook for the high suicide rate among elderly men include __________. a) b) c) d)

loss of a child severe anxiety loss of employment some form of dementia

Answer: d Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-29. People who study death and dying are called __________. a) b) c) d)

morticians developmentalists thanatologists gerontologists

Answer: c Page: 464 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2 10-30. Which of the following is considered a common form of ―death education‖? a) b) c) d)

Crisis intervention education Sporadic death education Death education for members of the legal profession Routine death education for elementary school students

Answer: a Pages: 464–465 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2 10-31. Which individual has had the greatest influence in our understanding of the way people confront death? a) b) c) d)

Freud Kübler-Ross Erikson Corr

Answer: b Page: 466 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: Introduction APA LO: 1.2

10-32. Psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross developed a theory of death and dying that involves __________ steps. a) b) c) d)

two three four five

Answer: d Page: 466 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-33. According to Kübler-Ross, what is the first step people pass through as they move toward death? a) b) c) d)

Anger Bargaining Denial Depression

Answer: c Page: 466 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-34. According to Kübler-Ross, when people protest and fail to accept that they have a disease that is going to cause their death, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

denial bargaining anger depression

Answer: a Page: 466 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-35. According to Kübler-Ross, what is the second step people pass through as they move toward death? a) b) c) d)

Anger Bargaining Denial Depression

Answer: a Pages: 466–467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-36. William is a 68-year-old man whose doctor has diagnosed him with brain cancer; he has only months to live. At first he didn’t believe it, but after he got a second opinion that validated the first, he became furious with his doctors, his family, and even strangers. According to Kübler-Ross, which stage of death and dying is William exhibiting? a) b) c) d)

The first stage The second stage The third stage The fourth stage

Answer: b Pages: 466–467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-37. According to Kübler-Ross, what is the third step people pass through as they move toward death? a) b) c) d)

Anger Bargaining Denial Depression

Answer: b Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-38. Margaret is a 58-year-old woman who has smoked almost all her life, and now she has just been given a diagnosis of terminal lung cancer. Margaret is devastated and begins to go to church and pray regularly. Her prayers consist of promising to quit smoking and devoting the rest of her life to the good of other people if she receives a reprieve from God. According to Kübler-Ross, which of the five stages of death and dying is Margaret exhibiting? a) b) c) d)

The first stage The second stage The third stage The fourth stage

Answer: c Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-39. According to Kübler-Ross, what is the fourth step people pass through as they move toward death? a) b) c) d)

Anger Bargaining Denial Depression

Answer: d Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.14 APA LO: 1.2

10-40. Sammy is a 72-year-old man who has had several strokes, has lost his speech and the use of his right hand, and is no longer ambulatory. Because of other complications, his doctor has informed him that he will never be able to return home and will most likely live out his remaining days in a nursing facility, then possibly a hospice. If Sammy shows signs of profound sadness, proponents of Kübler-Ross’s theory would view it as __________. a) b) c) d)

anger reactive depression denial acceptance

Answer: b Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-41. According to Kübler-Ross, sadness based on events that have already occurred is called __________. a) denial b) preparatory depression c) acceptance d) reactive depression Answer: d Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-42. According to Kübler-Ross, when dying people feel sadness over future losses and experience a profound sadness over the unalterable conclusion of their life, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

denial preparatory depression acceptance reactive depression

Answer: b Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-43. According to Kübler-Ross, what is the final step of the five-step process of dying? a) b) c) d)

Denial Depression Acceptance Bargaining

Answer: c Pages: 467–468 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-44. According to Kübler-Ross, when dying people are fully aware that death is impending, are unemotional and uncommunicative, and have virtually no positive or negative feelings about the present or future, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

acceptance depression denial bargaining

Answer: a Pages: 467–468 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-45. Gloria is an 85-year-old woman who has a long history of strokes that have debilitated her and left her bedridden. She has just experienced another stroke and knows her death is impending. She shows no emotional reaction and wants to be left alone. According to KüblerRoss, it is likely that Gloria is experiencing which of the five stages of dying? a) b) c) d)

