Test Bank for An Introduction to Programming with C++ 8th Edition by Diane Zak

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Answer Key ch 1 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. d 15. b 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. b 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. c 28. c 29. d 30. d 31. b 32. a 33. b 34. a 35. a 36. b 37. a 38. Procedure-oriented languages: COBOL, BASIC, and C. Object-oriented languages: C++, Visual Basic, Java, Python, and C#.

39. Absolutely. The programmer will initially meet with the user to determine the exact problem and to agree on a solution. After the programmer and user agree on the solution, the programmer begins converting the solution into a program. During the conversion stage, the programmer meets periodically with the user to determine whether the program fulfills the user‟s needs and to refine any details of the solution. The creation of a good computer solution to a problem requires a great deal of interaction between the programmer and the user.

40. The directions given to a computer are called programs. The people who write programs are called programmers. Programmers use a variety of special languages, called programming languages, to communicate with the computer.

41. With procedure-oriented programs the programmer concentrates on the major tasks that the program needs to perform. With object-oriented programs the programmer focuses on the objects that the program can use to accomplish its goal.

42. Programming teams often contain subject matter experts, who may or may not be programmers. These individuals bring expertise to the type of program being written that the programmer may not possess. For example, an accountant might be part of a programming team working on a program that requires accounting expertise.

43. A compiler translates all of a program‟s high-level instructions before executing the program, whereas an interpreter translates the instructions line by line as the program is executing.

44. Programmers and software engineers need to have strong problem-solving and analytical skills, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with team members, end users, and other non-technical personnel.

45. Sequence, selection, and repetition.

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You use the sequence structure each time you follow a set of step-by-step instructions, in order, from beginning to end.

The selection structure, also called the decision structure, indicates that a decision (based on some condition) needs to be made, followed by an appropriate action derived from that decision.

The repetition structure indicates that one or more instructions need to be repeated until some condition is met.

chapter 1

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The main reason why high-level langauges were a vast improvement over machine and assembly langagues is because they allow the programmer to use instructions that more closely resemble the English language. a. True b. False 2. The selection structure is also referred to as an iteration. a. True b. False 3. A compiler translates instructions line by line as the program is running. a. True b. False 4. The repetition structure has a true path and a false path. a. True b. False 5. There is one universal machine language used by computers. a. True b. False 6. Assembly language requires a programmer to enter the program using 1s and 0s. a. True b. False 7. An interpreter translates all of a program‟s high-level instructions into machine language before executing the program. a. True b. False 8. Mnemonics are a special number system used by assembly languages. a. True b. False 9. There are two digits in the machine language system. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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10. In object-oriented programming, an object can be used in more than one program; often with little to no modification. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. What are program instructions written in 1s and 0s called? a. assembly language b. machine code c. procedure-oriented code d. object-oriented language 12. The choice of whether to turn left or right at a fork in the road is an example of which type of structure? a. mnemonic b. sequence c. decision d. iteration 13. With whom should a programmer have extensive interaction before converting a solution to a problem into a computer program? a. user b. language developer c. compiler vendor d. system engineer 14. What type of structure is the following set of statements an example of? if time-of-day is greater than noon set afternoon access permissions else set regular access permissions end if a. iteration b. sequence c. repetition d. selection 15. What type of structure is the following set of statements an example of? while not end of file read a line end while a. selection b. repetition c. decision d. sequence 16. Which of the following translates program instructions line by line as the program is running? a. assembler b. algorithm c. interpreter d. compiler 17. C++, Visual Basic, C#, Python, and Java are all examples of what kind of language? a. assembly b. machine c. programming d. mnemonic 18. C++, Visual Basic, Java, and C# are examples of what type of language that can be used to create both procedureoriented and object-oriented programs? a. assembly b. machine c. compiler d. high-level Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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19. What do programs written in assembly language require to convert the assembly language instructions into machine language? a. interpreter b. compiler c. assembler d. converter 20. An example of an instruction written in machine language would be ____. a. sum = num1 + num2 b. 0000 0101 1100 0000 c. ADD bx, ax d. repeat 5 times 21. What is the name for the basic structure that controls the overall flow of a program's logic? a. procedure b. control c. directional d. algorithmic 22. Which statement is an example of a repetition structure? a. if (Ginger is on the bench) b. repeat (2 times) c. sit down d. walk forward 23. Which of the following translates all of a program‟s high-level instructions before running the program? a. heuristic b. GUI c. interpreter d. compiler 24. What is the output of the following algorithm if AMOUNT is equal to $200?

If AMOUNT is greater than $500 print "That's too much."

Else if AMOUNT is greater than $200 print "Still too much" Else if AMOUNT is greater than $100 print "That's about right" Else print "Amount is too low."

End if a. That's too much b. That's about right c. Still too much d. Amount is too low 25. After coding a program, the programmer should perform which task before releasing it to the user? a. ask the user to approve the machine code b. write a user manual c. assemble the program with an interpreter d. test the program with sample data 26. Which type of structure do all programs use? a. sequence b. selection c. repetition d. variable 27. Which of the following is an example of an instruction written in assembly language? a. sum = num1 + num2 b. 0000 0101 1100 0000 c. MUL bx, ax d. repeat 5 times 28. Which of the following is a language typically used to create procedure-oriented programs? a. C# b. Python Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. COBOL

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d. Java

29. Which structure do you use every time you drive your car and approach an intersection? a. iteration b. sequence c. repetition d. selection 30. With what type of program does the programmer focus on structures that represent screen elements such as check boxes and buttons or structures that represent real world items such as an employee or time card? a. assembly language b. machine language c. procedure-oriented d. object-oriented 31. Which type of structure makes a decision based on one or more conditions? a. looping b. selection c. iteration d. question 32. In a computer program, which type of logic structure directs the computer to process the program instructions one after another, in the order listed in the program? a. sequence b. selection c. repetition d. variable 33. An accountant that is part of a programming team working on a program that requires accounting experience is an example of which of the following? a. drag b. subject matter expert c. top-level coordinator d. engineer 34. What are program instructions that utilize mnemonics called? a. assembly code b. machine language c. procedure-oriented language d. object-oriented code 35. What is another name for a repetition structure? a. loop structure b. sequence structure c. decision structure d. algorithmic structure 36. How many different states do the switches in machine language have? a. 1 b. 2 c. 8 d. 16 37. Which of the following is a set of step-by-step instructions that accomplish a task? a. algorithm b. mnemonic c. heuristic d. loop

38. Give at least three examples of a procedure-oriented language, and at least three examples of an object-oriented language.

39. Is it necessary for the programmer to meet with the user? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

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40. In your own words, describe the terms programs, programmers, and programming languages. What are the key differences?

41. What are the primary differences between procedure-orinted programs and object-oriented programs?

42. What is the role of a subject matter expert on a programming team?

43. What is the primary difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

44. What characterisitics do both computer programmers and software engineers share?

45. What are the three basic logic structures used by computer programs? Describe each.

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. d 15. b 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. b 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. c 28. c 29. d 30. d 31. b 32. a 33. b 34. a 35. a 36. b 37. a 38. Procedure-oriented languages: COBOL, BASIC, and C. Object-oriented languages: C++, Visual Basic, Java, Python, and C#.

39. Absolutely. The programmer will initially meet with the user to determine the exact problem and to agree on a solution. After the programmer and user agree on the solution, the programmer begins converting the solution into a program. During the conversion stage, the programmer meets periodically with the user to determine whether the program fulfills the user‟s needs and to refine any details of the solution. The creation of a good computer solution to a problem requires a great deal of interaction between the programmer and the user.

40. The directions given to a computer are called programs. The people who write programs are called programmers. Programmers use a variety of special languages, called programming languages, to communicate with the computer.

41. With procedure-oriented programs the programmer concentrates on the major tasks that the program needs to perform. With object-oriented programs the programmer focuses on the objects that the program can use to accomplish its goal.

42. Programming teams often contain subject matter experts, who may or may not be programmers. These individuals bring expertise to the type of program being written that the programmer may not possess. For example, an accountant might be part of a programming team working on a program that requires accounting expertise.

43. A compiler translates all of a program‟s high-level instructions before executing the program, whereas an interpreter translates the instructions line by line as the program is executing.

44. Programmers and software engineers need to have strong problem-solving and analytical skills, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with team members, end users, and other non-technical personnel.

45. Sequence, selection, and repetition.

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You use the sequence structure each time you follow a set of step-by-step instructions, in order, from beginning to end.

The selection structure, also called the decision structure, indicates that a decision (based on some condition) needs to be made, followed by an appropriate action derived from that decision.

The repetition structure indicates that one or more instructions need to be repeated until some condition is met.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Pseudocode is not standardized, each programmer has his/her own version. a. True b. False 2. A processing item in an IPO chart represents an intermediate value that the algorithm uses when processing the input into the output. a. True b. False 3. The main reason for desk-checking an algorithm is to check for spelling errors. a. True b. False 4. To ensure the algorithm is working correctly, a programmer should desk-check it using both valid and invalid data. a. True b. False 5. Pseudocode uses standardized symbols to visually depict an algorithm. a. True b. False 6. You need to use both pseudocode and a flowchart when planning an algorithm. a. True b. False 7. The final step in the problem-solving process is to desk-check the program. a. True b. False 8. When using flowcharts, the input/output symbol is represented by an oval. a. True b. False 9. When using flowcharts, the processing symbol is represented by a rectangle. a. True b. False 10. You need to consider all information when analyzing a problem, even if it is unnecessary to the solution. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. The algorithm is recorded in which section of the IPO chart? a. input b. processing c. output d. all sections 12. To be sure an algorithm works correctly, you should desk-check it several times using which of the following? a. valid data only b. invalid data only c. both valid and invalid data d. invalid data only if valid data works correctly 13. Review the following pseudocode. What type of item is sales tax rate?

1. enter the sale price and sales tax rate 2. calculate the cost by multiplying the sale price by the sales tax rate and then adding the result to the sale price 3. display the cost a. processing c. code

b. output d. input

14. Most algorithms begin with instructions to do which of the following? a. perform calculations b. print results c. enter input items d. output user instructions 15. What type of value does a processing item represents when processing the input into the output? a. beginning b. intermediate c. final d. sentinel 16. In a pseudocode algorithm, what part of language should each instruction begin with? a. adverb b. noun c. article d. verb 17. Which of the following uses standardized symbols to visually depict an algorithm? a. Venn diagram b. IPO chart c. pseudocode d. flowchart 18. What is used to connect the different symbols in a flowchart? a. dots b. hash marks c. flowlines d. algorithms 19. Which of the following best represents the goal of the problem-solving process? a. input b. output c. processing d. program 20. Which step comes after you plan the algorithm in the problem-solving process? a. analyze the problem b. desk-check the algorithm c. code the algorithm into a program d. evaluate and modify the program Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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21. In the following pseudocode, which item is considered a processing item?

1. enter the midterm score and final score 2. calculate the sum by adding together the midterm score and final score 3. calculate the average score by dividing the sum by 2 4. display the average score a. midterm score c. final score

b. sum d. average

22. What do some programmers use to organize and summarize the results of a problem analysis? a. Low-Flo diagram b. IPO chart c. POI diagram d. Sequence-Seletion-Iteration chart 23. In which column of the desk-check table do you enter the expected output of the following algorithm?

1. enter the sale price and sales tax rate 2. calculate the sales tax by multiplying the sale price by the sales tax rate 3. calculate the cost by adding the sales tax to the sale price 4. display the cost Desk-check Table: sale price sales tax rate sales tax cost a. cost c. tales tax rate

b. sales tax d. sale price

24. What does the rectangle symbol in a flowchart represent? a. start/stop b. input/output c. processing d. branching 25. What is the second step in the problem-solving process? a. analyze the problem b. code the algorithm into a program c. write the documentation d. plan the algorithm 26. Which of the following best describes a computer program that is implemented with a computer? a. diagram b. problem c. flowchart d. solution 27. What type of chart helps programmers organize and summarize the results of the analysis step? a. flow b. pseudocode c. IPO d. ROI 28. What does the parallelogram symbol in a flowchart represent? a. start/stop b. input/output c. processing d. branching 29. Which of the following pseudocode statements represents output? a. display the miles per gallon b. calculate the mile per gallon Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. enter the miles driven

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d. divide the miles driven by gallons used

30. Which of the following would be an example of invalid data? a. an age between 1 and 100 b. a negative tax rate c. a random number between 0 and 1 d. a selling price of $1000 31. What does the oval symbol in a flowchart represent? a. start/stop b. input/output c. processing d. branching 32. What is another name for desk-checking? a. charting b. drawing c. hand-tracing d. checking syntax 33. What is the first step in the problem-solving process? a. analyze the problem b. plan the algorithm c. code the algorithm into a program d. write the documentation 34. What programming technique allows programmers to jot down their ideas using a human-readable language without having to worry about the syntax of the programming language itself? a. Venn diagram b. IPO chart c. pseudoode d. flowchart 35. In the following pseudocode algorithm, which of the following is considered a processing item?

1. enter the sale price and sales tax rate 2. calculate the sales tax by multiplying the sale price by the sales tax rate 3. calculate the cost by adding the sales tax to the sale price 4. display the cost a. sales tax c. tax rate

b. sale price d. cost

36. In the following pseudocode algorithm, what is the output given the following inputs? sale price=2.00 sales tax rate=6% 1. enter the sale price and sales tax rate 2. calculate the cost by multiplying the sale price by the sales tax rate and then adding the result to the sale price 3. display the cost a. 2.00 c. 2.12

b. 2.06 d. .12

37. In this chapter you were introduced to flowcharts and pseudocode as two methods of planning algorithms. From what you have seen of each, which do you initially prefer to use? Why? 38. Why is the use of an IPO chart so important to the problem-solving process?

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39. What is the difference between valid data and invalid data? Give an example of each.

