Test Bank For Behavior Analysis and Learning, 7th Edition By Erin B. Rasmussen, Casey J. Clay, W. Da

Test Bank For Behavior Analysis and Learning, 7E By Erin B. Rasmussen, Casey J. Clay, W. David Pierce, Carl D. Cheney Chapter 1-14

Chapter 1 A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History, and Assumptions 1. _______ is the alteration (or maintenance) of an organism's behavior due to ________. a. behavior; causes b. learning; lifetime events c. culture; social norms d. evolution; genes Ans: B

2. The experimental analysis of behavior is a. concerned with controlling and changing factors that affect behavior b. a natural-science approach to understanding behavior regulation c. concerned with the principle of reinforcement d. all of these Ans: D

3. A _______ is behavior that is elicited by a biologically relevant stimulus while a/an ______ is behavior controlled by its concequences a. reflex; respondent b. reflex; operant c. respondent; voluntary d. operant; respondent Ans: B

4. Selection by consequences occurs at three levels. What are these? a. Artificial selection, culture, and linguistic selection b. natural selection, artifical selection, and cultural selection c. natural selection, behavior selection, and culture selection

d. artificial selection, natural selection, and linguistic selection Ans: C

5. What does a duckling inherit in terms of imprinting? a. The behavior of following its mother b. The capacity to be reinforced by reducing the distance between itself and a moving object c. The behavior of following a "duck-sized" object d. The capacity to follow its mother as she obtains food in an ecological area Ans: B

6. Skinner emphasized that behavior (including human behavior) resulted from _________________. a. genes b. environment c. self-determination d. both (a) and (b) Ans: D

7. What is the difference between basic and applied behavior analysis? a. Basic research is likely to look at any behavior and any variable AND applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior b. Basic research is likely to look at any behavior and any variable c. Applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior d. None of these Ans: A

8. Which of the following statements are true of Pavlov and his contributions? a. He won the Nobel Prize b. He investigated the salivary reflex c. All of these d. He discovered the condtioned or conditional reflex Ans: C

9. Which of the following statements are true of behavior analysts and their views? a. They adopted the behaviorism of John B. Watson b. They studied behvaior for its own sake c. They rejected genetic influences d. All of the above are true

Ans: B

10. How are thinking and feeling treated from a behavioral perspective? a. More behavior to be explained b. The cause of overt behavior c. The relationship between the mental and the physical d. The mind and its regulation of behavior Ans: A

11. Learning refers to: a. The acquisition of behavior b. The maintenance of behavior c. The change in behavior as a result of events d. All of the above Ans: D

12. The behavior of an organism: a. Focuses only on overt actions that can be measured by an outsider b. Is everything an organism does, including thinking and feeling c. Is everything an organism does, including biological processes such as digestion d. Includes the behaviors of organisms around the target organism Ans: B

13. Neuroplasticity is: a. Alterations in the brain that accompany behavior change. b. Changes in the brain due to physical trauma such as a blow to the head. c. Changes in the brian that occur during growth and development d. The brain becoming hardened as the organism gets older.

Ans: A

14. The “babbling” of babies is influenced by: a. The immediate reaciton of parents to the “babbling” b. The cultural context of the baby and parents c. The inhearited vocal structure of the infant d. All of the above Ans: D

15. The problem with astrology and other primitive accounts of behavior is:

a. They are not objectively verifiable b. They are not replicable c. They are not scientifically valid d. All of the above Ans: D

16. Behavior theory states that all behavior is due to complex interaction between __________________ influence and ______________________ experience a. cultural; environmental b. genetic; cultural c. cultural; environmental d. genetic; environmental Ans: D

17. The dinstinction between “basic” and “applied” researchers became relevant when: a. Basic researchers started working outside the laboratory b. Social issues from World War II demanded more emphasis on applied work c. Demand for applied work led to the training of applied workers who did not do basic research. d. Skinner introduced the concept of “operant conditioning” Ans: C

18. Which of the following statements best describes the goals of behavior analysis? a. To explain the forces that shape human behavior and then to use these explanations to develop behavior management techniques for humans b. To explain how human thought, feeling, and intention both influence behavior and are influenced behavior and then to use this understanding to develop technologies to influence how people think and feel. c. Work with already established principles and rules of behaivor, apply them across species, and develop behavior management techniques d. Describe the principles and rules of behavior, apply them across species, and develop technologies for behavior change Ans: D

19. The principle of discrimination: a. States that an organism will respond differently in two situations b. States that an organism will respond the same in the same situation c. States that an organism will respond differently in the same situation d. States that an organism will respond differently with different organisms Ans: A

20. Which of the following statements is not a key assumption of behavior analysis? a. Behavior is a product of the organism's biological and evolutionary history. b. Principles of behavior discovered by experimental analyses of behavior are general and apply to all forms of animal life. c. Behavior is a product of the organism's past and current interactions with its environment. d. Feelings, thoughts, and intentions are possible causes of behavior.

Ans: D

21. Applied behavior analysis is: a. Discovering behavior management techniques b. Defining behavior in an organism c. Manipulating conditions to produce changes in behavior d. The use of behavior principles to solve practical problems Ans: D

22. Respondent conditioning has occurred when a non-functional stimulus is: a. Paired with a conditioned stimulus b. Paired with an unconditioned stimulus c. Paired wth a reflex behavior d. Paired with a desired behavior Ans: B

23. In operant conditioning, a stimulus that reliabily precedes an operant response (SD) is said to: a. Elicit the response b. Reinforce the response c. Set the occasion for the response d. Punish the response Ans: C

24. Which of the following is not an example of respondent conditioning: a. A baby smiling at its parent after having been picked up for smiling in the past b. Feeling anxious any time you hear the music from a scary movie c. Flinching slightly when the nurse tells you that they are about to give you a shot d. Feeling excited whenever you smell your significant other's cologne/perfume Ans: A

25. Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning: a. Flinching slightly when the nurse tells you that they are about to give you a shot b. A baby smiling at its parent after having been picked up for smiling in the past c. A rat pressing a lever that has produced food in the past d. Pressing the keys on the joystick in a pattern that produces a "combo" on a video game.

Ans: A

26. If you were to ask B.F. Skinner to classify behavior analysis as a sub-field of another scientific discipline, which of the following would he most likely choose? a. Psychology b. Biology c. Sociology d. Anthrolpology Ans: B

27. Which of the following best describes the findings by neuroscientists who added light sensitive proteins to the genes of fruit flys (Drosophilia)? a. When light stimulation is added, the same behavioral patterns were activated every time the same stimulus and timing were presented, showing that brain pathways are stable. b. When light stimulation is added, the topography of response varied slightly across a small range of different behaviors, depending on differences in the timing of when the light was illuminated. c. When light stimulation was presented, the response topography varied probabalistically even when the identical brain pathway is triggered . d. When light stimulation was presented, the flies did not react to them in any way.

Ans: C

28. A researcher who is interested in the effect of serotonin on an individual's engagement in social behavior would be: a. focused on immediate causation b. focused on remote causation c. focused on cultural selection d. focused on selction by operant conditioning Ans: A

29. The neuarl basis of reward most closely involves: a. Serotonin; dopamine b. Dopamine; endogenous opiates c. Serotonin; endogenous opiates

d. Serotonin; dopamine; Endogenous opiates Ans: B

30. Behavior analysts recognize the importance of ____________________, but tend to focus more on __________________. a. Biology; environment b. Environment; evolution c. Biology; evolution d. Environment; Biology Ans: A

31. Which of the following best describes the behavior analyst position on learning and inheritance? a. Genes determine physiological structure, while learning determines behavioral structure. b. The capacity for learning is inherited. c. Learning is limited to the behaviors that we inherit. d. Our behavior is an even balance between genetic influence and environmental experience.

Ans: B

32. DNA methylation proivdes an epigentic marker for ______________________ and histone acetylation provides a marker for ______________________. a. gene activation; gene activation b. gene activation; gene silencing c. gene silencing; gene activation d. gene silencing; gene silencing Ans: C

33. The context of behavior can be defined as a. Both the phyisological and enviornmental conditions that surround behavior b. The physiological conditions that surround a behavior c. The environmental conditions that surround behavior d. The environmental conditions indepdnent of the physiological conditions, that surround behavior Ans: A

34. Skinner's model of selection by consequences assumes that behavior: a. Typically occurs the same way each time b. Naturally varies in form and frequency

c. Varies across species, but is rigid within a species d. Tends to vary only in frequency, not in form Ans: B

35. Behavior analysts define culture as: a. The ideas, values, and behaviors that are passed from generation to generation. b. Traditions passed from one person to another through written or oral communication c. All the conditions, events, and stimuli arranged by other people that regulate human action d. Social influences on people that influence how they think, feel, and act Ans: C

36. Skinner argued that internal events such as feelings, thoughts, and intentions: a. Are unimportant b. Should be ignored c. Are behaviors that need to be explained d. Are often causes of our behavior Ans: C

37. Watson's conditioning of Little Albert used ________________ as a neutral stimulus and ________________ as the unconditioned stimulus. a. A white rabbit; a blast from an air horn b. A fur coat; an electric shock c. A white rat; the sound of a hammer hitting a rail d. A dog; rining an alarm clock Ans: C

38. The idea that successful behaviors will increase in likelihood while unsuccessful behaviors will decrease in likelihood was first described in: a. Skinner's idea of selction by consequences b. Watson's stimulus-response psychology c. Pavlov's work on conditional reflexes d. Thorndike's Law of Effect Ans: D

39. Which of the following is not a difference between Skinner and Watson? a. The rejection of internal events as causes of behavior b. A rejection of genetics as an influence on behavior c. The inclusion of operant conditioning in understanding behavior

d. An emphasis on habits in understanding the action of organisms Ans: A

40. According to a behavior analyst, thinking is: a. A variable that can directly influence behavior, independent of what is going on in the environment. b. A reflexive response to an external environmental stimulus only. c. Private behavior that can be explained using the same principles as public behavior d. A special case of behavior that is controlled entirely by stimuli inside the organism.

Ans: C

Chapter 2 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior

41. In terms of finding an object that is missing or hidden: a. A behavioral account points to a particular history of reinforcement b. Both a structural account points to stages of development and object permanence AND a behavioral account points to a particular history of reinforcement c. The form or structure of behavior is used by behavior analysts to infer mental stages d. A structural account points to stages of development and object permanence Ans: B

42. The term _____ refers to behavior that is elicited and the term _____ refers to behavior that is emitted: e. Operant; respondent f. Reflexive; flexible g. Respondent; operant h. Flexible; reflexive Ans: C

43. Any stimulus (or event) that follows a response and increases its frequency is said to have: e. A discriminant function f. A conditioned-stimulus function g. A consequence function h. A reinforcement function Ans: D

44. In functional analysis, positive and negative reinforcers are examples of: e. Stimulus classes f. Conditioned stimuli g. Response classes h. Unconditioned stimuli Ans: A

45. In terms of behavior-environment relations, establishing operations: e. Increase momentarily responses that have produced reinforcement

f. Increase the momentary effectiveness of reinforcement g. Are used to construct the foundations of behavior h. Both (a) and (b) Ans: D

46. The variable manipulated by the experimenter is the ____ and the measured effect is the ______. e. Dependent; independent f. Extraneous; dependent g. Independent; dependent h. Independent; extraneous Ans: C

47. In terms of the reversal design and behavioral experiments: e. The B-phase is the experimental manipulation f. The A-phase is called the baseline g. The design is used in single-subject experiments h. All of these Ans: C

48. Baseline sensitivity means that: e. Behavior is sensitive to both high and low doses of drug f. Behavior is sensitive to a high dose of drug g. Behavior is sensitve to a low dose of drug h. Behavior is sensitive to stimuli that accompany the drug dose Ans: C

49. The presence of trend in baseline measures: e. Refers to a systematic rise or decline of the baseline values f. Can be helpful when inferring that an independent variable has produced an effect g. Is problematic when the treatment is expected to produce a change in the direction of the trend h. Is characterized by both (a) and (b) Ans: D

50. In terms of the Stroop effect, behavior analysts point to _____ and _____ as reasons for hesitation: e. Response competition; learning f. Learning; reinforcement

g. History of reinforcement; memory h. Response competition; history of reinforcement Ans: D

51. Functional analysis involves classifying behavior according to _____, and analyzing the environment in terms of _______. e. Response functions; stimulus functions f. Stimulus functions; attributes g. Consequences; response functions h. Attributes; consequences Ans: A

52. The way an individual chooses to turn on a light switch is an example of _______ of response.

This is determined by the function and consequences. e. Cognition f. Instinct g. Topography h. Reflex Ans: C

53. When considering a baby's babbling being reinforced by the parent so the child will ultimately be able to produce language, attempts at speech are ______ behavior. e. Operant f. Respondent g. Reflexive h. Instinctual Ans: A

54. Conditioned emotional responses that include an increase in heart rate, perspiration, or a change in blood pressure are examples of ______. e. Instincts f. Respondents g. Learning h. Operants Ans: B

55. A(n) _________ refers to all of the forms of a behavior that have a similar function. e. Response class f. Operant

g. Reinforcement history h. Respondent Ans: A

56. _________ are events, settings, and situations that come before operant behavior and increase its probability. e. Reinforcers f. Operants g. Discriminative stimuli h. Respondents Ans: C

57. When stimuli vary phsyically but have a common effect on behavior they are part of the same _______. e. Stimulus response f. Reinforcement class g. Stimulus class h. Environment Ans: C

58. Negative reinforcers: e. Increase behavior when present f. Decrease behavior when present g. Decrease behavior when removed h. Increase behavior when removed Ans: D

59. Which of the following would be an example of an abolishing operation (AO) for eating? e. Food deprivation f. Smelling rancid meat g. A "closed" sign on a restaurant h. Putting a lock on the fridge Ans: B

60. Demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables requires that: e. A covariation exists (correlation) between the two variables f. Changes in the indpendent varible come before changes in the dependent variable g. Both a covariation exists between the variables and changes in the independent variable comes before changes in the dependent varaible.

h. Either a covariation exists between the two variables or the change in the independent variable came before changes in the dependent variable (but not both).

Ans: C

61. A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one-month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a firstgrade classroom with extended recess time and a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the amount of recess time would be considered: e. The independent variable f. The dependent variable g. A confound h. The research hypothesis Ans: A

62. A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a firstgrade classroom with extended recess time and a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the number of math facts learned over one month would be considered the: e. The independent variable f. The dependent variable g. A confound h. The research hypothesis Ans: B

63. Lesilie (2011) conducted work on the effects of drugs on extinction and learning. Leslie believes that this work may provide an animal model for better understanding and treating: e. Schizophrenia f. Multiple Sclerosis g. Alzheimer's Disease h. Social Phobias Ans: C

64. Frank tested the effect of posted signs on recycling behavior by: (1) observing how much waste was recycled in a normal week, (2) posting signs that encouraged recylcing for a week, (3) removing the signs and observing for a final week. What type of reserach design would this be? e. A-B reversal design f. A-B-A reversal design g. A-B-A-B reverseal design h. Single-subject reversal design Ans: B

65. Which of the following research questions would be the most difficult to address using a reversal design? e. Evaluting the impact of posted signs on cell phone usage at a library f. Evaluating the effectiveness of a reading program on a child's reading ability g. Evaluating the effectiveness of an anti-smoking campaign h. Evaluating the effectivness of a sales-competition on the performance of a salesperson.

Ans: B

66. A unique benefit of steady baselines for behavioral neuroscientists interested in the effects of drugs on behavior is that: e. They demonstrate experimental control f. They allow researchers to feel more confident about findings g. They help to demonstrate a causal relation between variables h. They allow for the detection of effects of small doeses of a drug Ans: D

67. Max heard about a study in class where researchers reduced the number of pieces of candy taken by trick-or-treaters by placing a mirror behind the bowl of candy. In order to demonstrate the generality of this finding, Max is now running a study where he is testing the effect of a mirror placed behind a trash can on the number of recylable items placed in the trash receptacle. Max's study is an example of: e. Direct replication f. Systematic replciation g. A reversal design h. Statistical groups design Ans: B

68. A researcher reports that a classroom where students received points that could be exchanged for extra recess time whenever they completed math practice problems saw an average increase of 5 completed homework problems per child per day compared to baseline. In terms of evaluating the effectiveness of this program, the researcher would most likely focus on: e. Changes in level of response f. Changes in the range of variability g. Changes in immediacy h. Changes in trend Ans: A

69. A behavior analytic explanation of the stroop effect would likely rely on:

e. f. g. h.

