Test Bank For Community Development in Canada, 3rd Edition by Jason D. Brown Chapter 1-11

TEST BANK For Abigail Salole University of Toronto

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA Third Edition

Jason D. Brown Western University

ISBN 978-0-13-662203-1

Contents Chapter 1

Importance of Community

Chapter 2

Introduction to Community Development

Chapter 3

History of Community Development

Chapter 4

Perspectives on Community Development

Chapter 5

Building Relationships with the Community

Chapter 6

Process of Community Development

Chapter 7

Skills for Working in Communities

Chapter 8

Canadian Case Studies

Chapter 9

Indigenous Community Development

Chapter 10 International Community Development Chapter 11 Social Welfare and the Future of Community Development

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CHAPTER 1 Importance of Community MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Recent research indicates that communities with strong connections report a. increased loneliness. b. an increase in health and social costs c. feelings of social isolation. d. high levels of citizen participation e. increased levels of crime.

Answer: d Difficulty:1 Skill: applied

Topic: Physical & mental health benefits of community

2. According to Emile Durkheim, people with low levels of connection to their communities a. were more likely to commit suicide. b. suffer from sleep disorders. c. were more likely to have dysfunctional families. d. undergo extreme anxiety. e. are more likely to be from a two-parent family.

Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Topic: Physical & mental health benefits of community Skill: recall 3. Which of the following demographic and movement trends are national trends in Canada? a. growth of the indigenous population b. decreased population of immigrants and second-generation immigrants c. migration to rural areas d. remaining in the same province e. decreased diversity of immigrants Answer: a

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Community trends

Skill: recall

4. “Learned helplessness” occurs when a. individuals are not engaged in self-help groups. b. people have lower social contact. c. individuals feel that they have little or no control over their environment. d. people experience high level of wealth. e. individuals are depressed.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

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Skill: applied

5. A network of relationships between individuals is a. social capital. b. an intentional community. c. a linkage. d. a strong community. e. psychological bonding.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Defining community

Skill: recall

6. According to Freire, the “culture of silence” refers to a situation where individuals a. feel hopeless when they have little control over their environments. b. feel segregated from the mainstream. c. are challenged by the demands of society so they experience despair. d. are disconnected from their familiar environments. e. are unable to learn the rules of their culture.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

Skill: applied

7. Which of the following is an interest community? a. a group of people from the same ethnic background b. professional engineers association c. members of a particular religious denomination d. a wealthy neighbourhood e. a group of women of colour Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

8. According to Hannis (1988), the effect of boom towns included a. development of relationships among the businesses. b. depersonalization of community services. c. growth of social and psychological capital. d. decrease of bureaucratic government. e. increase in social networking.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

9. Which of the following situations illustrate the social participation function of community? a. community members are partners in a housing cooperative b. members plan a community lawn bowling event c. community members enforce the rules of their condominium property contracts d. community offer help to those in need of childcare e. community ensures that basic needs of food and shelter are met Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Functions of communities

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Skill: applied

10. An interest community is different from an attribute community because it a. describes the development of relationships in a physical area. b. is based on the possession of a certain function. c. depicts a group of people connected by gender or race. d. describes an association among several communities. e. depicts a group of individuals addressing a common concern.

Answer: e

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of community

Skill: recall

11. Which of the following best characterizes a Gesellschaft industrial society? a. relationships are based on reciprocity b. collective goals are the norm c. the focus of the community is on individual goals d. competition is emphasized e. mutual support is evident Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

12. What are the main factors of social capital? a. trust, bonding, and linkage b. participation, bonding, and bridging c. resourcing, bonding, and linkage d. bonding, bridging, and linkage e. participation, trust, and productivity Answer: d

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Social capital

Skill: recall

13. Bridging, a factor of social capital, is exemplified by a. a community having ties with other communities. b. the community’s emphasis on goal achievement. c. the presence of a cohesive relationship of community members. d. a community having ties to institutions. e. a combination of connections outside of the community.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Social capital

Skill: recall

14. A community that ensures the meeting of basic physiological necessities to its members through locally owned businesses is meeting the function of a. social control. b. socialization. c. mutual support. d. social participation. e. production, distribution, and consumption.

Answer: e

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Functions of communities

15. Which of the following is the best example of an intentional community?

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Skill: recall

a. a group of individuals who choose to pursue the ideal of “non-pollution” of the environment b. a coalition of communities to ensure that conformity is followed by all c. a group of individuals connected geographically d. groups of individuals brought together by their professions e. a group of communities that aim to promote productivity Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Function of communities

Skill: applied

16. According to Putnam (2000), the benefits of high social capital to a community include increased productivity and a. government involvement. b. competitive relationships. c. social control. d. effective democratic processes. e. rapid development of the infrastructure.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

17. Which of the following best exemplify a challenge in fostering a sense of community among college students? a. lack of awareness of the social supports offered by the schools b. difficulty in accessing social supports of family due to distance and finances c. young peoples’ attitude of maintaining independence and disregarding interdependence d. young peoples’ difficulty in accepting help from school officials and faculty e. diversity of values and backgrounds Answer: b

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Fostering community

Skill: applied

18. An example of the socialization function of a community is a. a group of people enforce rules so that everyone conforms to the norms of the community. b. a group of businesses provide jobs for the younger people in the community. c. when group members communicate their values and knowledge to the rest of the community. d. when groups of people participate in cooperative activities. e. a group of people providing support to each other in times of struggle.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Functions of communities

Skill: applied

19. Why are communities essential to individual well-being? a. Communities enable individuals to feel powerful and able to cope with crisis. b. Communities allow individuals to feel a connection with others and experience positive self-image. c. Communities enable to individuals to make decisions about the good of the community and elect capable officials. d. Communities provide individuals with opportunities to meet their social obligations. e. Communities allow individuals to experience a sense of accomplishment.

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Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

Skill: applied

20. According to Mignone (2003), a community with a high level of social capital a. have members with high levels of trust. b. provide members little support. c. have members report lower social contact. d. provide members with opportunities to meet their own basic needs. e. have individuals who can accomplish their goals.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Social capital

Skill: recall

21. A group of people who have chosen to live or work together in pursuit of a common ideal is called a. mutual support. b. intentional community. c. interest community. d. gemeinschaft. e. gesellschaft.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of communities

Skill: recall

22. Which of the following is a functional community? a. a group of Sikh women b. a group of people who live on the west end of a city c. a group of people banding together against a neglectful landlord d. a wealthy neighbourhood e. a trade union Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of communities

Skill: applied

23. When communities ensure conformity to group norms they are serving what function of community? a. socialization b. social participation c. social control d. production e. distribution Answer: c

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Functions of communities

Skill: applied

24. ____________are small communities transformed in a short period of time by rapid development. a. Gesellschaft b. Gemeinschaft Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

c. Boom towns d. Geographic communities e. Ecovillages Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of communities

Skill: recall

25. An example of a community of geography, attribute and interest is a. a seniors-only apartment building who come together to discuss a neglectful landlord. b. a union of daycare workers. c. a group of people who live on the same street who have the same ethnic origin. d. gay people celebrating “gay pride.” e. a group of people who live in the same area concerned about the pollution caused by diesel trains.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of communities

Skill: recall

26. According to Statistics Canada (2008), the rate of growth of Indigenous groups in Canada a. is steadily decreasing. b. is increasing. c. remains stable from ten years ago. d. is increasing in Western Canada. e. a matter great concern.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community trends

Skill: recall

27. This function of community acts as a bridge between families and bureaucratized services by providing informal assistance such as medical care, childcare, and help in times of crisis. a. production b. consumption c. mutual support d. social control e. socialization Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Functions of community

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28. Ecovillages are an example of which type of community? a. intentional b. boom town c. gesellschaft d. gemeinschaft e. social control Answer: a

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Types of communities

Skill: recall

TRUE–FALSE 29. Lack of social relationships can predispose individuals to problems with their heart functions.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Physical & mental health benefits of community

30. Suicide is more common in communities where there is rapid social change.

Answer: True Difficulty: 1 community Skill: recall

Topic: Physical & mental health benefits of

31. When people feel an ability to control and predict their environments, they can experience a “culture of silence”.

Answer: False Skill: recall

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

32. Sustaining a sense of community is more difficult in pre-industrial societies.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of community

Skill: recall

33. Relationships and networks are important in the formation of social capital.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

34. There is a singular understanding of community.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Defining community

Skill: recall

35. A community of professionals who have good relationships with other professionals as well as corporations in their locality would be considered to have high social capital.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

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Skill: applied

36. A social impact of boom towns is the growth of large chain stores controlled by the community itself.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of communities

Skill: applied

37. When citizens have common and shared issues, they are usually able to elect politicians representing their broad concerns.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

Skill: applied

38. Socio-economic status, race, gender, and age are examples of attributes that define a community.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

39. An example of bonding is the association of a town with a city nearby.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

40. An example of an interest community is a group of seniors and professionals working towards proper housing for disabled elderly.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

41. Intentional communities are formed to pursue a common goal where the members live cooperatively and share experiences with each other.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

42. An example of the mutual support function of a community is the transmission of values and ideals by one generation to the next one.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of community

Skill: applied

43. Communities nurture individuals and individuals nurture their communities.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

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Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 44. What are two challenges in fostering a sense of community?

Answer: 1. lack of social support from families, friends, and other systems 2. individuals are spending more time in the workplace 3. lack or little control over one’s environments Difficulty: 1

Topic: Fostering community

Skill: recall

45. Define an interest community.

Answer: An interest community is a group of individuals who come together to address a common concern or interest. Examples are unions, professional associations, and social action groups.

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of community

Skill: recall

46. Give an example of the social participation function of a community.

Answer: The common theme is opportunities for members to interact and participate in cooperative activities.

1. A community organizes a marathon to raise funds for a member whose house burned down.

2. A summer neighbourhood festival.

3. A group of neighbours organizes a “clean the streets campaign”.

4.A community organizes a fundraising campaign for an organization.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Functions of communities

Skill: applied

47. Differentiate the two factors of social capital: bonding from linkage.

Answer: Bonding refers to ties or relationships among the members of a particular community while linkage means a community’s ties with institutions such as the government or businesses.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

48. Why are communities essential to individual well-being?

Answer: Communities play a crucial role in individuals being able to meet their need to understand themselves and make their environments predictable and manageable.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fostering community

ESSAY Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

49. Explain the different functions of communities.

Answers: 1. production, distribution, and consumption – meeting supply and demand for necessities such as food and shelter by locally owned businesses or local governance 2. socialization – process of transmitting to community members prevailing knowledge, social values, and behaviour patterns 3. social control – ensuring conformity to the group norms 4. social participation – providing opportunities for community members to interact with each other and participate in cooperative activities 5. mutual support – community acting as a bridge between families and systems of services by ensuring informal opportunities for support such as care of the sick and the young Difficulty: 2

Topic: Functions of Community

Skill: applied

50. Explain the mental health benefits of community.

Answer: When community members are connected with one another, they feel less isolated and have a sense of belonging. They are able to get support as needed. There is less incidence of depression and suicide in communities where there are protective factors such as a sense of purpose and association with families, friends, organizations, and other volunteer activities. Illnesses associated with stress such as migraines and heart attacks occur less in individuals who feel they belong to a community.

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Physical & mental health benefits of community

Skill: applied

51. Discuss the changes in community life for contemporary Canadians.

Answer: Canadians move frequently, and this mobility decreases the ability for individuals to nurture their neighbourhoods and communities. Immigrants report low social contact with their neighbours. There are barriers to community life such as family dysfunction and workplace demands. The increase of the elderly population affects community life because of social isolation. Rural depopulation.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Community Trends

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Community Development MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following communities illustrate a bottom-up approach of community development? a. A group of politicians agreed to develop a bike and hiking trail for a newly developed community. b. Newcomers to a community organized a tutoring program for the school-aged children.

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c. A group of professionals developed a program on financial aid for students who come from a lower income part of the community. d. Seniors in the community attended a program of exercise and nutrition in the community centre. e. Faculty organized a group of students to clean the litter in the streets around the high school.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 3

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

2. In the top-down approach of community development, the role of the community developer is a. organizing the influential individuals to identify the needs and methods of meeting such needs. b. involving the local businesses in defining the community’s goals. c. organizing the community members to identify their goals for the welfare of the community. d. inviting all interested parties to attend community or town hall meetings to increase socialization among members. e. involving all community members in planning events for the community.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 3

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

3. The difference between community development and community action is a. in community development, self-help is emphasized while in community action service expansion is the goal. b. in community development, helping agencies collaborate to meet the members’ needs while in community action, direct action is taken on agencies that promote divisions. c. community development enhances the community’s capacity to solve their problems while community action focuses on directly dealing with organizations that promote societal divisions. d. community development addresses divisions in the community while community action addresses their capacity. e. the emphasis of community development is program planning while in community action, service expansion is given emphasis.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

4. What type of community work is about collaborating with community agencies? a. social planning b. community development c. community action d. community organization e. service extension Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

5. What type of community work is about assessing needs and capacities? a. social planning Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

b. c. d. e.

community development community action community organization service extension

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

6. In what way does stigma weaken a community? a. community members are unable to make decisions that promote strength b. interaction does not occur among neighbours c. the community becomes self-contained d. community members feel shame and fear e. the community feel the lack of control Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

7. Which of the following factors strengthen communities? a. volunteer organizations that serve the community b. openness and lack of boundaries c. presence of large organizations d. high movement and relocation e. decision making by governments Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community Skill: applied

8. Which of the following is a myth about community development work? a. Community work is flexible and easy. b. Community workers can be effective with adequate experience and education. c. Funding for community services is inadequate. d. Communities have multiple characteristics and are diverse. e. The practice of community development varies in context.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Myths about community development work

9. A consequence of globalization is a. more growth of local initiatives. b. local profits being funnelled elsewhere. c. development of sophisticated technology. d. development of silos. e. formation of closely knit networks.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Employment

Skill: applied

10. Why is it difficult to measure the effectiveness of community interventions? a. Hard evidence such as frequency of participation in activities do not portray the real impact of the intervention. b. Interventions are diverse and therefore it is very difficult to quantify the results.

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c. Communities feel defensive when evaluation of interventions occur. d. There are no objective measurement tools available for community work. e. Subjective data is not acceptable as a measure of effectiveness of community interventions.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Myths about community development work

11. A community made up of people from different social classes and ethnicity who do not work together is a. suffering from financial leakage. b. fragmented. c. imbalanced. d. unable to sustain themselves. e. bound to deteriorate into a ghetto.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

12. Which of the following examples illustrate a response to an externally imposed condition? a. the community organized to do fund raising for a family whose house burned down b. when a new corporation decided to build a steel company near a school, community members formed an action group c. when a new mayor was elected who did not value the voices of the people, the community demonstrated by the city hall d. when the municipal council surveyed schools and suggested closing of the ones that had rat infestation e. the community organized a rally against drunken driving Answer: b

Difficulty: 3

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

13. Community organization refers to collaboration among agencies while community action focuses on a. assessing needs and capacities to do program planning. b. expanding services of local agencies to meet community members’ needs. c. directly taking action about structural divisions in society. d. enhancing the members’ capacities for problem solving. e. forming organizations to provide a long-term capacity for problem-solving Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: recall

14. According to Newman (1973), vandalism and crime rates can be reduced a. when communities can make decisions about their preferred future and act on these decisions. b. when communities are designed so that residents have a sense of psychological control. c. only if there are active voluntary organizations that promote social justice. d. when communities are allowed to make structural changes in their physical space. e. only if there is collaboration among agencies that support social justice.

