Test Bank for Applied Statistics I Basic Bivariate Techniques 3rd Edition by Rebecca M. Warner

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Chapter 1: Evaluating Numerical Information Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Science journals often require researchers to ______. a. guarantee significant results b. provide names of participants c. identify possible conflicts of interest d. subscribe to the journal Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or Bias Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Communicator self-interest can produce concerns about ______. a. cost of the product b. credibility of the message c. future research d. methodology Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or Bias Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Confirmation bias is informally known as ______. a. cherry picking b. natural selection c. favoritism d. preferential treatment Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.2 Bias and “Cherry Picking” Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Research written by the person with first-hand knowledge of the events of the study is known as ______. a. a literature review b. questionable c. a secondary source d. a primary source Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third Party Sources Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Much of the content on websites for news entities is considered ______. a. primary source content b. secondary source content c. third party content d. unreliable Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources Difficulty Level: Medium 6. News reports and websites ______. a. always identify self interest b. consistently identify their credentials c. faithfully confess to bias d. may not include source information Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.3.4 Communicator Credentials and Skills Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Fraud in science is ______. a. rare but has occurred b. acceptable in certain circumstances c. never reported d. rarely punished Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.3.5 Track Record for Truth-Telling Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Although anecdotal evidence may be accurate, it is difficult to ______. a. replicate in future studies b. analyze c. generalize to a larger population d. gain permission to publish Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.4.1 Anecdotal Versus Numerical Information Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The purpose of citation in science is to ______. a. determine validity

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. identify the authors of the study c. demonstrate reliability of the study’s data d. identify outside sources of evidence Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A long list of sources ______. a. can lead to plagiarism b. does not ensure accuracy c. ensures accuracy d. ensures results are valid Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 11. In order to evaluate the quality of scientific evidence, we need to know ______. a. how much it cost to collect b. the name of the researcher/s c. the age of the participant/s d. how it was collected Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Participants in scientific research are often drawn from ______. a. convenience samples b. government employees c. student volunteers d. prison populations Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability Difficulty Level: Easy 13. It makes sense to generalize results from a small group to a larger population ______. a. when the small group represents at least 50% of the population of interest b. only when the participants resemble the population of interest c. when more than one small group is included d. when a research oversight committee has approved the results Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability Difficulty Level: Medium 14. It is important for science writing to make limitations of the study clear because ______. a. the writers have been paid for their work b. other sources may not do so c. participants have the right to know d. it provides more interesting content Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability Difficulty Level: Medium 15. People can jump to conclusions about causal relationships based on ______. a. poor editing of results b. plagiarism c. insufficient evidence d. personal bias Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6 Making Causal Claims Difficulty Level: Medium 16. In order to imply a causal relationship between X and Y, what is necessary? a. a statistical relationship between X and Y b. shared participants c. assurance from researchers that this is the case d. sufficient duration of the study Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply Causation Difficulty Level: Medium 17. If a covariance between X and Y is found to exist, a causal relationship cannot be assumed because ______. a. the study results are often faulty b. another variable could be the real cause c. a causal relationship cannot be determined d. participants may have been coerced Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply Causation Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In order for a perfect co-occurrence to exist, which of the following is true?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. The presence of X is necessary and sufficient for Y to occur. b. The presence of X is necessary but not sufficient for Y to occur. c. The presence of X is sufficient but not necessary for Y to occur. d. The presence of X is often necessary and usually sufficient for Y to occur.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium 19. When imperfect research associations exist, it is likely that ______. a. errors are present b. other variables are involved c. calculations are flawed d. methods are corrupt Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Behaviors or conditions that sometimes precede the onset of disease are known as ______. a. protective factors b. causative factors c. related factors d. risk factors Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Easy 21. When correlations are not perfect ______. a. research results are unreliable b. significant results cannot be obtained c. individual outcomes may differ d. the study must be repeated Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.4 Individual Results Vary Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The concern about third party content is that it ______. a. is usually false b. is often plagiarized c. compromises the ability to generalize results d. is always biased Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.5 Requirements for Evidence of Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Behaviors or conditions that are shown to reduce a negative outcome are known as ______. a. protective factors b. causative factors c. related factors d. risk factors Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The association between hand washing and getting sick is considered ______. a. to have no correlation b. a perfect association c. a risk factor d. an imperfect association Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The effects of rival explanatory variables can be reduced ______. a. in well-controlled experiments b. by using adult participants c. by having large sample populations d. by avoiding human subjects Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply Causation Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The most important mechanism for information quality control in scientific research is ______. a. academic oversight b. fact checking c. peer review d. generalizability Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.1 Peer Review Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 27. Peer review is ______. a. infallible b. fallible c. usually scientifically biased d. difficult to monitor Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.7.1 Peer Review Difficulty Level: Medium 28. After peer review, the next important mechanism for quality control in scientific research is ______. a. replication b. customization c. authentication d. generalizability Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.2 Replication and Accumulation of Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 29. When all methods are kept the same in a replication study this is known as ______. a. unilateral replication b. conceptual replication c. mirror image replication d. exact replication Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.2 Replication and Accumulation of Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 30. When some elements of the study are changed in a replication this is known as ______. a. unilateral replication b. conceptual replication c. mirror image replication d. exact replication Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.2 Replication and Accumulation of Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 31. A researcher, whose wife works for a pharmaceutical company, conducts a study of the impact of a diet drug produced by that company. He does not disclose this information when reporting the results. What has he failed to do? a. asked his wife to resign

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. report that results may vary c. report a conflict of interest d. conduct a valid study Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.3.2 Bias and “Cherry Picking” Difficulty Level: Medium 32. A summary of past research made by someone who did not participate in those studies is known as ______. a. third party content b. a simple literature review c. primary source content d. secondary source content Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Content authored by someone who has no technical knowledge of the field is known as ______. a. third-party content b. a simple literature review c. primary source content d. secondary source content Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources Difficulty Level: Medium 34. You conduct a study in which you provide a detailed report of an individual situation.

What is this called? a. anecdote b. case study c. experimental design d. dramatization Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.4.1 Anecdotal Versus Numerical Information Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Information consumers of scientific research studies can be affected by ______. a. information overload b. profit scams c. confirmation bias d. consumer testimonials

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.8.1 Confirmation Bias (Again) Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Regarding scientific evidence, scientists, as well as the general public, should ______. a. consider only those that align with their beliefs b. consider only those with positive outcomes c. read the fine print d. consider evidence that challenges their beliefs Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.8.1 Confirmation Bias (Again) Difficulty Level: Medium 37. When we choose to believe something because it is endorsed by a large group of people, we are subject to ______. a. scientific evidence b. social influence c. media coverage d. fake news Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.8.2 Social Influence and Consensus Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Research that involves human subjects is evaluated by ______. a. the American Medical Association (AMA) b. the American Bar Association (ABA) c. an Institutional Review Board (IRB) d. an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.9.1 Ethical Guidelines for Researchers: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Data analysts observe ethical guidelines set forth by ______. a. affiliated academic institutions b. the American Psychological Association c. the American Accounting Association d. the American Statistical Association Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.9.2 Ethical Guidelines for Statisticians: Data Analysis and Reporting Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 40. Which researcher reported that press releases from universities sometimes over sell research findings? a. Resnick (2019) b. Harris (2001) c. Huff (1954) d. Fox (2003) Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.9.2 Ethical Guidelines for Statisticians: Data Analysis and Reporting Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The most extreme form of unethical behavior in statistics is ______. a. lying about the number of participants b. fabrication of data c. using biased data collectors d. using third party sources Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.10 Lying With Graphs and Statistics Difficulty Level: Medium 42. One of the most common methods employed to misinform consumers is the use of ______. a. media endorsements b. bogus consumer reports c. obscure scientific language d. deceptive bar graphs Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.10 Lying With Graphs and Statistics Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Rather than think of scientific research in terms of certainty, we should think of it in terms of the ______. a. degree of belief b. degree of proportion c. degree of feasibility d. degree of rationality Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.11 Degrees of Belief Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Lack of evidence does not always prevent communicators from ______. a. blaming participants for results

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. lying about results c. making premature claims d. abandoning further research Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.12 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Results from a single study are ______. a. not enough to inspire strong belief b. never to be considered c. a strong basis for confidence in results d. never credible Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.11 Degrees of Belief Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The Latin term “post hoc, ergo, propter hoc” is a common logical fallacy. Translated, it means ______. a. “I think, therefore, I am” b. “Before this, therefore, after this” c. “After this, therefore, because of this” d. “Because of this, therefore, after this” Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.1 The “Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc” Fallacy Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Variables can be correlated if they ______. a. are contrived to be so b. are statistically related in an analysis c. cause other variables to also correlate d. have no clear relationship Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply Causation Difficulty Level: Medium 48. An example of a perfect correlation between gene and disease is in the case of ______. a. lung cancer b. diabetes c. obesity d. hemophilia Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Regarding the occurrence of lung cancer, smoking is ______. a. a risk factor b. a perfect correlation c. a protective factor d. unrelated Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Recent initiatives to improve the quality of research results in biomedicine, psychology, and other fields include components included in ______. a. the APA guidelines b. the ASA guidelines c. the Open Science Model d. the Bump Report Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.3 Open Science and Study Preregistration Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. Communicators are not influenced by self-interest.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or Bias Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Literature reviews are not considered primary sources in scientific research.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Communicators can provide more credible information when they are further removed from the original source.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Anecdotal evidence can promote incorrect beliefs.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.4.1 Anecdotal Versus Numerical Information Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Citing of sources in scientific research demonstrates that the current study is unique and has no foundation in previous studies.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Correlation alone does not assure causation.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply Causation Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Perfect co-occurrence, or statistical association, is common in scientific research.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Rejection rates for scientific paper submissions in some journals is as high as 80%.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.7.1 Peer Review Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Consensus among scientists usually guarantees accuracy.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.8.2 Social Influence and Consensus Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Data collection cannot begin until an ethics board approval of procedures has been obtained by the researchers.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.9.1 Ethical Guidelines for Researchers: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Essay 1. Give an example of the term “cherry picking” as it relates to scientific research.

Ans: In a report of 20 studies of the association between consuming canned tuna fish, and cancer risk, only three of those studies report a link. Reporting only the results of those three studies is an example of “cherry picking”.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 1.3.2 Bias and “Cherry Picking” Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the peer review process.

Ans: Researchers submit research reports to science journals for consideration. The editor sends papers to experts in the same field (peers) who provide detailed criticism, including evaluation of research methods. Based on these reviews, editors decide to reject the paper as inadequate, ask the authors to revise to correct errors/deficiencies, or accept paper with minor corrections. Papers are rarely accepted in initially submitted form.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.7.1 Peer Review Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Give an example of potential harm to a research participant in a drug study.

Ans: If participation in the study discloses that the participant has a history of substance abuse, and this information becomes available to potential employers or landlords, the participant’s livelihood may be impacted.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.9.1 Ethical Guidelines for Researchers: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Give an example of the “post hoc, ergo, propter hoc” fallacy.

Ans: If event A happens, and then event B happens, then A must have caused B. If you have a cold, and you take large doses of vitamin C and your cold goes away, you might conclude that taking the vitamin C cured your cold. In actuality, the cold may have just run its course and cured naturally. The fallacy uses the one instance of co-occurrence to draw a conclusion.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.6.1 The “Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc” Fallacy Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the terms “risk factors” and “protective factors” as they relate to imperfect associations.

Ans: Behaviors that sometimes, but not always, precede the onset of disease, can often be designated causes, when they are, in reality, risk factors for the disease. An example of this is smoking and lung cancer. Not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer, and not everyone who gets lung cancer has smoked. In terms of prevention of disease, hand washing is considered a protective factor for getting sick. However, not everyone who

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 washes their hands avoids illness, and not everyone who avoids hand washing gets sick.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 1.6.3 Perfect Correlation Versus Imperfect Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium

Chapter 2: Basic Research Concepts Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. A research design in which the researcher has a high degree of control over the research situation is known as the ______. a. quasi-experimental design b. non-experimental design c. experimental design d. case study design Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A characteristic that fluctuates across subjects or cases is known as ______. a. a variable b. an outcome c. a dataset d. design method Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In scientific research, a sample refers to ______. a. a hypothesized outcome b. a total population c. a subset of a population d. non-human subjects Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Stating that the results of a study are applicable to others not included in the study is known as ______. a. disclosure b. hypothesis c. assumption d. generalization Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Information that tells us which group each case in a study belongs to refers to a ______ variable. a. rating scales b. categorical c. ordinal d. quantitative Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Information that tells us the amount of something in each case in a study refers to a ______ variable. a. rating scales b. categorical c. ordinal d. quantitative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Categorical variables are also known as ______ variables. a. ordinal b. nominal c. quantitative d. qualitative Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.2 Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Numerical values used for categorical variables are ______. a. arbitrary

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. stated as decimals c. assigned by APA d. universally accepted Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.2 Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Designating a divorced study participant with the numerical value of 2 is an example of a(n) ______. a. quantitative variable b. ordinal variable c. categorical variable d. rating scale variable Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.2.2 Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Measuring and using the height of a study participant is an example of a(n) ______ variable. a. ordinal b. nominal c. categorical d. quantitative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.2.3 Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Use of quantitative variables is common in which field/s of study? a. behavioral and social sciences b. mathematics c. chemistry and physics d. laser technology Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.3 Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 12. When subjects are ranked rather than measured, what type of variable is being used? a. nominal b. ordinal c. categorical d. quantitative

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.4 Ordinal Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Researchers must distinguish between categorical and quantitative variables in order to do what? a. apply graphs to the results b. justify use of human subjects c. choose appropriate statistical techniques d. avoid plagiarism Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.5 Variable Type and Choice of Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 14. A response format that consists of a statement followed by a choice of degree of agreement ratings is known as ______. a. a Likert scale b. an ordinal scale c. a Pearson Product d. a ratio scale Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.6 Rating Scale Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The differences between scores on a rating scale ______. a. represent equal intervals b. do not represent equal intervals c. can be precisely measured d. are strictly interpreted Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.6 Rating Scale Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Ratings on a Likert scale can be treated as categorical or quantitative based on ______. a. APA guidelines b. publisher preferences c. number of participants d. what makes sense in a specific research situation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.6 Rating Scale Variables

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 17. When variable X predicts variable Y, then X is the ______. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. categorical variable d. quantitative variable Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.4.2 Does X predict Y? Difficulty Level: Easy 18. When variable X predicts variable Y, then Y is the ______. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. categorical variable d. quantitative variable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.4.2 Does X predict Y? Difficulty Level: Easy 19. When X happens before Y occurs, then X has ______. a. nominal precedence b. ordinal precedence c. ratio precedence d. temporal precedence Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.4.2 Does X predict Y? Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Rival explanatory variables are also known as ______. a. risk factors b. hypotheses c. confounds d. protective factors Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Rival explanatory variables are considered using ______. a. confounding variables b. peer review c. statistical analysis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. experimental controls Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In non-experimental studies, what is used to try to rule out the effects of rival explanatory variables? a. confounding variables b. statistical control c. peer review d. experimental controls Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 23. A typical experimental study includes how many groups of cases? a. one b. no more than two c. two or more d. a minimum of three Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Easy 24. In an experimental study, a control group ______. a. receives no treatment b. receives all treatments c. chooses which treatment to be exposed to d. is paid for their participation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Easy 25. When choosing participants for an experimental study, what must you be sure to do? a. choose participants who know each other b. choose participants who are similar c. include more females than males d. include a mixture of children and adults Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 26. In a study conducted to determine the effect of caffeine consumption on heart rate, what is the outcome variable? a. heart rate b. participant age c. caffeine consumption d. participant gender Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Experiments require ______. a. institutional support b. human participants c. comparisons d. a minimum of 50 participants Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Easy 28. What is a common practice to prevent confound of treatment with participant characteristics? a. participant self-assignment to groups b. random assignment of cases to groups c. extraneous assignment of cases to groups d. statistical assignment of cases to groups Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Variables not included in the research question are known as ______. a. interfering variables b. tainted variables c. intervening variables d. extraneous variables Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 30. To control for the impact of time of day on the treatment outcome, a researcher should do what?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. administer to all participants at the same time of day b. standardize the behavior of the research assistants c. have research assistants use a script d. ask participants for their best time of day Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The term “unlucky randomization” refers to what phenomenon? a. groups that produce no significant outcomes b. groups that are identical in characteristics c. groups that are not similar in one or more characteristics d. groups that cancel each other out Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 32. A non-experimental study is also known as ______. a. rational research design b. outcome-based research c. flawed research design d. a correlational study Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 33. A researcher finds that there is a strong correlation between amount of reported exercise and amount of reported depression in a group of participants. This outcome cannot be reported as evidence because the ______. a. subjects may have been paid to participate b. data do not come from an experiment c. data are flawed d. subjects may not have been truthful Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 34. One requirement for causal inference is that the variable thought to be the cause must happen ______. a. naturally b. later than the outcome variable c. concurrently with the outcome variable

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. earlier than the outcome variable Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 35. In non-experimental research design, distinctions between dependent and independent variables are sometimes ______. a. arbitrary b. strictly defined c. based on participants d. interchangeable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Quasi-experiments often take place in which of the following settings? a. research lab settings b. academic institutional settings c. field settings d. hospital settings Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.8 Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 37. In quasi-experimental design, researchers use preexisting groups, the members of which are likely to differ in many characteristics. What is this called? a. dependent control group design b. non-equivalent control group design c. equivalent control group design d. extraneous control group design Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.8 Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 38. A researcher wants to study the impact of a drug education program administered in one school but not in another, with the outcome measure being self-reported intention to use drugs. The researcher has no control over program or participants. What is the research design of this study? a. experimental research design b. non-experimental research design c. quantitative research design d. quasi-experimental research design

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.8 Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Highly contrived experimental designs, such as the Skinner box, are effective in ______. a. assuring significant results b. eliminating all confounding variables c. making causal inferences d. ensuring institutional support Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 40. When you have a high level of control over rival explanatory variables so that they cannot be considered alternative causes for outcomes, your study has ______. a. high internal validity b. high external validity c. low internal validity d. low external validity Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Considerations of the similarities between the subject of a research study and situations in the real world pertain to ______. a. internal validity b. external validity c. internal reliability d. external reliability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Non-experimental studies typically have ______. a. high external reliability b. low external reliability c. high internal validity d. low internal validity Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Studies with high internal validity often have ______. a. high external validity b. high external reliability c. low external validity d. low external reliability Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 44. In an independent groups study, or between-S study, each participant ______. a. is assigned to just one group b. is assigned to at least two groups c. receives multiple treatments d. contributes two scores for the outcome variable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 45. The test used to evaluate whether membership in one type of group is statistically related to membership in another type of group is ______. a. an independent samples t test b. a Pearson correlation c. a chi squared test d. analysis of co-variance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.10 Choice of Statistical Analysis (Preview) Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The test that compares mean scores on a dependent variable across two or more groups is ______. a. an independent samples t test b. a Pearson correlation c. a chi squared test d. analysis of co-variance Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.10 Choice of Statistical Analysis (Preview) Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Which test is appropriate only when a linear equation exists between variables? a. an independent samples t test

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. a Pearson correlation c. a chi squared test d. analysis of co-variance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.10 Choice of Statistical Analysis (Preview) Difficulty Level: Medium 48. When a study sample has characteristics of the study population it is ______. a. said to be an exact replica of the population b. said to be excluded from the study c. said to be tainted d. said to be representative of the population Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.10 Choice of Statistical Analysis (Preview) Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Mass media reports sometimes ______ when reporting findings they believe will interest the general public. a. downplay results b. extremely inflate results c. change authors’ names d. insinuate plagiarism Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.12 Common Problems in Interpretation of Results Difficulty Level: Medium 50. When reporting research study results, it is advisable to avoid language that suggests high levels of certainty about ______. a. participant honesty b. sources of study limitations c. causality d. statistical errors Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.12 Common Problems in Interpretation of Results Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. It makes sense to apply statistical calculations to categorical variables.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.2 Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The use of ranks is not common for data collection in the social and behavioral sciences.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.2.4 Ordinal Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Likert items always consists of a 5-point scale.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.6 Rating Scale Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Random selection and random assignment are interchangeable terms.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.6 Experimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The number of score values for a categorical variable is always small.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.2.2 Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 6. When selecting which variables to include in a study, there should be a plausible theory as to why they could be related.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 7. In a non-experimental study, the researcher introduces a treatment or intervention.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Medium 8. A research design in which post-intervention scores for a group of participants are compared with pre-intervention scores for the same group of participants is an example of a quasi-experimental research design.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 2.8 Quasi-experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Convenience samples are those that are easy for a researcher to access.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.11.3 Actual Research Situations That Are Not Similar to Ideal Situations Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Misunderstandings of significance test results are uncommon.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 2.12 Common Problems in Interpretation of Results Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe three conditions necessary for causal inference.

Ans: Response should contain some combination of the following: (1) Must have a plausible theory as to why X and Y might be related; (2) Appropriate statistical analysis indicates an association between X and Y; (3) X must precede Y in order to assert that X predicts Y, and they must be statistically associated; (4) We can only state that X causes Y if no other variables are rival explanations for the changes in Y. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe the terms internal validity and external validity as they apply to research.

Ans: Internal validity refers to the amount of control of rival explanatory variables the researcher has when making a causal inference. The higher the control, the higher the internal validity. External validity refers to the similarity of the study situation to real world situations the researcher would like to discuss. High external validity exists when the research situations resemble real-world situations of interest.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 2.9 Other Issues in Design and Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Give an example of a Likert scale response format.

Ans: A Likert scale typically consists of a five-point scale, but can include more than five if appropriate to the study. A research question such as “I believe Congress is doing a good job.” asks participants to choose answers on a Likert scale that best represent their level of agreement: 1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Disagree Neutral or disagree don’t know Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 2.2.6 Rating Scale Variables Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Agree Strongly Agree

4. Give an example of a situation where rival explanatory variables may cause or influence the outcome.

Ans: A researcher wants to study whether social stress (X) causes high blood pressure (Y). Many other variables could explain the presence of high blood pressure, such as level of fitness, family history of high blood pressure, smoking, body weight, caffeine consumption, alcohol consumption, and consumption of other drugs or substances. In order to state that social stress causes high blood pressure, the researcher must control for all of these rival explanatory variables.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 2.5 Conditions for Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Define and give an example of a non-experimental research design and explain why a researcher would choose this design rather than conduct an experiment.

Ans: In a non-experimental research study, a researcher measures two or more variables that are theorized to be meaningfully related, but does not introduce a treatment or intervention. An example would be when a researcher believes there is a causal relationship between physical exercise and incidence of reported depression. If there is strong correlation between people who choose to exercise more and less reported depression in this group, this outcome cannot be reported as evidence, since the data do not come from an experiment. Although it is possible to conduct an experiment assigning groups to exercise or non-exercise groups and then measuring reports of depression, it is more challenging to create a good experiment to do so.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 2.7 Nonexperimental Research Design Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 3: Frequency Distribution Tables Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. In order to examine how scores on two or more variables are related, what must you first do? a. submit for peer review b. determine significance

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. examine the scores separately d. combine the scores and divide by the number of variables Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The use of ______ helps us to understand the behavior of scores for just one variable. a. frequency tables b. scatter plots c. Venn diagrams d. Likert scales Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The question of which group in a set of scores has the highest number of cases is asking for the ______. a. median b. mode c. mean d. average Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In a set of scores, determining what the highest and lowest scores are refers to ______ variables. a. qualitative b. nominal c. outcome d. quantitative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Finding the range of scores gives a preliminary idea of ______. a. validity b. variability c. reliability d. significance Ans: B

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A score in the middle of a frequency table provides an idea of ______. a. central tendency b. mean values c. variability d. significance Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of scores is the ______. a. average b. mode c. median d. range Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Central tendency is also known as the ______. a. range b. variability c. average d. distribution Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Examining data in frequency tables for potential problems with data before applying other analyses is known as ______. a. data screening b. problem analysis c. qualitative analysis d. data dumping Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 10. In a study of heart rate and caffeine consumption, a heart rate report of 375 beats per minute is considered ______. a. plagiarism b. an unlikely response c. a lie d. plausible Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Complete proofreading of data is ______. a. required b. easily accomplished c. time consuming and costly d. the industry standard Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Medium 12. When finding scores that are clearly impossible, the best option is to ______. a. discard data b. assume plagiarized results c. start over d. obtain scores from other valid sources Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Research study reports should include information about problems detected during ______. a. the experiment b. preliminary screening c. the literature review d. sample selection Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Problems found with data, and the actions taken, should be ______. a. included in research reports b. excluded from research reports c. available only upon request

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. kept private Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Medium 15. In a frequency table for categorical variables, there is/are ______ for each possible score value. a. four lines b. three lines c. two lines d. one line Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 3.3 Frequency Tables for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Missing values are indicated by ______ in most SPSS data files. a. X b. 0 c. blank or empty spaces d. M Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 3.3 Frequency Tables for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The most common notation for scores per group in research reports is ______. a. n b. N c. x d. X Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.4.1 Frequency Counts (n or f) Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The notation used by SPSS to indicate n or f is ______. a. N b. F c. the word “Frequency” d. the word “Sum” Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.4.1 Frequency Counts (n or f) Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 19. The notation used for total number of cases in research reports is ______. a. n b. N c. x d. X Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.4.2 Total Number of Scores in a Sample (N) Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The notation used by SPSS to indicate N is ______. a. the word “Number” b. the word “Sample” c. the word “Sum” d. the word “Total” Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.4.2 Total Number of Scores in a Sample (N) Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Values of n are usually converted into ______ relative to N. a. ratios b. percentages c. proportions d. categories Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.4.4 Proportions Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Proportion is sometimes called ______. a. ratio b. percentage c. category d. relative frequency Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.4.4 Proportions Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Proportions are a good way to summarize ______ information for categorical variables. a. demographic b. group size c. frequency

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. missing value Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.4.4 Proportions Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Proportion is calculated by dividing the number of persons in a group by the ______. a. total dataset population b. number of groups c. number of cases d. total score Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.4.4 Proportions Difficulty Level: Medium 25. SPSS data output shows ______ instead of proportions. a. ratios b. whole numbers c. frequencies d. percentages Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.4.5 Percentages Difficulty Level: Medium 26. When proportion or percentage is reported, what else must also be reported? a. n b. N c. variance d. frequency Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.5 Using SPSS to Obtain a Frequency Table Difficulty Level: Medium 27. A research report states that 80% of teachers prefer chalk boards to white boards.