40. Why is it important to desk-check the algorithm? Explain your answer.

41. In which problem-solving step would you expect to spend the most time? Why? 42. Why would making a modification, such as changing the order of steps, to a flowchart be easier than making the same modification to pseudocode? Explain your answer.

43. What role would the user of a program being written play in the development of the program?

44. Give an example where a programmer may want to use a combination of pseudocode and flowchart in designing a solution to a problem.

45. Explain the importance of the Analyze the Problem step of the problem-solving process. What are the two most important components?

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Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. b 12. c 13. d 14. c 15. b 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. b 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. d 27. c 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. a 34. c 35. a 36. c 37. Answers may vary. Students should support their choice of either flowchart or pseudocode, but may also elect to use both.

38. An IPO chart is used by the programmer to organize and summarize the results of the analysis step. By being able to view the necessary input, processing, and output items, the programmer can get a clear view of all of the necessary components required in the program.

39. Answers may vary. Valid data is the data the algorithm is expecting. Invalid data is data the algorithm is not expecting.

One example could involve the program obtaining a person‟s age. Valid data would be integers in the range from 1-100, where invalid data could be a value of -37 or 973. It would be resonable for a person‟s age to be from 1-100, but not a negative number or a very high integer value.

40. Before coding the program, the programmer wishes to ensure he/she did not leave out any steps in the algorithm and/or the steps are in the correct order.

41. Of all of the problem-solving steps, the most time would be spent in planning the algorithm. This is where you are actually designing the solution to the problem. While many may believe coding the algorithm into a program may take the longest, once the solution is designed, coding can be a simple process.

42. Since symbols in a flowchart are connected by flowlines, if a programmer wishes to change the order of the steps, he/she can simply redraw the flowlines. A similar change in pseudocode may require much erasing.

43. In order for the programmer to solve the problem, he/she must first understand the problem. If the programmer has any questions about the problem, the programmer should consult the user. The user understands more about the present process than anyone.

44. Answers may vary. In a large program, some programmers may wish to sketch the general outline of the program in pseudocode, but wish to use a flowchart to design the detail of each part of the program.

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45. You cannot solve a problem unless you understand it, and you cannot understand a problem unless you analyze it—in other words, unless you identify its important components. The two most important components of any problem are the problem‟s output and its input. The output is the goal of solving the problem, and the input is the item or items needed to achieve the goal. When analyzing a problem, you always search first for the output and then for the input.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. In C++, the float and double variable data types are used to store real numbers. a. True b. False 2. The name of a memory location in C++ can begin with a letter or a number. a. True b. False 3. The string data type is considered a primitive data type. a. True b. False 4. The binary number system uses the digits 0, 1, and 2 to represent all values. a. True b. False 5. A keyword is a word that has special meaning in the programming language you are using. a. True b. False 6. The value 29 is considered a double. a. True b. False 7. Camel case means capitalizing the entire name of a variable or named constant. a. True b. False 8. When naming a memory location in C++, names are not case sensitive. a. True b. False 9. The value of a named constant is allowed to change during runtime. a. True b. False 10. A variable is a memory location whose value can change during runtime. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is NOT a string literal constant? a. “” b. “&” c. “Hello” d. 'abc' 12. What character is used to enclose a character literal constant? a. single quotes b. double quotes c. brackets d. parentheses 13. Which of the following is a word that has a special meaning in the programming language you are using? a. named constant b. keyword c. variable d. hashtag 14. What is a memory location whose value cannot change during runtime called? a. named constant b. keyword c. variable d. statement 15. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 7? a. 1001 b. 0111 c. 0011 d. 1010 16. The short data type can store a number in the range from -32,768 to +32,767. How many bytes of memory is required for the short data type? a. one b. two c. four d. eight 17. When declaring a named constant, which keyword indicates that the memory location being declared cannot be changed during runtime? a. constant b. fixed c. const d. bool 18. What is the ASCII value of the '0' character? a. 0 b. 0.0 c. 66 d. 48 19. What is the result of raising the base number to the 0th power? a. 0 b. 1 c. the base number d. compiler error 20. Memory locations assigned the char data type can store how many characters? a. one b. zero c. more than one d. none of the above 21. What is an example of an invalid name for a memory location in C++?

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a. 2ndname c. middle_name

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b. CiTy d. zip3Code

22. If the value‟s data type does not match the memory location‟s data type, what process does the computer use to convert the value to fit the memory location? a. truncation b. rounding c. implicit type conversion d. explicit type conversion 23. Which of the following is NOT a rule for naming a memory location in C++? a. the name must begin with a letter b. the name cannot contain spaces c. the name cannot be a keyword d. names in C++ are not case sensitive 24. Which data type is referred to as a user-defined data type? a. short b. char c. string d. bool 25. Which of the following would be a valid name for a memory location in C++? a. my.name b. 3oreos c. a1B2c3D4 d. me&you 26. When a value is converted from one data type to another data type that can store smaller numbers, what type of conversion has occurred? a. demotion b. promotion c. compilation d. calculation 27. Which of the following is a valid integer value? a. 5.132456e+03 b. „9‟ c. 16.2 d. -123 28. Which of the following data types can contain a real number? a. int b. float c. bool d. char 29. What is the term used for the assignment a beginning value to a memory location? a. implicit type conversion b. revision c. explicit type conversion d. initializing 30. What is the name of a coding scheme that assigns a specific numeric code to each character on your keyboard? a. Octal b. ASCII c. Hexadecimal d. Decimal 31. When a variable‟s name contains two or more words, most C++ programmers enter the name using what type of notation? a. all capital letters b. all lowercase letters c. a space between the words d. camel case 32. What is an item of data that can appear in a program instruction and can be stored in a memory location.

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a. variable c. literal constant

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b. named constant d. keyword

33. All numeric literal constants with a decimal place are considered which data type? a. int b. double c. bool d. real 34. What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 110? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 35. Which of the following best describes a memory location whose value can change during runtime? a. named constant b. keyword c. variable d. statement 36. Which number system is used to store data in memory? a. decimal b. octal c. binary d. hexadecimal

37. What is the difference between fundamental data types and user-defined data types? Explain your answer.

38. Why is the use of camel case preferred in C++ programs when declaring variables and named constants that are composed of two or more words? In addition to your explanation, give an example of where camel case is preferred.

39. Write the C++ statements to declare and approprately initialize variables representing the following: 1. Your name 2. Your age 3. Your income 40. The short data type requires two bytes of memory and stores an integer value in the range from -32,768 to +32,767. Since the int data type requires four bytes of memory, why is the range for the int data type much more than twice as much as that of the short data type? Be sure to show the math in your answer.

41. In the ASCII chart on page 59, notice that each of the binary values has eight bits, but the first bit is always 0. ASCII does not use this bit in representing characters, but since bits are grouped in eights (a byte), this bit will always be zero. Since only 7 bits are actually used in computing the maximum number of characters to represent, how many characters are in the ASCII character set? Be sure to show the math in your answer.

42. Why is it important to always initialize variables when you declare them? Explain your answer.

43. What type of memory location is declared the most in C++ programs, variables or named constants? Explain your answer.

44. What happens in C++ when a number is converted from one data type to another data type that can store only smaller numbers? Are there any potential consequences from this occuring? If so, please give an example.

45. What is the primary difference between a variable and a named constant in C++?

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. b 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. b 20. a 21. a 22. c 23. d 24. c 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. d 28. b 29. d 30. b 31. d 32. c 33. b 34. c 35. c 36. c 37. The fundamental data types are the basic data types built into the C++ programming language and are often to referred to as primitive data types or built-in data types. User-defined data types are added through the use of a class. A class is simply a group of instructions that the computer uses to create an object.

38. Since names in C++ are case sensitive, it is important to utilize a naming convention that is readable, functional, and consistent when a name is composed of two or more words; camel case meets these requirements.

Example: If declaring a variable to hold the age of a person, you could use the following: ageofperson; however, this may not be very readable. By using camel case, it would read as follows: ageOfPerson. While both are acceptable, the use of camel case makes the name much more readable.

39. Answers will vary by student, but the same data types should be used.

1. string myName = “Diane Zak”; 2. short age = 21; short would be used instead of the int data type, since the maximum value for short is 32,767 3. float income = 0.0; float would be used instead of the double data type, since the maximum value for float is quite large 40. It is because of the number of bytes (bits) used in representing the numbers. Since the short data type uses 2 bytes (16 bits), these 2 bytes can represent 65536 different values. These range from -32,767 to + 32,768. In other words in binary, 2 to the 16th power is 65536.

The int data type on the other hand uses 4 bytes (32 bits). This number of bits can represent approximately 4 billion numbers (or - 2 billion to + 2 billion). More precisely, 2 to the 32nd power is 4,294,967,296; therefore the range would be from -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.

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41. 128. 2 to the 7th power equals 128.

More answer not mentioned in the text ... If all eight bits were used (as with EBCDIC - used in mainframes), there would be 256 different characters. The eighth bit was used for data transmission error checking to ensure the data was being transmitted accurately.

42. If you do not provide an initial value, the variable may contain a meaningless value. Programmers refer to the meaningless value as garbage because it is the remains of what was last stored in the memory location that the variable now occupies.

43. Variables. Most programs are going to have input, processing, and output items that will not be constants; therefore, most will be declared as variables.

44. The value is said to be demoted. Yes, there could be an adverse consequence. For example, if the number 19.25 was assigned to a variable declared to be of the short or int data type, then the result stored would be only 19 since these data types can only store integers. This implicit demotion can adversely affect the program‟s output.

45. A variable is a memory location whose value can change (vary) during runtime. A named constant is a memory location whose value cannot be changed during runtime.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. C++ provides the static_cast operator for explicitly converting data from one data type to another. a. True b. False 2. The following statement adds a value of 1 to the sum variable: sum += 1; a. True b. False 3. A stream is defined in C++ as a sequence of numeric values. a. True b. False 4. The remainder operator is used to divide two integers and results in the remainder of the division. a. True b. False 5. The cin object typically is used with the insertion operator (<<). a. True b. False 6. The processing of locating and correcting the errors in a program is called debugging. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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7. The cin object tells the computer to pause program execution while the user enters one or more characters at the keyboard. a. True b. False 8. When you break one of the programming language rules it is a logic error. a. True b. False 9. The execution of a C++ program begins with the main function. a. True b. False 10. When used with the cout object, the endl stream manipulator advances the cursor to the next line on the computer screen. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. When creating a program using C++, which symbol is used for the insertion operator? a. << b. >> c. % d. = 12. What type of error occurs when you break one of the programming language‟s rules? a. logic b. stream c. syntax d. manipulator 13. What type of error is often difficult to find, and can occur for many reasons, such as entering instructions in the incorrect order? a. logic b. stream c. syntax d. manipulator 14. Given the following code, what is the final value of the variable gpa? int gpa; int numclasses = 3; int class1 = 4; int class2 = 2; int class3 = 3; gpa = (class1 + class2 + class3)/numclasses; a. 3.0 b. 1.0 c. 2.5 d. 3.5 15. In C++, which symbol is used for the extraction operator?

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a. << c. %

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b. >> d. =

16. When creating an assignment statement, which symbol is used for the assignment operator? a. == b. = c. >> d. += 17. What is used to tell the compiler where it can find the definitions of keywords and classes? a. linker b. $keyword statement c. using directive d. IDE 18. What extension does a source file name have? a. .c b. .cpp c. .prog d. .cprog 19. Which line of code takes the value of count and adds three to its current value? a. count = 3++; b. count = ++3; c. count = +3; d. count += 3; 20. Which stream manipulator can be used to advance the cursor to the next line on the computer screen? a. endline b. cout c. endl d. cin 21. Examine the following code. What type of error do you find and what is the correct line of code if the goal of the program is to calculate a grade point average from the point values of three classes? int gpa; int numclasses = 3; int class1 = 4; int class2 = 2; int class3 = 3; gpa = (class1 + class2) + class3/numclasses; a. syntax error, gpa += (class1 + class2) + class3/numclasses; b. syntax error, gpa = class1++ class2++ class3++/numclasses; c. logic error, gpa = (class1 + class2 + class3)/numclasses; d. logic error, gpa = class1 + class2 + (class3/numclasses); 22. Which file must be included in any program that uses the cin or cout objects? a. namespace b. stream c. io d. iostream 23. What can be used to provide a convenient way to merge the source code from one file with the source code in another file, without having to retype the code? a. the $append directive b. the #include directive Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. the using directive

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d. the @add directive

24. Which development component combines the object file with other machine code necessary for your C++ program to run correctly? a. linker b. object code c. IDE d. source code 25. Which C++ program instruction will subtract a value of 3 from the sum variable? a. sum-- 3; b. sum -= 3; c. sum = -3(sum); d. sum ==-3; 26. The extraction operator stops removing characters from the cin object when it encounters which of the following? a. letter b. number c. white-space character d. none of the above 27. What is the first line in a function called? a. title b. header c. block d. comment 28. The original program instructions entered into an editor is known as which of the following? a. linker b. object code c. IDE d. source code 29. What type of objects are used in C++ to handle standard input and output operations? a. inout b. io c. data d. stream 30. Which of the following is defined in C++ as a sequence of characters? a. cin b. cout c. stream d. endline 31. What symbol is used in C++ for the modulus operator? a. & b. $ c. % d. # 32. What is the code contained between a function‟s opening and closing braces known as? a. header b. body c. return d. comment 33. Explicit type conversion is accomplished in C++ with which of the following operators? a. type_cast b. explicit c. static_cast d. convert 34. Which object tells the computer to pause program execution while the user enters one or more characters at the keyboard? a. cin b. cout c. stream d. endline Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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35. To insert a comment into a C++ program you begin the line with which of the following? a. || b. \\ c. ** d. // 36. In C++, which file contains all of the machine code necessary to run a program as many times as desired without the need for translating the program again? a. compiler b. object file c. source file d. executable file

37. Dividing one integer by another integer in C++ may not give you the result you are expecting. Explain, including an example, what occurs in C++ when one integer is divided by another integer.