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Answer: b

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

15. Which of the following examples of community development best illustrate meeting of a basic physical need? a. a local employment and trading service founded by the community members where they can barter services and goods b. a community supports fundraising for the building of a community skating arena c. a community provides support to a global initiative of housing in the far East d. a community that elects an official who supports the community’s need for safety e. a local and international partnership to build transportation abroad Answer: a

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Meeting Basic Needs

Skill: applied

16. Community workers can best provide a “sense of place” for members by a. enhancing citizen participation. b. encouraging development of food gardens. c. preparing plans for affordable housing. d. providing employment through buying franchises. e. forming food cooperatives.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Meeting basic needs

Skill: applied

17. One of the myths of community development relates to communities a. speaking with multiple voices. b. having an easy time in measuring outcomes. c. having a difficult time finding solutions. d. having a difficult time with funding their services. e. finding individuals who represent the community’s best interests.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Myths about community development work

18. Financial leakage is associated with the growth of big business and globalization where a. finances of the community are funnelled to the grassroots. b. communities do not profit from this growth of business. c. local profits are drained away to more distant places. d. local profits are leaked to the local members. e. global executives manage local businesses.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Meeting basic needs

Skill: applied

19. Which of the following factors weaken communities? a. stigma and lack of a shared understanding of the community’s history b. high mobility and the presence of boundaries c. stigma and some degree of control over decisions that impact on the members’ lives d. projects that require effort and lack of a shared collective history e. high mobility and deliberate effort to use diversity as a motivating factor Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

20. Which of the following methods can best promote a community’s sense of identity? a. identifying and uniting against a common enemy b. promoting fun-filled activities and community sports teams c. providing adequate land use d. eliminating a common enemy e. increase the number of voluntary organizations Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

21. When people identify their communities with geographical areas surrounded by natural barriers, the phenomenon is a. fragmentation. b. external attribution. c. natural space. d. serviceable space. e. defensible space.

Answer: e

Difficulty:1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

22. According to McKnight (1995), communities are stronger when a. there are active voluntary organizations. b. territoriality is evident. c. services are provided by the government. d. decision making is based upon consensus. e. there are both non-profit and governmental organizations.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

23. Bottom-up community development happens a. when there is an externally imposed situation. b. because the government becomes immobilized. c. when individuals are dissatisfied with their status in the community. d. when the government decides that the community needs to deal with an issue. e. because the community has some internal conflicts.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

24. Community workers need to correct the myths about the work they do and an example of a myth is a. community work is difficult to explain to others because of the diversity of roles. b. there are enough community services that are well funded. c. that community difficulties arise from structural problems. d. that all communities have their unique problems and solutions. e. there are community workers who have credentials and others who have not.

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Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Myths about community development work

25. In a top-down approach of community development, the community members a. respond to a local issue as a collective. b. are persuaded after the goal and methods have been defined. c. are included in the defining of goals and methods. d. decide to address their own issues in the manner they believe is right for them. e. are consulted in every aspect of the process.

Answer: b applied

Difficulty:2

Topic: What is community development? Skill:

26. That people purporting to represent a community may actually be speaking just for themselves relates to what myth of community development. a.

Anyone with a professional credential or a big heart can be effective b.

Community services are well funded. c.

All communities are democratic. d.

Solutions are easy to find and implement. e.

Community development is the same in all communities.

Answer: c Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Myths about community development work

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27. Which of the following weakens communities? a. Disappearing local services. b. A focal point where residents can meet together informally. c. Confronting a common issue. d. Adequate parklands and well-maintained housing. e. Transportation systems from the suburbs to downtown core.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

TRUE–FALSE 28. A community developer who imposes goals and processes upon a community uses the topdown approach.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: What is community development?

29. Community development can be sustained in both formal and informal ways.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: What is community development?

30. High mobility can strengthen communities.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

31. When rural communities lose their local businesses, the overall quality of life deteriorates.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: recall

32. A community is vibrant when community members have a place where they can have informal gatherings.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing Community

Skill: applied

33. The bottom-up approach is used when a community developer defines the goals and the strategies to achieve them for a particular community.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Nurturing Community

Skill: recall

34. Transience is a factor that can weaken a community because services may be over or underutilized.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Nurturing Community

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Skill: applied

35. One of the problems of community work is the lack of opportunities to have good training in community work.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Myths about community development work

36. Clear job descriptions are necessary for community workers to minimize the possibility of burnout.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Myths about community development work

37. Adequate and affordable housing can help meet the basic needs of a community.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Meeting basic needs

Skill: recall

38. Self-help and collective problem solving contribute to successful community development.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

39. When communities are labelled as dangerous, people are not willing to invest their energies to make it a better place to live in.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

40. Barter systems are examples of local economic developments that meet employment needs of the community.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Meeting basic needs

Skill: applied

41. Community developers need to ensure that they listen to a broad range of ideas and opinions for project development.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Myths of community development work

42. To manage population density in a community, there needs to be a balanced land – use plan.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

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Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 43. How does a lack of shared understanding about the community’s history contribute to a weakening of the community?

Answer: People do not feel connected if they are not aware of their collective past. This lack of awareness prevents them from connecting their present realities with the past and may have the tendency to repeat the community’s past history.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

44. Explain how lack of boundaries contributes to a weak community.

Answer: In public housing areas, residents may have a low sense of psychological control over their surroundings and have low frequency of interactions. This can contribute to increase in crime rates and vandalism.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

45. Explain how the concept of fragmentation affects children.

Answer: When a community has diverse groups that do not work together, the children are affected and they manifest this impact with bullying behaviour, name-calling, racism, and formation of gangs.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

46. Differentiate between social planning and service extension.

Answer: In social planning, the community work is directed at assessing community needs and capacities for program planning and evaluation while in service extension, the work is to expand the services of local agencies to meet the needs of people who are underserved.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

Skill: applied

47. How does collective decision making affect community development?

Answer: People are more committed to any project if they were involved in the decisionmaking process. This is especially true when they are treated with respect and honesty. They are engaged, energetic, and collaborative.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development?

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

ESSAY 48. Discuss how stigma and high transience weaken communities.

Answer: When people live in communities labelled as second-rate, they feel ashamed, scared, and unwilling to invest in the improvement of the community. Instead they are anxious to make a move out of the community. In places, where relocation and mobility is high, safety is an issue. Since they are not close with their neighbours, they do not interact with them so their quality of life is affected.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Nurturing community

Skill: applied

49. How does a community developer ensure sustainability of community development efforts?

Answer: One identifies issues and concerns, then plans to make changes. These changes reinforce the community’s strength and self-sufficiency. Interpersonal relationships are also maintained. In other instances, community members form organizations that ensure the efforts continue to meet the goals of the community.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: What is community development

Skill: applied

50. Explain why it is a myth that community development is the same in all communities.

Answer: Communities are different and there is uniqueness in each community. Rural communities have different needs and concerns from urban ones. Small communities and large communities differ in the population, land-space, needs, and resources.

Attempts to organize communities will vary depending upon these factors.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Myths about community development work

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 3 History of Community Development

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. This decade was seen as a “golden age” of community development in Canada. a. 1960’s b. 1970’s c. 1980’s d. 1990’s e. 2000’s

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Answer: a Skill: recall 2. a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community development after WWII

During the 1960s, Canadian efforts for community development focused on planning programs to educate the masses. direct social action by organizing the poor. governmental policies to deal with local issues. indirect community organizing of groups to deal with local concerns. organization of coalitions of service agencies.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Community development after WWII

3. In Alberta post World War II, the Preventive Social Services Act formed programs designed to a. improve governmental agencies ways of delivering services. b. assist individuals through their rehabilitation. c. encourage self-improvement. d. provide legal services. e. assist in the movement of veterans.

Answer: c Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Community development after WWII

4. The community intervention practitioners in the local community service centres in Quebec engage the community through a. organizing, accessing resources for, and educating the members. b. facilitating participation, consultation, and planning. c. identifying the community’s needs and providing resources for the members. d. facilitating the funnelling of funds and identifying the strategies to meet the needs. e. organizing, planning, and implementing the practitioners’ suggestions.

Answer: b Skill: recall 5. a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community development after WWII

The model of settlement homes is one that provides homes for immigrants. changes governmental policies on housing projects. assists in eradicating poverty. identifies the homeless population and provides them with housing. serves the neighbourhood to meet basic needs.

Answer: e Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community development after WWII

6. Paulo Freire emphasized the need for individuals to

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a. develop an understanding of the structures that lead to oppression in order to make changes. b. retain their identity by being aware of the cultural differences instead of assimilating into the mainstream culture. c. be aware of their own power to make changes and to apply pressure on governmental agencies. d. confront the oppressors in an organized manner in order to demand changes in the structures. e. be educated in order to prevent a cascading effect of illiteracy in the next generations.

Answer: a 7. a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

One of the important contributions of Myles Horton in community development is reliance on professionals who are passionate about the concerns in the community. encouragement of character building interventions. reliance on local groups to develop their own expertise in solving their problems. acceptance of immigrants as a vibrant addition to any community. encouragement of political activism.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

8. Freire contended that learning a. occurs when individuals make sense of what they are learning and relate it to their own world. b. makes individuals aware of how they fit into their proper status or role in society. c. transpires when individuals realize that they can make changes happen. d. arises when people group together to solve their own issues with or without help. e. occurs as a result of the guidance of professionals or experts who pass on their knowledge.

Answer: a 9. a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

According to Freire, effective education _________. is authentic and relevant. hampers creativity. occurs when students always listen to their teachers. means students control the learning environment.

Happens when students understand the learning process.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

10. Freire suggested that education’s goal is to a. allow people to make mistakes and learn from them. b. encourage people to use other people’s mistakes and learn from them. c. allow people to attain their full potential. d. improve their quality of life. e. reform policies to benefit them.

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Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

11. Freire emphasized that education needs to take the form of a. dialogue between student and teacher. b. lots of reading. c. tests. d. case studies. e. on-line learning.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

12. According to Freire, one of the characteristics of the oppressed is a. an inability to take action. b. their belief in the need for society to provide them with the tools to fight oppression. c. a belief that this situation is unchangeable. d. their inability to see themselves as productive members of society. e. their lack of education.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

13. How does conscientization relate to community development? a. when people use other people’s mistakes to be aware of their own concerns and can then assist other community members b. community members become empowered to help themselves and others by solving problems without assistance from the outside c. community agencies assist members to be involved in their own plight to better themselves d. when community members recognize the elements that oppress them and are assisted to take action against these factors e. when the community stands together to fight what they stand for Answer: d

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

14. According to Freire, the characteristics of a good teacher include the ability to listen and a. pose solutions to problems and let the learners make the decision. b. ask questions that stimulate learners to discuss in a critical manner. c. encourage learners to be good listeners. d. ask learners to develop independence. e. model for learners’ assertive behaviour.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

15. According to Saul Alinsky, community developers need to a. persevere in pressuring politicians and corporate officials to achieve community goals. b. educate the masses to achieve their full potential. c. assist the people to develop literacy skills. d. determine what is needed by the community members. e. persist in organizing workers for pay increases.

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Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

16. Which of the following institutions was established to educate students on community development? a. Industrial Foundation Educational Institute b. Jane Addams Institute of Education c. Saul Alinsky Institute for Social Development d. Coady International Institute e. George Erasmus International Institute Answer: d

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

17. The historical figures who advocated education are a. Freire, Tompkins, and Alinsky. b. Coady, Tompkins, and Freire. c. Addams, Freire, and Coady. d. Erasmus, Freire, and Tompkins. e. Erasmus, Alinsky, and Tompkins.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

18. Jane Addams opened a settlement house in North America that a. provided for people ways to meet basic human needs. b. aimed to provide a home for the homeless. c. provided university students with shelter. d. assisted immigrants to adjust to the new culture. e. assisted to integrate immigrants into the new culture.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

19. Saul Alinsky believed that to achieve power, one must a. involve a population of professionals. b. critically form a mass of people who believe in the community issues. c. portray a powerful stance that is conveyed to the opposition. d. accumulate all the resources needed to accomplish one’s goals. e. confront the opposition to garner resources.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

20. Jimmy Tompkins made a difference by a. advocating education and utilizing the media to alert the public of the community’s needs. b. emphasizing the need for pressuring the government and using threats to accomplish community goals. c. emphasizing social change by organizing workers to demand better policies and working conditions. d. utilizing radical means to stop poverty and unemployment.

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e. advocating support in building and sustaining the aboriginal communities.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

21. Moses Coady emphasized the value of a. politics in achieving results for sustainable community development. b. self-help, mutual support, and adult education. c. critical consciousness and adult education. d. cooperative principles and adult education. e. humanitarian principles and politics.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

22. According to Paulo Freire, traditional teaching is different from his views of effective teaching as in the traditional manner, a. the teacher dictates what needs to be learned instead of having the learners identify their own needs. b. the learner and the teacher mutually agrees on the goals for learning. c. the teacher poses problems for the students to solve instead of giving them the solutions. d. the teacher and learner are involved in exploring the solutions. e. the learner is the expert in what needs to be accomplished.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

23. Which of the following statements apply to Alinsky’s strategies in community development? a. it is based on the notion of fighting oppression through the process of encouraging critical consciousness b. his strategies are pacifist in nature by building sustainable healing processes c. achieving civil rights is the mainstay for fighting oppression d. it is based on confrontational tactics to apply pressure to the opposition e. his tactics are based on workers’ rights to demand what is due them in the workplace Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

24. In the field of community development, Georges Erasmus has been responsible for a. assisting disadvantages communities to take on local political issues. b. keeping the Aboriginal issues in the political spotlight for community healing. c. organizing trades-people to be trained to promote a safe workplace. d. assisting community members to change unfair business practices. e. developing community owned businesses.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

25. Moses Coady developed communities by calling mass meetings and a. forming study groups to discuss issues and solutions. b. training solutions seekers and implementers.

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c. assisting the members to achieve their highest potentials by challenging them. d. developing business oriented proposals for the people. e. reinforcing the community’s assets and strengths.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

26. The now well-known image of a masked Indigenous man staring into the eyes of a Canadian solider in the event known locally as the 1990 siege of Kanehsatake, had what consequence? a. Hid that Indigenous women played leadership roles in the siege. b. Breached confidentiality rules for those in the photo. c. Created a new prominent community developer. d. Kept pressure on the government to be peaceful with Indigenous activists. e. Involved professionals in the siege to negotiate. f.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Topic: Key figures Skill: applied

27. The Company of Young Canadians gave many Canadian youth a channel to funnel their energies into helping others; many were activists. What adage supports why this organization closed? a. “Never bite the hand that feeds you.” b. “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” c. "Well done is better than well said.” d. “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.” e. “Better late than never.”

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Community development after WWII

TRUE–FALSE 28. Critical consciousness means that people in communities need to be politically astute on their own.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

29. Saul Alinsky was responsible for the providing communities with rules to increase their power bases.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

30. Saul Alinsky suggested that tactics have to be enjoyable and protracted.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

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Skill: applied

31. Myles Horton encouraged individuals to do their own research of what is happening in their communities and become their own experts.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

32. Jane Addams’ settlement house encouraged the immigrants to retain their cultural beliefs.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

33. Both Myles Horton and Paulo Freire emphasized education to improve the community’s quality of life.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

34. Paulo Freire emphasized the formation of producer led cooperatives in any community.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

35. The Toynbee Hall was a settlement house for university students.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

36. Alinsky’s believed that crime is caused by discrimination, unemployment, and disease.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

37. The Hull House that was founded by Jane Addams had for its purpose the support of the immigrants in adjusting to their life in the new country.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

38. The Highlander Research and Education Centre played a major role in elevating the quality of life for the poor people in England.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

39. Alinsky believed that camping grounds and recreation facilities assisted in the plight of unemployed and economically insecure.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

40. International students attend Coady International Institute for courses on community development.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

41. Dehumanization characterizes the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed.

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Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

42. Freire contended that in the traditional format of education teachers are the experts.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

SHORT ANSWER 43. List five (5) rules for power tactics by Alinsky.