What additional information do you need to determine significance of this claim? a. total number of teachers included in the study b. what grade levels were represented c. age and gender of participants d. time of year study was conducted Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 3.5 Using SPSS to Obtain a Frequency Table Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 28. It is good practice to include ______ when identifying individual participants in the study. a. age and gender b. geographic location c. case numbers d. employment status Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Upon completion of data gathering, what are needed to identify individuals with missing values? a. dates of birth b. social security numbers c. names and addresses d. case numbers Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 30. In an online survey study, what can duplicate case number entries indicate? a. researcher bias b. researcher error c. duplicate entries by the same individual d. computer glitch Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 31. What is the term for the score with the highest frequency using categorical variables? a. average b. mode c. mean d. median Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Easy 32. To avoid nonsense or out of range responses, what type of response options should be used?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. open end b. narrative c. fixed choice d. true/false Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 33. If more than 5% of responses are missing, what does this signal? a. researcher error b. researcher bias c. faulty SPSS program d. there is a problem Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Research reports should include percentages of ______ for all variables. a. missing values b. incorrect formatting c. false responses d. truthful responses Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 35. SPSS sets up frequency tables with one row for each possible score value. What is this called? a. frequency distribution b. ungrouped frequency distribution c. grouped frequency distribution d. selective frequency distribution Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Ungrouped frequency distribution tables can provide the same information as frequency tables for categorical variables, such as ______. a. N b. rf c. participant gender d. impossible or missing values

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 37. In SPSS, the cumulative percentage column is useful for ______. a. quantitative variables b. qualitative variables c. categorical variables d. finding the mode Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.8.2 Evaluation of Score Location Using Cumulative Percentage Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Cumulative percent is the percentage of cases that have scores ______. a. equal to a specific score value b. above a specific score value c. equal to or below a specific score value d. equal to or above a specific score value Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.8.2 Evaluation of Score Location Using Cumulative Percentage Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The cumulative percentage of scores at or below a specific score value is known as ______ of that score. a. the Pearson rank b. the percentile rank c. the average d. the mode Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.8.2 Evaluation of Score Location Using Cumulative Percentage Difficulty Level: Medium 40. The average or typical value of a particular score can be expressed as the score with a cumulative value ______. a. in the range of 25% to 40% b. at or near 25% c. at or near 50% d. at or near 75% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.8.2 Evaluation of Score Location Using Cumulative Percentage Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 41. It may be easier to set up a grouped frequency table when the number of different score values is ______. a. large b. small c. less than 10 d. unknown Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.8.3 Grouped or Binned Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 42. When you report the number of cases defined by ranges of score values you have set up a ______. a. ungrouped frequency distribution b. grouped frequency distribution c. percentile rank distribution d. relative frequency distribution Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.8.3 Grouped or Binned Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 43. SPSS provides ______ frequency tables by default. a. grouped b. percentile c. relative d. ungrouped Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.8.3 Grouped or Binned Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Information beyond frequency tables is needed when using ______ variables a. quantitative b. qualitative c. categorical d. nominal Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.9 Frequency Tables for Categorical Versus Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 45. When screening quantitative variables, information from ______ is needed in addition to frequency tables. a. anecdotal records

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. narrative reports c. graphs such as histograms d. peer review feedback Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.10 Reporting Data Screening for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Standards for minimum group size to be included in a study vary by ______. a. APA Manual edition b. cost and difficulty of obtaining cases c. academic institution d. peer review mandates Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.11 What We Hope to See in Frequency Tables for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 47. For an experiment, a minimum of ______ cases per group is desirable for analysis to be believable. a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.11.2 Categorical Variables That Represent Treatment Groups Difficulty Level: Easy 48. In frequency tables for categorical variables, it is desirable to have ______. a. no technical errors b. few or no missing values c. significant variations d. large case numbers Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.12 What We Hope to See in Frequency Tables for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 49. If a researcher wants to study a population of college students between the ages of 18 and 22, what age range would be desirable? a. 18 to 30 b. 18 to 15 c. 16 to 25

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. 18 to 22 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 3.12 What We Hope to See in Frequency Tables for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Researchers should make decisions about cases they want to include in their study ______. a. during data collection b. before data collection c. after data collection d. prior to reporting results Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.13 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy True/False

1. Preliminary information about variability and central tendency of quantitative variables can be found in frequency tables.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A plausible score value is likely correct.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Increasingly, there is concern about completeness and transparency in data reporting.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Easy 4. SPSS does not include counts of missing values in the frequency table.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 3.4.3 Missing Values (if Any)

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Variables with large numbers of missing values are problematic to a research study.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A cumulative percentage can be applied to categorical variables.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 7. It is best practice to allow SPSS to exclude missing values automatically from the analysis.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Excluding cases after data analysis has been performed is a questionable research practice that can lead to incorrect conclusions.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.13 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 9. For a quantitative variable, the mode is the score that has the highest frequency.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.6 The Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Medium 10. When working with human cases, you can personalize your experience with statistics by thinking about your own scores.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 3.8.2 Evaluation of Score Location Using Cumulative Percentage Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Define the process of data screening and discuss its use in identifying problems in datasets.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Data screening involves the use of frequency tables to examine data and identify potential errors and problems before conducting further analyses. Possible problem areas include: (1) missing information for some members of a sample; (2) extreme scores; (3) too few cases for meaningful analysis; (4) mistakes, including incorrect or impossible scores Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 3.2 Use of Frequency Tables for Data Screening Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Draw a frequency table for the category “Sex” using the following information: Total group of 10 participants, 4 males, 5 females, 1 missing response. Assign a number to correspond with the specific category.

Ans: Number of cases in each group (n) Sex = 1 (Male) 4 Sex = 2 (Female) 5 Missing Values 1 Total N 10 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 3.3 Frequency Tables for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Define and explain the usefulness of case numbers to identify individuals in a study.

Ans: A case number is a unique number used to identify individual participants. It is good practice for the following reasons: (1) to check scores in the SPSS files against original data sources; (2) to contact and/or follow up with individuals; (3) to match scores from two or more data sources for each person; (4) to identify persons with extreme or implausible scores; (5) to identify persons with missing information.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 3.6 Mode, Impossible Score Values, and Missing Values Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe three kinds of information that is ideally found in frequency tables for categorical variables.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) groups that correspond to all groups included in the study; (2) reasonable minimum numbers of cases in all groups that will be compared in later analyses; (3) no groups that correspond with cases we want excluded from the study; (4) few missing values (less than 5%); (5) no impossible responses Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 3.11 What We Hope to See in Frequency Tables for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the process of obtaining a proportion for values of n relative to N. Explain the usefulness of this information.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Proportion, sometimes referred to as relative frequency (rf) is obtained for each group in a data set by dividing the number of persons in that group (n1) by the total number of people in the entire data set (N). Proportions are useful ways to summarize group size information for categorical variables.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 3.4.4 Proportions Difficulty Level: Medium

Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Information about quantitative variables can be summarized using descriptive statistics describing ______. a. complex calculations b. measures of central tendency c. likely outcomes d. response ranges Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. One way to obtain variation in scores is to examine the ______. a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The question of what the typical age of a study participant is pertains to the ______ score. a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 4.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Knowledge of the characteristics of the sample used for a study help the reader to assess the ______. a. significance of the results b. demographics of the sample c. generalizability of the results d. variance of the responses Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Measures of central tendency identify ______. a. typical or common responses b. the range of responses c. the correct responses d. the significant responses Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.2 Questions About Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The notation used for scores for a variable is ______. a. N b. n c. X d.  Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.2 Questions About Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What notation is used to designate a statistic for a specific individual in a sample? a. N1 b. n1 c. X1 d.  Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.2 Questions About Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The score value with 50% of responses above and below it is the ______. a. mean

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. median c. mode d. standard deviation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.2 Questions About Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores is the ______. a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Median Difficulty Level: Easy 10. How is the median in a data set with an even number of scores determined? a. choose the lower of the two middle numbers b. choose the higher of the two middle numbers c. the median can’t be determined in this data set d. add the two middle scores and divide by 2 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Median Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Find the median in the following set of scores: 10, 8, 7, 5, 6, 11, 14, 12 a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 9 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Median Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The sample mean is denoted by which of the following? a. X b. M c.  d. N Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M)

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 13. What is the equation for finding the mean? a. M = (X b. N = (n)/N c. X = (M)/N d. X = M/N Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What is the mean for the following data set: 15, 13, 9, 11, 14, 9, 12, 16 a. 9 b. 11 c. 12.5 d. 12.38 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Medium 15. When we summarize information for a set of scores, the first thing we do is ______. a. list them from smallest to largest number b. sum them c. find the mode d. apply basic statistics Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Dividing by N corrects for the effect of ______ on the sum. a. missing values b. researcher error c. sample size d. duplicate responses Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The mean (M) is large when individual X scores are ______. a. large and positive b. large and negative c. small and positive

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. fewer than 10 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Deviation from the mean is calculated by ______. a. multiplying M by X b. subtracting M from X c. dividing M by X d. adding M and X and dividing by 2 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations From M =0 Difficulty Level: Medium 19. The sum of deviations from the mean is equal to ______. a. 0 b. 1.0 c. –1.0 d. 0.1 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations From M =0 Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The equation for the sum of deviations of scores from the mean is ______. a. M = (X b. N = (X – M) c. (X – M) = 1 d. (X –M) = 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations From M =0 Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Deviations from the mean are considered ______ for most analyses. a. marginally integral b. optional c. basic building blocks d. unnecessary Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations From M =0 Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The measure of central tendency most often reported in research reports is the ______. a. standard deviation b. median c. mode d. mean Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations From M =0 Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Sample means are not robust when ______ are present. a. negative scores b. outliers c. errors d. only positive values Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.7 Disadvantage of M: It Is Not Robust Against Influence of Extreme Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Which of the following two sets of data is considered robust when calculating the mean? a. 5, 7, 4, 8, 9, 7 b. 12, 50, 14, 9, 8, 7 c. 23, 25, 22, 99, 21, 25 d. 1.0, 1.5, 28.5, 2.3, 1.7, .8 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.7 Disadvantage of M: It Is Not Robust Against Influence of Extreme Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Bell-shaped distributions tend to have values of mean, median, and mode that are ______. a. far apart b. equal to plus or minus 1 c. close to each other d. mutually exclusive Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8 Behavior of Mean, Median, and Mode in Common Real-World Situations Difficulty Level: Medium 26. In a bell-shaped curve, the mean, median, and mode all provide ______. a. different values b. a question of accuracy c. a good sense of a typical response d. little insight into the data Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8.1 Example 1: Bell-Shaped Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Data that displays as a bell-shaped curve work well in most ______ analyses. a. univariate b. bivariate c. multivariate d. categorical Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8.1 Example 1: Bell-Shaped Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Data sets with scores at one extreme or the other are said to be ______. a. univariate b. multivariate c. unilateral d. polarized Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8.2 Example 2: Bimodal or Polarized Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 29. A dataset with a Likert scale rating response that has a mean of 3.12, a median of 3.0, and modes of 5 and 1 is said to be ______. a. trimodal b. unilateral c. bimodal d. of little research value Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.8.2 Example 2: Bimodal or Polarized Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 30. Distributions for variables that could have many responses, such as how many pairs of shoes do you own, can often be ______. a. skewed b. symmetrical c. bell-shaped d. flat Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.8.3 Example 3: Skewed Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 31. When the number of cases is about the same for all score values with no clear mode, the recommendation is to ______. a. disregard the results b. report the entire frequency table along with a graph c. repeat the process with different participants d. repeat the process with the same participants Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.8.4 Example 4: No Clear Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 32. When a frequency distribution has one or more modes that are not near the center of the distribution, which measure of central tendency should you choose? a. mean b. median c. mode or modes d. standard deviation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.9 Choosing Among Mean, Median, and Mode Difficulty Level: Easy 33. When a frequency distribution is skewed, ______ is a better way to describe what is typical. a. mean b. standard deviation c. average d. median or one or more modes Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.9 Choosing Among Mean, Median, and Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 34. When examining preliminary data, if you find implausible scores, what is the recommendation?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. repeat the study b. eliminate participants with implausible score c. delete implausible scores d. reexamine data to correct errors Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.9 Choosing Among Mean, Median, and Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 35. An author who cherry picks information to manipulate readers to believe what the author wants them to believe is presenting ______ information. a. false b. misleading c. plagiarized d. fabricated Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.9 Choosing Among Mean, Median, and Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The simplest way to describe variation in a dataset is to ______. a. rank order them from lowest to highest b. calculate the mean c. find the median d. find the standard deviation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.11 Minimum, Maximum, and Range: Variation Among Scores Difficulty Level: Easy 37. How do you determine range? a. subtract the maximum from the median b. add the mean, median, and mode c. subtract the minimum from the maximum d. add the minimum and the maximum Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.11 Minimum, Maximum, and Range: Variation Among Scores Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Variability in a dataset is evaluated by examining which of the following? a. minimum and maximum scores b. how far individual scores are from the mean c. implausible scores d. the number of scores Ans: B

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.12 The Sample Variance s2 Difficulty Level: Medium 39. What is the first step in calculating variance? a. Eliminate extreme scores. b. Subtract the maximum from the minimum score. c. Determine if the mean, median, and mode are the same value. d. Compute the deviation of each score from the sample mean.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.12.1 Step 1: Deviation of Each Score from the Mean Difficulty Level: Medium 40. To summarize information about individual distances from the mean, you first do what? a. square each person’s deviation from the mean b. sum the deviations from the mean c. determine variance d. determine range Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.12.2 Step 2: Sum of Squared Deviations Difficulty Level: Medium 41. What is the formula for the sum of squared deviations? a. SS = (X – M)] b. SS = M – X c. SS = X2)] d. SS = (M – X)] Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.12.2 Step 2: Sum of Squared Deviations Difficulty Level: Hard 42. What is the equation for degrees of freedom for the sum of squared deviations? a. df = (N + 1) b. df = M – 1 c. df = X – 1 d. df = (N – 1) Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.12.3 Step 3: Degrees of Freedom Difficulty Level: Easy 43. What is the formula for computing a sample variance?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. s2 = SS/(N – 1) b. S = s2/(N – 1) c. s2 = SS/N d. v2 = SS/(N + 1) Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.12.4 Putting the Pieces Together: Computing a Sample Variance Difficulty Level: Medium 44. The smallest possible value for sample variance occurs when ______. a. the standard deviation is <1 b. all scores have the same value c. the standard deviation is >1 d. the sample size is equal to 10 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.12.4 Putting the Pieces Together: Computing a Sample Variance Difficulty Level: Medium 45. When information about distance from the mean is combined with location of the mean, we obtain information about the range of values ______. a. below the mean b. used to determine significance c. above the mean d. within which most scores lie Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.14 How a Standard Deviation Describes Variation Among Scores in a Frequency Table Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The most fundamental question in applied statistics is ______. a. why are means and medians different b. why do scores differ across people c. what is the ideal measure of central tendency d. when to square standard deviation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.15 Why Is There Variance?

Difficulty Level: Medium 47. In journal articles, information about numerous quantitative variables is provided in ______. a. footnotes b. narrative form c. table form

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. the appendix Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.16 Reports of Descriptive Statistics in Journal Articles Difficulty Level: Medium 48. What is considered the minimum information provided for each quantitative variable? a. mean and standard deviation b. median and standard deviation c. mean, median, and mode d. minimum and maximum mode Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.17 Additional Issues in Reporting Descriptive Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Information about categorical variables is provided in ______ in journal reports. a. table form b. footnotes c. appendices d. sentence form Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.16 Reports of Descriptive Statistics in Journal Articles Difficulty Level: Easy 50. When computing statistics, if the sum of deviations is zero, what should you do? a. square the terms before summing b. add 1 to the first and last scores c. add all but the last score d. eliminate the smallest and largest scores Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. Descriptive statistics can be applied to categorical variables.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. Modes obtained from ungrouped frequency tables are not always useful.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.2 Questions About Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 3. In some cases, it is possible that the values for the mean, median, and mode are the same.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Median Difficulty Level: Medium 4. When the mean, median, and mode differ, it makes no difference which is chosen to depict the typical, or average, value.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Median Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The sum of deviations from the mean is equal to 1.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 4.5 Sample Mean (M) Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A statistic is considered robust when it yields reasonable results even when its assumptions are violated.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.7 Disadvantage of M: It Is Not Robust Against Influence of Extreme Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 7. When a distribution approximates a bell curve, the values of mean, median, and mode are significantly different from one another.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8 Behavior of Mean, Median, and Mode in Common Real-World Situations Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The goal of reporting is to communicate the clearest possible understanding of patterns in the data.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8.4 Example 4: No Clear Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 9. When averages are reported in a research study report or in the media, it is not necessary to know whether that average is based on the mean, median, or the mode.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.8.4 Example 4: No Clear Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Operations that are enclosed in parentheses are performed before operations outside the parentheses Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.12.2 Step 2: Sum of Squared Deviations Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Explain the process of finding the median in a set of data.

Ans: The process is as follows: (1) rank all scores (N) from highest to lowest; (2) determine the number of scores that represents half of N (represented by c); (3) c tells you how many scores to count up from the bottom and down from the top to locate the median; (4) if N is an odd number, the score in the middle is the median; (5) if N is an even number, add the two scores in the middle and divide by 2 to get the median Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.4 Sample Mean Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe a research study outcome that has no clear mode, providing an example.

Ans: If all scores are about the same, no clear mode can be identified. For example, assume your data set consists of the following scores: [5, 6, 4, 3, 7, 2, 1, 8]. No score is repeated in this dataset, therefore no clear mode can be identified.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 4.8.4 Example 4: No Clear Mode Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Describe three of the guidelines for good practice in choosing measures of central tendency.

Ans: Answer should include three of the four items: (1) when a distribution has two or more clear modes that are not near the center of the distribution, it is best to report one or more modal scores; (2) when the frequency distribution is skewed, the median or one or more modal scores is best; (3) when a distribution is bell-shaped, the mean, median, and mode will be close together – here, the mean is a good way to describe central

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 tendency, but the median and mode will have similar values; (4) when in doubt, or when the situation is complicated, it is best to report the entire frequency distribution along with the mean, median, and modal scores.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.9 Choosing Among Mean, Median, and Mode Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Explain the process of determining degrees of freedom and describe the information this provides.

Ans: Dividing the sum of squared deviations (SS) by the total number of cases (N) yields values that are slightly too small. When we consider the pieces of information used to compute the SS (deviation of each score from the sample mean), we see that we do not have N independent deviations, because the sum of the deviations must equal 0. If we have N = 3, (X1, X2, X3) with a mean M, we know that (X1 – M) + (X2- M) + (X3 – M) = 0. Once we know the value of the first two deviations, we know that the third one must be the value that brings the sum to 0. Therefore, only the first two values are “free to vary”, or to take on any possible value. The degrees of freedom tell us how many independent pieces of information we have available when we compute SS, or how many deviations from the mean are free to vary. A modified devisor, N – 1, is called the degrees of freedom.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 4.12.3 Step 3: Degrees of Freedom Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What information do we get from a score’s deviation from the mean?

Ans: The deviation tells us two things: (1) From the sign of the deviation, we know whether the score is above or below the mean; (2) From the magnitude of the deviation, we know whether the score is close to the mean (small deviation) or far from the mean (large deviation).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 4.6 An Important Characteristic of M: The Sum of Deviations from M = 0 Difficulty Level: Medium

Chapter 5: Graphs: Bar Charts, Histograms, and Boxplots Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Graphs such as pie charts and bar charts are used to present ______ variables. a. quantitative b. qualitative

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. categorical d. distributive Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Graphs such as histograms and boxplots are used to present ______ variables. a. quantitative b. qualitative c. categorical d. distributive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A disadvantage of graphs is that they can be presented in ways that create ______. a. competitive comparisons b. deceptive impressions c. instant evaluation d. delayed analysis Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Histograms provide easily understandable information about ______. a. sample population demographics b. significance c. reliability d. distribution shape Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Another name for a bell-shaped curve is a normal or ______. a. skewed distribution b. bimodal distribution c. Likert graph d. Gaussian distribution Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1. Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. It is good practice to examine frequency tables, descriptive statistics, and graphs during ______. a. preliminary screening b. data analyses c. journal reporting d. the research process Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 7. SPSS does not produce ______. a. frequency tables b. publication quality graphics c. accurate statistics d. reliable analyses Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Pie charts are popular in ______ reports. a. scientific reports b. university c. mass media d. product management Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.2 Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 9. An advantage of frequency tables over pie charts is that they provide ______. a. proof of significance b. exact frequencies and percentages c. room for interpretation d. evidence of validity Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.2 Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Pie charts only approximate ______. a. valid data b. study statistics c. group sizes

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. population demographics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.2. Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Data displayed in an SPSS Cumulative Percent column ______ for categorical variables. a. makes no sense b. is useful c. provides exact frequencies d. displays measures of central tendency Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.2 Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 12. In a bar chart, the height of the bar represents the ______. a. percentage in each group b. number in each group c. mean for each group d. median for each group Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.4 Good Practice for Construction of Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Easy 13. When labeling a bar chart, ______ should be stated in a footnote or body of the text. a. frequencies b. central tendency calculations c. total N d. source of data Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.4 Good Practice for Construction of Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Medium 14. To remind readers that the bars represent distinct groups, the bars ______. a. should not touch each other b. should be vertical c. should be horizontal d. should be of different colors Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.4 Good Practice for Construction of Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 15. When SPSS generates bar charts for frequencies, much of what is considered good practice is ______. a. overlooked b. labeled incorrectly c. taken care of by default d. labeled correctly Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.4 Good Practice for Construction of Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The most common way to set up a deceptive bar graph is to set up the Y axis ______. a. to begin a 0 b. vertically c. horizontally d. not at 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.5 Deceptive Bar Graphs Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Bar charts can be deceptive because viewers tend to look at the ______ of bar heights instead of the ______. a. color; specific values b. ratio; specific values c. specific values; ratio d. color; ratio Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.5 Deceptive Bar Graphs Difficulty Level: Medium 18. One way to create a deceptive bar chart is to use ______ instead of bars. a. vertical lines b. shaded columns c. scatter plots d. cartoon figures Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.5 Deceptive Bar Graphs Difficulty Level: Medium 19. When reading bar charts, you should pay closer attention to the ______ than to the picture.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. numbers on the Y axis b. accompanying narrative c. footnotes d. standard deviation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.5 Deceptive Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Histograms provide visual information about the distribution of scores on ______. a. nominal variables b. categorical variables c. quantitative variables d. qualitative variables Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 21. On a histogram, marks on the X axis represent ______. a. the mean b. score values c. median scores d. variability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 22. On a histogram, marks on the Y axis represent ______. a. frequencies of each score value b. score values c. median scores d. variability Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 23. When we examine a histogram, a question we could ask is “What is the ______ of the distribution?”. a. area b. number c. shape d. median point Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Positively skewed distributions are common in ______. a. qualitative data b. biological science data c. behavioral science data d. categorical data Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 25. In a bell-shaped curve, the distribution is ______ around the mean. a. asymmetric b. bimodal c. inverted d. symmetric Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Whether to describe a distribution as bell-shaped with minor variations or to use a different distribution shape is somewhat ______. a. unrealistic b. invalid c. subject to judgement d. bad practice Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The SPSS command used to convert scores from one unit to another is the ______ command. a. Transform Compute Variable b. Convert c. Transform d. Convert Compute Variable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 28. The United States is one of the few nations that still uses ______ units. a. metric b. non-metric c. Celsius d. centimeters Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.7 Obtaining a Histogram Using SPSS Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The three pieces of information needed to specify the distribution, communicate it, and/or draw a sketch of it are ______. a. mean, median, and mode b. standard deviation, variability, and mean c. distribution shape, sample mean, and sample standard deviation d. mean, variability, and shape Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.8 Describing and Sketching Bell-Shaped Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 30. A score is considered not far from the mean if the value falls within the range of ______. a. M – SD and M + SD b. M -2SD and M + SD c. M – SD and M+ 2SD d. M – 1 and M + 1 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.8 Describing and Sketching Bell-Shaped Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The height of the bar in a histogram represents the ______ in each group. a. shape b. frequency c. range d. variability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Score values are specified by labels on ______ in histograms. a. the margins b. the footnotes c. the Y axis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. the X axis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 33. It is easier to evaluate distribution shapes in histograms when score values are ______. a. grouped b. written in narrative c. footnoted d. excluded Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 34. It is easier to evaluate shapes of distributions by examining ______ than by looking at frequency tables. a. footnotes b. narrative descriptions c. histograms d. appendices Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Histograms do not provide much information about sample distribution shape when the sample sizes are ______. a. very large b. very small c. representative of the population d. greater than 30 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Box plots are useful in situations where ______ are present. a. equal means and medians b. large sample sizes c. bell-shaped curves d. outliers Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The value of ______ can change substantially when outliers are added or dropped from a sample. a. M b. X c. Y d. SD Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Easy 38. When outliers are present, an alternative approach based on the ______ instead of the ______ may be preferable. a. standard deviation; mean b. mode; mean c. mean; median d. median; mean Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Easy 39. In a box plot, the middle 50% of scores lie between the scores at the 25 th and 75th percentiles, known as the ______. a. boundaries b. hinges c. upper and lower caps d. guidelines Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Once you have examined a(n) ______, you should be able to tell a reasonably complete story of the patterns you see. a. timeline b. analysis c. histogram or boxplot d. experiment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 41. You are given three pieces of information about a data set: normal, M, and SD. What picture do you draw? a. bell-shaped curve b. histogram c. box plot d. whiskers plot Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.11 Telling Stories About Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Distributions that have non-normal shapes need ______ to be understood than a normal curve. a. more information b. less information c. fewer visual aids d. smaller sample sizes Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.11 Telling Stories About Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Researchers must report the number of scores that were ______ and what they did to ______. a. correct; verify them b. validated; correct them c. problematic; correct them d. unidentified; identify them Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.12 Uses of Graphs in Actual Research Difficulty Level: Medium 44. For group frequencies, 0 cases per group ______. a. is not possible b. is possible c. signifies error d. skews the data Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.14 Use of Bar Charts to Represent Group Means Difficulty Level: Medium 45. A preliminary graph called a ______ is used to examine the relationship between variables prior to doing statistical analyses.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. scatterplot b. frequency table c. bell-shaped distribution d. pie chart Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.15.1 Scatterplots Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The Centers for Disease Control have produced graphics in the form of ______ to show the spread of obesity in the United States. a. normal curve b. a Likert Scale c. a Venn diagram d. maps Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.15.2 Maps Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Florence Nightingale used ______ to communicate the number and causes of soldier deaths each month during the Crimean War. a. bar graphs b. scatter plots c. polar maps d. narrative descriptions Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.15.3 Historical Example Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Scores for many, but not all, variables tend to be ______. a. skewed b. normally distributed c. bimodal d. easily described in narrative form Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 49. When scores are normally distributed, it is easy to evaluate the ______ of an individual score relative to the overall distribution of scores. a. location b. validity c. significance

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. percentage Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Scores on individual variables are not the only ones that tend to be ______. a. greater than 0 b. easily located c. skewed d. normally distributed Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. Frequency tables can be presented in ways that create deceptive impressions.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Graphs of frequency tables are rarely included in published journal articles.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Pie charts provide exact frequencies and percentages.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.2 Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Visual examination of a histogram is usually sufficient to make reasonable evaluations about distribution shapes.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Negatively skewed distributions are common in behavioral science data.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 6. In a perfectly normal distributions, the mean, median, and mode are exactly equal and are at the center of the distribution.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.6 Histograms for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Changing the scores from inches to centimeters changes the shape of the distribution.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.7 Obtaining a Histogram Using SPSS Difficulty Level: Medium 8. It is necessary to provide information on total N when labeling a histogram.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.9 Good Practices in Setting Up Histograms Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Box plots use the mode as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.10 Boxplot (Box and Whiskers Plot) Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Graphs are used in data screening to identify potential errors and problems with data.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 5.12 Uses of Graphs in Actual Research Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Compare frequency tables and graphs as to their advantages and disadvantages when reporting research results. Provide at least two examples.

Ans: Answer should include at least two of the following: (1) Providing information: frequency tables provide exact information about numbers and percentages; graphs, when poorly labeled, make it difficult to determine exact numbers and percentages; (2)

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Impressions: frequency tables are generally not deceptive, but graphs can be constructed in ways that create deceptive impressions; (3) Visual appeal: frequency tables have little visual appeal, while graphs provide visual information that grabs readers’ attention; (4) Distribution shape: it is difficult to evaluate distribution shape from a frequency table, while graphs and histograms provide easily understandable information about shape.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe at least five good practices for construction of bar charts.