38. Why is it important that each cin statement should be preceded by an accompanying cout statement?

39. Add the necessary stream manipulators to the cout statements shown below to produce the following output: A BC D Note that you can only add the appropriate stream manipulators, not change the string literal constants within the cout statements. cout << “A”; cout << “B”; cout << “C”; cout << “D”; 40. How should the average calculation below be modified to compute the correct average of the two numbers? int num1 = 10; int num2 = 20; double average = 0.0; average = num1 + num2 / 2; 41. Write the C++ statements to declare a variable called age, and prompt the user for their age.

42. Write the appropriate C++ statements using cin and cout that prompt the user for a base salary, and a percentage raise and then displays the line "Your new salary is: NewSalary" where NewSalary is the calculated new salary. End with a new line.

43. Write the equivalent C++ statement of the following statement using a single arithmetic assignment operator. sum = sum + 47; 44. Explain exactly what happens during the execution of a cin statement. Include in your answer the terms cin, extraction operator, and white-space character. Begin where characters are typed at the keyboard.

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45. Draw a flow diagram that incorporates the following terms from where the programmers enter the source code to where there is a valid executable file ready for execution: source code, compiler, linker, executable code, and additional code (other necessary machine language code).

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Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. a 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. d 20. c 21. c 22. d 23. b 24. a 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. c 27. b 28. d 29. d 30. c 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. a 35. d 36. d 37. Answers may vary due to the example given.

When both the dividend and divisor are integers, the quotient is always an integer in C++. For example, the result of the expression 24 / 5 is the integer 4 rather than the real number 4.8.

38. The user needs to know what data to enter, and how it should be entered. The cout statement will act as a prompt for the accompanying cin statement.

39. cout << “A” << endl; cout << “B”; cout << “C” << endl; cout << “D” << endl; 40. Answers can vary; however the major steps would be to (1) type cast the num1 and num2 variables to be of the double data type, (2) place parentheses around the (num1 + num2) part of the calculation, and (3) make the value 2 a double value (2.0). One valid answer could be as follows: average = ( static_cast<double>(num1) + static_cast<double>(num2) ) / 2.0; 41. Answers may vary with the prompt for the user; however, the short data type should be used, which is the most efficient integer data type for this type of data. The variable age should also be initialized. short age = 0; cout << “Please enter your age: “; cin >> age; 42. Answers will vary but here is an example of the appropriate statements: cout << "Enter the current salary: "; cin >> currSalary; cout << "Enter the percentage raise: "; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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cin >> percentRaise; newSalary = currSalary + (currSalaray * percentRaise); cout << "Your new salary is: " << newSalary << endl; 43. sum += 47; 44. The characters at the keyboard are first sent to the cin object, where they remain until the extraction operator removes them. The extraction operator stops removing characters from the cin object when it encounters a white-space character.

45. Students should draw a diagram similar to the following (Figure 4-20 in the book).

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Another name for the selection structure is the decision structure. a. True b. False 2. Comparison operators are used to compare two values with differing data types. a. True b. False 3. By default in C++, smaller real numbers with a decimal place (those containing six or fewer digits to the left of the decimal) are displayed in exponential notation. a. True b. False 4. With short-circuit evaluation, each sub-condition is independent of any other sub-condition. a. True b. False 5. Without a specialized instruction, in order to swap the contents of two variables a third variable is needed. a. True b. False 6. C++ provides stream manipulators that allow the programmer to control the format used to display real numbers. a. True b. False 7. In the summary of operators, all arithmetic operators will be evaluated prior to any logical operators. a. True b. False 8. The oval in a flowchart is the decision symbol. a. True b. False 9. The “equal to” operator has a higher precedence number than the “less than” operator in C++. a. True b. False 10. Another name for logical operators are comparison operators. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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11. Which of the following conditions tests to see if the variable number is equal to 29? a. ( number > 28) b. ( number = 29 ) c. ( number == 29 ) d. ( number != 29 ) 12. What is used to summarize how the computer evaluates the logical operators in an expression? a. Evaluation tables b. Logical tables c. Truth tables d. Symbol tables 13. What type of selection structure occurs when there are one or more actions to be taken only when its condition evaluates to true? a. dual-alternative b. if/else c. single-alternative d. conditional block 14. For a program to use the setprecision stream manipulator, it must include which file? a. <iostream> b. <iomanip> c. <namespace> d. <cmath> 15. Selection structures that contain instructions on both the true and false paths are referred to as which of the following? a. single-alternative b. dual-alternative c. two path d. none of the above 16. What type of variable can be used only within the statement block in which it is defined? a. global b. block c. function d. local 17. What is another way that the condition below could be written? ( num <= 10 ) a. (num < 11 || num < 10) c. ( (num < 10) && (num = 10) )

b. (num > 9) d. ( (num < 10) || (num = 10) )

18. In an if statement, the programmer must supply the condition that the computer needs to evaluate before further processing can occur. The condition must be which type of expression? a. comparison b. arithmetic c. Boolean d. data 19. In a selection structure, if a path contains more than one statement, the statements must be entered as a statement block, which means they must be enclosed in which of the following? a. single quotes b. double quotes c. braces d. parentheses 20. What is the result of the following arithmetic expression in C++?

2 * (4 + 4) a. 8 b. 12 c. 10 d. 16 21. A computer programmer can use which of the following to control the number of decimal places that appear when a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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real number is displayed? a. fixed stream manipulator c. setprecision stream manipulator

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b. scientific stream manipulator d. endl

22. What value is stored in the letter variable after the following code is executed? char letter = „a‟; char letter2 = „ ‟; letter2 = toupper(letter); a. a c. a blank space

b. A d. none of the above

23. What is the name of the process used to verify that the input data is within the expected range? a. Data validation b. Triage c. Data capping d. Data heuristics 24. What would be the result of the following C++ code (assuming all necessary directives)? double number = 1234.567; cout << scientific << number << endl; a. 1234.567 c. 1234.567000

b. 1234.6 d. 1.234567e+03

25. What data type is required for the argument in the toupper and tolower functions? a. string b. bool c. letter d. char 26. Which symbol is used in C++ for the logical And operator? a. || b. @ c. % d. && 27. To display real numbers in exponential notation, the programmer would use which stream manipulator? a. fixed b. real c. scientific d. none of the above 28. Which of the following describes an item that appears between parentheses in a function‟s syntax? a. data type b. relational operator c. function body d. argument 29. Which symbol in a flowchart is known as the decision symbol? a. oval b. rectangle c. parallelogram d. diamond 30. What would be the result of the following C++ code (assuming all necessary directives)? double number = 1234.567; cout << fixed << number << endl; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. 1234.567 c. 1234.567000

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b. 1234.6 d. 1235

31. Which of the following comparison operators represents “not equal to” in C++? a. < > b. <= c. != d. /= 32. What is the result of the following arithmetic expression in C++?

2 + 4 * 2 a. 8 b. 12 c. 10 d. 16 33. AND and OR are the two most commonly used examples of which type of operator? a. relational b. comparison c. boolean d. assignment 34. Stream manipulators that do not have arguments, such as fixed and scientific, are defined in which file? a. namespace b. iomanip c. iostream d. none of the above 35. Comparison operators evaluate to what type of value? a. integer b. boolean c. character d. real 36. What would be the result of the following C++ code (assuming all necessary directives)? double number = 1234.56; cout << fixed; cout << setprecision(0); cout << number << endl; a. 1234 c. 1234.567000

b. 1234.6 d. 1235

37. Given the following code: int number = 49; What will be printed, if anything, and what will the value of the variable number be after the following statements are executed? if ( number >= 50) cout << “yes” << endl; number = number + 1; 38. Write an if statement that prints “yes” on the screen if the value stored in the variable number is between 1 and 100, exclusive (excluding 1 and 100).

39. Write an if statement that prints “yes” on the screen if the value stored in the variable number is between 1 and 100, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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inclusive (including 1 and 100).

40. Given the following code: int testScore = 0; cout << “Enter the test score: “; cin >> testScore; Write an if statement that prints “yes” if the test score entered is valid, and “no” if it is not. A valid test score would be in the range from 0 to 100, inclusive (including 0 and 100).

41. Rewrite the following if statement condition without using the != operator. if ( number != 50 ) 42. Given the following code: int number = 50; Write an if statement that prints “yes” and adds one to the number variable, if the value stored in the number variable is greater than or equal to 50.

43. Given the following code: char letter = „ „; cout << “Enter a letter: “; cin >> letter; Rewrite the following if statement without using the toupper function: if ( toupper(letter) = “X” ) cout << “The letter entered was either x or X” << endl; 44. Given the following code: int x = 1; int y = 2; int z = 3; What will the result of the condition in the if statement below be? Show your evaluation breakdown. if ( (x == 2) || (y == 2) || (z == 2) ) 45. Given the C++ instructions below, add the necessary instructions to swap the contents of the variables num1 and num2. int num1 = 10; int num2 = 15; int temp = 0;

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. c 12. c 13. c 14. b 15. b 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. c 20. d 21. c 22. a 23. a 24. d 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. d 27. c 28. d 29. d 30. c 31. c 32. c 33. c 34. c 35. b 36. d 37. Nothing will be printed since number equals 49; however, the statement increasing the number variable by 1 will be executed since the statements do not have braces around them creating a statement block. Therefore, the value of the number variable would be 50.

38. if ( (number > 1) && (number < 100) ) cout << “yes” << endl; 39. if ( (number >= 1) && (number <= 100) ) cout << “yes” << endl; 40. if ( (testScore >= 0) && (testScore <= 100) ) cout << “yes” << endl; else cout << “no” << endl; 41. if ( (number < 50) || (number > 50) ) If the number is less than 50 or greater than 50, it cannot equal 50.

42. if ( number >= 50) { cout << “yes” << endl; number = number + 1; } Note: the two statements must be in braces (statement block) 43. if ( (letter == „x‟) || (letter == „X‟) ) cout << “The letter entered was either x or X” << endl; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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44. if ( (x == 2) || (y == 2) || (z == 2) ) false

or true or false true or false true

45. temp = num1; num1 = num2; num2 = temp; OR temp = num2; num2 = num1; num1=temp;

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The switch clause can always be used in replace of a multiple-alternative selection structure. a. True b. False 2. A common error made when writing selection structures is to reverse the decisions made by the outer and nested structures. a. True b. False 3. Selection structures containing several alternatives are referred to as multiple-alternative selection structures. a. True b. False 4. Using an unnecessary selection structure is one of the mistakes that causes logic errors in selection structures. a. True b. False 5. The dropout statement tells the computer to exit the switch statement. a. True b. False 6. Not having a good compiler is one of the mistakes that causes logic errors in selection structures. a. True b. False 7. Two different selection structures in sequence (one after another) are called a nested selection structure. a. True b. False 8. A common error made when writing selection structures is to use a compound condition in the outer selection structure when a nested selection structure is needed.

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a. True b. False 9. One or more select clauses are placed after the switch clause and between the switch statement's opening and closing braces. a. True b. False 10. An unnecessary nested selection structure may still produce the correct results, but is less efficient. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. In a flowchart, what does a diamond that has more than two flow lines represent? a. extended selection structure b. optional selection structure c. single-alternative selection structure d. dual-alternative selection structure 12. A secondary decision is always made by which selection structure? a. inner b. nested c. alternative d. single-alternative 13. If the default clause is the last clause in a switch statement, what statement is required after the default clause? a. a case statement b. an exit statement c. a break statement d. no statement is required 14. Which statement is used within a switch statement to tell the computer to exit the switch statement at that point? a. exit statement b. break statement c. dropout statement d. default statement 15. If there is no default clause in a switch statement and no match is found, what happens? a. the computer loops to the beginning of the switch b. an error code is generated statement c. the program execution is terminated d. the instruction after the closing brace is executed 16. What type of clause may you include within a switch statement in addition to case clauses? a. swap b. exit c. default d. else 17. Each case clause within a switch statement contains a value followed by which punctuation mark? a. comma b. colon c. period d. semicolon 18. Examine the following switch statement. What is needed to make a valid switch statement? switch Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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{ case 10: cout << "The answer is 10."; break; case 20: case 30: cout << "The answer is 20 or 30."; break; default: cout << "The answer is none of them."; break; case 40: cout << "The answer is 40."; } a. the default clause must be moved to the end c. a break statement is needed after case 40:

b. a statement block is needed after the case 20: clause d. a selectorExpression is needed

19. Given the code below beginning a switch statement, what type of data would be required for the value in each case clause? char letter = „ ‟; cout << “Enter a letter: „‟; cin >> letter; switch (letter) { ...... a. int c. char

b. double d. bool

20. Within a switch statement, the _____ clause can contain one or more statements to be executed when the selectorExpression does not match any of the _____ clauses. a. if, else b. case, default c. break, case d. default, case 21. Instead of an if statement, what type of statement can you often use to code a multiple-alternative selection structure? a. select b. switch c. choose d. else 22. Which character encloses a statement block within a switch statement? a. single quotes b. double quotes c. braces d. parentheses 23. What type of clause within a switch statement represents a different alternative? a. if clause b. else clause c. case clause d. switch clause 24. What can be used to graphically represent a nested selection structure?

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a. Flowcharts c. Venn diagrams

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b. Pseudocode arrays d. IPO charts

25. The data type of the value in a case clause within a switch statement must be compatible with the data type of which of the following? a. selectorExpression b. if statement c. else clause d. defaultExpression 26. What type of clause is needed in a switch statement if you want a block of code to be executed when there is no match with any of the case clauses? a. break b. if c. else d. default 27. A programmer determines whether a problem‟s solution requires a nested selection structure by studying which of the following? a. flow model b. problem specification c. data validation tables d. none of the above 28. In the following switch statement, what is the expected output? switchval = 83-23; switch (switchval) { case 30: cout << "switchval is 30"; break; case 40: cout << "switchval is 40"; break; case 50: cout << "switchval is 50"; break; default: cout << "switchval is more than 50"; } a. switchval is 30 c. switchval is 50

b. switchval is 40 d. switchval is more than 50

29. A common error made when writing selection structures is to do which of the following to the decisions made by the outer and nested structures? a. sequence b. reverse c. dither d. cancel out 30. What are the consequences of writing selection structures to include an unnecessary nested selection structure? a. always incorrect results b. less efficient code c. always correct results d. more efficient code 31. Which of the following is true about case clauses in a switch statement?