Acceptance Depression Denial Bargaining

Answer: a Pages: 467–468 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2

10-46. According to theorist Charles Corr, people who are dying face a set of psychological tasks that include __________. a) b) c) d)

maximizing physical stress financially preparing for the security of loved ones developing a dependency on loved ones fostering hope, often through spiritual searching

Answer: d Page: 468 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-47. What do the letters ―DNR‖ on a patient’s medical chart mean? a) b) c) d)

―Documents Not Retained‖ ―Deteriorating Neuronal Responses‖ ―Deficient Nitrogen Reserves‖ ―Do Not Resuscitate‖

Answer: d Page: 469 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-48. Although one-third of patients ask not to be resuscitated, __________ of these people’s physicians state that they know of their patients’ preferences. a) b) c) d)

fewer than a fifth fewer than a third fewer than half fewer than three-fourths

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-49. Of those patients who do not wish to be resuscitated when in a medical facility, what percentage has had those instructions indicated on their medical chart? a) b) c) d)

25 percent 49 percent 75 percent 87 percent

Answer: b Page: 470 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-50. The legal document designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes is called a __________. a) b) c) d)

medical will proxy will final will living will

Answer: d Page: 470 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-51. When a person designates a specific person to act as his or her representative in making healthcare decisions, that designee is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d)

loco parentis medicum parens patriae healthcare proxy durable power of attorney

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-52. In which of the following legal documents is the healthcare proxy authorized? a) b) c) d)

Final contract Court order Durable power of attorney DNR order

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-53. Who was the physician who became well known in the 1990s for developing a ―suicide machine‖? a) b) c) d)

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Charles Corr Jack Kevorkian Mike Wallace

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-54. Which of the following correctly lists the states that have passed ―right to die laws‖? a) b) c) d)

Oregon, Texas, Massachusetts, California, Vermont California, Montana, Oregon, Vermont, Washington Massachusetts, Texas, Oregon, Nevada, New Mexico California, Oregon, Maine, New Mexico, Florida

Answer: b Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-55. Which of the following countries supports and has legalized assisted suicide performed by medical personnel? a) b) c) d)

Russia Canada China Netherlands

Answer: d Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-56. The practice of assisting people who are terminally ill to die more quickly is called __________. a) b) c) d)

assisted suicide terminalization premature dying euthanasia

Answer: d Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-57. What popular term means the same thing as euthanasia? a) b) c) d)

Death wish Assisted suicide Mercy killing Genocide

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-58. When a respirator or other medical equipment that is sustaining a patient’s life is removed, this is known as __________. a) b) c) d)

proxy euthanasia voluntary active euthanasia death wish passive euthanasia

Answer: d Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-59. When medical staff members act to end a person’s life before death would normally occur, this is called __________. a) b) c) d)

proxy euthanasia voluntary active euthanasia suicide machine passive euthanasia

Answer: b Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-60. Which of the following lies between passive euthanasia and voluntary active euthanasia? a) b) c) d)

Natural death Mercy killing Assisted suicide Suicide

Answer: c Page: 470 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-61. One survey of nurses in intensive care units found that __________ percent of nurses had deliberately hastened a patient’s death at least once. a) b) c) d)

10 20 30 40

Answer: b Page: 470 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-62. What percentage of people who die in the United States each year die in a hospital? a) b) c) d)

Just under 25 percent Around 35 percent About 50 percent More than 75 percent

Answer: c Page: 472 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2

10-63. An alternative to hospitalization in which dying people stay in their homes and receive treatment from their families and visiting medical staff is called __________ care. a) b) c) d)

hospice home assisted living nursing

Answer: b Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2 10-64. The care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill is called __________. a) b) c) d)

hospice care home care euthanasia nursing care

Answer: a Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2

10-65. The main purpose of hospice care is __________. a) to extend every possible moment of life at any cost b) to provide treatment, however painful or invasive, to prolong life c) to provide a warm, supportive environment for the dying and to help make life as full as possible d) to add to the burden of family members as they care for their dying relatives Answer: c Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2 10-66. The first step in grieving for most survivors in Western countries, is ___________. a) b) c) d)

seeking grief counseling signing of the death certificate planning a funeral cremating the deceased