Ans: Answer should include at least five of the following: (1) A separate bar represents the frequency for each groups; (2) Names of groups are specified by labels on the X axis; (3) Bars should have equal widths; (4) The height of the graph (Y axis) is usually less than the width of the X axis; (5) The Y axis begins at 0 or at other minimum of Y value; (6) Label top of each bar with an exact numerical value; (7) Provide information about total N; (8) Source of data should be provided in a footnote or body of text; (9) Bars in graphs for categorical variables should not touch each other.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.4 Good Practice for Construction of Bar Charts Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the pieces of information needed to communicate a distribution that is bellshaped and one that is not.

Ans: You can describe a bell-shaped distribution by communicating three pieces of information: that it is normal, the value of M, and the value of SD. For a distribution that is not bell-shaped, you must communicate more information, such as the shape is reverse J, bimodal, or uniform, what maximum values are, where each mode is located, and whether some modes were higher than others.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.11 Telling Stories About Distributions Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Provide three examples of why data analysts and mathematical statisticians are so interested in bell-shaped distributions.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) scores for many variables tend to be normally distributed; (2) when a variable is approximately normally distributed, we can summarize information using three pieces of information: normal curve, M, and SD; (3) in normal distributions, it is easy to evaluate the location of an individual score relative to the overall distribution of scores; (4) scores on individual variables are not the only values to be normally distributed, such as M obtained from different random samples from the same population, making it possible to set up confidence intervals for M and conduct statistical significance tests.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 5.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. Describe two deterrents and two virtues of pie charts for use in reporting results.

Ans: Deterrents: people are not good at estimating percentages from the areas in the pie slices, and they require the use of colors to differentiate slices (most journals do not publish charts in color); Virtues: provide colorful slides that some data analysts, particularly in marketing, may like; they lend themselves well to humor.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 5.2 Pie Charts for Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium

Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution and z Scores Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. A normal distribution is defined as a fixed relationship between ______ and the area under the curve. a. the standard deviation b. the distance from the mean c. the total N d. sample N Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.2 Locations of Individual Scores in Normal Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The value that tells us the distance of an X score from the sample mean, in unit free terms, is known as ______. a. a z score b. an r score c. a t score d. Chi square Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.2 Locations of Individual Scores in Normal Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 3. When an X score is converted into a z score, we obtain an index score that is ______ the original unit of measurement. a. related to b. a percentage of c. one SD from

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. not related to Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.3 Standardized or z Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The ______ tells you whether X is above or below the mean. a. standard deviation b. z score c. sign of (X – M) d. t score Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.3.1 First Step in Finding a z Score for X: The Distance of X From M Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is the equation for computing the z score? a. z = (X – M)(X + M) b. z = (X – M)/(X + M) c. z = (X – M) + (X + M) d. z = (X – M)/SD Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.3.2 Second Step: Divide the (X – M) Distance by SD to Obtain a Unit-Free or Standardized Distance of Score From the Mean Difficulty Level: Easy 6. z scores are ______. a. estimates b. standardized c. always positive d. always negative Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.3.2 Second Step: Divide the (X – M) Distance by SD to Obtain a Unit-Free or Standardized Distance of Score From the Mean Difficulty Level: Easy 7. You are given data about the height of a sample population in both inches and centimeters. What happens to the z scores when you compute both sets of numbers? a. the z scores are equal b. the z scores are different c. the z scores are compromised d. z scores cannot be computed in centimeters Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 6.3.2 Second Step: Divide the (X – M) Distance by SD to Obtain a Unit-Free or Standardized Distance of Score From the Mean Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What is the formula for converting z scores back into X units? a. X = (z/SD) + M b. X = (z – SD) + M c. X = (z*SD) + M d. X = (z*SD) +/– M Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.4 Converting z Scores Back Into X Units Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What is the verbal interpretation of z = –1.00? a. the score is one SD above the mean b. the mean is located at +1.00 c. the score is one SD below the mean d. more information is needed Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.5 Understanding Values of z Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The value z = –1.00 tells us ______ about how far below the mean the score is. a. nothing b. precisely c. an approximation d. everything we need to know Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.5 Understanding Values of z Difficulty Level: Medium 11. To find the location of a score in a distribution, using cumulative percentage requires _______ compared to using z scores. a. only two pieces of information b. the same pieces of information c. less information d. more information Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.5 Understanding Values of z Difficulty Level: Medium 12. In statistics, the term “normal” refers to a ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. bimodal distribution b. bell-shaped distribution c. skewed distribution d. distribution with unequal mean, median, and mode Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.6 Qualitative Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 13. In medicine and psychology, the term “normal” refers to ______. a. scores that are between –1.00 and + 1.00 b. a bell-shaped distribution c. scores that indicate disease d. scores that are not diagnostic of disease Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.6 Qualitative Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 14. A normal distribution is said to have ______. a. unequal mean, median, and mode b. equal mean, median, and mode c. equal mean and median, but several modes can exist d. a mean equal to 1.00 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.6 Qualitative Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A normal distribution has a relatively smooth bell shape, with ______. a. peaks at either end b. a peak at the positive end c. a peak at the negative end d. a peak in the center Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.6 Qualitative Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 16. A standard normal distribution has a mean of ______ and a standard deviation of ______. a. 1; 0 b. –1; 1 c. 0; 1 d. –1; 0 Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Approximately what percentage of scores lies between the values of z = –1 and z = +1? a. 99.7% b. 95% c. 68% d. 50% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Approximately what percentage of scores lies between the values of z = –2 and z = + 2? a. 99.7% b. 95% c. 68% d. 50% Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Approximately what percentage of scores lies between the values of z = –3 and z = + 3? a. 99.7% b. 95% c. 68% d. 50% Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 20. In a symmetrical distribution, the percent of area below a specific negative value is the same as the percent of area above the ______. a. corresponding positive value b. mean value c. standard deviation value d. mode value Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 21. We know that 15.86% of scores lie above z = +1.00. How do we determine the percentage of scores that lie below z = +1.00? a. 84.14% + 15.86% = 100% b. 100% – 15.86% = 84.14% c. 100% – 31.72% = 68.28% d. 68.28% + 15.86% = 84.14% Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The area above a specific value of +z is ______ the area below the same specific value of –z. a. the same as b. half the value of c. twice the value of d. a percentage of Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.8 Areas Under the Normal Distribution Curve Can Be Interpreted as Probabilities Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Standard normal distribution tables generally give areas in terms of ______. a. percentages b. ratios c. proportions d. comparisons Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.8 Areas Under the Normal Distribution Curve Can Be Interpreted as Probabilities Difficulty Level: Medium 24. How do you convert proportions to percentages? a. divide proportion by 2 b. add 1.0 to proportion c. divide proportion by 10 d. multiply proportion by 100 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.9 Reading Tables of Areas for the Standard Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. The percent of area below a z score is like the ______ in a frequency table. a. mean value b. mode value c. cumulative percentage d. probability value Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.9 Reading Tables of Areas for the Standard Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Values of z between –1 and +1 are considered ______ the mean. a. adjacent to b. far from c. equal to d. close to Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Values of z below –2 and above +2 are considered ______ the mean. a. adjacent to b. far from c. equal to d. close to Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Values of z below –3 and above + 3 are considered ______ the mean. a. very far from b. far from c. adjacent to d. very close to Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Researchers are often interested in circumstances where areas beyond +/– z sum to ______. a. <5%

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. exactly 5% c. exactly 2.5% d. 0 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Medium 30. The exact value of z that separates 2.5% of area on each tail, with 95% of the area in the center, is ______. a. 1.96 b. 5.00 c. +/– 5.00 d. +/– 1.96 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Medium 31. z scores larger than 2 in absolute value are considered far from the mean and therefore ______. a. unlikely b. relevant c. significant d. miscalculated Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Medium 32. A score with a very large distance from the mean is considered a(n) ______. a. error b. categorical variable c. outlier d. qualitative variable Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy 33. The value of the sample M is ______ the effect of outliers. a. robust against b. protected against

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. not robust against d. rarely changed as a result of Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy 34. To reduce the effects of outliers on study results, you can report the ______ instead of the mean. a. mode b. variance c. standard deviation d. median Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy 35. It is considered bad practice to ______ outliers with data you plan to publish. a. experiment with b. always include c. delete information about d. always exclude Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 36. It is good practice to examine histograms or other graphs for scores on quantitative variables before you ______. a. exclude outliers b. do additional analyses c. publish journal reports d. provide categorical data Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.13 Why We Assess Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Graphs provide information you need to evaluate whether data meet ______ for the statistical analyses you plan to perform. a. university standards b. sample population minimums c. requirements and assumptions d. significant limits Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.13 Why We Assess Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Histograms with a reverse J-shape distribution are ______. a. normally distributed b. preferred c. inconclusive d. clearly non normal Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.13 Why We Assess Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Skewness describes the degree to which a histogram deviates from ______. a. the mean b. the sample distribution c. perfect symmetry d. the standard deviation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.14 Departure from Normality: Skewness Difficulty Level: Medium 40. A distribution that is heavy on the lower end with a long, thin tail on the upper end is ______. a. positively skewed b. normal c. negatively skewed d. abnormal Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.14 Departure from Normality: Skewness Difficulty Level: Easy 41. A distribution that is heavy on the upper end with a long, thin tail on the lower end is ______. a. positively skewed b. normal c. negatively skewed d. abnormal Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.14 Departure from Normality: Skewness Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 42. Visual examination of a distribution shape in histograms provides more useful information about potential problems than does ______. a. statistical analysis b. kurtosis c. measures of central tendency d. standard deviation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.15 Another Departure from Normality: Kurtosis Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Which of the following is a test for normality? a. Pearson Product b. Kolmogorov-Smirnov c. Chi square d. Likert test Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.16 Overall Normality Difficulty Level: Hard 44. In all research, before you begin to collect data you should decide the value of ______. a. N b. X c. SD d. Y Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.17 Practical Recommendations for Preliminary Data Screening and Descriptions of Scores for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Departures from normality, such as extreme outliers, can cause problems ______. a. in collecting data b. in determining skewness c. with sample size d. in data analysis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.16 Overall Normality Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Determine whether you will use box plots or z scores to ______ before you collect data. a. select sample members

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. identify outliers c. compute central tendency d. determine sample size Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.17 Practical Recommendations for Preliminary Data Screening and Descriptions of Scores for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 47. There is growing concern about the need for more ______ in reporting research results. a. transparency and completeness b. data analysis c. colorful visuals d. footnotes Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.18 Reporting Information about Distribution Shape, Missing Values, Outliers, and Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 48. If we do not know ______, we need much more information to provide a complete description of scores or responses. a. total population b. SD c. N d. distribution shape Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.19 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Questions about distribution shape and how outliers were handled should be answered ______. a. by the publisher b. by the academic institution c. in your description d. upon request Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.18 Reporting Information about Distribution Shape, Missing Values, Outliers, and Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 50. What is the term for what tells us whether a disproportionate number of scores are farther away from, or closer to, the mean than for an ideal normal distribution?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. kurtosis b. diagnosis c. graphic depiction d. Pearson Product Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.15 Another Departure from Normality: Kurtosis Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. Many bell-shaped curves do not correspond exactly to a normal distribution.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.2 Locations of Individual Scores in Normal Distributions Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The value of (X – M) tells us the percentage of scores that are above or below the mean.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.3.1 First Step in Finding a z Score for X: The Distance of X From M Difficulty Level: Medium 3. A normal distribution can have several extreme scores at the high or low ends.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.6 Qualitative Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Easy 4. It is possible to use z scores to identify outliers.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium 5. One way to handle the presence of outliers is to leave them in the study report.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Quantitative tests for skewness and overall departure from normal distribution shape are often very useful in practice.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.13 Why We Assess Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Visual examination of a histogram is never sufficient to determine notable skewness.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.14 Departure from Normality: Skewness Difficulty Level: Easy 8. You can ignore kurtosis in practical applications of statistics.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 6.15 Another Departure from Normality: Kurtosis Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Small samples, where N is less than 30, provide enough information to evaluate possible departures from normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.16 Overall Normality Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Results of tests for normality often rely more on sample size than on distribution shape.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 6.16 Overall Normality Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Describe the 68/95/99.7 rule as it relates to a normal distribution using z values.

Ans: Approximately 68% of the area under the curve lies between the values of z = –1 and z = +1; approximately 95% of the area lies between z = –2 and z = +2; and approximately 99.7% of the area lies between z = –3 and z = +3.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.7 More Precise Description of Normal Distribution Shape Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Using z values, discuss various ways to describe distance from the mean.

Ans: Values between z = –1 and z = + 1 are close to the mean; values between z = -2 and z = +2, but outside the range of –1 and +1, are in between close to and far from the mean; values below z = – 2 or above z = +2 are far from the mean; values below z = –3

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 or above z = +3 are very far from the mean.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.10 Dividing the Normal Distribution Into Three Regions: Lower Tail, Middle and Upper Tail Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe at least three ways to handle outliers in your research.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) leave the outliers in; (2) remove the outliers from the data before analysis; (3) modify the values of outliers (i.e., change the value of the outlier to the next highest score value that is not an outlier); (4) use a nonparametric analysis that can reduce the effects of outliers (i.e. report the median instead of the mean); 5) use robust statistical methods.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 6.11 Outliers Relative to a Normal Distribution Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe what should be done if you see skewness in your data.

Ans: (1) Include mention of skewness n your description of the distribution; (2) If skewness is not extreme, you may not need to do anything to address is, but if it is extreme, you may consider options such as removal of outliers to reduce skewness; (3) decisions of what to do with outliers should be made before you collect data; if you make these decisions after you view you data, you must explain this when you report your findings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.14 Departure from Normality: Skewness Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Give at least five examples of what should be done for preliminary data screening and description of scores when working with scores for quantitative variables.

Ans: Answer should include at least five of the following: (1) decide the value of N before you collect data; (2) choose the method for outlier identification; (3) decide the method of inclusion or exclusion of cases ahead of data collection; (4) decide how you handle outliers; (5) think about ways to reduce skewness ahead of time; (6) collect data; (7) obtain a frequency table; (8) obtain a histogram and visually examine to evaluate distribution; (9) obtain a boxplot to evaluate outliers; (10) determine whether to use mean or median based on distribution shape and whether outliers are present; (11) document every decision you make.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 6.17 Practical Recommendations for Preliminary Data Screening and Descriptions of Scores for Quantitative Variables Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 7: Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals Test Bank

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Multiple Choice 1. When statistics are limited to describing a sample, this is called ______. a. quantitative analysis b. qualitative analysis c. a descriptive use of statistics d. an inferential use of statistics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Uses of Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 2. When statistics are used to describe something about the population beyond the research sample, this is called ______. a. quantitative analysis b. qualitative analysis c. a descriptive use of statistics d. an inferential use of statistics Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Uses of Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Variation of M values of different samples from the same population is called ______. a. sampling error b. population error c. mean error d. central tendency discrepancy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Uses of Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 4. It is necessary to have some idea of how far any value of M is from ______. a. 0 b. the population mean c. the standard deviation d. the sample mean Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Uses of Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Statistics computed within samples are used to estimate corresponding ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. sample parameters b. validity indices c. reliability indices d. population parameters Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Parameters for a normal distribution include ______. a. the mean and the variance b. validity and reliability c. population error d. sampling error Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The distribution of values of M across a large number of different samples of the same distribution is called ______. a. sampling error b. population parameters c. sampling distribution of M d. a descriptive use of statistics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The notation for the population parameter of a sample M is ______. a. α b. µ c.  d.  Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The notation for the population parameter of the sample SD is ______. a. α b. µ c.  d.  Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The notation for the population parameter of the sample s2 is ______. a. 2 b. µ2 c.  d. α2 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Distances of values of M from µ are described by the notation ______. a.  b. µM c. αM d. M Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Larger numbers of cases in your sample result in ______. a. larger amounts of sampling error b. smaller amounts of sampling error c. skewed results d. difficult data analysis Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.3.1 What Is Sampling Error?

Difficulty Level: Medium 13. A summarized distribution of all means in a sample reveals two specific pieces of information: that the distribution is normal and the distribution of values of M has a mean of µ. This is known as ______. a. Pearson Product b. the population parameter c. the sample parameter d. the Central Limit Theorem Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.3.2 Sampling Error in a Classroom Demonstration Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. The distance of the sample M from µ is ______. a. SEM b. SDM c. SE d. MSD Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.3.2 Sampling Error in a Classroom Demonstration Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Information about the value of M across hundreds of samples can be generated by computer, drawing numerous random samples from a population. This is called a ______. a. Reno simulation b. Las Vegas simulation c. Monte Carlo simulation d. Gambler simulation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.3.3 Sampling Error in Monte Carlo Simulations Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Values of M tend to be closer to µ when values of N are ______. a. small b. large c. computer generated d. close to 0 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.3.3 Sampling Error in Monte Carlo Simulations Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The equation for prediction error when M is used to estimate µ is ______. a. (N – µ) b. (M – µ) c. (M – µ) / 1 d. (M +/– µ) Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.4 Prediction Error Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The true mean age of an entire group of kindergarteners is 5.2. A researcher finds a mean age of 6.1. What is the prediction error? a. .9 b. –.9

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. .3 d. –.3 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.4 Prediction Error Difficulty Level: Medium 19. You are researching whether a factory produces widgets that are uniform in size.

You measure the diameters of a sample of widgets, choosing every 20 th widget from an assembly line. You have chosen widgets ______. a. incorrectly b. experimentally c. systematically d. randomly Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.5.1 Representative Samples Difficulty Level: Medium 20. When using convenience samples, analysts should limit generalizations to populations that ______. a. are used in existing research b. are anonymous c. agree to a follow up study d. resemble cases included in the sample Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.5.2 Convenience Samples Difficulty Level: Easy 21. If a new drug is tested on females aged 18 to 30, it is ______ to generalize results to females older than 30. a. reasonable b. permissible c. possible d. not reasonable Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.5.2 Convenience Samples Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The population standard error of M decreases as a function of ______. a. the square root of N b. the square of N c. the square of X d. prediction error

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.7 Factors That Influence Population Standard Error (M) Difficulty Level: Hard 23. It is desirable to have ______ values of M. a. large b. negative c. small d. positive Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.7 Factors That Influence Population Standard Error (M) Difficulty Level: Medium 24. With held constant, the value of ______ decreases as N increases. a. µ b. M c. M d. SD Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.8 Effect of N on Value of the Population Standard Error Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Larger samples are likely to produce sample values of M that are better estimates of ______ than smaller samples. a. sample size b. population size c. µ d.  Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.8 Effect of N on Value of the Population Standard Error Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The notation M describes the typical magnitude of ______ when M is used to estimate µ. a. sampling error b. the standard deviation c. the median d. the mode Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.8 Effect of N on Value of the Population Standard Error Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 27. When N, µ, and  are known, what is the equation for finding z? a. z = (M – µ) – M b. z = (M – µ)/M c. z = M/(M – µ) d. z = (M – M)/µ Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.9 Describing the Location of a Single Outcome for M Relative to Population Sampling Distribution (Setting Up a z Ratio) Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Outcomes that lie in the middle 95% of a distribution are considered ______. a. far from the mean b. greater than 1 c. not very far from the mean d. insignificant Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.9 Describing the Location of a Single Outcome for M Relative to Population Sampling Distribution (Setting Up a z Ratio) Difficulty Level: Easy 29. In actual research situations, data analysts typically do not know the ______. a. reliability of the data b. significance of the outcome c. mean d. population standard deviation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.10 What We Do When Is Unknown Difficulty Level: Medium 30. We can use the sample standard deviation to estimate the ______. a. population standard deviation b. sample mean c. population mean d. variance Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.10 What We Do When Is Unknown Difficulty Level: Easy 31. When is unknown and sample sizes are small, it is necessary to use ______ rather than z distributions to evaluate locations of outcomes. a. N – 1

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. t distributions c. M(N –1) d. standard deviations Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.10 What We Do When Is Unknown Difficulty Level: Hard 32. The family of t distributions can be defined as ______. a. modified normal distributions b. skewed distributions c. modified histograms d. unmodified normal distributions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.11 The Family of t Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 33. The term (df = infinity) refers to situations when ______. a. df = 10 b. df < 120 c. df > 120 d. df = 100 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.12 Tables for t Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 34. It is preferable to have ______ confidence intervals. a. broad b. narrow c. negative d. positive Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.13 Using Sampling Error to Set Up a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Easy 35. It is more accurate to think about ______ as a statement about expected outcomes in the long run, across hundreds or thousands of different samples from the same population. a. M b. SEM c. SDµ d. CI Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.14 How To Interpret a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Like M and SD, CI ______ across samples. a. is stable b. varies c. always gets larger d. always gets smaller Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.14 How To Interpret a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The 95% confidence level is a prediction about how many CIs out of thousands would include ______. a.  b. M c. µ d. df Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.14 How To Interpret a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Hard 38. When CIs are graphed in SPSS, they are called ______. a. error bars b. confidence graphs c. histograms d. interval bars Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.15 Empirical Example: Confidence Interval for Body Temperature Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Results reported by Mackowiak, Wasserman, & Levine (1992) on mean body temperature in a normal healthy adult population were based on instrumentation to record body temperature that ______. a. is still in use today b. can be trusted c. is precise d. is no longer used Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.15 Empirical Example: Confidence Interval for Body Temperature Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 40. It is possible to set up ______ for percentage estimates. a. CIs b. SDM c. normal distributions d. sample means Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.16.1 CIs Can Be Obtained for Other Sample Statistics (Such as Proportions) Difficulty Level: Easy 41. A margin of error reported for polling results usually corresponds to ______ of a 95% CI. a. 10% of the width b. 25% of the width c. 100% of the width d. 50% of the width Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.16.2 Margin of Error in Political Polls Difficulty Level: Medium 42. As N increases, the ______ decreases. a. validity b. reliability c. margin of error d. mean Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.16.2 Margin of Error in Political Polls Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Error bars can be superimposed on bar graphs in which the heights of bars correspond to ______. a. SDs b. group means c. CIs d. Pearson r Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.17 Error Bars in Graphs of Group Means Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Recommendations made by Wilkinson and Task Force on Statistical Significance (1999) state that ______ information should be provided for major outcomes whenever

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 possible. a. CI b. SPSS c. APA d. SDM Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 45. The Central Limit Theorem explains how sampling error affects values of ______ across many samples. a. M b. SD c. N d. X Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Sampling error ______. a. rarely occurs b. always occurs c. does not affect results d. is a researcher’s mistake.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Usually the only information a researcher has is ______ from one sample. a. M b. N, M, and SD c. M and SD d. N and M Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Often, upper and lower CI limits can be obtained using ______. a. Pearson r calculations b. t distributions c. APA tables d. IBM SPSS

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. A CI helps researchers to understand how far the value of ______ is from ______. a. SD; µ b. SD; M c. M; µ d. µ; df Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 50. For some statistics it is necessary to calculate CI limits ______. a. by hand b. using tables c. using Pearson r d. using estimates Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy True/False

1. It is acceptable practice to generalize results from a study to a population that includes many kinds of people not represented in the study sample.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Uses of Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 2. When we obtain different values of M while looking at different samples randomly selected from the same population, it is due to a sampling error.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.2 Notation for Samples Versus Populations Difficulty Level: Medium 3. A sampling error occurs when a statistician has made a mathematical mistake.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location:7.3.1 What Is Sampling Error?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. When we use M from one sample to estimate µ, we usually have prediction error.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.4 Prediction Error Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The goal of selecting samples is to have a study population that is representative of the population of interest.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.5.1 Representative Samples Difficulty Level: Easy 6. It is more difficult to evaluate representativeness of samples relative to populations when using convenience samples.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.5.2 Convenience Samples Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Small distances from the mean indicate greater prediction error.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.7 Factors That Influence Population Standard Error (M) Difficulty Level: Easy 8. We can still make inferences about sampling error even when we don’t know the population standard deviation.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 7.10 What We Do When Is Unknown Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The most widely used definition for “close to the mean” is the middle 50% of a distribution.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.12 Tables for t Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy 10. It is incorrect to say that a 95% confidence interval computed using data from a single sample has a 95% chance of including the population mean.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.14 How To Interpret a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. What is the Central Limit Theorem?

Ans: The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) tells us that ideal or theoretical sampling distributions of M have the following three characteristics: (1) the distribution shape for values of M, based on many different random samples of the same size taken from the same population, is normal; (2) the mean of the sampling distribution for M equals µ, the population mean; (3) the variation of this sampling distribution, called the population standard error of M (denoted M), depends on the population standard deviation  and N (number of cases in each sample). The equation for this calculation is [insert equation 7.2] Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 7.6 The Central Limit Theorem: Characteristics of the Sampling Distribution of M Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe the notation M , what “error” means in this context, and summarize how M is impacted by changes in N and .

Ans: M describes the typical magnitude of sampling error when M is used to estimate  Here, the term “error” refers to the distance between the value of M and the unknown population mean . When the distance is large, M is not a good estimate of . A small M is desirable. Other factors being equal, as N increases M decreases. Other factors being equal, as  increases, M increases. The best way to decrease M is to increase N. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.8 Effect of N on Value of the Population Standard Error Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the family of t distributions and how this is used in data analysis.

Ans: The family of t distributions can be understood as modified normal distributions. To visualize it, if you pushed down on the peak of a normal distribution to make it lower and allowed the tails to become fatter, you have a t distribution. A different t distribution is needed for each possible value of df (degrees of freedom, N – 1). The t distribution was developed to correct for the problems that arise when we use SD to estimate. As df increases, the shape of the t distribution converges to normal.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.11 The Family of t Distributions Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe how to make confidence intervals narrower.

Ans: (1) Choose a lower level of confidence, such as 90% instead of 95%. This is not

Comment [CE1]: Please check.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 advisable, however, as 95% is the most widely used value. (2) Increase the sample size (N). 3) Decrease the SD, such as using the independent samples t test. However, in many situations, researchers have little control over SD. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 7.13 Using Sampling Error to Set Up a Confidence Interval Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Analyze the following information: In a pre-election poll, 54% of those polled said they would vote for candidate A, with a 2% margin of error.