Answer: Any five of the following: 1. Power is not what you have, but how others perceive that you have.

2. Ridicule is potent.

3. Force the targets to live by their own rules.

4. Do not go outside of the community’s expertise.

5. Go outside of the expertise of the target whenever possible.

6. Keep applying pressure.

7. A threat is worse than the actual experience.

8. Pick a target, freeze it, and make it personal and polarized.

9. Use others’ mistakes for your benefits.

10. Have an alternative in mind just in case the target gets close to you.

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Key figures

Skill: recall

44. Describe what Freire meant by “integration of knowledge”.

Answer: When knowledge is not just memorization of facts but rather one that has meaning for the students and in their real world, then Freire believed that knowledge is integrated.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

45. Describe what a teacher, who espouses Freire’s philosophy, needs to do to provide effective education.

Answer: The teacher involves the students in identifying their needs and listens to their experiences. Both the teacher and students can ask questions in order to spark discussions. The learning process is controlled by both learners and teachers. In addition, teachers are not the experts and are not “punishers” for consequences.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

46. In what way did Moses Coady influence community development in Canada?

Answer: Coady held mass meetings, formed study clubs, produced, and distributed pamphlets on social change. He stressed the importance of self-help and mutual support.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

47. Describe the contributions of Myles Horton in community development.

Answer: Horton believed in peer education and that people have to do their own research and become experts. He encouraged people to experiment with their ideas and solutions, analyze their actions, and reflect on their learning.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

ESSAY 48. Explain Paulo Freire’s concept of the culture of silence.

Answer: Freire observed that the poor population and “oppressed” had a belief of their inability to change because they are so involved and preoccupied in meeting basic needs. They also have the idea that their oppressors are so powerful and invulnerable and in effect, the poor lack confidence and feel powerless.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

49. Explain Paulo Freire’s beliefs about effective education.

Answer: Effective education involves authentic and relevant experiences, that is, true to life, real, and meaningful situations. Students and teachers have to dialogue instead of the teacher imposing what needs to be learned and how to learn them. They then both become participants in the learning process in search of answers. Teachers facilitate the learning by providing an environment where the students are not just passive recipients but active in the process.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

50. Differentiate the concepts of education by Myles Horton and Paulo Freire.

Answer: Myles Horton and Paulo Freire believed in people sharing and dialoguing with one another. They both thought that solutions to the problems of the community are found in the people rather than from the outside experts. Horton believed in peer education where people do their own research and become their own experts while Freire suggested that teachers and students are partners in solution seeking. Horton encouraged the people to test out their ideas, analyze their actions, and learn from the process but did not specify whether this is a continuous process while Freire believed in authentic reflection and involved a constant unveiling of reality.

Difficulty:

3

Topic: Key figures

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 4 Perspectives on Community Development MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following beliefs belong to the perspective of anarchy? a. Power corrupts people so they need philosopher kings to govern them. b. Power is very useful and can transform people to manage the necessary changes in their lives. c. The marketplace dictates the nature of government so businesses should rule the people. d. People have the freedom in both the social and economic spheres and do not need rulers.

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e. People need to get involved in their social and economic situations and govern themselves.

Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Topic: Community development across the political spectrum Skill: applied 2. Socialists believe that government ought to a. be aware of the social conditions caused by economic fluctuations in the market. b. have a group of the ruling class control the social conditions of the population. c. be made up by the citizens who are highly involved in social and economic affairs. d. be socially responsible by campaigning for liberal candidates. e. have a group of social philosophers adapt the conditions for the people.

Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

3. Conservatism, in a classic sense, believe in a government that a. has reduced involvement in the social and economic affairs of the population. b. is committed to attending the social and economic well-being of the population. c. is made up of people who are convinced that they know what is best for the population. d. has views of the necessity of competition in social and economic affairs. e. is made up of the working class.

Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

4. Karl Marx viewed capitalism as a. responsible for the appearance of two social classes: the owners of the production means and the working class. b. responsible for the attitude of greed and self-interest in the governing class. c. what is to be blamed for the inadequacies of government. d. responsible for liberating the markets. e. what is to be blamed for the economic decline of the developed countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Topic: Community development across the political spectrum Skill: applied 5. Modern socialists view the role of government as a. a protector of the social and economic well-being of all citizens and promoter of laws to deal with inequities. b. a supporter of the liberation of the market in order to promote equality between the working class and the rich. c. a protector of human rights and diversity among the citizens. d. a supporter of decisions to empower the population. e. a protector of civil liberties so that there is justice for all.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Topic: Community development across the political spectrum Skill: applied Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

6. In comparing liberalism and conservatism, the perspectives on tax levels a. in liberalism, it is variable while it is moderate in conservatism. b. in liberalism, it is low while in conservatism it is moderate. c. are both moderate and variable. d. in liberalism, it is moderate while it is low in conservatism. e. in liberalism, it is moderate while it is variable in conservatism.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

7. Which of the following statements best describe feminism? a. Feminism focuses on strengthening disadvantaged communities. b. The basic concept of feminism is the belief in the equality of men and women. c. Feminism is the basic belief that women are superior to men. d. Feminism focuses on the personal experiences of women as the mainstay of politics. e. Feminism emphasizes the public view that women should be involved in political action.

Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Feminist, ecological, and Indigenous perspectives

8. Which of the following concepts best describe ecologism? a. environmental preservation and sustainability b. diversity and environmental preservation c. environmental protection and futuristic decision making d. environmental protection and government enforcement of treaties e. voluntary cooperation and environmental preservation Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Feminist, ecological, and Indigenous perspectives

9. What is the difference between the Indigenous perspective and western values? a. Indigenous values emphasize self-autonomy while western values promote collectivism b. Indigenous perspective promotes self-sufficient communities and connectedness to the land while western perspective values competition and taking from the land c. Indigenous perspective promotes competition and limited harvesting of natural resources while western perspective emphasizes exploitation of all resources d. Western culture promotes community activities and values diversity while Indigenous culture highlights uniformity e. Both perspectives espouse communal groups and respect for natural resources Answer: b Difficulty:3 Skill: applied

Topic: Feminist, ecological, and Indigenous perspectives

10. Why are political ideologies relevant to community development? a. They influence community members’ organizing to meet their needs. b. They enforce rules that govern the public’s interests.

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c. They influence the economic landscape. d. They influence decision making by the people in power. e. They are significant in meeting the challenges of the time.

Answer: d

Difficulty:2

Topic: Politics and community development

Skill: applied

11. According to the functionalist theorists, social problems occur a. when roles are not fulfilled by individuals, groups, and society. b. because resources are limited. c. when competing interests arise among groups. d. because society is unable to influence individuals to solve problems. e. when individuals do not find meaning in the solutions to the problems.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Politics and community development

Skill: applied

12. Which of the following examples illustrates the perspective of functionalism? a. Individuals identify the problem and come together to share experiences and resources. b. Society identifies the issue and solutions that each individual can undertake to stabilize the community. c. If a role or service is not adequately fulfilled, solutions are explored in order to fill in the gap. d. If roles are not met, individuals are summoned to perform those roles until governmental agencies are able to accommodate those roles. e. Individuals and society have to work together to address these structural deficiencies.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Politics and community development

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

13. According to the conflict theorists, problems arise because of a. limited resources and different interests among groups. b. individuals’ interests influencing society. c. instability of roles and human resources. d. limited allowances on individual basic human needs. e. society’s view of the equality of human beings.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Politics and community development

Skill: applied

14. Which of the following statements best describe how changes occur from the symbolic interactionist viewpoint? a. Change is fast, planned, and reoccurring. b. Change is positive, slow, and deliberate. c. It is caused by external sources and actions come from within the group. d. It is reactive, rapid, and assists in restoring equilibrium. e. Change occurs as a result of ongoing instabilities and conflicts.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Politics and community development

Skill: applied

15. According to the United Nations (2005), community economic development is a. working with a globalized perspective to achieve economic independence. b. based on community members’ willingness to participate in commercial activities to improve the economic conditions. c. using local resources to meet local needs in a sustainable manner. d. using economic advantages to achieve healthy local communities. e. based on promoting community participation.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

16. A leader in social animation is necessary to a. bring together community members in analyzing issues, generating solutions, and performing the tasks. b. motivate community members in participating to research common issues and transform other resources into local ones. c. organize local influential people and governments in order to analyze concerns, make decisions, and delegate responsibilities. d. predict outcomes for projects that benefit the community and implements interventions. e. advise community members about the plans and proposed interventions to solve local issues.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

17. One of the goals of participatory research is to a. involve community members in active experimental research. b. commit community resources in identifying the research question. c. create a greater awareness of the community’s own resources. d. engender pride in the economic success of the community.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

e. create a database of the research methods used in the process.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

18. The difference between program-based and power-based community development is that in the program-based approach a. reliance is placed on transfers of resources from those with money and political power while in the power-based community development approach, competition may prohibit transfers. b. community resources are used as leverage in order to bargain for position to acquire what is needed while in the power-based approach, competition reigns in order to acquire resources. c. reliance is placed on governmental agencies to make transfers of resources while in the power-based approach, the government allows for negotiations of what can be transferred. d. community resources are partitioned to achieve equal distribution among the local issues or concerns while in the power-based approach, resources are the acquisitions of a few powerful groups. e. community resources are divided among the interests while in the power-based approach, money is the main powerful resource.

Answer: a applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approaches

Skill:

19. Power-based community developers use strategies such as a. observation, philosophizing, and clarifying alternatives. b. conciliation, observation, and starting change. c. negotiation, confrontation, and starting change. d. negotiation, inspiring tactics, and encouraging change. e. strategic planning, conciliation, and management of resources.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approaches

Skill: applied

20. A community developer who subscribes to the locality development model of practice believes that a. people are innately good and can act together to solve concerns of the community. b. people have both good and bad impulses and have the will and capacity to make changes. c. people are so diverse that they may need assistance in encouraging a shared purpose and acting together. d. individuals coming together can competitively vie for positions within the change organization. e. people generally have low levels of participation and have difficulty adapting to change.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

21. Social planning differs from locality development because instead of stressing self-help and development of local leaders, it Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

a. b. c. d. e.

emphasizes citizen participation and problem solving. focuses on organizing groups to use pressure tactics. emphasizes the role of planning to deal with conflicting interests. focuses on achieving economic prosperity at the local level. emphasizes the expert’s process of problem solving.

Answer: e

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

22. In the social action process, the first step is to a. define the problem by involving experts, victims, lawmakers, and other stakeholders. b. establish relationships with stakeholders both locally and nationally. c. define the problem by doing participatory research and disseminating those results to the stakeholders. d. engaging the community in an exercise to determine their readiness to embark on a change process. e. perform an environmental scan to determine the priorities.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

23. An example of an instrumental benefit because of community engagement is a. the building of a community centre. b. establishing relationships with other community members. c. receiving an award as a neighbourhood captain. d. developing friendships with other participants. e. the building of community members’ skills.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

24. Critics of social planning contend that the research conducted by experts a. is not flexible and can create dysfunctional patterns. b. can alienate the policy makers. c. can be disconnected from the community’s reality. d. is based on the power-driven members of the community. e. has the potential of damaging relationships with funders.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

25. What is an example of a policy practice that is a community development activity? a. outreach b. advocacy c. board membership d. program development e. coalition building Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

26. What type of organization unconventional tactics to extra pressure for change?

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a. b. c. d. e.

self-help partnership co-production pressure protest

Answer: e

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community organizations Skill: applied

27. This type of organization takes over functions previously served by government agencies. a. self-help b. partnership c. co-production d. pressure e. protest Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community organizations Skill: applied

28. This model of community development is known for being immediate, high profile, and exciting, pressuring those in power. a. social planning b. locality development c. social action d. community practice e. community organization Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community organizations Skill: applied

TRUE- FALSE 29. Karl Marx contended that the working class should govern so that the rich people who owned the means for production do not dominate the economy.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

30. Plato, who was a modern conservative, believed that economy should be based on a free market.

Answer: False Skill: recall

Difficulty:1

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

31. Liberals give moderate support to same sex marriage.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community development across the political spectrum

32. Instability in society occurs when “the haves” and the “have-nots” are in conflict over resources.

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Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approaches

Skill: applied

33. Macro theories believe that society influences individuals while micro theories contend that individuals construct society.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Theoretical perspectives and community development

34. In symbolic interaction theory, change can only occur if there is a common ground among the members of a community or society.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Theoretical perspectives and community development

35. Social change is static and often radical in nature.

Answer: False Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Theoretical perspectives and community development

36. Social animators encourage community participation so that the members can make improvements.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

37. Participatory research involves the community’s full and active participation in the process.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

38. In participatory research, the researcher oversees the process and remains the passive facilitator.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

39. In the restorative processes, approaches need to be based on honesty and safety.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

40. Power-based community developers are better at maintaining changes that their programbased counterparts.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approach

Skill: applied

41. Programs and agencies that are based on the locality development philosophy are not able to last for a long time.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

42. Building community capacity is an important aspect of social planning.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

43. Both pressure and partnership organizations lobby for change for the benefit of the community.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approach

Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 44. What are four advantages of locality development practices?

Answer: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Difficulty: 1

reduction of feelings of alienation reduction of feelings of worthlessness reduction of feelings of dependency reduction of feelings of apathy reduction of feelings of cynicism promoting responses from bureaucracy assists in building a sense of national identity assists in building a sense of common purpose increased mechanism for a mutual flow of communication Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: recall

45. Describe how social planning influences change.

Answer: Changes in a complex environment requires experts to guide the process. Planning change is deliberate, rational, and designed to engage and manipulate large bureaucratic organizations. Experts design social plans and policies and implement them in a cost-efficient manner.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

46. What are the differences between macro and micro theories?

Answer: Macro theories focus on the social system and its impact on individuals while micro theories focus on individuals and how they affect society. In the macro perspective, deal with the structural or societal causes of community problems, on the other hand, micro theories deal with the personal or individual causes. The impact of larger social institutions on personal welfare is the focus of macro theories while the creation of social institutions through the efforts of individuals is emphasized in micro theories.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Theoretical perspectives Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

47. Describe the functions of a social animator.

Answer: A social animator mobilizes people to come together and involves them in identifying and analyzing issues, generating solutions, and performing tasks to accomplish the goals. Cohesion is promoted among the members and information is brought to them as needed. The animator facilitates the group so that optimal participation is achieved.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Regional perspectives

Skill: applied

48. What are three characteristics of program-based approaches to community development?

Answer: 1. emphasis on communities cooperating with resource providers 2. based on the assumption of mutual interest 3. each person has a role in ensuring that basic needs are met 4. relies on transfer of financial resources from those with resources and power 5. technical skills are necessary to do program-based approaches Difficulty: 2

Topic: Power and program approach

Skill: applied

ESSAY 49. Explain the social planning process.