Answer: c Page: 474 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.7 APA LO: 1.2 10-67. What is one explanation for why people tend to overspend on funerals? a) b) c) d)

Illegal marketing by salespeople The emotional stability of the bereaved The social and cultural significance of death for the loved ones and the community The complexities of government regulations related to burying the dead

Answer: c Page: 474 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.7 APA LO: 1.2

10-68. The acknowledgment of the objective fact that one has experienced a death is called __________ a) b) c) d)

euthanasia depression grief bereavement

Answer: d Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2 10-69. The emotional response to one’s loss is called __________. a) b) c) d)

depression anxiety bereavement grief

Answer: d Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2 10-70. Which of the following is typically part of the survivor’s first stage of grief? a) b) c) d)

Depression Anger Numbness Acceptance

Answer: c Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

10-71. The rate of cremation has increased from less than __________ percent in the late 1990s to nearly __________ percent today and is expected to grow in the future. a) b) c) d)

10; 20 15; 30 20; 40 25; 50

Answer: d Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2 10-72. In the second stage of grief, people tend to __________. a) cycle back to numbness if the pain is too severe b) reach the accommodation stage, in which they pick up the pieces of their lives and construct new identities c) fully experience grief and acknowledge the reality that the separation from the dead person is permanent d) avoid the situation by carrying on with the usual routines of life Answer: c Page: 476 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

10-73. In the final stage of grief, people tend to __________. a) avoid the reality of the situation through denial b) reach the accommodation stage, in which they pick up the pieces of their lives and construct new identities c) cycle back to numbness if the pain is too severe d) for the first time, experience grief and acknowledge the reality that the separation from the dead person is permanent Answer: b Page: 476 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2 10-74. What does psychologist George Bonanno suggest regarding bereavement? a) b) c) d)

Humans go through fixed stages of mourning.

Most bereaved people are emotionally fragile.

Most people move on with their lives quite effectively.

Humans are ill-prepared to move on after the death of a loved one.

Answer: c Page: 476 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

10-75. Giselle recently lost her longtime partner, Gabrielle, to ovarian cancer. Giselle has been having a difficult time expressing her feelings of grief because she never told her family of her relationship with Gabrielle. Giselle’s inability to openly grieve the loss of her partner is best described as __________. a) b) c) d)

complicated grief prolonged grief disorder incomplete grief normal grief

Answer: c Page: 476 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.3 10-76. Research contradicts the common assumption that depression after the death of a loved one is widespread; only __________ percent of people show relatively deep depression following the loss of a loved one. a) b) c) d)

5 to 10 15 to 30 30 to 40 35 to 45

Answer: b Page: 477 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

ESSAY QUESTIONS 10-77. Briefly describe some different cultural conceptions of death.

Answer: (1) Hindus in India believe that death is not an end but rather part of a continuing cycle of life that includes death, reincarnation, and rebirth into a new life. Death is seen as a companion to life. (2) Reactions to death in Western societies are quite diverse, with one’s values, cultural and subcultural teachings, and religion influencing such reactions. Some see death as a punishment or judgment about how life was lived, while others see death as the start of eternal life. Still others believe that death is the final end to existence. (3) Native American tribes see death as a continuation of life. Death is not viewed as unfair. (4) Buddhists and Hindus believe in reincarnation. (5) The age at which children learn about death is influenced by various aspects of culture.

Page: 464 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2 10-78. Briefly explain three types of death education.

Answer: (1) Crisis intervention education deals with people’s anxieties regarding death after a sudden, unexpected, and tragic event. (2) Routine death education consists of coursework about death that is taught in high schools, colleges, and universities. (3) Death education for members of the helping professions provides information to people working daily in professions that deal with death, dying, and grief.

Pages: 464–465 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2

10-79. Briefly describe criticisms of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying.

Answer: Kübler-Ross’s concepts are limited to people who know they are dying and who die relatively slowly. Not every person passes through every step or stage on their way to death; some move through the steps in a different sequence, and some go through certain stages multiple times. Many people follow their own unique trajectory of grief. Finally, there are substantial differences in people’s reactions to impending death.