Ans: This information implies that the 95% CI ranges from 52% to 56% in favor of candidate A. Plausible estimates of the population proportion lie within this range. If more than 50% of the vote is required to win the election, a CI of 52% to 56% indicates that it is plausible, but not certain, that candidate A will win.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 7.16.2 Margin of Error in Political Polls Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 8: The One-Sample t Test: Introduction to Statistical Significance Tests Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The test that uses the sample mean and SEM to answer questions about proposed values of µ is a ______. a. population mean test b. null hypothesis significance test c. Pearson r test d. validity test Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A sample mean that is far from the proposed value of µ lends ______ that the proposed value is correct. a. doubt b. support c. significance to ensure d. reliability to the statement Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The statement “The outcome was statistically significant at p < .05” tells us that ______. a. the results are not valid b. the results are valid but not reliable c. statistical significance tests were used d. the mean is <.05 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Statistical significance tests use the same information from data as ______. a. reliability tests b. confidence intervals c. reliability test d. measures of central tendency Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A statistical significance test answers ______ about a specific hypothesized value for µ. a. a research question b. a validity question c. a reliability question d. a yes/no question Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A ______ answers yes/no questions about one population mean based on one sample mean. a. one sample t test b. reliability test c. validity test d. hypothesis test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. Statistical significance tests are not necessary when information for ______ is available. a. the sample population b. validity and reliability c. N < 30 d. the entire population Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.2 Significance Tests as Yes/No Questions About Proposed Values of Population Means Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Significance tests are used when we want to make inferences about unknown population characteristics based on ______. a. valid responses b. sample data c. hypotheses d. fewer than 10 responses Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.2 Significance Tests as Yes/No Questions About Proposed Values of Population Means Difficulty Level: Medium 9. For statistical significance tests, hypotheses correspond to ______. a. equations b. guesses c. expectations d. data Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The notation for the null hypothesis for the unknown population mean is ______. a. H1: SEM = µhyp b. H0: µhyp > µ c. H0: µ = µhyp d. H1: µ > µhyp Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 11. “I hypothesize that the true population mean IQ is 100” is written as which of the following notations?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. H0: µ < 100 b. H0: µ > 100 c. H1: µ = 100 d. H0: µ = 100 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The null hypothesis can be thought of as a hypothesis that can be ______ based on an obtained sample mean. a. rejected b. validated c. accepted d. confirmed Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 13. If a research report says “accept H0” then the researcher has ______ statistical significance testing. a. miscalculated b. proven H0 using c. misunderstood d. appropriately used Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 14. When a researcher makes the decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is correct, he has made a ______. a. Type II error b. mathematical miscalculation c. Type I error d. correct decision Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Evidence that supports our initial hypothesis is ______. a. confirmatory evidence b. difficult to obtain c. easily obtained

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. always significant Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The logic of the null hypothesis significance test focuses on evidence that is ______ a null hypothesis. a. inconsistent with b. consistent with c. confirmatory of d. unrelated to Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Evidence that would lead us to reject the null hypothesis is a ______ that is very far from the population mean a. value of N -1 b. sample mean c. t test outcome d. sample df Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Two hypotheses are needed for the null hypothesis significance test: the ______ hypothesis and the ______ hypothesis. a. true; false b. significant; not significant c. proven; unproven d. null; alternative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The equation for the two-tailed or nondirectional alternative hypothesis is ______. a. H0: µ ≠ µalt b. Halt: µ ≠ µhyp c. Hhyp: µ ≠ µalt d. Halt: µ = µhyp Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 20. When we can specify the direction of the difference between the null and alternative hypotheses, we use a ______. a. two-tailed alternative hypothesis b. Pearson r c. one-tailed alternative hypothesis d. positive alternative hypothesis Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 21. If a researcher believes that the true population mean for body temperature is higher than 98.6, how is this notated? a. Halt: µ > 98.6 b. Hhyp: M > 98.6 c. H0: µ ≠ 98.6 d. Halt: µ < 98.6 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 22. A null hypothesis could be incorrect in ______ different ways. a. two b. more than three c. three d. less than two Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The notation for an alternative one-tailed directional hypothesis that is lower than the population mean is ______. a. Halt: µ > µhyp b. Halt: µ ≠ µhyp c. Hhyp: µ = µalt d. Halt: µ < µhyp Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. In some cases, use of a one-tailed test makes it ______ to reject the null hypothesis. a. harder b. easier c. impossible d. a certainty Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 25. A/n ______ quantifies how far M is from µhyp in unit free terms. a. z score b. SEM c. t ratio d. µalt Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What is the equation for finding the t ratio? a. t = (M – hyp)/SEM b. t = (M – hyp)/SD c. t = (X– )/SEM d. t = (X – )/SD Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 27. With other factors being equal, as (M – µhyp) gets larger, what is the impact on t? a. it remains unchanged b. it gets larger c. it gets smaller d. it doubles Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Typical reject regions for values of t are ______. a. only the lowest 5% of the t distribution b. only the highest 5% of the t distribution c. the mid 50% of the t distribution d. the lowest and highest 5% of the t distribution

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 29. It is a common decision that a ______ risk of a Type I error is acceptable. a. 5% b. 10% c. .05% d. .10% Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The symbol for the alpha level is ______. a. µ b.  c. α d. А Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Easy 31. What tells us the percent of areas in the tails of the t distributions that will be identified as “reject” regions? a. the null hypothesis b. the alpha level c. the alternative hypothesis d. the degrees of freedom Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Most readers of research reports assume an alpha level of ______ unless otherwise specified. a. .1 b. .01 c. .5 d. .05 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. The α level is chosen by data analysts ______ looking at the data. a. before b. after c. while d. when the researcher has completed Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.7 Specifying Reject Regions on the Basis of α, Halt, and df Difficulty Level: Easy 34. You can determine whether to reject/not reject H 0 using the t distribution, or by computing a/n ______ in SPSS. a.  b. p c. r d.  Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.7 Specifying Reject Regions on the Basis of α, Halt, and df Difficulty Level: Medium 35. A one-tailed p value is ______ the corresponding two-tailed p value. a. a quarter of b. a fraction of c. twice d. half of Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.7 Specifying Reject Regions on the Basis of α, Halt, and df Difficulty Level: Easy 36. An assumption for the use of the one-sample t test is that the scores for the X variable must be ______ and ______ each other. a. negative; dependent on b. quantitative; independent of c. qualitative; independent of d. positive; dependent on Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.9 Assumptions for the Use of the One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The p value on SPSS output provides an easier way to make the decision to ______. a. accept H0

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. affirm significance c. reject Halt d. reject H0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.13 “Exact” p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 38. If p < .05, ______ the null hypothesis. a. question b. recalculate c. reject d. do not reject Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.13 “Exact” p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 39. If p > .05, ______ the null hypothesis. a. question b. recalculate c. reject d. do not reject Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.13 “Exact” p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Reporting an exact p value allows readers to make their own decisions whether an outcome is ______. a. miscalculated b. significant c. correct d. experimental Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.13 “Exact” p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 41. When you use H0: µ ≠ 98.6 you say that the p value is ______. a. two-tailed b. equal to 98.6 c. one-tailed d. significant Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 8.14 Reporting Results for a Two-Tailed One Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 42. For t tests, you must report whether ______ was based on a one-tailed or two-tailed alternative hypothesis. a. µ b. α c. p d. M Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.14 Reporting Results for a Two-Tailed One Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 43. It is now preferred that an exact p value from ______ be reported in the Results section of the research study outcome. a. the t table b. SPSS c. the APA Manual d. comparison studies Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.14 Reporting Results for a Two-Tailed One Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 44. What are the null and alternative hypotheses for the research question “Do students drive faster than 35 miles per hour?”. a. H0: µ = 35; Halt: µ < 35 b. H0: µ = 35; Halt: µ ≠ 35 c. H0: µ ≠ 35; Halt: µ > 35 d. H0: µ = 35; Halt: µ > 35 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.16 Reporting Results for a One-Tailed One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 45. One-tailed tests can yield a decision to reject H0 in situations where ______ does not. a. a two-tailed test b. an SPSS table c. data analysis d. a p value Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.17 Advantages and Disadvantages of One Tailed Tests Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 46. When using a one-tailed test, if your guess about whether M will be larger or smaller than µhyp is wrong, you ______ H0. a. cannot determine b. must accept c. cannot reject d. must reject Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.17 Advantages and Disadvantages of One Tailed Tests Difficulty Level: Hard 47. The traditional approach to NHST involves making decisions in ______ terms. a. positive/negative b. yes/no c. narrative statement d. accept/reject Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.18 Traditional NHST Versus New Statistics Recommendations Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Proponents of the New Statistics recommend placing more emphasis on ______ than on yes/no decision. a. confidence intervals b. data analysis c. statistical significance d. predictions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.18 Traditional NHST Versus New Statistics Recommendations Difficulty Level: Medium 49. A small p value does not necessarily imply that a treatment is ______. a. relevant b. slightly effective c. mildly effective d. highly effective Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.19 Things You Should Not Say About p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 50. Statistics textbooks prior to ______ generally present a traditional approach to significance testing with a strong emphasis on yes/no significant tests. a. 1990

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. 2000 c. 2010 d. 2015 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.20 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy True/False

1. A statistical significance test gives us a range of possible values for the unknown population mean µ.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Studies in the behavioral, social, and medical research fields rarely use the one sample t test.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. It is appropriate to use the term “accept” when we cannot rule out the null hypothesis as plausible.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 4. When a researcher has done everything correctly, it ensures that no Type I error has been made.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 5. To some researchers, rejecting the null hypothesis can mean that the study was a success.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.3 Stating a Null Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. A value of M that is very far from µhyp is evidence that leads us to doubt the null hypothesis.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 7. To limit the risk of making a Type I decision error, we set the alpha (α) level at α = .05.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Medium 8. SPSS usually reports one-tailed p values.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 8.7 Specifying Reject Regions on the Basis of α, Halt, and df Difficulty Level: Hard 9. It is recommended that you run dozens of tests on your data and then hand pick a few with small p values to report.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.10 Rules for the Use of NHST Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Many common data analyses practices result in p values that greatly underestimate the true risk of Type I error that p is supposed to estimate.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.13 “Exact” p Values Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Describe the three alternative hypotheses for a one sample t test.

Ans: Alternative Hypothesis 1: the population mean is different from the null hypothesis, but no direction is specified. We will reject the null hypothesis if the values of M are either much higher or much lower than the null hypothesis. Alternative Hypothesis 2: the population mean is higher than the null hypothesis. We will reject the null hypothesis only if values of M are much larger than the null hypothesis. Alternative 3: the population mean is lower than the null hypothesis. We will reject the null hypothesis only if values of M are much lower than the null hypothesis.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.4 Selecting an Alternative Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Compare the processes used to find the distance of an individual score X from the sample mean M and the process of evaluating the distance of M from the null hypothesis µhyp.

Ans: To find the distance of X from M we compute a z score, z = (X – M)/SD. Because z is a unit free value we can look up the value of z in a table of the standard normal distribution to evaluate areas above and below z to determine whether X is very far from M. To evaluate the distance of M from µhyp we compute a t ratio, t = (M – µhyp)/SEM. Instead of dividing the (M – µhyp) distance by SD to obtain a standardized test ratio, we divide by the standard error of the mean (SEM). We use the t ratio to locate values on a table for t distributions (instead of normal distributions) to look up areas in tails of distributions. A t ratio quantifies how far M is from µhyp in unit free terms.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.5 The One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What information is needed to specify reject regions for the t distribution?

Ans: We need to know three things: (1) the degrees of freedom (df) for the t distribution; (2) the nature of the alternative hypothesis (one-tailed or two-tailed); (3) we need to choose an alpha (α) level (α = .05).

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.6 Choosing an Alpha (α) Level Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What three questions are examined by the one sample t test?

Ans: (1) Can we reject H0: µ = µhyp? (Decision is either reject or do not reject H0); (2) Is µhyp a plausible value for µ? (Decision can be yes or no); (3) Is M significantly different from µhyp? (Decision can be either M is significantly different from µhyp or M is not significantly different from µhyp).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 8.8 Questions for the One-Sample t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Identify the ten steps involved in applying a one-sample t test in a research study.

Ans: (1) Decide on N; (2) Choose an alpha value (α =.05 is popular); (3) State the null hypothesis; (4) State the alternative hypothesis; (5) Specify the reject regions; (6) Collect data; (7) Obtain descriptive statistics; (8) Find the t ratio and its df; (9) Find the CI for M that corresponds to the selected α level; (10) Compare the obtained value of t from Step 8 to the reject regions in Step 5 and make the reject/do not reject decision.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 8.11 First Analysis of Mean Driving Speed Data (Using a Nondirectional Test) Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Chapter 9: Issues in Significance Tests: Effect Size, Statistical Power, and Decision Errors Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Many assumptions and rules for NHST are often ______ in practice. a. followed closely b. violated c. reversed d. cause of error Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.1 Beyond p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Setting p < .05 as the target in data analysis can create the temptation for analysts to engage in ______. a. p-hacking b. false assumptions c. plagiarism d. t fabrication Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.1 Beyond p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which of the following provides information about the strength of a treatment that is independent of sample size? a. population mean b. sample mean c. standard deviation d. effect size Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.1 Beyond p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the equation for Cohen’s d for the one sample t test? a. df = (M – µhyp)/SEM b. Cohen’s d = (M – µalt)/SD

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Cohen’s d = (M – µhyp)/SD d. Cohen’s d = (M – µhyp)(SD) Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.2 Cohen’s d: An Effect Size Index Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The range of possible scores for Cohen’s d is related to the range of possible scores for ______. a. the X variable b. M c. µhyp d. M – df Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.2 Cohen’s d: An Effect Size Index Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The value of ______ depends on the effect size and the sample size. a. M b. µ c. t d. α Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.3 Factors That Affect the Size of t Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 7. To find t, multiply the effect size by the ______. a. sample mean b. sample size c. population mean d. square root of the sample size Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.3 Factors That Affect the Size of t Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 8. A researcher may be able to increase the size of t enough to reach statistical significance by increasing ______ sufficiently. a. N b. df c. p d. µhyp Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 9.3 Factors That Affect the Size of t Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In research study outcomes, the term statistically significant means results would be unlikely to arise just from _______ based on the logic of NHST. a. data analysis error b. plagiarism c. sampling error d. fraudulent responses Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Medium 10. It is helpful to distinguish between statistical significance and ______ significance. a. proportional b. mathematical c. practical d. academic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Easy 11. We evaluate statistical significance by examining a test statistic (t ratio) and accompanying information such as ______. a. Cohen’s d b. df and p value c. M – µhyp d. N – 1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Hard 12. We evaluate practical or clinical significance for a one-sample t test by examining ______. a. N – 1 b. M – µhyp c. df and p value d. Cohen’s d Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 13. When you see the phrase “highly significant” in media reports, ______. a. be skeptical b. it is a valid study c. it is based on a small sample d. it can be trusted Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Easy 14. In most applications of null hypothesis significance tests, researchers hope to ______. a. not reject the null hypothesis b. prove significance c. accept the null hypothesis d. reject the null hypothesis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What is the term for the probability of obtaining a value of t that is large enough to reject H0 when it is false? a. Cohen’s d b. experimental power c. statistical power d. hypothetical power Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Researchers want statistical power to be reasonably high and set it at ______. a. .95 b. .80 c. .50 d. .75 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Easy 17. In practice, values of t and M vary due to ______. a. Cohen’s d b. researcher error c. statistical power

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. sampling error Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Information from ______ can be used to make approximate estimates of population effect size. a. past studies b. Cohen’s d c. mathematical calculations d. data analysts Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Researchers usually rely on ______ instead of tables for power analysis. a. hand calculations b. computer programs c. appendices d. previous studies Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 20. A researcher who has decided not to reject the null hypothesis when it is false has done which of the following? a. committed a Type I error b. miscalculated c. committed a Type II error d. committed fraud Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Medium 21. What is the notation symbol for the probability of a Type I error? a. α b.  c. µ d. А Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is the notation symbol for the probability of a Type II error? a. α b.  c. µ d. А Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Easy 23. When α is set at .05, in theory there is a maximum risk of ______ for Type I error. a. 20% b. 0 c. 50% d. 5% Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The limit for Type I error works in practice only if the rules for ______ are followed. a. Cohen’s d b. APA guidelines c. NHST d. ethical practice Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The degree to which H0 is false is ______. a. sampling error b. population effect size c. sample effect size d. unable to be determined Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Studies that have an N that is too small to detect an effect are ______. a. underpowered b. defective c. impotent

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. costly Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Procedures such as statistical significance tests involve ______. a. data analysis insurances b. inherent defects c. inherent uncertainly d. speculation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.7 Meanings of “Error” Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Even when all the steps are done correctly, a data analyst can make a ______. a. significant outcome b. false statement c. mathematical error d. decision error Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.7 Meanings of “Error” Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Confirmatory studies are often ______. a. experiments b. hypotheses c. unproven d. error prone Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Researchers can face fewer temptations to violate rules and assumptions for confirmatory studies than in ______. a. hypothesis generation b. nominal research c. NHST d. exploratory research Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. In exploratory studies, research questions are often ______. a. computer generated b. open ended c. experimental d. yes/no Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Easy 32. A fundamental rule for NHST is to do only a small number of ______. a. experiments b. exploratory studies c. significance tests d. clinical trials Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Hard 33. Effect sizes and confidence intervals, although not free from problems, are less problematic than ______. a. values of H0 b. Cohen’s d c. p values d. the population mean Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The practice of p-hacking leads to p values that seriously underestimate the risk of ______. a. Type I error b. Type II error c. data fraud d. analysis error Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.9 Inflated Risk for Type I Decision Error for Multiple Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 35. When a study yields a nonsignificant result, we cannot say that we ______. a. claim success b. reject H0

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. accept H0 d. report results Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.10 Interpretation of Null Outcomes Difficulty Level: Easy 36. If you see more than ______ p values in a research report you can suspect that a few are due to Type I error. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.12 Understanding Past Research Difficulty Level: Easy 37. A very small p value does not necessarily imply a large effect in ______ terms. a. experimental b. research c. credible d. practical Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.12 Understanding Past Research Difficulty Level: Medium 38. When reading research reports, there should be enough information given for you to calculate ______ by hand if it is not provided in the report. a. M b. effect size c. Hhyp d. significance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.12 Understanding Past Research Difficulty Level: Hard 39. As you plan your research, determine the minimum ______ needed to have 80% power. a. M b. α c.  d. N Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.13 Planning Future Research Difficulty Level: Easy 40. When reporting research results for a(n) ______, we must include N, M, SD, df, SEM, t, and exact p. a. experiment b. one sample t test c. two sample t test d. Cohen’s d Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.14 Guidelines for Reporting Results Difficulty Level: Medium 41. A p value tells us about the probability of obtaining the value of M and t that we got from our sample, given that ______ is correct. a. the null hypothesis b. the alternative hypothesis c. the data analysis d. Cohen’s d Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.15 What You Cannot Say Difficulty Level: Medium 42. The language used in study results should not overstate the strength of the ______. a. population size b. hull null hypothesis c. evidence d. alternative hypothesis Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.15 What You Cannot Say Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Study reports should not imply ______ when rival explanations cannot be ruled out. a. success b. failure c. confidence d. causality Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.15 What You Cannot Say Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 44. The desire to report significant results can lead researchers to engage in ______. a. data fishing b. p-hacking c. plagiarism d. research fraud Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Sometimes researchers will delete ______ until they get a statistically significant result. a. sample means b. extreme scores c. population parameters d. p values Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 46. When the rules for NHST are violated, the reported ______ do not accurately represent the true risk of incorrectly rejecting H0. a. sample means b. extreme scores c. population parameters d. p values Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 47. The results of a single study should never be considered ______. a. conclusive evidence b. statistically significant c. valid d. reliable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 48. To have confidence that we know how variables are related, we need ______ of a result based on methodologically rigorous results. a. APA sanctions b. statistical significance

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. many replications d. institutional support Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. We should avoid research behaviors that make the ______ worse. a. calculations b. risk of error c. outcomes d. p values Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Despite problems with NHST, most experts do not recommend entirely abandoning NHST and reports of ______. a. Cohen’s d b. outcomes c. p values d. p-hacking Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. SPSS provides Cohen’s d as part of the output from t tests.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.2 Cohen’s d: An Effect Size Index Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Even a very small Cohen’s d effect size can be judged statistically significant when N is very large.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.3 Factors That Affect the Size of t Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The term significant means something different in statistics than it does in everyday

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 use.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Statistical significance is a guarantee of practical significance.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.4 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Importance Difficulty Level: Easy 5. It is acceptable to submit a post hoc power analysis in a research report.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 9.5 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The risk of Type II error cannot be exactly known.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Medium 7. As a general rule, we should not place much emphasis on p values obtained in exploratory research that includes numerous variables and analyses.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The universally agreed upon number of significance tests done for p values to be believed is three to five.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.12 Understanding Past Research Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A p value cannot tell us the probability that the null hypothesis, or the alternative, is correct, given the information in our sample data.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.15 What You Cannot Say Difficulty Level: Medium 10. It is acceptable to say that H0 is false when it is rejected.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 9.15 What You Cannot Say Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What are the values of Cohen’s d for the verbal interpretations no effect, small effect, medium effect, and large effect?

Ans: No effect: d = 0; small effect: d ≤.20; medium effect: d around .50 (d between .20 and .79); large effect: d ≥.80.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 9.2 Cohen’s d: An Effect Size Index Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe at least three ways that effect sizes such as Cohen’s d can be used in research reports.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) When you write a research report, report and interpret effect size information: for the one sample t test, report Cohen’s d, and if the variable is measured in meaningful units, also report M – µhyp; (2) As a reader, you can use effect size information to better understand the outcome and compare the strength of the effects with other studies; (3) An estimate of the effect size can be used to help decide the sample size needed in future studies (called statistical power analysis); (4) In systematic research reviews called metaanalyses, researchers combine effect size information across numerous studies to summarize them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.2 Cohen’s d: An Effect Size Index Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the factors that influence the risk of Type II error () and statistical power (1 – ).

Ans: (1) As risk of Type I error (α) increases, the risk of Type II error () decreases.

Researchers are reluctant to increase α, so this is not a common way to reduce . (2) As sample size N increases, the risk of  decreases, and statistical power increases, as you have a higher probability to reject H0 when N is large. (3) As population effect size (Cohen’s d) increases, risk of  decreases, and statistical power increases. Design conditions that are often under researcher control are related to effect size.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.6 Type I and Type II Decision Errors Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe confirmatory and exploratory studies and compare them regarding violation of NHST rules.

Ans: (1) Confirmatory studies: A researcher has a small number of hypotheses, which

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 may have been selected during earlier exploratory research, specified by a theory, or variations of hypotheses in previous confirmatory studies. They are often, but not always, experiments, and often have few variables and a limited number of statistical significance tests. Researchers may face fewer temptations to violate the rules of NHST in confirmatory studies versus exploratory studies, but it can be done by trying different methods of handling outliers and switching from one-tailed to two-tailed tests.

(2) Exploratory studies: Research questions are often open ended, such as in a nonexperimental survey when an analyst may evaluate variables to see which one best predicts an outcome. Fishing for predictors in a large set of candidate variables opens a wide range of ways to violate NHST. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.8 Use of NHST in Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research Difficulty Level: Hard 5. List three reasons why a decision to reject H0 and call a test result “statistically significant” may be incorrect.

Ans: (1) Sampling error: even when the null hypothesis is correct, some values of the sample mean quite far from Hhyp can arise due to chance or sampling error. (2) Human error: human errors in computation and reporting of statistics are common. These errors are usually in favor of the researcher’s preferred outcome, as people rarely recheck their numbers when they have the results they like. (3) Misleading p values: obtained values underestimate the true risk of Type I error. The decision to reject H0 is often based on a p less than .05. If that value underestimates the true risk, then the decision to reject H0 may be incorrect.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 9.11 Interpretation of Statistically Significant Outcomes Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 10: Bivariate Pearson Correlation Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Researchers use Pearson r when they want to know whether scores on two quantitative variables, X and Y, are ______. a. nominally related b. linearly related c. significantly different d. reliable Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The value of the Pearson correlation in the population is denoted as ______. a. α b. ʀ c.  d.  Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When X and Y are measured at the same time and there is no plausible theory to suggest that one variable may influence the other, the choice of which variable to call X is ______. a. arbitrary b. fixed c. undetermined d. inconclusive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 4. When X and Y measure the same thing, ______ tells us whether the two measures yield consistent results. a. significance b. the null hypothesis c. correlation d. validity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 5. When X causes Y we expect to find a statistical relationship between X and Y using the appropriate ______. a. univariate statistic b. bivariate statistic c. multivariate statistic d. descriptive statistic Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.2 Correlation and Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. Do not report correlation results using words implying cause unless data come from a carefully designed study making it possible to rule out ______. a. rival explanations b. significant results c. the null hypothesis d. false assumptions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.2 Correlation and Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Before obtaining a correlation, examine an X, Y ______ to determine if the association between X and Y is approximately linear. a. Pearson r b. normal distribution c. bar graph d. scatterplot Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.3 How Sign and Magnitude of r Describe an X,Y Relationship Difficulty Level: Medium 8. In a perfectly ______ relationship, the dots on a scatterplot lie in a straight line. a. ordinal b. nominal c. linear d. significant Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.4 Setting Up Scatterplots Difficulty Level: Easy 9. In behavioral and social sciences, values of r tend to be below ______ in absolute value. a. 2.0 b. –1.0 c. .80 d. .30 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.5 Most Associations Are Not Perfect Difficulty Level: Medium 10. When scores are positively associated, but not perfectly linearly related, they tend to fall within a roughly ______ in a scatter plot. a. round-shaped circle

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. cigar-shaped ellipse c. cube shape d. jagged linear shape Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.5 Most Association Are Not Perfect Difficulty Level: Medium 11. In real-world studies, correlations between SAT and GPA tend to be about ______. a. +.50 b. -.50 c. +.75 d. –.75 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.5 Most Associations Are Not Perfect Difficulty Level: Easy 12. An r of 0 tells us that there is ______ between X and Y. a. a relationship b. causality c. no linear relationship d. strong correlation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.6 Different Situations in Which r = .00 Difficulty Level: Medium 13. If X and Y have a curvilinear relationship, then r can be close to ______. a. +1.0 b. –1.0 c. 0 d. .30 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.6 Different Situations in Which r = .00 Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Inferences about  from r require similarity of ______ to ______. a. scatterplots; linear relationships b. sample; population c. reliability; validity d. significant; correlation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.7.1 Sample Must Be Similar to Population of Interest

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 15. When scatterplots show drastically nonlinear associations between X and Y, ______ cannot detect strength of association. a. Cohen’s d b. tests of significance c. sample error d. Pearson correlation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.7.2 X, Y Association Must Be Reasonably Linear Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Visual examination of an X, Y scatterplot is a reasonable way to detect ______. a. bivariate outliers b. Spearman r correlations c. linear correlation d. data error Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.7.3 No Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Medium 17. When the assumption of independent observations by X and independent observations for Y is violated, then values of ______ can be incorrect. a. α b. t c.  d. r Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.7.4 Independent Observations for X and Independent Observations for Y Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The most common situation in which Pearson r is reported is when both X and Y are ______. a. positive values b. quantitative variables c. unrelated d. close to +1.0 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.7.5 X and Y Must Be Appropriate Variable Types Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 19. Pearson r cannot be used if X and/or Y have ______. a. three or more categories b. only one category c. only two categories d. one or two categories Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.7.5 X and Y Must Be Appropriate Variable Types Difficulty Level: Medium 20. When X and Y have different distribution shapes values of r are restricted to ______. a. a positive range of values b. a negative range of values c. a narrower range of values d. values between 0 and +1.0 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.7.6 Assumptions About Distribution Shapes Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Because r is not robust against violations of its assumptions, sample size should ideally be ______. a. at least 50 to100 b. 30 to 50 c. 250 at minimum d. 500 or more Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.8 Preliminary Data Screening for Pearson’s r Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Outliers in a distribution of a single variable are called ______. a. single unit outliers b. multivariate outliers c. univariate outliers d. bivariate outliers Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.9 Effect of Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Easy 23. A bivariate outlier often represents an unusual ______ for X and Y. a. sample mean b. normal distribution c. linear relationship