Ans: C

Competition for limited cognitive resources A conflict between automatic reading and the meaning of the word Response competition between the multilpe elements of the stimulus A failure of selective attention

70. A behavior analytic explanation of improved performance on an eye test by someone who recently exlpained that vision is important to their work (compared to someone who did not make such a statement) might include all of the following except: e. The individual's past history of reinfocement f. Possible motivating operations g. Possible social reinforcers in the testing context h. Reference to mental-sets Ans: D

71. Which of the following was not identified as a major problem with a structural approach to studying behavior? e. Structural approaches do not actually explain the development of the behavior f. Structural approaches often rely on circular explanations of behavior g. Structural approaches do not typically involve direct observation of behavior h. Structural approaches use behvavioral observations to make inferences about internal states/stages Ans: A

72. Shabani, Carr, and Petursdottir (2009) found that children trained to respond to buttons associated with different response efforts, but the same reinforcer, would respond first to the lowest effort response, then to the medium effort response option, and finally the high effort response option, when the reinforcer was no longer delivered. This is an example of: e. Respondent behavior f. An abolishing operation g. A motivating operation h. A response hierarchy Ans: D

73. Francis woke up this morning with a horrible toothache. While at work, she avoids interactions with her co-workers. When asked by a work friend if everything is okay, Francis tells her that it hurts to much to talk to people, so she is trying to stay away from people. In this situation, the toothache is most likely a: e. Discriminative stimulus f. Motivating operation

g. Negative punisher h. Negative reinforcer Ans: B

74. Which of the following is not one of the conditions tested by Iwata and associates (1994) in their functional analysis of the cause of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in children with developmental disabilities? e. Peer interaction f. Academic demands g. Alone time h. Play time Ans: A

75. Max conducted a study in which he moved the recylcing bin in the hallway close to the classrrom door for a week and then a week with the recylcing bin about 10 feet from the door of the classroom. The trash bin remained constant at about 5 feet from the classroom door. At the end of each day, Max measured the amount of recycling in the bin. What is the dependent variable for this study? e. The location of the recycling bin f. The location of the trash can g. The amount of trash in the regular garbage h. The amount of trash in the recycling bin Ans: D

76. Which of the following would likely be the best research question to address using an A-B-A-B reversal design? e. The effect of extra credit on time spent studying for an exam. f. The effect of motivational interviewing on suicidal thoughts g. The impact of teacher praise on reading fluency h. The influence of social skills training on peer interactions Ans: A

77. Which of the following behaviors would least likely belong to the same response class as the other three behaviors? e. Opening the door to the refrigerator f. Lighting a candle g. Turning on the televsion h. Changing the temperature on the air conditioner Ans: B

78. When evaluating the immediacy of change in order to determine experimental control, behavioral analysts recommend using the last ______ sessions of basline and the first _________ sessions of the treatment phase. e. 3; 3 f. 2; 4 g. 4;2 h. 3; 5 Ans: A

79. Providing TSA baggage screeners with a monetary bonus for each contraband item that they find in the baggage they are screening would most likely cause problems by increasing the rate of: e. Misses f. False alarms g. Hits h. Correct rejections Ans: B

80. The reversal phase of an A-B-A-B study is an example of: e. An indirect replication f. A depenent variable g. Negative reinforcement h. A direct replication Ans: D

Chapter 3 Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning

81. Behavior relations based on the genetic endowment of the organism are called: a. Phylogenetic b. Operants c. Behaviors d. Ontogenetic Ans: A

82. Complex sequences of released behaviors are called: i. Reduction chains j. Fixed action patterns k. Second-order conditioned reflexes l. Traits Ans: B

83. Reflexive behavior is said to be _____ and _____. i. Voluntary; inflexible j. Respondent; emitted k. Built-in; flexible l. Involuntary; elicited Ans: D

84. Primary laws of the reflex do not include: i. the law of latency j. the law of threshold k. the law of habituation l. the law of magnitude Ans: C

85. A diminution in the UR due to repeated presentation of the US is called: i. Habituation j. Sensitization k. Forgetting l. Extinction Ans: A

86. Respondent conditioning might also be called: i. S-R Conditioning j. S-S pairing k. CS-CR association l. R-S learning Ans: B

87. To reduce an unwanted CR one should: i. Present the CR without the US

j. Present the CS without the CR k. Present the CS without the US l. Present the US without the CS Ans: C

88. Drug tolerance induced by a particular stimulus or setting has been shown to be a result of: i. US hatiuation j. Generalization k. Elicited CRs l. Metabolization Ans: C

89. The Rescorla-Wagner theory suggests that a CS becomes effective: i. gradually j. through backward conditioning k. by conditioned inhibition l. following tolerance Ans: A

90. The Rescorla-Wagner theory suggests that conditioning can be sped up: i. Through backward conditioning j. By presenting the CS wihtout the US k. By presenting the US without the CS l. By increasing the salience of the CS Ans: D

91. One of the following is not one of the four way discussed in the text for pairing a CS and a US: i. Simultaneous j. Overshadowing k. Delayed l. Trace Ans: B

92. When considering the behavior of birds, the response of opening the mouth when presented with a dangling worm is an example of ________. i. Operant conditioning j. Respondent conditioning k. A reflex l. A conscious choice

Ans: C

93. Fixed action patterns are: i. Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin j. Sequences of behavior that are learned through trial and error k. Patterns of reinforcement that are elicited by reflexes l. Patterns of reinforcement that are learned Ans: A

94. The major difference between reaction chains and fixed action patterns is: i. Each set of responses in a fixed action pattern requires an appropriate stimulus to set it off j. Any stimulus may set off a reaction chain k. Each set of responses in a reaction chain requires an appropriate stimulus to set it off l. Any stimulus may set off a fixed action patter Ans: C

95. When the relationship is invariant and biologically based, the eliciting event is the ____ and the behavior following is the _____. i. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response j. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response k. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response l. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Ans: D

96. Which law governing reflexes asserts that as the intensity of the stimulus increases so does the strength of the responses? i. The law of latency j. The law of intensity-magnitude k. The law of response l. The law of the threshold Ans: B

97. The conditioning history of an individual can be referred to as her ______ history. i. Phylogenetic j. Evolutionary k. Ontogenetic l. Reinforcement Ans: C

98. Which of the following is not a major characeristic of habituation? i. The decrease in strength of habituated response is large at first then becomes more gradual j. The habituated resopnse will return after a period without the unconditioned stimulus being presented k. Repeat habitutation results in faster habituation on each subsequent exposure l. Habituation is one of the most rudimentary forms of operant learning and memory Ans: D

99. While all members of a species share the same _________________ history, each member has a unique _______________ history i. phylogenetic; ontogenetic j. ontogenetic; individual k. individual; phylogentetic l. ontogenetic; phylogenetic Ans: A

100.

When using honeybees to study the neuroscience of learning, researchers often present a shock US. What is the UR for this US? i. Proboscis extenstion j. Stinger extension k. Wing flapping l. Freezing Ans: B

101.

After five pairings of a tone followed by the presentation of meat powder, Pavlov's dogs are presented the tone by itself (a test trial). None of the dogs begin to salivate. In this case, the tone would best be called: i. an unconditioned stimulus j. a non-functional stimulus k. a conditioned stimulus l. a complex stimulus Ans: B

102.

Saying there is "high contiguity between the non-functional stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus" suggests that: i. If the non-functional is presented, the unconditioned stimulus will follow

j.

The unconditioned sitmulus is presented very close in time to the non-functional stimulus k. The association between the non-functional and the unconditioned stimulus will be slow to form l. The occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus is dependent on the presentation of the non-functional Ans: B

103.

The magnitude at which the unconditioned response reaches its asymptote is determined by: i. The number of pairings between the non-functional stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus j. How closely in time the non-functional stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented k. The number of times the non-functional stimulus is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus l. The strength of the unconditioned stimulus Ans: D

104.

With regards to the laws of the reflex, the relation between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response (CS-CR): i. Typically holds true for the law of intensity magnitude only j. Typically holds true for the law of the latency only k. Typically holds true for both the law of intensity magnitude and the law of the latency l. Typically do not hold true for any of the laws of the reflex Ans: D

105.

Spontaneous recovery refers to: i. The tendency for a previously extinct CS-CR relation to reappear after a period has elapsed since the last presentation of the CS j. The tendency for a previously extinguished CR to appear during extinction of a new conditioned response k. An increase in the magnitude of an unconditioned response after a period without the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus l. A sudden increase in the magnitude of the conditioned response that occurs randomly during acquisition training Ans: A

106.

After several dates with Julie, Max finds that his heart rate increases slightly whenever she walks into the room. When visiting Julie's house, Max experiences a similar increased heart rate when Julie's twin sister walks into the room. This is an example i. Respondent discrimination j. Spontaneous recovery k. Respondent generalization l. Contiguity Ans: C

107.

A response to the CS presented in training but not to other values of the CS demonstrates i. Spontaneous recovery j. Respondent discrimination k. Respondent generalization l. Latent inhibition Ans: B

108.

Recently, Joan invited Francine to have lunch with her at her favorite restaurant. They both order Francine's favorite dish and they both receive food poisoning from some poorly cleaned lettuce. Joan develops a taste aversion to the dish, but Francine doe i. Respondent discrimination j. US-preexposure effect k. Latent inhibition l. Blocking Ans: C

109.

George is using a conditioning procedure where a light is turned on for one second. 250 milliseconds before the light is turned off, a brief puff of air is blown into the eye of his participants. This is an example of: i. Trace conditioning j. Delay conditioning k. Backward conditioning l. Simultaneous conditioning Ans: B

110.

Overall, backward conditioning appears to be ineffective except when the CS is: i. Visual j. A puff of air or other tactile sensation k. Biologically relevant l. A sound

Ans: C

111.

In second order-conditoning, _______ is paired with the neutral stimulus. i. An unconditioned stimulus j. An unconditioned response k. A conditioned stimulus l. A conditioned response Ans: C

112.

McCully (1982) suggested that many overdoses may be the result of: i. Taking too much of the drug j. A failure of tolerance due tot the absence of the US k. A failure of tolerance due to a CR that is opposite the effect of the UR l. A failure of tolerance due to the absence of the CS Ans: D

113.

From the perspective of a behavior analyst, "cravings" can be explained as: i. A product of presenting the drug related CS without the drug US j. A product of presenting the drug related US without the drug CS k. A product of presenting both the drug related CS and US at the same time l. A product of not presenting either the drug related CS or the drug US Ans: A

114.

Behavior analysts prefer the term Modal Action Pattern over Fixed Action Patterns because: i. Modal denotes the presence of slight idiosyncratic differences across members of the species j. Modal indicates that the sequence of behaviors can change across members of the species k. Modal indicates that the response is learned across the organism's lifespan l. Modal indicates that this is the typical response pattern for the organism Ans: A

115.

You notice that when you are studying, small unexpected noises do not cause you to jump, but that slightly louder noises do. This is an example of: i. The law of latency j. The law of the threshold k. The law of intensity-magnitude l. The law of habituation

Ans: B

116.

Using the Rescorla-Wagner model, predict how much associve strength will be acquired on the next trial when V = 10, Vmax = 50, S = .2, and Vsum = 0. i. ΔV = 8 j. ΔV = 10 k. ΔV = 12 l. ΔV = 14 Ans: A

117.

A researcher is testing repondent conditioning by presenting a blinking red light 500 miliseconds before an electric shock. The probability of the blinking light occuring before a shock is delivered is .3 (3 out of 10 times). Which of the following statements is accurate: i. Due to the high contiguity between light and shock, strong conditioning will occur. j. Due to the low contiguity between light and shock, very weak conditioning will occur. k. Due to the high contingency between light and shock, strong conditioning will occur. l. Due to the low contingency between the light and shock, very weak conditioning will occur.

Ans: D

118.

A contextual stimulus is…

An environmental event that is not part of the original conditioning, but has become associated with the US. j. A type of CS that occurs only in certain situations and produces a response whenever the organism is in that situation. k. A stimulus that precedes the delivery of a reinforcer, but only when certain environmental conditions are available. l. A stimulus that speeds up the process of habituating to unconditioned stimuli that frequently occur in that context.

Ans: A i.

119.

Mallory and Joan both became sick after sharing a dish at Joan's favorite restaurant.

This was Mallory's first time eating the dish, but Joan had eaten it dozens of times. Mallory developed a conditioned taste avesion to the food. Joan did not. Whic i. US-pre-exposure effect j. Habituation k. CS-pre-exposure effect l. Latent inhibition Ans: D

120.

How is generlized trained immunity evidence of an epigentic response? i. The immunity only occurs for the pathogens used in the original studies. j. The immunity occurred for new pathogens similar to those used in the studies. k. The immunity response requires active HIF1α gene transcription l. The immunity response involves active histone modification Ans: D

Chapter 4 Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior

121.

The term opeant comes from the verb _________________ and refers to behavior that _____________. a. Opponent; opposes its consequences in a given environment b. Opendum; opens the door to its effects on a given occasion c. Operates; operates on the environment to produce effects d. Opara; presents the opportunity to respond on a given occasion Ans: C

122.

What defines a contingency of reinforcement? m. Discriminative stimulus n. Operant o. Reinforcement p. All of these Ans: D

123.

Which of the following is not one of the four basic contingencies? m. Positive reinforcement n. Positive extinction o. Negative punishment p. Negative reinforcement Ans: B

124.

In terms of rewards and intrinsic motivation, Cameron et al. (2001) conducted a statistical procedure called _____ and one of the findings indicated that verbal rewards ____ performance and interest on tasks. m. Multivariate analysis; increased n. Multivariate analysis; decreased o. Meta-analysis; decreased p. Meta-analysis; increased Ans: D

125.

The Premack principle states that a higher frequency behavior will: m. Function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior n. None of these o. Function as intermittent reinforcement for a low-frequency behavior p. Function as punishment for a high-frequency behavior Ans: A

126.

To experimentally study the probability of response, a researcher uses ____ as the basic measure and follows the ____ method. m. Operant rate; T-maze n. Latency; T-maze o. Operant rate; free operant p. Latency; free operant Ans: C

127.

Shaping of behavior involves: m. the molding of a response class by the physical arrangement of the operant chamber n. reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the final performance o. withholding and giving food for correct performance of a specified level of response p. none of the above Ans: B

128.

A classic experiment on the effects of extinction by Antonitis (1951) involved: m. nose poking by rats for food reinforcement n. photographs of the rats’ position and body angle o. increased variability of nose poking during extinction p. all of the above Ans: D

129.

In terms of response stereotypes, variability, and reinforcement, the work by Barry Schwartz shows that reinforcement can produce _____ patterns of behavior while the work of Neuringer and colleagues indicates that reinforcement can produce ________. m. Stereotyped; response stability n. Stereotyped; response variability o. Response variability; stereotyped p. Response stability; response variability Ans: B

130.

Which of the following is (are) involved in the partial reinforcement effect? m. Discrimination between reinforcement and extinction is more rapid on CRF n. Longer extinction on intermittent reinforcement compared with CRF o. The higher the rate of reinforcement the greater the resistance to change p. All of these Ans: D

131.

Consider the following example: "Your phone won't allow you to make a call so you turn it off and then back on again. After this your phone allows you to make a call." Identify the operant in this example. m. Your phone allowing you to make calls n. Your phone no longer allowing you to make calls o. Turning the phone on and off p. This is respondent, not operant, conditioning Ans: C

132.

Consider the following example: "Joanne is very fair skinned. In order to not get sunburned, she puts on sunscreen before she goes to the beach." This is an example of ______. m. Positive reinforcement n. Negative reinforcement o. Positive punishment p. Negative punishment Ans: B

133.

Consider the following example: "Bob is running late for work so he drives faster than usual. As a result of his increased speed, Bob is pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. The next time Bob is running late for work he drives the correct speed." This is an example of _____. m. Positive reinforcement n. Negative reinforcement o. Positive punishment

p. Negative punishment Ans: C

134.

Consider the following example: "Kendra stays out two hours past curfew. As a result of her tardiness, her parents take away her privileges to go out for two weeks. The next time Kendra goes out she makes sure to come home on time." This is an example of m. Positive reinforcement n. Negative reinforcement o. Positive punishment p. Negative punishment Ans: D

135.

In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is ______ and as a result behavior _____. m. Removed; decreases n. Added; decreases o. Removed; increases p. Added; increases Ans: D

136.

In negative punishment, a stimulus is ______ and as a result behavior ______. m. Removed; decreases n. Added; decreases o. Removed; increases p. Added; increases Ans: A

137.

One of the main criticisms of behavioral rewards and reinforcement is the idea that ______. m. External rewards will lead to lower intrinsic motivation n. External rewards will lead to higher intrinsic motivation o. Intrinsic motivation will not be effected by external motivation p. Internal rewards will lead to lower intrinsic motivation Ans: A

138.

Andrew spends a lot of timing playing guitar and very little time studying. ______ suggest(s) that playing the guitar could be a reinforcer for studying. m. Punishment theories n. Respondent conditioning o. Social-Cognitive conditioning

p. The Premack Principle Ans: D

139.

Response deprivation has what effect on the response hierarchy in a free choice setting? m. Deprivation removes the free choice element of decision-making n. Deprivation can lead to the performance of all behaviors to increase in frequency creating excessive responding o. Deprivation can lead to a behavior moving up on the response hierarchy, functioning as greater reinforcement at a given moment p. Deprivation does not affect the response hierarchy Ans: C

140.

Williams (1959) demonstrated that a 20-mon-old-child’s temper tantrums were controlled by: m. Access to preferred toys n. Parental attention o. Escaping from unwanted tasks p. Fear of being left alone Ans: B

141.

How does in-vitro reinforcement relate to Skinner's "atoms of behavior"? m. Disproves Skinner by showing that reinforcement does not exist at the neural level n. Disproves Skinner by showing that atoms do not generate behavior o. Supports Skinner by showing that reinforcement exists at the neural level p. Supports Skinner by showing that atoms generate behavior Ans: C

142.

During magazine training, when a pigeon is placed in a chamber for the first time it may demonstrate a variety of behavioral responses because of ________. m. Conditioned aversive stimuli n. Respondent conditioning to perceive the chamber as aversive o. The novel features in the chamber that may serve as aversive stimuli p. Conditioned positive stimuli that activate pleasure mechanims in the bird's brain Ans: C

143.

Kobayashi and colleagues demonstrated that the presentation of juice in the mouth following a spike in neural activity could be used as a reinforcer for activity in the _____ of Japanese monkeys.

m. Lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) n. Visual cortex o. The somatosensory cortex p. The Amygdala Ans: A

144.

Skinner proposed that the basic datum (measure) for operant analysis should be: m. Magnitude n. Latency o. Frequency p. Rate Ans: D

145.

Which of the following best illustrates a study using the free operant method? m. A rat receives an electric shock following a 5-second light-on interval n. A rat is required to run in a maze until it finds the food box and is then removed from the box o. A rat is placed in a chamber for one hour with a lever available that delivers food after every 10th response p. A rat is given free access to high calorie food, is subsequently euthanized, and then its brain is compared to the brains of rats that ate only low calorie foods Ans: C

146.

An operant class is: m. All of the variations of behavior that produce the environmental changes required for reinforcement n. The different types of reinforcers that can be produced by a particular behavior o. All of the stimuli that set the occasion for a particular behavior p. A specific instance of a stimulus-behavior-reinforcer relation Ans: A

147.

Before Frank could begin his research project, he had to train his rat to press the lever by reinforcing successive approximations of lever pressing. This technique is known as: m. Extinction n. Operant level o. Shaping p. Acquisition Ans: C

148.

Max finds that his new dog will work really hard for bites of a doggy treat at the beginning of a training session, but appears to lose interest in the treats the more that Max gives to him. This is an example of: m. Extinction n. Deprivation o. Generalization p. Satiation Ans: D

149.