Page: 468 Level: 3-Difficult Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-80. Briefly explain the consequences of grief and bereavement.

Answer: Some studies find that for widowed people, the risk of death is as much as seven times higher in the year following the death of a spouse. Bereavement is more likely to produce depression or other negative consequences if the person who has lost a loved one is already insecure, anxious, or fearful and is, therefore, less able to cope effectively. People whose relationships were marked by ambivalence before death are more likely to suffer poor post-death outcomes than those who were secure in their relationships. Those who were highly dependent on the person who died are apt to suffer more after that person’s death. Bereaved people who lack social support are more likely to experience feelings of loneliness and are more at risk.

People who are unable to make sense of the death show less overall adjustment. Finally, people who lose loved ones suddenly are less able to cope than those who anticipate the death.

Page: 477 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

10-81. Differentiate between complicated grief and incomplete grief.

Answer: Complicated grief, also known as prolonged grief disorder, is a type of mourning that continues unceasingly for months and years and is experienced by approximately 15 percent of the bereaved. Incomplete grief describes a lingering form of grief following a loss in which people are unable to grieve effectively or even publicly. For example, a gay teenager who has not told his family about his homosexuality and suffers the death of his partner may be forced to hide his grief. This inability to grieve may make the grieving process that much more difficult.

Page: 476 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2 10-82. Outline the strategies that are especially useful in helping a child cope with grief.

Answer: Developmentalists suggest adults use age-appropriate language to tell the truth as honestly as possible; encourage children to express their grief in words, letter writing, drawing a picture, or other expression; reassure children they are not to blame for a loved one’s death; recognize children’s grief may surface in unexpected ways such as reverting to child-like behaviors; read books for young people about death.

Page: 478 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

TRUE/FALSE 10-83. The definition of functional death is completely straightforward and easily applied.

Answer: False Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2

10-84. The presence of a heartbeat and spontaneous respiration continue to be the modes of determination of death in most localities of the United States of America.

Answer: False Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-85. All laws in the United States regarding the determination of when death occurs include brain functioning, respiration, and heartbeat.

Answer: False Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-86. By law, all people who have died must be measured for brain activity to be sure that there is no chance of resuscitation.

Answer: False Page: 460 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.1 APA LO: 1.2 10-87. A parent tends to form a psychological bond with an unborn child and consequently feels profound grief if the child dies before birth.

Answer: True Page: 461 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2

10-88. Children younger than age 5 may think that death is a temporary reduction in living, such as sleeping.

Answer: True Page: 461 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-89. The most likely causes of death for those in late adulthood are cancer, stroke, and heart disease.

Answer: True Page: 463 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.2 APA LO: 1.2 10-90. Death education encompasses programs designed to help people of all ages deal better with death, dying, and grief.

Answer: True Page: 464 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2 10-91. Generally speaking, people who deal with death, such as emergency workers and medical specialists, are far more at ease talking about death than are other members of the general population.

Answer: False Page: 464 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.1: Death and Dying Across the Life Span Learning Objective: LO10.3 APA LO: 1.2

10-92. Denial is a defense mechanism that can be helpful to people who must absorb unwelcoming news.

Answer: True Page: 466 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-93. According to Kübler-Ross, dying people who are in the bargaining process stage tend to keep their promises.

Answer: False Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-94. Having a goal of attending a particular event or living until a certain time (holiday, birthday, etc.) may delay death until then.

Answer: True Page: 467 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.4 APA LO: 1.2 10-95. DNR signifies that no extraordinary means to sustain life are to be taken.

Answer: True Page: 469 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-96. The differences between ―extreme‖ and ―extraordinary‖ medical treatments to prolong life are clear-cut and legally defined.

Answer: False Page: 469 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-97. The standards for maintaining life for a terminally ill 12-year-old child and a terminally ill 85-year-old are usually the same.

Answer: False Page: 469 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Understand the Concepts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 10-98. Even when terminally ill patients and their families want to suspend aggressive treatment, medical professionals are usually reluctant to carry out their wishes.