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. combination of values Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.9 Effect of Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Medium 24. When interpreting r we must keep in mind the factors that make r a poor estimate of the ______ of the relationship between X and Y. a. linear quality b. true strength c. validity d. reliability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.10 Research Example Difficulty Level: Medium 25. A positive, linear, and strong association between scores is not an ideal situation for ______. a. linear correlation b. Pearson r c. validity d. significance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.11 Data Screening for Research Example Difficulty Level: Medium 26. When sample sizes are large, it is possible to have multiple cases with exactly the same ______ for X and Y. a. mean b. Pearson r c. bivariate outliers d. combination of values Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.11 Data Screening for Research Example Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Cases for which high X scores are associated with high Y scores are called ______. a. congruent b. aligned c. discordant d. concordant Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 10.13 How Computation of Correlation Is Related to Pattern of Data Points in the Scatterplot Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Cases where high X scores are associated with low Y scores are called ______. a. congruent b. incongruent c. discordant d. concordant Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.13 How Computation of Correlation Is Related to Pattern of Data Points in the Scatterplot Difficulty Level: Easy 29. When data points are evenly distributed among the four regions on a scatter plot, they tend to cancel each other out so that the overall correlation will be ______. a. close to +1.0 b. close to 0 c. close to -1.0 d. significant Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.13 How Computation of Correlation Is Related to Pattern of Data Points in the Scatterplot Difficulty Level: Medium 30. A value of r that is large in absolute value is evidence inconsistent with the belief that ______. a.  = 0 b.  = 1.0 c. t = 0 d. t = 1.0 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.14 Testing the Hypothesis That 0 = 0 Difficulty Level: Medium 31. By default, SPSS reports p values for ______. a. one-tailed tests b. normal distributions c. two-tailed tests d. both one-tailed and two-tailed tests Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.14 Testing the Hypothesis That 0 = 0

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 32. If a researcher reports 100 correlations and only 5 are significant, it is possible that these are the expected number of ______. a. Type I errors b. Type II errors c. valid results d. Pearson r Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.15 Reporting Many Correlations and Inflated Risk for Type I Error Difficulty Level: Medium 33. One way to avoid the problem of inflated risk is to report results as ______. a. qualitative b. quantitative c. experimental d. exploratory Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.15.1 Call Results Exploratory and De-emphasize or Avoid Statistical Significance Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 34. A possible drawback of limiting the number of correlations that will be obtained at the outset of the study is that it may preclude ______. a. significant results b. serendipitous discoveries c. duplicate correlations d. valid results Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.15.2 Limit the Number of Correlations Difficulty Level: Medium 35. One way to handle inflated risk of Type I error is ______. a. cross-validation b. small sample size c. large sample size d. single case validation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.15.3 Replicate or Cross-Validate Correlations Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The ______ is the simplest as well as the most conservative procedure for control of

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 an inflated risk of Type I error. a. Alpha level b. Spearman ratio c. Bonferroni Procedure d. Pearson Product Moment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.15.4 Bonferroni Procedure: Use More Conservative Alpha Level for Tests of Individual Correlations Difficulty Level: Medium 37. In most situations where asterisks appear in tables to denote p values, nothing has been done to correct for inflated risk of ______. a. covariance b. Type I error c. Type II error d. significant results Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.15.5 Common Bad Practice In Reports of Numerous Significance Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 38. SPSS does not report ______ for Pearson r. a. reliable outcomes b. standard deviations c. sample population means d. confidence intervals Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.16 Obtaining Confidence Intervals for Correlations Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Another term for r2 is the ______. a. coefficient of determination b. Pearson Product Moment correlation c. Cohen’s d d. Pearson square Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.17 Pearson’s r and r2 as Effect Sizes and Partition of Variance Difficulty Level: Medium 40. In general, it is advisable to have an N size of ______ where correlations are reported. a. 30

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.18 Statistical Power and Sample Size for Correlation Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 41. If assumptions for Pearson r are violated, you need a ______ to evaluate association. a. replication study b. bivariate correlation c. different analysis d. peer review Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.19.1 When r Is Not Statistically Significant Difficulty Level: Medium 42. When you find a large r value in a single study, you cannot conclude that ______. a. there is no association b. X causes Y c. calculations are incorrect d. the study is false Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.19.2 When r Is Statistically Significant Difficulty Level: Medium 43. A nonsignificant r may be an instance of ______. a. Type I error b. miscalculation c. false reporting d. Type II error Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.19.3 Sources of Doubt Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Correlations that are considered ______ can arise from a third variable, often referred to as a “confounded” or “lurking” variable. a. spurious b. valid c. false d. fabricated Ans: A

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.19.4 The Problem of Spuriousness Difficulty Level: Medium 45. You should be skeptical if a research report includes dozens and even hundreds of correlations with no corrections for inflated risk of ______. a. miscalculation b. input error c. Type I error d. Type II error Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.22 Reasons to Be Skeptical of Correlations Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The term “correlated” in research reports does not always refer to ______. a. valid research b. Pearson r c. Type I error risk d. significant results Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.22. Reasons to Be Skeptical of Correlations Difficulty Level: Easy 47. People sometimes convert other statistics into ______ to evaluate effect size. a. Cohen’s d b. histograms c. scatter plots d. Pearson r Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.23 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Analyses that include multiple predictor and/or multiple outcome variables are often closely related to ______. a. r values b. p values c. t values d. µ values Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.23 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 49. Finding a positive correlation between monthly ice cream sales and homicides is an example of a ______. a. miscalculation b. spurious correlation c. Type II error d. false report Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.19.4 The Problem of Spuriousness Difficulty Level: Easy 50. If researchers do not try to limit the risk of Type I error, the research report should reiterate that the study is ______. a. academic b. quantitative c. invalid d. exploratory Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.15.6 Summary: Reporting Numerous Correlations Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. In research reports, X denotes an outcome or dependent variable and Y denotes a predictor or independent variable.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Values of r can range from –1.0 through 0 to +1.0.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.3 How Sign and Magnitude of r Describe an X, Y Relationship Difficulty Level: Easy 3. When X and Y are completely unrelated, then r is equal to –1.0.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.6 Different Situations in Which r = .00 Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Like the sample mean M, r is not robust against the effect of outliers.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.7.3 No Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Pearson r is robust against violations of most of its assumptions.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.8 Preliminary Data Screening for Pearson’s r Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The presence of an outlier always increases the magnitude of r.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.9 Effect of Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Medium 7. It is dishonest to run two correlations, one with and one without bivariate outliers, and then only report the larger correlation.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.9 Effect of Extreme Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Pearson r is a standardized index of strength of association.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 10.12 Computation of Pearson’s r Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Artifacts that influence the size of Pearson r have no influence on the magnitude of regression coefficients, factor loadings, and other coefficients used in multivariate models.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.13 How Computation of Correlation Is Related to Pattern of Data Points in the Scatterplot Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Some studies report such large numbers of correlations that evaluation of statistical significance becomes problematic.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.15 Reporting Many Correlations and Inflated Risk for Type I Error Difficulty Level: True

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Essay 1. Describe three common reasons why researchers make the selections they do for the X and Y variables.

Ans: (1) The researcher has a theory that X might influence Y; (2) Past research suggests that X predicts Y, even if it is not a cause of Y; (3) X and Y may be different ways to measure the same thing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 10.1 Research Situations Where Pearson’s r Is Used Difficulty Level: Hard 2. When assumptions for the use of r are satisfied, what two things does the value of Pearson r tell us?

Ans: (1) The sign of r tells us the direction of the association. For positive values of r, as values of Y increase, values of Y tend to increase. For negative values of r, as values of X increase, values of Y tend to decrease. This tells us the nature of the association. (2) The absolute magnitude of r, without the +/- sign, indicates the strength of the association. If r is near 0, there is little or no association between X and Y. As r increases in absolute value, there is stronger association.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.3 How Sign and Magnitude of r Describe an X, Y Relationship Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What information is needed to evaluate assumptions for Pearson r?

Ans: (1) To evaluate representativeness of the sample and independence of observations, you need to know how the sample was obtained and how data were collected. (2) Examine frequency tables to evaluate problems with missing values, outliers, and/or implausible values for X and Y. Document all and how they were handled. (3) Obtain histograms for X and Y and evaluate whether distribution shapes are reasonably normal and whether X and Y have similar shapes. (4) Obtain an X, Y scatterplot, the most important step in screening for correlation. It is used to evaluate linearity and identify potential bivariate outliers.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.8 Preliminary Data Screening for Pearson’s r Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe the steps involved in computing Pearson r.

Ans: First, convert scores on both X and Y to z scores: zX = (X – MX)/sX and zY = (Y – MY)/sY , where Mx and sx are the mean and standard deviation of X, My and sy are the mean and standard deviation of Y. This conversion makes the value of the correlation unit free. Second, multiply the value of zx and zy for each person to obtain a product (zx × zy). When zx and zy have the same sign, their product is positive. When they have opposite signs, their product is negative. Third, sum the (zx  zy) products across all persons in the sample. This gives us ( zx  zy). Divide the sum of these products (zx × zy), by N – 1, where N is the number of cases. This corrects for the fact that the sum gets larger as N increases and makes the final value of

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 r independent of N. All these steps are summarized in the equation r = (zx  zy) / (N – 1).

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 10.12 Computation of Pearson’s r Difficulty Level: Hard 5. List at least five problems or artifacts that can make sample Pearson r values poor estimates of the true strength of association between variables.

Ans: Answer should include at least five of the following: (1) Pearson r will be deflated if the association between X and Y is nonlinear or curvilinear; (2) Pearson r can be either inflated or deflated by the presence of bivariate outliers; (3) Pearson r will be deflated if X and Y variables have different distribution shapes; (4) Pearson r can be deflated if scores on X and/or Y have restricted ranges; (5) Pearson r is usually overestimated if only groups of persons with extremely low and extremely high scores on X and Y are examined; (6) Samples that include members of different groups can provide misleading information; (7) If X or Y have poor measurement reliability, their correlations with other variables will be reduced; (8) Part-whole correlations: If X and Y contain overlapping information, such as duplicate survey questions, then X and Y can be highly correlated because they contain duplicate information.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 10.13 How Computation of Correlation Is Related to Pattern of Data Points in the Scatterplot Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 11: Bivariate Regression Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The dependent variable Y cannot be ______ for bivariate linear regression. a. dichotomous b. multivariate c. bilateral d. unilinear Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Bivariate regression is closely related to ______ and requires the same assumptions. a. Cohen’s d b. quantitative analysis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. SPSS d. Pearson r Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Regression can be based on raw scores or ______. a. bivariate scores b. standardized scores c. outlier scores d. mean scores Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Pearson r is a(n) ______ index of association. a. unilateral b. asymmetric c. symmetric d. quantitative Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 5. When a scatter plot is set up as part of a bivariate regression, the predictor variable is always placed on ______. a. the horizontal/X axis b. the vertical/Y axis c. at 0 d. at +1.0 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A major advantage of bivariate regression is that it can be extended to include ______. a. more than one predictor variable b. a single predictor variable c. more than one measure of central tendency d. more than 100 N Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 11.2 New Information Provided by Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What is the notation for the predicted score on the outcome variable? a. X1 b. Y1 c. X’ d. Y’ Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The ______ tells us how much the Y score changes for each 1 unit increase in X. a. mode b. intercept c. slope d. scatter plot Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The notation term b0 is called the ______. a. regression b. intercept c. slope d. mode Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Medium 10. How is the regression slope notated? a. y0 b. Y’ c. b0 d. b Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Easy 11. When other variables influence Y, the correlation of X with Y is ______. a. unattainable b. equal to 1.0

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. less than 1.0 d. greater than 1.0 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Differences between actual Y values and predicted Y’ values are called ______. a. standard deviations b. prediction errors c. raw scores d. bivariate scores Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Medium 13. What is the notation for the standardized regression equation? a. zy’ = r  zx b. Y’ = b0 + b  X c. zx’ = r  zy d. Y = r  X Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.4.2 Standardized Regression Equation Difficulty Level: Hard 14. When X and Y are measured in meaningful units, the raw score coefficient b can tell us something about the ______. a. quality of data b. standard deviation c. direction of impact d. magnitude of impact Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.4.3 Comparing the Two Forms of Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The  coefficient is also referred to as the ______. a. standard deviation b. standardized regression coefficient c. raw score coefficient d. standard factor Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.4.2 Standardized Regression Equation

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Researchers often prefer to talk about  coefficients instead of b coefficients because they provide ______ information about effect size and strength of association. a. reliable b. raw score c. unit free d. normal curve Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:11.4.3 Comparing the Two Forms of Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Values of , like values of r, do not perfectly represent the true ______ in the population. a. strength of association b. nature of the occurrences c. accountability d. reliability of data Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.4.3 Comparing the Two Forms of Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 18. We want to have coefficients that ______ the prediction errors. a. magnify b. nullify c. minimize d. standardize Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.7 Formulas for Bivariate Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The prediction error for each case is the difference between the actual value of Y and ______. a. z b. Y’ c. X d. M Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.7 Formulas for Bivariate Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The sum of prediction errors across all cases is always equal to ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. +1 b. –1 c. .5 d. 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.7 Formulas for Bivariate Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What is the formula for the sum of squared prediction errors? a. SSE = [(Yi – Yi’)2] b. SSE = (Y – Y’)2 c. SSE = [(I – bi)2] d. SSE = ( – ’)2 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.7 Formulas for Bivariate Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Hard 22. What is the notation for the null hypothesis for a regression with one predictor variable? a. H1:  = 0 b. H0:  = 0 c. H0: b = 0 d. H1: b = 0 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.8 Statistical Significance Tests for Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 23. If a researcher assumes that the strength of a squared correlation between X and Y in the population is weak, then the number of cases required to have a power of ______ is rather large. a. .50 or larger b. .80 or larger c. .10 or larger d. .70 or larger Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.10 Effect Size and Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In a hypothetical research study on heart rate, what can help explain why some people have higher heart rates than other? a. Pearson r b. Cohen’s d

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. statistical power d. bivariate regression Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.15 Using a Regression Equation to Predict Score for Individual (Joe’s Heart Rate Data) Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which researcher used regression analysis to predict faculty salaries from variables such as years at the college or university? a. Tabachnick and Fidell (2017) b. Schonbrodt (2011) c. Pearson (1975) d. Gray (1985) Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.15 Using a Regression Equation to Predict Score for Individual (Joe’s Heart Rate Data) Difficulty Level: Medium 26. To avoid the problem of the sum of deviations summing to zero, what should you do? a. square the deviations before summing b. divide the sum by the number of cases c. add 1.00 to the sum d. multiply the sum by 2 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Of the following, which is the notation for the predicted value of Y for each case? a. Yc b. Yx c. Yi’ d. Yp Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Which of the following is the notation for the difference between predicted and actual Y for each case? a. (Y – Y’) b. (Yi – Y1’) c. (Y1 – Y2’)

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. (Y – Y1’) Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the basic building block for most analyses in research? a. mean b. normal curve c. partition of SS d. Pearson r Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Much of the information in the SPSS printout for bivariate regression is ______. a. redundant b. easily calculated by hand c. often misrepresented d. difficult to interpret Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 31. By itself, a single SS value cannot be interpreted as ______. a. reliable b. conclusive c. significant d. effect size Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Reliability means ______. a. validity b. conclusiveness c. significance d. consistency Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. You must distinguish between dependent and independent variables when you set up a ______. a. quantitative experiment b. regression analysis c. reliable study d. valid study Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The predictor or independent variable can be ______. a. quantitative or dichotomous b. quantitative only c. categorical only d. categorical or quantitative Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 35. The outcome or dependent variable Y must be ______. a. dichotomous b. categorical c. quantitative d. qualitative Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 36. In a research study report, document the number of ______ and how they were handled. a. variances b. outliers c. cases d. sample means Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The distinction between predictor and outcome variables is not needed for ______. a. bivariate regression b. reliability tests c. Cohen’s d

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Pearson r Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 38. A restricted range on scores for both X and Y tends to reduce the size of the ______. a. correlation b. intercept c. slope d. reliability coefficient Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The term for whether a variable measures what it is purported to measure is ______. a. reliability b. variance c. validity d. covariance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Reliability above ______ is considered adequate. a. .99 b. .70 c. .50 d. .30 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Medium 41. For bivariate regression, you can look for potential violations of assumptions after the analysis has been run by plotting ______. a. mean values b. X and Y values c. histograms d. residuals Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 11.19 Plotting Residuals Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Residuals are also known as ______. a. mean errors b. bivariate errors c. prediction errors d. validity errors Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.19 Plotting Residuals Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Plots of ______ are rarely discussed in behavioral and social science research. a. residuals b. bivariate regression c. outliers d. partitions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.19 Plotting Residuals Difficulty Level: Medium 44. A potential problem with ______ is that data analysts can be tempted to “throw out” scores with large prediction errors and rerun the analysis. a. analysis of residuals b. bivariate analysis c. regression analysis d. reliability Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.19 Plotting Residuals Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Standard error of the estimate is rarely included in research reports because it is often ______. a. embarrassingly small b. embarrassingly large c. grossly inaccurate d. difficult to calculate Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.19 Plotting Residuals Difficulty Level: Easy 46. The standard error of the estimate is an indication of the typical size of ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. reliability b. covariance c. regression d. residuals Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.20 Standard Error of the Estimate Difficulty Level: Medium 47. The significance of a regression prediction equation can be tested by using ______. a. Cohen’s d b. a t test c. Cronbach alpha d. Pearson r Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.21 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Regression can be understood as a partition of scores into ______. a. common language b. equations c. components d. comparisons Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.21 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Finding that an X variable is significantly predictive of a Y variable does not prove ______. a. significance b. reliability c. validity d. that X causes Y Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.21 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 50. When we find that X is predictive of Y in correlational research, we can say that the finding is ______ theories that X may be the cause of Y. a. in contrast to b. consistent with c. inconsistent with d. predictive of

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.21 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy True/False

1. A bivariate regression analysis provides an equation that predicts scores on a quantitative X variable from scores on a quantitative Y variable.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.1 Research Situations Where Bivariate Regression is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A regression equation to predict Y from X corresponds to a straight line in an X, Y scatter plot.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Easy 3. When r = 1.0, the predicted value for Y is true for all values of X. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.3 Regression Equations and Lines Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Predictions made using standardized regression equations are easier to understand in everyday language than raw score regression equations.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 11.4.3 Comparing the Two Forms of Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The term for the assumption that Y scores have the same variances for each value of X is heteroscedasticity.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.6 Preliminary Data Screening Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The best regression equation is one that provides predicted values that are as close as possible to actual values.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.7 Formulas for Bivariate Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Easy 7. SPSS provides only the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the b coefficient.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.9 Confidence Intervals for Regression Coefficients Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The assessment of statistical power can be done for a bivariate regression using the same statistical power tables as those used for Pearson r.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.10 Effect Size and Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A major goal of research and statistical analysis is to evaluate what proportion of variance we can explain or predict.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares in Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A variable is reliable if it measures what it purports to measure.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What are the two kinds of information that regression analysis adds to the information we get from Pearson r?

Ans: Regression analysis provides an equation that corresponds to a line that best predicts Y scores from X scores. The equation is as follows: Predicted Y (denoted Y’) = intercept + slope  X. The formal equation is: Y’ = b0 + b  X. The slope coefficient (b) in a regression equation provides a different kind of information that compliments effect size information provided by r and r2. Regression also provides information about prediction errors. Neither slope nor prediction errors are available if we only obtain an rxy correlation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.2 New Information Provided by Regression Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. Describe the two forms in which the prediction equations in bivariate regression can be written.

Ans: (1) Raw score regression equation: predict raw scores on Y from raw scores on X. Raw scores are in the original units of measurement, such as inches, kilograms, miles, dollars, etc. The equation is written as Y’ = b0 + b  X. The b coefficient is the raw score regression coefficient or regression slope. The value of b0, the intercept or constant, is included to adjust predicted Y scores for the means of X and Y. Reports usually focus on the regression slope. Values of b0 and b can be positive or negative, with numerical values of less than 1 to thousands or greater depending on the units in which X and Y are measured. (2) Standardized regression equation: predicts standardized (z) scores on Y from standardized (z) scores on X. The equation is written as zy’ = r  zx. In equations that predict z scores from z scores, the slope coefficients are called  (beta) coefficients. When a regression equation has only one predictor variable,  is the same as r, so the equation can be rewritten as zy’ =   zx. Prediction of z scores from z scores do not need an intercept term to adjust for the means of X and Y because z scores have means of 0. Values of , like values of r, range from -1 to + 1.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.4.1 Raw Score Regression Equation | 11.4.2 Standardized Regression Equation Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Identify the five steps in regression analysis.

Ans: (1) If outliers are anticipated, identify rules for identification and handling in advance; (2) Conduct all preliminary data screening as you would for correlation analysis. Examine histograms or boxplots for both X and Y. Examine and X,Y scatterplot to assess linearity and see if there are bivariate outliers; (3) Use the SPSS Regression procedure to obtain the correlation between X and Y, and both the raw score and standardized regression coefficients to predict Y from X; (4) Graph the regression line. Use chart editing procedures to add a regression line to your X,Y scatterplot. Although these graphs do not usually appear in published research reports, it is a good idea for researchers to examine them; (5) Evaluate prediction errors, also called residuals.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.5 Steps in Regression Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 4. In regression, there are three different sum of squares (SS) terms. Describe them.

Ans: (1) Sum of squares (SS) based on the (Y – My) deviations, to provide information about total variations of Y; (2) Sum of squares (SS) based on the (Y – Y’’) deviations, to provide information about magnitudes of prediction errors; (3) Sum of squares (SS) based on (Y’ – My) deviations, to provide information about the magnitudes of the predicted parts of scores.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 11.16 Partition of Sums of Squares Bivariate Regression Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. Regression analysis assumes that scores on X and Y are reliable and valid. Explain what this means and how it is measured.

Ans: (1) Reliability means consistency. Some variables are easier to measure consistently than others, such as height in inches versus depression. Researchers publish information about reliability: a reliability coefficient or Cronbach alpha ranges from 0 to 1 with higher values indicating greater reliability. Reliability above .70 is often considered adequate. (2) Validity is whether a variable really measures what it purports to measure. When new measures are proposed, researchers also assess validity, often using correlations between new measures and accepted older measures. Reference information about reliability and validity of past studies when you report your own study results.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 11.18 Issues in Planning a Bivariate Regression Study Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 12: The Independent-Samples t Test Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Use a sample t test to evaluate whether the means of a Y dependent variable differ significantly ______. a. from the X variable b. from the median c. across two groups d. from Pearson r Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The Y dependent variable must be ______. a. quantitative b. dichotomous c. positive d. squared Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The independent samples t test requires a ______ design. a. coded b. bivariate c. among-S d. between-S Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 4. For convenience, ______ are usually chosen as values for X. a. large integers b. small integers c. positive integers d. quantitative integers Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 5. It is important to keep researchers and participants blind to the research condition to control for ______. a. placebo effect b. plagiarism c. standard error of measurement d. research fraud Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A large difference between M1 and M2 is unlikely if ______ is true. a. H0 b. H1 c. µx d. µy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. What is the equation for the independent samples t test? a. t = (Y1 – Y2) / SE(M1 – M2) b. t = (M1 – M2) / SE(M1 – M2) c. t = (M1 – M2) / df(M1 – M2) d. t = N1 – (N1 – 1)/SE(M1 – M2) Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Hard 8. What is the equation for the homogeneity of variance? a. H1: µ12 = µ22 b. H0: σ12 ≠ σ22 c. H0: σ12 = σ22 d. H0: σ12 > σ22 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.3.3 Y Scores Are Sampled From Normally Distributed Populations With Equal Variances Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Extreme outliers violate the assumption of ______. a. validity b. dichotomy c. homogeneity d. normality Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.3.4 No Outliers Within Groups Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Distribution shape for scores on a quantitative variable in two samples can be assessed by examining ______ of the dependent variable scores separately within each group. a. data results b. t scores c. histograms d. pie charts Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.4 Preliminary Data Screening: Evaluating Violations of Assumptions and Getting To Know Your Data Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. In an actual research situation, you can use ______ to do most of the calculations necessary. a. an APA Manual b. a scientific calculator c. technical assistants d. SPSS Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.5 Computation of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 12. In addition to the SPSS output for the independent samples t test, you will also have to compute ______ by hand. a. standard deviation b. an effect size index c. sample means d. variance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.5 Computation of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Violations of the equal variances assumption generally don’t make ______ poor estimates of Type I error risk. a. p values b. r values c. t values d. alpha values Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.5 Computation of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 14. The pooled variances t test is ______. a. easily performed b. difficult to interpret c. a one-tailed test d. a two-tailed test Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.6 Statistical Significance of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 15. An SPSS “Sig.” value of .000 should be reported as ______. a. p > .001 b. p < .001

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. p < .05 d. p > .05 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.6 Statistical Significance of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 16. An obtained p value less than .05 is interpreted as evidence that the ______ is large enough that it is unlikely to occur by chance. a. r value b. z value c. t value d. SE Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.6 Statistical Significance of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Information about potential violation of the equal variance assumption can be provided by the ______. a. Levene test b. Pearson r c. Cohen’s d d. two-tailed test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.9 SPSS Output for Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Difference between means can sometimes be interpreted as information about ______ importance. a. academic b. experimental c. practical or everyday d. hypothetical Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.1 M1 – M2 Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Group averages often do not predict ______ well. a. group means b. significant outcomes c. long-term group results d. individual outcomes Ans: D

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.10.1 M1 – M2 Difficulty Level: Medium 20. M1 – M2 may not provide ______ information when variables are not measured in meaningful units. a. statistically significant b. meaningful real world c. experimentally sound d. quantitative Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.1 M1 – M2 Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The value of M1 – M2 does not always correspond to the ______. a. p value b. t value c. r value d. Cohen’s d value Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.1 M1 – M2 Difficulty Level: Medium 22. An estimate of the proportion of variance in Y dependent variable scores that is predictable from group membership is called ______. a. an eta squared coefficient b. chi square c. Pearson product moment d. the alpha ratio Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What is the notation for the eta squared coefficient? a. µ2 b. σ2 c. α2 d. 2 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. The eta squared coefficient can be calculated directly from ______. a. Pearson r b. the t ratio and df c. chi square ratio d. Cohen’s d Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Large values of 2 are not always ______. a. reliable b. valid c. statistically significant d. trustworthy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Both 2 and r2 describe the proportion of variance in Y that can be predicted from X in ______. a. the population only b. both the sample and the population c. the sample only d. a sample size of 100 or more Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Medium 27. When a convenience sample is used in a study, the researcher must be cautious about ______. a. researcher contamination b. false reporting c. plagiarism d. generalizing results Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Easy 28. A(n) ______ can be converted into a point biserial correlation. a. t ratio b. Pearson r c. Cohen’s d

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. eta squared coefficient Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.3 Point Biserial r (rpb) Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the notation for the point biserial correlation? a. rpb b. Rpb c. rbs d. Rbs Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.3 Point Biserial r (rpb) Difficulty Level: Easy 30. In general, rpb has a fixed range of values from ______. a. –1 to +1 b. –1 to 0 c. .01 to 1 d. –2 to +2 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.3 Point Biserial r (rpb) Difficulty Level: Medium 31. A point biserial correlation is a ______ measurement. a. ordinal b. dichotomous c. unit free or standardized d. unit specific Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.3 Point Biserial r (rpb) Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Cohen’s d evaluates the difference between sample means in terms of numbers of ______. a. variations b. participants c. ratios d. standard deviations Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.4 Cohen’s d Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. The value of Cohen’s d does not depend on ______. a. r b. N c. p d. M Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.4 Cohen’s d Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Values of Cohen’s d of ______ are uncommon. a. less than –1 or greater than +1 b. less than –2 or greater than +2 c. 0 or 1 d. 0 or –1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.10.4 Cohen’s d Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Cohen’s d indicates the distance between two group means in terms of within group ______. a. variance b. covariance c. standard deviations d. Pearson r Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.10.4 Cohen’s d Difficulty Level: Medium 36. A t ratio does not have a limited range of ______. a. variations b. mean scores c. true scores d. possible values Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.6 Summary of Effect Sizes Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The magnitude of the independent samples t ratio does depend on ______. a. N b. r c. 2

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. d Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.10.6 Summary of Effect Sizes Difficulty Level: Medium 38. When effect size is very large, you may be able to obtain a ______ with a small sample. a. sample mean b. population mean c. statistically significant result d. small Cohen’s d Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.11.1 Effect Size and N Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Researchers must be careful of ______ other variables that can influence the magnitude of the M1 – M2 difference. a. misrepresentations of b. added values of c. distortions of d. confounds of Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.11.2 Dosage Levels for Treatment, or Magnitudes of Differences for Participant Characteristics, Between Groups Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The within group standard deviation sp is also known as ______. a. research error b. experimental error c. nonexperimental error d. confounding variable Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.11.3 Control of Within Group Error Variance Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The independent samples t test is likely to be large if ______ is small. a. sp b. N c. M1 – M2 d. population effect size Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 12.11.4 Summary for Design Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Cummings and Finch (2005) suggest that researchers should emphasize CIs along with ______. a. means b. standard deviations c. effect sizes d. data analysis Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.13 Graphing Results: Means and CIs Difficulty Level: Medium 43. The probability of obtaining a test statistic large enough to reject H0 when it is false is called ______. a. serendipity b. statistical power c. experimental design power d. research power Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.14 Decisions About Sample Size for the Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Random assignment of participants is supposed to make groups ______ in composition. a. heterogenous b. varied in age c. multigenerational d. equivalent Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.15.1 Avoiding Potential Confounds Difficulty Level: Easy 45. When naturally occurring groups are compared, it is usually easier to find differences when groups ______. a. differ substantially b. are homogenous c. are gender specific d. include only adults Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.15.2 Decisions About Type or Dosage of Treatment

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Recruiting homogenous participants helps keep sp low but limits ______ of results. a. statistical significance b. validity c. reliability d. generalizability Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.15.3 Decisions About Participant Recruitment and Standardization of Procedures Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Very low ns can result in ______ studies. a. high powered b. invalid c. underpowered d. unreliable Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.15.4 Decisions About Sample Size Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Researchers have some control over factors that influence the size of ______. a. p b. t c. d d. r Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What is the effect size measure commonly used to do power analyses for future similar studies? a. Cohen’s d b. d c. 2 d. rpb Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 50. The r2 and 2 are both called proportion of ______ variance. a. predicted

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. valid c. significant d. unexplained Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. Research groups must be naturally occurring.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In a between-S design, each person is a member of only one of the groups.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.1 Research Situations Where the Independent-Samples t Test Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The independent samples t test is not robust against violations of the homogeneity of variance assumption.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.3.3 Y Scores Are Samples From Normally Distributed Populations With Equal Variances Difficulty Level: Medium 4. It is a common belief that the violation of the assumption that population scores are normally distributed does not cause serious problems if each group has an n > 25-30, group ns are equal, and two-tailed tests are used.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.3.3 Y Scores Are Samples From Normally Distributed Populations With Equal Variances Difficulty Level: Medium 5. It is not advisable to report results with and without outliers in a research report so that readers can evaluate the results for themselves.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.3.4 No Outliers Within Groups Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Normal distribution in the samples is not a requirement for use of the independent samples t test.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.4 Preliminary Data Screening: Evaluating Violations of Assumptions and Getting To Know Your Data Difficulty Level: Easy 7. It is possible for a p value to be 0.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 12.6 Statistical Significance of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The value of M1 – M2 is not related to sample size.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.1 M1 – M2 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. SPSS output provides the eta squared coefficient.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 12.10.2 Eta Squared (2) Difficulty Level: Easy 10. When effect size and N are both very large, the value of t will almost always be large enough to judge the outcome statistically significant.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 12.11.1 Effect Size and N Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. What are the four assumptions for the independent samples t test?