Answer: The first stage of preparation entails the establishment of cooperative relationships with other organizations or departments. Next, a needs assessment has to be undertaken to identify service gaps. Once the assessment is done, policy development occurs by formulating policies and goals to deal with the identified needs. Program development occurs to address the needs identified by the community and it includes the development of strategies and approaches. During the implementation stage, the programs are set and run. As part of the cycle, monitoring of the program occurs as well and evaluation is done in a more thorough manner.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Models of community practice

Skill: applied

50. Explain the usefulness of participatory research in community development.

Answer: When the community developer listens to the concerns of the community, they can share their perceptions of their needs. This leads to the sense of ownership and gives them the confidence to be a part of the solution. Active participation in the process allows the population to be aware of their own resources and mobilizes them. The community’s participation facilitates a more authentic and realistic view of the community’s social reality. A level of cooperative commitment can exist, and more sharing of expertise occurs so that the people can take action.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Regional perspectives Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

51. Differentiate between pressure and protest organizations.

Answer: Pressure organizations use lobbying techniques to for governmental changes by working in partnership with elected representatives and other influential people. On the other hand, although protest organizations also lobby for change, they use more of the unconventional tactics.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Models of community organizations

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 5 Building Relationships with the Community MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the person-in-environment perspective, the environment consist of a. physical, spiritual, and psychological dimensions. b. physical, interpersonal, and socio-cultural aspects. c. psychological, spiritual, and emotional aspects. d. biological, organizational, and occupational dimensions. e. biological, interpersonal, and socio-cultural aspects.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

2. A neighbourhood is a focal system while a city or a town is a a. feedback system. b. subsystem. c. suprasystem. d. universal system. e. open system.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

3. Which of the following characterizes synergy in systems? a. relationships within systems that give them an identity b. boundaries are open and systems are able to influence others c. there is mutual exchange among systems d. what happens when two systems merge efforts e. presence of movement among systems Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

4. The three main functions of systems consist of a. role delegation, relationship building, and boundary making. b. interface, goal direction, and relationship building. c. goal direction, input and output.

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Skill: applied

d. differentiation, communication, and goal direction. e. input, output, and interface.

Answer: c

Difficulty:2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

5. The patterns of behaviour that characterize relationships within a system and give that system an identity is a. feedback. b. the input. c. differentiation. d. a boundary. e. the output.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

6. Which of the following examples is a role according to the systems theory? a. My family believes in saying prayers before meals and going to bed early. b. He and I usually go bowling together on the weekends. c. My family do not want people coming to our house without any invitation. d. When we were kids, we always asked for permission from mother before we played outside. e. When we were growing up, we did not associate with our neighbours or the other children in school.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

7. The context of community development that includes all systems that influence the achievement of community goals is the a. arena of action. b. interface. c. situational system. d. professional system. e. arena of goal orientation.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

8. When systems tend to become more complex with time, they become a. differentiated. b. permeable. c. synergistic. d. adaptable. e. complex.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

9. An example of a focal system is a. a town with boundaries. b. the neighbourhood that is of interest.

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Skill: applied

c. a street or a building. d. a small community amalgamated with a larger one. e. the immediate environment.

Answer: b

Difficulty:1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

10. According to the ecological perspective, individuals interact with their environment for the purpose of a. development of relationships. b. organization of roles. c. adaptation. d. self-sufficiency. e. unity.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

11. Which of the following is an example of the meso level in the ecological perspective? a. what people do in their spare time b. how people view their government c. how the community feel about drinking and driving d. what students do when they are together outside of class e. how the school deals with students who are disruptive Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

12. Systems that interact when one is doing community development are the a. benefit, action, and target systems. b. micro, meso, and macro systems. c. focal, supra, and sub systems. d. benefit, cultural, and action systems. e. hierarchical, egalitarian, and secular systems.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

13. The ecological perspective is useful in community development because a. the environments that people live in can influence relationships in both positive and negative ways. b. benefits can accumulate over time while the developer works with the community members. c. persons and environments tend to become complex over time. d. systems may have different goals and community developers need to involve the community. e. the environments become more complex as people interact with one another.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

14. The term that describes when a system moves toward disorganization is a. differentiation. b. negative entropy. c. equifinality. d. entropy e. interface.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

15. Why is self-awareness necessary in community development? a. How one approaches a situation and the environment is dependent on one’s past history. b. One’s motivation and style of interacting affects how one develops relationships in the community. c. How one perceives power and transactions influences the worker. d. One’s self esteem and physical needs affect how one perceives the working environment. e. How one’s own feelings and emotions affect thought patterns.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

16. Maslow identified motives of people who achieve self-actualization and they include a. self, sufficiency, meaningfulness, and playfulness. b. uniformity, consistency, and self-sufficiency. c. complexity, meaningfulness, and dependency. d. playfulness, complexity, and uniformity. e. meaningfulness, dependency, and consistency.

Answer: a

Difficulty:2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

17. Generalist cultures are different from specialist cultures because they value a. secularity instead of religiousness. b. interdependence instead of independence. c. need for space instead of no need for it. d. compartmentalization instead of holism. e. isolation instead of connection.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

18. Which of the following statements best describes power? a. It is the capacity to influence others. b. It is the influence assigned to a person. c. It is useful in creating policies. d. It is made up of human and material aspects. e. It relies on the person who possesses it.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: recall

19. Expert power is different from referent power in that it a. is based on the person who possesses desirable traits. b. is associated with the position one holds within a group. c. relies on the particular set of skills or specialized knowledge of a person. d. relies on the persuasiveness or content of communication. e. is based on the expectation of consequences.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

20. In any community, major power bases reside in a. people and positions. b. knowledge and businesses.

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Skill: applied

c. people and information. d. positions and expertise. e. authorities and knowledge.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

21. Many who do community work are registered social workers, nurses, teachers or psychologists. This means that they must abide by a. community demands. b. their employer’s demands. c. a code of ethics. d. their personal ethics. e. the consensus of the community.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Context of the relationship

Skill: applied

22. Positional negotiation is different from principled negotiation in that it involves a. one group gives up something while the other gains something. b. groups battling over the same ground in a recurring fashion. c. setting precedents for which group gives up something. d. reluctance to give up one’s position. e. the possibility of forming an alliance with another group.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

23. Primary targets of change are those that a. need the most assistance to change. b. have the most resistance to change. c. can provide what is needed. d. can influence other targets. e. has the most probability to change.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

24. This type of relationship converts targets into supporters. a. co-optation. b. confrontation. c. negotiation. d. collaboration. e. empowerment.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

25. Which of the following is a confrontational activity in community development? a. setting deadlines b. cutting off support c. information gathering d. walking out Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

e. presenting demands Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

26. ________ is useful when the target has given some legitimacy to your groups interests or when you want to work with the target in the future. a. collaboration b. negotiation c. confrontation d. presenting demands e. co-optation Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

27. Which type of leadership often understands leadership as both individual and collective practice and leadership as a process of engagement and interaction that is spiritual and literal? a. servant b. transformational c. adaptive d. cooperative e. Indigenous Answer: e

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Leadership

Skill: recall

28. Which type of leadership emphasizes the needs of the “have-nots”? a. servant b. transformational c. adaptive d. cooperative e. Indigenous Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Leadership

Skill: recall

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TRUE–FALSE 29. People have multiple dimensions, and these dimensions interact with the physical, interpersonal, and sociocultural aspects of the environment.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

30. Each person has a reality made up of personal and environmental factors that make up the human system.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

31. Permeability refers to the openness to or resistance of entry of outside influences.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty:2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

32. The human ecological perspective contends that people actively move towards environments where they fit.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty:1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

33. Recognizing one’s preferences and difficulties in working with others can be helpful in forging relationships in the communities where one works.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty:2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

34. Power is present in all relationships.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

35. Community workers need to be aware of their organization’s structure, the role they play in the organization, who they will be working with, and for what purpose.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The context of the relationship

36. Mission statements are developed as marketing tools.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The context of the relationship

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37. A principle that is helpful in guiding ethical decisions in community practice is determination of the consequences of rule application.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty:2

Topic: The context of the relationship

38. Traditional authority is based on the position, rules, and procedures that have been documented.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

39. A specialist culture values interdependence and traditional beliefs.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

40. Complementariness in community relationships can lead to innovative approaches.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

41. Reflection of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is useful in the pursuit of self-awareness.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

42. The exo level of the environment is made up of institutions that affect relationships in the immediate environment.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

43. The Indigenous leadership literature reflects a deep history, diversity, and sophistication.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Leadership

Skill: recall

44. In community-based learning students can learn first-hand about the realities of community development.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Getting involved

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Skill: recall

SHORT ANSWER 45. Identify the basic tenets of the four types of relationships in community practice.

Answer: Opposition, disagreement, or incompatibility between groups is the basis of confrontation. In negotiation, the relationship is based on give and take while in collaboration, there are shared interests and efforts between groups. Co-optation is the deliberate conversion of critics into supporters.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

46. Describe the three main functions of systems.

Answer: The three main functions are goal-direction, input, and output. All systems have goals and they direct energy towards the achievement of these goals. Input is the information or energy that comes into the system from other systems while output is the result after the input has been processed .

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

47. Describe two community development techniques to assess connections in the environment.

Answer: A genogram that shows relationships of the members of the family can sort out connections. If one wants to look at the connections of a family with systems, one can use a social network map. A community asset map can identify the resources in and outside of the neighbourhood as well as how they are controlled.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

48. Define traditional authority..

Answer: Influence is based on the person, on history, and following the customs that have been set in the past.

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: recall

49. Differentiate principled negotiation from positional negotiation.

Answer: Principled negotiation is a win-win situation where both the target and benefit groups give up something and gain something while positional negotiation is based on a winlose proposition where the target group gives up something and the benefit group gains something.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Types of relationships

Skill: applied

50. Why is it important for community workers to be aware of boundaries in the systems?

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Answer: Community workers need to identify whether the systems they work with are open or closed. This awareness can help them in gaining entry or in developing strategies to access the systems. It also prevents the worker from alienating members of the system.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

ESSAY 51. Explain the implications of the systems theory in community development.

Answer:

It is crucial that community developers become aware of the diversity of systems in place. Connections of these systems are important so that the developer can use these relationships to build cohesion and lessen conflict. It is also useful for community workers to determine the boundaries within the larger systems. Knowledge of the types of relationships within different systems can assist the worker to use their time efficiently.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

52. Explain how community workers can develop effective communication between people from different cultural backgrounds.

Answer: Community workers need to be aware of their own values and beliefs especially those that make them uncomfortable when interacting with people from a different culture.

They should learn about the culture of those they work with particularly about their experiences of oppression. It is important to recognize that there is diversity within cultures and not to be generalizing characteristics of cultures. They should appreciate the uniqueness of each individual.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

53. Describe the five different types of power.

Answer: Coercive power is based on fear and influences through the threat of punishment such as being abandoned or getting a demerit point. Reward power relies on the expectation of having positive benefits and influences through offers or incentives.

Expert power deals with people having the expertise and a particular specialized set of skills. Information power is based on the persuasiveness or the content of communication such as the passion and enthusiasm elicited by a teacher. Referent power is based on the person’s desirable characteristics or resources. Legitimate power is bestowed by the position one holds within an organization or a group.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Perspectives on relationship development

Skill: applied

54. What are defining features of Indigenous leadership compared with Western styles of leadership?

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Western theories of leadership tend to focus on the qualities of a leader of a hierarchically arranged group who accumulates and wields influence to achieve what followers expect. In contrast, Indigenous leadership is described as a relationship where people influence others by applying their own histories, genealogies, Indigenous knowledge.

Collective value orientations are an important feature of Indigenous leadership.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Leadership

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 6 Process of Community Development MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As an organizer in the community development process, one can a. achieve united action among the community members. b. develop members who could speak for themselves. c. cultivate learners who would educate the other members. d. facilitate group agreement on the processes to be followed. e. assist members to explore the best course of action.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

2. Which of the following roles of the community worker enables the members to feel safe and appreciated? a. negotiator b. coach c. facilitator d. broker e. advocate Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

3. Which of the following is the best example of the role of negotiator in community development? a. assisting members to learn how to feel good about themselves b. reaching out to the isolated members of the community c. exploring solutions to the members’ concerns d. working with other parties to reach a solution e. communicating with other groups about one’s progress Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

4. In community development, the role of teaching includes engaging the members and a. defining the issues and taking action. b. assisting them to enforce rules of participation. c. sharing power with them.

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d. keeping them on task. e. making the group cohesive.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

5. In a community meeting, several members were disagreeing about the proposed solution and cannot seem to resolve their differences. The community worker’s best approach would be to a. listen to all sides, validate their positions, and assist them to look at a compromise. b. enforce ground rules of meetings, ask other members for their opinions, and assist the members to compromise. c. listen to all sides, propose a solution of compromise, and decide on the best course of action. d. suggest another meeting, clarify their positions, and help members list the advantages of their proposal. e. suggest another meeting, ask the other members to vote on which solution is better, and enforce consensus.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

6. The first step in the community development process is to define one’s role. As an advocate, the worker a. considers the experiences of the community. b. delivers programs as needed by the members. c. champion for members who are unable to speak for themselves. d. bargain for advantages for the community. e. encourage participation in the political process.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

7. Why is it necessary to have researched the community before making entry? a. to clarify the community’s situation or context b. to assist members to identify their issues c. to identify roles to assume in the process d. to engage the community members e. to assure the members of your expertise Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

8. Versatility is a good reason for gathering preliminary information about a community. It means that the worker a. is able to know the situational factors that has led to issues or concerns. b. can identify the challenges, strengths, and opportunities within the community of interest. c. can assure the members of the potential for change. d. is able to be flexible with one’s approach when key stakeholders and their influence is known. e. can relate to the issues that are going on in the community.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

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9. Which of the following data comes from a secondary source? a. directory of agencies and services in the community b. accounts of what was seen while in the community centre c. observations while shopping at the local mall d. explanations given by a community member e. analysis of a meeting by a business member Answer: a

Difficulty:3

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

10. Primary sources of information can be gathered through a variety of methods. This includes a. talking with community members. b. reading the local paper’s reports of what is happening. c. looking over the statistics produced by local agencies. d. exploring the archives of the community. e. looking at the world wide web and other resources.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

11. To find out about power structure, one can use a direct source by a. chatting with local politicians. b. checking out the editorials from a local newspaper. c. asking members who the influential people are in the community. d. talking with service agency board of directors. e. asking the newspaper writers about their opinions.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

12. A community that has a high social capital is characterized by the presence of a. traditions and customs that are diverse. b. wide range of participants in community activities. c. highly secured border fences. d. wide geographical distances among neighbours. e. diverse challenges and strengths.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

13. In the third step of community development process, the worker is prepared to make entry.

Community workers at this point should have a. an understanding of the history of the community. b. a good background of the goals of the community development project. c. a good understanding of one’s roles as agreed upon with the employer. d. a good relationship with the management of the community. e. an initial sense of the community’s operational social networks.

Answer: e Difficulty:

2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

14. What characterizes a community with low social capital?

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a. b. c. d. e.

strong external boundaries weak internal boundaries strong internal boundaries protected external boundaries protected internal boundaries

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

15. What is an advantage of a community worker residing outside the area of work? a. finding a balance between work and family life b. having a first-hand knowledge about the community c. perception of being able to understand the community d. having a personal motivation to see positive changes e. developing an established status outside of the community Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

16. Upon entering a community, the most important initial task is to a. get member’s commitment for the goals. b. identify one’s allies. c. build trust. d. empower. e. observe.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

17. An appropriate approach in the third step of the process of community development is to a. raise questions about the different challenges in the community. b. listen to their issues without judgment. c. build community members’ confidence in themselves. d. assess how the members perceive one’s roles. e. empathize with their concerns.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

18. The different power structures that may occur in the process of community development are a. power over, power within and empowerment. b. power over, power with and power from within. c. powerlessness, power with, and power from within. d. powerlessness, power over, and power with. e. power over, powerful, empowerment.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Step 3

Skill: recall

19. When people feel safe enough to speak out and join others, they have a. power with type. b. power from within type. c. felt empowered.