Answer: True Page: 469 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2 åß Answer: False Page: 470 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.5 APA LO: 1.2

10-100. Hospitals are among the most desirable places in which to face death because of their extensive resources for alleviating pain.

Answer: False Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2 10-101. The decision to allow a person to die in his/her home is the best decision and is the easiest on family members who are caregivers.

Answer: False Page: 472 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2 10-102. The only alternative to home care for a dying person is nursing home care.

Answer: False Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2 10-103. A facility designed specifically for terminally ill persons is called a hospice.

Answer: True Page: 472 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.2: Confronting Death Learning Objective: LO10.6 APA LO: 1.2

10-104. All cultures in the world express bereavement and grieving in the same way.

Answer: False Page: 474 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.7 APA LO: 1.2 10-105. The traditional Hindu practice requiring a wife to throw herself into the funeral pyre of her dead husband is now illegal.

Answer: True Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.7 APA LO: 1.2 10-106. In ancient China, servants were sometimes buried alive with their masters’ bodies.

Answer: True Page: 475 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.7 APA LO: 1.2 10-107. Research suggests that all people pass through the stages of bereavement and grief in the same way and at the same pace.

Answer: False Page: 476 Level: 1-Easy Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

10-108. Research shows that a widowed person is at particular risk for death, particularly in the first year after the death of his or her spouse.

Answer: True Page: 477 Level: 2-Medium Skill: Remember the Facts Module 10.3: Grief and Bereavement Learning Objective: LO10.8 APA LO: 1.2

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS Chapter 10 Death and Dying Quiz: Death and Dying Across the Life Span 1. Medical experts define __________ as the absence of a heartbeat and breathing.

A. brain death B. functional death C. induced coma D. internal death Answer: B. functional death Question Title: EOM Q10.1.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 10.1 Describe how the moment of death is defined.

Consider This: A person can be resuscitated from this state. 10.1 Describe how the moment of death is defined.

2. Which statement is true regarding the death of a child?

A. Miscarriage may evoke profound feelings of grief.

B. The death of a parent or spouse is usually more difficult for parents than the death of a child.

C. The most frequent cause of death among people under age 18 is childhood leukemia.

D. The United States ranks relatively low on infant mortality rates compared with other countries.

Answer: A. Miscarriage may evoke profound feelings of grief.

Question Title: EOM Q10.1.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

Consider This: Friends and relatives often fail to understand the emotional impact. 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

3. Four-year-old Blake and 9-year-old Blair are returning from their favorite uncle’s funeral service. Who is most likely to understand that they will never see Uncle Jack again?

A. Blake B. both Blake and Blair C. neither Blake nor Blair D. Blair Answer: D. Blair Question Title: EOM Q10.1.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

Consider This: As children age, they eventually learn to accept the finality and universality of death. 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

4. Which type of death education is most suitable for a situation in which an adolescent commits a homicide/suicide on the grounds of the local high school?

A. routine death education B. thanatology certification C. crisis intervention education D. death education for members of the helping professions Answer: C. crisis intervention education Question Title: EOM Q10.1.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

Consider This: It is common for schools to make counseling services available in extreme situations to help students deal with their anxieties and fears. 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

5. It is common in Western societies for people to __________.

A. allow young children to attend funerals B. have little opportunity to confront their feelings and gain a realistic sense of death C. regularly talk about death with their friends and coworkers C. openly discuss death in elementary schools Answer: B. have little opportunity to confront their feelings and gain a realistic sense of death Question Title: EOM Q10.1.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

Consider This: Discussions about death are not common in everyday life. 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

Quiz: Confronting Death 1. Sven knows he has less than 6 months to live. He appears calm and seems most concerned about how to help his family deal with his death. He is disconnecting himself from people and tells his friends and family that he is at peace. Sven is most likely in the __________ stage of dying.

A. depression B. denial C. acceptance D. bargaining Answer: C. acceptance Question Title: EOM Q10.2.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

Consider This: It is the stage at which the dying person has virtually no feelings—positive or negative—about the present or future. 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

2. Elisabeth K bler-Ross theorized that people coping with death pass through five stages. What is the correct order of the steps she proposed?

A. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance B. depression, anger, bargaining, denial, acceptance C. depression, acceptance, bargaining, denial, anger D. denial, acceptance, bargaining, depression, anger Answer: A. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance Question Title: EOM Q10.2.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Remember Objective: 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

Consider This: A common acronym for the five stages is DABDA. 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

3. While they differ in some respects, both a living will and a durable power of attorney __________.

A. make it legal for a doctor to give a lethal dose of medication B. cannot officially be drawn up until an individual is about to lose the ability to make his or her own decisions C. are legal documents that can help inform others about one’s preferences regarding medical decisions D. authorize a designee to take over all financial matters if the signee becomes incapacitated Answer: C. are legal documents that can help inform others about one’s preferences regarding medical decisions Question Title: EOM Q10.2.3 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

Consider This: People should have frank conversations about their wishes in the event of a health tragedy. 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

4. The letters ―DNR‖ on a patient’s medical chart indicate that medical personnel __________.

A. are legally required to provide the means for the terminally ill patient to commit suicide B. should take extreme measures to keep the patient alive C. should not try to resuscitate the patient if his or her heart stops beating long enough to cause permanent damage D. have a clear set of rules on how to handle the patient’s wishes in any situation Answer: C. should not try to resuscitate the patient if his or her heart stops beating long enough to cause permanent damage Question Title: EOM Q10.2.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

Consider This: It may mean the difference between dying immediately or living additional days, months, or years. 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

5. Ninety-three-year-old Harold is terminally ill and has decided to forgo expensive and painful medical treatments. He would prefer to have visits from a nurse who can provide assistance in making the process of dying warm and supportive. Harold is involved in ________.

A. passive care B. voluntary active euthanasia C. life extension therapy D. hospice care Answer: D. hospice care Question Title: EOM Q10.2.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.6 Describe the alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

Consider This: It is an alternative to hospitalization and centers on providing a comfortable environment for the dying patient. 10.6 Describe the alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

Quiz: Grief and Bereavement 1. Corbin, founding partner of a prestigious law firm, has just learned his client and friend, Wynn, unexpectedly died of a massive stroke. Corbin was in the process of collecting a past due debt of $100,000 from Wynn. Which function is Wynn’s funeral LEAST likely to serve for Corbin?

A. a formal forum to mark the endpoint of Wynn’s life B. an opportunity to comfort Wynn’s family C. a place where Wynn’s family and friends can share their collective grief D. a time for Corbin to meet with Wynn’s estate planner about the debt owed Answer: D. a time for Corbin to meet with Wynn’s estate planner about the debt owed Question Title: EOM Q10.3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

Consider This: All funerals basically serve the same functions. 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

2. The average funeral and burial in the United States costs approximately __________.

A. $3,000 B. $7,000 C. $12,000 D. $20,000 Answer: B. $7,000 Question Title: EOM Q10.3.2 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember Objective: 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

Consider This: The cost typically includes a coffin, limousine transportation, and preservation and viewing of the body. 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

3. After serving as her partner’s primary caretaker for 10 years, Sasha is in the final stage of grieving her partner’s death, as demonstrated by her __________.

A. deep depression B. profound sense of emotional numbness C. newfound self-reliance and greater appreciation for life D. irrational expressions of anger Answer: C. newfound self-reliance and greater appreciation for life Question Title: EOM Q10.3.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Consider This: Following a loss, most people begin to pick up the pieces of their lives. 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

4. A young gay man has learned that his partner died in a car accident. Because he has not shared his sexual orientation with his family, he feels unable to express his grief openly. This scenario illustrates __________.

A. normal grief B. incomplete grief C. prolonged grief D. terminal decline Answer: B. incomplete grief Question Title: EOM Q10.3.4 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Consider This: It is a lingering form of grief following a loss in which people are unable to grieve effectively. 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

5. Your maternal grandparents had been married for 75 years when your grandfather died recently. Your mother fatalistically predicts that your grandmother also will likely die soon. Is your mother overreacting?

