Test Bank For Animal Diversity Release 2025 Cleveland Hickman Chapters 1-20 Chapter 01 Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity True / False Questions 1. Darwin's evolutionary theory differs from Lamarck's in being a variational rather than transformational theory. TRUE 2. The main premise underlying Darwinian evolution is that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing. TRUE
3. Fighting prowess as characterized by unbridled aggression and violence in a competitive world is regarded as the only means of leading to fitness and reproductive advantage. FALSE
4. The most direct evidence for Darwin's theory of perpetual change is the fossil record. TRUE
5. The fossil record is biased because preservation is selective. TRUE
6. The Precambrian era of geological time represents 85% of all geological time and contains most of the known fossils of large animals. FALSE
7. The evolutionary history of horses from the Eocene to the present shows the progressive evolutionary change of a single species by natural selection. FALSE
8. Haeckel's theory that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny suggests that early development features were more widely shared among different animal groups than later features. TRUE 9. According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, the frequency of each allele remains constant generation after generation in a freely interbreeding, sexually reproducing, large population that experiences natural selection. FALSE 10. The most common mode of speciation in animals is sympatric speciation. FALSE 11. Geographic barriers and reproductive barriers are basically the same thing because geographic barriers will separate two populations, prevent gene exchange, and are a precondition for speciation. FALSE 12. Phenotypic gradualism is generally accepted as fact although phyletic gradualism is still highly controversial. FALSE 13. Macroevolutionary studies address large-scale changes in the frequencies of different allelic forms of genes in natural populations. FALSE 14. In many human populations, genetically recessive traits may be very common. TRUE 15. Recurring mutation is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations, but it is usually not sufficient by itself to promote significant evolutionary change. TRUE
16. Genetic drift occurs to some degree in all populations of finite size. TRUE 17. The law of stratigraphy states that the oldest fossils will be found at the bottom of a layer of rock. TRUE 18. Inbreeding tends to decrease the probability that rare recessive traits will be seen in the following population. FALSE 19. The possible use of appendages as sails in aquatic insects that may have incidentally evolved into wings supports an evolutionary position. TRUE
Multiple Choice Questions 20. The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by A. Darwin and Lyell. B. Darwin and Wallace. C. Darwin and Malthus. D. Darwin and Lamarck.
21. In the formula, p + q = 1 A. p represents the frequency of one of the alleles in the population. B. p represents the probability of an allele mutating. C. q represents the selection pressure acting against an allele. D. none of the above 22. Darwin's finches represent a good example of A. punctuated equilibrium. B. sympatric speciation. C. adaptive radiation. D. phyletic gradualism. 23. Which of the following best describes the relationship between organismal ontogeny and phylogeny? A. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. B. Ontogeny rarely contains phylogenetic information. C. Ontogeny usually recapitulates phylogeny in reverse order. D. Ontogeny may recapitulate phylogeny for some characteristics, but rarely does this occur for the organism as a whole. 24. Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory? A. It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record of animals. B. It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of branching speciation. C. It requires macromutational changes. D. It suggests that most species experience relatively little phenotypic change throughout their evolutionary duration. 25. Which of the following is not one of the observations that led Darwin to propose the theory of natural selection? A. Organisms have great potential fertility. B. Natural populations normally remain constant in size except for minor fluctuations. C. Natural resources are limited. D. The hereditary process features inheritance of discrete and non-blending particular factors. 26. Which of the following is not an inference of Darwin's theory of natural selection? A. There exists a struggle for existence among members of a population. B. There is differential survival and reproduction among varying organisms in a population. C. Characteristics that are harmful to survival are often advantageous for reproduction. D. Over many generations, differential survival and reproduction of varying organisms generates new species.
27. Which of the following scientists was most important in transforming Darwin's theory from its initial formulation to what we now call neo-Darwinism? A. Weissmann B. Lamarck C. Lyell D. T. H. Huxley 28. Which of the following was a common early criticism of Darwin's theory of natural selection? A. It could not explain the origins of new structures or new species, only the modification of existing ones. B. It could not work because Darwin overestimated the struggle for existence in nature. C. It could not work because there was no evidence that variable traits could be inherited. D. It could not work because it appeared to violate the laws of physics. Fill in the Blank Questions 29. Darwin's thoughts on evolution were greatly influenced by an essay on populations written by ________________. Malthus 30. The methods for dating geological formations are based on a process known as ____________. radioactive decay 31. Structures in different organisms that are similar because they descend with some modification from a corresponding feature of their common ancestor are said to be ___________________. homologous 32. Evolutionary change in the timing of development is called ______________. heterochrony
33. The biological factors that prevent members of different species from interbreeding are called ___________________. reproductive barriers