Neuringer's investigations into the effect of reinforcement on problem solving suggested that: m. Reinforcement results in stereotyped behavior n. Variability in responding is an operant that can be reinforced o. The use of reinforcement results in highly rigid behavior p. Stereotypy and rigidity are unavoidable consequences of reinforcement Ans: B

150.

The extinction burst refers to: m. An increase in frequency of the behavior when extinction is first started n. An increase in the variability of behavior when extinction is first started o. Increased emotional responding that occurs during extinction p. The tendency for previously reinforced behavior to reappear during extinction Ans: A

151.

A "closed" sign on a store is an example of _____ for our door opening behavior. m. Discriminative stimulus n. Partial reinforcement o. Discriminated extinction p. Shaping Ans: C

152.

In order to treat her son's frequent tantrums while out shopping, Ruby put his tantrum behavior on extinction by refusing to buy any treats when he tantrums in the store. This works and her son does not tantrum any more while shopping. Then, suddenly, the tantrum behavior reappears one day while they are out shopping. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of: m. Reappearance n. Spontaneous recovery o. Generalization p. Extinction burst

Ans: B

153.

Although she was happy in the relationship, Joan decided to break up with her boyfriend several weeks ago. He tried contacting her for several days afterward, but after several weeks without any response from Joan, he stopped trying to contact her. Then, one day, Joan accidentally sends her ex a text message asking about his day. After this message, he starts frequently texting and calling Joan again. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of: m. Spontaneous recovery n. Generalization o. Reinforcement p. Reinstatement of responding Ans: D

154.

The major functional difference between forgetting and extinction is: m. The opportunity to emit the behavior during extinction, but not forgetting n. The opportunity to emit the behavior during forgetting, bu tnot extinction o. Extinction deals with behavior while forgetting deals with memory p. Forgetting occurs mostly in older organisms while extinction can occur with individuals of any age Ans: A

155.

"Shooting a basketball consists of holding the ball in one hand while the knees are bent with feet should width apart, followed by pushing the feet into the floor, extinding the arm, and flicking the wrist. " This description is focusing on what element of behavior? m. Topography n. Function o. Duration p. Discriminative function Ans: A

156.

Studies using Drosophilia indicate that the gene ___________ is necessary for __________________ learning to occur. m. FoxP; Behavior Consequence n. FoxP; Stimulus Relations o. HIF1⍺; Behavior Consequence p. HIF1⍺;Stimulus Relations Ans: B

157.

Which of the following statement most closely summarizes Skinner's criticsm of Thorndike's Law of Effect. m. Latency as a dependent variable doesn't tell us anything about how the behavior changes n. Trial suggests that the organism is consciously working to understand the environment o. The Law of Effect focuses too much on the internal thoughts of the organism p. Puzzle boxes are too artifical an environment to understand real behavior change Ans: A

158.

Deprivation operations (such as not feeding an organism for several hours before a study begins) can only be said to have established the deprived stimulus as a reinforcer if: m. The time of deprivation is sufficient to create a need for the response n. The rate of response for the instrumental response increases when it provides contingent access to the deprived stimulus o. The organism shows noticeable signs of distress p. The organism's behavior shows the first stages of an extinction burst Ans: B

159.

Aoyama and McSweeney (2001) demonstrated that following a 3-minute “timeout” from the response lever (by retracting the lever from the operatn chamber), rats in their study would: m. Increase their rate of response above baseline levels for a brief period n. Decrase their rate of response below baseline leves for a brief period o. Ignore the response lever p. Agress toward the response Ans: A

160.

Williams (1959) found that the bed-time tantrum behavior of a 20-month old was maintained by ___________________ and that the parents' behavior of giving in to the tantrum was maintained by ________________________ m. Negative reinforcement; Positive reinforcement n. Positive reinforcement; Negative reinforcement o. Negative reinforcement; Negative reinforcement p. Positive reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement Ans: B

Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement

161. a. b. c. d.

Ans: B

Schedules of reinforcement were first described by: Francis Mechner B. F. Skinner Fergus Lowe Charles Ferster

162.

Infrequent reinforcement generates responding that is persistent. What is this called? q. Postreinforcement pause r. Molar maximizing s. Partial reinforcement effect t. Intermittent resistance Ans: C

163. q. r. s. t.

Ans: C

The main or direct effect of an FR 25 schedule is: Break and run scallop 25 responses One first response after 25 s

164.

Resurgence happens when: q. High probability behavior persists r. Reinforcement magnitude is doubled s. Response variability declines t. Behavior is put on extinction Ans: D

165.

Schedules that generate predictable break-and-run “stair-step” patterns are: q. Random ratio r. Variable ratio s. Fixed ratio t. Fixed interval Ans: C

166.

Variable ratio schedules generate: q. Postreinforcement pauses r. Break-and-run performance s. High rates of response t. Locked rates Ans: C

167.

Schedules that combine time and responses are called: q. Partial reinforcement schedules r. Complex schedules s. Interval schedules t. Fixed-time schedules Ans: C

168.

The shape of the response pattern generated by an FI is called a ______. q. Break and pause r. Ogive s. Accelerating dynamic t. Scallop Ans: D

169.

Human performance on FI differs from animal data due to ______. q. Alternate strategies r. Intelligence differences s. Self-instruction t. Contingency effects Ans: C

170.

Behavior is said to be in transition when it is between: q. Stable states r. A rock and a hard place s. A response run t. One schedule and another Ans: A

171.

What is the relationship between the experimental analysis of behavior and the organism's memories and thought processes? q. It is important to use behavior as a means to infer both cognitions and memories in the individual exhibiting the behavior

r.

An experimental analysis of behavior discourages speculations on memories and thought processes s. Without an understanding of the organism's thought process behavior cannot be changed t. An experimental analysis of behavior rejects free choice and therefore sees cognition and memory as irrelevant Ans: B

172.

From a behavior analysis perspective, peoples' stable dispositions and personality traits can be viewed as: q. Internal influences on behavior r. Reactions to random changes in the environment s. Products of consistent schedules of reinforcement in the environment t. Products of the interplay between genes and environment Ans: C

173.

From a behavioral analysis standpoint, a child working hard to achieve good grades is caused by _______. q. High motivation r. Low motivation s. Environmental contingencies t. Positive reinforcement Ans: C

174.

While reviewing a cumulative record of a key pecking by a pigeon, you note that a repeating patern of a steep line followed by a flat line. You correctly predict that: q. A reinforcer was delivered immediately before the start of the steep line r. A reinforcer was delivered somewhere during the steep line s. A reinforcer was delivered somewhere during the flat line t. A reinforcer was delivered immediatley before the start of the flat line Ans: D

175.

If food is presented every time a pigeon pecks a key then the behavior is on a ______ schedule of reinforcement. q. Concurrent r. Continuous s. Ratio t. Interval Ans: B

176.

Organisms become _______ in their responding as reinforcement becomes less frequent or predictable. q. More variable r. Faster s. Less variable t. Slower Ans: A

177. _______ is the increase in topographic variability during extinction after a period of reinforcement. q. Resurgence r. Resistance s. Reinforcement t. Basleine return Ans: A

178.

The major conclusion of Cohen, Richardson, Lebez, and Tucker's (2001) study investigating formearm-muscle tension and feedback on five different schedules is that: q. Variable schedules produce higher response rates than fixed schedules. r. Changes in physiological responses during biofeedback show that internal responses are operant behaviors s. Internal responses are highly resistant to external reinforcement t. Biofeedback is a useful clinical treatment for muscle pain Ans: B

179.

A rat recieves a pellet for the first response after 5 minutes regardless of how often they press the lever. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule. q. Interval r. Ratio s. Concurrent t. Baseline Ans: A

180.

When analyzing response patterns during extinction, if there are increasing periods of pausing followed by high rates of response, the organism's behavior is in a(n) ______ pattern. q. Postreinforcement pause r. Preratio pause s. Respondent

t. Break-and-run Ans: D

181.

When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement: q. Interval schedules produce a higher rate of response r. Ratio schedules produce a higher rate of response s. To get the highest rate of responding the researcher must alternate between ratio and interval schedules t. Rate of responding is equal Ans: B

182.

Maria is paid on Friday, every two weeks. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. q. Variable interval r. Fixed interval s. Fixed ratio t. Variable ratio Ans: B

183.

Darius works as a sales person, getting clients to buy his products. He is paid a commission whenever he makes a sale. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. q. Fixed ratio r. Variable ratio s. Fixed interval t. Variable interval Ans: B

184.

Roll, Higgins, & Badger (1996) found that __________ was most effective for incrasing abstinence in cigarette smokers. q. Fixed ratio reinforcement r. Variable ratio reinforcement s. Continuous reinforcement t. Progressive reinforcement Ans: D

185.

Mark's boss allows him to take a break after every 10 keychains that he assembles. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. q. Variable interval

r. Variable ratio s. Fixed interval t. Fixed ratio Ans: D

186.

The postreinforcment pause is not caused by: q. The moment of reinforcement r. The upcoming ratio requirement s. Pausing to consume the reinforcer t. The magnitude of the reinforcer Ans: C

187.

A schedule that is made up of a series of alternately presented Fixed Ratio (FR) schedules with the following values: FR 5, FR 10, FR 20, FR 25, and FR 40 would be best described as: q. A variable ratio 20 schedule r. A fixed ratio 20 schedule s. A variable ratio 100 schedule t. A fixed ratio 100 schedule Ans: A

188.

Molar explanations of rate differences in schedules of reinforcement stae that the correlation between _________ and ___________ produces the difference in rate on interval and ratio schedules.: q. Pauses; responses r. Responses; reinforcement s. Reinforcement; response requirements t. Response requirments; pauses Ans: B

189.

Apple's iPhone 6 introduced 3D touch, a technology that allows the phone to respond differently depending on how much force is used to touch the screen. This is an example of: q. Conjugate reinforcement r. Extinction burst s. Resurgence t. Biofeedback Ans: A

190.

Lowe and colleagues (1983) explained their observation that humans generated either high or low rates of responding, but not the typical schedule patterns observed in animals, during schedule training, by arguing that: q. Language causes humans to behave according to a rule rather than the arranged contingencies r. Schedule studies in humans are too short to develop the stereotypical patterns s. Schedule effects do not generalize from animal to human behavior t. Humans are not motivated to be in the study so they do not pay sufficient attention to the contingencies Ans: A

191.

The ______________ schedule of reinforcement has been used to measure reinforcement efficacy of different stimuli, especially drugs such as cocaine and Ritalin: q. Fixed ratio r. Variable interval s. Fixed time t. Progressive ratio Ans: D

192.

Online games often require the player to return after a certain amount of time to collect rewards. If the player fails to check the game within a specified amount of time, the reward disappears. This is an example of: q. A limited hold r. A post-reinforcement pause s. Break-and-run responding t. Behavioral momentum Ans: A

193.

Behavioral momentum: q. Refers to the higher rate of behavior observed in ratio schedules compared to interval schedules r. Refers to the tendency for behavior that is intermittently reinforced to be more resistant to extinction than behavior on continuous reinforcement s. Refers to the high rate of behavior observed on variable schedules compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement t. Refers to behavior that persists or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors Ans: D

194.

The critical measure on Progressive ratio (PR) schedules is typically:

q. The rate of responding r. The frequency of responding s. The length of the post-reinforcement pause t. The breakpoint where the organism fails to complete the requirement Ans: D

195. q. r. s. t.

Ans: B

Progressive ratio (PR) schedules are frequently used to evaluate: How fast an organism can respond The value of a reinforcer An organism's ability to tolerate increased work loads The physical health of an organism

196.

Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule of reinforcement too quickly often results in a stereotyped pattern of behavior that includes emotional responding and a failure to perform the required behavior. This pattern of behavior is referred to as: q. Ratio strain r. A post-reinforcement pause s. A pre-reinforcement pause t. An inter-trial interval Ans: A

197.

Roll, Higgins, and Badger (1996) tested the effectiveness of schedules of reinforcement for reducing cigarette smoking. The results of their study indicated that: q. Progressive schedules produced the highest level of abstinence and reduction in smoking r. Providing a constant payout produced the highest level of abstinence and reduction in smoking s. Both the progressive and constant schedules were equally as effective and both were better than the control condition t. Neither schedule showed improvements over the control condition Ans: A

198. q. r. s. t.

Ans: C

The feedback function of schedule performance refers to: The time between any two occurrences of a behavior The reinforcement that occurs for shorter breaks between responses on ratio schedules The relation between response rate and reinforcement rate The tendency for ratio schedules to produce longer post-reinforcement pauses

199.

On a fixed interval schedule, the post-reinforcement pause is approximately ____ the length of the inter-reinforcement interval. q. Three fourths r. One half s. One third t. One fourth Ans: B

200.

You have observed that when your roomate sits down to study, they spend the first several minutes working fairly slow, but slowly start working faster, continuing to work faster until finally they jump up and announce, “done!” then jump back on their phone to watch the next episode of their current favorite show. Based on this pattern, you anticipate that your roomate: q. Is basing their study behavior on a fixed number of pages read or problems solved r. Is basing their study behavior on a fixed amount of time reading or working problems s. Is basing their study behavior on a random number of pages read or problems solved t. Is basing their study behavior on a random amount of time reading or working problems Ans: B

Chapter 6 Aversive Control of Behavior 201.

In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are _______ while threats and falling grades are ______. a. Potent; impotent b. Natural; secondary c. Primary; conditioned d. Primitive; cultured Ans: C

202.

Punishment: u. Increases the beahvior on which it is contingent v. Decreases the behavior on which it is contingent w. Does not work x. Should be used whenever possible Ans: B

203.

Research on the use of contingent electical skin-shock (CESS) punishment in treatment of self-injurious behavior: u. shows that some people may develop side effects, such as emotional or mental health conditions v. reduces self-injurious behavior w. indicates that CESS treatment may eliminate the need for physical restraint or sedating drugs x. All of the above Ans: D

204.

In studies on avoidance, the time between shocks if the organism does nothing is the ________________interval and the time between an avoidance response and the next shock is the _________interval.. u. Aversive; postponement v. Shocking; responding w. Shock-shock; response-shock x. Temporal shock; response time Ans: C

205.

The procedure of nondiscriminative avoidance is also called _______. u. Sidman avoidance v. Signaled avoidance w. Sensory aversion x. Stevens aversion Ans: A

206.

In terms of operant-respondent interactions, persistance, and avoidance: u. Operant avoidance prevents respondent extinction v. Operant avoidance interacts with respondent agression w. Operant avoidance competes with respondent avoidance x. Operant avoidance sets the occasion for respondent aversion Ans: A

207.

For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape _____ the helplessness brought on by _____ aversive stimulation: u. Blocks; inescapable v. Causes; excessive w. Enhances; noncontingent

x. Augments; expected Ans: A

208.

With regard to respondent aggression, Ulrich and Azrin (1962) found that the probability of attack for any single shock: u. Decreased as the number of shocks went up v. Increased then decreased as the number of shocks went up w. Remained constant as the numner of shocks went up x. Increased as the number of shocks went up Ans: D

209.

Which are side effects of punishment? u. Diplaced agression v. Learned helplessness w. Social disruption x. All of these Ans: D

210.

In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element is: u. Escape due to a history of inescapable shock v. Escape due to contingencies of avoidance w. Escape due to punishment x. Escape due to negative reinforcement Ans: D

211.

Which of the following was not identified as a possible behavior principle influencing abused partners to stay in abusive situations? u. Dynamics outside the relationship punish the alternative behavior of leaving v. The "honeymoon" period serves as intermittent reinforcement for staying w. Discriminative stimuli associated with pleasant experiences maintain staying in the relationship x. Punishment of victim's staying in the relationship by the perpetrator decreases in effectiveness over time Ans: C

212.

Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of _______. u. Overcorrection v. Timeout procedure

w. Response cost procedure x. Negative punishment Ans: A

213.

The response cost procedure is an example of ______. u. Negative reinforcement v. Negative punishment w. Positive punishment x. Positive reinforcement Ans: B

214.

In Coercion and its Fallouts, Sidman (2001) argues that coercion consists of both: u. Reinforcement and positive punishment v. Reinforcement and negative punishment w. Punishment and positive reinforcement x. Punishment and negative reinforcement Ans: D

215.

Considering evidence gained by experimental behavior analysis, introducing spanking at a low intensity and gradually increasing intensity: u. Is an effective approach to reducing the problem behavior v. Eventually creates a situation where an unreasonable intensity is necessary w. Is more effective than maintaining a single intensity x. Is not as effective as maintaining a low intensity Ans: B

216.

Azrin, Holz, and Hake (1963) found that when pigeons were shocked with a punisher that increased intensity gradually ______, and when they were shocked with a punisher of moderate intensity ______. u. The birds increased their speed of response; the birds decreased their speed of response v. The birds decreased their speed of response; the birds increased their speed of response w. The birds would continue to respond; the birds quit responding x. The birds quit responding; the birds would continue to respond Ans: C

217.

Punishers that have to be used repeatedly indicate: u. That they should be gradually intensified and their use continued

v. That they are ineffective and should be discontinued w. That they are doing their job and should be continued x. That while they are effective they should be discontinued Ans: B

218.

Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that: u. The more food deprived the pigeons were the higher the efficacy of the punisher v. The more food deprived the pigeons were the lower the efficacy of the punisher w. The type of food reward in relation to deprivation changes the efficacy of the punisher x. The efficacy of the punisher remained constant regardless of the level of deprivation Ans: B

219.

Giving an organism another way to obtain reinforcement will: u. Make punishment more effective v. Make punishment less effective w. Have no effect on punishment x. Will not be compatible with a schedule of punishment Ans: A

220.

If an organism emits an alternate behavior, that behavior can be seen as a(n) ____ if it occurs during punishment, and a(n) ____ if it prevents punishment. u. Respondent behavior; operant behavior v. Avoidance behavior; escape behavior w. Operant behavior; respondent behavior x. Escape behavior; avoidance behavior Ans: D

221.