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d. critical power. e. power from without type.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

20. How can a group develop critical consciousness? a. applying the empowerment principles b. using exercises to develop advocacy skills c. using the principles of adult education d. applying community development process e. using the principles of teaching Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

21. A community worker who espouses to develop critical consciousness in a community needs to a. be aware of the community’s potential for change. b. feel safe within the community. c. go through the process slowly and deliberately. d. attend to individuals’ diverse ways of learning. e. focus on the mission at hand.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

22. Which of the following is an appropriate initial approach for consciousness-raising? a. telling one’s story and listening to other without judgment b. introducing the community to reference materials of communities that have similar challenges c. sharing resources from within the community d. formally surveying the group e. doing an icebreaker exercise Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

23. Which of the following is goal for community development? a. to have a healthy and sustainable community b. to form an excellent venue for community economic development c. to achieve health for all by the end of the next decade d. to form a neighbourhood parenting group e. to have a strategic plan for healthy living Answer: d

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Step 6

Skill: applied

24. In the implementation of the plan, the worker needs to a. prioritize, pace, and sequence activities. b. determine how to best accomplish the goals. c. create programs to achieve the objectives. d. apply for funding.

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e. identify the changes that are expected.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 8

Skill: applied

25. Formative evaluation is different from summative evaluation as it a. is conducted at the beginning and the end of the process instead of only at the terminal point. b. can be done at any point of the program or community development process. c. is carried out at regular intervals as the project progresses instead of after the activity is completed. d. is completed before the start and after the beginning of the project instead of at the end. e. can be done towards the middle portion of the project instead of at the termination point.

Answer: c Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 10

Skill: applied

26. This activity allows people to imagine themselves in certain roles and practise acting in a particular circumstance with key actors. a. role-playing b. action steps c. strategizing d. brainstorming e. focus groups Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 9

Skill: applied

27. This status gives organizations the ability to issue receipts to donors for income tax purposes and makes them eligible for certain tax exemptions. a. incorporated b. charitable c. board of directors d. non-profit e. voluntary sector Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 7

Skill: applied

28. This paradigm views reality as both existing and constructed, leaving room for change of existing structures, which is declared through a value position at the outset. a. positivist b. interpretivist c. critical d. pragmatic e. axiology Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 5

Skill: applied

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TRUE–FALSE 29. Some change to the quality of life for the community is the product of community development.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Community development as process Skill: recall

30. Social action strategies are generally non-confrontational.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

31. Employers and community workers ought to have the same interpretation of the worker’s roles.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 1

Skill: applied

32. An example of secondary source of data is through direct observation of what is happening.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

33. Communities that have low social capital have strong internal boundaries between members.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

34. Power structure refers to the organization of the community.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

35. Radical adult education aims to challenge oppression through collective action.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

36. Adult education is different from child education in that it is voluntary and is based on the idea that adult learners expect the learning to help achieve a goal.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

37. Surveys and focus groups are good methods to conduct needs assessment.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Step 5

Skill: recall

38. A mission statement includes the purpose, business, and values of the organization.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Step 7

Skill: recall

39. Strategizing in community development includes the formulation of objectives that are concrete and action oriented.

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Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 8

Skill: applied

40. A strategy of a community action plan describes the action steps to be undertaken by the community members.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 8

Skill: applied

41. Brainstorming is a group process that has no time limits.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 6

Skill: applied

42. Goals and objectives have the same elements.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 8

Skill: applied

43. Community developers can help members prepare to take action by role-playing.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 9

Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 44. Describe two possible consequences of empowerment.

Answer: The community that experiences power within and collective power may be energized or feel disrupted. When they have been oppressed and not heard for some time and then are heard, they may feel angry, confused, frightened, irrational, vulnerable, and exposed or bared their souls.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

45. Describe two reasons for researching the community.

Answer: 1. responsibility – awareness of context: what is happening in the community 2. credibility – knowing some people and their histories establishes trustworthiness 3. versatility – knowing the key stakeholders and their influences gives flexibility in identifying who to approach and how one works 4. accountability – knowing what people desire as changes in the community enables one to be responsible to make changes happen Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

46. What are two advantages of being a community worker who is an outsider?

Answer: 1. perception of being neutral with no links to any particular group or agenda Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

2. perception of being objective Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 3

Skill: applied

47. Describe the two types of education relevant to community development.

Answer: 1. Community education is a process of engaging people within a community to develop voluntarily a range of learning, action, and reflection opportunities.

Dialogue and learning occurs when people are brought together and social networks are formed.

2. Radical adult education builds on the sense of community. Its purpose is to understand and challenge oppression through collective action. The goal is critical consciousness.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

48. Objectives are elements in the strategizing step of community development. List the criteria for evaluating objectives.

Answer: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Difficulty: 2

They have to be specific measurable achievable relevant to the change effort be accomplished by a certain time appropriately challenging Topic: Step 8

Skill: applied

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ESSAY 49. Explain why a combination of sources is desirable in doing a needs assessment.

Answer: It is important to use both primary and secondary sources for a needs assessment to be comprehensive. Primary sources, such as one’s observations and interactions with the community members, give a sense of their experiences. Secondary sources, such as the demographics of the community and a map of the community assets, provide questions of furthering research. Information about the power structure in a community is useful and this can be accessed directly or indirectly through primary and secondary sources.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 2

Skill: applied

50. Explain the necessary components of a plan for needs assessment.

Answer: A solid plan for needs assessment includes a definition of the community, the intended audience for the results, specific questions to be answered, the approach to be followed, resources available for assessment, and procedures to be employed.

Communities can be geographical or social or a combination of the two and identification of what type of community influences the applicability of the results of the assessment. Actual audiences include the people who are assessed, research team, sponsoring organization, community stakeholders, and the community itself. Potential audiences may include the media. The types of question will determine what kind of data is necessary and the type of research method to be employed. Approaches may vary depending on the questions to be answered, so that quantitative or qualitative methods or a combination of methods are decided upon. One also needs to know what resources are available such as time, human resources, statistical programs, space, and costs. The procedures that are appropriate have to be decided so one can allocate resources. Surveys have to be made or modified and focus groups or public forums have to be assembled. Once the plan is laid, the needs assessment can begin.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Step 5

Skill: applied

51. Discuss three challenges in consciousness-raising.

Answer: One challenge is that all community workers have particular biases. Each worker views clients differently depending upon one’s gender, upbringing, past experiences, age, level of education, and social class. These factors influence how a worker would approach certain issues. Another challenge is the diversity of learning styles and preferences of the community members. These styles influence how a worker would promote learning opportunities. Visual learners use sight primarily through reading, diagrams, and pictures while auditory learners need sound through discussions and lectures. Communities may have diverse issues and are divided in terms of their priorities. This poses a challenge in terms of deciding who to listen to. In addition, funders or organizations may have different mandates from the community members’ priorities.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Step 4

Skill: applied

52. Discuss how Indigenous research can be distinguished from Western research.

Answer: Indigenous research aims to build different types of knowledge which can include personal, experiential, holistic, and conveyed in narrative language or through metaphor.

Where Western views focus on knowledge as an individual construction, Indigenous views are based on relational knowledge. Indigenous research also carries specific responsibility to be accountable to the community, to participants, and to the broader world of which one is a part.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Step 5

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 7 Skills for Working in Communities MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Community workers need to understand and navigate bureaucracies. These structures are a. designed to manage large and complex tasks. b. planned to assure accountability. c. intended to have jobs that fit the individuals. d. designed to provide salaries based on merit. e. intended for staff to exercise discretion in managing tasks.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies

Skill: applied

2. When bureaucracies become overspecialized, the people or units in the organization a. are unable to make individual decisions. b. become overly involved and focused on their own units. c. are unable to be flexible. d. tend to make things complicated. e. fail to recognize implications of their efforts for others.

Answer: e Difficulty: 2

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies

Skill: applied

3. If policies and procedures in an organization become time-consuming, the bureaucracy is a. overly specialized. b. rigid. c. innovative. d. suspicious. e. focused.

Answer: b Difficulty: 1

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

4. Which of the following is an example of groupthink? a. Group members discuss openly their issues and confront each other. b. Group members individually cast their votes and then attempt to sway others to their way of thinking. c. Members conform to the group’s ideas and resist any opposition. d. A leader suggests an idea and members are free to offer their thinking. e. Leaders are elected and they make their opinions the predominant one.

Answer: c Difficulty: 3

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

5. Which of the following is an example of the informal structure of a bureaucracy? a. organizational chart b. protocols for reporting c. unwritten day to day reporting mechanisms d. documented retrieval of data e. minutes of a program meeting Answer: c Difficulty: 2

Topic: Bureaucracies and community workers

Skill: applied

6. Bureaucracies are different from communities in that bureaucracies a. have broad purposes instead of specific objectives. b. value relationships rather than roles. c. value predictability and control instead of responsiveness and creativity. d. prefer to emphasize preservation and sustainability instead of productivity and growth. e. are held together by commitment instead of compliance.

Answer: c Difficulty: 2

Topic: Bureaucracies and community workers

Skill: applied

7. How can community workers work effectively with administrators? a. be involved by sharing the community’s activities and goals during meetings b. be efficient and compliant with the organization’s rules and protocols c. attend social functions to strengthen relationships d. subscribe to their norms such as their dress code and their language e. be visible by voicing opinions on any topic Answer: a Difficulty: 3

Topic: Bureaucracies and community workers

Skill: applied

8. Which dimension is being attended to when meetings have a purpose and assist groups to accomplish their goals? a. relationship b. efficiency c. task d. affectivity e. holistic Answer: c Difficulty:1

Topic: Running meetings

Skill: recall

9. Which of the following scenarios best describe a well set-up meeting? a. meeting regularly at the same time in a well-lit space b. starting and ending on time in a comfortable space c. set-up in a row and provision of refreshments d. starting and ending on time and formal introductions e. having a list of attendees and set-up space in rows Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Running meetings

Skill: applied

10. A community member is chairing the meeting where several persons were disagreeing for quite a while. The most appropriate approach for the chairperson is to Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

a. suggest that they table their discussions till the next meeting. b. say, “I think you are acting rather unprofessionally, it would be good if you cool off a bit before we proceed.” c. say, “It is hard when we don’t agree with one another, but for the good of all the members, let’s try and get along.” d. adjourn the meeting and meet with them individually. e. say, “Let us try and get to the bottom of the disagreement then we can attend to the other matters before us.”

Answer: e

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Chairing a meeting

Skill: applied

11. Chairpersons need to keep meeting discussions on track. Interventions include providing support and a. mediating conflict, probing, questioning, and reflecting feelings. b. confronting, probing, reflecting feelings, and reassuring. c. agreeing, mediating conflict, probing, and questioning. d. reassuring, mediating conflict, reflecting feelings, and agreeing. e. confronting, probing, questioning, and reflecting feelings.

Answer: a Difficulty: 2

Topic: Chairing a meeting

Skill: applied

12. Which of the following is the best example of good behaviours at a meeting? a. interrupting to make good points and helping the chair deal with issues b. waiting to share ideas before adjournment and multitasking c. having read the agenda and maintaining focus on dealing with issues d. challenging all ideas on the table and doing one’s homework e. criticizing members and their ideas and focusing on the work to be done Answer: c Difficulty: 2

Topic: Chairing a meeting

Skill: applied

13. Which of the following answers is the most appropriate answer to “what is the money for?” when fundraising for classroom renovations? a. It will help students get better grades. b. Students learn better when noise or too much heat does not distract them. c. Students have difficulty concentrating when they are hot and there is much noise. d. It will provide the students a comfortable space. e. Students love to be in a place where they feel comfortable.

Answer: b Difficulty: 3

Topic: Fundraising

Skill: applied

14. Which of the following fundraising approaches is least utilized? a. special events b. major individual donors c. product sales d. institutional grants e. direct marketing Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fundraising Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

15. What are the disadvantages of special events as a fundraising approach? a. intimidating and labour intensive b. short term nature and intimidating c. labour intensive and upfront supply costs d. need for a support base and careful preparation of proposal e. labour intensive and need for space Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fundraising

Skill: applied

16. Printers and other office equipment, supplies, space, and time of the volunteers are examples of a. in-kind resources. b. tangible assistance. c. commitment contributions. d. donations. e. non-monetary contributions.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Fundraising

Skill: recall

17. Effective teams have qualities that include trust, good communication mechanisms, and a. an innovative leader who takes risks. b. punctual and dedicated members who give support to the leader. c. actively involved participants who are risk takers. d. agreeable and vocal members who are committed to the changes. e. committed learners with good problem-solving skills.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Characteristics of effective teams

Skill: applied

18. How do organizations benefit from teams? a. increased motivation, productivity, and fun b. reduced burnout and low cost c. better decision making and emotional connections d. consistency, stability, and low cost e. increased productivity, consistency, and fun Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Team building

Skill: applied

19. Tuckman proposed that teams pass through these stages to achieve maximum effectiveness in the following order, a. forming, norming, performing, storming, and adjourning. b. norming, forming, storming, performing, and adjourning. c. forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. d. storming, forming, norming, performing, and adjourning. e. forming, performing, norming, storming, and adjourning.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Team development

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

20. Celebrating individual and collective achievements as well as diversity is one way of maintaining effective relationships within communities. Other approaches include a. valuing ideas of community members and acknowledging existing disagreements. b. providing good training and disregarding past disagreements. c. pressuring members to gain independence and grounding them in reality. d. valuing their opinions and their silences. e. providing good training and pressuring members to be autonomous.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Managing conflict

Skill: applied

21. Which of the following strategies are useful for the community developer when being interviewed by the media? a. using plain language and telling a negative story b. telling the truth and elaborating on the achievements of the community c. using positive anecdotes and professional language d. using negative anecdotes and portraying a professional image e. telling the truth and speaking candidly about both personal and professional issues Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Communicating effectively

Skill: applied

22. The elements of price, product, place, promotion, and participation are applied in a. media relations. b. advocacy. c. social marketing. d. conflict resolution. e. dispute mediation.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social Marketing

Skill: applied

23. Conflicts occurring within members of a group is an a. intra-group conflict. b. interpersonal conflict. c. group conflict. d. inter-group conflict. e. multi-person conflict.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Types of conflict

Skill: recall

24. Community workers need to understand networks that can be beneficial for the community.

These include a. media, service user, and multi-professional networks. b. community, multi-professional, and work group networks. c. advocacy, political, and community group networks. d. service user, multi-professional, and work group networks. e. fundraising, work group, and media networks.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Networking

Skill: recall

25. Which of the following is a successful strategy for advocacy from an outside organization?

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a. b. c. d. e.

have members of the group who are influential and with resources organization should be complex and hierarchical group has a powerful leader have members who are confrontational and communicators being a learning organization

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Advocacy

Skill: applied

26. Which of the following is an important consideration that community workers should be aware of when developing an online presence? a. Information on the internet is difficult to trace back to the author. b. There should be clarity on how decisions are made about what is published and when. c. There is no digital divide. d. Ethical responsibilities do not apply to social media posts. e. Concerns about copyright are often avoided on the Internet.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social Media

Skill: applied

27. This term is used to describe the consumption of social media and its subtle impact on people’s day-to-day decisions in their roles as citizens. a. subactivism b. slacktivism c. medium d. media intensive e. self-organizing Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Topic: Social Media Skill: applied 28. Idle No More tweets, during the summer of 2013, was underscored by what? a. cultural identity b. legal jargon c. clever hashtags d. celebrity re-tweets e. calls for more research Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social Media

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

TRUE–FALSE 29. Bureaucracies are organized to manage complex tasks and are based on a hierarchical structure.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies

Skill: applied

30. Groupthink is a positive consequence of bureaucracies.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Characteristics of bureaucracies

Skill: applied

31. A combination of fundraising approaches is not appropriate because of logistical difficulties.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fundraising

Skill: applied

32. Special events and product sales have the lowest risk for return of investment.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Fundraising

Skill: applied

33. A proposal is the same as a contract as they both describe the work to be accomplished.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Writing proposals

Skill: applied

34. Advocacy is an important aspect of community development in order to bring about changes on behalf of individuals or groups.