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a. they must contain a break statement

b. the value can be a literal constant

c. the data type can be different from the selectorExpression

d. each case clause has a default clause

32. What type of decision is always made by an outer selection structure? a. primary b. secondary c. alternative d. outer 33. In a switch statement, what immediately follows the switch clause? a. break clause b. alternativeExpression c. case clause d. selectorExpression 34. A common error made when writing selection structures is to use a compound condition rather than which of the following? a. a for loop b. a switch statement c. a single condition d. a nested selection structure 35. Which clause can be entered anywhere within a switch statement, but is usually coded as the last clause in the switch statement? a. dropout b. exit c. loop d. default 36. When either a selection structure‟s true path or its false path contains another selection structure, the inner selection structure is referred to as which selection structure? a. single-alternative b. dual-alternative c. nested d. integrated

37. In the following switch statement, must there be a break statement before the ending brace? Explain your answer. switch (x) { case 1: cout << “one” << endl; break; case 2: cout << “two” << endl; break; case 3: cout << “three” << endl; } 38. Write the switch statement equivalent to the following set of code. Assume x has already been declared to be of the int data type. if (x == 1) cout << “one” << endl; if (x == 2) cout << “two” << endl; if (x == 3) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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cout << “three” << endl; 39. Discuss why the data type of the result of the selectorExpression must match the data type of the value in the case clause within the switch statement.

40. Write the nested if/else equivalent of the code below: if (x == 1) cout << “one” << endl; if (x == 2) cout << “two” << endl; if (x == 3) cout << “three” << endl; 41. Discuss some of the ways you can make your program more readable when using selection structures.

42. Rewrite the following code using a switch statement. Assume the variable code has already been declared to be of the int data type. if ( (code == 1) || (code == 4) ) cout << “Level 1” << endl; if ( (code == 2) || (code == 5) ) cout << “Level 2” << endl; if (code == 3) cout << “Level 3” << endl; 43. If the variable x contained the value of 1, what will be printed in the following code: switch (x) { case 1: cout << “one” << endl; case 2: cout << “two” << endl; case 3: cout << “three” << endl; } 44. What happens in the execution of a switch statement if no case clauses are matched and there is no default clause?

45. Of the two sets of code below, which is more efficient? Why? Set #1 if (x == 1) cout << “one” << endl; if (x == 2) cout << “two” << endl; if (x == 3) cout << “three” << endl; Set #2 if (x == 1) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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cout << “one” << endl; else if (x == 2) cout << “two” << endl; else if (x == 3) cout << “three” << endl; //end if

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Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. True 11. a 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. c 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. a 25. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. b 28. d 29. b 30. c 31. b 32. a 33. d 34. d 35. d 36. c 37. No. Since this is the end of the switch statement and there are no additional clauses after the final case clause, the break statement is not needed. If coded, it would not be incorrect, but it is not needed.

38. switch (x) { case 1: cout << “one” << endl; break; case 2: cout << “two” << endl; break; case 3: cout << “three” << endl; } 39. Just like within the condition of an if statement, you need to be comparing similar types of data. By having the result of the selectorExpression and the data within the case clause the same data type, you will have a valid comparison.

40. if (x == 1) cout << “one” << endl; else if (x == 2) cout << “two” << endl; else if (x == 3) cout << “three” << endl; //end if 41. Answers will vary.

One definite way to make your program code more readable is to properly indent when coding selection structures. This will make reading the code much easier when you can see which statements go with certain clauses. Comments are Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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another excellent way of making the program code more readable.

42. switch (code) { case 1: case 4: cout << “Level 1” << endl; break; case 2: case 5: cout << “Level 2” << endl; break; case 3: cout << “Level 3” << endl; } 43. one two three Since there are no break statements after each of the first two case statements, all of the instructions listed will be processed.

44. In this case the computer will skip to the next program statement after the closing brace of the switch statement.

45. Set #2 is more efficient. If the value of the variable X is 1 or 2, then the statement would complete prior to testing to see if X is equivalent to 3.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The update read is often an exact copy of the priming read. a. True b. False 2. An accumulator is a numeric variable used for counting something. a. True b. False 3. When you decrement a value stored in an accumulator, you add a number to it. a. True b. False 4. The update read initializes the loop condition by providing its first value. a. True b. False 5. The while loop is an example of a posttest loop. a. True b. False 6. Values that are used to end loops are referred to as sentinel values. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False 7. The for loop can be used to code pretest loops. a. True b. False 8. The selection structure is used when a programmer wants to repeatedly process one or more program instructions. a. True b. False 9. Another name for an endless loop is an infinite loop. a. True b. False 10. In a posttest loop, the condition is evaluated before the instructions within the loop are processed. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. What statement can be used to code a pretest loop in C++? a. switch b. while c. do d. next 12. What type of variable is used for adding together a series of values? a. counter b. accumulator c. ticker d. initializer 13. When a counter is incremented or decremented, what process is occurring to the variable? a. counting b. accumulating c. initializing d. updating 14. What type of value is used to update a counter? a. constant b. negative c. variable d. floating point 15. What must happen in a pretest loop before the instructions in the loop are processed? a. the condition must evaluate to a value greater than 0 b. the condition must evaluate to true c. the condition must evaluate to a value less than 0 d. the condition must evaluate to false 16. What can you do to stop an endless loop in a C++ program? a. press Ctrl+c b. type break c. press End d. type end 17. In a repetition structure, what is the requirement for not repeating the instructions called? a. break condition b. sentinel value c. loop exit condition d. looping condition Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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18. How many arguments can the for clause contain? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 19. Which two C++ statements can be used to code pretest loops? a. if, while b. switch, if c. for, while d. for, switch 20. Which of the following would be a good sentinel value used in a loop that uses a miles per hour value as the looping condition? a. 100 b. 1000 c. 0 d. -1 21. In regards to the repetition structure, which of the following is true? a. each case statement has a break statement b. every sentinel value has a corresponding initial value c. every increment operation has a corresponding d. every looping condition has an opposing loop decrement operation exit condition 22. Which of the following is another name for a sentinel value? a. trip value b. exiting value c. priming value d. looping value 23. In a pretest loop, what initializes the loop condition by providing its first value? a. sentinel value b. update read c. priming read d. none of the above 24. The condition in a while loop must evaluate to what type of value? a. integer b. string c. char d. Boolean 25. What should you do to a counter variable before it is used the first time in a program? a. restore it b. process it c. initialize it d. update it 26. A loop whose instructions are processed indefinitely is referred to as which of the following? a. for statement b. infinite loop c. terminal loop d. while statement 27. In a repetition structure, what is the requirement for repeating the instructions called? a. infinite loop b. sentinel value c. exit condition d. looping condition 28. What is the correct order of the possible arguments in a for statement? a. update, initilization, condition b. initialization, condition, update c. condition, initialization, update d. condition, update, initialization Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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29. What is a possible result of not including an update read statement in a while loop? a. finite loop b. infinite loop c. syntax error d. compiler error 30. Which character is used to separate each clause in a for statement? a. comma b. colon c. semicolon d. space 31. Although not required, it is good programming practice to mark the end of the loop with a(n) _____. a. cout statement b. semicolon c. comment d. end statement 32. In a pretest loop, what should you include in the loop body to ensure that there is a way to enter the sentinel value after the loop body instructions are processed the first time? a. priming read b. update read c. trailer value d. trip value 33. When implementing a loop, where is the assignment statement that updates a counter or accumulator placed? a. after the body of a loop b. before the body of a loop c. inside the body of a loop d. outside the body of a loop 34. What is used to terminate a counter-controlled loop? a. counter b. sentinel value c. updater d. boolean value 35. In a for statement, which argument or arguments are required? a. condition b. initialization and update c. initialization d. initialization and condition 36. What type of structure allows you to repeat a set of instructions multiple times? a. sequence b. decision c. loop d. nested

37. Write a for statement to sum the integers 1 through 10 given the following: int sum = 0; Use the variable count as the counter variable within the statement.

38. Why are pretest and posttest loops are also called top-driven and bottom-driven loops, respectively? Explain your answer.

39. What is the result of the following set of code? int count = 10; while (count < 10) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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{ cout << count << endl; count = count - 1; } 40. What are two pretest loop statements available in C++ and why would you use one versus the other?

41. What happens if you omit an update read within a loop?

42. Write a while statement to sum the integers 1 through 10 given the following: int count = 1; int sum = 0; 43. Write the for statement to print the integers 1 through 10 on the screen, in reverse order, one per line.

Use the variable count as the counter variable within the statement.

44. Given the code below, write the while statement to print the integers 1 through 10 on the screen, one per line. int count = 1; 45. What is the result of the following set of code? int count = 1; while (count <= 10) { cout << count << endl; } 46. What is a repetition structure and why might a programmer need to use one?

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. b 12. b 13. d 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. c 19. c 20. d 21. d 22. a 23. c 24. d 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. b 27. d 28. b 29. b 30. c 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. a 35. a 36. c 37. for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count = count + 1) { sum = sum + count; } 38. Since in a pretest loop the loop condition is checked at the top of the loop, it is sometimes referred to as a top-driven loop. Conversely, since in a posttest loop the loop condition is checked at the bottom of the loop, is is sometimes referred to as a bottom-driven loop. The “drive” or “permission to go” comes from the location of the condition.

39. Since the intial value of count is 10, the loop condition will be evaluated to false. Therefore, the loop body will not be processed.

40. You can use a while statement or a for statement to code pretest loops. The while statement is usually used when a set of instructions should be repeated while a particular condition is true or until a condition becomes true (like a variable reaching a certain value). A for statement can be used in a similar fashion, however, the most common use of the for statement is to code counter-controlled pretest loops because it provides a more compact and clearer way of writing that type of loop.

41. If you do not include the update read in the loop body, there will be no way to enter the sentinel value after the loop body instructions are processed the first time. Without the update read, the loop will have no way of stopping on its own.

42. while (count <= 10) { sum = sum + count; count = count + 1; } 43. for (int count = 10; count >= 1; count = count - 1) { cout << count << endl; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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} 44. while (count <= 10) { cout << count << endl; count = count + 1; } 45. An infinite loop printing the number 1 on each line of the screen. The variable controlling the loop was never updated.

46. Programmers use the repetition structure, referred to more simply as a loop, when they need the computer to repeatedly process one or more program instructions. The loop contains a condition that controls whether the instructions are repeated.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. With nested repetition structures, both loops must be the same type (example: both must be pretest loops, or both must be posttest loops). a. True b. False 2. The algorithm for a clock uses a nested repetition structure. a. True b. False 3. A pretest loop and posttest loop produce the same results; they just use different methods. a. True b. False 4. The output of the following code is sumX: 3 sumY: 2. int sumX = 0; int sumY = 0; do { sumX++; sumY++; sumX += sumY; } while (sumX < 2); cout << "sumX: " << sumX << " sumY: " << sumY; a. True b. False 5. C++ provides the do until statement for coding a posttest loop. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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6. The instructions in a posttest loop will always be executed at least once, but the instructions in a pretest loop may never be processed. a. True b. False 7. With the do while statement, the loop body may never be executed. a. True b. False 8. The condition in the do while statement must evaluate to a Boolean value. a. True b. False 9. The braces in a do while statement are required, much like in a switch statement. a. True b. False 10. In a clock algorithm, the minute hand is controlled by the outer loop and the hour hand is controlled by the inner loop. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. In which type of repetition structure is it possible that the instructions in the loop body might never be processed? a. for loop b. do while loop c. posttest loop d. switch loop 12. What is the value of the variable innerNum at the end of the execution of the following code? int outerNum; int innerNum; for (outerNum = 1; outerNum < 2; outerNum++) { for (innerNum = 1; innerNum < 2; innerNum++) cout << "innerNum: " << innerNum << endl; } a. 1 c. 3

b. 2 d. 4

13. With a do while statement, the looping condition indicates the requirement for _____ the loop body instructions. a. reversing b. printing c. repeating d. exiting 14. What is wrong with the following code? int xNum, yNum; do for (xNum = 1; xNum < 10; xNum += 1) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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yNum += 2; while (yNum < 20); a. the do loop needs opening and closing braces c. yNum should be initialized

b. the for loop needs opening and closing braces d. a for loop cannot be inside a do while loop

15. The outer loop of a nested for loop ends with which of the following characters? a. closing brace b. semicolon c. double slash d. period 16. Which for clause is correct? a. for (int i = 1; i < 10; i += 1) c. for (int i = 1; i += 1)

b. for (i < 10; int i = 1; i += 1) d. for (int i = 1)

17. Which of the following is true about nested repetition structures? a. both must be pretest loops b. both must be posttest loops c. each loop can be either pretest or posttest d. one loop must be pretest and the other posttest 18. What is the result of the following code? int xNum = 0; int yNum = 0; do { xNum = xNum + yNum; yNum += 1; cout << "xNum: " << xNum; } while (xNum > 2); a. endless loop c. xNum: 2 is printed

b. no output, the loop is never executed d. xNum: 0 is printed

19. Which of the following is a repetition structure that performs a posttest loop? a. while b. do while c. if then d. for 20. What is the output of the following code? int xNum = 0; int yNum = 0; do { xNum += yNum; } while (xNum == yNum++); cout << xNum; a. 0 c. 2

b. 1 d. 3

21. What, if anything is required to make the following code valid? int x = 0; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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do x += 15; while (x < 100); a. nothing; the code is valid c. remove the parentheses around the condition

b. add beginning and end braces d. initialize x to a non-zero value

22. Which of the following applications would require a nested repetition structure? a. egg timer b. clock c. thermometer d. weathervane 23. What type of loop is often used in programs that allow the user to select from a menu? a. pretest b. posttest c. for d. while 24. What is assigned to the answer variable after the following code is executed? int answer = 0; int yNum = 0; do { for (int xNum = 1; xNum < 3; xNum +=1) answer = answer * xNum; yNum += 1; } while (yNum < 3); a. 0 b. 6 c. 18 d. 36 25. How many times will the instruction in the loop body of the following code be processed? int x = 0; do { x += 3; } while (x <= 3); a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. infinite 26. What is the result of the following code? int xNum, yNum, zNum; yNum = 0; zNum = 0; do { for (xNum = 1; xNum < yNum; yNum += 1) zNum += xNum; } while (zNum < 100); cout << "zNum: " << zNum; a. endless loop b. zNum: 100 c. zNum: 110 d. syntax error Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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27. What is the output of the following code? int xNum = 0; int yNum = 0; do { for(yNum = 0; yNum < 3; yNum += 1) xNum += yNum; } while (xNum < 10); cout << xNum; a. 10 c. 12

b. 11 d. 13

28. What type of loop statement should you use if the instructions in the loop body must be processed at least once? a. for b. do while c. while d. repeat until 29. How many times will the instruction in the loop body of the following code be processed? int x = 3; do { x++; } while (x <= 3); a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. infinite 30. What is wrong, if anything, with the following code? double price = 0; cout << "Item price: "; cin >> price; do { cout << "Total cost: $" << price + price * .05 << endl; cout << "Item price: "; } while (price > 0); a. syntax error c. a priming read is required

b. missing the update read d. nothing is wrong

31. What is required to fix the following invalid code? do { x++; } while (x<y) a. add a semicolon after the condition b. remove the braces c. put the condition after the do clause d. add //begin loop after the do clause 32. What type of value is the outcome of the condition in a do while statement?