Which of the following is true regarding escape and avoidance responses? u. Animals acquire escape and avoidance responses at the same speed because they are both related through negative reinforcement v. Animals acquire avoidance responses then escape responses because of negative reinforcement w. Animals acquire escape responses faster than avoidance responses because the negative reinforcer is immediately absent x. Animals acquire avoidance responses faster than escape responses because the positive reinforcer is immediately present Ans: C

222.

A real-life example of ______ can be seen in individuals suffering from ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder who compulsively wash their hands because they fear exposure to germs. u. Discriminated reinforcement v. Nondiscriminated avoidance w. Nondiscriminated reinforcement x. Discriminated avoidance Ans: B

223.

Hackenberg and Hineline (1987) gave one group of rats an avoidance period from electric shock before food and one group after food. They found that: u. Rats respond to long-term aversive consequences in their environment v. Only the rats below 85% body weight were interested in food after electric shock w. The avoidance period had no effect after food x. There was no difference in response based on positive reinforcement being before or after food Ans: A

224.

Which of the following environmental changes most influences responding during a timeout from avoidance procedure? u. The stimulus change signaling the onset of the timeout period v. The reduction in overall frequency of the aversive event w. The reduction in response effort during the timeout period x. The increased availability of food during the timeout period Ans: C

225.

For a person that has been stung by a bee, the sound of a buzzing bee serves a dual function. These two functions are: u. CS- and aversive stimulus v. CS + and aversive stimulus w. CS- and an appetitive stimulus x. CS+ and an appetitive stimulus Ans: A

226.

Learned helplessness provides a behavioral explanation for: u. The aversive control Nazi jailers maintained over their captors v. The relationship between alcohol dependence and depression w. Social withdrawal in children whose parents fail to set consistent rules and standards x. All of the above Ans: D

227.

Recent neural studies suggest that learned helplessness techniques may contribute to depression by: u. Increasing inhibitory synaptic responses in the LHb v. Decreasing inhibitory synaptic responses in the LHb w. Increasing excitatory synaptic responses in the LHb x. Decreasing excitatory synaptic responses in the LHb Ans: C

228.

Berton and colleagues (2006) found that the regulation of avoidance behavior in mice confronted by an aversive social target requires BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) from the: u. Nucleus accumbens (Nac) v. Vental tegmental area (VTA) w. Amygdala (AMY) x. Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPC) Ans: B

229.

When an aversive consequence is delivered to an individual, one possible side effect is that they retaliate in an aggressive manor toward the individual. This type of retaliatory behavior is known as: u. Reflexive aggression v. Operant aggression w. Learned helplessness x. Social disruption Ans: B

230.

With regards to epigenetic influences on fear conditioning, HAT enzymes have been found to: u. Regulate the speed of fear conditioning v. Regulate the speed of extinction of fear conditioning w. Regulate long term remembering of fear conditioning x. Regulate the aversiveness of fear conditioning Ans: C

231.

Contingencies of punishment: u. Do not teach or correct behavior v. Encourage production of low rate behavior w. Are more effective than reinforcement

x. Teach correct ways to behave Ans: A

232.

Drugs that block histone deacetylation (HDAC) have been shown to: u. Increase retention of Cs-tone relationships in fear conditioning v. Increase freezing (fear) in fear conditioning contexts w. Decrease retention in fear conditioning contexts x. Decrease freezing (fear) in fear conditioning contexts Ans: B

233.

Chandler is having difficulty finishing a project for class where he teaches a rat to press and release a lever in order to escape an electric shock. Which of the following behaviors do you think is most likely interfering with successful completion of the targetted response? u. The rat runs rapidly around the cage following a shock. v. The rat moves to the magazine feeder as soon as a shock is delivered w. The rat begins grooming immediately after a shock x. The rat freezes after a shock is delivered Ans: D

234.

Which of the following behaivoral principles is most likely the explanation for why it is difficult to keep people taking preventative medicines? u. Learned helplessness v. Negative punishment w. Nondiscriminated avoidance x. Signaled avoidance Ans: C

235.

Which of the following learning situations would most likely result in the fastest acquisition of avoidance behavior? u. Rats required to jump up on a platform to avoid a shock v. Pigeons required to run down an alley to avoid an electric shock w. Rats required to press and release a lever to avoid a shock x. Pigeons required to peck a key to avoid an electric shock Ans: A

236.

You observe a fly (Drosophilia) in a dish moving slowly, frequently resting, and generally appearing "depressed". Which of the following conditions of Yang, Bertolucci, Wolf, and Heisenberg's (2013) experiment was the fly most likely assigned? u. The fly was presented blasts of hot air with no programmed escape behavior

v. The fly was presented with blasts of hot air with a programmed escape behavior w. The fly was blasted with hot air any time it began to move x. The fly was blasted with hot air any time it stopped moving Ans: A

237.

As you are walking to class, you hear a classmate yell, "Give me my water, you poorly functioning vending machine!". This is most likely: u. an extinction burst v. extinction-induced agression w. reflexive aggression x. due to response cost Ans: B

238.

Which of the following outcomes suggests that social exclusion itself is found to trigger aggressvie behavior? u. Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of aversive noise at other participants they thought had socially excluded them. v. Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of noise at other participants, even when they knew the insult came from someone else. w. Participants given a general social reinforcer after being insulsted lessened the level of the aversive noise used x. The level of aversive stimulation directed at other participants was high in all conditions, no matter the source of the insult or the availability of social reinforcement.

Ans: B

239.

Francine is disruptive to the class by talking to the students around her. The classroom teacher asks Francince to move to the far corner of the classroom, distanced from other students. This is an examlpe of: u. Social exclusion v. Overcorrection w. Exclusion timeout x. Timeout by non-exclusion Ans: D

240.

All of the following are limitations to the use of retrospective studies for understanding the relation between childhood physical punishment and adult psychiatric conditions, except: u. These studies require recall of past events v. The phrasing of the questions may influence recall w. This study design does not allow for inferences of causality

x. The study design requires finding people from abusive families with adult psychiatric conditions Ans: D

Chapter 7 Operant-Respondent Interrelationships: The Biological Context of Conditioning

241. a. b. c. d.

In terms of operant contingencies and the intrusion of reflexive behavior: Reflexive behavior is elicited by respondent procedures embedded in operant contingencies Operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcement Respondent procedures cause species-characteristic responses Both operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcement AND reflexive behavior is elicited by respondent procedures embedded in operant contingencies

Ans: D

242.

What did Brown and Jenkins (1968) conclude about autoshaping in their pigeons? y. Following the key light with grain eventually caused the lighted key to elicit pecking z. The look-peck coupling is species specific and results in pecks to the illuminated key aa. Eventually an operant chain develops, culminating in pecking bb. All of these Ans: D

243.

Phenomena such as instinctive drift, sign tracking, and autoshaping have been analyzed as: y. Behavior systems activated by the US and the physical properties of the CS z. Both stimulus substitution where the CS substitutes for the US AND behavior systems activated by the US and the physical properties of the CS aa. Stimulus substitution where the CS substitutes for the US bb. None of these Ans: B

244.

In terms of operant conditioning of reflexive behavior, the experiment by Miller and Carmona (1967): y. Showed that the increased flow of saliva was accompanied by the dogs being more alert z. Showed that salivation and heart rate were both susceptible to operant conditioning aa. Showed conclusive results for operant conditioning of salivation bb. All of these Ans: A

245.

What does evidence suggest about the operant conditioning of reflexive behavior? y. Reflexes can be conditioned by operant procedures in some circumstances z. Reflexive behavior is hardly ever controlled by respondent procedures aa. Reflexive behavior is generally controlled by operant procedures bb. Only (b) and (c) are true Ans: A

246.

When a CS compound (color and taste) is associated with illness, different species show avoidance to the two parts of the compound. This phenomenon is called: y. Species set z. Species readiness aa. Species activation bb. Species preparedness Ans: D

247.

What did Lett and Grant (1996) suggest with regards to activity anorexia? y. It could involve taste aversion induced by physical activity z. It probably explains taste aversion conditioning aa. It is the first stage in taste aversion conditioning bb. Both (b) and (c) Ans: A

248.

Excessive drinking is technically called ____. y. Polydipsia z. Polyfluidity aa. Polydistation bb. Polyhydration

Ans: A

249.

What is the basic finding for activity anorexia: y. Decreased food intake increases physical activity z. Increased food intake increases physical activity aa. Physical activity decreases food intake bb. Both (a) and (c) Ans: D

250.

If a researcher is attempting to teach a pig to move discs to a designated location but is unable to because of the pig's rooting reflex (to push the disc into the dirt), ______ has occurred. y. Reflexology z. Instinctive drift aa. Primal contingency patterns bb. Operant learning Ans: B

251.

The procedure of ______ produces respondent behavior that can then be reinforced as operant behavior. y. Shaping z. Negative reinforcement aa. Autoshaping bb. Extinction Ans: C

252.

Choose the option that most accurately completes the sentence: Miller and Carmona's (1967) experiment on the increase and decrease of salivation in dogs y. was confounded by the tone chosen to accompany the dogs in the increased salivation group. z. was confounded by the unaccounted for level of hunger eliciting respondent behavior that may have differed across groups. aa. was confounded by the occurrence of stimuli outside the experimental context that were similar to those used in the training context. bb. was confounded by the observation that dogs with increased saliva appeared alert and those that did not appeared drowsy.

Ans: D

253.

Principles of behavior like extinction, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery: y. Generalize across species z. Apply to all animals except for higher processing primates aa. Only apply to higher level animals that can comprehend consequences bb. Are dependent on the individual organism Ans: A

254.

In taste aversion studies that condition both quail and rats to being sick after drinking salty blue water, researchers have found that following recovery when the animals are given the option for either salty water or normal water colored blue: y. The rats choose the normal blue water and the quail choose the salty water z. The rats choose the salty water and the quail choose the blue water aa. The rat alternates between the two waters and the quail drank only the blue water bb. The quail alternate between the waters and the rat drinks only the salty water Ans: A

255.

Research conducted by Garcia and Koelling (1966) on taste aversion in rats using shocks and x-ray induced gastrointestinal illness found that: y. Both shocks and gastrointestinal illness produced the same degree of taste aversion z. X-ray induced intestinal illness produced taste aversion while shocks did not aa. Taste aversion conditioning was most effective when they were used simultaneously bb. Shocks produced taste aversion while gastrointestinal illness did not Ans: B

256.

In taste aversion studies: y. Novel tastes are less easily conditioned than familiar ones z. Familiarity has no effect on taste aversion conditioning aa. Novel tastes are more easily conditioned than familiar ones bb. Novel tastes cannot be conditioned until they become familiar Ans: C

257.

During the time between food reinforcers animals often engage in: y. Respondent behaviors z. Adjunctive and terminal behaviors aa. Anxious and expectant behaviors bb. Adjunctive, diplacement, and terminal behaviors Ans: D

258.

When considering adjunctive behaviors, there is _____ in adjunctive behaviors when the time between reinforcement increases. y. No change z. An increase aa. A decrease bb. A decrease followed by an increase Ans: B

259.

What is the relationship between adjunctive behavior and level of deprivation? y. The higher the level of deprivation the greater the adjunctive behavior z. Adjunctive behavior is related to each organism's predisposition to response as opposed to their level of deprivation aa. The lower the level of deprivation the greater the adjunctive behavior bb. Adjunctive behavior is only exhibited during times of high deprivation Ans: A

260.

Doyle and Samson (1988) found what relationhip between beer drinking and the length of a fixed-interval schedule? y. Participants on a brief fixed-interval schedule drank more beer z. Beer drinking remained constant regardless of the time until reinforcement aa. Participants on an extended fixed-interval schedule drank more beer bb. A ratio-interval schedule produces more beer drinking than a fixed-interval schedule Ans: C

261.

Which of the following brain regions shows increased levels of c-Fos following lithium chloride (LiCl) administration? y. Gustatory areas of the thalamus z. Areas of amygdala concerned with detecting the CS aa. Areas of the amygdala involved in the hedonic shift from positive to negative bb. Areas in the insula Ans: A

262.

The bivalent effect of wheel running in rats refers to: y. Wheel running can either increase or decrease the rate of other behaviors z. Wheel running creates taste aversion for novel foods that preceded the activity and taste preferences for novel foods that follow after the activity

aa. Wheel running serves as both a conditioned stimulus and an aversive operant stimulus bb. Wheel running is both a reinforcer and a stimulus that signals eating behavior Ans: B

263.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the view of adjunctive behavior in humans expressed by the authors of the textbook? y. Convergent evidence from various species shows that interval- and time-based schedules induce excessive behavior following reinforcement. z. The totality of the evidence supports the hypothesis that schedules of reifnorcement induce adjunctive behavior in humans. aa. There is sufficient evidence to support the occurrence of adjunctive behaviors in other species, but not in human behavior. bb. Most studies of adjunctive behavior in humans lack sufficent control or baseline conditions to draw any conclusions about adjunctive behavior in humans.

Ans: A

264. to:

Falk (1977) suggested that the adaptive function of adjunctive behavior may be

y. Reduce the time until the organism receives the reinforcer z. Maintain a certain amount of neural activity during the waiting periods between reinforcers aa. Maintain the animal on the schedule during periods when it would be likely to leave or escape bb. Keep the organisms safe from predators by encouraging mobility and alertness Ans: C

265.

Activity anorexia: y. Refers to the tendency for a person with anorexia to use exercise as a way to maintain low weight z. Is a medical term for persons who refuse to exercise enough to maintain their physical health aa. Is a problem among men with body and weight issues, but is not typically observed in females bb. Refers to the observation that as physical activity increases, food intake decreases.

Ans: D

266.

Pierce, Epling, and their colleagues found that the reinforcing value of wheel running:

y. Increased as food consumption increased z. Decreased as food consumption increased aa. Was largely unaffected by food consumption bb. Was affected by food consumption only when the food followed wheel running Ans: B

267.

Pierce, Epling, and colleagues (1986) found that the reinforcing value of food: y. Increased as wheel running increased z. Decreased as wheel running increased aa. Was largely unaffected by wheel running bb. Was affected by wheel running only when the food preceded wheel running Ans: B

268.

The observation that pigeons will peck at a key light associated with the presentation of food even when doing so cancels the delivery of reinforcement is seen as evidence that: y. Key pecking is an instinctive behavior z. Turning off a light is a reinforcer for pigeons aa. Pecking at the key light is a respondent behavior bb. The illuminated key is an aversive stimulus and pecking is a way to remove the aversive Ans: C

269.

During omission training pigeons produce _____ pecks to the illuminated key and during autoshaping pigeons produce _____ pecks to the illuminated key. y. Short duration; short duration z. Long duration; short duration aa. Long duration; long duration bb. Short duration; long duration Ans: D

270.

In the television show The Office, Jim pranks his co-worker Dwight by repeatedly playing a sound on his computer and then immediately offering Dwight a strong breath mint. After several days of this, Dwight immediately holds out his hand when the computer beeps and reports that he has a bad taste in his mouth. In this (fake) demonstration of learning: y. Holding out his hand is a respondent behavior and salivating is an operant behavior

z. Holiding out his hand is an operant behavior and salivating is a respondent behavior aa. Both holding out his hand and salivating are operant behaviors bb. Both holding out his hand and salivating are respondent behaviors Ans: B

271.

Marian and Keller Breland's work to train a racoon to place two coins in a container resulted in: y. The racoon picking pu both coins and placing them in the behavior accurately and quickly z. The racoon picking up both coins and then rubbing them together and dipping them into the container aa. The racoon picking up one coin, but then refusing to pick up the second coin bb. The racoon could not be trained to pick up either coin Ans: B

272.

A dog that approaches the source of a signal for food - such as a an illuminated light - instead of the source of food - such as the food bowl - is demonstrating: y. Autoshaping z. Automaintenance aa. Sign tracking bb. Adjunctive behavior Ans: C

273.

The fundamental distinction between respondent and operant conditioning is: y. Whether the response is an automatic response or one that is conditional on a stimulus z. Whether the response involves skeletal muscles or glands aa. Whether the contingency involves the whole organism or whether only certain muscles/glands are activated bb. Whether the conditioning involved the correlation of stimuli or a contingency between response and consequence.

Ans: D

274.

Neuroscience studies of autoshaping have found that the NAc (Nucleus accumbens) appears to be directly involved in: y. Enhancing the incentive salience of the CS+ once it is acquired z. The acquisition of feedling-like responses to the CS+ aa. Stimulus-outcome reversal learning

bb. All of the above Ans: B

275.

Biofeedback, such as that invovled in brain computer interfaces for persons with missing limbs, are of particular interest to understanding behavior because: y. They demonstrate the power of reinforcement z. They demonstrate the power of respondent conditioning aa. They demonstrate operant control of what appear to be respondent behaviors bb. They demonstrate respondent control of what appear to be operant behaviors Ans: C

276.

Dunlap & Stephens (2014) study with flies (Drosophilia) exposed to a distinct color or odor before laying eggs demonstrates that: y. Flies are sensitive to colors, but not odors z. Flies are sensitive to odors, but not colors aa. Biological preparedness is sensitivie to environmental changes bb. Biological preparedness is not sensitive to selection by the environment Ans: C

277.

A large body of research expamines schedule-induced polydipsia as a form of adjunctive behavior. Which of the following sentences best describes the current state of this research? y. Schedule-induced polydipsia occurs early in the interpellet interval due to delayed reinforcement z. Schedule-induced polydipsia occurs as a form of response displacement aa. Schedule-induced polydipsia is a phylogenetic behavior that is controlled by ontogenetic contingencies in the experimental context bb. After years of research, there is no definitive test for the nature of scheduleinduced polydipsia (adjunctive behavior) Ans: D

278.

A report in Science showed that smokers with strokes involving damage to the _______________ lost their craving for cigarettes. y. Amygdala z. Hippocampus aa. Insula bb. Thalamus Ans: C

279.

Timberlake's solution to the finding that chick's would "snuggle" a key light that is correlated with the activation of a heat lamp was that: y. "Snuggling" was a form of adjunctive behavior z. "Snuggling" is a form of stimulus substitution aa. "snuggling" is a schedule-induced behavior bb. "snuggling" is part of a larger behavior system Ans: D

280.