A. Yes—her belief is largely a myth.

B. No—the risk of death is 10 times higher than normal for a surviving partner.

C. Yes—she is demonstrating her overly dramatic personality.

D. No—research suggests that widowed people are at greater risk of death.

Answer: D. No—research suggests that widowed people are at greater risk of death.

Question Title: EOM Q10.3.5 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Consider This: In a sense, death is catching. 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Chapter Quiz: Death and Dying 1. After a cliff-diving accident, Raul’s doctors are unable to see any indication of electrical brain waves. At this point, Raul’s doctors will likely deem him __________.

A. functionally dead B. in a coma C. brain dead D. suffering from irreversible brain damage Answer: C. brain dead Question Title: EOC Q10.1 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Apply Objective: 10.1 Describe how the moment of death is defined.

Consider This: Brain functioning is used to determine the moment of death. 10.1 Describe how the moment of death is defined.

2. Ashton has learned that his buddy Karuk recently died in a motorcycle accident while he was driving in a massive rainstorm. Although grieving for the loss of his friend, Ashton decides to take his own motorcycle out late at night, despite a forecast for rain. He reassures his mother by saying, ―Relax, that won’t happen to me! The odds are in my favor—what are the chances that two biker friends will die during a storm within a week of each other?‖ Ashton’s remarks suggest that he is in the life stage of __________.

A. older adulthood B. middle adulthood C. childhood D. adolescence Answer: D. adolescence Question Title: EOC Q10.2 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

Consider This: At certain ages, some people believe they are invulnerable and that bad things only happen to other people. 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

3. Fears about death are often most prevalent in __________.

A. adolescence B. young adulthood C. middle adulthood D. late adulthood Answer: C. middle adulthood Question Title: EOC Q10.3 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

Consider This: These fears may lead people to switch their focus to the number of years they have remaining rather than the number of years they have already lived. 10.2 Analyze causes of and reactions to death across the life span.

4. In regard to death education, many researchers believe __________.

A. death education is important because many people in Western societies typically hide death B. medical professionals are much more resilient when it comes to emotions surrounding death than those in other professions and therefore do not need death education C. teaching students about death in college-level courses is useless because it is too late D. it is best to shield young children from the topic of death and dying Answer: A. Death education is important because many people in Western societies typically hide death.

Question Title: EOC Q10.4 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

Consider This: Because dying is seldom discussed, people may have little opportunity to confront their feelings about death. 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

5. Dr. Ryan has spent his career studying the topics of death, dying, and the grieving process. As a result of his research, he believes schools should incorporate some form of death education into the curriculum. Dr. Ryan is likely to be a __________.

A. funeral home director B. thanatologist C. gerontologist D. cytologist Answer: B. thanatologist Question Title: EOC Q10.5 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

Consider This: Death education is also supported by developmentalists. 10.3 Describe the aims and benefits of death education.

6. Which of the following is a criticism of K bler-Ross’s theory on the stages of dying?

A. Most people experience at least six stages of grief rather than the five K bler-Ross proposed.

B. K bler-Ross’s research population only took into account the experiences of those suffering from diseases in which the outcome was uncertain and quick in duration.

C. The majority of terminally ill people do not experience acceptance.

D. Reactions to impending death differ and are dependent on many factors.

Answer: D. Reactions to impending death differ and are dependent on many factors.

Question Title: EOC Q10.6 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

Consider This: Rather than a series of fixed stages, grief is an assortment of symptoms that rise and fall. 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

7. According to K bler-Ross’s theory, the stage of death at which a person may request to be left alone is __________.

A. anger B. denial C. acceptance D. bargaining Answer: C. acceptance Question Title: EOC Q10.7 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.4 Analyze K bler-Ross’s theory on the process of dying.

Consider This: At this stage, the dying have made peace with themselves. 10.4: Analyze K blerRoss’s theory on the process of dying.

8. Before he died, Dexter met with a lawyer and completed a document outlining his wishes to be taken off life support should he be in a situation where he could not speak for himself and his diagnosis was likely death. Because Dexter’s form does not authorize another person to speak on his behalf, the document is most likely a(n) __________.