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a. true c. Boolean

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b. false d. character

33. What type of structure is created when a pretest loop is inside another pretest loop? a. integrated selection b. nested repetition c. iterative repetition d. optional selection 34. What, if anything, is wrong with the following code? int final = 1; int varA = 0; int varB; do while (varA < 3) { for (varB = 1; varB < 3; varB +=1) final = final * varB; varA += 1; } a. the for loop needs opening and closing braces c. a semicolon is required after the while loop

b. nothing is wrong d. the while condition is in the wrong place

35. A posttest loop is also referred to as which of the following? a. top-driven loop b. bottom-driven loop c. starting loop d. endless loop 36. The do while statement ends with what character? a. comment b. semicolon c. colon d. ending brace

37. The code below prints 12 asterisks on the screen, one per line. Modify the code to print 2 lines containing 6 asterisks each. for (int outer = 1; outer <= 4; outer = outer + 1) for (int inner = 1; inner <= 3; inner = inner + 1) cout << “*” << endl; 38. Using a C++ do while statement, print five asterisks on the screen, one at a time, on the same line. Use the count variable below as your counter variable. Advance the cursor to the next line when finished. int count = 1; 39. Using a C++ for statement, print five asterisks on the screen, one at a time, on the same line. Use the count variable below as your counter variable. Advance the cursor to the next line when finished.

40. The code below prints 15 asterisks on the screen, one per line. Modify the code to print 3 lines containing 5 asterisks each. for (int outer = 1; outer <= 5; outer = outer + 1) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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for (int inner = 1; inner <= 3; inner = inner + 1) cout << “*” << endl; 41. Write the C++ code using nested for loops that prints the product of the outer loop counter and the inner loop counter; one per line. The outer loop counter should go from 1 to 10 and the inner loop counter should go from the value of the outer loop counter to 10. Both counters should increment by 1. Use outer for the outer loop counter and inner for the inner loop counter.

42. Why are posttest loops good for displaying a menu of items to the user?

43. Given the code below, write the C++ do while statement to print the numbers 1 to 10 out one per line on the screen. Use the count variable as your counter variable. int count = 1; 44. Write the C++ code using nested do while loops that accepts a price for an item from a user and then prints out the final cost of the item using a tax rate from .05 to .10 (5% to 10%). Stop processing when the price entered by the user is not greater than 0.

45. Given the code below, write the do while loop to continue to enter values for the variable age, and print them out, as long as the value entered is greater than zero. int age = 0;

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Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. a 12. b 13. c 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. b 20. d 21. a 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. b 34. d 35. b 36. b 37. for (int outer = 1; outer <= 2; outer = outer + 1) { for (int inner = 1; inner <= 6; inner = inner + 1) cout << "*"; cout << endl; } 38. do { }

//begin loop cout << “*”; count = count + 1; while (count <= 5);

cout << endl; 39. for (int count=1; count <= 5; count = count + 1) cout << “*”; cout << endl; 40. for (int outer = 1; outer <= 3; outer = outer + 1) { for (int inner = 1; inner <= 5; inner = inner + 1) cout << "*"; cout << endl; } 41. int inner, outer; for (outer = 1; outer <=10; outer += 1) { for (inner = outer; inner <= 10; inner += 1) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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cout << "Product: " << outer * inner << endl; } 42. Because the code within the loop in a posttest loop will always be processed once, creating a menu with a posttest loop is the best loop choice. This is because even if the user selects to exit the menu, the menu must be displayed at least once.

43. do { }

//begin loop

cout << count << endl; count = count + 1; while (count <=10);

44. double price; double taxrate; cout << "Item price: "; cin >> price; do { taxrate = .05; do { cout << "Total cost: $" << price + price * taxrate << endl; taxrate += .01; } while (taxrate <= .10); cout << "Item price: "; cin >> price; } while (price > 0); 45. cout << “Enter an age greater than zero: “; cin >> age; do {

}

//begin loop cout << “The age entered was: “ << age << endl << endl; cout << “Enter an age greater than zero: “; cin >> age; while (age > 0);

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The pow function contains two arguments, the base number and the square root value. a. True b. False 2. Unless you specify otherwise, variables in C++ are automatically passed by reference. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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3. The value that the main function returns to the operating system indicates whether the program ended normally. a. True b. False 4. A program that uses the pow and sqrt functions requires the #include <iostream> directive. a. True b. False 5. The statement int getRandomnumber(void) is a proper declaration of a function that is not passed any information. a. True b. False 6. All program-defined and built-in functions are categorized as either value-returning functions or void functions. a. True b. False 7. A variable‟s scope indicates how long the variable remains in the computer‟s internal memory. a. True b. False 8. Value-returning functions can return multiple values. a. True b. False 9. The constant RAND_MAX is a value your must define in your C++ program before using the rand function. a. True b. False 10. The main() function is found in some, but not all C++ programs. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. When do you need to include a function prototype? a. When a function is defined after the main function c. When a function is defined before the main function

b. When a function is defined inside the main function d. When a function is defined in an external library

12. What is needed, if anything, to make this function correct? double calculateArea() { const double PI = 3.141593; double area = 0.0; area = PI * pow(radius, 2); Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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return area; } a. Nothing is wrong with the function c. The return statement requires parentheses

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b. the returnDataType is missing d. A variable in the parameterList is needed

13. In the following code, what is the scope and lifetime of the num1 variable? int num2 = 100; int main() { for (int num1=1; num1 < num2; num1+=1) { ............. more code here ........... } } a. global, until the for loop ends

b. local, until the program ends

c. local, until the for loop ends

d. global, until the program ends

14. What is (are) the argument(s) passed to the pow function? a. base number and exponent b. the dividend and divsior c. the number to be squared d. a long value 15. What property of a variable indicates where in the program the variable an be used? a. scope b. lifetime c. type d. range 16. What is the data type of the value returned by the sqrt function? a. int b. short c. double d. float 17. What value is returned by the time function? a. seconds elapsed since midnight, 1/1/1970 c. hours elapsed since midnight, 1/1/1970

b. minutes elapsed since midnight, 1/1/1970 d. days elapsed since midnight, 1/1/1970

18. If you want to send the value contained in a variable to a function, which method should you use? a. passing by value b. calling by reference c. calling by value d. passing by reference 19. Which #include directive must be in a program that uses the sqrt function? a. <iostream> b. <cmath> c. <cstrlib> d. <sqrt> 20. How many values does a value-returning function return at its completion? a. one b. as many as defined in the parameter list c. none d. the number is predefined in the compiler 21. The rand function returns an integer that is greater than or equal 0 but less than or equal to the value stored in which Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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constant? a. MAX c. MAX_NUMBER

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b. NUMBER_MAX d. RAND_MAX

22. The function header for a value-returning function begins with which of the following? a. opening and closing parentheses b. the keyword function c. opening braces d. the returnDataType 23. What is the term for the starting point value used by the random number generator? a. rand b. seed c. clock d. tick 24. What statement is required in the function getSquarePerimeter to assign a value to the variable p in the following statement? p = getSquarePerimeter(side); a. release b. return c. assign d. set 25. What type of function alerts the C++ compiler that the function will be defined later in the program? a. value-returning b. uninitialized c. void d. prototype 26. In the code below, what is the scope of the num1 variable? int num1; int main() { cin >> num1; cout << num1 *.10; ... more code here ... } a. the program lifetime c. until the cout function finishes

b. local d. global

27. If you want to send the address of a variable to a function, which method should you use? a. passing by value b. calling by reference c. calling by value d. passing by reference 28. Which #include directive may you need in your program in order to use the random number generator functions? a. <iostream> b. <ctime> c. <cstdlib> d. <srand> 29. What function is used to initialize the random number generator, and what type of function is it? a. rand, value-returning b. srand, void c. time, void d. init, value-returning 30. What are the memory locations in a function's parameterList called?

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a. formal parameters c. void parameters

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b. actual arguments d. return values

31. Where does the main function return its value? a. to the function that invoked it b. to the command line c. to the operating system d. to an error handler 32. What type of variables can be used only by the function in which they are declared or in whose parameter list they appear? a. Literal b. Lifetime c. Local d. Global 33. Unless you specify otherwise, variables in C++ are automatically passed by which method? a. value b. register c. address d. reference 34. What type of arguments are passed to a function? a. Actual b. Formal c. Return d. Value-returning 35. What type of functions allow large and complex programs to be broken into small and manageable tasks? a. Program-defined b. Built-in c. Value-returning d. Void 36. Which of the following is true about global variables? a. They are declared using the global keyword b. The are declared outside of any functions c. Their lifetime begins the first time they are d. They are declared right before the opening brace in main used

37. Given the statement below, write an equivalent statement using the sqrt function. Assume the variables answer and number have been declared to be of the double data type. answer = pow( number, 0.5 ); 38. Write a value-returning function called getAge that returns an int data value corresponding to a person‟s age. The function should prompt the user for their age and return it appropriately. Declare any local variables if needed.

39. Write an equation that will create a random number between 135 and 150, including 135 and 150.

40. Why should functions never be allowed to use global variables?

41. Most programming languages provide random number generator. Why are these numbers not truly random when generated?

42. Actual and formal parameters must match in three ways. What are they?

43. Write an equation that will create a random number between 1 and 100, including 1 and 100.

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44. Write a value-returning function called addOne that is passed an int data value and returns the value increased by one.

Declare any local variables if needed.

45. Write the statement to initialize the random number generator using the time function. Assume all include directives have been included.

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Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. a 12. d 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. b 20. a 21. d 22. d 23. b 24. b 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. b 27. d 28. c 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. c 33. a 34. a 35. a 36. b 37. answer = sqrt( number ); 38. int getAge() { int age = 0; cout << “Enter your age in years: “; cin >> age; return age; } 39. formula: lowerbound + rand() % (upperbound - lowerbound + 1) 135 + rand() % (150 - 135 + 1) 40. Unlike local variables, global variables are declared outside of any function in the program, and they remain in memory until the program ends. Also unlike a local variable, any statement in the program can use a global variable.

Declaring a variable as global rather than local allows unintentional errors to occur when a function that should not have access to the variable inadvertently changes the variable‟s contents. Because of this, you should avoid using global variables in your programs. If more than one function needs access to the same variable, it is better to create a local variable in one of the functions and then pass that variable to the other functions that need it.

41. The numbers are not completely random because a finite mathematical algorithm is used to select them; but they are sufficiently random for practical purposes. The function that produces the pseudo-random numbers is often referred to as a pseudo-random number generator.

42. The number of actual arguments passed to a function should match the number of formal parameters in its function header. In addition, the data type and order (or position) of each actual argument must agree with the data type and order Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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(position) of its corresponding formal parameter. This is because when the function is called, the computer stores the value of the first actual argument in the function‟s first formal parameter, the value of the second actual argument in its second formal parameter, and so on.

43. formula: lowerbound + rand() % (upperbound - lowerbound + 1) 1 + rand() % (100 - 1 + 1) 44. int addOne( int number ) { number = number + 1; return number; } 45. srand(static_cast<int>(time(0)));

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. While a void function does not return a value, it must still end with a return statement. a. True b. False 2. Void functions return a value after completing their task. a. True b. False 3. You pass a variable by value when you want the receiving function to change the contents of the variable. a. True b. False 4. The srand function, that initializes the C++ random number generator, is an example of a void function. a. True b. False 5. All built-in and program-defined functions are categorized as either value-returning functions or void functions. a. True b. False 6. An actual argument can be a variable, named constant, literal constant, or keyword. a. True b. False 7. Passing by reference is when you pass a copy of a variable‟s value to a function. a. True b. False 8. Passing by value is when you pass a copy of a variable‟s address to a function.