Which of the following statement best summarizes the current state of the debate on the nature of adjunctive behavior? a. Current evidence is in favor of the displacement account b. Current evidence is in favor of an operant behavior account c. Current evidence is in favor of a respondent behavior account d. Current evidence does not provide a solid resolution to this debate Ans: D

Chapter 8 Stimulus Control

281. a. b. c. d.

Ans: D

282.

An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is ____ reinforced.

Always Sometimes Maybe Never

An SD does not cause or elicit the appearance of a response the way a _____ does. cc. CS dd. CR ee. US ff. UR Ans: C

283.

In operant conditioning, what is the antecedent stimulus paired with reinforcement is called? cc. SD dd. CS ee. SΔ ff. S-R-S Ans: A

284.

A two-component schedule in which both components have separate stimuli is called: cc. TAND dd. MIX ee. CONC ff. MULT Ans: D

285.

To keep the onset of SD from reinforcing responses in SΔ, one needs to add a _____ contingency. cc. PRP dd. IRT ee. DRO ff. EXT Ans: C

286.

If reinforcers on one schedule are depleted and responding in another schedule increases, we call this _____. cc. Substitutability dd. Positive contrast ee. Anticipatory contrast ff. Negative contrast Ans: B

287.

A change in maximal generalization responding, away from SΔ to the other side of SD, is called: cc. Gradient shift dd. Peak shift ee. Stimulus control ff. Relative control Ans: B

288.

A shaping procedure that gradually changes stimlus control from one element to antoher is called: cc. Transfer dd. Conditional discrimination ee. Fading ff. Approximations Ans: C

289.

If you trained a pigeon to turn a circle when a TURN sign was presented, you could say the bird was _____. cc. Discriminating dd. Conceptually oriented ee. Reading ff. Superstitious Ans: C

290.

With careful shaping and fading one might develop a discrimination without _____. y. Extinction z. Reinforcement aa. Contrast bb. Errors Ans: D

291.

A dog trained to detect volatile organic compopunds (VOC) in the urine of men with prostrate cancer was _______ accurate in detecting these chemicals in urine during experimental tests (Browne, Stafford, & Fordham, 2006) cc. 93% dd. 83% ee. 73% ff. 63% Ans: A

292.

When a(n) ______ is presented the probability of a response increases. When a(n) _____ is presented the probability of response decreases. cc. SD; S∆ dd. S∆; SD ee. SD followed by a S∆; S∆ followed by a SD ff. S∆ followed by a SD; SD followed by a S∆ Ans: A

293.

The discovery of cones in the retinas of pigeons led to an understanding of visual sensitivity. Visual sensitivity allows for ______ of the world that improves the reproductive success of birds. cc. Retinal reinforcement dd. Operant discriminations ee. Respondent discriminations ff. Retinal contingency patterns Ans: B

294.

From a behavioral analysis standpoint, a failure to learn is most likely caused by: cc. Problems with the contingency of reinforcement dd. Problems with the contingency of punishment ee. Problems with the organism's ontogeny ff. Problems with respondent behaviors Ans: A

295.

If changing contingencies of reinforcement on one schedule affect reinforced behavior on another schedule, ____ has occurred. cc. Behavioral activation dd. Extinction ee. Behavioral contrast ff. Discrimination Ans: C

296.

When organisms respond in one setting and not another they are ______. When they behave similarly they are _____ across circumstances. cc. Anticipating; generalizing dd. Generalizing; discriminating ee. Discriminating; anticipating ff. Discriminating; generalizing Ans: D

297.

Guttman and Kalish (1956) reinforced pigeons for pecking a particular color of light and then recorded their rate of pecking across the sprectrum and found that: cc. The more the new stimulus differed from the one used in training the lower the response rate dd. The more the new stimulus differed from the one in training the higher the response rate

ee. The pigeon responded the same regardless of the wavelength of light presented because reinforcement was on an interval schedule ff. The pigeon responded only to the wavelength presented in training originally Ans: A

298.

When a woman suffering from anorexia chooses the thinner picture of herself as opposed to the actual or heavier photograph she is demonstrating: cc. Discrimination dd. Peak shift ee. Respondent conditioning ff. Reinforcement Ans: B

299. _____ means that an organism responds to differences among the values of two or more stimuli. cc. Differential stimulus control dd. Absolute stimulus control ee. Discriminative stimulus control ff. Relative stimulus control Ans: D

300.

The SD and S∆ are presented at the same time and the organism responds to one or the other during a ______ procedure. cc. Simultaneous discrimination dd. Successive discrimination ee. Absolute discrimination ff. Relative discrimination Ans: A

301.

One possible drawback of the errorless training method is: cc. This method has not been generalized to humans dd. The organism is much more prone to the effects of extinction ee. When the reinforcement contingency is changed the organism often continues to respond based on their initial training ff. This method discourages stimulus discrimination and promotes generalization Ans: C

302.

The time between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli is usually called the ____.

cc. Behavioral contingency dd. Discrimination index ee. Remembering index ff. Retention interval Ans: D

303. ____________ is said to occur when researchers observe an increased rate of responding in the unchanged component of a MULT schedule of reinforcement following a change in response requirements for one of the components. cc. Negative contrast dd. Anticipatory contrast ee. Substiutability ff. Positive contrast Ans: D

304.

The peak response rate observed during generalization testing following successive discrimiation training with an SΔ at 550 nm and an SD at 530 nm would most likely be at: cc. 510 nm dd. 530 nm ee. 540 nm ff. 560 nm Ans: A

305.

The operant procedure of fading involves: cc. Gradually introducing a new stimulus into the context dd. Gradually removing the reinforcement that maintains a behavior ee. Gradually changing the response requirement for reinforcement ff. Gradually changing the value or dimensions of a controlling stimulus Ans: D

306.

Which of the following would we expect from a participant that passes a test for generalized identity matching? cc. They are able to recognize themselves in multiple contexts (such as pictures or a mirror) dd. They can correctly match-to-sample when novel exemplars are presented ee. They can respond to multiple forms of address such as "you", their name, or pointing ff. They correctly match-to-cample for learned exemplars and do not respond when novel exemplars are presented Ans: B

307.

According to White's (2002) research, pigeons trained on a delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) procedure with a 5-second retention interval then tested in a procedure where the retention interval was systematically varied from 0 to 10 seconds would most likely show the greatest accuracy: cc. With a 0-second (no delay) retention interval dd. With a 2.5 second retention interval ee. With a 5-second retention interval ff. With a 10-second retention interval Ans: C

308.

White and Brown (2011) trained pigeons in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure where a house-light was presented for the first 3 second of the retention interval and then turned off for the remainder of the interval. The results from this test can best be described as: cc. Consistent with "trace" accounts of memory in that performance increased as the retention interval increased dd. Consistent with the "trace" accounts of memory in that performance was slightly improved in short intervals where the house light was turned off after 3 seconds ee. Consistent with discrimination accounts of memory in that performance improved slightly in conditions where the house light was turned off after 3-seconds ff. Consistent with discrimination accounts of memory in that performance was highest in conditions where the house light was presented during the entire retention interval Ans: C

309.

Concept formation studies demonstrate that non-human animals: cc. Cannot form general categories, but must learn about each stimulus individually dd. Can learn basic categories, such as shape or color, but cannot learn more abstract concepts ee. Can learn to differentiate between concrete relative differences between objects (such as bigger, smaller) ff. Can be trained to respond to abstract properties of objects (such as humanness, gender) Ans: D

310.

Responding 8 to the prompt "3+5" and 15 to the prompt "3x5" is an example of: cc. Concept formation dd. Generalization ee. Discrimination ff. Conditional discrimination Ans: D

311.

When pecking the keys is based on line angle or form depending on the state of the houselight (on/off), we can say that the pigeon shows ______. cc. Simple generalization dd. Simple discrimination ee. Generalized discrimination ff. Conditional discrimination Ans: D

312.

Research by Pelaez and colleageus (2012) found that the mother's facial expression served as a ___________________ for their 4- and 5-month old infants. cc. Postive reinforcer dd. Negative reinforcer ee. Discriminative stimulus ff. Extinction stimulus Ans: C

313.

Belke and Pierce (2015) failed to replicate previously observed behvioral contrast effects with rats when they used wheel running and lever pressing as available responses. What explanation did they provide for this? cc. Automatic reinforcement for lever pressing interferred with contrast dd. Automatic reinforcement for wheel running interferred with contrast ee. Behvaioral contrast only occurs when the responses have the same topography ff. Behavioral contrast only occurs when the reinforcers are the same Ans: B

314.

Hooded crows used in a test conducted by Wasserman and colleagues (2015) demonstrated the ability to pass a test for relational matching to sample training, something for which they had not been explicitly trained. To what did they attribute this finding? cc. Hooded crows are naturally able to do relational matching to sample tests dd. The crows extensive training with identity matching to sample likely created a general relational concept ee. The crows were responding to unplanned, subtle differences in the stimuli ff. The crows were showing an ability that emerged from simpler training Ans: B

315.

A pigeon trained on a MULT VI 60-s EXT 60-s schedule in which the VI schedule is signaled with a red light and extinction is signalled with a green light, is not showing the development of any kind of stimulus discrmiination. Which of the following might be a reason for this? cc. Superstition due to pecks that occur near the end of the EXT component

dd. Positive contrast with the VI sechedule ee. Negative contrast with the VI schedule ff. Retroactive interference with the VI schedule Ans: A

316.

Which of the following is not true regarding errorless discrmination training? cc. Fading is an important part of this procedure dd. Errorless discrmination training uses differential reinforcement ee. Errorless discrimination training is good in contexts where you wish to switch the functions for the discriminative stimulus and s-delta ff. Errorless discrimination training is good for teaching multiplication tables and standard word spellings.

Ans: C

317.

When approaching an intersection with a stop light while driving a car, the presence of a green light acts as a _____________ for pushing the accelerator and as a ______________ for pusing the brake. cc. Discriminative stimulus; s-delta dd. S-delta; discriminative stimulus ee. Positive reinforcer; positive punisher ff. Positive punisher; Positive reinforcer Ans: A

318.

What is the discrmination index for a green light when the observed rate of responding in the presence of the green light is 50 responses per minute and the rate in the absence of the green light is 25 responses per minute? cc. 0.75 dd. 0.67 ee. 0.33 ff. 0.25 Ans: B

319.

Which of the following best illustrates the response chain for social referencing in infants? cc. SDAmbiguous stimulus --> Rreach --> SDLook at Parent --> Consequence dd. SDAmbiguous stimulus --> R Look at Parent --> SDParent's Expression --> Rreach --> Consequence ee. SDAmbiguous stimulus --> Rreach --> SDParent's Expression --> Consequence ff. SDParent's Expression --> R Look at Parent --> SDAmbiguous stimulus --> Rreach --> Consequence Ans: B

320.

When the show Sesame Street presents a series of pictures on the screen and the jingle "one of these things is not like the others" plays, the audience is being asked to: cc. Make a simultaneous discrimination dd. Make a successive discrimination ee. Engage in a matching-to-sample task ff. Form a concept around the stimuli on the screen Ans: A

Chapter 9 Choice and Preference

321. a. b. c. d.

Ans: D

In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with _______.

The decision-making capabilities of the organism The information processing during decision-making The differential reinforcement of alternative behavior The distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement

322.

Which of the following is used to investigate choice in the laboratory? gg. A Skinner box with a single manipulandum hh. Both a Skinner box with a single manipulandum AND two cumulative recorders that are running successively ii. Two cumulative recorders that are running successively jj. Concurrent schedules of reinforcement Ans: D

323.

In order to prevent switching on concurrent schedules: gg. Program a DRO contingency hh. Program a multiple schedule ii. Program a changeover delay jj. Program an intermittent schedule of reinforcement Ans: C

324.

Herrnstein's (1961) experiment using a two-key concurrent VI VI schedule is described by _______. gg. The nonmatching function for multiple alternatives hh. The matching law for a single alternative ii. The proportional matching equation jj. The quantitative law of effect Ans: C

325.

The generalized matching law has described the choice behavior of: gg. Wagtails hh. Rats ii. Pigeons jj. All of these Ans: D

326.

When the response is continuous rather than discrete, use a matching equation for: gg. Rate of response on each alternative hh. Time spent on each alternative ii. The single operant jj. Several concurrent schedules of reinforcement Ans: B

327.

The equation for matching of ratios of rates of response to rates of reinforcement: gg. Is stated in terms of a power law hh. Includes a value for bias ii. Includes a value for sensitivity jj. All of these Ans: B

328.

In contrast to optimal foraging, the process of ______ has been described. gg. Maximization hh. Monotonic matching ii. Melioration jj. Multiple schedule inference Ans: C

329.

Behavioral economics involves the use of _____. cc. Economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choice dd. Economic factors to predict animal behavior

ee. Economic indicators when pigeons are trading goods and services ff. Economic satisfaction due to reinforcement Ans: A

330.

Delay discounting describes: How reinforcer value degrades with delay to its receipt Is a trait variable Is a state variable explains why some people may struggle with preventative health behaviors, such as substance use disorders or obesity e. All of the above Ans: E a. b. c. d.

331.

From a behavioral analysis standpoint, drug addiction is the product of ______. gg. Respondent chocie hh. Operant choice ii. An interaction between operant and respondent learning jj. Biological predisposition to disease Ans: B

332.

To investigate choice and preference, it is important that the organism be presented with ______ schedules of reinforcement. gg. Interval hh. Simultaneous ii. Concurrent jj. Ordinal Ans: C

333.

When considering concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms often switch rapidly between alternatives. This can be explained by: gg. Discrimination because each alternative yields different results hh. Punishment because one alternative provides a higher rate of reinforcement ii. Behavioral activation because the switching behavior becomes reinforcing jj. The changeover response where organisms are reinforced for switching Ans: D

334.

Why are concurrent ratio schedules rarely used to study choice and preference? gg. The response requirements often produce aggressive counter-responses hh. Organisms cannot discriminate between different ratio requirements

ii. Organisms typically show exclusive preference for the ratio with the lowest response requirement jj. All of the above Ans: C

335.

The equality between the relative rate of reinforcement and the relative rate of response is known as _______. gg. The changeover response hh. Matching relation ii. Equality principle jj. Schedule of reinforcement Ans: B

336.

As relative rate of reinforcement ______ , the relative rate of response ______. gg. Decreases; increases hh. Decreases; decreases ii. Increases; increases jj. Increases; decreases Ans: C

337.

Conger and Killeen's (1974) study used confederates as well as particpants to study human communication and found that: gg. Time spent talking to the listener matched the relative rate of agreement from the listener, evidence for the matching relation hh. Time spent talking to the listener was independent of the rate of agreement, evidence against the matching relation ii. Time spent listening to the speaker matched the relative rate of the individual's personal agreement with the speaker, evidence of the matching relation jj. Time spent listening to the speaker did not match the rate of the individual's personal agreement, evidence against the matching relation Ans: A

338.

Behavior analysts define “preference” as: gg. A subjective experience hh. Reliably choosing one option over another ii. An emotional state jj. A motivation to behave in a certain way Ans: B

339.

Catania (1975; 1980) created a study where pigeons were able to choose between a choice and a no-choice condition and found that: gg. Pigeons were unable to comprehend the choice component of their task and selected randomly hh. Pigeons rotated between the choice and no-choice conditions ii. Pigeons chose the no-choice condition jj. Pigeons chose the choice condition more often than the no-choice condition Ans: D

340.

If a shift in the price of Mayonnaise results in a rise in the consumption of Miracle Whip then: gg. The two are substitutes hh. The two are discriminates ii. The two have become operants jj. The schedule of reinforcement has changed Ans: A

341.

Delay discounting involves decisions between ____ and ____ rewards. gg. Small-delayed; large-immediate hh. Small-immediate; Large-Delayed ii. large-delayed; large-immediate jj. small-delayed; small-immediate Ans: B

342.

The reinforcer pathology model of addiction states that: gg. Individuals highly value consumption of a specific reinforcer (drug) hh. Exhibit steep dalye disocunting for the reinfocer (drug) ii. Exhibit a trans-disease process jj. Both (a) and (b), not (c) Ans: D

343.

In general, adding a common delay to the time before the availability of a smallersooner outcome and a larger-later outcome: gg. Has no efffect on preference for either outcome hh. Increases preference for the smaller-sooner outcome ii. Increases preference for the larger-later outcome jj. Results in indifference between the two outcomes Ans: C

344.

The quantitative law of effect states that: gg. The value of a reinforcer will decrease hyperbolically as the delay to its occurrence increases hh. The absolute rate of response on a schedule of reinforcement is a hyperbolic function of rate of reinforcement on the schedule relative to the total rate of reinforcement ii. The relative rate of responding between options will be equal to the relative distribution of reinforcers between the options jj. When presented with two concurrent ratio schedules, all responses will be allocated to the option requiring the fewest responses Ans: B

345.

A rat placed in a chamber with two response levers, each operating on a variable interval schedule and with one that pays off approximately 5 reinforcers per minute and a second that pays off approximately 10 reinforcers per minute will most likely distribute its behavior as: gg. 100% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute hh. 75% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute ii. 67% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers jj. 50% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute Ans: C

346.

The quantitative law of effect suggests that response rates on a single option will be highest when: gg. Extraneous reinforcement is lower than the reinforcers for the target behavior hh. Extraneous reinforcement is higher than the reinforcers for the target ii. Extraneous reinforcement is equal to the reinforcers for the target behavior jj. Extraneous reinforcement is only available after the occurrence of the target behavior Ans: A

347.

The variable k in the Power Law form of the generalized matching equation (Baum, 1974) represents: gg. The rate at which reinforcers lose their value over time (Discounting) hh. How sensitive the organism is to the distribution of reinforcers (Sensitivity) ii. Extraneous forms of reinforcement (Other) jj. Preferences caused by some factor that has not been identified (Bias) Ans: D

348.

In the power law form of the generalized matching equation, an a value of less than 1 indicates: gg. Overmatching

hh. Undermatching ii. Sensitivity jj. Self-control Ans: B

349.

In the log-linear matching equation, the term "log k" corresponds to which element of the algebraic equation for a line: gg. The value at the origin hh. The slope ii. The x-intercept jj. The y-intercept Ans: D

350.