Answer: True Difficulty: 1

Topic: Advocacy

Skill: recall

35. Conflicts can help define issues and increase unity among community members.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2

Topic: Managing conflict

Skill: applied

36. Attributing blame, monopolizing discussions, and focusing on the past instead of the here and now are behaviours that do not contribute to effective meetings.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2

Topic: Managing conflict

Skill: applied

37. Within teams, collaborators focus on team goals. They are often willing to help resolve conflicts.

Answer: False Difficulty: 1

Topic: Team building

Skill: recall

38. Effective networking involves face to face contact and some level of trust.

Answer: True Difficulty:2

Topic: Networking

Skill: applied

39. The three elements in any communication effort are the market, medium, and message.

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Answer: True. Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social marketing

Skill: applied

40. Emphasis on the first 10 words of a press release is effective practice.

Answer: True. Difficulty: 2

Topic: Communicating effectively

Skill: applied

41. Effective teams have members who are committed to the same goals and have one leader who delegates tasks.

Answer: False

Difficulty:2

Topic: Team building

Skill: applied

42. Leaders can contribute to the development of trusting relations by modeling trustworthy behaviours.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2

Topic: Characteristics of effective teams

Skill: applied

43. Setting priorities and maintaining regular communication with the community are examples of community development teams’ responsibilities.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Topic: Team functions and responsibilities Skill: applied 44. Social media allows for self-organizing.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social media

Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 45. List five aspects or factors to be analyzed about a meeting’s effectiveness.

Answer: people in attendance, purpose of the meeting, atmosphere, place and space, and closure Difficulty: 2

Topic: Running meetings

Skill: applied

46. Explain how to enhance teamwork.

Answer: Team members are encouraged to be active participants by attending meetings regularly. They need to initiate discussions, present the maximum amount of information known about any issue and avoid finger-pointing. Perceptions need to be shared. Messages need to be clear and direct. Members have to be willing to collaborate with each other.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Team functions and responsibilities

Skill: applied

47. What strategies are required of the chairperson to run an effective meeting?

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Answer: remaining neutral, staying on task, encouraging members to participate, time-keeping, and summarizing decisions Difficulty: 2

Topic: Running meetings

Skill: applied

48. Reviewers of grant proposals use criteria to evaluate them. List five items that need to be addressed.

Answer: credibility of people promoting the project, good fit of proposal with the mandate, evidence of need, other funders involved, viability in the long run, reasonableness of budget, presence of similar successful projects, consequences of not funding project, any problematic issues if project funded, comparison of the priority of this project with other submissions Difficulty: 2

Topic: Writing proposals

Skill: applied

49. Name five ways of communicating through the media.

Answer: written news releases, video and radio news releases, media advisories, public information packets, fact sheets, letters to the editor, meeting with reporters, public service announcements, appearances on radio and television Difficulty: 2

Topic: Media Relations

Skill: applied

ESSAY 50. Why would tension happen between bureaucracies and community workers within them?

Answer: Bureaucracies and community workers may have competing or conflicting values.

Community workers may prefer to make decisions in a democratic fashion while bureaucratic managers may tend to do so autocratically. Power distribution is another factor. Community workers tend to like distributing power among staff, but bureaucracies tend to do so in a vertical manner. The top officials in a bureaucracy wield influence while community workers prefer that clients influence the system.

Workers value innovation and creativity while bureaucrats prefer consistency and stability. Communication tends to be done face to face in a personalized, bi-directional way by community workers while bureaucrats favour communication from the top down to the employees. Shared leadership is appreciated by community workers while bureaucracies usually have hierarchical leadership.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Bureaucracies and community workers

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

51. Describe the characteristics of effective teams.

Answer: Effective teams have good communication strategies. They manage conflict constructively. The roles and responsibilities are clearly delineated and negotiated and in alignment with the goals of the team. Members embrace creativity, innovation, and risk taking. Contributions of members are recognized. They have qualities of trust, empowerment, and authentic participation.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Team Building

Skill: applied

52. Why is it necessary for a community developer to recognize the presence of dissension?

Answer: Acknowledging the existence of dissension can lead to more harmonious relationships.

When the parties are able to look at the root causes of the disagreements, there is a potential for identifying common or shared goals and establish collaborative plans.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Managing Conflict

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 8 Canadian Case Studies MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU) used community development practices that included a. public health civil disobedience b. economic development c. application of adult education principles d. expertise based leadership. e. “community connectors” Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: VANDU

Skill: recall

2. The impact of VANDU includes which of the following? a. decrease in child poverty b. reduction in isolation for seniors c. higher resident retention d. increase in physical activity e. shift in public perception and treatment of substance users Answer: e

Difficulty: 1

Topic: VANDU

Skill: recall

3. What formed the basis of the efforts in the Race Relations Initiative in Saskatoon? a. the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission b. survey-based research c. focus groups, door-to-door surveys, participatory research, and public forum d. steering committee participation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

e. best practices research Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Race relations initiative

Skill: recall

4. The Ontario Coalition Against Poverty combines social action efforts with this program which confronts abuse of individual people with a view to launch wider campaigns. a. youth dating violence program b. public health civil disobedience c. direct action casework d. weekly dinners e. mentoring Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: OCAP

Skill: recall

5. Impacts of the Saint John Community Loan Fund includes a. increased family self-reliance b. new human rights legislation c. a pause on fracking d. language retention e. climate protection Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Saint John Community Loan Fund

Skill: recall

6. When community developers use the same imposed approaches on all projects, they are using the a. principled approach. b. academic methodology. c. cookie-cutter style. d. contemporary style. e. non-negotiable methodology.

Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

7. As an _________organization, the PEI Council of People with Disabilities speaks out on behalf of individuals with disabilities on a variety of issues concerning employment, transportation, housing, accessibility, and human rights. a. public health b. direct action c. advocacy d. human service e. mental health Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: PEI Council of People with Disabilities

8. The Downtown Urban Gardeners Society in Whitehorse originated with local residents, Joan and Doug Craig. This is an example of the application of the principle of Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

a. b. c. d. e.

integration. grassroots leadership. strengths based. partnerships. coalition.

Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Skill: applied

Topic: The Downtown Urban Gardeners Society

9. The establishment of Thaidene Nëné based on an agreement between Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation, federal and territorial government is an example of a. integration. b. grassroots leadership. c. strengths based. d. partnerships. e. coalition.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Thaidene Nëné

Skill: applied

10. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami’s vision is a. “prospering through unity and self-determination” b. “better together” c. “land back” d. “language retention” e. “fight to win” Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

Skill: recall

11. The Ka Ni Kanichihk organization in Winnipeg attends to the cultural, spiritual, and physical well-being of the community. This approach is a. strengths based. b. holistic. c. healthy. d. comprehensive. e. collaborative.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Ka Ni Kanichihk

Skill: applied

12. The process for how West Island LGBTQ2+ Centre began includes a. the “Pope squat” b. city hall occupations c. protesting unlawful police tactics d. funding cuts e. mental health counselling Answer: c

Difficulty: 1

Topic: West Island LGBTQ2+

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

13. All the cases in this chapter illustrate that community challenges can be addressed most effectively when a. the solutions are based on collective strengths. b. staff is well compensated. c. direct action is used d. cookie cutter approaches are applied e. large amounts of funding is awarded Answer: a Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

14. The Saint John Community Loan Fund has reduced the need for income assistance.

This is called a. impact. b. result. c. outcome. d. evaluation. e. research.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The Saint John Community Loan

Skill: applied

15. Abundant Community Edmonton is a. governed by a Board of Directors. b. localized to a specific neighbourhood and within that area to each block. c. government run. d. Human service organization e. Safe injection site Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Abundant Community Edmonton

Skill: applied

16. The impetus for the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty was a. welfare rates. b. increased rate of unemployment. c. increased housing shortage. d. increased number of youths on the streets. e. poor educational opportunities for children.

Answer: c

Difficulty:2

Topic: Ontario Coalition Against Poverty

Skill: applied

17. By making a conscious effort not to duplicate services, Abundant Community Edmonton is an example of a. advocacy b. grassroots involvement. c. integration. d. holism. e. coalition.

Answer: c

Difficulty:2

Topic: Abundant Community Edmonton Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

18. For Abundant Community Edmonton, those paid to oversee community league activities and take part in local community activities are referred to as a. leadership b. support team c. a neighbourhood connector d. a block connector e. volunteer Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Abundant Community Edmonton

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

19. When the social, economic, and natural environments are taken into consideration in the community development process, this is called a. integration. b. professionalism. c. holistic. d. acculturation. e. coalition building.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

20. The Downtown Urban Gardeners Society in Whitehorse produce food for local agencies that use it to feed local families.This is an example of a. integration. b. impact. c. feedback loop. d. governmental output. e. effectiveness.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Downtown Urban Gardeners Society

21. What precipitated the formation of the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty? a. racial tension b. high child poverty rate c. gentrification and relocation of the poor d. high unemployment rate e. poor maternal and child health Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Ontario Coalition Against Poverty

Skill: Recall

22. Maggie’s Place structure is best described as a a. non-profit organizations governed by a Board of Directors b. grassroots organization with transient group of leaders c. coalition of organizations d. localized to a specific neighbourhood e. housing co-operative Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Maggie’s Place

Skill: Recall

23. In the formation stage of Newfoundland and Labrador Fracking Awareness Network (NLFAN) conversations turned into organizing based on local interest which is a common starting point for a. grassroot organization b. integration. c. strength based initiatives d. partnerships e. coalitions Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: NL-FAN

Skill: Applied

24. Newfoundland and Labrador Fracking Awareness Network (NL-FAN) includes national wildlife and park protection organizations, as well as provincial environmentalists, labour groups, and faith groups. This structure can be defined as a(n) a. non-profit organization b. umbrella organization c. activist group d. government run entity e. partnership Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: NL-FAN

Skill: Applied

25. Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU) engages in acts of public health civil disobedience, such as unsanctioned syringe distribution, illegal peer-run injection sites, illegal peer-run inhalation rooms. When engaging in illegal acts, VANDU maintains ______ of their mandate. a. integrity b. holistic nature c. the effectiveness d. the top-down element e. bottom up element Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: VANDU

Skill: Applied

TRUE–FALSE 26. There are no differences in contemporary community practice in Canada.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Promising approaches to community development

27. The Saint John Community Loan Fund is an example of positive social return on investment.

Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Topic: The Saint John Community Loan Fund

Skill: applied

28. Ka Ni Kanichihk is ininew (Cree) for “those who lead.”

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Ka Ni Kanichihk

Skill: recall

29. The city of Winnipeg has the largest Indigenous population and the highest Indigenous proportion of all Canadian cities.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: 118, 123

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

30. Grassroots involvement in the Canadian community development projects engaged the local community.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

31. Successful community projects are based on strengths or assets.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

32. The strengths-based approach in the Downtown Urban Gardeners Society in Whitehorse is illustrated by the local residents sharing their knowledge and skills.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Downtown Urban Gardeners Society Skill: applied

33. Responding to the loss of jobs in the fishing industry was the part of the impetus for the Newfoundland and Labrador Fracking Awareness Network, Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Network Skill: applied

Topic: Newfoundland and Labrador Fracking Awareness

34. Grassroots leadership means that the approach is top-down.

Answer: False Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

35. Focusing on the knowledge and skills of the community residents is crucial in community development.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

36. The impact of the PEI Council of People with Disabilities can be found in examining all those who benefit from their services and their media presence.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: PEI Council of People with Disabilities

37. Strengths-based approach incorporates a community’s identification of its own needs and assets.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

38. A cookie-cutter approach means that one method fits all.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

39. Because community development is based on local issues, the community development process is unique.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Promising approaches to community development

40. Indigenous Peoples are adequately represented in municipal governments in Regina and Prince Albert.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Race Relations Initiative

Skill: recall

SHORT ANSWER 41. Describe three principles of effective community development practice that were applied by Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users.

Answer: Grassroots involvement was evident in both cases where the community came together to address the local issues with government, health care, and other agencies. The principle of partnership was applied when they partnered in order to complete scholarly research. Incorporation of the expertise and experiences of the community demonstrated the strengths-based principle.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: VANDU

Skill: applied

42. Describe the structure of Abundant Community Edmonton.

Answer: The structure of the initiative is localized to a specific neighbourhood and, within that area, to each block. Key roles are 1.) leadership who are paid to oversee community league activities, connect with other neighbourhoods, and take part in local community league decision-making; 2.) support team who are active in getting the community league started and remain involved; 3.) neighbourhood connector who coordinates the block connectors in response to the leadership of the community league); and 4.) block connector who lives on a specific block and is the go-to person for information and updates on that block.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Abundant Community Edmonton

Skill: applied

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

43. Why was there backlash from the white majority to the Race Relations Initiative in Saskatoon?

Answer: The white majority felt as though they were being “called out” as racists from the advertising campaign. For example, a local billboard featured a white former university professor and carried the quotation “I have to acknowledge my own privilege and racist attitudes” This made white majority feel attacked.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Race Relations Initiative

Skill: applied

44. List 4 examples of the impetus for change in the Canadian case studies.

Answer: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

high unemployment rates potential job loss child poverty poor social conditions under representation in government environmental concerns land use and land claim concerns access to health care gentrification

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Process Skill: applied 45. Describe some of the impacts of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami in Iqaluit.

Answer: Impact can be found in three areas. First, four comprehensive land claims have been settled. Second, Inuktitut magazine, with a circulation of 15,000 has increased language retention. Third, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami has made impact on climate protection through activities like dealing with coastal erosion.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

Skill: applied

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

ESSAY 46. In what ways does community development begin in the OCAP case study and what makes it progress?

Answer: OCAP began at a time when a welfare rates increase were found to be inadequate by anti-poverty activists. This led to the March against poverty in the late 1980’s when protests from across Ontario camped out at Queen’s Park for two weeks. This march was successful in raising the proposed rates and established the need for OCAP. Since anti-poor legislation, governments and landlords continued to exist, OCAP continued to have work to complete. This work progressed because of the number of members and the structure of their work. In particular, direct action case work helped OCAP to continue to understand lived realities of being poor which helped to bolster and shape their more broad campaigns.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: OCAP

Skill: applied

47. Describe the principles of effective community development practice.

Answer: Grassroots involvement incorporates the notion of the community residents, agencies, and professionals coming together for the purpose of planning changes to benefit the community. Partnerships are formed when the community residents, profit and nonprofit organizations, and governments participate in the process. Sharing of knowledge, skills, values among the participants as well as making connections between generations and cultures emphasizes integration. The application of holism, which incorporates physical, spiritual, mental, and emotional aspects of a person as well as including all types of environments highlights integration. The strengths-based approach focuses on the assets or strengths in the community.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Promising approaches to community development Skill: applied

48. How does partnership formation benefit community development practice?

Answer: Joint ventures between communities and their members, governments, businesses, universities, and other organizations are beneficial in several ways. First, there is strength in numbers, that is, the more people involved, the potential for more people and interests being served. Second, partnerships avoid duplication of services. Third, funders usually require collaboration among different interested parties. Sustainability is possible in projects where partnerships exist.