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a. True b. False 9. A typical call to a void function will look like the following code: area = getArea(side1, side2); a. True b. False 10. When you pass a variable by reference, the called function can change the contents of the variable. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. The arguments that are passed to a function are referred to as which of the following? a. formal arguments b. actual arguments c. corresponding arguments d. required arguments 12. What is the first part to the function definition of a void function? a. function body b. function header c. return statement d. ending comments 13. Which of the following is NOT required in a void function? a. function header b. function body c. return statement d. ending brace 14. Unless you specify otherwise, in what manner are variables passed to functions? a. by value b. by reference c. by invocation d. by parameter 15. Only functions defined where, in relation to the main function, require a function prototype to be coded? a. above b. below c. within d. outside 16. Which of the following would be a practical use for a void function? a. returning the sum of two numbers b. returning the average of two numbers c. displaying two numbers d. calculating the area of a rectangle 17. Which of the following is a proper declaration of a function that sums and displays two integers and returns no value? a. int printSum(int val1, int val2) b. void printSum(int val1, int val2) c. printSum(void val1, void val2) d. int printSum(val1, val2) 18. Which of the following is true about the relationship between the actual parameter and the corresponding formal parameter? a. their data types can be different b. their names must be the same c. their names can be different d. their values must be the same Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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19. Sending a copy of a variable‟s value to a function is referred to as which of the following? a. passing by value b. passing by reference c. passing by invocation d. passing by parameter 20. Which of the following tells the computer to pass the variable‟s address rather than a copy of its contents? a. value-returning function b. return statement c. address-of operator d. referral operator 21. If you want a function to know the contents of a variable, but don‟t want the function to modify the value, in what manner should the variable be passed? a. by value b. by reference c. by invocation d. by parameter 22. Which of the following is another term for calling a function? a. declare b. invoke c. initialize d. instantiate 23. Which symbol is used to represent the address-of operator? a. & b. $ c. @ d. # 24. The function body in a void function is enclosed in which of the following? a. parentheses b. braces c. quotes d. asterisks 25. What is the proper function type to use when declaring a function that takes two floating point numbers and calculates and displays the product with no return value? a. float b. long c. void d. double 26. To pass a variable by reference in C++, what must be included before the name of the corresponding formal parameter in the receiving function‟s header? a. & b. { c. >> d. % 27. If you want a function to modify the value stored in a variable, how do you need to pass the variable? a. by value b. by reference c. by invocation d. by parameter 28. Which of the following is a valid invocation of a value-returning function? a. myFunction(y, z); b. x = myFunction(y, z); c. int myFunction(); d. myFunction(y, z) = x; 29. What keyword begins the function header of a void function? a. data b. void c. return d. int Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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30. What is the correct statement needed to call a void function named sumIt that changes the value of the variable named totalSum? a. sumIt(&totalSum); b. totalSum = sumIt(); c. void sumIt(totalSum); d. @totalSum = sumIt(); 31. In a void function, what is true about the return statement? a. It is required. b. It is always initalizd to 0. c. It is not necessary. d. You cannot use a return statement.

32. Passing a variable‟s unique address to a function is referred to as which of the following? a. passing by value b. passing by reference c. passing by invocation d. passing by parameter 33. What, if anything is required to fix the following code? char val1, val2; val1 = 10; val2 = 25; printSum(val1, val2); void printSum(int x, int y) { cout << "The sum is: " << x + y << endl; } a. val1 and val2 should be passed by reference b. nothing is required, the code is correct c. the x and y variables should be named val1 and val2 d. val1 and val2 are the wrong type 34. What is the scope of the variables listed in a function? a. local to the function b. global to the program c. referential to the function d. global to the main() function 35. What type of functions do not return a value after completing their task? a. value-defined b. void c. loop d. all 36. Which of the following looks like a typical call to a void function? a. printSum(a, b); b. printSum(a, b) = y; c. x = printSum(a, b); d. printSum[a, b];

37. When passing a variable by reference to a function, must the formal parameters have the same exact name as their corresponding actual parameters?

38. Is it possible to pass a variable to a function by reference and have the value stored in the original actual parameter remain unchanged?

39. Write a void function called getAge that has one formal parameter of the int data type. The function should prompt the user for their age and return the value through the parameter.

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An example of the call to the function could be as follows, where the variable age has been declared to be of the int data type. getAge(age); 40. What are the two main differences between the syntax for creating a value-returning function and the syntax for creating a void function?

41. Give an example of a function that would be a good candidate to only utilize variables passed by value.

42. Given the program segments below (one from the main function, and one program-defined function called calcSum), what would be printed in the main program for the variable sum after the function is called? Assume an appropriate function prototype has been declared. main function int num1 = 10; int num2 = 15; int sum = 0; calcSum(num1, num2, sum); cout << “The value of sum is: “ << sum << endl; here? calcSum function code void calcSum(int num1, int num2, { sum = num1 + num2; } //end of calcSum function

//What is the value of sum

int sum)

43. Write a void function called calcSum that has three formal parameters of the int data type. The function should accept two integer values to sum in the first two parameters, sum the values, and then return their sum through the third parameter.

An example of the call to the function could be as follows, where the variables num1, num2, and sum have been declared to be of the int data type. calcSum(num1, num2, sum); 44. List the syntax to create a program-defined Void function.

45. What is the only type of argment that can be passed by reference to a function?

46. How does a computer store variables passed by value and variabled passed by reference?

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Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. b 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. c 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. c 21. a 22. b 23. a 24. b 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. a 27. b 28. b 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. b 33. d 34. a 35. b 36. a 37. No. If one person were writing an entire program, and had declared and passed a single variable called age through a function call to a function called displayAge, it would be possible to name the corresponding formal parameter age also.

However, if you asked a colleague to write the displayAge function for you, more than likely the formal parameter name chosen would not be the same as your actual parameter name in the main function.

38. Absolutely. Just because a variable is passed by reference does not mean the contents will change and be passed back out. Dependent upon the logic of the called function, the contents of the actual parameter may or may not change.

39. void getAge(int &inYears) { cout << “How old are you? “ ; cin >> inYears; } //end of getAge function 40. First, a void function‟s header begins with the keyword void rather than with a data type. The void keyword indicates that the function does not return a value. Second, the function body in a void function does not contain a return statement, which is required in the function body of a value-returning function 41. Answers may vary.

A common example would be a function that simply displays results.

42. The answer is 0.

The calcSum function‟s sum parameter is being passed by value, not by reference. To correct the issue and have the sum passed back out, an ampersand should be coded before sum in the function header. Then 25 would be returned back into the main program into the variable sum, and subsequently printed. The function prototype would also have to be corrected. The correct function header would look as follows: void calcSum(int num1, int num2, int &sum) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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43. void calcSum( int num1, int num2, int &sum) { sum = num1 + num2; } //end of calcSum function 44. void functionName([parameterList]) { one of more statements } //end of functionName function 45. Only variables can be passed by reference.

46. When you pass a variable by value, the computer uses the data type and name of its corresponding formal parameter to create a separate memory location in which to store the value. When you pass a variable by reference, on the other hand, the computer locates the variable in memory and then assigns the name of its corresponding formal parameter to the memory location. When you pass a variable by reference, the variable will have two names: one assigned by the calling function and the other assigned by the receiving function. Void functions use variables that are passed by reference to send information back to the calling function. Value-returning functions, on the other hand, send information back to the calling function through their return value.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The first variable in a one-dimensional array is assigned a subscript of 1. a. True b. False 2. Many C++ compilers initialize char array elements to a space, string array elements to the empty string, and bool array elements to the keyword true. a. True b. False 3. Just like scalar variables, arrays in C++ are passed automatically by value. a. True b. False 4. Another name for an array variable is an element. a. True b. False 5. A bubble sort works great for sorting an array with a large number of elements. a. True b. False 6. A subscript in an array is always an integer. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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7. Just like scalar variables, you need to code the address-of operator before the name of an array‟s formal parameter in the function header when passing the array by reference. a. True b. False 8. A scalar variable is one that is unrelated to any other variable in memory. a. True b. False 9. When you group together related variables that have different data types, the group is referred to as an array of variables or, more simply, an array. a. True b. False 10. An entire array cannot be passed to a function, it must be passed one element at a time. a. True b. False 11. With parallel arrays, both arrays must contain elements of the same data type. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12. When declaring and initializing an array, which of the following best describes the status of the initialValues section? a. required b. optional c. contained within quotes d. contained within square brackets 13. Assigning initial values to an array is often referred to as doing what to the array? a. creating b. declaring c. populating d. instantiating 14. Which of the following statements will store the user‟s entry into the second element of the numbers array? a. numbers[1] = 0; b. numbers[2] = 0; c. cin >> numbers[1]; d. cin >> numbers[2]; 15. Which of the following is a likely while statement used in the outer loop of a bubble sort of an array called distances? a. while(distances[sub] > distances[sub -1]) b. while(sub < maxSub) c. while (swap == true) d. while(temp == 0) 16. How are arrays stored in memory locations? a. randomly b. in parallel c. contiguously d. vertically 17. When passing an array to a function, which of the following should come after the formal parameter name of the array in the function header to indicate it is an array? a. & b. [ ] Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. ||

18. What subscript should be used to access the fourth element in a one-dimensional array? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 19. Which statement correctly declares and populates a one-dimensional array? a. char myArray[4] = {'10', '100', '1000', '10000'}; b. char myArray{4} = ['10', '100', '1000', '10000']; c. int myArray[4] = {10, 100, 1000, 10000}; d. int myArray{4} = [10, 100, 1000, 10000]; 20. What is the data type of a subscript used in an array? a. integer b. real value c. character d. string 21. Before using an array in a program, what first must be done to the array? a. declare it b. load it c. populate it d. instantiate it 22. After the first pass in a typical ascending value bubble sort, what best describes the last element in an array? a. the lowest value b. the highest value c. the midrange value d. second highest value 23. What is a group of related variables that have the same data type? a. a scalar group b. a simple group c. an array d. a pointer 24. What value is a subscript assigned to access the first element in a one-dimensional array? a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. NULL 25. Which of the following statements declares a one-dimensional array containing two integer values? a. int numbers[3] = {1, 2, 3}; b. char letters[2] = {„a‟, „b‟}; c. int characters[2] = {45, 87}; d. int ages[6] = {0}; 26. Given the following code, which statement displays each element of the array, one line at a time? char myArray[4] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}; for (int i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) ---- code goes here ---a. cout >> myArray[i] >> endl; b. cout << myArray[i] << endl; c. cout << myArray[4] << endl; d. cout >> myArray >> endl; 27. What are the most commonly used arrays in business applications? a. one-dimensional arrays only b. two-dimenstional arrays only c. one-dimensional and two dimensional arrays d. multi-dimensional arrays (3 or more dimensions) 28. What, if anything, is needed to fix the following code so that the elements of the array are printed, one line at a time?

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char myArray[4] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}; for (int i = 1; i < 4; i += 1) cout << myArray[i] << endl; a. change the loop comparison to i <= 3 b. change the array declaration to myArray[3] c. nothing needs to be changed d. change the initial value of i 29. Which type of sort provides a quick and easy way to sort the items stored in an array, as long as the number of items is relatively small? a. insertion sort b. bubble sort c. binary sort d. position sort 30. With one-dimensional arrays, what indicates the variable‟s position within the array? a. a pointer b. the subscript c. a counter d. the array initializer 31. How can the code in the following example best be described? int scoreThreshold[4] = {90, 80, 70, 60}; char letterGrade[4] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}; a. multi-value arrays c. scalar arrays

b. two-dimensional array d. parallel arrays

32. Each variable within an array is referred to as which of the following? a. index b. scalar c. pointer d. element 33. Which of the following is two or more arrays whose elements are related by their corresponding position (subscript) in the arrays? a. scalar array b. corresponding array c. parallel array d. sequential array 34. What characteristic should the values used to populate an array and the array variables have in common? a. position b. subscript c. data type d. equivalence 35. Which of the following describes how an array is automatically passed to a function? a. by value b. by reference c. by type d. by subscript 36. What is another name for a simple variable? a. array variable b. scalar variable c. pointer variable d. address variable 37. What term is defined as arranging data in a specific order? a. sorting b. instantiating c. referencing d. invoking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. Given the array declaration below, write the assignment statement to place the number 5 into the fifth array element. int numbers[5] = {0}; 39. Given the array declaration below, write a for loop to print the elements of the array on the screen one per line. Use num as your loop variable for the for loop. int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; __________________________ 40. Given the array declaration below and user prompt, write the statement to place the number 1 into the first array element using the extraction operator. int numbers[5] = {0}; cout << “Enter the first number: “; __________________________ 41. Given the array declaration below, what is stored in numbers[2] ? int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; 42. What happens when an array declaration statement does not provide an initial value for each of the elements in a numeric array? In other words, the initialValues section of the declaration is not coded.

43. Given the array declaration below, what is stored in numbers[2] ? int numbers[5] = {0}; 44. How can the computer locate the remaining array elements if only the address of the first array element is passed to a function?

45. Why are arrays passed automatically by reference, unlike scalar variables?

46. Declare a one-dimensional array called letters to contain the first five lowercase letters of the alphabet.

47. Under what circumstances is the best time to use a bubble sort involving an array? Very briefly, describe how does a bubble sort works.

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Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. False 12. b 13. c 14. c 15. c 16. c 17. b 18. b 19. c 20. a 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. b 27. c 28. d 29. b 30. b 31. d 32. d 33. c 34. c 35. b 36. b 37. a 38. Remember the fifth element will have a subscript of 4; therefore, the statement would be as follows: numbers[4] = 5; 39. for (int num = 0; num <= 4; num = num +1) { cout << numbers[num] << endl; } //end for Note: The comparison in the for loop could also be num < 5.

40. Remember the first element will have a subscript of 0; therefore, the statement would be as follows: cin >> numbers[0]; 41. The number 3 is stored in numbers[2]. Remember the array subscript begins with 0 in the first array element.

42. If the initialValues section is omitted from the declaration statement, the compiler does not automatically initialize the elements, so the array elements may contain garbage.

43. Provided you code at least one value in the initialValues section (as shown in the declaration), most C++ compilers would initialize the uninitialized array elements to 0. Therefore, the answer would be 0.