Using the Matching relation, predict the distribution of responses between a key with a fixed ratio 40 requirement and one with a fixed ratio 60: gg. 100% of responses to the fixed ratio 40 schedule hh. 40% of responses to the fixed ratio 40 schedule ii. 60% of responses to the fixed ratio 40 schedule jj. 50% of responses to the fixed ratio 40 schedule Ans: A

351.

McDowell's (1981) analysis of previous work with a boy who engaged in self-injurious scratching due to social reinforcement by reprimands demonstrated that: gg. Herrnstein's hyperbolic matching equation correctly modeled the relation between scratching and demands hh. Scratching decreased when the reprimands were withheld ii. Self-injurious scratching is an operant behavior jj. Behavior analysis can treat self-injurious behavior Ans: A

352.

On single operant schedules, extraneous sources of reinforcement ________________ the rise of in rate of response with higher rates of reinforcement. gg. Slow hh. Increase ii. Stop jj. Do not effect Ans: A

353.

In which of these situations has Herrnstein's equation for the single operant been shown to apply? gg. Magnitude of food reinforcement hh. Brain stimulation ii. delay of reinforcement jj. All of the above Ans: D

354.

According to research with progressvie delay schedules, a rat with a lesion to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) would most likely ________________ compared to rats without these lesions. gg. Prefer larger reward amounts hh. Prefere smaller award amounts ii. Prefer shorter indifference points jj. Prefere longer indifference points Ans: C

355.

If you use the power law of matching to estimate the quality of fit for a data set and find the estimate of coefficient a of less than 1 and the estimate of k greater than 1, the organism is showing: gg. Undermatching and too weak a preference for the target response hh. Undermatching and too strong a preference for the target response ii. Overmatching and too weak a preference for the target response jj. Undermatching and too weak a preference for the target response Ans: B

356.

The preference pulse is: gg. An increase in preference for delayed outcomes hh. An increase in preference for immediate outcomes ii. A brief momentary increase in relative responding jj. A brief momentary increase in the response rate Ans: C

357.

Exposing rats to a D1 agonist produced estimates in the matching law of less than 1 in rats trained to lever press for food because it: gg. Elicited non-specific food-related behavior hh. Increased behavior directed at lever pressing ii. Increased the value of the food reinforcer jj. Decreased the value fo the food reinforcer Ans: A

358.

The partial substituitability of sucrose and wheel running in experiments by Belke and colleagues (2006) reflects: gg. The initiation and maintenance of travel or locmootion induced by loss of body weight and energy stores hh. The termination of travel or locomotion as food supply increases ii. The increased value of wheel running as food availability increases jj. Both A and B Ans: D

359.

In studies of discounting in humans using adjusting amount procedures, the indifference point is defined as: gg. The average amount of the immediate reward at which the participant swtiched from either the short to the long delay, or vice versa. hh. The average amount of the delayed reward at which the participant swtiched from either the short to the long delay, or vice versa. ii. The average delay to the soonoer reward at which the participant swtiched from either the short to the long delay, or vice versa. jj. The average delay to the sooner reward at which the participant swtiched from either the short to the long delay, or vice versa.

Ans: A

360.

McDowell and Caron's (2010) research using the generalized matching law to analyze the verbal behavior of children at risk for delinquency found that: gg. The bias toward "rule-breaking" talk decreased as delinquency decreased hh. The bias toward "rule-breaking" talk increased as delinquency decreased ii. The bias toward "rule-breaking" talk increased as delinquency increased jj. The bias toward "rule-breaking" talk was unrelated to delinquency Ans: C

Chapter 10 Conditioned Reinforcement

361.

In the laboratory, when a clicking sounds is followed by food, the clicking sound: a. Can become an enduring reinforcing stimulus

b. Takes on a conditioned reinforcement function c. Usually supports an operant that produces it d. Is characterized by all of the above Ans: D

362.

Backward chaining involves: kk. Teaching the initial component or link first ll. Teaching the final component or link first mm.

Teaching the final component or link in random order nn. Teaching from the middle to the last component or link Ans: B

363.

On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and the unconditioned reinforcement: kk. The less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcer ll. The less the value of the unconditioned reinforcer mm.

The greater the stimulus control nn. The more the value of the unconditioned reinforcer Ans: A

364.

In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that: gg. Stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing response hh. Stimuli correlated with positive reinforcement and extinction maintain an observing response ii. Stimuli correlated with punishment and extinction maintain an observing response jj. Stimuli correlated with negative reinforcement and punishment maintain an observing response Ans: A

365.

The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American airlines illustrates: kk. How behavior is distributed on concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement ll. The role of delay reduction in choice situations mm.

How behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcement nn. Both how behavior is distributed on concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement AND the role of delay reduction in choice situations Ans: D

366.

According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:

kk. Is not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/satiation of the organism ll. Is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer mm.

Is produced by backward chaining of the unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers nn. Is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behavior Ans: B

367.

Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because: kk. Attention has preceded a variety of reinforcement from people ll. Attention is around children all the time so they get used to it mm.

Attention is need for children to develop into emotionally healthy people nn. Attention is a fundamental necessity of life that children thrive on Ans: A

368.

Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. How could this happen? kk. A misplaced sexual drive that is directed at the abuser ll. Negative reinforcement of affectionate behavior of the victim mm.

Punishment of affectionate behavior of the victim nn. Longing for a real emotional attachment to the parents Ans: B

369.

The research on token reinforcement and Chimpanzees shows: kk. Tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spending ll. Token reinforcement can maintain and train performance on discrimination tasks mm.

Token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behavior nn. All of these Ans: D

370.

Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of: gg. Psychiatric patients hh. Juvenile delinquents ii. Normal children jj. All of these Ans: D

371.

If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the food pellet is ______ and the tune is ______. kk. An unconditioned reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer ll. A conditioned reinforcer; an unconditioned reinforcer mm.

Respondent reinforcement; operant reinforcement nn. Operant reinforcement; respondent reinforcement Ans: A

372. ______ involves two or more simple schedules, presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus. kk. Chain schedule of reinforcement ll. Tandem schedule of reinforcement mm.

Backward chain schedule of reinforcement nn. Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement Ans: A

373.

In a _______, unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli. kk. Chain schedule of reinforcement ll. Tandem schedule of reinforcement mm.

Backward chain schedule of reinforcement nn. Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement Ans: B

374.

If a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement then the chain is _____. kk. Uniform ll. Heterogeneous mm.

Concurrent nn. Homogenous Ans: D

375.

A chain schedule that requires a bird to first peck an illuminated key and then pull a rope in order to receive reinforcment would be called a ____________ chain. kk. Disparate ll. Heterogeneous mm.

Concurrent nn. Homogenous Ans: B

376.

A golf instructor who teaches golf by beginning with a short putt, then a chip shot, and finally a tee shot to begin the hole is using: kk. A tandem schedule ll. Backward chaining mm.

A homogenou chain nn. A multiple chain schedule Ans: B

377.

The effectiveness of a _____ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it. kk. Conditioned reinforcer ll. Punisher mm.

Heterogeneous chain nn. Tandem schedule Ans: A

378.

A ____ involves two (or more) schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of the other schedule. kk. Tandem schedule ll. Backward chain schedule mm.

Second-order schedule nn. Concurrent schedule Ans: C

379.

Researchers have found evidence that _____ is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not unconditioned reinforcement in primates. kk. The frontal lobe ll. The cerebral cortex mm.

The hypothalamus nn. The amygdala Ans: D

380.

A ____ is the same as a multiple schedule but without discriminative stimuli. kk. Mixed schedule of reinforcement ll. Tandem schedule of reinforcement mm.

Second-order schedule nn. Backward chain schedule

Ans: A

381.

Research conducted by Fantino and Case (1983) on stimuli linked to feedback found that a stimulus correlated with _____ did not maintain human observing, but one linked to ____ did. kk. Good news; no news ll. No news; bad news mm.

Reinforcement; punishment nn. Bad news; no news Ans: D

382.

The _____ asserts that stimuli closer in time to positive reinforcement, or further in time from an aversive event are more effective conditioned reinforcers. kk. Delay discounting hypothesis ll. Immediacy-reduction hypothesis mm.

Delay-reduction hypothesis nn. Delay-enhancement hypothesis Ans: C

383.

Which of the following would reduce the effectiveness of a conditioned reinforcer? kk. Increase the number of pairings between the conditioned reinforcer and the unconditioned reinforcer ll. Change the presentation of the unconditioned reinforcer from a fixed to a variable schedule mm.

Increase the delay between the presentation of the conditioned and the unconditioned reinforcer nn. Present an establishing operation related to the unconditioned reinforcer Ans: C

384.

In which of the following situations would we expect the least number of responses to the observing stimulus? kk. Emitting the observing response produces a green light when reinforcement is available and a red light during extinction ll. Emitting the observing response produces a green light when reinforcement is available, but no change during extinction mm.

Emitting the observing response produces a red light during extinction, but no change when reinforcement is available nn. All of the above present similar information and would produce roughly the same amount of observing behavior Ans: C

385.

The concurrent chains procedure allows researchers to examine: kk. Differences in choice behavior between ratio and interval schedules ll. The relative effectiveness of two conditioned reinforcers mm.

The effect of delay on the value of a reinforcer nn. The amount of work that an organism is willing to do for a given outcome Ans: B

386.

According to Skinner (1953), affection is best identified as: kk. Generalized social reinforcement ll. A primary reinforcer mm.

A generalized reinforcer nn. A token reinforcer Ans: A

387.

The number of tokens needed in order to "purchase" a reinforcer in a token economy is part of the: kk. Token-production schedule ll. Exchange-production schedule mm.

Token-exchange schedule nn. Higher orger exchange sequence Ans: B

388.

Which of the following characteristics is responsible for money being labeled as a generalized reinforcer: kk. It is relatively independent of momentary deprivation ll. It is easily quantified mm.

It is exchangeable for a variety of different goods/commodities nn. It is is non-perishable and easy to store Ans: C

389.

Token economies are most effective at maintaining behavior after the treatment program ends when they: kk. Include frequent token exchange periods ll. Include a variety of different reinforcers that can be "purchased" with tokens mm.

Are slowly and systematically faded nn. Are focused on more than two or three target behaviors Ans: C

390.

Predict the percentage of times that you would expect a person to choose gas station A in the following: Gas station A is 5-minutes to the north and has an average wait time of 2 minutes for a pump while Gas station B is 5-minutes to the south and has an average wait time of 4 minutes for a pump. kk. 50% ll. 60% mm.

70% nn. 80% Ans: B

391.

A rat that is trained on a tandem schedule with two FI 50 second schedules will likely show a cumulative record response pattern that looks like: kk. The flat line associated with a VI 50 second schedule ll. The scallop for an FI 25 second schedule mm.

The scallop for an FI 50 second schedule nn. The scallop for an FI 100 second schedule Ans: D

392.

In clicker training: kk. The clicker is used to tell the organism to stop ll. The clicker is used to signal when to start a behavior mm.

The clicker is a form of conditioned reinforcement nn. The clicker is used to signal upcoming punishment Ans: C

393.

The S-S account of conditioned reinforcement states that: kk. Conditioned reinforcers gain their value through respondent conditioninig ll. A discrminitative stimulus acquires value as a conditioned reinforcer, without becoming a CS mm.

The value of a conditioned reinforcer depends on the information it provides about the reinforcer nn. The value of a conditioned reinforcer is determined by how much of a decrease in delay to reinforcement it signals.

Ans: A

394.

Which of the following is not a brain area that has been implicated in establishing the value of conditioned reinforcement? kk. Orbitofrontal cortex ll. Thalamus mm.

Nucleus accumbens (NAc)

nn. Basolateral amygdala Ans: B

395.

Research shows that people view their bank balances more at the beginning of the month than at the end of the month. This finding is consistent with the research conducted by: kk. Kellecher (1958) ll. Gollub (1958) mm.

Lieberman and colleagues (1997) nn. Fantino & Silberberg (2010) Ans: D

396.

Baxter and Murray’s (2002) research with marmoset monkeys found that an intact __________ is requried for sentivity to contingencies of conditioned reinforcement. kk. Orbitofrontal cortex ll. Prefrontal Cortex mm.

Basolateral amygdala nn. Nucleus acumbens Ans: C

397.

Which of the following is a generalized social reinforcer? kk. Praise ll. Affection mm.

Submissiveness by others nn. All of the above Ans: D

398.

Which of the following is not one of the three distinct components of a token schedule? kk. token-savings ll. token-production mm. token-exchange nn. exchange-production Ans: A

399.

Schaefer and Martin (1966) demonstrated the effectiveness of ___________ in increasing the activity of psychiatric patients with schizophrenia. kk. Concurrent chains ll. Observing responses mm.

Token reinforcement nn. Backward chaining

Ans: C

400.

In Fantino's delay reduction hypothesies, T stands for: kk. The average time in the initial link ll. The average time in the terminal link mm.

The total average time between reinforcers nn. The decrease in time to reinforcement when the terminal link begins Ans: C

Chapter 11 Correspondence Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior

401. a. b. c. d.

Ans: C

The relationship between saying and doing is formally a ______ relation.

Cognitive consistency Synergistic Correspondence Dose response

402.

Imitation requires that the learner emits a _____ response that could only occur by observing a ____ emit a similar response. oo. Novel; model pp. Similar; conspecific qq. Significant; peer rr. Operant; organism Ans: A

403.

What did Thorndike (1898) conclude from imitation experiments with animals? oo. Animals cannot learn by observation pp. Animals do not show a capacity for intelligence qq. Animals can easily imitate another member of their species rr. Animals show amazing intelligence Ans: A

404.

The second experiment by Epstein (1984) concerned _____ and showed that spontaneous imitation in pigeons occurred after ____ had elapsed. kk. Delayed imitation; 24 h ll. Delayed sampling; 24 h mm.

Deferred equivalence; 48 h nn. Deferred matching; 48 h Ans: A

405.

In the study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation by Meltzoff and Moore (1977), the researchers: oo. Used 12 to 21-day-old infants pp. Presented four gestures in random order qq. Presented a passive face for 90 s rr. All of these Ans: D

406.

Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior: oo. Shows identical functions of the behavior pp. Shows that humans and pigeons share much in common qq. Shows that structure and function go together rr. None of these Ans: D

407.

With regard to generalized imitation, which of the following are true? oo. Generalized imitation is part of Bandura's cognitive theory pp. Generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognition qq. Generalized imitation provides an account of imitation after a delay rr. All of these Ans: C

408.

To show the importance of ______ for Marilla's ______ imitations, Don Baer changed the ____ of reinforcement. oo. Stimulus control; immediate; contingency pp. Stimulus control; spontaneous; quality qq. Reinforcement; immediate; quality rr. Reinforcement; novel; contingency Ans: D

409.

Rule-governed behavior involves ________. oo. The effects of advice given by a counselor pp. The effects of instructions on the behavior of the listener qq. Control by contingency-specifying stimuli (verbal stimuli) rr. All of these Ans: D

410.

Rule-following is ______ regulated by _____ of reinforcement. kk. Cognitively; expectancies ll. Socially; expectancies mm.

Behavior; contingencies nn. Mentally; contingencies Ans: C

411.

In regards to self-generated rule compliance, Bandura believes: oo. Self-efficacy rules influence performance and achievement in life pp. Self-generated rules are the product of contingencies of reinforcement qq. The individual is separate from self-generated rules rr. Self-generated rules allow classical and operant conditioning to occur Ans: A

412.

A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by: oo. Parent conditioning that involves the reinforcement the parent gives in the form of attention pp. Respondent conditioning that occurs by the child receiving food and nourishment that strengthens their want to please their parent qq. Social conditioning that involves reinforcment from the parents rr. Social conditioning through the intrinsic reward a child gets by engaging in language Ans: C

413.

A behavior analyst would say that spontaneous imitation: oo. Is based on reinforcement and contingencies for the individual pp. Is the result of environmental pressures on the individual qq. Does not exist rr. Is based on evolution and natural selection Ans: D

414.

Through research on spontaneous imitation with cats and other animals in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that: oo. Cats and other animals can learn by observation pp. Cats and other animals cannot learn by observation qq. Cats and other animals cannot engage in social learning rr. Cats and other animals can engage in social learning Ans: B

415.

Demonstrating spontaneous imitation is _____ because _______. oo. Simple; organisms demonstrate these behaviors at a high rate when faced with a new context pp. Difficult; all behavior can be explained in terms of a purpose qq. Impossible; it is a construct that has not been proven rr. Difficult; the observer's behavior can confound results Ans: D

416.

Epstein's experiments on direct and delayed spontaneous imitation supports the idea that: oo. Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been important to the survival and reproduction of the species pp. Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been reinforced by the individual's previous actions qq. Spontaneous imitation occurs despite a lack of reinforcement because of the creative nature of the individual rr. Spontaneous imitation cannot be directly observed and has not been substantiated Ans: A

417.

Slaugher and associates (Oostenboerk et al., 2016) longitudinal study of infants observing adult models at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks found that: oo. Infant imitation abilities were fully developed at 1 week pp. infant imitation abilities developed gradually over the course of the study qq. Infants in the study did not reliabily imitate the actions of the adult models rr. Infants were able to imitate facial actions, but not hand or finger movements Ans: C

418.

______ is an example of mirror neurons at work. oo. An animal's brain responding to an image of themselves as if it were a similar organism pp. An animal's brian responding to animals that appear similar as if they were all the same qq. An animal's brain visualy switching a positive stimulus to a negative stimulus

rr. An animal's brain responding to watching another animal perform an action they have also performed Ans: D

419.

Autistic children show a ______ mirror neuron system (MNS) which can help explain their ______. oo. Altered; failure to show empathy or age appropriate language skills pp. Strengthened; superior ability to imitate the behavior of others qq. Altered; superior intellectual abilities rr. Strengthened; inability to curb their emotional response to the behaviors of others Ans: A

420.

In regards to imitation: oo. It is not possible to train imitation through reinforcement because the behavior must be spontaneous for it to be imitative pp. It is possible to train imitation through reinforcement qq. It is sometimes possible to train imitation but the organism must have a respondent inclination to imitate rr. It is possible to train imitation as long as behaviors that are not imitative are punished Ans: B

421.