A. EEG B. living will C. limited trust D. durable power of attorney Answer: B. living will Question Title: EOC Q10.8 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

Consider This: It is a legal document that designates the medical treatments people do or do not want should they be unable to speak for themselves. 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

9. Which statement best exemplifies the reality surrounding euthanasia and assisted suicide?

A. At least 35 percent of nurses commonly engage in the practice of active euthanasia.

B. Most physicians believe it is their duty to end the suffering of terminally ill patients through active euthanasia.

C. Many people disagree about who controls life: the individual, the family, the doctors, the government, or a god.

D. Only two-thirds of states in the United States have voted to legalize right-to-die laws.

Answer: C. Many people disagree about who controls life: the individual, the family, the doctors, the government, or a god.

Question Title: EOC Q10.9 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

Consider This: Euthanasia is relatively widespread, although many people are morally opposed to the practice. 10.5 Explain ways in which people can exercise control over how they spend their last days.

10. Which statement accurately reflects the alternatives for end-of-life care?

A. About half of the people in the United States who die do so in hospitals.

B. People in medical facilities are likely to die surrounded by family members and friends.

C. Most patients are more comfortable with in-hospital care than home care.

D. Hospitals are staffed with extra personnel to deal with the emotional needs of terminally ill patients.

Answer: A. About half of the people in the United States who die do so in hospitals.

Question Title: EOC Q10.10 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.6 Describe alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

Consider This: Hospitals are among the least desirable places in which to face death. 10.6 Describe alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

11. Hospice care practitioners are most likely to provide __________.

A. highly restrictive and limited use of pain medication B. a warm, supportive environment for the dying C. treatments for extending the patient’s life D. invasive treatments focused on curing the patient Answer: B. a warm, supportive environment for the dying Question Title: EOC Q10.11 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze Objective: 10.6 Describe alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

Consider This: The focus of hospice care is on making a patient’s final days pleasant and meaningful. 10.6 Describe alternatives for providing end-of-life care for the terminally ill.

12. Which of the following accurately illustrates current cultural differences in the response to death?

A. Ari, a Balinese mourner, believes the gods will hear his prayers only if he wails loudly during the funeral.

B. Ching, a Chinese attendant, expects to be buried alive along with the body of his master.

C. Raja, a Hindu widower, will throw himself into the fire of his late wife’s burning body.

D. Dominique, an African American mourner, is encouraged to openly display her feelings during the funeral.

Answer: D. Dominique, an African American mourner, is encouraged to openly display her feelings during the funeral.

Question Title: EOC Q10.12 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply Objective: 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

Consider This: In this culture, funeral rituals include showing one’s grief. 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

13. Which statement is true about funeral rites in the United States?

A. The average cost of a funeral and burial is $3,000.

B. All military funerals include a full military procession and a five-plane flyover.

C. Most people make funeral arrangements according to social norms and customs.

D. Irish Catholics traditionally hold a shivah to mourn their dead.

Answer: C. Most people make funeral arrangements according to social norms and customs.

Question Title: EOC Q10.13 Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand Objective: 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

Consider This: In Western societies, funeral rituals—much like wedding ceremonies—follow a typical pattern. 10.7 Analyze the cultural meaning of funeral rites in Western and other cultures.

14. Jorge and his wife of 58 years, Isabelle, enjoyed a fulfilling and joyful marriage. Although it has been three years since Jorge died, Isabelle continues to deeply and demonstrably mourn his loss. Isabelle’s behavior suggests __________.

A. incomplete grief B. complicated grief C. denial D. bargaining Answer: B. complicated grief Question Title: EOC Q10.14 Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply Objective: 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Consider This: It also is referred to as prolonged grief disorder. 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

15. Sudden deaths are often the result of __________, which occur(s) more frequently among __________ individuals.

A. violence; younger B. accidents; older C. violence; older D. illness; younger Answer: A. violence; younger Question Title: EOC Q10.15 Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand Objective: 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.

Consider This: People who unexpectedly lose their loved ones are less able to cope than those who could anticipate the death. 10.8 Describe how survivors react to and cope with death.