44. Because array elements are stored in contiguous locations in memory, the computer can use the address to locate the remaining elements in the array.

45. It is more efficient to pass arrays in this manner. Since many arrays are large, passing an array by value would consume a great deal of the computer‟s memory and time because the computer would need to duplicate the array in the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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receiving function‟s formal parameter.

46. char letters[5] = {„a‟, „b‟, „c‟, „d‟, „e‟}; 47. A bubble sort provides a quick and easy way to sort items stored in an array, as long as the number of items in the array is relatively small (for example, fewer than 50).

The bubble sort algorithm works by comparing adjacent array elements and interchanging (swapping) the ones that are out of order. The algorithm continues comparing and swapping until the data in the array is sorted.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. A one-dimensional array resembles a table in that the array elements are in rows and columns. a. True b. False 2. When specifying an array element in a two-dimensional array, the column subscript comes before the row subscript. a. True b. False 3. Before you can use a two-dimensional array in a program, you must initialize it. a. True b. False 4. You refer to each element in a two-dimensional array by the array‟s name and the element‟s row and column subscripts. a. True b. False 5. The extraction operator can be used to store data in an element in a two-dimensional array. a. True b. False 6. An array is a group of related variables (elements) that have the same data type. a. True b. False 7. Like one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays are passed automatically by value. a. True b. False 8. Only one loop is needed to access each element in a two-dimensional array. a. True b. False 9. When declaring a two-dimensional array the statement begins with the array name. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False 10. Elements located in the first row in a two-dimensional array are assigned a row subscript of 1. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following would you use to reference the variable located in the first row, first column of the scores twodimensional array? a. scores[0][0] b. scores[1][1] c. scores{0, 0} d. scores[1,1] 12. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[0][0] element? int scores[5][5] = {5}; a. 0 c. 10

b. 5 d. 25

13. Variables located in the first row in a two-dimensional array are assigned a row subscript of which of the following? a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. NULL 14. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[1][2] element? int scores[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; a. 2 c. 6

b. 5 d. 4

15. How many elements will a two-dimensional array with 4 rows and 5 columns contain? a. 9 b. 12 c. 18 d. 20 16. What operator can be used to store data in an element in a two-dimensional array? a. insertion b. extraction c. ternary d. increment 17. In a two-dimensional array, what is used to specify each element's row and column positions in the array? a. orders b. variables c. subscripts d. indexes 18. Which of the following is the correct inner for loop statement if you want to access each column in the ith row of the array declared below? int myArray[4][3]; for (i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) a. for (j=1; j <= 3; j +=1) z = myArray[i][j]; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

b. for (j=0; j < 3; j += 1) z = myArray[i][j]; Page 88

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c. for (j=0; j < 3; j +=1) z = myArray[j][i];

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d. for (j=1; j <= 3; j +=1) z = myArray[j][i];

19. When you don‟t provide an initial value for each of the elements in an int array, many C++ compilers initialize the uninitialized elements to what integer? a. 1 b. -1 c. 0 d. "" 20. Which of the following would you use to reference the variable located in the second row, second column of the scores two-dimensional array? a. scores[0][0] b. scores[1][1] c. scores{1, 1} d. scores[2,2] 21. Which of the following statements will declare a two-dimensional array called scores to be of the int data type and contain 3 rows and 4 columns, while also initializing all elements to 0? a. int scores [4][3] = 0; b. int scores [3][4] = 0; c. int scores[3][4] = {0}; d. int scores[0] = {4, 3}; 22. Which of the following is the correct statement to access the 15th element of the declared array? int myArray[6][5]; a. z = myArray[2][4]; c. z = myArray[3][5];

b. z = myArray[4][2]; d. z = myArray[5][3];

23. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[2][2] element? int scores[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; a. 8 c. 6

b. 5 d. 9

24. What value should you assign the subscript to access the element located in the third column in a two-dimensional array? a. 3 b. 1 c. -3 d. 2 25. In the following statement, what does the [4] represent? studentGrades[4] [2] = 'B'; a. 4th element of the array c. column subscript

b. row subscript d. 8th element of the array

26. Which of the following statements will declare a two-dimensional array called scores to be of the int data type and contain 2 columns and 3 rows, while also initializing all elements to 0? a. int scores [1][2] = {0}; b. int scores [2][3] = {0}; c. int scores[3][2] = {0}; d. int scores[0] = {2, 3}; 27. Which of the following would be used to refer to the element located in the second row, third column of a twodimensional array named orders?

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a. orders [2] [3] c. orders [2, 3]

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b. orders [1,2] d. orders [1] [2]

28. What happens if an invalid subscript is used to access a two-dimensional array element? a. error message and program ends b. program continues c. type conversion d. the system will will prompt the user 29. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[2][3] element? int scores[5][5] = {5}; a. 0 c. cannot be determined

b. 5 d. 25

30. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[1][1] element? int scores[5][5] = {5}; a. 0 c. 10

b. 5 d. 25

31. How many loops are necessary to access the contents of a two-dimensional array efficiently? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. more than 2 32. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[2][3] element? int scores[5][5] = {0}; a. 0 c. cannot be determined

b. 5 d. 25

33. What type of array resembles a table with rows and columns? a. one-dimensional b. two-dimensional c. scalar d. integer 34. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[1][1] element? int scores[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; a. 1 c. 7

b. 4 d. 5

35. How many loops are necessary to access the contents of a one-dimensional array efficiently? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. more than 2 36. Given the following array declaration, what is the value stored in the scores[1][1] element? int scores[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3} }; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. 0 c. 2

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b. 1 d. 3

37. Given the declaration below, code the statement to assign the element in the last row and last column a value of 99. int scores[3][2] = {0}; 38. Write the statement to do the following: - create a two-dimensional array called orders - each element will be of the int data type - there will be 2 rows and 3 columns - each element will be initialized to 0 39. If a two-dimensional array declard to be of the int data type was very large and you wished to initialize all of the elements of the array to something other than 0 (for example, 99), it would be quite exhausting to code all of the initial values. Write a nested loop using two for loops to initialize all of the elements in the array below to 99. Use row and col for your loop variables. int scores[100][100] = {0}; 40. Write the statement to do the following: - create a two-dimensional array called letters - each element will be of the char data type - there will be 2 rows and 2 columns - each element will be initialized to „x‟ 41. In order to access each element efficiently in a two-dimensional array, you would need a nested loop structure. What types of loops would you use and why?

42. Given the declaration below, code the statement to assign the element in the first row and first column a value of 99. int scores[3][2] = {0}; 43. Given the declaration below, code the statement to assign the element in the last row and last column a value of 99. int scores[6][7] = {0}; 44. Write the statement to do the following: - create a two-dimensional array called scores - each element will be of the int data type - there will be 3 rows and 2 columns - each element will be initialized to 100 45. Given the declarations below, write a nested loop using two for loops to sum all of the elements in the array below.

Use row and col for your loop variables. int scores[3][3] = { {92, 87, 91}, {88, 72, 93}, {100, 94, 97} }; int sum = 0; 46. Given the declaration below, code the statement to assign the element in the first row and first column the value entered by the user through the prompt below.

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int scores[3][2] = {0}; cout << “Please enter the first score: “; _____________________________

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Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. a 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. d 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. b 21. c 22. a 23. d 24. d 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. c 27. d 28. a 29. a 30. a 31. c 32. a 33. b 34. d 35. b 36. a 37. Remember the first element in each row and column will have a subscript of 0. scores[2][1] = 99; 38. The initialization can vary. By initializing the first value, the remaining values will be initialized to 0. int orders[2][3] = {0}; 39. for (int row = 0; row <= 99; row = row + 1) for (int col = 0; col <= 99; col = col + 1) scores[row][col] = 99; 40. The initialization can vary. char letters[2][2] = { {„x‟, „x‟}, {„x‟, „x‟} }; 41. Answers will vary.

This is a question to see if the students can verbalize their understanding of utilizing nested loops with two dimensional arrays. Even though for loops work very efficiently for this purpose, other loops (while, do-while) may also lend themselves dependent upon the situation.

42. Remember the first element in each row and column will have a subscript of 0 scores[0][0] = 99; 43. Remember the first element in each row and column will have a subscript of 0. scores[5][6] = 99; 44. The initialization can vary. int scores[3][2] = { {100, 100}, {100, 100}, {100, 100} }; Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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45. for (int row = 0; row <= 2; row = row + 1) for (int col = 0; col <= 2; col = col + 1) sum = sum + scores[row][col]; 46. Remember the first element in each row and column will have a subscript of 0. cin >> scores[0][0];

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. By default, the getline function will continue to read characters from the keyboard until it encounters the „#‟ character. a. True b. False 2. The first character in a string has a subscript of 1. a. True b. False 3. A string is equivalent to a one-dimensional array of characters. a. True b. False 4. When the getline function encounters the delimiter character in the input, the character is added to the string and the string is assigned to the variable. a. True b. False 5. The code cin.ignore() reads and consumes a series of characters until the delimiter character is reached. a. True b. False 6. The substr function returns a subscript indicating where a substring starts in the specified string. a. True b. False 7. You can use the string class‟s delete function to remove characters from a string variable. a. True b. False 8. An escape sequence is the combination of the backslash and the character that follows it. a. True b. False 9. The string data type is one of the fundamental C++ data types. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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10. You can use the string class‟s search function to search the contents of a string variable. a. True b. False 11. The replace function substitutes a sequence of characters in a string variable with another sequence of characters. a. True b. False 12. For a program to use the string class, it must contain the #include <string> directive. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

13. What function can be used to get string input from the keyboard? a. extraction b. getline c. ignore d. substr 14. Which string class function can be used to replace a sequence of characters in a string variable with another sequence of characters. a. swap b. replace c. substr d. find 15. What is assigned to newStr after the following code is executed? string orgStr = "Hello there!"; string newStr = orgStr.substr(1, orgStr.length() - 1); a. Hello there c. Hello there!

b. ello there d. ello there!

16. In order to use the string data type in a program, what code must be in your program? a. a #include <iostream> directive b. a using <iostream> statement c. a #include <string> directive d. a using <string> statement 17. What will the value of newStr be after the following code is executed? string newStr = "13 Mockingbird Lane"; newStr.insert(1, "31"); a. 3113 Mockingbird Lane b. 31 c. 1313 Mockingbird Lane d. 131 18. Which of the following statements gets a string from the keyboard until the newline character is encountered and assigns the string to a variable named myStr? a. getline(cin, myStr, '/n'); b. getline(myStr, cin); c. getline(myStr, cin, '\n'); d. getline(cin, myStr); 19. To remove one or more characters located anywhere in a string variable, which string class function would be used?

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a. remove c. truncate

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b. delete d. erase

20. Which of the following is the escape sequence that represents the newline character? a. '\endl' b. '/t' c. '\n' d. '\t' 21. What is the name of the operator that can be used to get string input from the keyboard? a. insertion b. extraction c. modulus d. ternary 22. Which statement gets a string from the keyboard and stores it into the answer variable? a. cin >> answer; b. cin << answer; c. get answer; d. answer >> cin; 23. To duplicate a single character a specified number of times and then assign the resulting string to a string variable, you would use which of the following functions? a. dup b. duplication c. replicate d. assign 24. What value will be assigned to resultStr when the following code is executed? string newStr = "Hello there."; resultStr = newStr.substr(1, 6); a. Hello c. ello t

b. Hello t d. ello th

25. Which statement would be used to declare and initialize a string variable named zipCode? a. string zipCode = “”; b. zipCode = “”; c. init zipCode = “”; d. declare zipCode = “”; 26. Which statement reads and consumes up to four characters until the tab character is encountered? a. cin.consume(4, '/t'); b. cin.discard(4, '\t'); c. cin.ignore(4, '\t'); d. cin.discard('\t', 4); 27. Which of the following terms best describe the process of connecting (or linking) strings together? a. string meshing b. string constructing c. string linkage d. string concatenation 28. The string class provides which function to determine the number of characters contained in a string variable? a. numchars b. length c. total d. chars 29. What value will be returned by the myStr.length() statement in the code below? string myStr = "Hello there"; int strlen = myStr.length(); Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. 11 c. 13

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b. 10 d. 12

30. What is the value of myStr when the following code is executed? string myStr = ABCdefghiJK"; myStr.replace(4, 5, "12345"); a. ABC12345iJK b. ABCd12345JK c. ABC1234hijk d. ABCd1234hiJK 31. The getline function will continue to read the characters entered at the keyboard until it encounters which character? a. delimiter b. delineator c. pause d. initializer 32. What function allows you to access a series of characters contained in a string variable? a. remove b. getline c. substr d. partial 33. Which statement will place 5 dollar sign ($) characters in the string dollarStr? a. dollarStr = ('$', 5); b. dollarStr.set(5, '$'); c. dollarStr.assign(5, '$'); d. dollarStr = string('$', 5); 34. What character is used as the concatenation operator in C++? a. & b. && c. || d. + 35. When using the ignore function, if you omit the numberOfCharacters argument, what is the default number of characters to consume? a. 0 b. 1 c. up to the delimiter d. all of them 36. The functions contained within the string class are collectively known as what type of functions? a. member b. populated c. value-returning d. void 37. Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental data types in C++. a. int b. char c. float d. string 38. Which string class function can be used to search the contents of a string variable to determine whether it contains a specific sequence of characters? a. locate b. search c. examine d. find

39. Write the statement to declare and initialize a string varable called person to contain your full name.

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40. Given the declarations below, using the find function, write the statements to search the number string variable to determine if the sequence “456” exists. The location should be placed in the position variable. What will be the value of the position variable when the statement is executed? int position = 0; string number = “1234567890”; 41. Write the statement to determine the length of the name string defined below and place the value into the number variable. int number = 0; string name = “Hello”; 42. Given the declarations below, using the substr function, write the statements to assign “First” to the name1 variable and “Last” to the name2 variable. string name = “First Last”; // note the space between First and Last string name1 = “”; string name2 = “”; 43. Given the declarations below, using the erase function, write the statements to remove all of the characters from the name string, except for “Last”. string name = “First Last”; // note the space between First and Last 44. Given the following, write the statement to store the characters entered by the user, up until the newline character, in the name variable; and consume the newline character. string name = “”; cout << “Enter your name: “; 45. Write the statement to read and consume characters stored in the cin object until either 25 characters are consumed or the newline character is consumed; whichever occurs first.