As a response to challenges against the _____ model of imitation, Baer created the _____ approach. oo. Generalized imitation; operant pp. Respondent; operant qq. Operant; generalized imitation rr. Operant; respondent Ans: C

422.

The theoretical value of Baer's work, as illustrated by the case of Marilla, supports the idea that: oo. Complex human behavior may arise from simple behavior principles operating in combination pp. Simple human behavior may arise from respondent behaviors that produce more complex behaviors down the line qq. If a person cannot cognitively process imitation they will not be able to produce the behaviors necessary to replicate rr. Complex imitation involves a series of observation and conscious choices to engage in imitation Ans: A

423.

According to Baer and Sherman (1964) generalized imitation is maintained by: oo. Correspondence between what is observed and what is performed pp. Intermittent reinforcement qq. Social contingencies rr. The natural contingencies that maintain the behavior in the model Ans: A

424.

Recent research on generalized imitation using infants less than 2-years old has, generally, found that: oo. Infants less than two years of age are already good at generalized imitation pp. Given some basic training, infants less than two years of age can develop generalized imitation qq. Given extensive training, infants less than two years of age can develop generalized imitation rr. Even after extensive training, infants less than two-years of age do not exhibit generalized imitation Ans: D

425.

Which of the following is true of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment: oo. Whether the model was rewarded or punished did not make a difference on the level of observed aggression pp. Levels of aggression were roughly equal in boys and girls qq. All three groups remembered the modeled aggression at about the same level when given an incentive to do so rr. There was a clear difference in the level of aggression between those who saw the aggression rewarded and those who watched the clip where no consequences were observed for aggression Ans: C

426.

Bandura's Social Cognitive model of observational learning includes all of the following except: oo. Retention (memory) of the observed act pp. Motivation to engage in the observed act qq. Ability to engage in the observed act rr. Previous experience performing the observed act Ans: D

427.

From a behavioral perspective, Bandura's Bobo doll experiment worked because it included the following behavioral processes: oo. Generalized imitation, descriptions of contingencies, and rule-governed behavior pp. Rule-governed behavior, generalized reinforcement, and discrimination qq. Stimulus control, descriptions of contingencies, and punishment rr. Intermittent reinforcement, generalization, social contingencies Ans: A

428.

Overall, the results of Galizio’s (1979) experiments provide strong support for the view that oo. Instruction-following supercedes environmental contingencies pp. Instruction-following is a form of rule-governed behavior qq. Instruction-following is a form of modelling rr. Instruction-following is not under the control of selective reinforcement Ans: B

429.

Precurrent behavior is: oo. Behavior that is still being learned pp. The first several responses in a behavioral chain qq. An operant that precedes some other response rr. Behavior that must be learned prior to the acquisition of more complex behavior Ans: c

430.

The instruction given by airlines before takeoff regarding the use of the oxygen masks in the case of lost air pressure in the cabin is an example of: oo. A function-altering event pp. Contingency-shaped behavior qq. Joint control by two verbal stimuli rr. Generalized imitative behavior Ans: A

431.

A situation where two verbal stimuli exert stimulus control over a common verbal topography is referred to as: oo. A function-altering event pp. Joint control qq. Rule-governed behavior rr. An autoclitic Ans: B

432.

The "memory function" involved in responding to the request of "please text me your roommates number" would be: oo. Texting the phone number pp. Repeating (rehearsing) to yourself "find my roommates number" qq. Searching through your list of contacts rr. Recalling the last time you called your roommate Ans: B

433.

A large part of socialization involves arranging social reinforcement for _______________ between what is _______ and what is done. oo. self-generated rules; observed pp. similarity; observed qq. joint control; felt rr. Correspondence; said Ans: D

434.

Behaviorally, we could define lying as lack of correspondence between: oo. Saying and doing pp. Doing and saying qq. private events and saying rr. Social norms and doing Ans: B

435.

Jones (2009) challenged the conclusions of Meltzoff and Moore regarding spontaneous imitation in infants on the grounds that: oo. Infants .7 to 71 hours old never imitated mouth opening pp. Tongue protrusions are a species-typical behavior that occur to lots of stimuli qq. Infants 16 to 21 days old failed to imitate tongue protrusions rr. Infants 12 to 21 days old failed to imitate sequential-finger movements Ans: B

436.

Mirror neurons have the dual function of: oo. Coding both the action and the consequence of the action pp. Coding both the action and the observing of the action qq. Coding both the observation fo the action and the consequence of the action rr. Coding both the consequence and the observed consequence Ans: B

437.

Repeating a joke to your co-workers that you heard the previous day violates the operant imitation account of imitation in all of the following ways except: oo. The imitative response is novel pp. The reinforcement for the response appears to be missing qq. The context in which the response occurs is different rr. The observed behavior happened hours before the imitative response Ans: C

438.

A complex behavior pattern can only be learned by observation if: oo. The model is extremly similar to the observer pp. The component skills have already been established qq. A high level of reinforcement is available rr. The organism is highly motivated to learn the skill Ans: B

439.

For Skinner (1969), rules are: oo. Instances of generalized imitation pp. Componets of self-efficacy qq. Verbal descritions of the operating contingencies rr. Generalized conditioned reinforcers Ans: C

440.

Du and Greer (2014) found that 2- to 4-year-old children with autism who failed to learn generalized imitation in face-to-face interactions were successful in establishing generalized imitation when: oo. The modeled action was shown on a video pp. A mirror was used to display the modeled action qq. A puppet was used to show the modeled action rr. The modeled action was shown by a 2- to 4-year old model Ans: B

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Chapter 12 Verbal Behavior

441. a. b. c. d.

Ans: D

______ introduced the term verbal behavior to deal with the ______ of the speaker.

Pavlov; conditioned responses Chomsky; transformational grammar Crick; conscience Skinner; performance

442.

According to the behavioral or functional account, sign language, gestures, and body movements are instances of: ss. Message transmission tt. Culture and tradition uu. Verbal behavior vv. Nonverbal communication Ans: C

443.

One kind of conditioned establishing operation (CEO) called the ______ involves withholding an object or item necessary to complete a behavioral sequence. ss. No item method tt. Blocked response uu. Absent object technique vv. Interrupted item method Ans: B

444.

When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are _____. oo. Tacting pp. Manding qq. Intraverbal rr. Textual Ans: C

445.

In echoic behavior, when _____ by the child correspond to those of the adult, the ____ patterns also overlap. ss. Articulations; accoustical tt. Phonemes; reverberation uu. Speech; phoneme vv. Sounds; temporal Ans: A

446.

When John says to his sister Katherine “Could you please get me a glass of water” rather than “Get me a glass of water”, the basic unit added to his mand is called a (an): ss. textual editing tt. autoclitic response uu. extended tacting vv. none of these Ans: B

447.

A response such as, "I have butterflies in my stomach", can be analyzed as _____. ss. Generalized manding tt. Formal tacting uu. Formal manding vv. Generalized tacting Ans: D

448.

When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called ______. ss. Matching to sample tt. Transitivity matching uu. Symbolic matching vv. Identity matching Ans: C

449.

If the picture of a dog, the spoken word "dog", and the written word dog all regulate the same behavior, we say that the stimulus classes are ______. ss. Overlapping tt. The same uu. Confounded vv. Equivalent Ans: D

450.

In terms of interlocking contingencies, a vertical arrow (downward) from the speaker's operant chain to the listener's indicates that: oo. The speaker is motivated to produce a condition for the listener pp. The speaker's behavior causes stimulation and/or reinforcement for the listener's behavior qq. The listener is causally motivated to behave as the speaker requests rr. The interaction between the speaker and listener is mutually beneficial and anticipated Ans: B

451.

Skinner's term "verbal behavior" refers to: ss. The cultural phenomenon associated with a group of people and their chosen method of communication tt. The set of linguistic habits that governs communication uu. The performance of a speaker and the environmental conditions that establish and maintain such performance vv. An organization of syntax, vocabulary, and meanings Ans: C

452.

When a professional speaker inhales deeply before beginning her speech she is: ss. Reinforcing their communication style tt. Exhibiting respondent control of their breathing system uu. Reinforcing their ontological response history vv. Exhibiting operant control of the breathing system Ans: D

453.

Verbal behavior refers to: ss. Only vocal behaviors tt. Only written and signed behaviors uu. Vocal, written, and signed behavior vv. Gestures, vocal, written, and signed behavior Ans: C

454. _____ affects the environment indirectly, and _____ results in direct and automatic reinforcement. ss. Positive feedback; negative feedback tt. Verbal behavior; nonverbal behavior uu. Negative feedback; positive feedback vv. Nonverbal behavior Ans: B

455.

In the realm of communication, Skinner: ss. Referred to the behavior of the listener and speaker as rule-governed behavior tt. Referred to the behavior of the listener as response-governed behavior and verbal behavior as the performance of the speaker uu. Referred to the behavior of the listener and speaker as response-governed behavior vv. Referred to behavior of the listener as rule-governed behavior and verbal behavior as the performance of the speaker Ans: D

456.

The relationship between culture and contingencies of verbal behavior is: ss. The verbal community regulates contingencies of verbal behavior as a result of the culture of the group they belong to tt. Culture decides which members of the verbal community will maintain control of the system of language uu. Culture leads to changing contingencies of verbal reinforcement as the individual becomes more acculturated vv. Culture decreases contingencies of reinforcement as the individual achieves internal reinforcement as opposed to external rewards Ans: A

457.

According to Skinner, ____ refers to getting what you want from others, and ____ refers to making contact or reference to things happening in the world. ss. Manipulation; culture tt. Manding; tacting uu. Culture; manipulation vv. Tacting; manding Ans: B

458.

A(n) ____ occurs when a response that usually occurs is blocked because of the temporary absence of a specific condition, stimulus, or event. ss. Conditioned establishing operation tt. Unconditioned foundation operation uu. Conditioned extinction operation vv. Unconditioned extinction procedure Ans: A

459.

Lamarre and Holland (1985) demonstrated _____ by showing that children ages 3-5 under extinction conditions did not show evidence of manding if they received tact training and vice versa. ss. The functional relatedness of manding and tacting tt. The causal relationship between manding and tacting uu. The interrelatedness between manding and tacting vv. The functional independence of manding and tacting Ans: D

460.

When there is point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and response verbal behavior may be _____. ss. Textual but not echoic tt. Either echoic or textual uu. Intraverbal but not textual vv. Intraverbal Ans: B

461.

Saying "this is a fat cat" to the spoken stimulus "this is a fat cat" is an example of a(n): ss. Intraverbal response tt. Repetitive response uu. Textual response vv. Echoic response Ans: D

462.

In regard to echoic language behaviors, Catania (1998) sees _____ as the beginning of echoic behavior. ss. Morphemes tt. Syntax uu. Phonemes vv. Root words Ans: C

463.

Intraverbal behavior is best defined as: ss. A class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli tt. A class of verbal operants that has both correspondence and formal similarity uu. A class of verbal operants that has correspondence, but not formal similarity vv. A form of verbal behavior that modifies the consequences produced by other verbal responses Ans: A

464.

Which of the following is not one of the five categories of autoclitics discussed by Skinner: ss. Descriptive tt. Formal uu. Qualifying vv. Quantifying Ans: B

465.

Naming relations arise from verbal contingencies that integrate ____ and ____ response classes of the child as speaker with the conditional discrimination behavior of the child as listener. ss. Tact; mand tt. Mand; echoic uu. Echoic; tact vv. Intraverbal; autoclitic Ans: C

466.

Research comparing the effectiveness of multiple exemplar instructions (MEI) and single exemplar instruction (SEI) in training naming relations has found: ss. No major differences in the outcomes across the two approaches tt. Increased novel unreinforced naming in students in the SEI group compared to the MEI group uu. SEI training provides faster acquisition while MEI training results in better generalization to novel contexts vv. That the rotation of speaker-listener components present in MEI is required for the acquisition of naming Ans: D

467.

Generalized conditioned reinforcement (acceptance, praise, and attention) serves to maintain the verbal operant class of: ss. Manding tt. Tacting uu. Intraverbals vv. Autoclitics Ans: B

468.

A child's ability to say "cat" when shown a picture of a cat and to point to the picture of a cat when given the prompt "cat" demonstrates the equivalence relation of:

ss. Symmetry tt. Reflexivity uu. Transitivity vv. Identity matching Ans: A

469.

Recent neurological studies of equivalence relations found evidence that transitive relations activate the ____, while symmetrical relations increase blood flow in the _____. ss. Frontal lobes; parietal lobes tt. Right hemisphere; left hemisphere uu. Anterior hippocampus; parahippocampus vv. Frontal lobes; anterior hippocampus Ans: C

470.

There is growing evidence that stimulus equivalence and other derived stimulus relations: ss. Occur across species, but are more pronounced in humans tt. Occurs across species to roughly the same degree uu. Is limited to only a handful of species vv. Is largely limited to humans Ans: A

471.

For a verbal response to be considered a mand there must be: ss. An establishing operation tt. Nonverbal discriminative stimuli uu. A spoken behavior vv. A direct correspondence with the environment Ans: A

472.

Skinner's functional independence hypothesis states that: ss. Verbal behavior is independent from environmentally controlled behavior tt. Establishing manding or tacting will establish the other form of verbal behavior as well uu. Manding and tacting are established by distinct congtingencies of reinforcement vv. Verbal behavior is different from rule-governed behavior Ans: C

473.

A child reciting the state capitals from memory is engaging in: ss. Manding tt. Tacting

uu. Echoic behavior vv. Intraverbal behavior Ans: D

474.

John reads the sign on the road out loud to his wife as they pass by, "Trucks entering highway". This is an example of a: ss. Mand tt. Textual relation uu. Autoclitic vv. Echoic Ans: B

475.

The logical statement: "If a dog is a mammal and mammals have fur, then a dog must have fur," is an example of: ss. Transitivity tt. Symetry uu. Reflexivity vv. Identity Ans: A

476.

A pigeon was trained in a symbolic MTS procedure to peck a circle any time the sample is a square and to peck a vertical line any time the sample is a horizontal line. After several months of training, the pigeon is presented the circle as the sample stimulus for the first time.

What are the researchers most likely testing? ss. Reflexivity tt. Transitivity uu. Symmetry vv. Tacting Ans: C

477.

Recent research suggests that the most important determinant of emergent stimulus relations is: ss. Stimuls-stimulus correlation tt. Stimulus-consequence correlation uu. Number of delivered reinforcers vv. Number of trained exemplars Ans: A

478.

Moerk's (1990) analysis of the interaction between Eve and her mother provided strong evidence that: ss. The first verbal interactions involve tacting tt. Early language learning involves many instances of three-term contingencies uu. That the first verbal interactions involve manding vv. Early language learning appears to be indpendent of contingencies of reinforcement Ans: B

479.

A student who emits the verbal response "red" when a teacher shows a picture of a red ball and the verbal prompt, "What color is the ball?" is demonstrating: ss. An echoic relation tt. An intraverbal relation uu. A mand relation vv. A tact relation Ans: D

480.

Guerin (2003) gave a behavioral account of several social psychology concepts, including self-serving bias and attributions. Which of the following best summarizes Guerin's conclusions: ss. Attributions and self-serving biases are verbal behaviors regulated by a history of social reinforcement tt. Atributions and self-serving biases are a form of rule-governed behavior uu. Attributions and self-serving biases are ways to understand the social world vv. Attributions and self-serving biases function are a form of intraverbal behavior Ans: A

Chapter 13 Applied Behavior Analysis

481.

Applied behavior analysis is a field of study that focuses on the application of the ____, methods, and procedures of the science of behavior. a. Equations b. Findings c. Principles d. Research Ans: C

482.

In terms of a behavioral contract, the details usually specify: ww.

Both what is expected of the client AND the consequences that follow behavior xx. The level of attention required yy. The consequences that follow behavior zz. What is ecpected of the client Ans: A

483.

What is behavior trapping? ww.

Don Baer got trapped by a behavioral contingency xx. The fact that animal behavior leads to trapping by hunters yy. An attempt to overcome the traps that our behavior causes zz. New behavior is trapped by the natural contingencies Ans: D

484.

Which of the following are multiple baseline designs? ss. Multiple baseline across subjects tt. Multiple baseline across behaviors uu. Multiple baseline across stimulus conditions vv. All of these Ans: D

485.

In the treatment of substance use disorders, contingency management involves: ww.

The use of fading medical testing xx. The use of vouchers contingent on abstinence yy. The use of contingent attention zz. The use of reinforcement of alternative behavior Ans: B

486.

Fred Keller wrote a seminal article on college teaching called ______. ww.

Good-bye teacher xx. Keller on teaching yy. Farewell to college education zz. So long to higher education Ans: A

487.

Belles and Bradlyn (1987) conducted a stop smoking study using a/an _____ design. ww.

Multiple baseline across subjects

xx. A-B-A-B reversal yy. Factorial zz. Changing criterion Ans: D

488.

What is the first step in early intervention programs for children with autism? ww.

Teaching of stimulus generalization to those who are advanced xx. Training and generalization of social skills, especially with parents yy. Discrete trials of stimulus, response, and reinforcement zz. Teaching of "splinter skills" to able students Ans: C

489.

In the adaptive hypothesis of obesity, a(n) _________confers an advantage under ________food supply. ww. obese-prone genotype; unpredictable xx. lean-prone genotype; diminishing yy. biological predisposition; varying zz. evolutionary mutation; reduced Ans: A

490.

Which of the following is a component of the Food Dudes program? ss. use of stickers and Food Dudes prizes as reinforcement tt. use of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) uu. use of social modeling by superheroes eating fruits and vegetables vv. both (a) and (c) Ans: D

491.

What is video prompting? ww.

A technology that uses a video of a model showing the separate steps of a task xx. A video demonstration by a model of an integrated sequence of skills to perform some task yy. A mobile app that sends a text message if a behavior has not occurred for some time zz. An educational tool used on websites that provides visual feedback for correct responses Ans: A

492.

Translational research: ww. aims to apply behavior changes techniques to new behaviors xx. aims to move behavior change technologies to new situations

yy. aims to understand everyday human behavior in social contexts zz. aims to move behavioral technologies to new cultures Ans: C

493.