Ans: (1) Scores on the outcome Y variable must be quantitative; (2) Y scores are independent of each other both between and within groups; (3) Y scores are samples from normally distributed populations with equal variances; (4) No outliers within groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 12.3.1 through 12.3.4

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe at least three of the problems associated with violating the assumptions of the independent samples t test.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) The independent samples t test cannot be used if the dependent variable is categorical or if scores are ranked within groups; (2) The independent samples t test cannot be used if assumptions of independence of observations are violated; (3) The presence of outliers can lead to p values that either over- or under-estimate the true risk of Type I error; (4) An implicit assumption for all null hypotheses significance tests is to do one test and then stop, but in practice many researchers perform numerous significance tests. Bonferroni corrected per comparison alpha levels can be used to limit the inflated Type I error when numerous tests are reported; (5) Results are meaningful only if we have samples that are representative of the hypothetical population of interest; (6) If we want to make causal inferences, we must have a well-controlled experiment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 12.3.5 Relative Importance of Violations of These Assumptions Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the two versions of the independent samples t test presented in SPSS output.

Ans: (1) The first version is called the “equal variances assumed” or “pooled variances” t test. This version is almost always reported. The variances within two groups are pooled or averaged and this is notated as spooled2 or sp2. To obtain this, average the two within groups variances s12 and s22. The variances are weighted by the sample sizes, so it works whether n1 = n2 or not. The weighted formula is sp2 = [(n1 – 1)s12 + (n2 – 1)s22]/[n1 + n2-2]. If n1 = n2, the formula is sp2 = (s12 s22)/2. (2) The second version is called “equal variances not assumed” or “equal variances not assumed” t test and is used in cases where the equal variances assumption is violated.

The formula keeps the two variances separate instead of pooling them and uses a downwardly adjusted df. You will likely never need to use this version, but it appears in the SPSS output whether you request it or not.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 12.5 Computation of Independent-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What are the three major uses for effect sizes?

Ans: (1) At least one index of effect size should be reported with every statistical significance test. For the independent samples t it is common to report 2, rpb, or Cohen’s d. When the dependent variable is measured in meaningful units, discussion should include the M1 – M2 difference as a way to think about practical importance of the finding. (2) In future research, you can use effect size from past research to estimate the minimum sample size you need to have adequate statistical power in your study (statistical power analysis). (3) When authors summarize past research, they obtain and average effect size information for each of dozens or hundreds of studies (meta-analysis). Effect sizes provide information about the direction of differences

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 between treatment and control group outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 12.10.6 Summary About Effect Sizes Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe at least three issues to be considered as you design a study.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) Avoid potential confounds: A confound of one or more other variables with your treatment variables makes the M1 – M2 difference uninterpretable. Confounds can be obvious or subtle.

Random assignment to groups is helpful but does not guarantee equivalent composition. Background information on participants can help with comparisons for equivalency. (2) Decisions about types or amounts of treatments can influence differences between means. It is desirable to maximize differences, but there are limits.

It is easier to find differences when groups differ substantially. (3) Decisions about types of participants to recruit for your study can affect the magnitude of the pooled within group standard deviation (sp). Recruiting homogenous participants helps to keep sp low but also limits generalizability of results. It is advisable to standardize procedures to keep sp small, but rigid protocols can make testing environments feel more artificial. (4) Decisions about sample size: Some participants or cases can be costly to obtain.

Access to a large N also has its problems, in that even extremely small effects can seem large with a large participant pool. You should resist the temptation to report statistically significant results under these circumstances.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 12.15.1 through 12.15.4 Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 13: One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. One-way between-subjects analysis of variance is usually called ______. a. ANOVA b. Pearson r c. two-tailed t test d. one-tailed t test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In practice, the analysis of variance partition is made by computing ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. factorials b. eta squares c. sums of squares d. chi squares Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When people refer to ANOVA, they usually refer to the comparison of ______ across groups. a. standard deviations b. means c. standard error d. reliability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A one-way ANOVA compares means on a ______ across any number of groups. a. histogram b. boxplot c. normal distribution d. quantitative variable Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The categorical predictor variable in ANOVA is called ______. a. the criterion b. a factor c. P d. Vcp Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 6. In ANOVA, the groups are called ______ of the categorical predictor variable, or factor. a. levels b. sections c. members d. divisions

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 7. When there is only one categorical factor, it is often called ______. a. Factor I b. Factor 1 c. Factor A d. Factor X Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Comparisons among several group means can be made by calculating t tests for each ______ among the means. a. categorical variable b. sum of squares c. quantitative variable d. pairwise comparison Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 9. ANOVA limits the risk of Type I error by obtaining a single ______ that examines all possible comparisons among means in a study. a. universal test b. t test c. omnibus test d. verification test Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for a one-way ANOVA where the means of the k population that corresponds to the groups in the study are all equal? a. H0: µ1 = µ2 =…= µk b. H0: µ1 = µ2 =…≠ µk c. H1: µ1 = µ2 =…= µk d. H0: µ1 > µ2 >…< µk Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 11. In ANOVA, the term “error” refers to the parts of scores that cannot be predicted from ______. a. t tests b. data analysis c. the null hypothesis d. type of treatment Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Planned contrasts are also called ______. a. ANOVA b. a priori tests c. post hoc test d. corrective tests Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 13. An example of a post hoc test is ______. a. the Tukey HSD test b. Cohen’s d c. the omnibus test d. the Pearson Product Moment test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Tests that can be used to examine many or all of the possible comparisons among means are called ______. a. planned contrast tests b. unprotected tests c. post hoc tests d. eta squared tests Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The scores on the dependent variable must be ______ for the one-way ANOVA. a. categorical

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. quantitative c. positive d. squared Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.4 Assumptions and Data Screening for One-Way ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 16. In ANOVA, an SS divided by its df is usually called a ______. a. Levene test b. post hoc test c. standard deviation d. mean square Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In ANOVA, several different forms of ______ are obtained. a. M1 b. H0 c. SS d. Y’ Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 18. If group means are exactly equal, the between groups sum of squares will be ______. a. –1.0 b. +1.0 c. between 0 and +1.0 d. 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 19. MSbetween is, in effect, the variance of the ______. a. standard deviations b. group means c. protected means d. sum of squares Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 20. We hope that most of the variation between groups is due to the different ______ received by the groups. a. types of treatment b. incentives c. instructions d. preliminary exposure Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A one-way ANOVA divides the total SS into which two sources of variance? a. group and individual b. between and within means c. between and within groups d. actual and hypothetical Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 22. What does a large value of SSbetween tells us? a. within group means are positive b. group means are far away from the grand mean c. differences are significant d. research error has been made Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What is the equation for the degrees of freedom for SStotal? a. d = N – 1 b. df = N – 2 c. d = N – 2 d. df = N – 1 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What are the degrees of freedom for a set of 10 group means? a. 9

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. 10 c. 8 d. 11 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Dividing an SS by its df corrects for the number of ______ used to calculate the SS. a. dependent deviations b. independent deviations c. mean errors d. group ratios Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 26. How is the error variance term denoted? a. SDbetween b. SDwithin c. SSbetween d. SSwithin Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 27. When SS1 is equal to 0, then all scores within group 1 are equal to ______. a. 1 b. each other c. the mean d. 0 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Because F is a ratio of MS terms, it cannot be ______. a. negative b. positive c. equal to the mean d. equal to df Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 29. There is no fixed ______ for values of F. a. significant ratio b. significance threshold c. lower limit d. upper limit Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 30. How is the number of groups denoted? a. g b. ng c. k d. gr Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 31. An F ratio is a ratio of two ______. a. standard deviations b. mean squares c. chi squares d. et squares Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.5.5 Converting Each SS to a Mean Square and Setting Up an F Ratio Difficulty Level: Medium 32. A mean square is the ratio of a sum of squares to its ______. a. square root b. F ratio c. degrees of freedom d. total variance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.5 Converting Each SS to a Mean Square and Setting Up an F Ratio Difficulty Level: Medium 33. What is the equation used to compute the mean square? a. MS = SS  df

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. MS = (N – 1) / df c. MS = df / SS d. MS = SS / df Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.5 Converting Each SS to a Mean Square and Setting Up an F Ratio Difficulty Level: Hard 34. What is the minimum possible value for F? a. –1 b. +1 c. 0 d. –2 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.5 Converting Each SS to a Mean Square and Setting Up an F Ratio Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Most researchers want the value of F to be ______. a. relatively large b. relatively small c. close to 0 d. between –1 and +1 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.6 Patterns of Scores and Magnitudes of SSbetween and SSwithin Difficulty Level: Easy 36. In a well-controlled experiment, between-groups differences in scores are presumed to be due to the ______. a. dependent variable b. manipulated independent variable c. size of N d. participant characteristics Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.8 Effect Sizes for One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 37. An eta squared (2) is an effect size index given as a proportion of ______. a. variance b. deviation c. df d. r

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.6 Patterns of Scores and Magnitudes of SSbetween and SSwithin Difficulty Level: Easy 38. An alternative effect size measure sometimes used in ANOVA is called ______. a. beta squared b. chi squared c. alpha squared d. omega squared Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.6 Patterns of Scores and Magnitudes of SSbetween and SSwithin Difficulty Level: Medium 39. What is the notation for omega squared? a. σ2 b. 2 c. 2 d. 2 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.6 Patterns of Scores and Magnitudes of SSbetween and SSwithin Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The alpha level usually chosen by researchers is ______. a. .5 b. .10 c. .01 d. .05 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.9 Statistical Power Analysis for One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Weights that define a contrast among group means are called ______. a. contrast variables b. contrast coefficients c. contrast ratios d. contrast deviations Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.10 Planned Contrasts Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following is post hoc, or protected, test?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. Newman-Keuls b. Scheffe-Tukey c. Bonferroni-Keuls d. Jaccard-Becker Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.11 Post Hoc or “Protected” Tests Difficulty Level: Hard 43. The Tukey HSD test has become a popular post hoc test because it is ______. a. reliable b. given in an SPSS output c. always effective d. easy to apply Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.11 Post Hoc or “Protected” Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 44. In a study of an intervention that may cause expectancy results, it is necessary to have at least one, or several, ______ for comparison. a. treatment groups b. data analyses c. control groups d. preliminary screening groups Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.15 Issues in Planning a Study Difficulty Level: Easy 45. What can be done to try to ensure equivalence of groups prior to treatment? a. participant self-selection b. random assignment to groups c. greater than 30 participants per group d. fewer than 30 participants per group Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.15 Issues in Planning a Study Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Factors that affect the size of the ______ ratio also affect the size of ______ ratios. a. t; F b. p; t c. F; r d. 2; 2 Ans: A

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.15 Issues in Planning a Study Difficulty Level: Medium 47. The one-way between-S ANOVA provides a method for comparison of ______. a. two standard deviations b. only two group means c. more than two group means d. two confidence intervals Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 48. The overall F test for ANOVA does not provide enough information to completely describe ______ in the data. a. outliers b. errors c. discrepancies d. patterns Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 13.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What tests are used to do follow-up comparisons when a researcher has not made predictions in advance regarding differences between groups? a. post hoc tests b. SS deviations c. chi squared tests d. eta squared tests Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 50. An artificial world is created in nonexperimental research through the selection of ______. a. data analysis b. participants and measures c. groups size and number d. sterile environments Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.16 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 True/False

1. The goal of analysis of variance is to partition the variance of scores on the Y outcome into variance that can and variance that cannot be predicted from group membership.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.1 Research Situations Where One-Way ANOVA Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Providing other things are equal, an F ratio tends to be larger when there are small between-groups differences among treatment levels.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.15 Issues In Planning a Study Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Planned contrasts are unprotected tests because aside from limiting the number of significance tests there are no other corrections for inflated risk of Type I error.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The assumptions for the one-way ANOVA are different from the assumptions for the independent samples t test.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13. 4 Assumptions and Data Screening for One-Way ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A large value of between groups sum of squares (SSbetween) tells us only that group means are far away from each other.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 6. It is possible for the sum of squares (SS) to be negative and there is a fixed upper limit for values.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 7. In practice, researchers hope that SSbetween will be large and SSwithin will be small.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Eta squared is more widely used than omega squared in statistical power analysis and as an effect size measure in the literature.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 13.6 Patterns of Scores and Magnitudes of SSbetween and SSwithin Difficulty Level: Medium 9. When a researcher specifies contrast coefficients, it is necessary to have one coefficient for at least half of the levels or groups in the ANOVA. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.10 Planned Contrasts Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Protected tests use a more stringent criterion than is used for planned contrasts in judging whether any given pairs of means differ significantly.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 13.11 Post Hoc or “Protected” Tests Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Describe the null and alternative hypotheses for the one-way ANOVA. Ans: The overall null hypothesis for the one-way ANOVA is that the means of the K populations that correspond to the groups in the study are all equal. This is written as H0: µ1 = µ2 =…= µk. When each group has been exposed to different types of the treatment, the null hypothesis corresponds to the assumption that the treatment has no effect on the outcome variable. The alternative hypothesis is not that all population means are unequal, but that there is at least one inequality between one pair of means in the set.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the two questions in the one-way ANOVA. Ans: (1) When all group means are considered as a set, are there any significant

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 differences between means? An overall F ratio will tell us whether there are any significant differences among group means but does not tell us which specific means differ. It is possible that each group mean differs from every other group mean, but it is also possible that only one or a few differ. (2) Which specific pairs, or combinations, of group means differ significantly? This can be answered two ways: a data analyst either decides which comparisons are of interest ahead of time and sets up planned contrasts, or explores data using post hoc follow up tests to see which means differ significantly.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 13.2 Questions in One-Way Between-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the steps for computing SStotal for the one-way ANOVA. Ans: (1) Find the grand mean for the entire database, denoted My. (2) Obtain the (Y – My) deviation for every score in the dataset. (3) Square each deviation. (4) Sum the squared deviations.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 13.5.1 Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe the concept of planned contrasts.

Ans: The idea behind planned contrasts is that the researcher identifies a limited number of comparisons between groups before looking at the data. The test statistic used for each comparison is essentially identical to a t ratio except that the denominator is usually based on the MSwithin for the entire ANOVA rather than just the variances of the two groups involved in the comparison. Sometimes an F is reported for the significance of each contrast, but F is equivalent to t2 in situations where only two group means are compared or where a contrast has only 1 df. When using planned contrasts, it is possible to make other kinds of comparisons that may be more complex than in form than a simple pairwise comparison of means.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 13.10 Planned Contrasts Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe at least three guidelines to follow when planning a study.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) If the treatment variable has a curvilinear relation to the outcome variable, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of groups to describe this relation accurately, at least three groups. (2) In studies of interventions that may create expectancy effects, it is necessary to include one or several of placebo and/or no treatment/control group for comparison. (3) Random assignment of participants to conditions is desirable to try to ensure equivalence of groups prior to treatment. However, it cannot be assumed that random assignment will always succeed in creating equivalent groups. (4) It is crucial to make sure that no other variable is confounded with the treatment variable, as the presence of a confound makes differences among group means uninterpretable.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 13.15 Issues in Planning a Study

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 14: Paired-Samples t Test Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The independent samples t-test and the between-S one-way ANOVA are statistical tests for comparison of ______. a. individual means b. group means c. standard deviations d. confidence intervals Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.1 Independent-Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A between-S one-way ANOVA analysis cannot be used when samples are ______. a. not independent b. independent c. not paired d. not related Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.1 Independent-Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What statistical test is used when scores are correlated across two groups? a. independent samples t-test b. between-S one-way ANOVA c. Bonferroni ratio d. paired samples t-test Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.1 Independent-Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 4. To test for comparison of means for more than two groups, what test is used? a. between-S ANOVA b. one-way ANOVA c. repeated measures ANOVA

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Bonferroni ratio Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.1 Independent-Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 5. In the paired samples t-test, the dependent variable must be ______. a. categorical b. positive c. greater than 0 d. quantitative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.1 Independent-Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Independent samples occur when researchers assign each participant ______. a. a partner in another group b. to one group c. to two groups d. to two treatment protocols Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.2 Between-S and Within-S or Paired Groups Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Marriage partners are an example of ______. a. experimental confound b. contrived groupings c. naturally occurring pairs d. qualitative samples Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.3.1 Naturally Occurring Pairs (Different but Related Persons in the Two Samples Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The use of ______ can guarantee that the most important participant characteristic is equal, or close to it, across treatment groups. a. matched samples b. naturally occurring pairs c. random assignment d. participant self-selection Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.3.2 Creation of Matched Pairs

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A researcher wants to compare two methods of instruction using matched pairs of students. What should be done prior to implementing the study to achieve approximately matched samples? a. match gender pairs b. administer a test of preexisting student ability c. randomly assign students to pairs d. solicit parent permission Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.3.2 Creation of Matched Pairs Difficulty Level: Medium 10. In a within-S study design, each person is assessed on ______. a. one condition b. only two conditions c. all conditions d. only selected conditions Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.4 Hypothetical Study: Effects of Stress on Heart Rate Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Scores are organized differently in ______ depending on whether they come from a between-S or a within-S design. a. research reports b. data analysis c. APA citations d. SPSS Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.4 Hypothetical Study: Effects of Stress on Heart Rate Difficulty Level: Easy 12. For a between-S study, group membership is indicated by a score on a ______ variable. a. categorical b. qualitative c. quantitative d. dependent Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.5 Review: Data Organization for Independent Samples Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 13. In a paired samples or repeated measures design, researchers hope to find a ______. a. significant result b. negative correlation c. positive correlation d. causation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.7 A First Look at Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Paired samples designs are also called ______. a. contrived samples b. quantitative samples c. dependent samples d. correlated samples Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.7 A First Look at Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Easy 15. What is the first step in the paired samples t-test? a. find a difference score for each participant b. calculate r c. find the mean d. calculate df Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.8 Calculation of Difference (d) Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 16. For the paired samples t-test, the null hypothesis of no treatment is stated in terms of the population mean of the ______. a. independent samples b. difference scores c. standard deviations d. treatment scores Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.9 Null Hypothesis for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which of the following is the notation for the null hypothesis of “no treatment effect” for the paired samples t-test? a. H1: µd = 0 b. H0: µd ≠ 0

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. H0: µd = 1 d. H0: µd = 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.9 Null Hypothesis for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 18. What is the sample statistic examined to make inferences about µ d? a. N(N – 1) b. Md c. chi squared d. eta squared Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.9 Null Hypothesis for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Md is always equal to ______. a. (M1 – M2) b. 0 c. N(N – 1) d. 1 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.9 Null Hypothesis for Paired Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 20. In the paired samples t-test, the change scores should be approximately ______. a. equal b. correlated c. normally distributed d. positively skewed Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.10 Assumptions for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 21. In formulas for the paired samples t-test, N refers to the number of ______. a. mean scores b. difference scores c. participants d. standard deviations Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.11 Formulas for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 22. What is the equation for the sample mean of the difference scores? a. Ms = (m) / N b. SEm = (d) / N c. Md = (d) / N d. Md = (d) / (N – 1) Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.11 Formulas for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The standard error for the mean of difference scores (Md) is a function of the ______ of the d scores and the number of the d scores. a. addition b. average c. mean d. variance Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.11 Formulas for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In a study about changes in heart rate, the extent to which some participants tend to have a high heart rate across different situations is called ______. a. person effects b. confound effect c. study effect d. situational effects Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.13 Comparison Between Results for Independent-Samples and Paired-Samples t Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 25. When we have consistent individual differences in the outcome variable, we can ______ individual differences. a. question b. rule out c. experimentally explain d. statistically control for Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.13 Comparison Between Results for Independent-Samples and Paired-Samples t Tests Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 26. For paired samples data, the value of r is almost always ______. a. negative b. positive c. equal to 1 d. equal to 0 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.13 Comparison Between Results for Independent-Samples and Paired-Samples t Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 27. An advantage of the paired samples design is that you may use _______ participants. a. related b. a smaller number of c. randomly assigned d. self-selected Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.13 Comparison Between Results for Independent-Samples and Paired-Samples t Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 28. For the paired samples t-test, the variance due to individual subjects is removed when ______ are computed. a. difference scores b. mean scores c. degrees of freedom scores d. r ratios Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.14 Effect Size and Power Difficulty Level: Medium 29. If you overestimate effect size, you may decide to use a sample size that is too small to provide ______. a. valid results b. reliable results c. statistical significance d. adequate power Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.14 Effect Size and Power Difficulty Level: Medium 30. We need to be aware of the potential for ______ for most types of treatment.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. contamination b. carryover c. manipulation d. plagiarism Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.15.3 Carryover Effects Difficulty Level: Medium 31. When a series of treatments are administered, there can be ______ effects. a. cumulative b. contamination of c. counterbalancing of d. disqualifying Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Another name for participant dropout or loss is ______. a. malfeasance b. study error c. attrition d. planning error Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Issues such as fatigue and guessing the study purpose are more likely to occur during a ______ lab study. a. short-term b. long-term c. paired samples d. random assignment Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Issues such as fatigue, participant loss, and occurrence of outside events are all considered threats to ______. a. reliability

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. generalizability c. significance d. internal validity Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Medium 35. At minimum, a(n) ______ should be included in a two-group, pre-test/post-test study to improve internal validity. a. confounding variable b. expert administrator c. untreated control group d. disclaimer Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The SPSS paired samples t-test does not provide tests of ______. a. determination b. assumptions c. variance d. reliability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.17 Further Evaluation of Assumptions Difficulty Level: Medium 37. In a paired samples design, the researcher obtains more data from each participant and may need fewer participants than in a ______. a. between-S design b. random sample design c. self-selection design d. nonexperimental design Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Statistical power is often better using the ______ than the ______. a. ANOVA; Pearson r b. Cohen’s d; eta squared c. independent samples t-test; paired samples t-test

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. paired samples t-test; independent samples t-test Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Paired samples designs can be negatively impacted by ______ effects. a. participant’s honesty b. carryover effects c. mismatched pairs d. related pairs Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 40. In studies that compare two different types or amounts of treatments, ______ is needed to avoid confounding of the type of treatment with order. a. confounding b. counterbalancing c. random sampling d. gender mixed pairs Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The paired samples t-test is similar to the independent samples t-test in that the question of interest is whether the ______ of the two sets of scores differ. a. confidence intervals b. variances c. means d. r ratios Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.1 Independent- Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 42. A repeated measures study often requires ______ than an independent samples study. a. fewer participants b. a larger number of participants c. fewer statistical tests d. less time to complete Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 14.1 Independent- Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 43. If there is no clear way to distinguish between members of paired samples, a type of analysis such as ______ is required. a. eta squared b. Bonferroni ratio c. Cohen’s d d. intraclass correlation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.3.1 Naturally Occurring Pairs (Different but Related Persons in the Two Samples) Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Use of matched samples can guarantee that the most important ______ is equal or close to equal across all treatment groups. a. variable b. participant characteristic c. correlation d. treatment parameter Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.3.2 Creation of Matched Pairs Difficulty Level: Medium 45. When creating matched pairs, exact matching is preferable to ______. a. sibling matching b. gender matching c. approximate matching d. blind matching Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.3.2 Creation of Matched Pairs Difficulty Level: Easy 46. If a researcher wants to have 5 members in each of five study groups, what is the total N? a. 25 b. 26 c. 24 d. 5 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.5 Review: Data Organization for Independent Samples Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 47. In a repeated measures study, each participant is tested under ______ of the study conditions. a. half b. one quarter c. two thirds d. all Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.6 New: Data Organization for Paired Samples Difficulty Level: Medium 48. The mean of the difference scores and the differences between the means of the two groups in the paired samples t-test are ______ in absolute value. a. never identical b. always identical c. rarely identical d. often identical Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.9 Null Hypothesis for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 49. A possible repeated measures design examines the same group at two points in time in the absence of ______. a. confounding variables b. researcher bias c. any treatment d. participant cooperation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.15.1 Order Effects Difficulty Level: Easy 50. When an outcome variable involves a skill, there may be ______ such that the participant improves with repetition. a. practice effects b. participant fraud c. researcher bias d. outside influences Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 True/False

1. When samples are not independent, each member of group 1 has a partner member in group 2.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.1 Independent- Versus Paired-Samples Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A strong correlation does not tell you whether the means differ.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.3.1 Naturally Occurring Pairs (Different but Related Persons in the Two Samples Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When there is no natural way to distinguish between the members of pairs, as in same sex twins, then the paired samples t-test should be used.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.3.1 Naturally Occurring Pairs (Different but Related Persons in the Two Samples Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Exact matching of samples is never possible.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.3.2 Creation of Matched Pairs Difficulty Level: Medium 5. For some computations, the order in which arithmetic operations are performed leads to different outcomes.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.8 Calculation of Difference (d) Scores Difficulty Level: Medium 6. In a repeated measures study comparing two types of treatment, outcomes do not differ depending on the order of presentation of the treatments.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.15.1 Order Effects Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A carryover treatment occurs when the effect of the first treatment has not worn off

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 when the second treatment is administered.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.15.3 Carryover Effects Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Dropout or participant attrition is usually random.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Order and carryover effects, participant fatigue, maturation, and attrition are problems associated with the independent samples design.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 14.18 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Order effect problems can be reduced by presenting treatments in different orders or sequences.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.15.2 Counterbalancing to Control for Order Effects Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe at least three ways that paired sample designs can occur.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) Each case can be assessed at two or more points in time; (2) Each case can be assessed under two or more treatment conditions; (3) Each person in group 1 can have a partner in group 2; (4) Partnerships can occur naturally, as in a set of husbands and wives; (5) Partnerships can be formed by the researcher, such as matching participants with a partner of the same age.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 14.2 Between-S and Within-S or Paired-Groups Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe at least four assumptions of the paired samples t-test.