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Promising approaches to community development Skill: applied

CHAPTER 9 Indigenous Community Development MULTIPLE CHOICE Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

1. Which of the following statements relate to the colonization experience of Indigenous Peoples? a. Indigenous Peoples were given almost equal status as the settler Europeans. b. Colonizers treated them with reverence but did not afford them with economic advantages. c. The colonizers imposed their way of life on the Indigenous Peoples. d. The Europeans gave the Indigenous Peoples many chances to improve their way of living. e. The Indigenous Peoples accepted the way of life imposed on them.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Colonialism

Skill: applied

2. F.O Loft’s goal was to form a coalition of Indigenous groups to put pressure on the federal government to grant Indigenous residents the right to vote. The Federal government responded by, a. incarcerating him. b. the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) threatening supporters and causing trouble at protests. c. enacting law that permitted Indigenous people to vote in 1919. d. negotiating with the coalition. e. refusing to acknowledge the coalition.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: F. O. Loft

Skill: applied

3. Indigenous rights are inherent. This means these rights a. exist because the crown recognizes them. b. are the result of Indigenous Peoples’ occupation of home territories. c. must be renewed with every new government. d. were brought into existence by European contact. e. are the same as the rights of non-Indigenous Canadians under common law.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous rights

Skill: applied

4. Indigenous rights, as set out in international law, can be described as a. nation-to-nation. b. special. c. unique. d. state-to-state. e. peoples-to-peoples.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous rights

Skill: applied

5. Indigenous title refers to the inherent Indigenous right to land or a territory. This has what legal consequences according to Canadian law? a. duty to consult b. assimilation c. self-determination d. Indigenous sovereignty e. enfranchisement.

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Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Land rights

Skill: applied

6. The James Bay dam project most closely relates to this type of Indigenous rights a. land b. resource c. language d. international e. Inuit rights Answer: b

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Resource rights

Skill: recall

7. If an Indigenous person surrenders their status to become a full-fledged Canadian citizen, the process is called a. enfranchisement. b. disenfranchisement. c. assimilation. d. citizenry. e. activism.

Answer: a

Difficulty:2

Topic: Colonialism

Skill: applied

8. Governmental strategies that attempted to silence Indigenous Peoples included calling for more studies on the issue as well as a. offering land space for rent or lease. b. dragging out negotiations. c. reallocation of resources. d. reneging on previous treaties. e. increasing the dependence of the peoples.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous community development

Skill: applied

9. The Indigenous leader who in 1934, travelled to various reserves to inform members about their treaty rights was a. F. O. Loft. b. John Tootoosis c. Dockstator. d. Saul Alinsky. e. Chief Deskaheh.

Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Topic: John Tootoosis Skill: applied 10. The first Indigenous Peoples organizational meeting was funded by the Saskatchewan government under a. Tommy Douglas. b. Paul Martin. c. Pierre Trudeau. d. Jean Chrétien. e. Lester B. Pearson.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Activism

Skill: recall

11. To improve the social conditions of the Peguis Band in Manitoba, the South African ambassador inspected their reserve by invitation. This political embarrassment tactic was used by a. Louis Stevenson. b. Bernard Ominayak. c. Chief Deskaheh. d. John Tootoosis. e. Dockstator.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Activism

Skill: recall

12. The Lubicon Lake Band exemplifies the use of multiple and changing strategies to get the government to keep their commitment to treaty benefits. Examples of their tactics included court cases, demonstrations, a. blockades and media campaigns. b. petitions and surveys. c. blockades and educating the community. d. educating the members and petitions. e. media campaigns and surveys.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Activism

Skill: recall

13. This person has been called the grandfather of the Friendship Centre Movement. a. Louis Stevenson b. Bernard Ominayak c. Chief Deskaheh d. John Tootoosis e. Xavier Michon f.

Answer: e Difficulty: 1 Topic: Xavier Michon Skill: applied 14. According to this theory, technological advancements and industrialization drive progress. a. modernization b. wealth accumulation c. development d. collectivism e. community development theory Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Economic development theories

Skill: applied

15. In this theory, the focus is on city areas and the elites who reside there who take raw resources from outside the city to sell products back to non-urban communities. a. metropolis-hinterland b. dependency c. contingency d. modernization Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

e. contingency-dependency Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Economic development theories

Skill: recall

16. One troubling implication of best practices for Indigenous community economic development is that a. they do not leave room for Indigenous knowledge. b. best practices are universal. c. they appreciate the complexity of the context. d. success should be determined by the funder. e. they are Eurocentric.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development theories

Skill: applied

17. __________from a wise-practices perspective is an action term. It is about making things happen. a. Good governance b. Identity c. Leadership d. Collaborations e. Accountability Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Wise practices

Skill: applied

18. _______from a wise-practices perspective is necessary because not every resource will be available within the community. a. Collaborations and partnerships b. Performance evaluation c. Identity d. Accountability e. Good governance Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Wise practices

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

19. Pre-contact Indigenous communities maintained good relationships through diplomacy. What did agreements often involve? a. gift exchanges b. signed agreements c. celebrations d. rituals e. leadership Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Pre-contact

Skill: applied

20. The Ipperwash Crisis involved provincial police being called in to remove protesters who protecting the land from development. What was the name of the community member who killed by police? a. Taiaiake Alfred b. Dudley George c. Louis Riel d. Chief Deskaheh e. John Tootoosis Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Resource rights

Skill: applied

21. Differentiation and organization within communities based on clans or families and ceremonies are examples of what type of governance pattern? a. systems independent of colonization b. systems in coordination with colonization c. systems opposing colonization d. colonization e. post-colonization Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous governance

Skill: applied

22. The European settlement of the land which is now called Canada was established through land theft. What is this practice called? a. self-determination b. systems opposing colonization c. assimilation d. settler colonialism e. Indigenous sovereignty Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous governance

Skill: applied

23. The Gradual Civilization Act in 1857 allowed select men to vote. A new last name would be chosen and wives and children would no longer be considered Indigenous. This type of policy is based on a. dependency. b. contingency. c. modernization. d. assimilation.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

e. sovereignty.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Colonialism

Skill: applied

24. In 2008, the Prime Minister of Canada apologized for a. residential schools. b. settler-colonialism. c. the War in the Woods. d. Gustafson Lake standoff. e. James Bay Dam project.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Colonialism

Skill: recall

25. An example of community development practice implemented by Indigenous Peoples is the building of coalitions and a. contracting experts to educate their children. b. assimilating their children with the foreigners. c. filtering new learning to fit in with traditional values. d. educating people about their rights. e. learning about the global economy.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous community development Skill: applied

TRUE – FALSE 26. Over 500 identifiable groups existed in the pre-contact era ( before 1492).

Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Pre-contact

Skill: recall

27. Terra nullius and the Doctrine of Discovery are faulty concepts that assert European sovereignty and, with it, the right to impose laws on Indigenous Peoples Answer: True

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Indigenous rights

Skill: recall

28. The question of land is always secondary when it comes to Indigenous Peoples.

Answer: False

Difficulty:1

Topic: Land rights

Skill: recall

29. Canada and Indigenous peoples have fundamentally different views of the land.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Land rights

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

30. To be Métis is to be anyone with Indigenous and European background.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Métis and Inuit rights

Skill: applied

31.Treaties and land claims have led to the creation of the Nunavut territory.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Métis and Inuit rights

Skill: applied

32. The migration of Indigenous peoples to urban areas post World War II was largely the result of personal preference.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2 Topic: The Friendship Centre Movement

Skill: applied

33. One must embrace new ideas in economic development and engagement with the market economy or be left behind.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Economic development theories

Skill: applied

34. The Constitution does not recognize the Inuit peoples.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Métis and Inuit Rights

Skill: recall

35. The majority of people with Indigenous identity are Métis.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Métis and Inuit Rights

Skill: applied

36. According to the demographic data, the Indigenous population is growing.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Contact

Skill: recall

37. There is no diversity among the Indigenous Peoples.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous community development Skill: applied

38. Self-identification of Indigenous Peoples has consistently decreased in the last decade.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Contact

Skill: applied

39. The diversity of Indigenous Peoples communities is seen from the different locations, wealth, resources, and traditional beliefs.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Contact

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

40. Enfranchisement meant that Indigenous Peoples had to surrender their status to become a full-fledged citizen of Canada.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: F. O. Loft

Skill: applied

41. Globalization, technological change, and a neo-liberal market economy are contemporary challenges that confront Indigenous communities.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

SHORT ANSWER 42. List four examples of non-violent social action strategies employed by the Lubicon Lake Band.

Answer: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Difficulty: 1

court cases boycotts demonstrations blockades media campaigns, and sustained political pressure

Topic: Activism

Skill: recall

43. List the “7 Elements of Success” the wise practices approach includes.

Answer: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Difficulty: 1

Identity and culture Leadership Strategic vision and planning Good governance and management Accountability and stewardship Performance evaluation Collaborations, partnerships and external relationships

Topic: Wise practices

Skill: recall

44. How did Indigenous communities change following the arrival of Europeans?

Answer: Traditional ways of life were compromised. There were many years of attempts by the colonizers to forcibly assimilate Indigenous Peoples.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Pre-contact

Skill: recall

45. How is the doctrine of discovery faulty?

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: It was formed on a legal basis to assert European sovereignty and, with it, the right to impose laws on Indigenous Peoples. At the root of this doctrine, is the idea that settlers are superior Indigenous peoples were almost totally disregarded which permits European colonial expansion.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Indigenous rights

Skill: recall

46. Describe how Inuit rights are special.

Answer: The Inuit Nunaat includes northern territories in Alaska, Greenland, and Russia. This means their territories are in four different countries. The Constitution Act (1982) includes Inuit rights over their territories, and although the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is not legally binding, this has been upheld by international human rights tribunals.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Métis and Inuit rights

Skill: applied

ESSAY 47. What are some tensions between contemporary Western business practices and traditional values and knowledge?

Answer: Economic development today typically focuses on capacity development, such as training in business, leadership, and management practices. The dominant business model is based on accruing a profit. This is tension with Indigenous community-based businesses that operate for the good of the community and culture.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

48. Discuss the significance of Friendship Centres.

Answer: Friendship Centres today operate in all provinces and territories. The first Friendship Centre opened in Winnipeg in 1959. There are over 100 Friendship across Canada. They play different roles according to their local context. They assist individuals in the legal system, advocacy against discrimination in housing and support for all who had been affected by residential schools. The Thunder Bay Friendship Centre The Centre offers a wide range of programs and services including a place to socialize, welfare and social service referrals, youth counseling, court assistance, handicraft marketing, recreation, meals and housing.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

49. Describe how governments responded to the activism of John Tootoosis. Was this usual response?

Answer: John Tootoosis was a Cree activist and leader in Saskatchewan. He was instrumental in the development of the Union of Saskatchewan Indians in 1946 and educated Indigenous people about their rights. He frequently suffered extreme hardship as he travelled to reserves throughout the province by horse, often pursued by the RCMP even though he had broken no laws. He was also arrested for not carrying a permit from the local Indian Agent which was compulsory (but not enforceable by courts). Looking at other Indigenous activists, this was a familiar pattern. The government suppressed Indigenous resistance and activism or discredited Indigenous activists and the organizations they represented.

Indigenous protestors, like Dudley George, have also died while confronting the state.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Activism

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 10 International community development MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. International community development is different from imperialism because its development activities and processes are a. fluid and documented. b. chosen and benefited by both nations. c. chosen and benefited by the nation affected by development activities. d. based on professional and political ideation. e. geared towards profit making.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

Skill: applied

2. The Human Development Index is a numerical indicator based on a. developmental factors like genetics and environment. b. longevity, knowledge, and standard of living. c. information, lifespan, and standard of living. d. genetics, environment, and standard of living. e. knowledge, lifespan, and environment.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

Skill: applied

3. In the Human Development Index, knowledge is measured by a combination of the nation’s a. use of library usage and average years of schooling. b. adult literacy and average intelligence quotients. c. average highest schooling level achieved and employment rate. d. adult literacy and average years of schooling. e. employment rate and standard of living.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: applied

4. According to the Human Development Index, the local purchasing power of a nation is the measure of its a. knowledge base. b. standard of living. c. economic development. d. economic standard. e. diversification.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

Skill: applied

5. The difference between an undiversified and a diversified economy is that in the undiversified one, there is a. industrialization. b. the presence of only one major industry. c. resistance to industrialization. d. no industrial progress. e. the absence of any resources.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

Skill: applied

6. The key element of imperialism is a. cultural assimilation. b. trade. c. European powers. d. the intention. e. control of one nation by another.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Imperialism

Skill: applied

7. The disadvantage of ranking nations according to the Human Development Index is the perception that universal standards of success implies a. applicability to every nation. b. that the nation’s scores will remain static. c. that a low score infers inferiority. d. the scores are reliable for use in every instance. e. lack of motivation on the part of the government.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

8. The transformation of simple traditional technology to more complex ones is a. modernization. b. urbanization. c. technocracy. d. modern revolution. e. modern development.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Economic development

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill: recall

Skill: applied

9. High levels and labour intensive agricultural activities characterized the a. take-off stage. b. traditional society. c. preconditions to take-off stage. d. drive to maturity stage. e. high mass consumption.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

10. In a traditional society, people have to produce goods to meet their own needs and this is the characteristic of a. industrialization. b. self-production and consumption. c. critical economy. d. subsistence economy. e. endurance economy.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

11. There is a reduction of individuals in the agriculture industry and technology is introduced in the a. drive to maturity stage. b. preconditions for take-off stage. c. take-off stage. d. high mass consumption stage. e. green revolution.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

12. Which of the following is a characteristic of the drive to maturity economic stage? a. increased savings and investment b. more stable and self-sustaining economy c. high output levels d. service industry as the major employer e. monetary value on surplus goods Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

13. The difference between hard and soft currencies is that hard currencies a. tend to be subject to significant fluctuations. b. are used as collateral for nation’s debts. c. are less likely to fluctuate in value. d. are more valuable in the world bank. e. tend to be less useable in global trading.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

14. The notion that economic activity in richer countries led to serious economic problems in poorer countries is the premise of the Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

a. b. c. d. e.

dependency theory. disengagement theory. discontinuity theory. unsustainability theory. substitution theory.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Human development

Skill: applied

15. The human development focus of international community development models emphasized a. manufacturing goods for human consumption. b. quality of life and individual’s ability to meet basic needs. c. alleviation of material conditions of poverty and illness. d. human activity to preserve the environment. e. structural and governmental policy changes.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Human development

Skill: applied

16. When the International Monetary Fund and World Bank imposed the criteria for lending to the developing countries, of reducing government bureaucracies, the effect was a. increase in unemployment rate. b. decrease in unemployment rate. c. increase employment competition. d. increase in the generation of hard currency. e. decrease in the generation of hard currency.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

17. The sources of environmental problems are enormous poverty of the developing nations and a. decreased utilization of natural and raw products by the developed countries. b. tendency of developed countries to manufacture synthetic products. c. unsustainable production and consumption by the developed countries. d. lack of communication between the developing and developed countries regarding waste management. e. lack of community based ecological programs.

Answer: c

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Human development

Skill: applied

18. Community assessment and action need to incorporate activities that will ultimately increase social capital such as increasing knowledge base and a. building local leadership and facilitation skills. b. increasing reliance on outside experts. c. change attitudes of subjectivity into objectivity. d. increased economic development. e. increased technological equipment.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities Skill: applied

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

19. Social norms, values, beliefs, and social behaviours people hold affecting the community’s ability to take collective action is a. structural social capital. b. cognitive social capital. c. management social capital. d. affective social capital. e. psycho-emotional social capital.

Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

20. Questionnaire items such as, “Most people are basically honest” and “I feel accepted” are used to assess a. structural social capital. b. affective social capital. c. management social capital. d. cognitive social capital. e. psycho-emotional social capital.