46. Given the declaration below, using the assign function, write the statements to assign 20 asterisks („*‟) to the line variable. string line = “”; 47. Write the statement to read and consume one character stored in the cin object.

48. Given the declarations below, write the statements to combine the person‟s full name and store it into the full string variable. string first = “First”; string middle = “Middle”; string last = “Last”; string space = “ “; string full = “”;

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Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. True 12. True 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. d 20. c 21. b 22. a 23. d 24. c 25. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. c 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. d 35. b 36. a 37. d 38. d 39. The names will vary. string person = “First Middle Last”; 40. position = number.find(“456”, 0); position will equal 3.

41. number = name.length(); 42. name1 = name.substr(0, 5); name2 = name.substr(6); A better solution is: name1 = name.substr(0, name.find(" ", 0)); name2 = name.substr(name.find(" ",0)+1); 43. name.erase(0,6); 44. getline(cin, name); 45. cin.ignore(25, „\n‟); 46. line.assign(20, „*‟); 47. cin.ignore(); or Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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cin.ignore(1); 48. full = first + space + middle + space + last;

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. The mode argument is optional for the creation of input and output objects. a. True b. False 2. The name of the class from which all input file objects are created is ofstream. a. True b. False 3. You use a program‟s input and output file objects, along with the C++ open function, to open actual files on your computer‟s disk. a. True b. False 4. The open function is defined in the ifstream and ofstream classes and is referred to as a class member function. a. True b. False 5. Objects are used to perform file input and output operations in C++. a. True b. False 6. Since sequential files store text, they are sometimes referred to as text files. a. True b. False 7. Files that are read or written in consecutive order are called random access files. a. True b. False 8. The ios::app mode is used with an ifstream file object. a. True b. False 9. Data in random access files can be accessed in consecutive or random order. a. True b. False 10. The name of the class from which all output file objects are created is fstream. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. What is the syntax of the C++ open function? a. fileObject.open(fileName[, mode]); b. open(fileObject, fileName, mode); c. fileObject(open, fileName, mode); d. fileObject.open([fileName], [mode]); 12. Which mode argument, used with an ofstream object, is used to open a file for appending purposes? a. open::add b. ios::add c. ios::app d. open::append 13. Which mode argument, used with an ofstream object, is used to open a file for output purposes (an empty file to which data can be written)? a. open::output b. ios::out c. ios::app d. open::out 14. Data can be accessed by its byte location using which file type? a. random access b. binary c. sequential access d. text 15. With respect to a sequential access file, which of the following terms best describe a single item of information about a person, place, or thing? a. field b. record c. file d. database 16. Which of the following shows the proper syntax for reading numeric and character data from a sequential access file? a. fileObject >> variableName; b. fileObject << variableName; c. fileObject >> data; d. fileObject << data; 17. What type of files are read and written in consecutive order? a. binary access b. random access c. sequential access d. ternary access 18. Which of the following statements will create an input file object called inFile? a. fstream inFile; b. ifstream inFile; c. cin inFile; d. ifcreate inFile; 19. Which mode argument, used with an ifstream object, is used to open a file for input purposes? a. ios::in b. open::input c. ios::app d. open::in 20. Which example shows the proper syntax of the close function? a. close.fileObject(); b. fileObject.close(); c. fileType.close(); d. close.file(); 21. A collection of one or more related fields that contain all of the necessary data about a specific person, place, or thing is known as which of the following? a. item b. record Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. file

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d. database

22. What symbol is used as the Not logical operator in C++? a. <> b. x c. ! d. ?

23. The is_open function returns a value of which of the following data types? a. int b. short c. Boolean d. char 24. What is the proper syntax that should be used for writing data to a sequential access file? a. fileObject >> data; b. fileObject << data; c. cin >> data; d. cout >> data; 25. Which must be included in a program in order to create a file object in that program? a. a #include <string> directive b. a using <iostream> statement c. a #include <fstream> directive d. a using <files> statement 26. Which of the following is a correct C++ statement that checks to see if the file named Addresses.txt is currently open given the following C++ code? ifstream addressFile; addressFile.open("Addresses.txt"); a. if(is_open("Addresses.txt")) b. if (addressFile.is_open()) c. if(addressFile.open()) d. if(open("Addresses.txt")) 27. Which of the following statement will create an output file object called inFile? a. fstream inFile; b. ifstream inFile; c. ofstream inFile; d. none of the above 28. What term is used to describe the two colons (::) in each mode? a. separator b. scope resolution operator c. class definer d. primer 29. To read string data from a sequential access file, what function is used? a. getline b. input c. retrieve d. getstr 30. Which term best describes files that are read by the computer? a. input files b. output files c. text files d. binary files 31. What function is used to determine whether the last character in a file has been read? a. end_of_file b. eof c. empty d. is_eof 32. Which of the following classes, contained in the fstream file, allows you to create output objects?

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a. ifstream c. fstream

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b. ofstream d. inputstream

33. Given the following C++ code, which statement reads string data from a file object named addressFile and stores it in a variable named addr1? ifstream addressFile; addressFile.open("Addresses.txt"); a. addressFile.read(addr1); b. addressFile.getline(addr1); c. readfile(addressFile, addr1); d. getline(addressFile, addr1); 34. When writing a record that contains more than one field, programmers typically separate each field with which of the following? a. exclamation point b. character literal constant c. ASCII variable d. binary virtual constant 35. Which of the following is the default mode for input files? a. ios::in b. open::input c. ios::app d. open::in 36. What is the name of the class from which all input file objects are created? a. ifstream b. ofstream c. fstream d. inputstream

37. Write the statement to create an input file object called inFile.

38. Write the statement to create an input file object called salesFile and then open for input a file named "SalesEmployees.txt" using the salesFile file object.

39. Given the statement below, write your name to the data file. Assume the file has been sucessfully opened. inFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::in); 40. Using the file object declared below, write the statement to open an actual file called “datafile.txt” for output purposes. ifstream outFile; 41. Using the file object declared below, write the statement to open an actual file called “datafile.txt” for input purposes. ifstream inFile; 42. Using the file object declared below, write the statement to open an actual file called “datafile.txt” for append purposes. ifstream dataFile; 43. Given the statement below, write the statement to print “yes” on the screen if the data file has been successfully opened.

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inFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::in); 44. Given the statements below, write the statement to print “yes” on the screen if the last character in the file has been read. inFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::in); getline(inFile, datastring); 45. Write the statement to create an output file object called outFile.

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. b 27. c 28. b 29. a 30. a 31. b 32. b 33. d 34. b 35. a 36. a 37. ifstream inFile; 38. ifstream salesFile; salesFile.open("SalesEmployees.txt"); or salesFile.open("SalesEmployees.txt", ios::in); 39. Answers will vary due to the different names. inFile << “Your Name” << endl; 40. outFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::out); or outFile.open(“datafile.txt”); 41. inFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::in); or inFile.open(“datafile.txt”); 42. dataFile.open(“datafile.txt”, ios::app); 43. if (inFile.is_open() == true) cout << “yes” << endl; 44. if (inFile.eof() == true) cout << “yes” << endl; 45. ofstream outFile;

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. When two or more methods have the same name but different parameter lists, the methods are referred to as overloaded methods. a. True b. False 2. Polymorphism refers to the fact that you can create one class from another class. a. True b. False 3. An object‟s behaviors fall into two categories: actions that the object is capable of performing and actions to which the object can respond. a. True b. False 4. A class contains all of the attributes and behaviors of the object it instantiates. a. True b. False 5. Every object in an object-oriented program is created from a class. a. True b. False 6. A program does not have direct access to a private variable within a class. a. True b. False 7. You can define your own classes in C++ and then create instances (objects) from those classes. a. True b. False 8. A base class is created from a derived class. a. True b. False 9. Before an object has been instantiated in a program, the program can refer to a public member of the class. a. True b. False 10. Every object has attributes, which are the characteristics that describe an object. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which term is described as a class method whose instructions the computer automatically processes each time an Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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object is instantiated from the class? a. constructor b. instantiation c. encapsulation d. derived method 12. Using OOP terminology, which is the proper verb used to describe how objects are created from a class? a. derived b. morphed c. instantiated d. encapsulated 13. What is used to specify the attributes and behaviors of an object? a. abstraction b. class definition c. encapsulation d. instantiation 14. When creating a new class that inherits the attributes and behaviors of the original class, what is the new class called? a. derived class b. encapsulated class c. base class d. inherited class 15. Attributes and behaviors that are not hidden are said to be which of the following? a. encapsulated b. inherited c. exposed d. instantiated 16. Which of the following examples show the proper syntax for instantiating an object? a. objectName.publicMember; b. className objectName; c. objectName.className; d. className.publicMember; 17. How many default constructors can be in a class? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 18. A function that is defined in a class definition is known as which of the following? a. constructor b. method c. initializer d. object 19. Which OOP term refers to the fact that you can create one class from another class? a. Inheritance b. Abstraction c. Polymorphism d. Instantiation 20. What are constructors that contain at least one parameter called? a. single constructor b. default constructor c. parameterized constructor d. optional constructor 21. What is a constructor that has no formal parameters called? a. actual constructor b. default constructor c. derived constructor d. hidden constructor 22. Which section of a class definition contains the method definitions? a. declaration b. implementation c. instantiation d. none of the above Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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23. What is the file called that most programmers enter a class definition into? a. header file b. class file c. source code file d. object file 24. What does a programmer use to tell the compiler to include the contents of a header file in the program? a. a public declaration b. a #include directive c. a private declaration d. a using statement 25. In OOP terms, what does a class do to all of the attributes and behaviors of the object it instantiates? a. inherits b. encapsulates c. hides d. exposes 26. In C++, which symbol represents the scope resolution operator? a. & b. :: c. << d. >> 27. What are the characteristics that describe an object? a. instances b. classes c. attributes d. behaviors 28. The syntax for referring to a public member of an object‟s class is shown in which of the following examples? a. objectName.publicMember b. className objectName; c. objectName.className; d. className.publicMember 29. What is the sole purpose of a constructor? a. initialize the class's public variables b. initialize the class's private variables c. define the class's prototype methods d. define the class's public methods 30. What does a program use to access a private variable within a class? a. private method b. public method c. public variable d. default constructor 31. Which term is the object-oriented feature that allows the same instruction to be carried out differently depending upon the object? a. Inheritance b. Abstraction c. Polymorphism d. Instantiation 32. What is a pattern or blueprint that the computer uses to create an object? a. instance b. class c. attribute d. behavior 33. Which of the following terms best describes something that can be seen, touched, or used? a. object b. class c. attribute d. behavior 34. Which section of a class definition begins with the keyword class followed by the name of the class?

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a. implementation section c. method section

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b. declaration section d. Pascal section

35. In OOP terminology, when a class is created from another class, what is the original class called? a. base b. original c. parent d. derived 36. What is the extension of header files? a. .cpp b. .h c. .header d. .obj

37. What is a constructor? What purpose does it serve?

38. What is abstraction? What is the advantage of abstraction?

39. Why is it advantageous to be able to reuse a class?

40. Give the syntax of the class statement in C++.

41. What are the differences between procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming?

42. What is an overloaded method and why might you want to overload a method?

43. Describe what it means to say that an object has behaviors.

44. What is inheritance? Include in your response the terms derived class, base class, attributes, and behaviors.

45. Is it better to enter the code for a class in a header file? Why or why not?

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Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. b 18. b 19. a 20. c 21. b 22. b 23. a 24. b 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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26. b 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. b 31. c 32. b 33. a 34. b 35. a 36. b 37. A constructor is a class method whose instructions the computer automatically processes each time an object is instantiated from the class. The sole purpose of a constructor is to initialize the class‟s private variables.

38. Abstraction refers to the hiding of the internal details of the object from the user. By hiding the internal details from the user, the user cannot inadvertently make changes to the object. Attributes and behaviors that are not hidden are exposed to the user. The idea behind abstraction is to expose to the user only those attributes and behaviors that are necessary to the object, and to hide everything else.

39. The ability to use an object for more than one purpose saves programming time and money, which contributes to the popularity of object-oriented programming.

40. The declaration section of the class definition contains the C++ class statement, which specifies the name of the class, as well as the attributes and behaviors of the class. Below is the syntax of the class statement: class className { public: public attributes (data members) public behaviors (member functions) private: private attributes (data members) private behaviors (member functions) }; 41. When using the procedure-oriented method to create a program, the programmer concentrates on the major tasks that the program needs to perform. A programmer using the procedure-oriented method typically assigns each major task to a function, which is the primary component of a procedure-oriented program.

The primary component in an object-oriented program, on the other hand, is an object. An object is anything that can be seen, touched, or used. In other words, an object is nearly any thing. When writing an object-oriented program, the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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programmer focuses not only on the tasks the program must perform, but also on the objects that the program can use to perform those tasks.

42. When two or more methods have the same name but different parameterLists, the methods are referred to as overloaded methods. Overloading is useful when two or more methods require different parameters to perform essentially the same task.

43. In addition to attributes, most objects also have behaviors. An object‟s behaviors fall into two categories: actions that the object is capable of performing and actions to which the object can respond.

44. Inheritance refers to the fact that you can create one class from another class. The new class, called the derived class, inherits the attributes and behaviors of the original class, called the base class. Note that once the derived class inherits all of the attributes and behaviors of the base class, the newly created derived class can be modified.

45. Yes, by entering the code for the class definition into a header file, you can then use the class to create objects in any program that contains the appropriate #include directive.

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