Ans: Answer should include at least four of the following: (1) The independent variables used to compute difference scores must be quantitative; (2) We must have information about the same variable measured in the same units for the two situations; (3) The change scores must be independent of each other; (4) The change scores should be

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 approximately normally distributed and not have extreme outliers; (5) The sample 1 and sample 2 scores should be linearly related and at least moderately positively correlated; (6) There should be no person x interaction effect, meaning we should not find some people with very different responses than others.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 14.10 Assumptions for Paired-Samples t Test Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Give an example of a hypothetical wine tasting study where the order of presentation of treatments can influence outcomes in a repeated measures study.

Ans: An example of this would be a wine study tasting and comparing two types of wine: a dry wine containing very little sugar and a sweet dessert wine containing lots of sugar.

Participants are asked to taste and rate the wine on a ten-point scale from 1 (strongly dislike) to 10 (strongly like). The problem here is that reaction to the wines may depend on which one was tasted first. People’s liking of a sweet wine may differ depending on whether they taste it before or after the dry wine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 14.15.1 Order Effects Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Give an example, using a hypothetical wine tasting study, of what can be done to control for order effects in a repeated measures study?

Ans: Order effects can be reduced by presenting treatments in different orders or sequences. In a study comparing dry and sweet wines, have all participants taste the wines in the same order: sweet first, dry second. To control for possible effects of the amount of alcohol impacting the response of the participants to the second wine, divide the sample in half and have one group taste dry then sweet, and the second group taste sweet then dry. Assign members to groups randomly. Including both possible orders removes the confound of order with type of wine. A paired samples t test can be used to compare mean taste ratings for the two types of wines.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 14.15.2 Counterbalancing to Control for Order Effects Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe at least five problems that can arise due to outside events and changes in participants over time.

Ans: Answers should include at least five of the following: (1) If points in time are close together and the task is repetitive, participants can become bored or fatigued; (2) If the outcome variable involves skill, practice effects may help the participant get better at the task with repetition; (3) Experience with two different treatments may enable the participant to guess the nature of the research question; (4) If the points in time are very far apart, participants become older and changes in responses may be due to maturation; (5) If the points in time are very far apart, events outside the study may have an impact on participants; (6) When a participant repeatedly experiences the same measurement procedures, the process of being measured may itself cause changes in attitudes or behaviors; (7) Participants sometimes drop out of studies that require two or

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 more sessions; (8) When a series of treatments are administered, there can be cumulative effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 14.15.4 Problems Due to Outside Events and Changes in Participants Across Time Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 15: One-Way Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. One-way repeated measures ANOVA provides comparisons across ______ of a within-S factor. a. one or two levels b. only two levels c. no more than three levels d. more than two levels Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. For a repeated measures ANOVA, the same variable must be measured at ______. a. each point in time b. the baseline only c. the end of the study only d. a predetermined study point Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In a repeated measures ANOVA, ______ may be needed than in a between-S study. a. larger numbers of participants b. smaller numbers of participants c. fewer test administrations d. more test administrations Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 4. In a repeated measures ANOVA, the F test may have greater ______ than the F test for between-S ANOVA. a. validity b. reliability c. statistical power d. causality Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Repeated measures ANOVA has many of the same potential disadvantages as the ______. a. correlated samples t-test b. Pearson r c. Cohen’s d d. Bonferroni ratio Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. When there are more than two levels of repeated measures, ______ is used to test differences among means. a. two-way ANOVA b. Pearson r c. MANOVA d. one-way repeated measures ANOVA Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.2 Null Hypothesis for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The null hypothesis for the repeated measures ANOVA is that the mean for the ______ is the same across all times and treatments. a. correlated samples b. standard deviation c. dependent variable d. independent variable Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.2 Null Hypothesis for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for a within-S factor that has k levels? a. H1: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 … = µk b. H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3…0 c. H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 … ≠ µk d. H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 … = µk Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.2 Null Hypothesis for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The alternative hypothesis for a within-S factor ANOVA is that there is ______ between a pair of means. a. no statistically significant difference b. at least one statistically significant difference c. no more than one statistically significant difference d. at least two or more statistically significant differences Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.2 Null Hypothesis for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A significant overall ______ does not indicate which comparisons are significant. a. F b. r c. t d. µ Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.2 Null Hypothesis for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 11. We can evaluate how much the means differ from each other in a set of means by computing ______. a. Pearson r b. a sum of squares c. ANOVA d. standard deviation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.3 Preliminary Assessment of Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Medium 12. We usually want error SS to be ______ in ANOVA. a. 0 b. equal to 1 c. small

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. large Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.3 Preliminary Assessment of Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Most published research reports include ______ variables. a. more than two b. fewer than two c. one or two d. independent Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.3 Preliminary Assessment of Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Medium 14. In a one-way repeated measures ANOVA with N subjects and k treatments, how many observations are there? a. N + k b. N – k c. (N – 1)  k d. N × k Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.4 Computations for One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The SPSS ______ procedure is the usual way to obtain a repeated measures ANOVA. a. Repeated Measures b. General Linear Model c. RE-ANOVA d. Linear ANOVA Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.5 Use of SPSS Reliability Procedure for One-Way RepeatedMeasures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 16. It is possible to use the SPSS ______ procedure for a simple one-way repeated measures ANOVA. a. Standard b. Validity c. Reliability d. Linear Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.5 Use of SPSS Reliability Procedure for One-Way RepeatedMeasures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 17. It is easier to set the analysis and easier to read the output for the SPSS ______ procedure than for the SPSS ______ procedure. a. Reliability; GLM b. GLM; Reliability c. Reliability; Validity d. GLM; Validity Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.5 Use of SPSS Reliability Procedure for One-Way RepeatedMeasures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Moderate to high positive correlations among measures are needed to obtain ______. a. larger error terms b. causality c. generalizability d. smaller error terms Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.5 Use of SPSS Reliability Procedure for One-Way RepeatedMeasures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Source tables for repeated measures ANOVA are divided into ______ sections. a. mean and standard deviation b. between and within S c. positive and negative d. M1 and df1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.6 Partition of SS in Between-S Versus Within-S ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 20. An assumption of the repeated measures ANOVA is that the population variances of ______ should be equal. a. means b. scores c. contrasts d. parametrics Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should Be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Relationships among repeated measures variables should be ______ without bivariate outliers. a. linear b. skewed c. equal d. positive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.2 Relationships Among the Repeated-Measures Variables Should Be Linear Without Bivariate Outliers Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The assumptions that the population variances of contrasts should be equal is known as ______. a. Bonferroni ratio b. Cronbach’s alpha c. the Sphericity Assumption d. MANOVA Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Repeated measures ANOVA assumes ______ of variances for scores of the contrast (C) variables. a. bivariance b. homogeneity c. multivariance d. inequality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Medium 24. SPSS provides a test to determine whether the sphericity assumption is violated known as ______. a. Cronbach’s alpha b. Bonferroni ratio c. Pearson product

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Mauchly’s sphericity test Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Violations of assumptions cause more problems when your sample sizes are ______. a. large b. small c. greater than 50 d. fewer than 100 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Use of ______ contrasts is rare in behavioral and social sciences. a. binomial b. parallel c. polynomial d. bivariate Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.8 Choices of Contrasts in GLM Repeated Measures Difficulty Level: Hard 27. To test for a quadratic trend there must be at least ______ means. a. 2 participant b. 1 or 2 group c. 2 group d. 3 group Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.8.3.2 Quadratic Trend Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The type of contrast that compares the mean of each level to the mean of all levels is called ______. a. Deviation b. Helmert c. Difference d. Quartile Ans: A

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.8.4 Other Contrasts Available in the SPSS GLM Procedure Difficulty Level: Medium 29. An alternative way to test overall significance of differences among means on repeated measures is ______. a. ANOVA b. Cronbach’s Alpha c. MANOVA d. Bonferroni Ratio Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.10 Output of GLM Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 30. A small value of p for a Mauchly test is evidence that ______ is violated. a. linear trend assumption b. normal distribution assumption c. the no person by treatment assumption d. the sphericity assumption Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.10 Output of GLM Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 31. As in other ANOVA designs, ______ can be calculated in repeated measures ANOVA. a. polynomials b. effect size c. bivariate standard deviation d. sphericity Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.13 Effect Size Difficulty Level: Easy 32. What is interpreted as the proportion of variance in scores that is predictable from the time or treatment factor? a. eta squared b. chi squared c. Cronbach’s Alpha d. MANOVA Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 15.13 Effect Size Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. In many experimental situations, a repeated measures ANOVA has better ______ than a between-S ANOVA. a. significance b. scientific confidence c. generalizability d. statistical power Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.14 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 34. When the same participants are used in all treatment conditions, potential ______ between type of treatment and participant characteristics are avoided. a. conflicts b. error c. confounds d. biases Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Repeated measures can be ______ because we can obtain more data from each participant. a. cost effective b. time consuming c. error prone d. reliable Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Repeated measures designs give rise to problems such as ______ that are not an issue with between-S designs. a. sphericity b. carryover effects c. confounds d. researcher bias Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The presentation of treatments in different orders is called ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. counterbalancing b. carryover c. sphericity d. variation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Complete counterbalancing is generally ______. a. preferred b. not practical c. very practical d. impossible Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Treatment orders that control for both ordinal position and sequence of treatments are called ______. a. geometric squares b. eta squares c. chi squares d. Latin squares Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Carryover effects can be avoided by allowing ______ between treatments. a. at least 3 days b. at least 2 weeks c. participant change d. a sufficiently long time interval Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 41. If a task involves knowledge, participants can improve their scores over time ______. a. as a result of aging b. by cheating c. with practice d. through trial and error

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 42. If a task is arduous or dull, performance over time may ______ because of ______. a. improve; practice b. improve; cheating c. decline; boredom d. decline; practice Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.15 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Most research reports include more than ______ variable(s). a. one b. two c. three d. four Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.16 More Complex Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Understanding how two variables are related is called ______. a. multivariate analysis b. statistical analysis c. bivariate analysis d. data analysis Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.16 More Complex Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Repeated measures designs offer substantial ______ to researchers. a. advantages b. disadvantages c. options d. data analysis options Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Repeated measures ANOVA involves assumptions about the ______ of

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 covariances among repeated measures scores. a. quality b. patterns c. direction d. significance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 47. If assumptions of ANOVA are violated, it may be necessary to use corrected ______ to assess the significance of F ratios. a. covariances b. sample means c. sample sizes d. degrees of freedom Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Another method of assessing changes in behaviors of individuals over time is ______. a. Multi-Level Modeling b. Cronbach’s Alpha c. Bonferroni ratio d. chi square Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. The type of contrast that compares the mean of each level of the factor (except the last) to the mean of subsequent levels is called ______ contrast. a. Mauchly b. Difference c. Helmert d. Deviation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.8.4 Other Contrasts Available in the SPSS GLM Procedure Difficulty Level: Hard 50. The type of contrast that compares the mean of each level of the factor (except the first) to the mean of previous levels is called ______ contrast. a. Mauchly

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Difference c. Helmert d. Deviation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.8.4 Other Contrasts Available in the SPSS GLM Procedure Difficulty Level: Hard True/False

1. When we statistically control for person effects in repeated measures, we remove variance associated with differences among persons from the error term.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.3 Preliminary Assessment of Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Statistical control is a fundamental concept in the further study of research ethics.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.3 Preliminary Assessment of Repeated-Measures Data Difficulty Level: Easy 3. For the repeated measures ANOVA, the df for error is denoted df* to make it clear that it differs from the df error in the between-S ANOVA. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.4 Computations for One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The effect size for a one-way between-S ANOVA is interpreted as the proportion of variance in scores on the dependent variable that is predictable from treatment group membership.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.4 Computations for One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 5. In SPSS, a test of an assumption about person x treatment interaction is provided by the GLM procedure but not by the Reliability procedure.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.5 Use of SPSS Reliability Procedure for One-Way RepeatedMeasures ANOVA

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 6. The assumption for the repeated measures ANOVA that population variances of contrasts should be equal is also known as Cronbach’s Alpha.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should Be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Medium 7. For the independent samples t-test and the between-S ANOVA, violations of the homogeneity of variance test usually cause serious problems.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.7.3 Population Variances of Contrasts Should be Equal (Sphericity Assumption) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. In a hypothetical study of heart rate changes due to treatment, differences in reactions to treatment from subject to subject is a violation of the assumption of the no person by treatment interaction.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.7.4 Assumption of No Person-by-Treatment Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In the behavioral and social sciences, it is common that cubic, quartic, or higher order trends are hypothesized.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 15.8.3.3 Higher Order Polynomials Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Almost all statistics learned in early statistics courses are special cases of General Linear Model (GLM).

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 15.9 SPSS GLM Procedure for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe how at least three levels of a within-S factor can be accomplished.

Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) Different types of treatment; (2) Different amounts or dosages of the same treatment; (3) Assessments

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 made at different times, as in a longitudinal study; (4) For studies including an intervention, baseline and/or treatment effects may be assessed at more than one time.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.1 Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Compare and contrast the SPSS GLM and Reliability procedures in obtaining repeated measures ANOVA. Ans: The SPSS GLM is the usual way to obtain a repeated measures ANOVA. It is possible to use the SPSS Reliability procedure to obtain a simple one-way repeated measures ANOVA. It is easier to set up the analysis and easier to read the output for the Reliability procedure. Reliability also provides one kind of information not given by GLM, namely, a test of an assumption about person x treatment interaction. GLM provides more information about comparisons or contrasts involving group means.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 15.5 Counterbalancing in Repeated-Measures Studies Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the four assumptions for repeated measures ANOVA that need to be reasonably well satisfied to provide accurate information about the risk of Type I error.

Ans: (1) Scores on outcome variables are quantitative and approximately normally distributed without extreme outliers. (2) Relationships among the repeated measures variables should be linear without bivariate outliers. (3) Population variances of contrast should be equal (the Sphericity Assumption). (4) Assumption of no person by treatment interaction.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 15.7 Assumptions for Repeated-Measures ANOVA (15.7.1, 15.7.2, 15.7.3, 15.7.4) Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe simple, repeated, and polynomial contrasts used in GLM repeated measures.

Ans: (1) Simple contrasts: for a study that compares one control (untreated) group with treatment groups, the mean of each treatment condition is compared to the mean of the control group. This set of contrasts does not provide information about all possible comparisons. (2) Repeated contrasts: this compares the mean of each level, except the last, to the mean of the subsequent level. This is useful in situations where a response is expected to change from time 1 to time 2, time 2 to time 3, and so forth. (3) Polynomial contrasts: these are used when the levels of a repeated measures factor correspond to different amounts of treatment rather than different types of treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 15.8.1, 15.8.2, and 15.8.3 Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the steps in the Bonferroni procedure to correct for the inflated risk of Type I error.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: (1) Count the number of tests that will be performed. For example, let k be the number of tests in the set of paired samples t-tests. (2) Decide on the limit for Type I error you want to have for the entire set of k significance tests. This is called “experimentwise” error rate, denoted EW. (3) Calculate the per comparison , denoted PC, as follows: PC = EW/k. (4) Implement the test using the  calculated in step #3.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 15.11 Paired Samples t Tests as Follow-Up Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 16: Factorial Analysis of Variance Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. In a ______ design, all levels of Factor A are combined with all levels of Factor B. a. completely crossed b. crossover c. two-by-two d. completely mixed Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In a factorial study, each of the categorical ______ is called a factor. a. outcome variables b. sample means c. predictor variables d. dependent variables Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 3. In a factorial design, the groups identified by each factor are called ______. a. outcomes b. levels c. measures d. factoids Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A factorial is often described by naming the ______ of levels. a. types b. varieties c. number d. title Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A factorial design that includes two factors is called ______. a. two by two b. two way c. multilevel d. one by two Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Easy 6. In factorial ANOVA we do ______ analyses simultaneously. a. two b. one or two c. three d. five or more Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 7. In factorial analysis, ______ are used to determine whether differences among group means are statistically significant. a. Pearson r ratios b. Cohen’s d calculations c. chi square calculations d. F ratios Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.2 Questions in Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 8. To assess the pattern of outcomes in a two-way factorial ANOVA, three separate ______ are tested. a. null hypotheses

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. dependent variables c. independent variables d. group means Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.3 Null Hypotheses in Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 9. When the lines in a graph of cell means of Factor A and Factor B are not parallel, and the ______of the interaction is statistically significant, we can say that Factor A interacts significantly with Factor B. a. Pearson r b. Bonferroni ratio c. Cohen’s d d. F ratio Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.3.3 Third Null Hypothesis: Test of the A x B Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 10. When a substantial interaction effect is present, the interpretation of results often focuses on the interaction rather than on ______. a. the main effects b. the sample means c. research protocol d. factorial design Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.3.3 Third Null Hypothesis: Test of the A x B Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 11. An assumption for factorial ANOVA is that the number of observations is ______ in all cells. a. large b. small c. equal d. unequal Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.4 Screening for Violations of Assumptions Difficulty Level: Easy 12. When the numbers of scores are equal across all cells in a study, ______ between factors is not a problem. a. disparity b. confounds

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. error d. agreement Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.5 Hypothetical Research Situation Difficulty Level: Medium 13. When the numbers of scores are equal across all cells in a study and confounds are not a problem, this is called ______. a. ideal ANOVA b. bifactor ANOVA c. orthogonal factorial ANOVA d. nonorthogonal factorial ANOVA Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.5 Hypothetical Research Situation Difficulty Level: Hard 14. To calculate sum of squares (SS) in factorial ANOVA, begin by finding values for ______ in every group. a. Y b. N c. X d. M Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.6 Computations for Between-S Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Factor A has a levels and Factor B has b levels. How many cells are there? a. a + b b. a x b c. (a – 1)(b – 1) d. (a x b) – 1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.6 Computations for Between-S Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The SPSS default method for computation of SS terms corrects for ______ automatically. a. confounds b. error c. miscalculations d. degrees of freedom Ans: A

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.6 Computations for Between-S Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Factorial design is ______ if all cases in a group (ns) are equal across all cells. a. symmetrical b. nonorthogonal c. orthogonal d. ideal Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.6 Computations for Between-S Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 18. A variation that cannot be explained by Factor A or Factor B or their interaction is termed ______. a. standard error of measurement b. significant c. outlier result d. experimental error Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.7 Computation of SS and df in Two-way Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 19. The minimum possible value for SSerror is ______. a. –1.0 b. 0 c. +1.0 d. .01 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.7 Computation of SS and df in Two-way Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The simple eta squared (2) tells us what proportion of the total variance in scores on the Y outcome variable is predictable from ______. a. each factor in the model b. the sum of squares c. the mean scores d. covariance Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.8 Effect Size Estimates for Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 21. Eta squared tends to ______ the proportion of variance in Y that is predictable from a factor in some broader population. a. accurately estimate b. underestimate c. overestimate d. describe exactly Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.8 Effect Size Estimates for Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following can be used to describe the strength of an association between variables in a sample? a. chi squared b. eta squared c. MANOVA d. Pearson r Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.8 Effect Size Estimates for Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 23. In factorial ANOVA, the basic issue is the minimum number of cases required in each cell or each row or column to have adequate ______. a. statistical power b. reliability c. validity d. credibility Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.9 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Easy 24. To make a reasonable judgement about minimum number of participants required to have adequate statistical power, researchers need to make educated guesses about ______. a. population means b. main effect c. interaction effect d. population effect size Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.9 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Hard 25. Comparable past research ______ reports can be used to compute simple

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 estimated effect sizes. a. chi square b. F ratio c. eta square d. omega square Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.9 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The usual desired minimum level of statistical power is _______. a. .25 b. .50 c. .70 d. .80 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.9 Statistical Power Difficulty Level: Easy 27. One of the most common ways to illustrate a significant interaction in a two-way factorial ANOVA is to ______. a. construct a narrative b. calculate sphericity c. graph the cell means d. calculate an omega ratio Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.10.1 Nature of a Two-Way Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Visual examination of a graph makes it possible to ______ about the nature of the outcomes. a. tell a story b. determine significance c. identify error d. determine crossover Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.10.1 Nature of a Two-Way Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy 29. An analysis that compares the means of one factor within groups that are defined by a second factor is called an analysis of ______. a. horizontal effects b. simple main effects

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. minimal effects d. crossover effects Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.11 Factorial ANOVA Using the SPSS GLM Procedure Difficulty Level: Medium 30. When a factor has only two levels and the F for the main effect for that factor is statistically significant, ______ is/are necessary to understand the nature of the differences between group means. a. one additional test b. further analyses c. no further tests d. additional comparisons Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.10.2 Nature of Main Effect Differences Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The Levene test is a test for the ______ of variance assumption. a. reliability b. main effect c. heterogeneity d. homogeneity Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.12 SPSS Output Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The ______ test tells us whether the combined effects of Factor A, Factor B, and A x B are statistically significant. a. omnibus b. Pearson r c. bilateral d. multilateral Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.12 SPSS Output Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The omnibus ______ is rarely reported in SPSS output. a. r b. µ2 c. F d.  Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.12 SPSS Output Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Data analysts often want to conduct an analysis of ______. a. covariance b. independent samples t-test c. population effects d. simple main effects Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.12 SPSS Output Difficulty Level: Medium 35. In a situation where the interaction is statistically significant, the interpretation is likely to focus more on the nature of the interaction and less on the nature of ______. a. any main effects b. covariance c. SPSS GLM d. error effects Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.13 Results Difficulty Level: Medium 36. In factorial ANOVA, we want to assess whether group means are far apart relative to the ______ variability of scores a. between-group b. within-group c. magnitude of d. random Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.14 Design Decisions and Magnitudes of SS Terms Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The same factors that affect the size of t and F in ______ are relevant in factorial analysis. a. random factors analysis b. SPSS output c. MANOVA d. one-way ANOVA Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.14 Design Decisions and Magnitudes of SS Terms Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 38. The value of an F ratio tends to be higher as the total sample size N increases, assuming that all other aspects of the ______ remain the same. a. population b. interaction c. data d. sample Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.14.2 Number of Scores Within Each Group or Cell Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Variance of scores within groups tends to be smaller when sources of error variance within groups can be controlled through the selection of ______. a. heterogeneous participants b. homogeneous participants c. specific data analyses d. SPSS output function Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.14.3 Variability of Scores Within Groups or Cells (Magnitude of MSwithin) Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Including a(n) ______ is another way to reduce the variability of scores within groups. a. blocking factor b. error factor c. interaction factor d. additional sample Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.14.3 Variability of Scores Within Groups or Cells (Magnitude of MSwithin) Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Adding a(n) ______ to ANOVA can provide more information than a one-way ANOVA analysis. a. categorical variable b. error analysis c. control sample d. second factor Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 42. When a second factor is added, factorial ANOVA provides information about ______ for two factors. a. variances b. main effects c. significance d. sum of squares Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Reducing the variability within cells (SSwithin) can lead to larger ______ for the tests of main effects. a. F ratios b. t ratios c. eta squared ratios d. MS Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Description of the nature of an interaction usually focuses on the pattern of ______. a. the normal distribution b. homogeneity of participants c. cell means d. sample t-tests Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 45. We can expand on the basic factorial ANOVA design by including ______ on any factor. a. fewer levels b. one or two levels c. data analysis d. more than two levels Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 46. When significant Fs are obtained for main effects on factors that have more than two levels, ______ can be used to assess which particular levels differed significantly.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. post hoc comparisons b. ad hoc comparisons c. SPSS output d. simple computations Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Another term for post hoc comparisons is ______. a. Bonferroni ratios b. planned contrasts c. alternative data analysis d. weighted measures Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 48. When more than two factors are involved in a factorial ANOVA design, each is typically designated by a(n) ______. a. Roman numeral b. lowercase letter c. uppercase letter d. Greek letter Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 49. A possible disadvantage of three-way and higher-order factorials is that the interactions can be/are ______. a. difficult to interpret b. prone to error c. easily disputed d. rarely significant Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 50. In a 3 × 2 × 5 factorial we would need enough participants to fill ______ cells or groups. a. 10 b. 15 c. 20

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. 30 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.15 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy True/False

1. It is common for studies to include large numbers of factors with large numbers of level.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Factorial ANOVA is often used in experiments and can also be used in nonexperimental research situations.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.1 Research Situations Where Factorial Design Is Used Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When the graph lines of the cell means of Factor A and Factor B are parallel, there is an interaction between the two factors.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.3.3 Third Null Hypothesis: Test of the A x B Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Factorial analysis is fairly robust to the violations of the normality assumption unless the number of cases in the cells are very small and/or unequal.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.4 Screening for Violations of Assumptions Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Sum of squares and degrees of freedom are generally obtained from the SPSS GLM procedure.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.7 Computation of SS and df in Two-Way Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Research reports always include all the intermediate computations for factorial

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 ANOVA. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.7 Computation of SS and df in Two-Way Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Omega squared is more widely used than eta squared as a sample effect size in journal articles.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.8 Effect Size Estimates for Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Hard 8. The APA Task Force suggested that it is more appropriate to specify a limited number of planned contrasts in advance than to make all possible comparisons among cell means post hoc.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.10.1 Nature of a Two-Way Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 9. ANOVA is not robust to violations of the homogeneity of variance assumption.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 16.12 SPSS Output Difficulty Level: Easy 10. There is a better chance that a researcher will find age related differences in blood pressure when comparing groups that are age 20 versus age 70 than when comparing groups of age 20 versus age 25.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 16.14.1 Distances Between Group Means (Magnitudes of SSA and SSB) Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe the three null hypotheses in factorial ANOVA. Ans: (1) The first null hypothesis, the main effect for Factor A, is that the population means on the quantitative Y variable, are equal across all levels of A. The notation is H0: µA1 = µA2. (2) The second null hypothesis, the main effect for Factor B, is that the population means on the quantitative Y variable, are equal across all levels of B. The notation is H0: µB1 = µB2. (3) The third null hypothesis is that there is no interaction between A and B. It is written verbally as H0: No A × B interaction. When lines in a

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 graph of cell means are parallel, there is no interaction.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 16.3.1, 16.3.2, 16.3.3 Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe at least three assumptions of the factorial ANOVA. Ans: Answer should include at least three of the following: (1) Scores for the Y dependent variable must be quantitative. (2) Within each group (cell), scores for the Y variable should be approximately normally distributed with no extreme outliers. (3) When data involve repeated measures, we need to use repeated measures analytic methods that take the correlations among scores into account such as one-way repeated measures ANOVA. We assume that the scores are obtained in a manner that also leads to independent observations between groups. (4) We assume that population variances are reasonably equal across groups. (5) We assume that the number of observations is equal in all cells.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.4 Screening for Violations of Assumptions Difficulty Level: Hard 3. For what three questions do the computations for a between-S factorial ANOVA (Factor A and Factor B) provide answers?