Answer: d

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

21. Questionnaire items such as, “How are community decisions made?’ and “How are people involved?” are used to assess a. structural social capital. b. affective social capital. c. management social capital. d. cognitive social capital. e. psycho-emotional social capital.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

22. When communities rely on outside experts during community development, members are disempowered and this leads to a. dependency development. b. subsistence economy. c. economic dependency. d. social poverty. e. lack of mobilization.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities Skill: applied

23. All individuals possess individual capital: skills, knowledge, experience, and a. time b. education c. health d. family e. happiness

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities Skill: applied

24. Individuals in positions of responsibility using their office for personal profit can lead to a. lack of trust in government b. dependency development. c. learned powerlessness d. dependency development e. development of problem-solving skills.

Answer: a

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities Skill: applied

25. The degree of linkage between community members and the formal and informal social institutions in the community can be referred to as a. environmental social capital b. structural social capital c. cultural capital d. maternal health capital e. cognitive social capital Answer: b

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social Capital

Skill: applied

TRUE–FALSE 26. In imperialism, one nation can control another directly or indirectly.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Imperialism

Skill: recall

27. Lenin believed that imperialism is an outgrowth of capitalism.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Imperialism Skill: applied

28. International community development is long-term in nature.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

29. The Human Development Index yields a measure of wellbeing and is used to make international comparisons among nations.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

30. Industrialization is the use of technology to advance production capacity.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

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31. Community developers from developed nations are at an advantage in working in developing nations because of their affluent experiences and their knowledge.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International community development

32. Barter is the trading of goods and this occurred in the traditional society.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

33. The service industry is the major employer in the final economic stage.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

34. Economic indicators are poor indicators of development because they cannot measure problems such as poverty, hunger, and health.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

35. Modernization is characterized by movement of people from rural to urban areas.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

36. In the decade between 1980 and 1990, international trade contributed to upward development of the developing nations.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

37. One structural adjustment that developing countries need to make when borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and World bank is to reduce or remove import tariffs.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

38. Communities with significant amounts of social capital are more capable of meeting their individual and community needs.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social Capital

Skill: applied

39. There has been a moderate drop in the rate of chronic hunger among developing nations.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International development after 2000’s

40. Gender equality is a human right and a prerequisite to overcoming poverty.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Human development

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Skill: applied

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SHORT ANSWER 41. Explain the impact of modernization on international community development.

Answer: Modernization transforms traditional techniques to more complex ones with the use of technology. The developing nations are encouraged by governments and businesses to modernize so it is a top-down approach. Modernization increases the nation’s economic output. Investment in infrastructures increase and people move into the urban areas.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

42. What is the impact of removing foreign ownership rules?

Answer: When free zones appeared, multinational corporations offered tax incentives, removed import taxes, and offered wage prices. Many assembly and industrial jobs in the developed nations moved to the less developed countries that displaced skilled and semi-skilled occupations in the developed world.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

43. Why is access to safe drinking water important?

Answer: Safe drinking water improves sanitation and hygiene. Hand washing with clean water can lead to a reduction of infectious intestinal diseases and consequently decreases the mortality rate.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: International development after 2000

Skill: applied

44. Name and describe three factors that inhibit mobilization of social capital.

Answer: 1. learned powerlessness – people’s belief in their inability to change their basic social condition due to lack of skills or power to change and a belief that a community’s fate is beyond their immediate control 2. lack of trust in government – historically in developing countries, corruption is rampant and communities have been defrauded by government officials and their agencies and 3. dependency development – if projects are funded by external sources, communities are not empowered and projects lack sustainability because the community has not learned the skills to sustain and maintain the projects.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities Skill: applied

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45. Define structural social capital.

Answer: Structural social capital. is the degree of linkage between community members and the formal and informal institutions in the community. It includes the existing mechanisms and relationships within the community.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital

Skill: applied

ESSAY 46. Discuss the consequences of imperialism as an outgrowth of capitalism.

Answer: Imperialist nations expand their territories for raw materials and cheap labour so that they can process goods for profit. The nations targeted for expansion may lose resources. The people of these target nations could feel invaded and some may feel that they are exploited. Some authors believe that there may also have some positive outcomes. Infrastructures, medical care, and sanitation systems may improve. New crops may be harvested which may increase resources.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Imperialism

Skill: applied

47. Discuss the impact of the economic development model in the Green Revolution era.

Answer: Although the goal of the Green Revolution was to improve agricultural yields, some of the urban people benefited but the impact on the rural folks was negligible. The exports from the developing nations increased. Urbanization occurred where people moved from the rural to the urban sector. Transportation networks increased. More modern agricultural techniques were used. Mass media expanded. However, most people became poorer and the gap between the rich and the those living in poverty widened in the developing nations.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Economic development

Skill: applied

48. Explain the meaning of “There must be a perceived surplus of social capital before individuals are prepared to invest this capital in external endeavours.”

Answer: All people have individual capital such as knowledge, experience, and time and these can be brought to the community table as social capital. If people have to invest their energies in meeting their basic needs, then they can only voluntarily invest in the communal activity in a minimal fashion. Compulsory activities may take place.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social capital in marginalized communities

Skill: applied

CHAPTER 11 Social Welfare and the Future of Community Development Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The point at which an individual or family spends 20 percent more of their income on basic necessities than the average family is the a. poverty level. b. low income cut-off. c. welfare level. d. welfare income cut-off. e. charity income cut-off.

Answer: b applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

2. Income assistance benefits provide for a. hospitalization costs. b. drug and vision costs. c. food, shelter and clothing. d. educational opportunities. e. drug and dental costs.

Answer: c applied

Difficulty: 2

3. The presence or perceived presence of social services is a. accessibility. b. affordability. c. availability. d. appropriateness. e. adequacy.

Answer: c recall

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

4. When individuals are referred to a social service agency that meets their needs, it satisfies the criteria of a. accessibility. b. affordability. c. availability. d. appropriateness. e. adequacy.

Answer: d applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

5. An individual who lives in a rural area is unable to benefit from an urban social service agency’s programs because of poor transportation. This is an example of the barrier called a. accessibility.

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b. c. d. e.

affordability. availability. appropriateness. adequacy.

Answer: a applied

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

6. When an individual’s religious beliefs contradict the mission statement of a social service agency, it prevents him from using the services. This is an example of the barrier that is the lack of a. accessibility. b. affordability. c. availability. d. appropriateness. e. acceptability.

Answer: e applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

7. In a multicultural community, most of the social services are for the mainstream residents with a few that addresses the needs of children of immigrants. This is an example of the barrier that is the lack of a. accessibility. b. affordability. c. adequacy. d. appropriateness. e. acceptability.

Answer: c

Difficulty:3

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill: applied

8. The social services in a community provide agency brochures that are translated into the languages of the residents. This is an example of providing services that are a. accessible. b. affordable. c. adequate. d. available. e. acceptable.

Answer: a applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

9. A social service agency in a community charges a fee for service on a sliding scale. Most of the residents requiring the services are seniors from a subsidized housing complex. This is an example of providing services that may not be a. accessible. b. affordable. c. adequate.

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d. available. e. acceptable.

Answer: b applied

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Purposes of social welfare

Skill:

10. The first Canadian compulsory social insurance program was introduced to a. provide medical care. b. provide shelter for the homeless. c. protect workers. d. benefit deserted women. e. protect children.

Answer: c Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

11. The first old-age pension introduced by the federal government provided for both those living in poverty and those over 70 years of age involved a. cost sharing with the provinces. b. contribution from provincial businesses. c. cost sharing from municipalities. d. contribution from private agencies. e. cost sharing from regional governments.

Answer: a applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Transitional period

Skill:

12. In the interventionist period of the welfare state, the Canadian government passed the following pieces of major legislation, a. Canada Pension Plan, Canada Assistance Plan, and Workers Compensation. b. Canada Pension Plan, Canada Assistance Plan, and medicare. c. Old Age Security, Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Assistance Plan d. Canada Pension Plan, Old Age Security, Guaranteed Income Plan. e. Guaranteed Income Plan, Canada Assistance Plan, and medicare.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

13. The increasing rate of unemployment, growth of inflation, and downsizing contributed to this stage of the welfare state, the a. early period. b. transitional period. c. interventionist period. d. erosion period. e. later period.

Answer: d Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

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14. The difference between the modern conservatives and modern socialists regarding welfare state is the modern socialists aim at a. directing efforts toward collective responsibility. b. increasing business revenues to benefit workers. c. reducing social spending. d. reducing taxation. e. eliminating minimum standards.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Criticisms of the Canadian welfare state

15. The argument that welfare states perpetuate economic and social gaps by maintaining class distinctions was proposed by the a. liberals. b. anarchists. c. Marxists. d. socialists. e. conservatives.

Answer: d Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

16. The perspective contending that the market and the family provide all crucial social and financial support to citizens is the a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective. d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

17. The perspective contending that social welfare is universal is the a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective. d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

18. The perspective contending that a system of social welfare services, distinct from the market and family, is necessary to meet social and economic need is the a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective.

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d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

19. The perspective that social welfare is based on a personal and give-and-take relationship is the a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective. d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: c Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

20. Community development emphasizes activities that a. promotes collective wellbeing. b. reacts to critical conditions. c. emphasizes the uniqueness of professionalization. d. have a good return of investment. e. resolve only focal issues.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: A community development alternative

21. When community development activities are based on the abilities and potentials of the members, it is a. relationship based. b. strengths based. c. holism based. d. power based. e. well-being based.

Answer: b Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: A community development alternative

22. The concept of interconnection between the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual aspects is a. prevention. b. balance. c. harmony. d. holism. e. transactional.

Answer: d Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: A community development alternative

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23. When service provision starts with capacity and asset inventories, the agency subscribes to a a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective. d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: c Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

24. When the effect of change is not a predetermined standard outcome, the service agency subscribes to a a. residual perspective. b. institutional perspective. c. developmental perspective. d. socialist perspective. e. conservative perspective.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

25. The emphasis of acting proactively is the community development aspect of a. preventive service. b. holistic service. c. bottom-up service. d. activity-based service. e. ecological service.

Answer: a Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: A community development alternative

26. The authors of your text favor a third option for the delivery of social welfare which includes a. re-established interventionist welfare state. b. a cost-effective welfare state. c. local governance and delivery of social welfare. d. an emergence of informal, unfunded and voluntary social welfare. e. state run and state funded social welfare.

Answer: c Skill: recall

Difficulty: 2

Topic: A community development alternative

27. In 2020, the federal government responded to a global pandemic with public spending on aid and stimulus programs similar to that following World War II. This runs contrary to the ideas about the a. post-welfare state b. welfare state c. socialism d. Marxism Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

e. Institutional perspective Answer: a Skill: recall

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

28. Certain phrasing such as “facing cutbacks” and “doing more with less,” combined with lengthening waiting lists for services, can result in a. crisis of legitimacy. b. demands for enhanced private sector involvement. c. eroded public’s confidence in social welfare. d. opportunities for social services, e. a reduction in public spending.

Answer: c Skill: applied.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

TRUE–FALSE 29. Social welfare benefits both the people living in poverty and the rich.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social welfare

Skill: applied

30. Emergency needs are met only through federal employment insurance.

Answer: False

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social welfare Skill: applied

31. When a government is committed to assume responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, it is a welfare state.

Answer: True

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social welfare Skill: applied

32. In Canada, the welfare state developed through the stages of the early period, transition, and erosion periods.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

33. Canada Assistance Plan provides social assistance for persons who became unemployed or experienced a disability or for day care assistance among single parents.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

34. The Unemployment Insurance Act was passed in the transitional period of the stages of welfare state to give the federal government authority to collect income and corporate taxes.

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Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian Welfare State

35. When the welfare state is most needed, that is the time that it is least affordable.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian Welfare State

36. The community development approach strengthens local structures that support the administration and delivery of social service.

Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: A community development alternative

37. Modern socialists contend that welfare states perpetuate social and economic inequity.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

38. Modern conservatives favour tax reductions and reduction in social spending.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state

39. A residual perspective holds that social welfare is a service for everyone.

Answer: False Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

40. An institutional perspective subscribes to the need for social welfare to meet social and economic needs of everyone.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

41. In the developmental approach, a relationship balance is desired.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

42. The developmental approach emphasizes strengths and capacities.

Answer: True Skill: applied

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

43. The two future challenges in community development are mobilizing social and economic capital.

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Answer: True Skill: recall

Difficulty: 1

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

SHORT ANSWER 44. What is the difference between social welfare and welfare?

Answer: Welfare refers to wellness while social welfare is the variety of measures taken by government and non-government agencies to provide minimum standards and create particular opportunities. Social welfare activities are undertaken for humanitarian, religious, mutual self-interest, democratic, and practical reasons. It is also less negative than the term welfare that usually carries the notion that recipients are poor and needing only financial assistance. In reality, both the rich and people living in poverty contribute and receive government assistance.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social welfare

Skill: applied

45. Identify three purposes of social welfare.

Answer: 1. meet basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing 2. emergency needs when situations such as unemployment, illness, or injury occur 3. emergency needs when changes in life circumstance occur such as normal aging, marital separation, or childbirth 4. support and training Difficulty: 2

Topic: Social welfare

Skill: applied

46. Describe the residual perspective on social welfare.

Answer: This perspective suggests that the market and family provide all essential social and economic support to all citizens. It is not the norm but rather the exception that people cannot manage contingencies or events effectively and therefore social welfare is only for people living in poverty.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

Skill: applied

47. Describe the institutional perspective on social welfare.

Answer: An institutional perspective suggests that there needs to be a system of social welfare services, distinct from the market and family to provide social end economic needs. It contends that all contingencies are exceptional so that everyone is entitled to services.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

48. What led to the erosion period of the Canadian welfare state?

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Skill: applied

Answer: In the mid 1970s and into 1980s, an economic downturn led to programs requiring contributions from taxpayers who were financially struggling. Increasing rates of unemployment led to putting more funds into the unemployment insurance system but this was not sustainable. Inflation grew, social program funding and spending reductions occurred and downsizing at all government levels happened. These all led to the erosion of the welfare state, which ended programs, changed eligibility criteria, privatized services, raised premiums, and user fees and decreased program budgets.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state Skill: applied

ESSAY 49. Discuss the criticism of the Canadian welfare state.

Answer: Socialist writers argue that welfare state will not lead to social cohesion and collective responsibility because it maintains economic and social inequity by preserving class distinctions. The structure and function of providing social services means that the relatively rich pay into the system that provides services to the relatively poor but does not elevate people out of poverty.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Development of the Canadian welfare state Skill: applied

50. Define three features of community development activities that enhance community health.

Answer: 1. Strengths-based – focus of assessment is capacity and asset of the individuals as well as the collective 2. Well-being – when individuals have wellness, the community is collectively well and community development aims to maximize collective well-being 3. Social change – change may start in families, however, the goal is to have community change 4. Power within – changes occur when the community uses their ability to influence and get things done 5. Bottom-up process – grassroots involvement and leadership 6. Preventive – ability to act in a proactive manner instead or reactively 7. Holistic – interconnection of physical, social, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects and 8.

Difficulty: 2

Relationship based – relationships between communities determine progress, customs and rules of relationships are defined by them.

Topic:A community development alternative

51. Discuss the impact of the developmental approach on social welfare.

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Skill: applied

Answer: The developmental approach views social welfare as neither an individual or governmental responsibility but rather a collective one. This is based on reciprocal personal relationships among individuals. It contends that people are seen as generally healthy, want to be healthier, and are capable of becoming healthier. Balance in relationships is crucial. Everyone involved has a contribution and has something to gain. Resources come from within the individual, families and communities and effects of change are not predetermined.

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The future of Canadian social welfare

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Skill: applied