Behavioral interventions are directed at: ww.

Changing environmental contingencies to improve behavior xx. Identifying problem behaviors to better understand the emotional negativity they create yy. Improving behavior by changing negative cognitions zz. Engaging in behaviors to reduce anxiety and negativity Ans: A

494.

From a behavioral treatment standpoint, a person's thoughts and feelings: ww.

Are irrelevant to the process xx. Can be treated as verbal respondent behavior yy. Can be treated as verbal operant behavior zz. Are symptomatic of their target behavior Ans: C

495.

Thompson (2007) suggested that providing children with autism early experiences with discrmination training using visual images of hand and arm movments may: ww.

Improve communication abilities later in life xx. Promote gene expression in the mirror neuron system yy. Decrease social anxiety zz. Improve outcomes from EIBI Ans: B

496.

If parents want to discourage nail-biting and they begin to reinforce writing as an alternative to anxiety they are using a ______ method. ww.

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior xx. Differential reinforcement of other behavior yy. Differential reinforcement of respondent alternatives zz. Differential reinforcement of positive alternatives Ans: A

497.

Which of the following was not discussed as a possible benefit of video prompting using mobile technology for students with ASD? ww.

Indicates to others greater autonomy and self-determination xx. Allows for caregivers to monitor the student's location

yy. May generate self-regulation of actions zz. May increase intrinsic motivation Ans: B

498. _____ refers to how long a new behavior persists after the original contingencies are removed. ww.

Behavioral continuity xx. Behavioral resurgence yy. Extinction zz. Behavior maintenance Ans: D

499.

Using ASD adolescents who engaged in passive video-viewing of hand actions such as grasping an object, Research conducted by Pokorney and colleagues (2015) found: ww.

No differences in fMRI activation in the AON bewteeen typically developing and ASD adolescents xx. Minor differences in fMRI activation in the AON bewteeen typically developing and ASD adolescents yy. Moderate differences in fMRI activation in the AON bewteeen typically developing and ASD adolescents zz. Significant differences in fMRI activation in the AON bewteeen typically developing and ASD adolescents Ans: A

500.

Which of the following is not one of the four teaching fundamentals of Headsprout? ww.

Instructional material is arranged so that the children experience a high rate of reinforcement xx. Material is practiced until the skill or strategy is mastered yy. New skills are demonstrated through video modelling zz. Frequent cumulative reviews allow for retention and skill transfer Ans: C

501.

When a reinforcement procedure is applied progressively to different students with similar target behavior the researcher is employing a _____ design. ww.

Multiple baseline across reinforcement xx. Multiple baseline across behaviors yy. Multiple baseline across settings zz. Multiple baseline across participants Ans: D

502.

When a reinforcement procedure is applied progressively to different target behaviors the researcher is employing a _____ design. ww.

Multiple baseline across reinforcement xx. Multiple baseline across behaviors yy. Multiple baseline across settings zz. Multiple baseline across subjects Ans: B

503.

If a researcher is measuring behavior in four fifteen-minute time slots then he/she is using a(n) _____ approach to measuring behavior. ww.

Duration recording xx. Event recording yy. Time sampling zz. Interval recording Ans: D

504.

If a researcher is measuring a continuous behavior then they should use _____ recording. ww.

Duration recording xx. Event recording yy. Time sampling zz. Interval recording Ans: A

505.

When recording behavior, behavior analysts strive for greater than ____ agreement between multiple independent observers. ww.

60% xx. 70% yy. 80% zz. 90% Ans: C

506.

Which of the following was not a finding in Higgins and colleagues study of the effectiveness of voucher programs for drug treatment and abstinence? ww.

Participants in the Community Reinforcement plus vouchers group had a higher percentage of drug free tests than the CRA group xx. Both behavioral programs achieved higher 24-month abstinence rates than the traditional 12-step programs

yy. The large difference between the CRA plus vouchers group and the CRA alone group was maintained throughout the entire 24-weeks of the program zz. Despite the high initial outcomes, the decrease in abstinence over the 24-week period and the high costs of the CRA plus voucher program limits its usefulness Ans: C

507.

Which of the following is not a typical component of a course built around Keller's Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)? ww.

Participants move at their own pace xx. Lectures/demonstrations are attended as needed by the participant yy. Graphing and revising the program based on the data zz. Breaking and reading assignments/activities into small components Ans: C

508.

Which of the four guiding principles of Precision Teaching captures the idea that if slow learning is observed, the program of instruction needs to be changed: ww.

Focus directly on observable behavior xx. Rate as the basic behavioral measure yy. Charting of behavior on a Standard Celeration Chart zz. The learner knows best Ans: D

509.

From a behavioral point of view it is the _____________ and _____________ that require change. ww.

Thoughs; feelings xx. physical environment; social system yy. discriminative stimuli; punishers zz. respondent behaviors; operant behaviors Ans: B

510.

Which of the following best describes Higgins and colleagues (2012) review of contingency management programs with pregnant mothers? ww.

CM programs with pregnant mothers increase the number of prenatal doctor's visits xx. CM programs with pregnant mothers increase smoking abstinence yy. CM programs with pregnant mothers increase overall exercise zz. CM programs with pregnant mothers increase vitamin intake Ans: B

511.

Programming for generality means that: ww.

The behavior analyst builds technologies that apply to many situations xx. The behavior analyst builds technologies that can be used for many types of behavior yy. The behavior analyst arranges for many types of reinforcement zz. The behavior analyst makes specific plans for how to maintain the behavior change after treatment Ans: D

512.

Pierce and colleageus (2007) suggest that calorie-wise foods may produce conditioned overeating by: ww.

Encouraging children to eat too many calories xx. Disrupting the body's ability to learn the correct associations between taste and caloric intake yy. Producing activity anorexia zz. Associating eating with pleasant social stimuli Ans: B

513.

Internal validity refers to: ww.

The degree to which a study changes the behavior it aims to change xx. Eliminating distracting stimuli from a treatment site yy. Eliminating most extraneous explanations for behavior zz. The degree to which a context is the same from one day to the next Ans: C

514.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a standard celeration chart? ww.

Learning is typically represented by a straight line xx. Values are typically plotted on a logarithmic scale yy. The rate of response is plotted zz. The steeper the slope of the line, the slower the learning Ans: D

515.

Which of the following is not on the list commonalities of empirically supported interventions for ASD in line with ABA principles identfied by Smith and Iadarola (2015)? ww.

Systematic intervention planning: selecting goals and instructional procedures based on a data-based assessment of each child, monitoring progress, and troubleshooting as needed. xx. Interventions occur in a single, stable environment allowing for teachers to ensure internal validity of all instrucitonal tasks. yy. Specific intervention content to address the impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors that define ASD.

zz. Functional approach to problem behavior: assessing the function or purpose of the behavior and selecting intervention strategies based on this assessment. Picture Exchange Communication System Ans: B

516.

Which of the following was not identified as an obstacle to the use of contingency management (CM) for drug addiction treatment? ww.

The high cost of providing vouchers xx. Insufficient resarch showing it to be effective yy. Unfamiliarity with behavioral based treatments zz. Negative social stereotypes toward drug users Ans: B

517.

Research investigating the obese-prone geneotype in the Activity Anorexia (AA) challenge demonstrate that: ww.

Experience with food restriction and an obese-prone genotype increase survival xx. Experience with food restriction and an obese-prone genotype decrease survival yy. Regardless of experience with food restriction, an obese-prone genotype increased survival zz. Regardless of experience with food restriction, an obese-prone genotype decreased survival Ans: A

518.

Which of the following was not identified in the textbook as an online contingencymanagement resource? ww.

Stickk.com xx. Dietbet.com yy. Voucher.com zz. HealthyWage.com Ans: C

519.

Lovaas's early work with the intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) in which children with autism 30 months and younger were given 40 plus hours of treatment each week resulted in ____% of program participants being behaviorally indistinguishable from typically-developing children after 2 years of treatment. ww.

30% xx. 50% yy. 70% zz. 90% Ans: B

520.

A potential neural explanation for the effectiveness of EIBI is that it helps to: ww. reorganize and reactivate the mirror neuron network xx. increase activity in the prefrontal cortex yy. decrease activity in the amygdala zz. improves the function oft the nucleus accumbens (NAc) Ans: A

Chapter 14 Three Levels of Selection: Biology, Behavior, and Culture

521. a. b. c. d.

Ans: B

The single common principle operating at the level of biology, behavior, and culture is: Survival of the fittest Selection by consequences Phylogenetic contingencies Selection by design

522.

Natural selection involves: aaa.

Reproductive diversity bbb.

Differential reproduction ccc. Ontogenetic adaptation ddd.

Genetic variation Ans: B

523.

At what level(s) do/does selection by consequence occur? aaa.

Behavioral bbb.

Cultural ccc. Biological ddd.

All of these Ans: D

524.

Two major sources of genetic variation are mutations and: ww.

Social pressure

xx. Sexual recombination yy. Random novelty zz. Phenotypic genes Ans: B

525.

Egg laying in Aplysia is an example of: aaa.

Genetic control of behavior bbb.

Basic instincts ccc. Released action patterns ddd.

Environmental control of behavior Ans: A

526.

The behavior of invertebrates such as Aplysia is totally: aaa.

Controlled by genes bbb.

Reflexive ccc. Learned ddd.

A and C Ans: D

527.

Operant behaviors are selected by: aaa.

Choice bbb.

Cognitions ccc. Chromosomes ddd.

Consequences Ans: D

528.

The ability to have one's behavior strengthened by reinforcement is: aaa.

Heritable bbb.

Determined ccc. Learned ddd.

Disadvantageous Ans: A

529.

Social signaling: aaa.

Is mostly genetically regulated in bees bbb.

Is mostly due to reinforcement contingencies in humans ccc. May involve stimulus equivalence in humans ddd.

All of these Ans: D

530.

What allowed for the emergence of human culture? ww.

Biological evolution of operant processes xx. Social contingencies of verbal behavior yy. Social signaling by bees zz. Both biological evolution of operant processes AND social contingencies of verbal behavior Ans: D

531.

The three levels of selection suggested by behavioral researchers are: aaa.

Natural selection, behavioral selection by reinforcement, and cultural selection bbb.

Natural selection, sexual selection, and enviornmental selection ccc. Sexual selection, behavioral selection, and natural selection ddd.

Biological selection, behavioral selection, and group selection Ans: A

532.

_____ is(are) the evolutionary history of a species. aaa.

Genetics bbb.

Phylogeny ccc. Sexual selection ddd.

Natural selection Ans: B

533.

If a population is subjected to extreme temperatures and as a consequence the next generation is more weather resistant, _____ has occurred. aaa.

Phylogeny bbb.

Environmental determinism ccc. Evolution ddd.

Genetic determinism Ans: C

534.

From a behavioral standpoint natural selection: aaa.

Is secondary to behavioral selection bbb.

Involves contingencies of survival that determine behaviors that aided in survival and reproduction ccc. Invovles contingencies of reproduction that determine which genes will be passed on ddd.

Is irrelevant to the formation of behavior Ans: B

535.

An organism's _____ refers to all the characteristics observed during the lifetime of an individual. aaa.

Genotype bbb.

Phylogeny ccc. Phenotype ddd.

Genetics Ans: C

536.

An organism's ____ refers to their genetic makeup. aaa.

Genotype bbb.

Phylogeny ccc. Phenotype ddd.

Behavioral history Ans: A

537.

What are the two major sources of heritable genetic variation? aaa.

Evolution of phenotypic genes and mutations bbb.

Phenotypic and genotypic traits ccc. An improvement in phenotype and mutations ddd.

Sexual recombination of genes and mutations Ans: D

538.

On MOST occasions mutations produce features that _____. aaa.

Work for an organism's survival and reproductive success bbb.

Neither harm nor improve the chances for an organism ccc. Work against and organism's survival and reproductive success ddd.

Are correctable through phenotypic compensation Ans: C

539.

Scheller and Axel (1984) found biological evidence that: aaa.

The egg-laying sequence in marine snails can be changed through operant conditioning bbb.

The egg-laying sequence in marine snails is caused by the prefrontal cortex and conscious choice ccc. The brain stem causes neurons to fire making the egg-laying sequence in marine snails possible ddd.

Gene sites release peptides that cause the egg-laying sequence in marine snails Ans: D

540.

According to behavior analysts, _____ is adjusting behavior on the basis of past experience. aaa.

Behavioral flexibility bbb.

Adaptation ccc. Learning ddd.

Behavioral history Ans: A

541.

Hirsch and McCauley's selection in flies for the ability to be conditioned to extend their proboscis when water is applied to their feet demonstrated that: aaa.

A reflex cannot be conditioned but can be mated out of the population bbb.

Operant and respondent processes are separate and cannot be conditioned simultaneously ccc. Conditioning of a reflex has a range of variability ddd.

An operant behavior can only be successfully conditioned in conjunction with a respondent behavior Ans: C

542.

At the behavioral level, the unit of selection is the _____. aaa.

Reinforcement bbb.

Operant ccc. Punishment ddd.

Respondent Ans: B

543.

The single common principle operating at the level of biology, behavior and culture is: aaa.

Selection by design bbb.

Survival of the fittest ccc. Phylogenetic contingencies ddd.

Selection by consequences Ans: D

544.

Mery and Kawecki (2002) artifical selection study in which flies that retained an association between place and a particular chemical for several hours were selectively bred with each other provided evidence that: aaa.

Learning abiltiy is genetically primed bbb.

Learning ability is insensitive to genetic changes ccc. Learning ability fluctuates across the lifespan ddd.

Learning ability predicts reproductive success Ans: A

545.

At what levels does selection by consequences occur? aaa.

Cultural bbb.

Biological ccc. Behavioral ddd.

All of the above Ans: D

546.

A male stickleback fish becomes aggressively territorial when exposed to a stimulus with a ____________ aaa.

A male stickleback with a red underbelly swims by bbb.

A cigar shaped object with a red dot on the underside moves by ccc. A male stickleback with its underbelly covered swims by ddd.

Both A and B Ans: A

547.

In terms of selection, operants are selected by ______ and cultural practices are selected by ______. aaa.

Metacontingencies; natural selection bbb.

Natural selection; metacontingencies ccc. Natural selection; contingencies of reinforcement ddd.

Contingencies of reinforcement; metacontingencies Ans: D

548.

Pierce (1991) described the power of a _____ in a troop of baboons that were taught to avoid a more appetizing banana in favor of a less appetizing chow. aaa.

Cultural norm bbb.

Self-governed rule ccc. Cultural taboo ddd.

Verbal operant Ans: C

549.

Gruber and colleagues (2009) work with chimps involving a deep drilled hole filled with honey found that chimps from the troops that usually used leaves to obtain food used _____ in the new context, while chimps that that usually used sticks used ______ in the new context. aaa.

Leaves; sticks bbb.

Their fingers; their fingers ccc. Sticks; sticks ddd.

Leaves; leaves

Ans: A

550.

The Gomeros in the Canary Islands are an example of: aaa.

The relationship between rule-governed behavior and the interaction with verbal behavior bbb.

Respondent conditioning creating diverse verbal behavior ccc. How people speak depends on the verbal contingencies as arranged by topography of the terrain ddd.

Natural selection choosing individuals with stronger vocal capacities based on the terrain Ans: C

551.

Which of the following is not one of the rules used in McDowell's theory of behavior dynamics? aaa.

A selection rule bbb.

A reproduction rule ccc. A learning rule ddd.

A mutation rule Ans: C

552.

A scientific challenge in providing a full evolutionary explanation for the complex dance that worker bees perform is: aaa.

Accounting for the occurrence of the behavior before other bees responded to it bbb.

Explaining why experienced foragers leave even before the dance is finished ccc. How bees adjust for changes in the position of the sun as they dance ddd.

Variations in the dance based on the bees habitat Ans: A

553.

Respondent and operant conditioning are learning processes that aaa. are products of the organisms individual learning history bbb. are genetically determined ccc. are most evolutionary beneficial in stable environments ddd. all of the above Ans: B

554.

Epigenetic studies with carpenter ants showed that major ants given HDAC inhibitors aaa.

Showed less foraging behavior bbb.

Were less aggressvie

ccc. Showed increased foraging behavior ddd.

Showed decreases in aggression Ans: C

555.

Sigrid Glenn (1991) argues that a major evolutionary advantage of operant learning is that: aaa.

Operant learning is more malleable than respondent conditioning bbb.

Genes for operant learning are less cumbersome than having genes for many complex behavior patterns ccc. Genes for operant learning allow the organism to rapidly change behaviors as the environment changes ddd.

Operant learning allows access to epigenetic changes that enhance complex behavior patterns Ans: B

556. of:

Thomas Edison's "trial and success" approach to inventing can be described as a product

aaa.

Punishment bbb.

Reinforcement ccc. Extinction ddd.

Stimulus Control Ans: C

557.

Osgood (1953) observed infant babbling and found that: aaa.

Babbling included all of the speech sounds used in languages across the globe bbb.

Babbling is generally limited to a small range of sounds ccc. Babbling occurs more in hearing infants than thos with hearing loss ddd.

Babbling is not sensitive to feedback from parents Ans: A

558.

A macrocontingency is aaa.

When the behavior of multiple people produces a cumulative effect for the group, only with explicit interlocking contingencies bbb.

When the behavior of multiple people produces a cumulative effect for the group, without any explicit interlocking contingencies ccc. When the behavior of an individual produces a cumulative effect for the group ddd.

When the behavior of a group produces a greater cumulative effect ofr an individual member of the group Ans: B

559.

Experiments using costly punishment procedures with the ability to communicate generally find that: aaa.

The availability to punish others increases coopeartion bbb.

The use of punishment erodes prior cooperative agreements ccc. People who punish generally contribute more to the group pool overall ddd.

Punishment with communication led to greater cooperative behavior Ans: B

560.

Which of the following is least likely to be a reason that a cutlural practice remains stable even after the environmental demands that produced it are no longer present? aaa.

The cultural practice interferes with contacting new contingencies of reinforcement bbb.

Conforming to the cultural practice is reinforced by metacontingencies ccc. The behavior has come under genetic control ddd.

There are no natural punishers for engaging in the cultural practice Ans: C