Ans: (1) Is there a main effect for Factor A: do the means for the A1 and A2 groups differ significantly? (2) Is there a main effect for Factor B: do the means for the B1 and B2 groups differ significantly? (3) The pattern of means among these four cell means provides information about potential interaction between Factors A and B. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.6 Computations for Between-S Factorial ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe the four design decisions that researchers make for a factorial ANOVA. Ans: (1) How many levels are needed for each factor? (2) What can be done to maximize between group differences, that is, selection of naturally occurring groups, dosage levels for amounts of treatment? (3) What can be done to minimize experimental error? (4) What sample size is needed for adequate statistical power and reasonably narrow confidence intervals?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.14 Design Decisions and Magnitudes of SS Terms Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain how a factorial ANOVA design offers researchers a possible way to reduce SSwithin. Give an example.

Ans: A factorial ANOVA design can reduce SSwithin, the variability of scores within groups, by blocking on subject characteristics. Example: a researcher wants to study the effects of social support on a symptom, but another potential predictor variable, stress, is also related to the symptom. The researcher can use stress as a blocking factor in the analysis. In this hypothetical 2 × 2 factorial, the factor that represents social

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 support (A1 = low, A2 = high) can be crossed with a second blocking factor, stress (B1 = low, B2 = high). We say that the participants have been “blocked on level of stress”.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 16.14.3 Variability of Scores Within Groups or Cells (Magnitude of MSwithin) Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 17: Chi Square Analysis of Contingency Tables Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. When X is categorical and Y is quantitative, ______ can be used to evaluate how means for Y differ across groups based on X. a. ANOVA b. MANOVA c. Pearson r d. chi square Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.1 Evaluating Association Between Two Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 2. If X and Y are linearly related and both variables are quantitative, ______ can be used to evaluate how scores are associated. a. ANOVA b. MANOVA c. Pearson r d. chi square Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.1 Evaluating Association Between Two Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When X and Y are both categorical, the most commonly used test to evaluate how they are associated is ______. a. ANOVA b. MANOVA c. Pearson r d. chi square Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 17.1 Evaluating Association Between Two Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The notation for chi square is ______. a. 2 b. 2 c. 2 d. 2 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.1 Evaluating Association Between Two Categorical Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What are described by numbers of rows and numbers of columns? a. Scatterplots b. Histograms c. Chi square d. Contingency tables Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.2 First Example: Contingency Tables for Titanic Data Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Contingent means ______. a. predictable from b. outcome dependent c. independent from d. inconclusive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.3 What Is Contingency?

Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Contingency information tells us whether ______ can be predicted from ______. a. chi square; Pearson r b. X; Y c. Y; X d. Pearson r; chi square Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.3 What Is Contingency?

Difficulty Level: Easy 8. To determine whether contingency exists between row and column variables, we examine ______ with each row of the table. a. input

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. percentages c. discrepancies d. outliers Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.3 What Is Contingency?

Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Row percentages can be interpreted as ______. a. probabilities b. discrepancies c. exact outcomes d. ratios Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.3 What Is Contingency?

Difficulty Level: Medium 10. In a study of the deaths of female passengers aboard the Titanic, when class is unspecified, the percentage of total female deaths is an example of ______. a. conditional probability b. true outcome c. exact percentage d. unconditional probability Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.4 Conditional and Unconditional Probabilities Difficulty Level: Medium 11. How is conditional probability denoted? a.  b.  c.  d.  Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.4 Conditional and Unconditional Probabilities Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following is the general formula for conditional probability? a. Pr = Yb  Xa b. Pr (X = b  Y = a) c. Pr(Y = b  X = a) d. Pr = Yb  Xa Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 17.4 Conditional and Unconditional Probabilities Difficulty Level: Hard 13. If all conditional probabilities are equal, then all conditional probabilities are also equal to ______. a. 0 b. the unconditional probability c. the categorical variable d. 1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.5 Null Hypothesis for Contingency Table Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Friedmann et al (1980) examined whether ______ was related to, or predictive of, survival. a. diet b. exercise c. creativity d. dog ownership Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Hard 15. It is acceptable to use any ______ to describe levels of categorical data. a. descriptive term b. numeric values c. factorial symbol d. proper name Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Easy 16. For categorical variables, numbers are only ______ for group membership. a. placeholders b. categories c. labels d. values Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Opinion poll results are often reported with a ______ similar to a confidence interval.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. margin of error b. conditional probability c. unconditional probability d. chi square ratio Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In a study of the relationship between dog ownership and survival, how many possible outcomes are there? a. one b. two c. three d. four Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.7 Preliminary Examination of Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Easy 19. What is the notation for the expected number of cases needed in each cell to make all conditional probabilities equal? a. X b. E c. C d. N Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.8 Expected Cell Frequencies If H0 Is True Difficulty Level: Easy 20. You should verify that the E values ______ the row and column totals in the original table. a. are a ratio of b. are multiples of c. do not sum to d. sum to Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.8 Expected Cell Frequencies If H0 Is True Difficulty Level: Easy 21. We want to know how much the observed frequency in each cell differs from the ______. a. mean b. variance

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. confidence interval d. expected frequency Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.8 Expected Cell Frequencies If H0 Is True Difficulty Level: Medium 22. For a contingency table, the df is based on the number of ______ in the table. a. cells b. variables c. rows and columns d. contingencies Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.9 Computation of Chi Squared Significance Test Difficulty Level: Easy 23. What is the formula for degrees of freedom (df) in a contingency table? a. df = (r – 1) / (c – 1) b. df = (r – 1) * (c – 1) c. df = (r * c) – 1 d. df = (r +c) – 1 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.9 Computation of Chi Squared Significance Test Difficulty Level: Medium 24. What is the formula for chi squared? a. 2 = [(O – E)2/E] b. 2 = df (O – E)/E c. 2 = [(O – E)/E] d. 2 = [(O – E)2/E] Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.9 Computation of Chi Squared Significance Test Difficulty Level: Hard 25. When p < .05, ______ is large enough to be judged statistically significant. a. Cohen’s d b. eta squared c. chi squared d. variance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.10 Evaluation of Statistical Significance of 2 Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 26. What is the shape of the 2 distribution? a. normal curve b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. circular Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.10 Evaluation of Statistical Significance of 2 Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Chi squared has a minimum possible value of ______. a. –1 b. +1 c. .01 d. 0 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.10 Evaluation of Statistical Significance of 2 Difficulty Level: Medium 28. For 2 × 2 contingency tables, the most common effect size is ______. a. the phi coefficient b. equal to 1 c. equal to 0 d. the alpha coefficient Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Hard 29. What is the symbol for the phi coefficient? a.  b. σ c. Φ d. θ Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 30. For tables with more than two rows or two columns, ______ is a widely used effect size. a. Cramer’s V b. Cohen’s d c. eta squared

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Pearson r Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The phi coefficient can be calculated from ______. a. 2 b. µ2 c. df d. 2 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Hard 32. Cases are considered ______ if they have high scores on both X and Y or low scores on both X and Y. a. discordant b. concordant c. skewed d. significant Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The phi coefficient is ______ if the number of discordant cases is zero. a. –1 b. 0 c. 1 d. >1 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 34. A Φ close to 0 tells us that values of Y are ______ with values of X. a. associated b. not associated c. in agreement d. aligned Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 35. Values of Cramer’s V range from ______. a. 0 to 1 b. –1 to 0 c. –1 to +1 d. 0 to 2 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Cramer’s V does not provide information about the ______ of association a. quantity b. proportion c. percentage d. direction Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Cramer’s V is a(n) ______ index of association. a. asymmetrical b. symmetrical c. skewed d. positive Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 38. For a 2 × 2 table, Cramer’s V equals the absolute value of ______. a.  b. θ c. Φ d.  Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium 39. For 2 we do not want values of E in the table to be less than ______. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.14 Reporting Results Difficulty Level: Hard 40. Most sources say that 2 can be used to analyze ______ data if no cell has an expected value less than 5. a. contingency table b. raw c. crosstabs d. Cramer V Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.15.2 Minimum Requirements for Expected Values in Cells Difficulty Level: Easy 41. In a completely between-S data set, each person can be a member of ______ on each of the categorical variables. a. two groups b. two or more groups c. only one group d. one or two groups Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.15.1 Independence of Observations Difficulty Level: Easy 42. In SPSS output, a “condition” is a ______ that can be either true or false for each case. a. variable b. treatment c. data set d. logical statement Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.15.5 How To Remove Groups Difficulty Level: Medium 43. One way to handle tables with small values of E in some cells is to combine ______ with small numbers of cases into one larger group. a. 2 or more groups b. all but one group c. the first and last groups d. all groups Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 17.15.6 How To Combine Groups Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Trying numerous variations of dropping and combining groups in search of a statistically significant outcome is a form of ______. a. research fraud b. plagiarism c. p-hacking d. data surfing Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.15.6 How To Combine Groups Difficulty Level: Medium 45. When research situations involve prediction of rare outcomes, instead of using 2 test of association, a different approach known as ______ is often preferred. a. recoding b. odds ratios c. decoding d. alpha ratios Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.16 Other Measures of Association for Contingency Tables Difficulty Level: Hard 46. Odds ratios can be obtained using ______. a. alpha ratios b. recoding c. logistic regression d. categorical regression Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.16 Other Measures of Association for Contingency Tables Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Like correlation, contingency is not necessarily evidence of ______. a. causation b. significance c. accurate data d. error-free data entry Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Most authors agree that ______ should not be used when one or more cells have

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 expected values below 5. a. McNemar test b. Φ c. Pearson r d. 2 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 49. The most common way to evaluate whether the association between categorical variables is statistically significant is the ______ for contingency tables. a. Cramer’s V b. 2 test of association c. Pearson r d. McNemar test Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Medium 50. Data with a categorical outcome variable can be analyzed with ______ logistic regression. a. unilateral b. binary c. polytomous d. parallel Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.17 Summary Difficulty Level: Hard True/False

1. To evaluate possible contingency between the X and Y variables, we compare unconditional probabilities across groups.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.5 Null Hypothesis for Contingency Table Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The null hypothesis for contingency table analysis is that the conditional probability is equal to the unconditional probability.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.5 Null Hypothesis for Contingency Table Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Confidence intervals for proportions and percentages are always included in research reports.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In a hypothetical study of dog ownership and survival, if the null hypothesis is true, observed frequencies should correspond approximately to the same conditional probability of death for dog owners as for non-dog owners.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.7 Preliminary Examination of Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Hard 5. To find E for each cell, multiply the corresponding row total n by the corresponding column total c and divide by the table total N. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 17.8 Expected Cell Frequencies If H0 Is True Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Chi squared has fixed upper and lower limits to possible values.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.10 Evaluation of Statistical Significance of 2 Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Cases are considered concordant if they have low scores on one variable and high scores on the other variable.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Easy 8. High positive values of Φ tell us that higher scores on the Y variable tend to go with higher scores on the X variable.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 9. Like Pearson r, Cramer’s V does not require a linear association between scores on the X and Y variables, nor does it have a sign.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.11 Effect Sizes for Chi Squared Difficulty Level: Hard 10. The design required for the 2 test of contingency must not have repeated measures or paired samples.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 17.15.1 Independence of Observations Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Describe unconditional and conditional probabilities using the Titanic data used in this chapter.

Ans: The Titanic data uses three classes of female passengers: 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd. A value given for the percentage of deaths of all female passengers, such as 26%, is considered an unconditional probability because it does not take into account passenger class membership. Probabilities given for female passengers in each class are considered conditional probabilities. For example, given the condition that a female was in first class, her probability of dying was only 2.8%.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.4 Conditional and Unconditional Probabilities Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What are the five steps used to demonstrate complete analysis of a contingency table in SPSS? Ans: (1) Examine expected frequencies to evaluate whether data are appropriate for 2 analysis. (2) Obtain the table of observed frequencies from Crosstabs and examine marginal distribution for X, marginal distributions for Y, and row percentages. The marginal distribution for Y provides information about unconditional probability of each Y outcome, and row percentages provide information about conditional probabilities. (3) Obtain 2 or other significance test to evaluate the null hypothesis. Based on the value of 2 we can judge the statistical significance of the outcome. (4) Obtain effect size information. (5) Evaluate the nature of the association by comparing row percentages (conditional probabilities) across groups.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.6 Second Empirical Example: Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Hard 3. In a hypothetical study of dog ownership and survival, what are the three possible associations you might expect?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: (1) Dog owners might be more likely to die than non-dog owners. Perhaps dog walking causes more exertion and/or risk of falling. (2) Dog owners might be less likely to die than non-dog owners. Perhaps the companionship of the dog and/or the benefits of mild exercise obtained by dog walking provide health benefits. (3) There is no difference in survival rates between dog owners and non-dog owners.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.7 Preliminary Examination of Dog Ownership Data Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What five questions should be answered in the Results section of contingency table reports?

Ans: (1) Were assumptions for use of the analysis satisfied? (2) What kinds of participants were included in the sample? (3) What statistical significance test was done, with what df, and what p value was obtained? 4) What was the effect size? (5) What was the nature of the relationship?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.14 Reporting Results Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe four ways to handle tables with small expected values (E < 5).

Ans: (1) Decide that the samples used are too small to provide enough information and conduct a new study with larger samples. This may be the best solution but may be costly and difficult to obtain. (2) Use a statistical significance test other than 2. The Fisher exact test may be best for 2 × 2 tables with very small numbers of observations.

3) Drop groups with the smallest expected values. (4) Combine groups with small expected values. Only combine groups if group members have something in common and it makes sense to combine them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 17.15.4 Four Ways to Handle Tables With Small Expected Values Difficulty Level: Hard

Chapter 18: Selection of Bivariate Analyses and Review of Key Concepts Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Bivariate analyses include ______ variables. a. more than two b. one or two c. only two d. multiples of two

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.1 Selecting Appropriate Bivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 2. To choose an appropriate bivariate analysis we must know the ______ of the independent and dependent variables. a. type b. number c. name d. category Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Independent and dependent variables can be ______or ______. a. ordinal; nominal b. categorical; quantitative c. large; small d. bivariate; multivariate Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Easy 4. When you have a categorical IV and a categorical DV, association between variables can be analyzed by setting up a ______. a. logistic regression b. Pearson r c. histogram d. contingency table Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Hard 5. If variables are linearly related, a ______ can be used to evaluate the nature and strength of the association. a. logistic regression b. Pearson r c. histogram d. contingency table

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Hard 6. With a quantitative IV and a categorical DV, use a ______ to evaluate association. a. logistic regression b. Pearson r c. histogram d. contingency table Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Hard 7. For a categorical IV with quantitative DV, means are compared across groups defined by the ______. a. contingency table b. quantitative DV c. categorical IV d. logistic regression Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. With a quantitative IV and DV, if scores are obtained in the form of ranks, the nonparametric alternative ______ is a possible analysis. a. McNemar test b. Cramer V c. Pearson r d. Spearman r Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Kendall’s  is a(n) ______ version of correlation. a. nonparametric b. parametric c. logistic d. outdated

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Medium 10. If variables are linearly related, ______ can be used to evaluate the nature and strength of the association. a. logistic regression b. univariate regression c. McNemar test d. bivariate regression Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which of the following is a parametric statistic? a. Friedman one-way ANOVA b. ANOVA c. Mann-Whitney U d. Kruskal-Wallis Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Nonparametric tests often convert scores for quantitative variables into ______ at the beginning of the analysis. a. means b. ratios c. ranks d. percentages Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Converting scores into ranks is a way to get rid of ______ problems. a. extreme outlier b. data entry errors c. participant attrition d. sample population Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 14. When samples include extreme outliers, ______ are recommended. a. parametric tests b. nonparametric tests c. ANOVA tests d. bivariate regression ratios Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Many parametric tests have their own ______, some of which may be difficult to satisfy. a. calculations b. standard c. assumptions d. parameters Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The ______ test does not require that scores be normally distributed within groups but assumes that distribution shapes are the same in the two groups under study. a. Kruskal Wallis b. Mann-Whitney U c. Friedman One Way ANOVA by Ranks d. Field Wilcox Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Field and Wilcox (2017) argue that the assumptions for parametric statistics are almost always violated with ______ and therefore it is better to use robust techniques. a. inaccuracies b. hypothetical assumptions c. categorical data d. real data Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 18. The author believes that the worst research problems arise from common but questionable practices such as ______. a. plagiarism b. p-hacking c. use of SPSS output d. bivariate analysis Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Use of nonparametric statistical analysis is one of several ways to minimize the effects of ______. a. extreme outliers b. data miscalculations c. researcher bias d. large sample populations Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 20. It is recommended that researchers decide whether to use a parametric versus a nonparametric test ______. a. once all data has been collected b. after preliminary analysis c. before data has been collected d. when at least half of the data has been collected Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 21. An analysis that can handle more than two groups can also be used when there is/are ______. a. less than two b. undefined c. one group d. two groups Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.4 Comparisons of Means or Medians Across Groups (Categorical IV and Quantitative DV) Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A between-S design is also called ______.

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. repeated measures b. independent samples c. dependent samples d. single measure Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.4 Comparisons of Means or Medians Across Groups (Categorical IV and Quantitative DV) Difficulty Level: Medium 23. A within-S design is also called ______. a. repeated measures b. independent samples c. dependent samples d. single measure Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.4 Comparisons of Means or Medians Across Groups (Categorical IV and Quantitative DV) Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Preregistration of plans for data collection and analysis is one way to help reduce ______ in selection of results to include in study reports. a. plagiarism b. research fraud c. error d. bias Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.5 Problems With Selective Reporting of Evidence and Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 25. A p value tells us how likely it is that we would obtain the results that we found if the ______ is true. a. r b. null hypothesis c. data analysis d. Type I error Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.6 Limitations of Statistical Significance Tests and p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 26. When a sample is not representative of the population of interest, using ______ to estimate ______ makes no sense. a. M; µ

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. µ; M c. Y; X d. X; Y Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.6 Limitations of Statistical Significance Tests and p Values Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Sample size influences the ______ of most test statistics. a. validity b. reliability c. magnitude d. significance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.7 Statistical Versus Practical Significance Difficulty Level: Medium 28. A t test statistic is a product of both ______ and ______. a. Pearson r; Cramer’s V b. sample size; population size c. mean; standard deviation d. effect size; sample size Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.8 Statistical Versus Practical Significance Difficulty Level: Easy 29. In research reports, ______ should be included with p values and significance tests results. a. effect size information b. ANOVA results c. M and SD d. sample size Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.7 Statistical Versus Practical Significance Difficulty Level: Medium 30. When nonrepresentative convenience samples are used in research, making inferences about population means using sample means ______. a. is unethical b. is standard practice c. may be questionable d. is easily calculated Ans: C

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.8 Generalizability Issues Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The value of Pearson r in a sample can differ based on the ______ of cases in the sample. a. number b. composition c. ages of individuals d. quality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.8 Generalizability Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The ability to make a causal inference depends on the ______. a. length of the study b. researcher integrity c. type of analysis d. design of the study Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.9 Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Random assignment of cases to groups is different from ______ of cases from a population. a. self-selection b. convenience sampling c. random sampling d. nominal assignment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.9 Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Eliminating confounds between predictor or potential causal variables is done through ______ such as random assignment of cases to treatment conditions. a. experimental controls b. nonexperimental decisions c. population factors d. parametric factors Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.9 Causal Inference Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 35. For Pearson r values, SPSS output does not include ______ for r and must be obtained by hand. a. df b. CI c. M d. µ Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.10 Results Sections Difficulty Level: Medium 36. In research reports, do not label small p values, such as p < .001, as ______. a. conclusive b. inaccurate c. not significant d. highly significant Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.10 Results Sections Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Readers can usually interpret p values in terms of significance on their own, usually assuming ______. a.  = .05 b.  < .05 c.  > .05 d.  = .01 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.10 Results Sections Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Factorial ANOVA includes two or more ______ and one ______. a. categorical DV; quantitative IV b. categorical IV; quantitative DV c. parametric variable; nonparametric variable d. sample populations; treatment Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.11.1 Factorial ANOVA and Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Research reports in science journals usually report analyses that include ______. a. fewer than two variables b. large sample populations

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. more than two variables d. one or two variables Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.11.1 Factorial ANOVA and Repeated-Measures ANOVA Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Control variables can either be ______ or ______. a. numeral; ordinal b. positive; negative c. bivariate; multivariate d. categorical; quantitative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.11.2 Control Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Some analyses evaluate whether a third or control variable ______ the relationship between the other IV and DV. a. expands b. explains c. moderates d. causes Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.11.3 Moderator Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 42. In factorial ANOVA, moderation is called ______. a. interaction b. a parametric c. a nonparametric d. bivariate analysis Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.11.3 Moderator Variables Difficulty Level: Medium 43. One bad practice in adding variables to your study is called ______. a. “gunny sacking” b. “kitchen sinking” c. “deck stacking” d. “data padding” Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.11.4 Too Many Variables?

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 44. In real life, most independent variable/dependent variable associations do not occur ______. a. without manipulation b. ever c. in isolation d. easily Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.11.4 Too Many Variables?

Difficulty Level: Easy 45. A ______ variable is a categorical variable that has only two groups. a. univariate b. multivariate c. monotonous d. dichotomous Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.12 Some Multivariable or Multivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Multiple regression is an extension of ______ from one predictor to multiple predictors. a. bivariate regression b. univariate regression c. generalizability d. a causal association Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.12 Some Multivariable or Multivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 47. For many questions in science, it is better to think in terms of ______ instead of binary belief/disbelief. a. causation b. degree of belief c. ratios d. percentages Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.13 Degree of Belief Difficulty Level: Medium 48. In field such as psychology and sociology, research questions usually involve

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 ______ and/or ______. a. multiple predictors; single outcomes b. single predictors; multiple outcomes c. multiple predictors; multiple outcomes d. single predictors; single outcomes Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.12 Some Multivariable or Multivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Hard 49. The parametric bivariate statistics contained in this text are special cases of a more general analytic framework called ______. a. the General Linear Model b. statistical analysis c. categorical analysis d. quantitative analysis Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.12 Some Multivariable or Multivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 50. As a larger quantity of consistent, high quality evidence accumulates, it is reasonable to increase ______. a. statistical significance b. degree of belief c. a causal association d. generalizability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.13 Degree of Belief Difficulty Level: Medium True/False

1. It always makes sense to designate one variable as the independent variable (IV) and the other as the dependent variable (DV).

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.1 Selecting Appropriate Bivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The Friedman one-way ANOVA by ranks and the Mann-Whitney signed ranks test are both examples of nonparametric tests.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Researchers tend to prefer nonparametric statistics over parametric statistics.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 4. An analysis is considered robust when it yields believable results even when there are problems with assumptions that compromise results for common parametric analysis.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Violations of assumptions such as normal distributions of variables in populations are not eliminated by using robust analyses.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Because no journal article can report all conceivable evidence relevant to a question, some selection of evidence is required.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.5 Problems With Selective Reporting of Evidence and Analyses Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Statistical significance can tell us how likely it is that the null hypothesis is true.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 18.6 Limitations of Statistical Significance Tests and p Values Difficulty Level: Hard 8. It is recommended that you plan a small number of data analyses to answer your research questions before you collect and analyze data.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.6 Limitations of Statistical Significance Tests and p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 9. When conducting research, perfect compliance with rules and assumptions should be

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 strived for and is always attainable.

Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: 18.6 Limitations of Statistical Significance Tests and p Values Difficulty Level: Easy 10. It is recommended to use theory or prior research as a basis for selection of control or moderator variables.

Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.11.4 Too Many Variables?

Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What three things are considered when deciding which bivariate analysis to use?

Ans: (1) What kind of variable do you have for the independent variable and the dependent variable? Are they categorical or quantitative? (2) If you have quantitative variables, do they meet the assumptions for parametric analyses? (3) If you are comparing groups, is the design between-S or within-S, and are they independent samples or correlated samples?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.1 Selecting Appropriate Bivariate Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the information needed to make a decision on type of analysis to be used for the combination of a categorical independent variable with a quantitative dependent variable.

Ans: For this combination of variables, means (or medians, or some function of ranks) are compared across groups using the categorical IV. We need to know more about the nature of both variables to choose an appropriate analysis. For the categorical variable, we need to know the number of categories or groups and whether the design is between or within S. For the quantitative variable we need to know whether the scores meet with the assumptions for use of parametric techniques.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.2 Types of Independent and Dependent Variables (Categorical Versus Quantitative) Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain why researchers prefer parametric tests over nonparametric tests.

Ans: (1) Authors and readers may be less familiar with nonparametric tests.

(2) Nonparametric tests are not widely reported in most journals. (3) They may assume that nonparametric tests have less statistical power than corresponding parametric tests, but this is not necessarily true in all situations.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Warner, Applied Statistics I, 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: 18.3 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Analyses Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe at least five questions that should be addressed in the implications and limitations of results section in your research study report.

Ans: Answer should include at least five of the following: (1) Did you obtain the expected results? If not, explain why you think this happened. (2) Were your results consistent or inconsistent with past research? If inconsistent, why do you think this happened? (3) Can you generalize from your sample to a larger hypothetical population? Note limitations to generalizability. (4) In addition to the source and selection of your sample, are there other aspects of your study that create potential limitations in generalizability? (5) How does research design limit conclusions you can draw? Can you draw causal conclusions? (6) How can limitations of your study be corrected in future research? (7) How does your result, combined with information from past studies, affect your degree of belief? (8) What additional questions, if any, does this result suggest? (9) Make sure your final statement is consistent with earlier statements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 18.10 Results Sections Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe three study challenges to the generalizability of results.

Ans: (1) Use of nonrepresentative convenience samples. (2) Setting of a study can make a difference. For example, a subject can have a higher blood pressure reading taken in the doctor’s office than one taken at home. (3) Type or dosage of treatment can affect generalizability. A dosage level in the study may be larger than the dosage level in real life.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 18.8 Generalizability Issues Difficulty Level: Medium